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who played stephen hawking in the theory of everything			The Theory of Everything ( 2014 film )	the theory of everything ( 2014 film )		The Theory of Everything UK release poster Directed by James Marsh Produced by Tim Bevan Eric Fellner Lisa Bruce Anthony McCarten Screenplay by Anthony McCarten Based on Travelling to Infinity : My Life with Stephen by Jane Hawking Starring Eddie Redmayne Felicity Jones Charlie Cox Emily Watson Simon McBurney David Thewlis Music by Jóhann Jóhannsson Cinematography Benoît Delhomme Edited by Jinx Godfrey Production company Working Title Films Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date 7 September 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 07 ) ( TIFF ) 1 January 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 01 ) ( United Kingdom ) Running time 123 minutes Country United Kingdom Japan United States Language English Budget US $15 million Box office US $123.7 million The Theory of Everything is a 2014 biographical romantic drama film which is set at Cambridge University and details the life of the theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking . It was directed by James Marsh and adapted by Anthony McCarten from the memoir Travelling to Infinity : My Life with Stephen by Jane Hawking , which deals with her relationship with her ex-husband , theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking , his diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( ALS , also known as Lou Gehrig 's disease or motor neurone disease ) , and his success in physics . The film stars Eddie Redmayne and Felicity Jones , with Charlie Cox , Emily Watson , Simon McBurney , Christian McKay , Harry Lloyd , and David Thewlis featured in supporting roles . The film had its world premiere at the 2014 Toronto International Film Festival on 7 September 2014 . It had its UK premiere on 1 January 2015 . The film received positive reviews , with praise for the musical score , cinematography , and the performances of Jones and especially Redmayne , which earned him nominations for a variety of accolades in award shows and film festivals ; including winning the Academy Award for Best Actor . The film also received Academy Award nominations for Best Picture , Best Actress for Jones , Best Adapted Screenplay , and Best Original Score for Jóhannsson . The film received ten British Academy Film Awards ( BAFTA ) nominations ; and won Outstanding British Film , Best Leading Actor for Redmayne , and Best Adapted Screenplay for McCarten . It received four Golden Globe Award nominations , winning the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Drama for Redmayne , and Best Original Score for Jóhannsson . It also received three Screen Actors Guild Awards nominations ; winning one for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role for Redmayne . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Filming 3.3 Music 3.4 Post-production 4 Historical accuracy 5 Release 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) At the University of Cambridge , astrophysics student Stephen Hawking begins a romantic relationship with literature student Jane Wilde . Although Stephen excels at mathematics and physics , his friends and professors are concerned over his lack of a thesis topic . After Stephen and his professor Dennis Sciama attend a lecture on black holes , Stephen speculates that black holes may have been part of the creation of the universe , and decides to write his thesis on time . While pursuing his research , Stephen 's muscles begin to fail , eventually causing him to fall and hit his head . He learns he has motor neurone disease ; he will be unable to talk , swallow , breathe , or move most of his body ; and has approximately two years to live . Stephen asks what will happen to his brain . The doctor tells Stephen that the disease will not affect it or his thoughts , but that eventually , no one will know what they are . As Stephen becomes reclusive , focusing on his work , Jane confesses she loves him . She tells Stephen 's father she intends to stay with Stephen even as his condition worsens . They marry and have a son . Stephen presents his thesis to the examination board , arguing that a black hole created the universe in a Big Bang , that it will emit heat , and that it will end in a Big Crunch . While celebrating with Jane and his friends , Stephen realises he can not walk , and begins using a wheelchair . After having a second child , a daughter , Stephen develops a theory about the visibility of black holes , and becomes a world - renowned physicist . Jane , focusing on the children and on Stephen 's health and increasing fame , is unable to work on her own thesis and becomes frustrated . Stephen tells her he will understand if she needs help . She joins the church choir , where she meets widower Jonathan and they become close friends . She employs him as a piano teacher for her son and Jonathan befriends the entire family , helping Stephen with his illness , supporting Jane , and playing with the children . When Jane gives birth to another son , Stephen 's mother asks Jane if the baby is Jonathan 's , which she denies . Jane sees that Jonathan overheard the conversation , and is appalled , but when they are alone , they admit their feelings for one another . Jonathan stays away from the family , but Stephen visits him , saying that Jane needs him . While Jane and Jonathan take the children camping , Stephen is invited to attend an opera performance in Bordeaux , and contracts pneumonia . While in the hospital , the doctors tell Jane that Stephen needs a tracheotomy , which will leave him unable to speak . She agrees to the surgery . Stephen learns to use a spelling board , and uses it to communicate with Elaine , his new nurse . He receives a computer with a built - in voice synthesiser , and uses it to write a book , A Brief History of Time , which becomes an international best - seller . Stephen tells Jane that he has been invited to America to accept an award , and will be taking Elaine with him . Jane faces the realisation that her and Stephen 's marriage has not been working , telling him she `` did her best '' . Jane and Stephen agree to divorce . Stephen goes to the lecture with Elaine , the two having fallen in love , and Jane and Jonathan reunite . At the lecture , Stephen sees a student drop a pen ; he imagines getting up to return it , almost crying at the reminder of how his disease has affected him . He goes on to give an inspiring speech , saying , `` There should be no boundaries to human endeavour . We are all different . However bad life may seem , there is always something you can do , and succeed at . While there 's life , there is hope '' . Stephen invites Jane to meet Queen Elizabeth II with him to receive his Order of the Companions of Honour ; they share a happy day together with their children , with Stephen saying `` Look what we made '' . An extended closing series comprises select moments from the film ; shown in reverse , back to the moment Stephen first saw Jane . A final title sequence brings the lives of the lead characters up to date . Jane and Jonathan are happily married , and she has completed her PhD . She and Stephen remain close friends . Stephen declines a knighthood from the Queen and continues his research , with no plans to retire . Cast ( edit ) Eddie Redmayne as Stephen Hawking Felicity Jones as Jane Hawking Charlie Cox as Jonathan Jones David Thewlis as Dennis Sciama Simon McBurney as Frank Hawking , Stephen 's father Emily Watson as Beryl Wilde , Jane 's mother Maxine Peake as Elaine Mason , Stephen 's second wife Harry Lloyd as Brian , Hawking 's room - mate Guy Oliver - Watts as George Wilde , Jane 's father Abigail Cruttenden as Isobel Hawking , Stephen 's mother Charlotte Hope as Phillipa Hawking , Stephen 's sister Lucy Chappell as Mary Hawking , Stephen 's sister Christian McKay as Roger Penrose Enzo Cilenti as Kip Thorne Georg Nikoloff as Isaak Markovich Khalatnikov Alice Orr - Ewing as Diana King , sister of Basil King , Stephen 's friend Stephen Hawking provides his own , Equaliser - computerised voice Frank Leboeuf as Swiss doctor Michael Marcus as Ellis , Hawking 's friend Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) `` That 's really the essence of the story , it 's a very unusual love story in a very strange environment , a very strange sort of landscape , and that is I think the abiding theme of the film . It is how these two characters , these two real people transcend all the complications and curveballs that life throws at them . '' -- James Marsh , speaking of the film 's nature Screenwriter Anthony McCarten had been interested in Hawking since reading his seminal book A Brief History of Time in 1988 . In 2004 , McCarten read Jane Hawking 's memoir Travelling to Infinity : My Life with Stephen , and subsequently began writing a screenplay adaptation of the book , with no guarantees in place . He met numerous times with Jane at her home to discuss the project . After multiple drafts , he was introduced in 2009 to producer Lisa Bruce via their mutual ICM agent , Craig Bernstein . Bruce spent three years with McCarten , further convincing Jane Hawking to agree to a film adaptation of her book , with Bruce stating , `` It was a lot of conversation , many glasses of sherry , and many pots of tea '' . On 18 April 2013 , James Marsh was confirmed to direct the film , with the shooting being based in Cambridge , and at other locations in the United Kingdom , with Eddie Redmayne courted to fill the male lead of the piece . On 23 June 2013 , it was revealed that Felicity Jones was confirmed to play the film 's female lead role opposite Redmayne . On 8 October 2013 , it was confirmed that Emily Watson and David Thewlis had joined the cast , Christina Applegate , Kate del Castillo , Catherine Tate , and Amanda Peet were considered for the part , and that Working Title 's Tim Bevan , Eric Fellner , Lisa Bruce , and Anthony McCarten would be producing the piece . Marsh had studied archival images to give the film its authenticity , stating , `` When we had photographs and documentary footage of Stephen that related to our story , we tried to reproduce them as best we could '' . Redmayne met with Hawking himself , commenting , `` Even now , when he 's unable to move , you can still see such effervescence in his eyes '' . And described portraying Hawking on - screen as a `` hefty '' challenge , adding that , `` The real problem with making a film is of course you do n't shoot chronologically . So it was about having to really try and chart his physical deterioration ( so ) you can jump into it day - to - day , whilst at the same time keeping this spark and wit and humour that he has '' . Redmayne spent six months researching Hawking 's life , watching every piece of interview footage he could find of him . He studied Hawking 's accent and speech patterns under dialect coach Julia Wilson - Dickson to prepare for the role . Marsh stated that what Redmayne had to do was not easy . `` He had to take on enormous amounts of difficult preparation , as well as embracing the difficult physicality of the role . It 's not just doing a disability . It 's actually charting the course of an illness that erodes the body , and the mind has to project out from that erosion '' , he said . He added that Hawking gave him his blessing , and also revealed that , `` ( Hawking 's ) response was very positive , so much so that he offered to lend his voice , the real voice that he uses . The voice you hear in the latter part of the story is in fact Stephen 's actual electronic voice as he uses it '' , he said . It was revealed to the Toronto International Film Festival ( TIFF ) audience that as the lights came up at a recent screening , a nurse had wiped a tear from Hawking 's cheek . Jane Hawking , speaking on BBC Radio 4 's Woman 's Hour , talked of meeting Jones several times while the latter prepared for the role . When Hawking saw the finished film , she was amazed to see that Jones had incorporated her mannerisms and speech patterns into her performance . Filming ( edit ) Part of the filming in Cambridge took place at St John 's College By 8 October 2013 , principal photography had begun , with the shooting being done at Cambridge University , and at other locations in Cambridgeshire and across the United Kingdom . Prior to the start of principal photography , Working Title had begun shooting on the lawn in front of the New Court building from 23 September 2013 to 27 September 2013 ; they filmed the Cambridge May Ball scene , set in 1963 . On 24 September 2013 , scenes were filmed at St John 's College , The Backs in Queen 's Road , and Queen 's Green . The New Court lawn and Kitchen Bridge were included features in the filming location of the piece . The May Ball scene was the last of the outside shoots , with filming in a lecture theatre the following day , and the remaining filming completed in the studio over the final five weeks of production . The pyrotechnic specialists Titanium Fireworks , who developed the displays for the London 2012 Olympic Games , provided three identical firework displays for the Trinity College , Cambridge May Ball scene . Music ( edit ) Composer Jóhann Jóhannsson scored The Theory of Everything . His score in the film has been described as including `` ( Jóhannsson 's ) signature blend of acoustic instruments and electronics '' . Jóhannsson commented that `` it always involves the layers of live recordings , whether it 's orchestra or a band or solo instrument , with electronics and more ' soundscapey ' elements which can come from various sources '' . Jóhannsson 's score was highly praised , being nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Score , a BAFTA Award for Best Film Music , a Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Score and a Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media , winning the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score . The soundtrack was recorded at Abbey Road Studios . No . Title Length 1 . `` Cambridge , 1963 '' 1 : 41 2 . `` Rowing '' 1 : 42 3 . `` Domestic Pressures '' 2 : 37 4 . `` Chalkboard '' 1 : 05 5 . `` Cavendish Lab '' 2 : 31 6 . `` Collapsing Inwards '' 2 : 17 7 . `` A Game of Croquet '' 2 : 45 8 . `` The Origins of Time '' 2 : 21 9 . `` Viva Voce '' 1 : 36 10 . `` The Wedding '' 1 : 42 11 . `` The Dreams that Stuff is Made of '' 1 : 51 12 . `` A Spacetime Singularity '' 2 : 16 13 . `` The Stairs '' 1 : 07 14 . `` A Normal Family '' 1 : 41 15 . `` Forces of Attraction '' 2 : 03 16 . `` Rowing ( Alternative Version ) '' 0 : 37 17 . `` Camping '' 1 : 18 18 . `` Coma '' 1 : 03 19 . `` The Spelling Board '' 0 : 59 20 . `` The Voice Box '' 0 : 51 21 . `` A Brief History of Time '' 2 : 02 22 . `` Daisy , Daisy '' 2 : 21 23 . `` A Model of the Uninverse '' 2 : 52 24 . `` The Theory of Everything '' 1 : 08 25 . `` London , 1988 '' 2 : 52 26 . `` Epilogue '' 1 : 48 27 . `` The Whirling Ways of Stars that Pass '' 1 : 52 Total length : 48 : 58 Post-production ( edit ) During editing , filmmakers tried to remake Hawking 's synthesised voice , but it did not turn out as they wanted . Hawking enjoyed the film enough that he granted them permission to use his own synthesised voice , which is heard in the final film . Historical accuracy ( edit ) The film takes various dramatic liberties with the history it portrays . Writing for the film blog of UK daily newspaper The Guardian , Michelle Dean noted : The Theory of Everything 's marketing materials will tell you it is based on Jane Hawking 's memoir of her marriage , a book published in the UK as Music to Move the Stars , and then re-issued as Travelling to Infinity . But the screenwriters rearranged the facts to suit certain dramatic conventions . And while that always happens in these based - on - a-true - story films , the scale of the departure in The Theory of Everything is unusually wide . The film becomes almost dishonest -- in a way that feels unfair to both parties , and oddly , particularly Jane Hawking herself . In Slate , L.V. Anderson wrote that `` the Stephen played by Eddie Redmayne is far gentler and more sensitive '' than suggested in Travelling to Infinity . The Slate article further noted that the character Brian , Hawking 's closest friend at Cambridge in the film , is not based on a real individual , but rather a composite of several of his real - life friends . The film alters some of the details surrounding the beginning of Stephen and Jane 's relationship , including how they met , as well as the fact that Jane knew about Stephen 's disease before they started dating . Slate also comments that the film underplays Hawking 's stubbornness and refusal to accept outside assistance for his disorder . For The Guardian , Dean concluded by saying : The movie presents the demise of their relationship as a beautiful , tear - soaked , mutually respectful conversation . Of course that did n't actually happen either . Jane 's book describes a protracted breakup that comes to a head in a screaming fight on vacation . She also described devastation when Hawking announced by letter he was leaving her for his second wife , Elaine Mason . He ended up married to Mason for 10 years before that fell apart , and then he and Jane mended fences . Which , as it happens , the movie fudges too . It tries to present the rapprochement as coming when Hawking was made a Companion of Honour in 1989 , but that actually happened before the couple separated . Physicist Adrian Melott , a former student of Dennis Sciama , Hawking 's doctoral supervisor portrayed in the film , strongly criticised the portrayal of Sciama in the film . Release ( edit ) On 8 October 2013 , Universal Pictures International had acquired the rights to distribute the film internationally . On 10 April 2014 , Focus Features acquired the distribution rights to The Theory of Everything in the United States , with the plan of a 2014 limited theatrical release . publisher after , Entertainment One Films picked up the Canadian distribution rights . The first trailer of the film was released on 7 August 2014 . The Theory of Everything premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival ( TIFF ) on 7 September 2014 , where it opened in the official sidebar section , Special Presentations . The film had a limited release in the United States on 7 November 2014 , expanded in successive weeks to Taiwan , Austria , and Germany , ahead of a United Kingdom release on 1 January 2015 , before being released throughout Europe . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) The Theory of Everything earned $122,873,310 worldwide , with its biggest markets coming from North America ( $35.9 million ) , and the United Kingdom ( $31.9 million ) . The film had a North American limited release on 7 November 2014 ; it was released in five theatres , and earned $207,000 on its opening weekend , for an average of $41,400 per theatre . The film was then widely released on 26 November across 802 theatres , earning US $5 million , and debuting at No. 7 at the Box Office . During its five - day Thanksgiving week , the film earned $6.4 million . Critical response ( edit ) Film review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports an approval rating of 79 % based on 236 reviews , with an average rating of 7.3 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Part biopic , part love story , The Theory of Everything rises on James Marsh 's polished direction and the strength of its two leads . '' Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 72 out of 100 , based on 47 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Catherine Shoard of The Guardian wrote , `` Redmayne towers : this is an astonishing , genuinely visceral performance which bears comparison with Daniel Day - Lewis in My Left Foot '' . Lou Lumenick , in his review for The New York Post , called the film `` tremendously moving and inspirational '' . Justin Chang of Variety remarked , `` A stirring and bittersweet love story , inflected with tasteful good humor ... '' He continued by praising the `` superb performances '' from Redmayne and Jones , as well commenting very positively about Jóhannsson 's score , `` whose arpeggio - like repetitions and progressions at times evoke the compositions of Philip Glass '' , whilst praising John Paul Kelly 's production design , and Steven Noble 's costumes . Leslie Felperin of The Hollywood Reporter remarked , `` A solid , duly moving account of their complicated relationship , spanning roughly 25 years , and made with impeccable professional polish '' , praising Delhomme 's cinematography as having `` lush , intricately lit compositions '' , and adding `` a splendor that keeps the film consistently watchable '' , and Jóhannsson 's score as `` dainty precision with a ineffable scientific quality about it '' . The Daily Telegraph 's Tim Robey granted the film a positive review , stating that , `` In its potted appraisal of Hawking 's cosmology , The Theory of Everything bends over backwards to speak to the layman , and relies on plenty of second - hand inspiration . But it borrows from the right sources , this theory . And that 's something '' , while praising Redmayne 's performance , McCarten 's script , and Delhomme 's cinematography . Deadline Hollywood 's Pete Hammond marked McCarten 's script and Marsh 's direction for praise , and of the film 's Toronto reception , wrote : `` To say the response here was rapturous would not be understating the enthusiasm I heard -- not just from pundits , but also Academy voters with whom I spoke . One told me he came in with high expectations for a quality movie , and this one exceeded them '' . The film was not without its detractors . Some criticised Marsh 's focus on Hawking 's romantic life . Alonso Duralde of The Wrap stated that `` Hawking 's innovations and refusal to subscribe to outdated modes of thinking merely underscore the utter conventionality of his film biography '' . Eric Kohn of Indiewire added that `` James Marsh 's biopic salutes the famous physicist 's commitment , but falls short of exploring his brilliant ideas '' . Dennis Overbye of the New York Times noted : The movie does n't deserve any prizes for its drive - by muddling of Dr. Hawking 's scientific work , leaving viewers in the dark about exactly why he is so famous . Instead of showing how he undermined traditional notions of space and time , it panders to religious sensibilities about what his work does or does not say about the existence of God , which in fact is very little . Writing for The Guardian 's film blog , Michelle Dean argues that the film does a disservice to Jane Wilde Hawking , by `` rearrang ( ing ) the facts to suit certain dramatic conventions ... The Theory of Everything is hell - bent on preserving the cliche '' . The film 's producers , writer , director Marsh , and actors Redmayne and Jones were widely favoured for award season success . Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of accolades received by The Theory of Everything The Theory of Everything received several awards and nominations following its release . At the 87th Academy Awards , it was nominated in the categories of Best Picture , Best Actor for Eddie Redmayne , Best Actress for Jones , Best Adapted Screenplay for McCarten , and Best Original Score for Jóhann Jóhannsson ; with Eddie Redmayne winning the film 's sole Academy Award for his performance . The film was nominated for ten British Academy Film Awards , ( winning for Best Adapted Screenplay , Best British Film , and Best Actor ) , five Critics ' Choice Movie Awards , and three Screen Actors Guild Awards . At the 72nd Golden Globe Awards , Redmayne won Best Actor -- Motion Picture Drama , and Jóhannsson won Best Original Score . The film , and Jones were also nominated . Production designer John Paul Kelly earned a nomination for Excellence in Production Design for a Period Film from the Art Directors Guild , while the producers were nominated for Best Theatrical Motion Picture by the Producers Guild of America . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Theory of Everything ( 12A ) '' . BBFC.co.uk . British Board of Film Classification ( BBFC ) . 22 December 2014 . Retrieved 6 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Theory of Everything '' . WorkingTitleFilms.com . Working Title Films . Retrieved 6 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Theory of Everything '' . TIFF.net . Toronto International Film Festival ( TIFF ) . 6 August 2014 . Archived from the original on 12 August 2014 . Retrieved 6 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Theory of Everything ( 2015 ) '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved July 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Theory of Everything ( 2014 ) '' . BoxOfficeMojo.com . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 12 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Bullock , Dan ( 10 April 2014 ) . `` Stephen Hawking biopic ' Theory of Everything ' set for Nov. 7 launch '' . Variety.com . Variety . Retrieved 10 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Theory of Everything ' trailer is a heartbreaking inspiration '' . HuffingtonPost.com . Huffington Post . 6 August 2014 . Retrieved 6 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Theory of Everything begins principal photography '' . Working Title Films. 8 October 2013 . Retrieved 8 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Anderson , L.V. ( 7 November 2014 ) . `` How accurate is The Theory of Everything ? '' . Slate.com . Slate Magazine . Retrieved 3 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` First look at Oscar contender ' The Theory of Everything ' -- an unexpected love story about Stephen Hawking '' . Deadline Hollywood . 6 August 2014 . Retrieved 6 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Levy , Emmanuel ( 5 September 2014 ) . `` Theory of Everything : making movie about Stephen Hawkings '' . EmanuelLevy.com . Emmanuel Levy . Retrieved 16 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Toronto : THR Honors ' Theory of Everything ' stars and director with breakthrough in film awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 7 September 2014 . Retrieved 7 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Child , Ben ( 18 April 2013 ) . `` Eddie Redmayne set to play Stephen Hawking in biopic '' . TheGuardian.com . The Guardian . Retrieved 11 April 2014 . Jump up ^ White , James ( 23 June 2013 ) . `` Felicity Jones joins Theory of Everything '' . EmpireOnline.com . Empire Magazine . Retrieved 23 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Hugh ( 24 June 2013 ) . `` Felicity Jones cast in Stephen Hawking biopic ' Theory of Everything ' '' . DigitalSpy.co.uk . Digital Spy . Retrieved 24 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Bullock , Dan ( 8 October 2013 ) . `` Emily Watson joins Working Title 's ' Theory of Everything ' '' . Variety.com . Variety . Retrieved 8 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Child , Ben ( 8 October 2013 ) . `` Eddie Redmayne , Felicity Jones line up for James Marsh 's ' The Theory of Everything ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 8 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Eddie Redmayne on playing ( and meeting ) Stephen Hawking '' . InsideMovies.ew.com . Entertainment Weekly . 18 August 2014 . Retrieved 18 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Toronto : ' The Theory of Everything ' made Stephen Hawking cry '' . Variety.com . Variety . 7 September 2014 . Retrieved 7 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Wilson - Dickson , Andrew ( 18 October 2015 ) . `` Julia Wilson - Dickson obituary '' . TheGuardian.com . The Guardian . Retrieved 14 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Presenter : Sheila McClennon ; Producer : Susannah Tresilian ; Interviewed Guest : Jane Hawking ( 2 January 2015 ) . `` Jane Hawking ; Surrogacy ; Same Clothes Every Day ; Safe Houses for Over-45s '' . Woman 's Hour. 03 : 30 minutes in . BBC . BBC Radio 4 . Retrieved 7 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Bullock , Dan ( 9 October 2013 ) . `` Hawking biopic ' The Theory of Everything ' starring Eddie Redmayne begins filming '' . TheHollywoodNews.com . The Hollywood News . Retrieved 9 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Felicity about Theory of Everything -- shooting of the May Ball & Boat Club scenes '' . AddictedToEddie.blogspot.co.uk . Addicted to Eddie 's blog . 26 March 2014 . Retrieved 26 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Hugh ( 24 September 2013 ) . `` Exclusive : first pictures of Eddie Redmayne playing Stephen Hawking on film shoot in Cambridge for The Theory of Everything '' . Cambridge-News.co.uk . Cambridge News . Archived from the original on 9 October 2013 . Retrieved 24 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cambridge Theory of Everything '' . Scudamores.com . Scudamores. 1 October 2013 . Retrieved 1 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Trinity College Cambridge May Ball fireworks 2014 '' . TitaniumFireworks.com . Titanium Fireworks. 20 June 2014 . Retrieved 20 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` General news scores soundtrack : Jóhann Jóhannsson provides the beautiful score for Focus Features ' The Theory of Everything '' . WeAreMovieGeeks.com . We Are Movie Geeks. 26 August 2014 . Retrieved 26 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Recording at Abbey Road for Jóhann Jóhannsson ' Theory of Everything ' feature film music '' . Bakermoon.com . Bakermoon. 21 August 2014 . Archived from the original on 6 September 2014 . Retrieved 21 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Setoodeh , Ramin . `` How Eddie Redmayne became Stephen Hawking in ' The Theory of Everything ' '' . Variety.com . Variety . Retrieved 24 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Dean , Michelle ( 14 November 2014 ) . `` The Theory of Everything does Jane Hawking a disservice '' . TheGuardian.com . The Guardian . Retrieved 19 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson , L.V. ( 7 November 2014 ) . `` How accurate is The Theory of Everything ? '' . Slate.com . Slate . Retrieved 19 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Melott , Adrian L. ( 2015 ) . `` Views : The Theory of Everything is missing something : letter from Adrian L Melott '' . AstroGeo.OxfordJournals.org . Astronomy & Geophysics. 56 ( 2 ) : 2.9 . doi : 10.1093 / astrogeo / atv057 . Retrieved 19 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Theory of Everything '' . TIFF.net . Toronto International Film Festival ( TIFF ) . 9 October 2013 . Archived from the original on 26 July 2014 . Retrieved 9 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Theory of Everything -- 2015 film '' . EFilmsWorld.com . EFilmsWorld. 9 October 2013 . Archived from the original on 26 August 2014 . Retrieved 9 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Child , Ben ( 7 August 2014 ) . `` First trailer revealed for Stephen Hawking biopic The Theory of Everything '' . TheGuardian.com . The Guardian . Retrieved 7 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Child , Ben ( 6 August 2014 ) . `` FTIFF : Eddie Redmayne is Stephen Hawking in trailer for ' The Theory of Everything ' '' . SoundOnSight.org . Sound On Sight . Retrieved 6 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Toronto film festival 2014 : full lineup '' . TheGuardian.com . The Guardian . 29 July 2014 . Retrieved 29 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Toronto : ' Theory of Everything ' has the right formula for Oscars '' . Variety.com . Variety . 7 September 2014 . Retrieved 7 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Child , Ben ( 22 July 2014 ) . `` Toronto Film Festival lineup includes Denzel Washington 's ' Equalizer , ' Kate Winslet 's ' A Little Chaos ' '' . Variety.com . Variety . Retrieved 22 July 2014 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( 10 April 2014 ) . `` Stephen Hawking biopic ' Theory of Everything ' set for Nov. 7 launch '' . Variety.com . Variety . Retrieved 11 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Focus ' ' Theory of Everything ' set for November ; relativity dates ' November Man ' for August ; Disneynature 's ' Monkey Kingdom ' due in 2015 '' . Deadline Hollywood . 10 April 2014 . Retrieved 10 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Child , Ben ( 6 August 2014 ) . `` Stephen Hawking biopic The Theory of Everything trailer released , movie stars Eddie Redmayne '' . uk.eonline.com . E ! Online . Retrieved 6 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Brian Brooks ( 30 November 2014 ) . `` ' Theory of Everything ' expands with gusto amid huge ' imitation game ' opening '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Theory of Everything ( 2014 ) '' . RottenTomatoes.com . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 13 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Theory of Everything ( 2014 ) '' . Metacritic.com . Metacritic. 14 November 2014 . Retrieved 30 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Theory of Everything review : Hawking 's story packs powerful punch '' . TheGuardian.com . The Guardian . 7 September 2014 . Retrieved 7 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` This Stephen Hawking biopic is a good bet for Oscar nods '' . nypost.com . The New York Post . 8 September 2014 . Retrieved 8 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Toronto film review : ' The Theory of Everything ' '' . Variety.com . Variety . 7 September 2014 . Retrieved 7 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Theory of Everything ' : Toronto review '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 7 September 2014 . Retrieved 7 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Theory of Everything , review : ' tasteful and affecting ' : Toronto review '' . Telegraph.co.uk . The Daily Telegraph . 8 September 2014 . Retrieved 8 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Toronto : ' Theory of Everything ' sends Oscar race into early overdrive as TIFF world premieres keep on coming '' . Deadline Hollywood . 8 September 2014 . Retrieved 8 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Duralde , Alonso ( 8 September 2014 ) . `` ' The Theory of Everything ' review : Eddie Redmayne gives body and soul to a by - the - numbers biopic '' . TheWrap.com . The Wrap . Retrieved 11 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Kohn , Eric ( 8 September 2014 ) . `` Toronto review : Eddie Redmayne and Felicity Jones salvage Stephen Hawking biopic ' The Theory of Everything ' '' . Indiewire.com . Indiewire . Retrieved 11 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Overbye , Dennis ( 28 October 2014 ) . `` The leaky science of Hollywood -- Stephen Hawking 's movie life story is not very scientific '' . nytimes.com . New York Times . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Dean , Michelle ( 14 November 2014 ) . `` The Theory of Everything does Jane Hawking a disservice '' . TheGuardian.com . The Guardian . Retrieved 14 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` TIFF : Stephen Hawking story ' The Theory of Everything ' spurs Oscar talk '' . InsideMovies.ew.com . Entertainment Weekly . 7 September 2014 . Retrieved 7 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Toronto : Eddie Redmayne leaps to head of Oscar pack for ' Theory of Everything ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 7 September 2014 . Retrieved 7 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` BAFTA nominations : ' Grand Budapest Hotel ' leads with 11 -- full list '' . Deadline Hollywood . 8 January 2015 . Retrieved 9 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Gray , Tim ( 15 December 2014 ) . `` ' Birdman ' , ' Grand Budapest ' top Critics Choice awards nominations '' . Variety.com . Variety . Retrieved 15 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nominees nnnounced for the 21st Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . SAGawards.org . SAG - AFTRA. 10 December 2014 . Retrieved 10 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Birdman ' , ' Foxcatcher ' among Art Directors Guild nominees '' . Deadline Hollywood . 5 January 2015 . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' American Sniper , ' ' Birdman ' & ' Boyhood ' among PGA awards nominees '' . Deadline Hollywood . 5 January 2015 . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . 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when did new zealand got independence from britain			Independence of New Zealand	independence of new zealand	The independence of New Zealand is a matter of continued academic and social debate . New Zealand has no fixed date of independence ; instead , independence came about as a result of New Zealand 's evolving constitutional status . The concept of a national Independence Day does not exist in New Zealand .	The principles behind the independence of New Zealand began before New Zealand even became a British colony in 1840 . There had been minor rebellions in Canada , and in order to avoid making the mistakes which had led to the American revolution , Lord Durham was commissioned to make a report on the government of colonies which contained a substantial British population . The principles of self - government within the Empire were laid down in the Durham Report and first put into operation in Nova Scotia in 1848 . Canada , New Zealand , and the Australian colonies very soon followed suit . The British Parliament passed the New Zealand Constitution Act 1852 to grant the colony 's settlers the right to self - governance , only 12 years ( in 1853 ) after the founding of the colony . New Zealand was therefore to all intents and purposes independent in domestic matters from its earliest days as a British colony . The first major step towards nationhood on the international stage came in 1919 when New Zealand was given a seat in the newly founded League of Nations . In 1926 the Balfour Declaration declared Britain 's Dominions as `` equal in status '' , followed by the creation of the legal basis of independence , established by the Statute of Westminster 1931 which came about mainly at the behest of nationalist elements in South Africa and the Irish Free State . However , Australia , New Zealand , and Newfoundland were hostile towards this development , and the statute was not adopted in New Zealand until 1947 . Irrespective of any legal developments , some New Zealanders still perceived themselves as a distinctive outlying branch of the United Kingdom until at least the 1970s . This attitude began to change when the United Kingdom joined the European Community in 1973 and abrogated its preferential trade agreements with New Zealand , and gradual nationality and societial changes further eroded the relationship . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Māori Declaration of Independence ( 1835 ) 1.2 Colonisation : The Treaty of Waitangi 1.3 Dominion 1.4 Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations 1.5 1926 Imperial Conference 1.6 Statute of Westminster and Realm 2 Independence in the New Zealand flag debate 3 Independence in the republic debate 4 See also 5 References 5.1 Notes 5.2 Citations 6 External links History ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Māori Declaration of independence ( 1835 ) ( edit ) Main article : Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand On 28 October 1835 , the Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand was signed by the United Tribes of New Zealand , a loose confederation of Māori tribes from the far north of New Zealand organised by British resident James Busby . This document recognised Māori independence , and most pākehā academics agree that this declaration was abrogated five years later by the Treaty of Waitangi , which ceded the independence ( recognised by King William IV of the United Kingdom ) of Māori to the British Crown . Colonisation : the Treaty of Waitangi ( edit ) Main articles : Treaty of Waitangi and Colony of New Zealand Irishman , Captain William Hobson was New Zealand 's first British - appointed Governor ( originally Lieutenant - Governor ) 1840 -- 1842 . The signing of the Treaty of Waitangi on 6 February 1840 marked the beginning of organised British colonisation of New Zealand . New Zealand was originally a sub-colony of the Colony of New South Wales , but in 1841 it was created as the Colony of New Zealand . Waitangi Day is thus celebrated as New Zealand 's national day . Some constitutional lawyers , such as Moana Jackson , have argued that the Treaty did not cede total sovereignty of New Zealand to the British Crown , and argue that the Treaty intended to protect tino rangatiratanga or the absolute independence of Māori . Others dispute this , pointing to the use of the term kawanatanga ( governorship ) in the Treaty deducts from rangatiratanga , equating the term to Māori control of Māori assets . New Zealand became a self - governing colony in 1853 following the passage of the New Zealand Constitution Act 1852 , which established responsible government in the colony . The New Zealand Parliament was bound by a number of Acts of the British Parliament , such as the Colonial Laws Validity Act and the Colonial Navy Defence Act 1865 which led to the creation of the Flag of New Zealand in 1869 . New Zealand participated in the 1891 National Australian Convention in Sydney to consider the Federation of the Australian and New Zealand colonies . The Convention agreed to four principles including the creation of a Federated army and navy . Interest in the proposed Australian Federation faded and New Zealand did not send a delegation to the 1897 National Australian Convention . Dominion ( edit ) Lord Plunket declaring New Zealand a Dominion , 26 September 1907 Zealandia rejecting Australian Constitution in 1900 . Main article : Dominion of New Zealand In 1901 New Zealand did not ratify the Australian Constitution , and did not partake in the Federation of Australia . Prime Minister Joseph Ward determined that New Zealand should become a dominion , and parliament passed a resolution to that effect . On 26 September 1907 the United Kingdom granted New Zealand ( along with Newfoundland , which later became a part of Canada ) `` Dominion '' status within the British Empire . New Zealand became known as the Dominion of New Zealand . The date was declared Dominion Day , but never reached any popularity as a day of independence . As a potential national day , Dominion Day never possessed any emotional appeal , although the term `` Dominion '' was popular . The Dominion newspaper began on Dominion Day , 1907 . To regard it as a national independence day is incorrect , the change to dominion status was seen as `` purely cosmetic . '' Despite this new status , there was some apprehension in 1919 when Prime Minister Bill Massey signed the Treaty of Versailles ( giving New Zealand membership of the League of Nations ) , which indicated that New Zealand did have a degree of control over its foreign affairs . Massey was unequivocally an Imperialist , and fervently supported the British Empire . In 1926 , the Balfour Declaration declared that the British Dominions were equal , which had the effect of granting New Zealand control over its own foreign policy and military . The legislation required to effect this change , the Statute of Westminster 1931 was not adopted by New Zealand until some 16 years later . By 1939 , the Governor - General ceased to be Britain 's High Commissioner to New Zealand , instead an independent officer was appointed . Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations ( edit ) New Zealand signed the Treaty of Versailles and joined the League of Nations on 10 January 1920 . Under International Law only a sovereign state can sign an international treaty -- although New Zealand and the other Dominions signed as part of a `` British Empire Delegation '' , and their names were indented in a list following that of Britain . The significance of the indentation was perhaps deliberately left unclear . The Treaty of Versailles offered membership to any `` fully self - governing State , Dominion , or Colony '' ( Art . 1 ) . At the 1921 Imperial Conference British Prime Minister Lloyd George said : In recognition of their service and achievements during the war , the British Dominions have now been accepted fully into the comity of the nations of the whole world . They are signatories to the Treaty of Versailles and all other treaties of peace . They are members of the Assembly of the League of Nations , and their representatives have already attended meetings of the League . In other words , they have achieved full national status and they now stand beside the United Kingdom as equal partners in the dignities and responsibilities of the British Commonwealth . If there are any means by which that status can be rendered even more clear to their own communities and to the world at large , we shall be glad to have them put forward . 1926 Imperial Conference ( edit ) King George V with his prime ministers at the Imperial Conference of 1926 The Balfour Declaration ( not to be confused with the Balfour Declaration of 1917 on Palestine ) stated that `` They ( the Dominions ) are autonomous Communities within the British Empire , equal in status , in no way subordinate one to another in any aspect of their domestic or external affairs , though united by a common allegiance to the Crown , and freely associated as members of the British Commonwealth of Nations . '' This was given legal effect by the Statute of Westminster 1931 , which took effect when a given Dominion adopted it . The New Zealand government saw little urgency in the Act and delayed ratification , but for practical purposes 1926 had removed doubts about functional independence . At the opening of the 1930 Imperial Conference which drafted the Statute of Westminster , the Prime Minister of New Zealand , George Forbes stated : `` New Zealand has not , in any great measure , been concerned with the recent development in the constitutional relations between the members of the British Commonwealth of Nations . We have felt that at all times within recent years we have had ample scope for our national aspirations and ample freedom to carry out in their entirety such measures as have seemed to us desirable . '' While in 1914 Britain had decided on war for the whole Empire , in 1939 the Dominions made their own decisions . On 3 September 1939 New Zealand declared war on Germany . Declaration of war is normally regarded as an indication of sovereignty . Statute of Westminster and Realm ( edit ) See also : Realm of New Zealand At the outset of the Second World War , then Prime Minister Michael Joseph Savage , who had been critical of the British policy of appeasement , famously declared `` Where ( Britain ) stands , we stand '' . Savage 's successor , Peter Fraser , did not withdraw New Zealand troops from the Middle East in 1942 ( unlike Australia ) , based on an assessment of New Zealand interests . In the 1944 Speech from the Throne the Governor - General announced the Fraser government 's intention to adopt the Statute of Westminster . However , there was a strong outcry by the opposition that this would weaken the British Empire in a time of need . In 1946 , Fraser instructed Government departments not to use the term `` Dominion '' any longer . Ironically , the failure of a private members bill to abolish the upper house by future Prime Minister Sidney Holland led to the adoption of the Statute of Westminster on 25 November 1947 with the Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1947 . This Act allowed passing of the New Zealand Constitution Amendment ( Request and Consent ) Act 1947 , which granted the New Zealand Parliament full legislative powers , extra-territorial control of the New Zealand military forces and legally separated the New Zealand Crown from the British Crown . Thus , the New Zealand Monarchy is legally speaking independent of the British Monarchy . An old New Zealand passport , 1949 , bearing the title `` British Passport '' with `` Dominion of New Zealand '' underneath . In 1948 , the New Zealand Parliament passed the British Nationality and New Zealand Citizenship Act 1948 , altering the New Zealand nationality law . From 1 January 1949 all New Zealanders became New Zealand citizens . However , New Zealanders remained British subjects under New Zealand nationality law . Prior to this Act , migrants to New Zealand were classed as either `` British '' ( mainly from the United Kingdom itself , but also other Commonwealth countries such as Australia , South Africa and India ) or `` Non-British '' . At a meeting of Commonwealth prime ministers in 1952 following the death of King George VI , it was agreed that the new Queen Elizabeth could have a royal style and title that was different in each dominion , but with an element common to all the dominions . New Zealand was thus an independent Commonwealth realm . In 1953 the New Zealand Parliament passed the Royal Style and Titles Act 1953 , which formally recognised Queen Elizabeth II as the Queen of the United Kingdom and New Zealand . In 1967 , the first New Zealand - born Governor - General was appointed to the office , Lord Poritt ( although Bernard Freyberg had previously been appointed in 1946 ; Freyberg had been born in the United Kingdom , but had lived in New Zealand from a young age ) . Porritt had also been resident in the United Kingdom for most of his life . The result was a greater focus on new overseas markets for New Zealand goods , mainly in the Asia - Pacific regions . Some historians argue that a more significant move towards independence in a practical rather than legal sense came in 1973 , when Britain joined the European Economic Community . The move , although anticipated , caused major economic structural adjustment issues , as the vast majority of New Zealand 's exports went to Britain at that time . The election of the nationalist Third Labour Government of Norman Kirk in 1972 brought further changes . Kirk 's government introduced the Constitution Amendment Act 1973 , which altered the New Zealand Constitution Act 1852 so that the New Zealand Parliament could legislate extra-territorially . In Re Ashman the Supreme Court ( since renamed the High Court , not to be confused with the contemporary Supreme Court ) held that as a result of the 1973 Act , New Zealand had formally severed the New Zealand Crown from the British Crown . The third Labour government also passed the Royal Titles Act 1974 , changing the Queen 's style and titles to be solely Queen of New Zealand . The nationality listed in New Zealand passports for the passport holder was changed in 1973 from `` British Subject and New Zealand Citizen '' to simply `` New Zealand citizen '' . The Letters Patent of 1983 declared New Zealand as the `` Realm of New Zealand '' , and updated the previous Letters Patent of 1917 . The final practical constitutional link to Britain of New Zealand 's Parliament was removed in 1986 by the Constitution Act 1986 . This Act removed the residual power of the United Kingdom Parliament to legislate for New Zealand at its request and consent . The Imperial Laws Application Act 1988 clarified the application of British laws in New Zealand . In 1996 , New Zealand created its own Knighthood and Honours system . The Honours retained the Victoria Cross but ceased appointments to British Imperial Honours . The Queen 's Honours ( that is , honours conferred by the Queen at her own choice , without constitutional `` advice '' ) were retained because of their nature as a personal gift and honour from the sovereign . The fifth Labour government , led by Helen Clark , abolished appeals to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council and created the Supreme Court of New Zealand , a move further separating New Zealand from the United Kingdom , though there was provision for cases commenced before then to remain subject to the right of appeal . Independence in the New Zealand flag debate ( edit ) Current flag of New Zealand . Main article : New Zealand flag debate Although the current New Zealand flag remains a popular symbol of New Zealand , there are proposals from time to time for the New Zealand flag to be changed . Proponents of a new flag argued `` ( t ) he current New Zealand Flag is too colonial and gives the impression that New Zealand is still a British colony and not an independent nation . '' Two referendums were held on the flag in 2015 and 2016 , with a 56 % majority voting to keep the current flag . Independence in the republic debate ( edit ) The British Monarchy still enjoys majority support for retention as the ceremonial and symbolic Head of State of New Zealand . Some New Zealanders see the monarchy of New Zealand to be a final hurdle to full independence . In 1994 , National Prime Minister Jim Bolger initiated a debate on the possibility of New Zealand becoming a republic . Bolger argued New Zealand needed to focus more on the Asia - Pacific region , and noted that such a move would be part of a desire to be `` independent New Zealanders '' . Bolger later argued that he did not believe the `` Queen of England '' ( sic ) should be New Zealand 's head of state . Bolger 's republicanism met little public enthusiasm , however , and three of his own ministers disowned the policy . Unlike Australia , where republican sentiment has been relatively strong , there has been little agitation for a New Zealand republic . Neither National or Labour , the two major political parties currently in parliament have a stated policy of creating a republic , although Peter Dunne 's United Future does and some Members of Parliament have publicly expressed their personal support for a republic . Former Prime Minister John Key has said he is `` not convinced ( a republic ) will be a big issue in the short term , '' but does believe that a republic is `` inevitable . '' There are two special - interest groups representing both sides of the debate in New Zealand and arguing the issue in the media from time to time : Monarchy New Zealand and New Zealand Republic . The New Zealand public are generally in favour of the retention of the monarchy , with recent polls showing it to have between 50 and 60 % support . Polls indicate that many New Zealanders see the monarchy as being of little day - to - day relevance ; a One News Colmar Brunton poll in 2002 found that 58 % of the population believed the monarchy has little or no relevance to their lives . National Business Review poll in 2004 found 57 % of respondents believed New Zealand would become a republic `` in the future '' . However , the institution still enjoys the support of many New Zealanders , particularly those born before the Second World War . Others show a majority of younger New Zealanders support a republic . Support for becoming a republic is still the view of around a third to 40 % of the population . On 21 April 2008 , the republican movement released a poll of New Zealanders showing 43 % support the monarchy should Prince Charles become King of New Zealand , and 41 % support a republic under the same scenario . A poll by the New Zealand Herald in January 2010 , before a visit by Prince William to the country found 33.3 % wanted the Prince of Wales to be the next monarch , with 30.2 % favouring Prince William . 29.4 % of respondents preferred a republic in the event the Queen died or abdicated . On 14 October 2009 , a bill put forward in parliament by Keith Locke to bring about a referendum on the monarchy was drawn from the ballot of members ' bills and introduced into the House of Representatives . It was presumed that this bill would be binding in New Zealand only , having no effect in the Cook Islands or Niue . The bill was defeated on 21 April 2010 with a vote of 68 -- 53 with one abstention . See also ( edit ) New Zealand portal Constitution of New Zealand History of New Zealand References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The figures in the photo are , back row , left to right : Walter Stanley Monroe , Prime Minister of Newfoundland ; Gordon Coates , Prime Minister of New Zealand ; Stanley Bruce , Prime Minister of Australia ; James Hertzog , Prime Minister of South Africa , and W.T. Cosgrave , President of the Executive Council of the Irish Free State ; front row , left to right : Stanley Baldwin , Prime Minister of the United Kingdom ; the King ; and William Lyon Mackenzie King , Prime Minister of Canada . Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Neville Meaney , The Search for Security in the Pacific , 1901 - 1914 , Sydney University Press , 1976 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dominion Day - From colony to dominion '' . NZHistory.net.nz. 20 December 2012 . Retrieved 10 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Harshan Kumarasingham ( 2010 ) . Onward with Executive Power - Lessons from New Zealand 1947 - 1957 . Institute of Policy Studies , Victoria University of Wellington . ISBN 978 - 1 - 877347 - 37 - 5 . Jump up ^ Why they came : US forces in New Zealand ^ Jump up to : Michael Bassett ( 2001 ) . Tomorrow Comes the Song A Life of Peter Fraser . Penguin Books . Jump up ^ The New Zealand Historical Atlas , Plate 24 Keeping the Dominion British Jump up ^ `` Re Ashman , 2 NZLR 224 '' . 1976 . Jump up ^ Walrond , Carl ( 2007 - 04 - 13 ) , `` Kiwis overseas - Staying in Britain '' , Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand , teara.govt.nz , retrieved 2010 - 01 - 05 Jump up ^ John Moody . `` Past Attempts to Change New Zealand 's Flag '' ( PDF ) . The XIX International Congress of Vexillology . Jump up ^ `` Anna Davidson , Speech to Youth Parliament , 1999 '' . Jump up ^ `` Strong backing for MMP referendum '' . TVNZ. 23 June 2008 . Retrieved 13 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Smith , Peter ( 1 September 2008 ) , `` Key knocking on door of government '' , Financial Times , retrieved 4 September 2008 Jump up ^ NZES data , 1990 - 2008 , New Zealand Election Study , retrieved 31 January 2010 Jump up ^ `` NZ premier denies royal snub '' . BBC . 23 February 2002 . Retrieved 16 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealanders Resigned to Their Fate '' . National Business Review . 17 August 2004 . ^ Jump up to : Kiwis Divided Over Monarchy ( PDF ) , Research NZ , 23 December 2008 , retrieved 31 January 2010 Jump up ^ `` Opinion divided on NZ becoming republic '' . TV3. 21 April 2008 . Retrieved 21 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Kara Segedin ( 19 January 2010 ) . `` Charles and William evens for throne '' . New Zealand Herald . Retrieved 31 January 2010 . Jump up ^ House of Representatives ( 15 October 2009 ) , Order Paper , 71 , Queen 's Printer for New Zealand access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Townend , Andrew ( 2003 ) . `` The Strange Death of the Realm of New Zealand : The Implications of a New Zealand Republic for the Cook Islands and Niue '' . Victoria University of Wellington Law Review . Wellington : Victoria University of Wellington ( 34 ) . Retrieved 2 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Head of State Referenda Bill -- First Reading '' . Hansard. 21 April 2010 . External links ( edit ) New Zealand sovereignty : 1857 , 1907 , 1947 , or 1987 ? , Research Report , Parliamentary Library , 28 August 2007 . 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who proposed the concept of primary mental abilities	Thurstone 's work in factor analysis led him to formulate a model of intelligence center around `` Primary Mental Abilities '' ( PMAs ) , which were independent group factors of intelligence that different individuals possessed in varying degrees . He opposed the notion of a singular general intelligence that factored into the scores of all psychometric tests and was expressed as a mental age . In 1935 Thurstone , together with EL Thorndike and JP Guilford founded the journal Psychometrika and also the Psychometric Society , going on to become the society 's first President in 1936 . Thurstone 's contributions to methods of factor analysis have proved valuable in establishing and verifying later psychometric factor structures , and has influenced the hierarchical models of intelligence in use in intelligence tests such as WAIS and the modern Stanford - Binet IQ test .		Louis Leon Thurstone	louis leon thurstone	Louis Leon Thurstone ( 29 May 1887 -- 30 September 1955 ) was a U.S. pioneer in the fields of psychometrics and psychophysics . He conceived the approach to measurement known as the law of comparative judgment , and is well known for his contributions to factor analysis . A Review of General Psychology survey , published in 2002 , ranked Thurstone as the 88th most cited psychologist of the 20th century , tied with John Garcia , James J. Gibson , David Rumelhart , Margaret Floy Washburn , and Robert S. Woodworth .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and history 2 Factor analysis and work on intelligence 3 Contributions to measurement 4 Awards and honors 5 Selected works 6 See also 7 References 8 Sources 9 External links Background and History ( edit ) Louis Leon Thurstone was born in Chicago , Illinois , to Swedish immigrant parents . Thurstone originally received a masters in mechanical engineering from Cornell University in 1912 . Thurstone was offered a brief assistantship in the laboratory of Thomas Edison . In 1914 , after two years as an instructor of geometry and drafting at the University of Minnesota , he enrolled as a graduate student in psychology at the University of Chicago ( Ph. D. , 1917 ) . He later returned to the University of Chicago ( 1924 -- 1952 ) where he taught and conducted research . In 1952 , he established the L.L. Thurstone Psychometric Laboratory at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill . Factor analysis and work on intelligence ( edit ) Thurstone was responsible for the standardized mean and standard deviation of IQ scores used today , as opposed to the Intelligence Test system originally used by Alfred Binet . He is also known for the development of the Thurstone scale . Thurstone 's work in factor analysis led him to formulate a model of intelligence center around `` Primary Mental Abilities '' ( PMAs ) , which were independent group factors of intelligence that different individuals possessed in varying degrees . He opposed the notion of a singular general intelligence that factored into the scores of all psychometric tests and was expressed as a mental age . In 1935 Thurstone , together with EL Thorndike and JP Guilford founded the journal Psychometrika and also the Psychometric Society , going on to become the society 's first President in 1936 . Thurstone 's contributions to methods of factor analysis have proved valuable in establishing and verifying later psychometric factor structures , and has influenced the hierarchical models of intelligence in use in intelligence tests such as WAIS and the modern Stanford - Binet IQ test . The seven primary mental abilities in Thurstone 's model were verbal comprehension , word fluency , number facility , spatial visualization , associative memory , perceptual speed , and reasoning . Contributions to measurement ( edit ) Despite his contributions to factor analysis , Thurstone ( 1959 , p. 267 ) cautioned : `` When a problem is so involved that no rational formulation is available , then some quantification is still possible by the coefficients of correlation of contingency and the like . But such statistical procedures constitute an acknowledgement of failure to rationalize the problem and to establish functions that underlie the data . We want to measure the separation between the two opinions on the attitude continuum and we want to test the validity of the assumed continuum by means of its internal consistency '' . Thurstone 's approach to measurement was termed the law of comparative judgment . He applied the approach in psychophysics , and later to the measurement of psychological values . The so - called ' Law ' , which can be regarded as a measurement model , involves subjects making a comparison between each of a number of pairs of stimuli with respect to magnitude of a property , attribute , or attitude . Methods based on the approach to measurement can be used to estimate such scale values . Thurstone 's Law of comparative judgment has important links to modern approaches to social and psychological measurement . In particular , the approach bears a close conceptual relation to the Rasch model ( Andrich , 1978 ) , although Thurstone typically employed the normal distribution in applications of the Law of comparative judgment whereas the Rasch model is a simple logistic function . Thurstone anticipated a key epistemological requirement of measurement later articulated by Rasch , which is that relative scale locations must ' transcend ' the group measured ; i.e. scale locations must be invariant to ( or independent of ) the particular group of persons instrumental to comparisons between the stimuli . Thurstone ( 1929 ) also articulated what he referred to as the additivity criterion for scale differences , a criterion which must be satisfied in order to obtain interval - level measurements . Awards and honors ( edit ) Thurstone received numerous awards , including : Best Article , American Psychological Association ( 1949 ) ; Centennial Award , Northwestern University ( 1951 ) ; Honorary Doctorate , University of Göteborg ( 1954 ) . Thurstone was President of American Psychological Association ( 1933 ) and first President of the American Psychometric Society ( 1936 ) . Selected works ( edit ) The Nature of Intelligence ( London : Routledge. 1924 ) The Effect of Motion Pictures on the Social Attitudes of High School Children Ruth C. Peterson & L.L. Thurstone , MacMillan , 1932 Motion Pictures and the Social Attitudes of Children Ruth C. Peterson & L.L. Thurstone , MacMillan , 1933 The Vectors of Mind . Address of the president before the American Psychological Association , Chicago meeting , September , 1933 ( Psychological Review , 41 , 1 - 32 . 1934 ) The Vectors of Mind ( Chicago , IL , US : University of Chicago Press 1935 ) Primary mental abilities ( Chicago : University of Chicago Press . 1938 ) Multiple - Factor Analysis ( Chicago : University of Chicago Press . 1947 ) The Fundamentals of Statistics ( MacMillan : Norwood Press . 1925 ) See also ( edit ) L.L. Thurstone Psychometric Laboratory Law of comparative judgment References ( edit ) Jump up ^ L.L. Thurstone ( Indiana University ) Jump up ^ A History of Psychology in Autobiography , Vol. IV , pp. 295 - 321 . ( E.G. Boring , H.S. Langfeld , H. Werner , & R.M. Yerkes ( Eds . ) Worcester , MA : Clark University Press . 1952 ) Archived 1 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Haggbloom , Steven J. ; Warnick , Jason E. ; Jones , Vinessa K. ; Yarbrough , Gary L. ; Russell , Tenea M. ; Borecky , Chris M. ; McGahhey , Reagan ; et al. ( 2002 ) . `` The 100 most eminent psychologists of the 20th century '' . Review of General Psychology . 6 ( 2 ) : 139 -- 152 . doi : 10.1037 / 1089 - 2680.6. 2.139 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Swedes In America ( Benson , Adolph B. ; Naboth Hedin . New York : Haskel House Publishers . 1969 ) Jump up ^ L.L. Thurstone Psychometric Laboratory ( University of North Carolina ) Jump up ^ Horst , P. ( 1955 ) . `` L.L. Thurstone and the Science of Human Behavior '' . Science . 122 ( 3183 ) : 1259 -- 60 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 122.3183. 1259 . PMID 13274085 . Jump up ^ Louis Leon Thurstone , 1887 - 1955 ( Individual Differences Homepage ) Archived 13 December 2003 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Louis Leon Thurstone 1887 - 1955 ( J.P. Guilford O National Academy of Science . 1957 ) ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Louis Leon Thurstone Biography ( LoveToKnow , Corp . ) Jump up ^ L.L. Thurstone ( Human Intelligence ) Sources ( edit ) Martin , O ( 1997 ) . `` Psychological measurement from Binet to Thurstone , ( 1900 - 1930 ) '' . Revue de synthese ( in French ) ( 4 ) : 457 -- 93 . PMID 11625304 . Thurstone , LL ( 1987 ) . `` Psychophysical analysis . by L.L. Thurstone , 1927 '' . The American journal of psychology . 100 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 587 -- 609 . doi : 10.2307 / 1422696 . PMID 3322058 . Gulliksen , H ( 1968 ) . `` Louis Leon Thurstone , experimental and mathematical psychologist '' . The American Psychologist. 23 ( 11 ) : 786 -- 802 . doi : 10.1037 / h0026696 . PMID 4881041 . Wolfle , D ( 1956 ) . `` Louis Leon Thurstone , 1887 - 1955 '' . The American journal of psychology . 69 ( 1 ) : 131 -- 4 . PMID 13302517 . Horst , P ( 1955 ) . `` L.L. Thurstone and the science of human behavior '' . Science . 122 ( 3183 ) : 1259 -- 60 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 122.3183. 1259 . PMID 13274085 . Andrich , D. ( 1978 ) . `` Relationships Between the Thurstone and Rasch Approaches to Item Scaling '' . Applied Psychological Measurement. 2 ( 3 ) : 451 . doi : 10.1177 / 014662167800200319 . Thurstone , L.L. ( 1927 ) . `` A law of comparative judgement '' . Psychological Review . 34 ( 4 ) : 278 -- 286 . doi : 10.1037 / h0070288 . Gordon , Kate ; Smith , Thomas Vernor , eds. ( 1929 ) . Essays in Philosophy : by Seventeen Doctors of Philosophy of the University of Chicago . Chicago : Open Court . OCLC 257229209 . Thurstone , L.L. ( 1974 ) . The Measurement of Values . Chicago : The University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 80114 - 8 . OCLC 5723850 . External links ( edit ) The Vectors of Mind 1934 History of L.L. Thurstone Psychometric Laboratory ( hide ) Presidents of the American Psychological Association 1892 -- 1900 G. Stanley Hall ( 1892 ) George Trumbull Ladd ( 1893 ) William James ( 1894 ) James McKeen Cattell ( 1895 ) George Stuart Fullerton ( 1896 ) James Mark Baldwin ( 1897 ) Hugo Münsterberg ( 1898 ) John Dewey ( 1899 ) Joseph Jastrow ( 1900 ) 1901 -- 1925 Josiah Royce ( 1901 ) Edmund Sanford ( 1902 ) William Lowe Bryan ( 1903 ) William James ( 1904 ) Mary Whiton Calkins ( 1905 ) James Rowland Angell ( 1906 ) Henry Rutgers Marshall ( 1907 ) George M. Stratton ( 1908 ) Charles Hubbard Judd ( 1909 ) Walter Bowers Pillsbury ( 1910 ) Carl Seashore ( 1911 ) Edward Thorndike ( 1912 ) Howard C. Warren ( 1913 ) Robert S. Woodworth ( 1914 ) John B. Watson ( 1915 ) Raymond Dodge ( 1916 ) Robert Yerkes ( 1917 ) John Wallace Baird ( 1918 ) Walter Dill Scott ( 1919 ) Shepherd Ivory Franz ( 1920 ) Margaret Floy Washburn ( 1921 ) Knight Dunlap ( 1922 ) Lewis Terman ( 1923 ) G. Stanley Hall ( 1924 ) I. Madison Bentley ( 1925 ) 1926 -- 1950 Harvey A. Carr ( 1926 ) Harry Levi Hollingworth ( 1927 ) Edwin Boring ( 1928 ) Karl Lashley ( 1929 ) Herbert Langfeld ( 1930 ) Walter Samuel Hunter ( 1931 ) Walter Richard Miles ( 1932 ) Louis Leon Thurstone ( 1933 ) Joseph Peterson ( 1934 ) Albert Poffenberger ( 1935 ) Clark L. Hull ( 1936 ) Edward C. Tolman ( 1937 ) John Dashiell ( 1938 ) Gordon Allport ( 1939 ) Leonard Carmichael ( 1940 ) Herbert Woodrow ( 1941 ) Calvin Perry Stone ( 1942 ) John Edward Anderson ( 1943 ) Gardner Murphy ( 1944 ) Edwin Ray Guthrie ( 1945 ) Henry Garrett ( 1946 ) Carl Rogers ( 1947 ) Donald Marquis ( 1948 ) Ernest Hilgard ( 1949 ) J.P. Guilford ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1975 Robert Richardson Sears ( 1951 ) J. McVicker Hunt ( 1952 ) Laurance F. Shaffer ( 1953 ) Orval Hobart Mowrer ( 1954 ) E. Lowell Kelly ( 1955 ) Theodore Newcomb ( 1956 ) Lee Cronbach ( 1957 ) Harry Harlow ( 1958 ) Wolfgang Köhler ( 1959 ) Donald O. Hebb ( 1960 ) Neal E. Miller ( 1961 ) Paul E. Meehl ( 1962 ) Charles E. Osgood ( 1963 ) Quinn McNemar ( 1964 ) Jerome Bruner ( 1965 ) Nicholas Hobbs ( 1966 ) Gardner Lindzey ( 1967 ) Abraham Maslow ( 1968 ) George Armitage Miller ( 1969 ) George Albee ( 1970 ) Kenneth B. Clark ( 1971 ) Anne Anastasi ( 1972 ) Leona E. Tyler ( 1973 ) Albert Bandura ( 1974 ) Donald T. Campbell ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Wilbert J. McKeachie ( 1976 ) Theodore H. Blau ( 1977 ) M. Brewster Smith ( 1978 ) Nicholas Cummings ( 1979 ) Florence Denmark ( 1980 ) John J. Conger ( 1981 ) William Bevan ( 1982 ) Max Siegel ( 1983 ) Janet Taylor Spence ( 1984 ) Robert Perloff ( 1985 ) Logan Wright ( 1986 ) Bonnie Strickland ( 1987 ) Raymond D. Fowler ( 1988 ) Joseph Matarazzo ( 1989 ) Stanley Graham ( 1990 ) Charles Spielberger ( 1991 ) Jack Wiggins Jr. ( 1992 ) Frank Farley ( 1993 ) Ronald E. Fox ( 1994 ) Robert J. Resnick ( 1995 ) Dorothy Cantor ( 1996 ) Norman Abeles ( 1997 ) Martin Seligman ( 1998 ) Richard Suinn ( 1999 ) Patrick H. DeLeon ( 2000 ) 2001 -- Present Norine G. Johnson ( 2001 ) Philip Zimbardo ( 2002 ) Robert Sternberg ( 2003 ) Diane F. Halpern ( 2004 ) Ronald F. Levant ( 2005 ) Gerald Koocher ( 2006 ) Sharon Brehm ( 2007 ) Alan E. Kazdin ( 2008 ) James H. Bray ( 2009 ) Carol D. Goodheart ( 2010 ) Melba J.T. Vasquez ( 2011 ) Suzanne Bennett Johnson ( 2012 ) Donald N. Bersoff ( 2013 ) Nadine Kaslow ( 2014 ) Barry S. Anton ( 2015 ) Susan H. McDaniel ( 2016 ) Antonio Puente ( 2017 ) Jessica Henderson Daniel ( 2018 ) VIAF : 17319469 LCCN : n87805480 ISNI : 0000 0001 0875 0533 GND : 1052902804 SUDOC : 033732124 BNF : cb124569541 ( data ) MGP : 165681 BNE : XX1136536 SNAC : w6jh74f3 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louis_Leon_Thurstone&oldid=833832436 '' Categories : Cornell University College of Engineering alumni University of Chicago alumni Intelligence researchers Fellows of the American Statistical Association American people of Swedish descent 1887 births 1955 deaths Presidents of the American Psychological Association Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . Articles with hCards CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Use dmy dates from October 2010 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Malagasy Nederlands Polski Русский Svenska 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 April 2018 , at 16 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis%20Leon%20Thurstone	3,183
marvel's the defenders season 1 episode 1			The Defenders ( miniseries )	the defenders ( miniseries )		The Defenders Genre Action Drama Superhero Created by Douglas Petrie Marco Ramirez Based on Daredevil by Stan Lee Bill Everett Jessica Jones by Brian Michael Bendis Michael Gaydos Luke Cage by Archie Goodwin George Tuska Roy Thomas John Romita Sr . Iron Fist by Roy Thomas Gil Kane Starring Charlie Cox Krysten Ritter Mike Colter Finn Jones Eka Darville Elden Henson Jessica Henwick Simone Missick Ramón Rodríguez Rachael Taylor Deborah Ann Woll Élodie Yung Rosario Dawson Scott Glenn Sigourney Weaver Composer ( s ) John Paesano Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 8 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) S.J. Clarkson ( 1x01 only ) Cindy Holland Allie Goss Alison Engel Kris Henigman Alan Fine Stan Lee Joe Quesada Karim Zreik Jim Chory Jeph Loeb Drew Goddard Douglas Petrie Marco Ramirez Producer ( s ) Evan Perazzo Location ( s ) New York City Cinematography Matthew J. Lloyd Jim McMillan Editor ( s ) Jonathan Chibnall Miklos Wright Michael Knue Running time 44 -- 55 minutes Production company ( s ) Marvel Television ABC Studios Goddard Textiles Nine and a Half Fingers , Inc . Distributor Netflix Release Original network Netflix Picture format 4K ( Ultra HD ) High dynamic range Original release August 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 18 ) Chronology Preceded by Marvel 's Iron Fist Related shows Marvel Cinematic Universe television series Marvel 's The Defenders , or simply The Defenders , is an American web television miniseries created by Douglas Petrie and Marco Ramirez for Netflix , based on the Marvel Comics characters Daredevil , Jessica Jones , Luke Cage , and Iron Fist , who form the eponymous superhero team . It is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) , sharing continuity with the films of the franchise , and is the culmination of a series of interconnected shows from Marvel and Netflix . The miniseries is produced by Marvel Television in association with ABC Studios , Nine and a Half Fingers , Inc. , and Goddard Textiles , with Ramirez serving as showrunner . The limited series stars Charlie Cox as Matt Murdock / Daredevil , Krysten Ritter as Jessica Jones , Mike Colter as Luke Cage , and Finn Jones as Danny Rand / Iron Fist , all reprising their roles from their individual series . It also stars Eka Darville , Elden Henson , Jessica Henwick , Simone Missick , Ramón Rodríguez , Rachael Taylor , Deborah Ann Woll , Élodie Yung , Rosario Dawson , and Scott Glenn , all also returning from previous series , as well as Sigourney Weaver . Development on the miniseries began in late 2013 , with Cox the first actor cast in May 2014 . Petrie and Ramirez joined as showrunners in April , after doing so for the second season of Daredevil . Petrie left with the start of filming , which took place in New York City from October 2016 to March 2017 . Cinematography and design work established the different color palettes from the character 's individual series , and combined them as the team is formed . The Defenders premiered in New York on July 31 , 2017 , with all eight episodes released on Netflix on August 18 . Critics were mostly positive about the crossover , highlighting the dynamics between the different Defenders as well as Weaver 's performance , but were generally disappointed with the overall story , pacing , and the use of the Hand as villains . Third - party analysis indicated that the miniseries was the least - viewed of the Marvel Netflix series and had the largest week - over-week drop in viewership of them all , though it was the third-most `` Binge Raced '' series globally at the time of its release according to Netflix . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Writing 4.3 Casting 4.4 Design 4.4. 1 Cinematography 4.4. 2 Costumes 4.4. 3 Title sequence 4.5 Filming 4.6 Music 4.7 Marvel Cinematic Universe tie - ins 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 6 Reception 6.1 Audience viewership 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Future 8 References 9 External links Premise ( edit ) Set a few months after the second season of Daredevil , and a month after the first season of Iron Fist , the vigilantes Daredevil , Jessica Jones , Luke Cage , and Iron Fist team up in New York City to fight a common enemy , the Hand . Cast and characters ( edit ) Further information : List of Marvel Cinematic Universe television series actors § Netflix series Cast and crew of The Defenders at the 2017 San Diego Comic - Con . From left to right : executive producer Jeph Loeb , stars Charlie Cox , Krysten Ritter , Mike Colter , Finn Jones , Sigourney Weaver , Elodie Yung , Deborah Ann Woll , and Jessica Henwick , and showrunner Marco Ramirez . Main ( edit ) Charlie Cox as Matt Murdock / Daredevil : A blind pro-bono lawyer in Hell 's Kitchen , with his remaining senses enhanced , who is secretly a vigilante . Cox felt the second season of Daredevil , in which Murdock fought alongside Elektra Natchios and the Punisher , prepared the character to accept help in The Defenders , and that moving into the miniseries the death of Natchios would be weighing heavily on Murdock . Ramirez likened Murdock and Natchios ' relationship to a more overtly sexual version of Edward Norton and Brad Pitt 's characters in Fight Club ( 1999 ) , with Natchios being Murdock 's `` burden to deal with '' after she is resurrected . Cox felt that Murdock and Jessica Jones would have a `` fiery relationship '' in the series since both characters are `` quite opinionated and quite stubborn . '' Krysten Ritter as Jessica Jones : A private investigator suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder who runs her own agency , Alias Investigations . Ritter felt it would be interesting to see what forces Jones to team up with the other heroes , since `` she does n't want to be a superhero . She does n't want anything to do with that . '' She added that at the start of the series , Jones is still dealing with the aftermath of killing Kilgrave at the end of the first season of Jessica Jones , and has not adjusted to the increase in the number of people wanting to hire her since then . Showrunner Marco Ramirez noted that Jones would struggle with letting `` three men into her life who she does n't 100 percent trust . '' Ritter said that Jones and Murdock would have a `` cat and mouse '' dynamic . Mike Colter as Luke Cage : A former convict with superhuman strength and unbreakable skin who now fights crime in Harlem . Colter felt that none of the Defenders seemed like they would want to be in a superhero group together , and said that Cage specifically is `` in his own world . '' He added that Cage 's imprisonment at the end of the first season of Luke Cage would be dealt with at the beginning of the miniseries , taking away a `` big burden to bear ... Now that that 's out of the way , I think we can give him a different approach to life . '' Colter said Cage would act as `` the conciliator '' for the group as well as a mentor to Danny Rand ; pairing the latter with Cage is an homage to the Heroes for Hire comics , which Colter thought was cool and had a `` wisdom - versus - youth quality . '' Finn Jones as Danny Rand / Iron Fist : A billionaire Buddhist monk , co-CEO of Rand Enterprises , and martial arts expert with the ability to call upon the mystical power of the Iron Fist . Jones said Rand is the driving force of the group as he `` knows how serious this situation is '' . Jones felt the combination of the first season of Iron Fist and The Defenders formed `` the complete first season of Danny 's journey '' , with the latter seeing him become untrusting due to the events of the former . Rand is influenced by the other Defenders , who are older than him and are examples of heroes who `` manage to keep their shit together '' . In particular , Colter said Rand as `` an exuberance ... that Luke Cage wants to temper a bit '' . Rand is picked on by the other Defenders , which some viewers saw as an acknowledgment of the poor reception that the first season of Iron Fist received . However , Ramirez said that season had not been released when they were making The Defenders , and that dynamic was how they naturally felt his character would be treated . Eka Darville as Malcolm Ducasse : Jones ' neighbor and assistant at Alias Investigations . Elden Henson as Franklin `` Foggy '' Nelson : Murdock 's close friend and former law partner who now works with Jeri Hogarth . Jessica Henwick as Colleen Wing : A former member of the Hand , Rand 's lover , and the owner of a New York City dojo . Simone Missick as Misty Knight : A Harlem police detective part of a citywide task force who is Cage 's ally . Ramón Rodríguez as Bakuto : One of the five `` fingers '' of the Hand , and Wing 's former sensei . Rachael Taylor as Trish Walker : Jones ' adoptive sister and best friend who hosts her own radio talk show . Deborah Ann Woll as Karen Page : Murdock 's close friend and former secretary , and a burgeoning newspaper reporter . Élodie Yung as Elektra Natchios : A mysterious and dangerous woman from Murdock 's past , who is the Black Sky , a weapon of the Hand . Executive producer Jeph Loeb had wanted to adapt the storyline featuring Natchios ' resurrection from the comics , with Ramirez commenting that `` once we got to where we got organically '' with the character 's death at the end of the second season of Daredevil , it `` was pretty clear '' that her resurrection would be featured in The Defenders . Yung called Natchios `` an amnesiac ( who ) does n't remember who she is or anything about her past life , '' with the question being how much of the original character remains following Alexandra 's training . Sigourney Weaver , who portrays the latter , found the relationship between the characters to be `` unusual '' . Rosario Dawson as Claire Temple : A former nurse who gives medical aid to vigilantes . Scott Glenn as Stick : Murdock 's mentor and leader of the Chaste who wages a war against the Hand . Sigourney Weaver as Alexandra : One of the five `` fingers '' of the Hand and its leader . Weaver described the character as `` really smart '' , `` very in charge '' , and more of an adversary than a villain . Ramirez described her as `` a survivor '' and `` a very powerful force in New York City '' , adding , `` She 's everything Sigourney is : sophisticated , intellectual , dangerous '' ; the antagonist of the series had to be `` something massive to pull these four ( hero ) characters from their individual worlds to work together '' . Alexandra is `` charmed '' by the four heroes teaming up against her , having `` never met four people who are seemingly just interested in taking care of this one little part of New York ... they 're unlike anybody she 's ever faced off against before '' . Weaver worked with the writers to avoid a cliché portrayal , specifically `` terms like ' ice queen ' that are often thrown at women who are n't completely sympathetic . '' It was important to Ramirez and Weaver to introduce Alexandra sympathetically . The character is ultimately a supporting player for Natchios ' overall story , with Ramirez hoping that `` we wrote a really fun cool character for Sigourney but really it was also a way for us to say this is the journey that Elektra is going on . '' Recurring ( edit ) Wai Ching Ho as Gao : One of the five `` fingers '' of the Hand . J. Mallory McCree as Cole Miller : A young man from Harlem who gets involved with the Hand . Michelle Federer as Michelle Raymond : A woman who approaches Jones about her missing husband . Chloe Levine as Lexi Raymond : The daughter of John and Michelle Raymond . Babs Olusanmokun as Sowande : One of the five `` fingers '' of the Hand , who hires Harlem teenagers . Ron Simons as Strieber : Knight 's police captain . Yutaka Takeuchi as Murakami : One of the five `` fingers '' of the Hand . Guest ( edit ) Peter McRobbie as Lantom : A Catholic priest and confidante for Murdock . Debbi Morgan as Delores Miller : Cole 's mother . Marko Zaror as Shaft : A member of the Chaste . Carrie - Anne Moss as Jeri Hogarth : A lawyer and ally of Jones and Rand . Rob Morgan as Turk Barrett : A low - level criminal who crosses paths with Daredevil and Luke Cage . Amy Rutberg as Marci Stahl : Nelson 's girlfriend and fellow lawyer . Susan Varon as Josie : Owner of a bar frequented by Nelson and Murdock . Alex Moggridge as John Raymond : An architect who gets involved with the Hand , and is investigated by Jones and Murdock . Nichole Yannetty as Nicole : An intern at Walker 's talk show . Stan Lee makes a cameo appearance through an on - set photograph as NYPD Captain Irving Forbush , the same photograph seen in previous Marvel Netflix series . The Aeolus Quartet also cameo as themselves , performing Johannes Brahms ' First String Quartet for Alexandra . Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` The H Word '' S.J. Clarkson Douglas Petrie & Marco Ramirez August 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 18 ) While hunting agents of the Hand in Cambodia , Danny Rand / Iron Fist and Colleen Wing are told that the war they are fighting is actually taking place in New York City . There , Matt Murdock has given up his life as the vigilante Daredevil and is working as a pro bono lawyer . He remains conflicted due to his feelings for Elektra Natchios , who died fighting the Hand . Luke Cage , his name cleared by Murdock 's ex-partner Foggy Nelson , returns from prison to the streets of Harlem where police detective Misty Knight informs him of local kids who have been getting involved with a mysterious business and ending up dead . After learning that all her major organs are failing and she has little time to live , a woman informs her colleagues to speed up their plans , and subsequently watches with a resurrected Natchios as a large earthquake tears through New York , felt by Rand and Wing as they return , and private investigator Jessica Jones as she discovers explosives while searching for a missing husband that an anonymous caller warned her to avoid . `` Mean Right Hook '' S.J. Clarkson Lauren Schmidt Hissrich & Marco Ramirez August 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 18 ) Jones calls the police , but Knight sees her taking some evidence as she leaves the scene . Cage follows some leads on local kids , and finds them being sent to clean up a workshop where several enemies of the Hand have been murdered . Rand and Wing are also investigating the workshop , leading to a fight between Rand and Cage which only ends when the police arrive . The mysterious woman , Alexandra , is informed that her group 's plans have been halted by a mystical wall . Alexandra believes this may actually be a door , and interrogates an old enemy , Stick , for answers on this . Jones is warned off her investigation by lawyer Jeri Hogarth , who later tells Nelson to keep any fallout from Jones 's actions away from their firm . Jones returns to her apartment to find the missing man , John Raymond . They are attacked by Natchios , but he kills himself first . Jones chases Natchios , but is caught and arrested by Knight . Murdock soon arrives to serve as Jones 's lawyer , having made an agreement with Nelson to carry out some of his extra work . `` Worst Behavior '' Peter Hoar Lauren Schmidt Hissrich & Douglas Petrie August 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 18 ) Months ago , the Hand acquired the ancient weapon Black Sky -- the body of Natchios -- and used the last of their resources to resurrect her . Under Alexandra 's tutelage , the Black Sky was prepared to fight as a weapon against the Hand 's enemies . Now , Jones dismisses Murdock 's help , but he becomes interested in her case and begins investigating it himself . Cage tells his girlfriend Claire Temple about his fight with Rand , whom she knows . Temple arranges a meeting between the two , hoping they can work together to fight the Hand , but they clash over their respective backgrounds . Inspired by some of Cage 's comments , Rand decides to take a different approach and uses his corporate influence to find the Hand 's new front , Midland Circle . Cage visits the mother of one of the local kids the Hand had hired , while Jones investigates Raymond 's job . They also learn of a connection to Midland Circle . Cage arrives there to help Rand fight the Hand , soon followed by Jones and Murdock . They are attacked by the Black Sky , but Rand drives her off . `` Royal Dragon '' Phil Abraham Douglas Petrie & Marco Ramirez August 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 18 ) Rand , Cage , Jones , and Murdock escape and hide in a nearby restaurant . With everyone introduced , Rand proposes that they work as a team to defeat the Hand , but Murdock is unwilling to get involved and Jones leaves . Stick escapes from the Hand and finds the group , having already known Murdock and known of Rand . He explains that a long time ago the elders of K'un - Lun came together to study the healing powers of qi , but five among them wished to use this power to live forever and were cast out . They became the five fingers of the Hand , and include Alexandra ( who has gone by many names through the centuries ) , Madame Gao , Sowande ( who has been recruiting the Harlem kids ) , Murakami , and the recently deceased Bakuto . Now the Hand have defeated all that oppose them , except for Stick and the Iron Fist . Alexandra arrives and offers to spare New York if Rand leaves with her , since their plan requires the Iron Fist , but he rejects her offer . Jones realizes that the Raymond family is still in danger , and returns to help as the Black Sky attacks . 5 `` Take Shelter '' Uta Briesewitz Lauren Schmidt Hissrich , Douglas Petrie & Marco Ramirez August 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 18 ) The Hand converges on the restaurant , and Murdock lures the Black Sky away from the fight . When he calls her Elektra , she flees , but not before preventing Murakami from killing Murdock . Cage is able to kidnap Sowande while the others escape . After Sowande warns that their loved ones will be targeted next , they convince their friends to stay with Knight at the police precinct until they are out of danger . While doing this , Wing is confronted by a resurrected Bakuto , who unsuccessfully attempts to recruit her to his cause after raising her as a member of the Hand before she met and joined with Rand . Murdock decides to take up his Daredevil identity once again , something that concerns the leaders of the Hand due to his relationship with Natchios . Murakami questions Alexandra 's reliance on the Black Sky to complete their goals and notes that they can all be killed now that their resources were used on Natchios . He suggests that they devise a new plan without Alexandra . Stick decapitates Sowande when he attempts to escape capture . 6 `` Ashes , Ashes '' Stephen Surjik Drew Goddard & Marco Ramirez August 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 18 ) Now realizing that the Hand wants the Iron Fist as a key to unlock something , the group decides to hide Rand away while they continue the fight . However , Rand disagrees and attacks the others . They stop him , and tie him up , with Cage and Stick watching over him while Jones and Murdock continue the investigation of Raymond . Natchios begins to regain memories of her previous life , but Alexandra insists that she is not that person anymore . Meanwhile , the other leaders of the Hand learn of Sowande 's death , and continue to lose faith in Alexandra 's leadership . Murdock and Jones learn that there is something beneath Midland Circle , a hole which Murdock had come across previously when dealing with the Hand . They return to the group with plans of attacking the building , to find Stick attempting to murder Rand to keep the Hand from using him . They are interrupted by Natchios , who kills Stick and takes Rand . Alexandra gloats to the other leaders about this victory , but is murdered herself by Natchios , who claims leadership of the Hand . 7 `` Fish in the Jailhouse '' Félix Enríquez Alcalá Lauren Schmidt Hissrich & Marco Ramirez August 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 18 ) Jones , Murdock , and Cage wake up in the police precinct as suspects for the murders of Sowande and Stick . They tell Knight about the Hand , but try not to go into the details or let her get involved much to the chagrin of her superiors . The remaining fingers of the Hand agree to let Natchios pursue her goals , hoping that she will grant them access to the substance they need to avoid death . She takes Rand below the building to the mystical door that they need him to open . Jones , Murdock , and Cage escape the precinct and go to Midland Circle , where they are confronted by Gao , Bakuto , and Murakami . Wing soon arrives to help , bringing with her the explosives that Raymond had been stockpiling . The group drives the fingers of the Hand away . Knight and Temple arrive soon after , and Knight agrees to stall the police while the others get to Rand . Natchios tricks Rand into opening the door , causing a blast that knocks out power throughout the city . Rand awakens beneath the skeleton of a dragon . 8 `` The Defenders '' Farren Blackburn Lauren Schmidt Hissrich & Marco Ramirez August 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 18 ) Gao explains to Rand that the substance that the Hand uses for resurrection comes from the bones of dragons , just as his Iron Fist abilities came from a dragon . The Hand begins harvesting the skeleton , which will weaken the foundations of the city and cause widespread destruction . Wing and Temple place the explosives so as to destroy the building once the others escape . They are confronted by Bakuto , who cuts off Knight 's arm when she arrives to help . Wing decapitates Bakuto , but his body sets off the timer for the explosives . Jones , Murdock , and Cage arrive in the cavern to help Rand , and they fight the members of the Hand together . When Murdock realizes that the explosives are about to go off , he gets the others to leave immediately . He remains to plead with Natchios , and the two are together -- along with Gao and Murakami -- as the building implodes around them . These events are all covered up by authorities . Rand , Jones , and Cage look to move on and protect the city . A battered Murdock later wakes up in a room with a nun at his side . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In October 2013 , Deadline reported that Marvel was preparing four drama series and a miniseries , totaling 60 episodes , to present to video on demand services and cable providers , with Netflix , Amazon , and WGN America expressing interest . A few weeks later , Marvel and Disney announced that Marvel Television and ABC Studios would provide Netflix with live action series centered around Daredevil , Jessica Jones , Luke Cage , and Iron Fist , leading up to a miniseries based on the Defenders . In November 2015 , Marvel Comics ' editor - in - chief Joe Quesada stated there was no apprehension from Marvel in changing the line up of the Defenders from the `` classic '' original line - up ( Doctor Strange , Hulk , Namor and Silver Surfer ) because `` to the world at large , no one knows who the Defenders are . So the idea of taking the concept and name and applying it to ( the Marvel Cinematic Universe ) feels wholly natural '' adding that Marvel has `` a wonderful concept '' behind why the group would form in the MCU and why they would be called the Defenders . In April 2016 , Marvel announced that Douglas Petrie and Marco Ramirez , the showrunners for the second season of Marvel 's Daredevil , would serve as showrunners and executive producers on Marvel 's The Defenders . Daredevil creator Drew Goddard also serves as an executive producer on the miniseries , along with Karim Zreik , Cindy Holland , Allie Goss , Alison Engel , Kris Henigman , Alan Fine , Stan Lee , Joe Quesada , Jim Chory , and Marvel Television head Jeph Loeb . S.J. Clarkson , director of the miniseries ' first two episodes , also serves as an executive producer on the first episode . In July 2016 , Loeb confirmed that the miniseries would consist of eight episodes , and stated that Petrie and Ramirez would consult with Melissa Rosenberg , Cheo Hodari Coker , and Scott Buck -- the showrunners of Marvel 's Jessica Jones , Marvel 's Luke Cage , and Marvel 's Iron Fist , respectively -- on how their characters would act ; the other showrunners read each of the scripts for The Defenders and provided insight into each individual character 's world . On this collaboration , Petrie said of Rosenberg specifically that she was `` wonderful because she 's in this position of being a fellow artist and letting us do what we do , but at the same time loving her character and being protective of her character and wanting us to get it right '' . Rosenberg said that she and the other showrunners `` felt really included in the process . '' Loeb compared this relationship to Joss Whedon 's approach with the MCU films crossover Marvel 's The Avengers , for which Whedon `` sought out all of the creative input from everybody that had worked on Iron Man and Hulk and Captain America and Thor , but he had to make The Avengers its own thing . '' At the start of filming in October 2016 , Petrie left the series as co-showrunner . Loeb explained , `` We got to a point where the scripts were done , and we wanted Marco to continue , and Doug pursued other avenues . '' Writing ( edit ) By late May 2016 , Petrie and Ramirez had turned in a completed story for the miniseries , based on a `` very bare - bones structure '' from Loeb . The latter described the completed story as epic . Petrie and Ramirez went through a `` trapeze act '' to have the story work for viewers who had not seen the previous series , while also not have redundant moments of exposition for those who had . Petrie said the miniseries would be a `` detour '' for the characters , allowing them to return to their `` respective pools '' at the end , making it equivalent to Daredevil season 2.5 , Luke Cage season 1.5 , Jessica Jones season 1.5 , and Iron Fist season 1.5 . Loeb compared the miniseries to the Olympics , where `` you get to know all of these athletes in their various sports ( and then ) they 're going to get together '' , while Coker further compared it to the forming of the Wu - Tang Clan or Voltron . There 's a recurring theme here with people who are orphans or people who do n't understand this urge but feel the need to do good and are constantly fighting inner turmoil ... We did n't think about it in terms of how we 'll combine all the tones . -- Showrunner Marco Ramirez on combining elements from the individual series to craft the tone of The Defenders Ramirez and Petrie wanted the project to feel earned , grounded , and topical like the individual series , rather than `` a corporate mandate '' . Goddard noted that each of the individual series have different tones from one another , and said that combining them for the miniseries created a different one again . Finding this new tone was the most challenging element of the project for Ramirez . Scenes in the early episodes were created to feel like the `` most optimal versions '' of each individual series , using visual and sonic elements from each that are slowly combined as the miniseries goes on . Loeb cautioned against the `` easy comparison '' to The Avengers , noting that lessons would be taken from that crossover such as how that team did not come together `` as smoothly as you 'd like '' , but in general The Defenders do n't have a `` Defenders Tower '' or matching costumes , for example . The Dirty Dozen , Seven Samurai , and other films `` where characters came together who did not want to come together '' were bigger influences on the project than The Avengers . Choosing an antagonist for the miniseries was another challenge according to Ramirez . Loeb did not want a villain like the alien invasion from The Avengers because these are `` street level heroes ( who ) come from a very real place '' , but each of the Defenders has been shown to be `` really powerful '' in their individual series and the antagonist would have to prove a challenge for the four of them together . Ramirez also felt that the antagonist should be a common denominator rather than having individual villains combining from each Defender 's own series . They settled on the overarching organization of the Hand , and have the characters following individual investigations that lead them to converge on the same location . It was subsequently important to Ramirez that the Hand be destroyed by the end of the miniseries , to give it a definitive ending and to allow the individual characters , especially Iron Fist , to move on to a new `` chapter '' . To give something unexpected to the audience , the focus of the story is ultimately revealed to be Elektra Natchios , and her journey of rejecting the people in her life who have told her what to do . This includes her mentor Stick and the miniseries ' apparent central antagonist Alexandra , who she both murders , as well as Daredevil . Ramirez said that the theme of `` having to embrace the identity you want '' also applies to the four Defenders . He added that Elektra murdering Alexandra made more sense than one of the Defenders doing it , as `` none of them are particularly ( murderous ) . '' and would `` really have to be pushed there '' . Regarding where the miniseries leaves the Defenders , Ramirez compared their relationship to `` people who were on the same bus when it got in an accident ... it 's kind of like , ' This was a great adventure to have with you , I 'd be okay with seeing you again , I 'd also be okay with never seeing you again . ' '' The final image of The Defenders , in which Murdock wakes up with a nun by his side , is an homage to a panel from the `` Born Again '' story arc . The nun calling for `` Maggie '' is an implied reference to Murdock 's mother , which Ramirez would not confirm at the time of miniseries ' release . He did note that this scene along with several others from Daredevil 's story in the miniseries was a direct homage to the comics , and that this panel from `` Born Again '' was one of his favorite Daredevil panels . Ramirez explained that the scene was included because a third season of Daredevil had already been announced , and they did not want to make the audience think `` we were trying to cheat them or convince them of something that 's not happening '' . Casting ( edit ) Charlie Cox , Krysten Ritter , Mike Colter , and Finn Jones reprise their roles from previous Marvel Netflix series to star as the Defenders At the end of May 2014 , Charlie Cox was cast as Daredevil for Daredevil . In December 2014 , Krysten Ritter was cast as Jessica Jones and Mike Colter was cast as Luke Cage for Jessica Jones , with Colter also headlining Luke Cage . In February 2016 , Finn Jones was reported to be cast as Danny Rand for Iron Fist , with Marvel confirming his casting the following month . They also confirmed that Cox , Ritter , Colter , and Jones would all reprise their roles to star in The Defenders . In March 2016 , Élodie Yung , who portrays Elektra Natchios in Daredevil , expressed interest in appearing in The Defenders `` on the bad side '' , and Eka Darville said a month later that he would reprise his Jessica Jones role of Malcolm Ducasse in The Defenders . In September , Simone Missick said she would be reprising the role of Misty Knight from Luke Cage in the miniseries . After production began in October , Marvel confirmed that Darville , Missick , and Yung would appear , alongside Daredevil actors Deborah Ann Woll as Karen Page , Elden Henson as Foggy Nelson , and Scott Glenn as Stick ; Jessica Jones 's Rachael Taylor as Trish Walker ; and Iron Fist 's Jessica Henwick as Colleen Wing . Ramón Rodríguez also reprises his Iron Fist role as Bakuto , while Rosario Dawson returns as Claire Temple from all of the previous Marvel Netflix series . At New York Comic - Con in October , Sigourney Weaver was announced as playing the main antagonist of the miniseries , later revealed to be Alexandra . The producers had referred to the character as `` a Sigourney Weaver type '' for four months before Loeb contacted the actress about the project . Additionally , J. Mallory McCree recurs as Cole ; Michelle Federer and Chloe Levine portray Michelle and Lexi Raymond ; and Ron Simons appears as police captain Strieber . Babs Olusanmokun and Yutaka Takeuchi portray Sowande and Murakami , respectively , both being leaders of the Hand . Other actors reprising their roles for the miniseries include Daredevil 's Wai Ching Ho as Madame Gao , Peter McRobbie as Father Lantom , Amy Rutberg as Marci Stahl , and Susan Varon as Josie ; Jessica Jones ' Carrie - Anne Moss as Jeri Hogarth and Nichole Yannetty as Nicole ; and Rob Morgan as Turk Barrett , from previous Marvel Netflix series . Design ( edit ) Director S.J. Clarkson , cinematographer Matthew J. Lloyd , production designer Loren Weeks , and costume designer Stephanie Maslansky worked together to create distinct color palettes for each of the characters , maintaining the looks from their individual series , rather than attempting to blend the looks of all the different series for the miniseries . Maslansky explained that the palettes were used for the lighting , sets and locations , and costumes for the lead characters as well as extras . When the characters begin to crossover , so do the colors , and decisions were made regarding which colors come to the foreground and which are seen less on a scene - by - scene basis . Cinematography ( edit ) Clarkson , who also directed for Jessica Jones , said that series is `` very dark and very steely and very blue '' while Daredevil focused more on red , and so these were emphasized early on . When Murdock and Jones meet , they are in a `` steely gray - blue '' room to indicate that it is Jones 's world , with Knight there wearing a Luke Cage - appropriate tan color , and Murdock entering and letting red into the room to show the connecting of the two characters . Clarkson was also inspired by New York - set films such as The French Connection , Shaft , and Serpico when establishing the look of the miniseries . Lloyd began work on the miniseries several weeks before the start of filming , taking the development work that Clarkson had already done for the project and refining it ; he avoided pushing the different colors so far that they made the scenes look unrealistic , and noted that red can be an overwhelming hue on camera so limited this for the Daredevil scenes by just using it as an accent . Lloyd did not want to recreate the techniques used on the individual series that he did not work on , and instead focused on the specific looks that Clarkson desired . For Cage 's scenes he was inspired by Harris Savides work on American Gangster , and for Iron Fist he looked to Wong Kar - wai 's The Grandmaster . Rather than dedicate a significant amount of time to color grading the footage for the project in post-production , Lloyd opted to try and create as much of the desired color palette look as possible in - camera so that he could send his scenes with some written notes to colorist Tony D'Amore of Deluxe 's Encore to complete the work while Lloyd was on set . D'Amore's work was challenging in scenes that combined multiple characters as he would have to adjust specific areas of each frame depending on where the characters were . He also had to create different color grades for the high dynamic range and standard dynamic range versions of the show that are released on Netflix . After her work on Jessica Jones , Clarkson was most comfortable working in that more grounded world and instinctively new what lighting and camera angles to use . She was less comfortable with the world of Iron Fist and portraying the more mythological elements of that series . During pre-production on The Defenders , filming on Iron Fist was taking place . When a director from that series was not available to return to the production to reshoot a scene , Marvel asked Clarkson to direct the new take . Clarkson found this experience `` incredibly valuable '' , giving her a chance to work with Jones and experience the tone of his series ahead of the beginning of filming for The Defenders . Clarkson and Lloyd also learned the technical requirements for depicting the character 's Iron Fist based on the process used by that series ' crew , along with how the effect of Cage 's abilities were created . Costumes ( edit ) Maslansky , who designed the costumes for the previous Marvel Netflix series , had the choice between designing for The Defenders or for the first season of The Punisher due to a scheduling conflict between the two productions , and chose to work on The Defenders so she could create the culmination of all her work on the previous series . She described the process of highlighting the individual character 's color palettes as a celebration , looking to infuse the costumes with red for Daredevil , navies and lavender for Jessica Jones , olive green for Iron Fist , and gold `` Harlem colors '' for Luke Cage . The characters ' costumes were kept consistent with their individual series , though for Daredevil 's superhero costume , which is created by Hargate Costumes in Los Angeles , the helmet was changed for The Defenders to having a matte surface that was less shiny than in Daredevil . The end of the season introduces a new costume for Iron Fist , an homage to the tracksuit that the character wears in the comics . Maslansky felt that the full tracksuit was `` very ' 70s , a little too wise - guy , Italian mafia '' , and so designed a track jacket that used the classic design and colors of green with gold stripes , and paired it with cargo pants . For Alexandra and the Hand , the executive producers suggested the color white as a repurposing of the phrase `` the light at the end of the tunnel '' given the group are immortal supervillains . Alexandra 's costumes also feature metallic elements to suggest that she was more of a warrior in a past life and has that `` fierceness or a power within her '' . In general , her costumes are European inspired and of `` an older world '' to create `` a global feeling to her wardrobe , very lush ... her wardrobe reflects that kind of ancientness . '' The resurrected Elektra receives a new costume inspired by her comics appearance . Because it would look out of place on the streets of New York , Maslansky also designed a coat for her to cover this up that was inspired by The French Lieutenant 's Woman and The Matrix , and meant to appeal to Alexandra 's taste in clothing . Title sequence ( edit ) External video The opening title sequence of The Defenders , showcasing Elastic 's design work and composer John Paesano 's main theme for the miniseries The series ' title sequence , designed by Elastic , evokes the work that the company did for the series True Detective by recreating the characters of the show out of elements of its setting : the sequence depicts the four Defenders out of colored topographical maps of New York City , showing the different areas of the city that each of them come from . Filming ( edit ) Marvel announced in February 2014 that the miniseries would be filmed in New York City , with Marvel Comics ' editor - in - chief Joe Quesada stating in April that the show would be filming in areas of Brooklyn and Long Island City that still look like the old Hell 's Kitchen , in addition to sound stage work . In April 2016 , Cox confirmed a late 2016 start for filming , following the conclusion of production on Iron Fist in October 2016 . The Defenders began filming on October 31 , under the working title Group Therapy . Lloyd previously served as cinematographer for the first season of Daredevil and the first episode of Jessica Jones . Due to the production demands , he brought his long - time second unit cinematography collaborator Jim McMillan onto the miniseries to help balance the workload for when episodes were filming simultaneously . Lloyd was the primary cinematographer for The Defenders , but McMillan is credited for several episodes on which he did the most work . Lloyd described the production of the miniseries as being more similar to a film than the previous Marvle Netflix television series due to the scheduling requirements of the larger cast and the fact that episodes would not always be shot in order due to location requirements . He noted that though the episode count was lower than the usual Netflix order of 13 , the overall production schedule was not as significantly shorter as he expected due to the increased day count per episode that the schedule demanded . Additional filming locations for the miniseries included Upper West Side , Hell 's Kitchen , and Williamsburg , Brooklyn , Stapleton , Staten Island , St. Nicholas Park , the Central Park Mall , the rooftop gardens at Rockefeller Center , the Downtown Manhattan Heliport , 240 Centre Street in Manhattan , the Appel Room at Time Warner Center , and the New York City Municipal Archives . It was filmed back - to - back with the second season of Jessica Jones , potentially overlapping with that production . Filming wrapped on March 19 , 2017 . Lloyd shot the miniseries with the RED Weapon camera . Clarkson used a set of vintage Panavision lenses for her two episodes which she had used on Jessica Jones . These caused a lot of issues for the series ' camera team and created supply issues with Panavision , with Lloyd noting that though the use of lenses such as these are popular , they `` do not make life easy '' . So , for the rest of the miniseries Lloyd returned to the modern Arri Master Prime lenses that he had used on Daredevil , which he said did not create a significant difference in look for the miniseries and solved their on - set issues . The miniseries used a lot of steadicam work , so much so that they essentially had two A-camera steadicam operators working simultaneously . Clarkson also planned out multiple cinematic `` hero '' shots which requried complex camera movements and a lot of technocrane work . In addition to using to color to show the characters were coming together , Clarkson tried to `` twist '' the episodes such as in a moment in the first episode where Cage leaves an apartment and puts his head up , which cuts to Jones entering a flat and putting her head down . Clarkson said on this , `` I tried to do transitions that connected them ... so you constantly felt these world were eventually going to come together . '' She also used trains in transitions to show that the characters were just a train - ride away from each other , and shot the characters with the same lenses and framing to indicate that they live in the same world even with different color palettes . Particularly difficult sequences for Clarkson to shoot included the opening of the miniseries , which features a sword fight in a wet tunnel with water on set causing issues for the crew ; the introduction of Matt Murdock in a courtroom , which was shot in a single take as a reference to the single take fight sequences that the character has in his series ; and the earthquake scene , which combined practical effects such as `` pulling all these things with strings and making everything move '' with planning for visual effects and could have come across as `` hokey '' if done wrong . Clarkson looked to film the action sequences in the different ways that the other series had , such as the `` incredibly choreographed and ... almost balletic '' fights from Daredevil , or the more `` scrappy , messy '' sequences from Jessica Jones . For Cage , Clarkson felt that he is `` this solid , central figure that is bulletproof , is unbreakable '' , so she often filmed him with a static camera or steady camera , while Iron Fist was filmed in a lot more movements and with handheld cameras . The fight between the two , in the second episode , combined those two styles . In response to criticisms of the fight sequences in Iron Fist , Jones noted that he had more experience with the fighting on The Defenders due to having completed the first season of his series before beginning work on the miniseries , and had more time to learn the choreography because he was in less scenes for the ensemble project over his individual series and could rehearse in between filming . Additionally , he noted the different stunt team and directors for The Defenders allowed for improvements to be made , calling the choreography of the miniseries ' action `` a lot slicker '' and more cohesive . However , the miniseries still had a limited television schedule , which proved especially challenging for sequences in which the Defenders all fought together , with Cox noting that on his series it is usually just him fighting stunt - men while The Defenders required all of the hero actors to learn the choreography and work around each in a limited time . They generally had a day to learn a fight , but choreography would also be changed on set . Music ( edit ) In February 2017 , John Paesano was announced as the composer for the miniseries , after previously composing for the first two seasons of Daredevil . Paesano felt `` there was more license to push the envelope and lean a bit more into the orchestral colors '' of each character since `` we 're dealing with outright superheroes that our audience is familiar with '' . His score , which was a hybrid of synthesizers and a 30 - piece orchestra , borrows the `` color '' of each character 's themes from their individual series , `` to remind viewers of their individual personalities . '' The music of Johannes Brahms is used throughout the miniseries , first in the second episode where Alexandra is shown listening to a performance of his First String Quartet by the Aeolus Quartet . The scene establishes Alexandra to be `` a Brahms aficionado '' . The composer 's First Symphony is then heard as the leaders of the Hand prepare to attack the Defenders in the miniseries ' fifth episode . Finally , Alexandra listens to a defective recording of Brahms ' Tragic Overture . A soundtrack album featuring Paesano 's score was released digitally by Hollywood Records and Marvel Music on August 17 , 2017 . All music composed by John Paesano : show Track listing No . Title Length 1 . `` The Defenders Main Title '' 1 : 18 2 . `` Allies Are n't Alone '' 3 : 42 3 . `` Terminal '' 2 : 39 4 . `` Tailing Jones '' 2 : 44 5 . `` Board Room '' 5 : 36 6 . `` Our Weapon '' 3 : 27 7 . `` Aliasing '' 1 : 54 8 . `` Chinese Drive Through '' 1 : 35 9 . `` Restaurant Fight '' 2 : 35 10 . `` Alexandra '' 3 : 59 11 . `` Old Friends '' 2 : 49 12 . `` A Bone to Pick '' 2 : 32 13 . `` Kung Fu Party '' 3 : 45 14 . `` Protect My City '' 5 : 36 15 . `` The Defenders '' 5 : 04 Total length : 49 : 15 Marvel Cinematic Universe tie - ins ( edit ) The Defenders is the final miniseries of the initially ordered Netflix series , after Daredevil , Jessica Jones , Luke Cage and Iron Fist . In August 2014 , Vincent D'Onofrio , Wilson Fisk in Daredevil , stated that after the `` series stuff with Netflix '' , Marvel has `` a bigger plan to branch out '' . In March 2015 , Loeb spoke on the ability for the series to crossover with the MCU films and the ABC television series , saying , `` It all exists in the same universe . As it is now , in the same way that our films started out as self - contained and then by the time we got to The Avengers , it became more practical for Captain America to do a little crossover into Thor 2 and for Bruce Banner to appear at the end of Iron Man 3 . We have to earn that . The audience needs to understand who all of these characters are and what the world is before you then start co-mingling in terms of where it 's going . '' Midland Circle , where the four Defenders all initially meet , was previously mentioned in the first and second seasons of Daredevil and the first season of Iron Fist . It is revealed to be an operation of the Hand , who bought the building to search for the life substance hidden beneath it . Ramirez said that after showing the Hand purchasing the building in the first season of Daredevil , and introducing the hole they were digging in Daredevil 's second season , it was not known `` what they were digging for , and we could come up with anything '' . Having the skeleton of a dead dragon be the source of the substance the Hand sought `` felt like the cleanest way to tie everything in '' according to Ramirez , referencing the first season of Daredevil where Gao sells a drug made from crushed dragon 's bone . The miniseries also references the events of The Avengers . Release ( edit ) The Defenders was released on August 18 , 2017 , on the streaming service Netflix , worldwide , in Ultra HD 4K and high dynamic range . The eight , hour - long episodes were released simultaneously , as opposed to a serialized format , to encourage binge - watching , a format which has been successful for other Netflix series . Marketing ( edit ) At San Diego Comic - Con International 2016 , a teaser trailer was shown featuring the word `` Defend '' forming from pieces of the logos from the four previous series over `` the ominous shape of a giant hand '' , along with Glenn providing a voice over as Stick , asking how the four heroes plan to save New York when they can not save themselves . For New York Comic Con later that year , the four Defenders ' actors appeared together on stage , along with Weaver , to promote the miniseries . In April 2017 , the release date for the series was revealed via a teaser trailer designed to look like security footage showing the four Defenders inside a Midland Circle elevator . The teaser also featured a hidden URL which led to a faux website for the New York Bulletin featuring `` plenty of easter eggs and little details '' ; the bottom of the faux website also confirmed the miniseries ' release date . Dave Lewis of the Los Angeles Times felt having the security footage teaser end on the timecode 08 : 18 : 20 : 17 , was `` a fun way to indicate the show 's release date '' . A month later , Netflix and Marvel released an official trailer for the miniseries . They also released multiple motion graphics showcasing various character crossovers through the social media accounts for The Defenders as well as each of the individual series . Nicole Sobon of Comic Book Resources felt releasing these this way was `` a smart marketing move by both Marvel and Netflix , as over the course of the years , the Twitter accounts ( for each series ) have managed to drive in plenty of fan interaction by their ' conversations ' between the characters . '' Cox , Ritter , Colter , Jones , and additional stars of the miniseries appeared at San Diego Comic - Con International 2017 to promote the series , where the first episode was also screened . The Defenders had its red carpet premiere at the Tribeca Performing Arts Center on July 31 , 2017 . Reception ( edit ) Audience viewership ( edit ) As Netflix does not reveal subscriber viewership numbers for any of their original series , the marketing analytics firm Jumpshot determined the series garnered 17 % of the viewers that the second season of Daredevil received in its first 30 days , which was the most viewed season according to the firm . The Defenders was , comparably , the least - viewed of the Marvel Netflix series and had the largest week - over-week drop in viewership , declining by 67 % , 48 % , and 41 % , respectively , over the 30 - day period . Jumpshot , which `` analyzes anonymized click - stream data from a panel of more than 100 million internet consumers '' , looked at the viewing behavior and activity of the company 's U.S. members , factoring in the relative number of U.S. Netflix viewers who watched at least one episode of the season . The data excludes viewing that occurred on Netflix 's connected TV or mobile apps . In October 2017 , Netflix revealed The Defenders was the third-most `` Binge Raced '' Netflix original series globally , and first in South Korea . Netflix defined `` Binge Racers '' as viewers who watched the entire series within 24 hours after its release , and that data accommodated `` for time zones and is reflective of a show 's launch within 24 hours of a country 's release . '' The company did note in their announcement that the `` Binge Racing '' ranking had `` no relation to overall viewership . '' Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 76 % approval rating with an average rating of 6.45 / 10 based on 86 reviews . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Marvel 's The Defenders further develops well - known characters in an action - packed arc whose payoff packs more than enough of a punch to offset its flaws . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 63 out of 100 , based on 30 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Sigourney Weaver was praised by critics for her role in The Defenders The early screening of the first episode at San Diego Comic - Con was met by `` applause throughout '' from the crowd . Tracy Brown of the Los Angeles Times noted after `` a quick refresher on where each hero 's solo story left off ... there is forward progress in the narratives for each '' of the Defenders , despite them not interacting in the episode . She added that the episode included elements expected for a Marvel Netflix series , and concluded with a binge - watching - appropriate cliffhanger . Polygon 's Julia Alexander was `` stupidly excited to binge the rest of the season '' after seeing the first episode , praising the `` intriguing '' Alexandra and her relationship with Elektra , as well as the miniseries ' efforts to focus on the individual identities of the Defenders . Peter Sciretta for / Film called the episode `` a fine start '' to The Defenders , but felt it did not succeed in introducing the characters to viewers who had not seen the individual series . He noted the use of color throughout the episode to differentiate the characters . Reviewing the first four episodes of the series , Katharine Trendacosta for io9 had positive thoughts , appreciating the writers for addressing the questions viewers wanted answered and depicting moments that fans wanted to see without `` sacrificing the characters or the story '' . She did criticize the amount of exposition , the unoriginal story , and the `` over-the - top '' villains , but felt that `` the good of The Defenders far outweighs the bad ... it 's all a canvas to showcase Matt , Jessica , Luke , and Danny coming together ( to be ) more entertaining '' . The Washington Post 's David Betancourt also gave a positive review , calling the event `` well worth the wait '' , enjoying the pairing of Cage and Rand and calling Weaver 's `` compelling '' Alexandra the `` biggest surprise '' of the series . Jeff Jensen for Entertainment Weekly gave the series a `` B + '' , calling it `` lively genre entertainment that recharges your interest in Marvel pop . '' He praised the fact that The Defenders was only 8 episodes long , compared to the 13 of previous Marvel Netflix seasons . Dan Jolin of Empire gave The Defenders 3 out of 5 stars , finding `` enough joy '' in the interactions between the Defenders to make it feel `` worth the wait '' . However , he felt it falied to `` up the ante story-wise '' , and was disappointed that Weaver 's Alexandra was `` yet another businessperson baddie whose dirty deeds are hidden by sharp suits '' . Collider 's Allison Keene also gave the miniseries 3 stars out of 5 . She felt some of the solo series issues such as pacing and narrative choices were still present , but there were still elements to enjoy including Jessica Jones and the banter among the heroes . Keene felt that the pacing issues improve once the Defenders finally unite . She criticized the focus on Rand his company , and also said that the miniseries felt less like a culmination or ending than she would have liked . Reviewing the series for Uproxx , Alan Sepinwall felt The Defenders borrowed the best elements of the previous series , such as the fights scenes of Daredevil , Jessica Jones 's `` snappy dialogue , the music ( particularly in Luke Cage 's scenes ) , and Rosario Dawson . However , he felt that the pacing of the four episodes reviewed was `` yet another Netflix ultra-slow burn '' . He saw this improve once the four heroes meet in the fourth episode , and hoped that in the second half of the season `` both ( the ) show and team could justify their existence as something more than a package Marvel put together years ago in the hopes everything would work out . '' Variety 's Maureen Ryan felt The Defenders was `` a workmanlike series that gets the job done with a reasonable amount of energy and a few bursts of flair . It may not offer the highest highs of Jessica Jones ... ( and ) is occasionally a bit blander than an endeavor featuring deadly ninjas and elaborate costumes should be , ( but ) the eight - part drama has notable selling points , chief among them an elegant and fierce performance from Sigourney Weaver . '' USA Today 's Kelly Lawler was more critical of the series , awarding it 2 out of 4 stars , feeling Rand was the `` undeniable handicap '' of the series , having hoped that `` The Defenders would shy away from Danny and his petulance , but unfortunately , Iron Fist is integral to the larger plot . '' She also noted the pacing issues , and said the Defenders as a group `` lack chemistry '' . Lawler felt Weaver was `` a bright spot '' but concluded `` viewers who were attracted to one or more of the Netflix series for their unique perspectives will be disappointed '' by The Defenders . Reviewing the entire miniseries , Daniel Krupa of IGN gave it a 6.5 out of 10 , saying , The Defenders felt `` uneven , hastily - planned , and ultimately like a missed opportunity . '' Krupa noted the pacing issues and described the Hand as `` an ill - defined , confused and confusing antagonist '' that did not compare favorably to previous Marvel Netflix villains such as Wilson Fisk , Kilgrave , and Cornell `` Cottonmouth '' Stokes . Krupa did call the chemistry between the main characters `` excellent '' , and praised Yung as providing `` the most credible and emotionally - rich villain '' in Elektra . The highlight of the miniseries for him was the Chinese restaurant scene in the fourth episode . Accolades ( edit ) Cox and Yung were named TVLine 's `` Performers of the Week '' for the week ending August 26 , 2017 . The honor was specifically for their final scene of the miniseries , as they fight and argue while a building collapses around them . The site described the scene as an `` emotionally compelling two - hander '' . Year Award Category Recipient Result Ref . 2018 NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series Mike Colter Nominated Saturn Awards Best Supporting Actress on Television Krysten Ritter Nominated Best New Media Superhero Series Marvel 's The Defenders Nominated Black Reel Awards Outstanding Television Movie or Limited Series Marvel 's The Defenders Pending Outstanding Actor , TV Movie or Limited Series Mike Colter Pending Outstanding Supporting Actress , TV Movie or Limited Series Rosario Dawson Pending Simone Missick Pending Future ( edit ) In January 2015 , Netflix COO Ted Sarandos said that The Defenders was `` eligible to go into multiple seasons for sure '' and Netflix would look at `` how well ( they ) are addressing both the Marvel fanbase but also the broader fanbase '' in terms of determining if additional seasons would be appropriate . However , in July 2016 , Loeb referred to the miniseries as a one - off event rather than a season of an ongoing story . Jones said the miniseries `` feels like the end of Phase One '' of the Marvel Netflix series , with the events of the miniseries leading into `` the beginning of another phase '' , while Ritter said she would be happy to return for more after enjoying the experience making these episodes , but `` It was never intentioned to do it again '' . In June 2018 , Loeb reiterated that Marvel had no plans to continue the story of The Defenders . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Li , Shirley ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` The Defenders : Daredevil is ' a little bit lost ' at the start of the series , says Charlie Cox '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2017 . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Davies , Megan ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` Defenders star Jessica Henwick says Marvel team - up series is explosive : `` Fans are going to freak out '' `` . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2017 . 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Archived from the original on August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Acclaimed Director SJ Clarkson Set for the Netflix Original Series ' Marvel 's The Defenders ' '' . Marvel.com . October 28 , 2016 . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2016 . Retrieved October 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Boone , Josh ( July 25 , 2016 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Marvel 's Head of TV Reveals How ' The Defenders ' Will Be Different From ' The Avengers ' '' . Entertainment Tonight . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2016 . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Li , Shirley ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` The Defenders EP talks juggling four heroes -- and the ' crisis ' that unites them '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2017 . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Schwartz , Terri ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` Jessica Jones Showrunner Melissa Rosenberg Previews The Defenders Aftermath And Season 2 Plans '' . IGN . 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Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kile , Meredith B. ( May 20 , 2016 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Mike Colter Talks ' Luke Cage ' Standalone Series and ' Defenders ' Team Up : ' Luke Has a Lot of Skeletons in His Closet ' '' . Entertainment Tonight . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2016 . Retrieved May 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Li , Shirley ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` This Week 's Cover : Meet The Defenders in EW 's exclusive first look '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2017 . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wigler , Josh ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Defenders ' Showrunner Breaks Down That Shocking Death and Finale Twist '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2017 . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Kevin ( August 19 , 2017 ) . `` Did ' The Defenders ' Finale Hint at Kingly Return For ' Daredevil ' Season 3 ? '' . Screen Crush . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2017 . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Li , Shirley ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel 's The Defenders : What the ending could mean for Daredevil season 3 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2017 . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tilly , Chris ( March 22 , 2016 ) . `` Daredevil Star Elodie Yung Wants Elektra in the Defenders '' . IGN . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2016 . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Toomer , Jessica ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` The Costume Designer Of ' The Defenders ' Explains How To Bring Street Style To Superheroes '' . Uproxx . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2018 . Retrieved July 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Huver , Scott ( August 20 , 2017 ) . `` Defenders ' EP on Colorfully Converging The Worlds of Marvel 's Heroes '' . ComicBookResources . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2017 . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Iain Marcks ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` The Defenders / Matthew J. Lloyd , CSC , Episode # 81 '' ( Podcast ) . American Society of Cinematographers . Retrieved July 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Kaufman , Deborah ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` Managing Visual Styles , Storylines and Superpowers on the Netflix Series ' Marvel 's The Defenders '' . Creative Planet Network . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2018 . Retrieved July 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Liz Shannon ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Marvel 's The Defenders ' : How One Director Overcame the Challenge of Uniting Four Very Different Series '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2018 . Retrieved July 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Di Placido , Dani ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel 's ' Iron Fist ' Costume Designer Talks Corporate Suits And Monk Robes - Page 4 '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2017 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bundel , Ani ( September 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Defenders ' Costume Details You Definitely Missed '' . Elite Daily . 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( Photo by Steve Sands / GC Images ) Getty Images . ^ Jump up to : Young , Michelle ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` NYC Film Locations for Marvel 's The Defenders on Netflix '' . Untapped Cities . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2017 . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Priola , Victoria ( February 3 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix on Staten Island : Marvel 's ' The Defenders ' films in Stapleton '' . Staten Island Advance . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2017 . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Russell , Scarlett ( May 11 , 2016 ) . `` Defenders and Jessica Jones season 2 will be filmed back to back , says Krysten Ritter '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2016 . Retrieved May 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hood , Cooper ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` The Defenders Has Finished Filming '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Riesman , Abraham ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` How Defenders Director S.J. Clarkson Filmed an Understated Earthquake '' . Vulture . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2018 . Retrieved July 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Huver , Scott ( August 20 , 2017 ) . `` The Colors are Important , But Defenders ' Action is Crucial '' . ComicBookResources . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2017 . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yehl , Joshua ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` Finn Jones Comes to Iron Fist 's Rescue Before The Defenders Debuts '' . IGN . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2018 . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Damore , Meagan ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` Defenders Stars Tease Challenging , Character - Based Fight Choreography '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2018 . Retrieved July 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` John Paesano to Score Marvel 's Netflix Series ' The Defenders ' '' . Film Music Reporter . February 6 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2017 . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Jon ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` Composers for Marvel 's TV Universe Strike a Different Chord '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2017 . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bonomolo , Cameron ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel 's The Defenders Original Soundtrack Released '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2017 . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Romano , Nick . `` Exclusive : ' Daredevil ' Star Vincent D'Onofrio Talks Kingpin , Marvel Fans and ' Defenders ' Crossover '' . ScreenCrush . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2014 . Retrieved August 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tanswell , Adam ( March 4 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel 's Head of TV talks Agents of SHIELD , Inhumans and Netflix '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2015 . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bell , Crystal ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` 6 Essential Iron Fist Spoilers To Know If You Have No Plans To Binge - Watch '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2017 . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Romano , Nick ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel 's The Defenders gets premiere date in new teaser '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2017 . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's The Defenders '' . Netflix . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2016 . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hughes , William ( July 21 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel announces Daredevil season 3 , teases The Defenders '' . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2016 . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anderton , Ethan ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Defenders ' Teaser Unites Marvel 's Street - Level Heroes , Release Date Confirmed '' . / Film . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2017 . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Dave ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel 's ' Defenders ' release date revealed in teaser video '' . Los Angeles Times . 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Jump up ^ Jansen , Jeff ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix 's The Defenders proves the power of team - ups , shorter seasons : EW review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2017 . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jolin , Dan ( July 24 , 2017 ) . `` The Defenders -- Episodes 1 - 4 Review '' . Empire . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Keene , Allison ( July 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Defenders ' Review : Marvel 's Netflix Heroes Assemble , but Not Soon Enough '' . Collider . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ( July 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Defenders ' ( Eventually ) Assemble in Netflix 's Latest Marvel Drama '' . Uproxx . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2017 . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lawler , Kelly ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` Review : Marvel 's ' The Defenders ' are better off fighting solo '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2017 . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Krupa , Daniel ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel 's The Defenders : Season 1 Review '' . IGN . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2017 . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Performers of the Week : Defenders ' Charlie Cox and Elodie Yung '' . TVLine . August 26 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2017 . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NAACP Image Awards : ' Marshall , ' ' Get Out , ' ' Girls Trip ' Dominate Film Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . November 20 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther , ' ' Walking Dead ' Rule Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2018 . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Voter Are `` Sweet '' on Queen Sugar `` . Black Reel Awards . June 14 , 2018 . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2018 . Retrieved July 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( January 7 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix announces ' Daredevil , ' ' Bloodline , ' ' Kimmy Schmidt ' premiere dates '' . Zap2It . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2015 . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jeffrey , Morgan ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's how The Defenders launches Phase 2 of Marvel 's Netflix universe '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2017 . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Riesman , Abraham ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` Krysten Ritter Almost Bit Through Her Own Tongue While Filming Jessica Jones Season Two '' . Vulture . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2018 . Retrieved July 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matthew Webb ( June 7 , 2018 ) . `` Marvel TV Boss on Defenders ' Future , Thanos ' Snap and ( Spoiler ) Suiting Up '' . TV Line . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2018 . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . 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Man - Thing See also Marvel Television List of Marvel Cinematic Universe television series Netflix original ended series 2012 -- 16 Lilyhammer ( 2012 -- 14 ) Hemlock Grove ( 2013 -- 15 ) Turbo FAST ( 2013 -- 16 ) VeggieTales in the House ( 2014 -- 16 ) Marco Polo ( 2014 -- 16 ) All Hail King Julien ( 2014 -- 17 ) The Adventures of Puss in Boots ( 2015 -- 18 ) Richie Rich ( 2015 ) Bloodline ( 2015 -- 17 ) Residue ( 2015 ) Between ( 2015 -- 16 ) Sense8 ( 2015 -- 18 ) Wet Hot American Summer : First Day of Camp ( 2015 ) Project Mc ( 2015 -- 17 ) Popples ( 2015 -- 16 ) The Mr. Peabody & Sherman Show ( 2015 -- 17 ) Care Bears and Cousins ( 2015 -- 16 ) Master of None ( 2015 -- 17 ) W / Bob & David ( 2015 ) Atelier ( 2015 ) Lost & Found Music Studios ( 2015 -- 17 ) Dawn of the Croods ( 2015 -- 17 ) Chelsea Does ( 2016 ) Love ( 2016 -- 18 ) Lego Bionicle : The Journey to One ( 2016 ) Netflix Presents : The Characters ( 2016 ) Marseille ( 2016 -- 18 ) Chelsea ( 2016 -- 17 ) Lady Dynamite ( 2016 -- 17 ) Hibana : Spark ( 2016 ) Paranoid ( 2016 ) The Get Down ( 2016 -- 17 ) StoryBots Super Songs ( 2016 ) Haters Back Off ( 2016 -- 17 ) Roman Empire : Reign of Blood ( 2016 ) Gilmore Girls : A Year in the Life ( 2016 ) Captive ( 2016 ) White Rabbit Project ( 2016 ) Dirk Gently 's Holistic Detective Agency ( 2016 -- 17 ) Trollhunters ( 2016 -- 18 ) Crazyhead ( 2016 ) Chasing Cameron ( 2016 ) 2017 -- present Edgar Rice Burroughs ' Tarzan and Jane ( 2017 ) We 're Lalaloopsy ( 2017 ) Abstract : The Art of Design ( 2017 ) Julie 's Greenroom ( 2017 ) Disjointed ( 2017 -- 18 ) Five Came Back ( 2017 ) Girlboss ( 2017 ) The Keepers ( 2017 ) Gypsy ( 2017 ) Wet Hot American Summer : Ten Years Later ( 2017 ) The Defenders ( 2017 ) Alias Grace ( 2017 ) Godless ( 2017 ) VeggieTales in the City ( 2017 ) A StoryBots Christmas ( 2017 ) Damnation ( 2017 -- 18 ) Devilman Crybaby ( 2018 ) Collateral ( 2018 ) Everything Sucks ! ( 2018 ) First Team : Juventus ( 2018 ) Seven Seconds ( 2018 ) Evil Genius ( 2018 ) Defenders Creators Roy Thomas Ross Andru Initial members Doctor Strange Hulk Namor Silver Surfer Key members Clea Devil - Slayer Hellcat Nighthawk Red Guardian ( Tania Belinsky ) Son of Satan Valkyrie Organized team ( `` New '' ) Angel Beast Cloud Iceman Moondragon Valkyrie Unofficial members Andromeda Manslaughter Interloper Enemies A.I.M. Alpha the Ultimate Mutant Attuma Brotherhood of Mutants Dormammu Dracula Eel Emissaries of Evil Cobalt Man Egghead Rhino Solarr Enchantress Gargantua Headmen Chondu the Mystic Gorilla - Man Ruby Thursday Shrunken Bones Hydra Karnilla Loki Lunatik Maggia Mandrill Mephisto Mutant Force Nebulon Null the Living Darkness Overmind Plantman Pluto Presence Red Ghost Satannish Secret Empire Sons of the Serpent Squadron Sinister Undying Ones Wrecking Crew Wrecker Bulldozer Piledriver Thunderball Xemnu the Titan Yandroth Other media The Defenders Related topics List of Defenders members Marvel Feature Marvel Cinematic Universe portal Television in the United States portal Superhero fiction portal Comics portal 2010s portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Defenders_(miniseries)&oldid=850465306 '' Categories : 2010s American drama television miniseries 2017 American television series debuts 2017 American television series endings American action television series Crossover drama television series English - language television programs Marvel Cinematic Universe television series Netflix original programming Serial drama television series Television series by ABC Studios Television shows filmed in New York ( state ) Television shows set in New York City Hidden categories : Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Use mdy dates from February 2014 Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Comics navigational boxes purge Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Latviešu Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский کوردی Suomi Türkçe 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2018 , at 01 : 43 ( UTC ) . 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which invention delivered electricity to homes and businesses in the late 1800			History of electric power transmission	history of electric power transmission	The history of the technology of moving electricity far from where it was generated dates from the late 19th century . This includes movement of electricity in bulk ( formally referred to as `` transmission '' ) , and the delivery of electricity ( `` distribution '' ) to individual customers . The distinction between the two terms did not exist in early years and were used interchangeably .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Early transmission 1.1 Specialized systems 1.2 Early high voltage exterior lighting 1.3 Direct current lighting 1.4 Availability of large - scale generation 1.5 Induction coils advantage of alternating current 1.6 High voltage direct current transmission 1.7 Victory for AC 2 Modern period 3 References Early transmission ( edit ) This section is about an event or subject but lacks specific dates for context . Please help improve it to include this information . The talk page may contain suggestions . ( November 2014 ) Berlin , 1884 . With double the brilliance of gaslight , arc lamps were in high demand for stores and public areas . Arc lighting circuits used up to thousands of volts with arc lamps connected in series . Prior to electricity , various systems have been used for transmission of power across large distances . Chief among them were telodynamic ( cable in motion ) , pneumatic ( pressurized air ) , and hydraulic ( pressurized fluid ) transmission . Cable cars were the most frequent example of telodynamic transmission , whose lines could extend for several miles for a single section . Pneumatic transmission was used for city power transmission systems in Paris , Birmingham , Rixdorf , Offenbach , Dresden and Buenos Aires at the beginning of the twentieth century . Cities in the 19th century also used hydraulic transmission using high pressure water mains to deliver power to factory motors . London 's system delivered 7000 hp ( 5 megawatts ) over a 180 - mile ( 290 km ) network of pipes carrying water at 800 psi . These systems were replaced by cheaper and more versatile electrical systems , but by the end of the 19th century , city planners and financiers were well aware of the benefits , economics , and process of establishing power transmission systems . In the early days of electric power usage , widespread transmission of electric power had two obstacles . First , devices requiring different voltages required specialized generators with their own separate lines . Street lights , electric motors in factories , power for streetcars and lights in homes are examples of the diversity of devices with voltages requiring separate systems . Secondly , generators had to be relatively near their loads ( a mile or less for low voltage devices ) . It was known that long distance transmission was possible the higher the voltage was raised , so both problems could be solved if transforming voltages could be cheaply performed from a single universal power line . Specialized systems ( edit ) Streetcars created enormous demand for early electricity . This Siemens Tram from 1884 required 500 V direct current , which was typical . Much of early electricity was direct current , which could not easily be increased or decreased in voltage either for long - distance transmission or for sharing a common line to be used with multiple types of electric devices . Companies simply ran different lines for the different classes of loads their inventions required , for example , Charles Brush 's New York arc lamp systems required up to 10 kV for many lamps in a series circuit , Edison 's incandescent lights used 110 V , streetcars built by Siemens or Sprague required large motors in the 500 volt range , whereas industrial motors in factories used still other voltages . Due to this specialization of lines , and because transmission was so inefficient , it seemed at the time that the industry would develop into what is now known as a distributed generation system with large numbers of small generators located near their loads . Early high voltage exterior lighting ( edit ) High voltage was of interest to early researchers working on the problem of transmission over distance . They knew from elementary electricity principle that the same amount of power could be transferred on a cable by doubling the voltage and halving the current . Due to Joule 's Law , they also knew that the capacity of a wire is proportional to the square of the current traveling on it , regardless the voltage , and so by doubling the voltage , the same cable would be capable of transmitting the same amount of power four times the distance . At the Paris Exposition of 1878 , electric arc lighting had been installed along the Avenue de l'Opera and the Place de l'Opera , using electric Yablochkov arc lamps , powered by Zénobe Gramme alternating current dynamos . Yablochkov candles required high voltage , and it was not long before experimenters reported that the arc lamps could be powered on a 7 - mile ( 11 km ) circuit . Within a decade scores of cities would have lighting systems using a central power plant that provided electricity to multiple customers via electrical transmission lines . These systems were in direct competition with the dominant gaslight utilities of the period . Brush Electric Company 's central power plant dynamos powered arc lamps for public lighting in New York . Beginning operation in December 1880 at 133 West Twenty - Fifth Street , it powered a 2 - mile ( 3.2 km ) long circuit . The idea of investing in a central plant and a network to deliver energy produced to customers who pay a recurring fee for service was familiar business model for investors : it was identical to the lucrative gaslight business , or the hydraulic and pneumatic power transmission systems . The only difference was the commodity being delivered was electricity , not gas , and the `` pipes '' used for delivering were more flexible . The California Electric Company ( now PG&E ) in San Francisco in 1879 used two direct current generators from Charles Brush 's company to supply multiple customers with power for their arc lamps . This San Francisco system was the first case of a utility selling electricity from a central plant to multiple customers via transmission lines . CEC soon opened a second plant with 4 additional generators . Service charges for light from sundown to midnight was $10 per lamp per week . In December 1880 , Brush Electric Company set up a central station to supply a 2 - mile ( 3.2 km ) length of Broadway with arc lighting . By the end of 1881 , New York , Boston , Philadelphia , Baltimore , Montreal , Buffalo , San Francisco , Cleveland and other cities had Brush arc lamp systems , producing public light well into the 20th century . By 1893 there were 1500 arc lamps illuminating New York streets . Direct current lighting ( edit ) Extremely bright arc lights were too bright , and with the high voltages and sparking / fire hazard , too dangerous to use indoors . In 1878 inventor Thomas Edison saw a market for a system that could bring electric lighting directly into a customer 's business or home , a niche not served by arc lighting systems . After devising a commercially viable incandescent light bulb in 1879 , Edison went on to develop the first large scale investor - owned electric illumination `` utility '' in lower Manhattan , eventually serving one square mile with 6 `` jumbo dynamos '' housed at Pearl Street Station . When service began in September 1882 , there were 85 customers with 400 light bulbs . Each dynamo produced 100 kW2 -- enough for 1200 incandescent lights , and transmission was at 110 V via underground conduits . The system cost $300,000 to build with installation of the 100,000 feet ( 30,000 m ) of underground conduits one of the most expensive parts of the project . Operating expenses exceeded income in the first two years and fire destroyed the plant in 1890 . Further , Edison had a three wire system so that either 110 V or 220 V could be supplied to power some motors . Availability of large - scale generation ( edit ) Availability of large amounts of power from diverse locations would become possible after Charles Parsons ' production of turbogenerators beginning 1889 . Turbogenerator output quickly jumped from 100 kW to 25 megawatts in two decades . Prior to efficient turbogenerators , hydroelectric projects were a significant source of large amounts of power requiring transmission infrastructure . Induction coils advantage of alternating current ( edit ) When George Westinghouse became interested in electricity , he quickly and correctly concluded that Edison 's low voltages were too inefficient to be scaled up for transmission needed for large systems . He further understood that long - distance transmission needed high voltage and that inexpensive conversion technology only existed for alternating current . Transformers would play the decisive role in the victory of alternating current over direct current for transmission and distribution systems . In 1876 , Pavel Yablochkov patented his mechanism of using induction coils to serve as a step up transformer prior to the Paris Exposition demonstrating his arc lamps . In 1881 , Lucien Gaulard and John Dixon Gibbs developed a more efficient device which they dubbed the secondary generator , namely an early transformer provided with 1 : 1 turn ratio and open magnetic circuit . The birth of the first transformer The first demonstrative long distance ( 34 km , i.e. 21 mi ) AC line was built for the 1884 International Exhibition of Turin , Italy . It was powered by a 2 - kV , 130 - Hz Siemens & Halske alternator and featured several Gaulard secondary generators with their primary windings connected in series , which fed incandescent lamps . The system proved the feasibility of AC electric power transmission on long distances . After this success , between 1884 and 1885 , Hungarian engineers Zipernowsky , Bláthy , and Déri from the Ganz company in Budapest created the efficient `` Z.B.D. '' closed - core coils , as well as the modern electric distribution system . The three had discovered that all former coreless or open - core devices were incapable of regulating voltage , and were therefore impractical . Their joint patent described two versions of a design with no poles : the `` closed - core transformer '' and the `` shell - core transformer '' . Ottó Bláthy suggested the use of closed - cores , Károly Zipernowsky the use of shunt connections , and Miksa Déri performed the experiments . In the closed - core transformer the iron core is a closed ring around which the two coils are wound . In the shell type transformer , the windings are passed through the core . In both designs , the magnetic flux linking the primary and secondary windings travels almost entirely within the iron core , with no intentional path through air . The core consists of iron strands or sheets . These revolutionary design elements would finally make it technically and economically feasible to provide electric power for lighting in homes , businesses and public spaces . Zipernowsky , Bláthy and Déri also discovered the transformer formula , Vs / Vp = Ns / Np . Electrical and electronic systems the world over rely on the principles of the original Ganz transformers . The inventors are also credited with the first use of the word `` transformer '' to describe a device for altering the EMF of an electric current . A very first operative AC line was put into service in 1885 in via dei Cerchi , Rome , Italy , for public lighting . It was powered by two Siemens & Halske alternators rated 30 hp ( 22 kW ) , 2 kV at 120 Hz and used 200 series - connected Gaulard 2 - kV / 20 - V step - down transformers provided with a closed magnetic circuit , one for each lamp . Few months later it was followed by the first British AC system , which was put into service at the Grosvenor Gallery , London . It also featured Siemens alternators and 2.4 - kV / 100 - V step - down transformers , one per user , with shunt - connected primaries . The concept that is the basis of modern transmission using inexpensive step up and step down transformers was first implemented by Westinghouse , William Stanley , Jr. and Franklin Leonard Pope in 1886 in Great Barrington , Massachusetts , resorting also to European technology . In 1888 Westinghouse also licensed Nikola Tesla 's induction motor patent giving AC a much needed usable motor . This system was developed into the modern 3 - phase system by Mikhail Dolivo - Dobrovolsky and Allgemeine Elektricitäts - Gesellschaft and Charles Eugene Lancelot Brown in Europe , starting in 1889 . The simplicity of polyphase generators and motors meant that besides their efficiency they could be manufactured cheaply , compactly and would require little attention to maintain . Simple economics would drive the expensive , balky and mechanically complex DC dynamos to their ultimate extinction . As it turned out , the deciding factor in the War of Currents was the availability of low cost step up and step down transformers that meant that all customers regardless of their specialized voltage requirements could be served at minimal cost of conversion . This `` universal system '' is today regarded as one of the most influential innovations for the use of electricity . High voltage direct current transmission ( edit ) The case for alternating current was not clear at the turn of the century and high voltage direct current transmission systems were successfully installed without the benefit of transformers . Rene Thury , who had spent six months at Edison 's Menlo Park facility , understood his problem with transmission and was convinced that moving electricity over great distances was possible using direct current . He was familiar with the work of Marcel Deprez , who did early work on high voltage transmission after being inspired by the capability of arc lamp generators to support lights over great distances . Deprez avoided transformers by placing generators and loads in series as arc lamp systems of Charles F. Brush did . Thury developed this idea into the first commercial system for high - voltage DC transmission . Like Brush 's dynamos , current is kept constant , and when increasing load demands more pressure , voltage is increased . The Thury System was successfully used on several DC transmission projects from Hydro generators . The first in 1885 was a low voltage system in Bözingen , and the first high voltage system went into service in 1889 in Genoa , Italy , by the Acquedotto de Ferrari - Galliera company . This system transmitted 630 kW at 14 kV DC over a circuit 120 km long . The largest Thury System was the Lyon Moutiers project that was 230 km in length , eventually delivering 20 megawatts , at 125 kV . Victory for AC ( edit ) Ultimately , the versatility of the Thury system was hampered by the fragility of series distribution , and the lack of a reliable DC conversion technology that would not show up until the 1940s with improvements in mercury arc valves . The AC `` universal system '' won by force of numbers , proliferating systems with transformers both to couple generators to high - voltage transmission lines , and to connect transmission to local distribution circuits . By a suitable choice of utility frequency , both lighting and motor loads could be served . Rotary converters and later mercury - arc valves and other rectifier equipment allowed DC load to be served by local conversion where needed . Even generating stations and loads using different frequencies could also be interconnected using rotary converters . By using common generating plants for every type of load , important economies of scale were achieved , lower overall capital investment was required , load factor on each plant was increased allowing for higher efficiency , allowing for a lower cost of energy to the consumer and increased overall use of electric power . By allowing multiple generating plants to be interconnected over a wide area , electricity production cost was reduced . The most efficient available plants could be used to supply the varying loads during the day . Reliability was improved and capital investment cost was reduced , since stand - by generating capacity could be shared over many more customers and a wider geographic area . Remote and low - cost sources of energy , such as hydroelectric power or mine - mouth coal , could be exploited to lower energy production cost . The 175 km line built by Oskar von Miller in 1891 in Germany The first transmission of three - phase alternating current using high voltage took place in 1891 during the international electricity exhibition in Frankfurt . A 15 kV transmission line connected Lauffen on the Neckar and Frankfurt am Main , on a 175 km long distance . Initially transmission lines were supported by porcelain pin - and - sleeve insulators similar to those used for telegraphs and telephone lines . However , these had a practical limit of 40 kV . In 1907 , the invention of the disc insulator by Harold W. Buck of the Niagara Falls Power Corporation and Edward M. Hewlett of General Electric allowed practical insulators of any length to be constructed for higher voltages . The first large scale hydroelectric generators in the USA were installed in 1895 at Niagara Falls and provided electricity to Buffalo , New York , via power transmission lines . A statue of Nikola Tesla stands at , Goat Island Niagara Falls New York , today in tribute to his contributions . Modern period ( edit ) Voltages used for electric power transmission increased throughout the 20th century . The first `` high voltage '' AC power station , rated 4 - MW 10 - kV 85 - Hz , was put into service in 1889 by Sebastian Ziani de Ferranti at Deptford , London . The first electric power transmission line in North America operated at 4000 V. It went online on June 3 , 1889 , with the lines between the generating station at Willamette Falls in Oregon City , Oregon , and Chapman Square in downtown Portland , Oregon stretching about 13 miles . By 1914 fifty - five transmission systems operating at more than 70,000 V were in service , and the highest voltage then used was 150 kV . The first three - phase alternating current power transmission at 110 kV took place in 1907 between Croton and Grand Rapids , Michigan . Voltages of 100 kV and more were not established technology until around 5 years later , with for example the first 110 kV line in Europe between Lauchhammer and Riesa , Germany , in 1912 . In the early 1920s the Pit River -- Cottonwood -- Vaca - Dixon line was built for 220 kV transporting power from hydroelectric plants in the Sierra Nevada to the San Francisco Bay Area , at the same time the Big Creek -- Los Angeles lines were upgraded to the same voltage . Both of those systems entered commercial service in 1923 . On April 17 , 1929 the first 220 kV line in Germany was completed , running from Brauweiler near Cologne , over Kelsterbach near Frankfurt , Rheinau near Mannheim , Ludwigsburg -- Hoheneck near Austria . This line comprises the North - South interconnect , at the time one of the world 's largest power systems . The masts of this line were designed for eventual upgrade to 380 kV . However the first transmission at 380 kV in Germany was on October 5 , 1957 between the substations in Rommerskirchen and Ludwigsburg -- Hoheneck . The world 's first 380 kV power line was built in Sweden , the 952 km Harsprånget -- Hallsberg line in 1952 . In 1965 , the first extra-high - voltage transmission at 735 kV took place on a Hydro - Québec transmission line . In 1982 the first transmission at 1200 kV was in the Soviet Union . The rapid industrialization in the 20th century made electrical transmission lines and grids a critical part of the economic infrastructure in most industrialized nations . Interconnection of local generation plants and small distribution networks was greatly spurred by the requirements of World War I , where large electrical generating plants were built by governments to provide power to munitions factories ; later these plants were connected to supply civil load through long - distance transmission . Small municipal electrical utilities did not necessarily desire to reduce the cost of each unit of electricity sold ; to some extent , especially during the period 1880 -- 1890 , electrical lighting was considered a luxury product and electric power was not substituted for steam power . Engineers such as Samuel Insull in the United States and Sebastian Z . De Ferranti in the United Kingdom were instrumental in overcoming technical , economic , regulatory and political difficulties in development of long - distance electric power transmission . By introduction of electric power transmission networks , in the city of London the cost of a kilowatt - hour was reduced to one - third in a ten - year period . In 1926 electrical networks in the United Kingdom began to be interconnected in the National Grid , initially operating at 132 kV . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Edwin James Houston ; Arthur Edwin Kennelly ( 1896 ) . The Electric Motor and the Transmission Power . The W.J. Johnston Company . p. 14 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ Jim Harter ( 2005 ) . World Railways of the Nineteenth Century . JHU Press . p. 488 . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 8089 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas P. Hughes ( 1993 ) . Networks of Power : Electrification in Western Society , 1880 -- 1930 . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press . pp. 119 -- 122 . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 4614 - 5 . Jump up ^ National Council on Electricity Policy . `` Electricity Transmission : A primer '' ( pdf ) . Jump up ^ David Oakes Woodbury ( 1949 ) . A Measure for Greatness : A Short Biography of Edward Weston . McGraw - Hill . p. 83 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ John Patrick Barrett ( 1894 ) . Electricity at the Columbian Exposition . R.R. Donnelley & sons company . p. 1 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Guarnieri , M. ( 2013 ) . `` The Beginning of Electric Energy Transmission : Part One '' . IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine . 7 ( 1 ) : 57 -- 60 . doi : 10.1109 / MIE. 2012.2236484 . Jump up ^ Engineers , Institution of Electrical ( 1880 - 03 - 24 ) . `` Notes on the Jablochkoff System of Electric Lighting '' . Journal of the Society of Telegraph Engineers . IX ( 32 ) : 143 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Guarnieri , M. ( 2013 ) . `` Switching the Light : From Chemical to Electrical '' . IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine . 9 ( 3 ) : 44 -- 47 . doi : 10.1109 / MIE. 2015.2454038 . Jump up ^ Mel Gorman . `` Charles F. Brush and the First Public Electric Street Lighting System in America '' . Ohio History . Kent State University Press . Ohio Historical Society . 70 : 142 . Jump up ^ Richard Shelton Kirby ; Frances A. Davis ( 1990 ) . Engineering in History . Courier Dover Publications . p. 358 . ISBN 0 - 486 - 26412 - 2 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ PG&E passage no longer available quoted in blog . `` PG&E : Our History '' . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 04 . At 27 , George Roe had founded the first electric company in the PG&E family tree . By September ( 1879 ) a little building at Fourth and Market was completed and two tiny Brush arc - light dynamos were installed . Together they could supply 21 lights . Customers were lured by the unabashed offer of service from sundown to midnight ( Sundays and holidays excluded ) for $10 per lamp per week . Yet in light - hungry San Francisco , customers came clamoring . By the first of the next year , four more generators with capacity of more than 100 lights had been added . Electricity had come to the West . Jump up ^ Charles Francis Brush . Hebrew University of Jerusalem . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 24 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Richard Dennis ( 2008 ) . Cities in Modernity : Representations and Productions of Metropolitan Space , 1840 -- 1930 . Cambridge University Press . p. 132 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 46470 - 6 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ The First Form of Electric Light History of the Carbon Arc Lamp ( 1800 -- 1980s ) Jump up ^ Howard B. Rockman , Intellectual Property Law for Engineers and Scientists , John Wiley -- 2004 , page 131 Jump up ^ Ahmad Faruqui , Kelly Eakin , Pricing in Competitive Electricity Markets , Springer Science & Business Media -- 2000 , page 67 Jump up ^ `` A brief history of Con Edison : '' Electricity `` '' . Coned.com . January 1 , 1998 . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2012 . Retrieved December 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pearl Street Station . IEEE Global History Network . Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Vaclav Smil ( 2005 ) . Creating the Twentieth Century : Technical Innovations of 1867 -- 1914 and Their Lasting Impact . Oxford University Press . p. 65 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 516874 - 7 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ Coltman , J.W. ( January 1988 ) . `` The Transformer '' . Scientific American . pp. 86 -- 95 . OSTI 6851152 . Jump up ^ Stanley Transformer . Los Alamos National Laboratory ; University of Florida . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Hungarian Inventors and their Inventions in the Field of Heavy - Current Engineering '' . energosolar.com . Retrieved 26 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Patent No . US352105 , U.S. Patent Office , 1886 - 11 - 02 , retrieved 2009 - 07 - 08 Jump up ^ Smil , Vaclav , Creating the Twentieth Century : Technical Innovations of 1867 -- 1914 and Their Lasting Impact , Oxford University Press , 2005 , p. 71 . ^ Jump up to : Bláthy , Ottó Titusz , Hungarian Patent Office . Jump up ^ Nagy , Árpád Zoltán , `` Lecture to Mark the 100th Anniversary of the Discovery of the Electron in 1897 '' ( preliminary text ) , Budapest 1996 - 10 - 11 , retrieved 2009 - 07 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Guarnieri , M. ( 2013 ) . `` The Beginning of Electric Energy Transmission : Part Two '' . IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine . 7 ( 2 ) : 52 -- 59 . doi : 10.1109 / MIE. 2013.2256297 . Jump up ^ http://edisontechcenter.org -- Great Barrington 1886 The first practical AC power delivery system Jump up ^ Thomas Parke Hughes , Networks of Power : Electrification in Western Society , 1880 -- 1930 , p. 103 , ( 1993 ) ^ Jump up to : Jos Arrillaga ( 1998 ) . High Voltage Direct Current Transmission . Institution of Engineering and Technology ( IET ) . p. 1 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85296 - 941 - 0 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Guarnieri , M. ( 2013 ) . `` The Alternating Evolution of DC Power Transmission '' . IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine . 7 ( 3 ) : 60 -- 63 . doi : 10.1109 / MIE. 2013.2272238 . Jump up ^ `` René Thury '' ( in German ) . Electrosuisse , a Swiss organization of Electrotechnical professionals . Archived from the original on 2009 - 09 - 14 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ ACW 's Insulator Info -- Book Reference Info -- History of Electrical Systems and Cables Jump up ^ Robert Monro Black ( 1983 ) . The History of Electric Wires and Cables . London : Institution of Engineering and Technology ( IET ) . pp. 94 -- 96 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86341 - 001 - 7 . Jump up ^ Notice d'autorité -- Thury , René ( CH. AVG. ThuryISAAR ) ( pdf ) ( in French ) . Archives de la Ville de Genève . December 2006 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ Thomas P. Hughes , Networks of Power : Electrification in Western Society 1880 -- 1930 , The Johns Hopkins University Press , Baltimore 1983 ISBN 0 - 8018 - 2873 - 2 Jump up ^ Kiessling F , Nefzger P , Nolasco JF , Kaintzyk U ( 2003 ) Overhead power lines . Springer , Berlin , Heidelberg , New York , p. 5 Jump up ^ Page , Arthur W. ( June 1907 ) . `` The Age of Electric Servants : The Beginning of An Era In Which The Labor Problems Of City and Country Will Be Solved By Cheap Electric Power '' . The World 's Work : A History of Our Time . XIV : 9111 -- 9116 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ Furfari , F.A. ; Nichols , R.S. ( 2003 ) . `` The First Electric Power Transmission Line in North America -- Oregon City , Oregon '' . IEEE Industry Applications Magazine . 9 ( 4 ) : 7 -- 10 . doi : 10.1109 / MIA. 2003.1206911 . ISSN 1077 - 2618 . Jump up ^ Bureau of Census data reprinted in Hughes , pp. 282 -- 283 Jump up ^ Sood , Vijay K. ( Spring 2006 ) . `` IEEE Milestone : 40th Anniversary of 735 kV Transmission System '' ( pdf ) . IEEE Canadian Review . pp. 6 -- 7 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ Hughes , pp. 293 -- 295 Jump up ^ Hughes pp. ? Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_electric_power_transmission&oldid=810560506 '' Categories : Electric power transmission History of electrical engineering History of energy Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Wikipedia articles needing context from November 2014 All Wikipedia articles needing context Wikipedia introduction cleanup from November 2014 All pages needing cleanup All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Edit links This page was last edited on 16 November 2017 , at 00 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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what is mercer in do androids dream of electric sheep	In post-apocalyptic 1992 ( 2021 in later editions ) , after `` World War Terminus '' , the Earth 's dirty atmosphere leads the United Nations to encourage mass emigrations to off - world colonies to preserve humanity 's genetic integrity , with the incentive of free personal androids : robot servants identical to humans . On Earth , owning real live animals is a status symbol , because of mass extinctions and the cultural push for greater empathy that has motivated a technology - based religion called Mercerism . Poor people can only afford realistic - looking electric animals . Deckard , for example , owns a robotic black - faced sheep . Mercerism uses `` empathy boxes '' to link users simultaneously to a collective virtual reality of communal suffering , centered on a martyr - like character , Wilbur Mercer , who eternally climbs up a hill while being hit with crashing stones .	eternally climbs up a hill while being hit with crashing stones	Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep ?	do androids dream of electric sheep?	Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep ? ( retitled Blade Runner : Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep ? in some later printings ) is a science fiction novel by American writer Philip K. Dick , first published in 1968 . The novel is set in a post-apocalyptic San Francisco , where Earth 's life has been greatly damaged by nuclear global war . Most animal species are endangered or extinct from extreme radiation poisoning , so that owning an animal is now a sign of status and empathy , an attitude encouraged towards animals . The book served as the primary basis for the 1982 film Blade Runner , and many elements and themes from it were used in its 2017 sequel Blade Runner 2049 .	The main plot follows Rick Deckard , a bounty hunter who is tasked with `` retiring '' ( i.e. killing ) six escaped Nexus - 6 model androids , while a secondary plot follows John Isidore , a man of sub-par IQ who aids the fugitive androids . In connection with Deckard 's mission , the novel explores the issue of what it is to be human . Unlike humans , the androids are said to possess no sense of empathy . Contents 1 Synopsis 1.1 Background 1.2 Plot summary 2 Adaptations 2.1 Film 2.2 Radio 2.3 Audiobook 2.4 Theater 2.5 Comic books 3 Sequels 4 Critical reception 5 Awards and honors 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Synopsis ( edit ) Background ( edit ) In post-apocalyptic 1992 ( 2021 in later editions ) , after `` World War Terminus '' , the Earth 's dirty atmosphere leads the United Nations to encourage mass emigrations to off - world colonies to preserve humanity 's genetic integrity , with the incentive of free personal androids : robot servants identical to humans . On Earth , owning real live animals is a status symbol , because of mass extinctions and the cultural push for greater empathy that has motivated a technology - based religion called Mercerism . Poor people can only afford realistic - looking electric animals . Deckard , for example , owns a robotic black - faced sheep . Mercerism uses `` empathy boxes '' to link users simultaneously to a collective virtual reality of communal suffering , centered on a martyr - like character , Wilbur Mercer , who eternally climbs up a hill while being hit with crashing stones . The story also contains passing mention of `` Penfield mood organs '' , which fill the role played by mind - altering drugs in other Dick stories . The technology can induce any desired mood in the people nearby , such as `` an optimistic business - like attitude '' or `` the desire to watch television , no matter what is on '' . A passage in the opening chapter has Deckard and his wife , Iran , discussing what settings to use to start the day . She announces that she has scheduled six hours of `` existential despair '' for later in order to deal with their loneliness in an almost - deserted apartment building . Plot summary ( edit ) Bounty hunter Rick Deckard signs on to a new police mission in order to earn enough money to buy a live animal to replace his electric sheep , seeking greater existential fulfillment for himself and his depressed wife , Iran . The mission involves hunting down ( `` retiring '' ) six Nexus - 6 androids that violently went rogue after their creation by the Rosen Association , and fled Mars for Earth . Deckard visits the Rosen headquarters in Seattle to confirm the validity of a question - and - answer empathy test : a method for identifying any androids posing as humans . Deckard is greeted by Rachael Rosen , who quickly fails his test . Rachael attempts to bribe Deckard into silence , but he verifies that she is indeed a Nexus - 6 model used by Rosen to attempt to discredit the test . Deckard soon meets a Soviet police contact who turns out to be one of the disguised Nexus - 6 renegades . Deckard retires the android , then flies off to retire his next target : an opera singer . This android , however , has him arrested and detained at a police department he has never heard of by a police officer whom he is surprised never to have met . At this strange station , Deckard 's worldview is shaken when an official named Garland accuses Deckard himself of being an android . After a series of mysterious revelations at the station , Deckard ponders the ethical and philosophical questions his line of work raises regarding android intelligence , empathy , and what it means to be human . Phil Resch , the station 's resident bounty hunter , retrieves testing equipment to determine if his coworkers -- including Deckard and Resch himself -- are androids or humans . Garland subsequently reveals that the entire station is a sham , staffed entirely by androids , including Garland himself . Resch shoots Garland in the head and escapes with Deckard ; together , they find and arrest the opera singer , whom Resch brutally retires in cold blood . Although Resch and Deckard are now collaborators , each still worries that he ( or his partner ) might be an android . Deckard administers the empathy test to himself and Resch , which confirms that Resch is a human being -- if a particularly ruthless one -- and that Deckard is also human , but with empathy for the androids . Only three of the Nexus - 6 android fugitives remain , and one , Pris Stratton , moves into an apartment building whose only other inhabitant is John R. Isidore , a radioactively damaged , intellectually slow human classified as a `` special . '' The lonely Isidore attempts to befriend her . Roy and Irmgard Baty , the final two rogue androids , visit the building , and together they all plan how to survive . Meanwhile , Deckard buys Iran an authentic Nubian goat with his reward money . After quitting , Deckard is pulled back in after being notified of a new lead and experiencing a vision of the prophet - like Mercer confusingly telling him to proceed , despite the immorality of the mission . Deckard calls on Rachael Rosen again , since her own knowledge as an android will aid his investigation . Rachael reveals that she and Pris are the same exact model , meaning that he will have to shoot down an android that looks just like her . Rachael coaxes Deckard into sex , after which they confess their love for one another . However , she reveals she has slept with many bounty hunters , having been programmed to do so in order to dissuade them from their missions . After threatening to kill her , Deckard abruptly leaves . Isidore develops friendships with the three android fugitives , and they all watch a television program giving definitive evidence that Mercerism is a hoax . Roy Baty tells Isidore that the show was produced by androids to discredit Mercerism and blur the distinction with humans . Suddenly Deckard enters the building , with supernatural premonitions of Mercer appearing to both him and Isidore . Since they attack him first , Deckard is legally justified in shooting down all three androids without testing them . Isidore is devastated , and Deckard is soon rewarded for a record number of Nexus - 6 kills in a single day . When Deckard returns home , he finds Iran grieving because Rachael Rosen had recently shown up and killed their goat . Deckard goes to an uninhabited , obliterated region of Oregon to reflect . He climbs a hill when he is hit by falling rocks and realizes this is an experience eerily similar to Mercer 's martyrdom . Rushing back to his car , he stumbles abruptly upon a toad , an animal previously thought to be extinct , and one of the animals sacred to Mercer . With newfound joy , Deckard brings the toad home , where Iran quickly discovers it is just a robot . While Deckard is unhappy , he decides that he at least prefers to know the truth , making the remark that `` the electrical things have their lives too , paltry as those lives are . '' Adaptations ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Main article : Blade Runner In 1982 , Hampton Fancher and David Peoples wrote a loose cinematic adaptation that became the film Blade Runner , featuring several of the novel 's characters . It was directed by Ridley Scott . Following the international success of the film , the title Blade Runner was adopted for some later editions of the novel , although the term itself was not used in the original . Radio ( edit ) As part of their Dangerous Visions dystopia series in 2014 , BBC Radio 4 broadcast a two - part adaptation of the novel . It was produced and directed by Sasha Yevtushenko from an adaption by Jonathan Holloway . It stars James Purefoy as Rick Deckard and Jessica Raine as Rachael Rosen . The episodes were originally broadcast on Sunday 15 June and 22 June 2014 . Audiobook ( edit ) The novel has been released in audiobook form at least twice . A version was released in 1994 that featured Matthew Modine and Calista Flockhart . A new audiobook version was released in 2007 by Random House Audio to coincide with the release of Blade Runner : The Final Cut . This version , read by Scott Brick , is unabridged and runs approximately 9.5 hours over eight CDs . This version is a tie - in , using the Blade Runner : The Final Cut film poster and Blade Runner title . Theater ( edit ) A stage adaptation of the book , written by Edward Einhorn , ran from November 18 to December 10 , 2010 at the 3LD Art & Technology Center in New York and made its West Coast Premiere on September 13 , playing until October 10 , 2013 at the Sacred Fools Theater Company in Los Angeles . Comic books ( edit ) BOOM ! Studios published a 24 - issue comic book limited series based on Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep ? containing the full text of the novel illustrated by artist Tony Parker . The comic garnered a nomination for `` Best New Series '' from the 2010 Eisner Awards . In May 2010 BOOM ! Studios began serializing an eight issue prequel subtitled Dust To Dust and written by Chris Roberson and drawn by Robert Adler . The story took place in the days immediately after World War Terminus . Sequels ( edit ) Three novels intended to serve as sequels to both Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep ? and Blade Runner have been published : Blade Runner 2 : The Edge of Human ( 1995 ) Blade Runner 3 : Replicant Night ( 1996 ) Blade Runner 4 : Eye and Talon ( 2000 ) These official and authorized sequels were written by Dick 's friend K.W. Jeter . They continue the story of Rick Deckard and attempt to reconcile many of the differences between the novel and the 1982 film . Critical reception ( edit ) Critical reception of Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep ? has been overshadowed by the popularity of its 1982 film adaptation , Blade Runner . Of those critics who focus on the novel , several nest it predominantly in the history of Philip K. Dick 's body of work . In particular , Dick 's 1972 speech `` The Human and the Android '' is cited in this connection . Jill Galvan calls attention to the correspondence between Dick 's portrayal of the narrative 's dystopian , polluted , man - made setting and the description Dick gives in his speech of the increasingly artificial and potentially sentient or `` quasi-alive '' environment of his present . Summarizing the essential point of Dick 's speech , Galvan argues , `` ( o ) nly by recognizing how ( technology ) has encroached upon our understanding of ' life ' can we come to full terms with the technologies we have produced '' ( 414 ) . As a `` bildungsroman of the cybernetic age , '' Galvan maintains , Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep ? follows one person 's gradual acceptance of the new reality . Christopher Palmer emphasizes Dick 's speech to bring to attention the increasingly dangerous risk of humans becoming `` mechanical '' . `` Androids threaten reduction of what makes life valuable , yet promise expansion or redefinition of it , and so do aliens and gods '' . Gregg Rickman cites another , earlier and lesser known Dick novel that also deals with androids , We Can Build You , asserting that Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep ? can be read as a sequel . In a departure from the tendency among most critics to examine the novel in relation to Dick 's other texts , Klaus Benesch examined Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep ? primarily in connection with Lacan 's essay on the mirror stage . There , Lacan claims that the formation and reassurance of the self depends on the construction of an Other through imagery , beginning with a double as seen in the mirror . The androids , Benesch argues , perform a doubling function similar to the mirror image of the self , but they do this on a social , not individual , scale . Therefore , human anxiety about androids expresses uncertainty about human identity and society . Benesch draws on Kathleen Woodward 's emphasis on the body to illustrate the shape of human anxiety about an android Other . Woodward asserts that the debate over distinctions between human and machine usually fails to acknowledge the presence of the body . `` If machines are invariably contrived as technological prostheses that are designed to amplify the physical faculties of the body , they are also built , according to this logic , to outdo , to surpass the human in the sphere of physicality altogether '' . Awards and honors ( edit ) 1968 -- Nebula Award nominee 1998 -- Locus Poll Award , All - Time Best SF Novel before 1990 ( Place : 51 ) See also ( edit ) Novels portal 1960s portal Biorobotics References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Text Stats '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 28 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Note : This change counteracts a problem common to near - future stories , where the passage of time overtakes the period in which the story is set ; for a list of other works that have fallen prey to this phenomenon , see the List of stories set in a future now past . Jump up ^ Sammon , Paul M ( 1996 ) . Future Noir : the Making of Blade Runner . London : Orion Media . pp. 318 -- 329 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 105314 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Radio 4 - Dangerous Visions , Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep ? , Episode 2 '' . bbc.co.uk . BBC Radio 4 . 28 Jun 2014 . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Blade Runner ( Movie - Tie - In Edition ) by Philip K. Dick - Unabridged Compact Disc Random House , November 27 , 2007 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7393 - 4275 - 6 ( 0 - 7393 - 4275 - 4 ) . Jump up ^ `` Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep ? '' . Untitled Theater Company # 61 . Retrieved 1 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep ? '' . Sacred Fools Theater Company . Retrieved 1 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Philip K. Dick Press Release - BOOM ! ANNOUNCES DO ANDROIDS DREAM OF ELECTRIC SHEEP ? Archived September 20 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Heller , Jason ( April 9 , 2010 ) . `` Eisner Award nominees announced '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved July 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Langshaw , Mark . `` BOOM ! expands on ' Blade Runner ' universe '' . Digital Spy . Jump up ^ `` BOOM ! Studios publishes ' Electric Sheep ' prequel '' . Tyrell-corporation.pp.se . Retrieved July 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jeter , K.W. `` Summary Bibliography : K.W. Jeter '' . Jump up ^ Galvan , Jill ( 1997 ) . `` Entering the Postman Collective : Philip K. Dick 's Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep ? '' . Science Fiction Studies . 24 ( 3 ) : 413 -- 429 . Jump up ^ Palmer , Christopher ( 2003 ) . Philip K. Dick : Exhilaration and Terror of the Postmodern . Liverpool : University of Liverpool Press . p. 259 . ^ Jump up to : Palmer , Christopher ( 2003 ) . Philip K. Dick : Exhilaration and Terror of the Postmodern . Liverpool : University of Liverpool Press . p. 225 . Jump up ^ Rickman , Gregg ( 1995 ) . `` What Is This Sickness ? '' : `` Schizophrenia '' and We Can Build You . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press . pp. 143 -- 157 . Jump up ^ Benesch , Klaus ( 1999 ) . `` Technology , Art , and the Cybernetic Body : The Cyborg as Cultural Other in Fritz Lang 's `` Metropolis '' and Philip K. Dick 's `` Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep ? '' `` . Amerikastudien / American Studies . 44 ( 3 Body / Art ) : 379 -- 392 . Jump up ^ Woodward , Kathleen ( 1997 ) . `` Prosthetic Emotions '' . In Hoffman , Gerhard . Emotions in the Postmodern . Heidelberg : Alfred Hornung . pp. 75 -- 107 . Jump up ^ Woodward , Kathleen ( 1997 ) . `` Prosthetic Emotions '' . In Hoffman , Gerhard . Emotions in the Postmodern . Heidelberg : Alfred Hornung . p. 391 . Jump up ^ `` 1968 Award Winners & Nominees '' . Worlds Without End . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 27 . Further reading ( edit ) Dick , Philip K. ( 1996 ) ( 1968 ) . Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep ? . New York : Ballantine Books . ISBN 0 - 345 - 40447 - 5 . First published in Philip K. Dick : Electric Shepherd , Norstrilla Press . Zelazny , Roger ( 1975 ) . `` Introduction '' Scott , Ridley ( 1982 ) . Blade Runner . Warner Brothers . The Electric Sheep screensaver software is an homage to Do Androids dream of electric sheep ? . Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep ? at Worlds Without End Philip K. Dick , The Little Black Box , 1964 - a short story depicting Mercerisms origin , published 4 years prior to `` Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep ? '' Criticism Benesch , Klaus ( 1999 ) . `` Technology , Art , and the Cybernetic Body : The Cyborg As Cultural Other in Fritz Lang 's Metropolis and Philip K. Dick 's Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep '' . Amerikastudien / American Studies . 44 ( 3 ) : 379 -- 392 . JSTOR 41157479 . Butler , Andrew M. ( 1991 ) . `` Reality versus Transience : An Examination of Philip K. Dick 's Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep ? and Ridley Scott 's Blade Runner '' . In Merrifield , Jeff . Philip K. Dick : A Celebration ( Programme Book ) . Epping Forest College , Loughton : Connections . Gallo , Domenico ( 2002 ) . `` Avvampando gli angeli caddero : Blade Runner , Philip K. Dick e il cyberpunk '' . In Bertetti ; Scolari . Lo sguardo degli angeli : Intorno e oltre Blade Runner ( in Italian ) . Torino : Testo & Immagine . pp. 206 -- 218 . ISBN 88 - 8382 - 075 - 4 . Galvan , Jill ( 1997 ) . `` Entering the Posthuman Collective in Philip K. Dick 's Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep ? '' . Science - Fiction Studies . 24 ( 3 ) : 413 -- 429 . JSTOR 4240644 . McCarthy , Patrick A. ( 1999 -- 2000 ) . `` Do Androids Dream of Magic Flutes ? '' . Paradoxa. 5 ( 13 - 14 ) : 344 -- 352 . Niv , Tal ( 2014 ) . `` The Return of a Terrifying and Wonderful Creation On Our Future and Our Present '' . Haaretz . ( Hebrew ) Critical analysis of the 2014 edition of Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep ? External links ( edit ) Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep title listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep ? at the Internet Book List Complete publication history and cover gallery Philip K. Dick ( works ) Novels Gather Yourselves Together ( 1950 ) Voices from the Street ( 1952 ) Solar Lottery ( 1954 ) Mary and the Giant ( 1954 ) The World Jones Made ( 1954 ) Eye in the Sky ( 1955 ) The Man Who Japed ( 1955 ) A Time for George Stavros ( 1956 ) Pilgrim on the Hill ( 1956 ) The Broken Bubble ( 1956 ) The Cosmic Puppets ( 1957 ) Puttering About in a Small Land ( 1957 ) Nicholas and the Higs ( 1958 ) Time Out of Joint ( 1958 ) In Milton Lumky Territory ( 1958 ) Confessions of a Crap Artist ( 1959 ) The Man Whose Teeth Were All Exactly Alike ( 1960 ) Humpty Dumpty in Oakland ( 1960 ) Vulcan 's Hammer ( 1960 ) Dr. Futurity ( 1960 ) The Man in the High Castle ( 1961 ) We Can Build You ( 1962 ) Martian Time - Slip ( 1962 ) Dr. Bloodmoney , or How We Got Along After the Bomb ( 1963 ) The Game - Players of Titan ( 1963 ) The Simulacra ( 1963 ) The Crack in Space ( 1963 ) Clans of the Alphane Moon ( 1964 ) The Three Stigmata of Palmer Eldritch ( 1964 ) The Zap Gun ( 1964 ) The Penultimate Truth ( 1964 ) The Unteleported Man ( 1964 ) The Ganymede Takeover ( 1965 ) Counter-Clock World ( 1965 ) Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep ? ( 1966 ) Nick and the Glimmung ( 1966 ) Now Wait for Last Year ( 1966 ) Ubik ( 1966 ) Galactic Pot - Healer ( 1968 ) A Maze of Death ( 1968 ) Our Friends from Frolix 8 ( 1969 ) Flow My Tears , the Policeman Said ( 1974 ) Deus Irae ( 1976 ) Radio Free Albemuth ( 1976 ; published 1985 ) A Scanner Darkly ( 1977 ) VALIS ( 1981 ) The Divine Invasion ( 1981 ) The Transmigration of Timothy Archer ( 1982 ) The Owl in Daylight ( unfinished ) Collections A Handful of Darkness ( 1955 ) The Variable Man ( 1956 ) The Preserving Machine ( 1969 ) The Book of Philip K. Dick ( 1973 ) The Best of Philip K. Dick ( 1977 ) The Golden Man ( 1980 ) Robots , Androids , and Mechanical Oddities ( 1984 ) I Hope I Shall Arrive Soon ( 1985 ) The Collected Stories of Philip K. Dick ( 1987 ) Beyond Lies the Wub ( 1988 ) The Dark Haired Girl ( 1989 ) The Father - Thing ( 1989 ) Second Variety ( 1989 ) The Days of Perky Pat ( 1990 ) The Little Black Box ( 1990 ) The Short Happy Life of the Brown Oxford ( 1990 ) We Can Remember It for You Wholesale ( 1990 ) The Minority Report ( 1991 ) Second Variety ( 1991 ) The Eye of the Sibyl ( 1992 ) The Philip K. Dick Reader ( 1997 ) Minority Report ( 2002 ) Selected Stories of Philip K. Dick ( 2002 ) Paycheck ( 2004 ) Vintage PKD ( 2006 ) The Exegesis of Philip K. Dick ( 2011 ) Short stories `` Beyond Lies the Wub '' ( 1952 ) `` The Gun '' ( 1952 ) `` The Skull '' ( 1952 ) `` The Little Movement '' ( 1952 ) `` The Defenders '' ( 1953 ) `` Mr. Spaceship '' ( 1953 ) `` Piper in the Woods '' ( 1953 ) `` Roog '' ( 1953 ) `` The Infinites '' ( 1953 ) `` Second Variety '' ( 1953 ) `` Colony '' ( 1953 ) `` The Cookie Lady '' ( 1953 ) `` Impostor '' ( 1953 ) `` Paycheck '' ( 1953 ) `` The Preserving Machine '' ( 1953 ) `` Expendable '' ( 1953 ) `` The Indefatigable Frog '' ( 1953 ) `` The Commuter '' ( 1953 ) `` Out in the Garden '' ( 1953 ) `` The Great C '' ( 1953 ) `` The King of the Elves '' ( 1953 ) `` The Trouble with Bubbles '' ( 1953 ) `` The Variable Man '' ( 1953 ) `` The Impossible Planet '' ( 1953 ) `` Planet for Transients '' ( 1953 ) `` The Builder '' ( 1953 ) `` Tony and the Beetles '' ( 1953 ) `` The Hanging Stranger '' ( 1953 ) `` Prize Ship '' ( 1954 ) `` Beyond the Door '' ( 1954 ) `` The Crystal Crypt '' ( 1954 ) `` The Short Happy Life of the Brown Oxford '' ( 1954 ) `` The Golden Man '' ( 1954 ) `` Sales Pitch '' ( 1954 ) `` Breakfast at Twilight '' ( 1954 ) `` The Crawlers '' ( 1954 ) `` Exhibit Piece '' ( 1954 ) `` Adjustment Team '' ( 1954 ) `` Shell Game '' ( 1954 ) `` Meddler '' ( 1954 ) `` A World of Talent '' ( 1954 ) `` The Last of the Masters '' ( 1954 ) `` Upon the Dull Earth '' ( 1954 ) `` The Father - thing '' ( 1954 ) `` Strange Eden '' ( 1954 ) `` The Turning Wheel '' ( 1954 ) `` The Hood Maker '' ( 1954 ) `` Foster , You 're Dead ! '' ( 1955 ) `` Human Is '' ( 1955 ) `` War Veteran '' ( 1955 ) `` Captive Market '' ( 1955 ) `` Nanny '' ( 1955 ) `` The Chromium Fence '' ( 1955 ) `` Service Call '' ( 1955 ) `` The Mold of Yancy '' ( 1955 ) `` Autofac '' ( 1955 ) `` Psi - man Heal My Child ! '' ( 1955 ) `` The Minority Report '' ( 1956 ) `` Pay for the Printer '' ( 1956 ) `` A Glass of Darkness '' ( 1956 ) `` The Unreconstructed M '' ( 1957 ) `` Null - O '' ( 1958 ) `` Explorers We '' ( 1959 ) `` Recall Mechanism '' ( 1959 ) `` Fair Game '' ( 1959 ) `` War Game '' ( 1959 ) `` All We Marsmen '' ( 1963 ) `` What 'll We Do with Ragland Park ? '' ( 1963 ) `` The Days of Perky Pat '' ( 1963 ) `` If There Were No Benny Cemoli '' ( 1963 ) `` Waterspider '' ( 1964 ) `` Novelty Act '' ( 1964 ) `` Oh , to Be a Blobel ! '' ( 1964 ) `` The War with the Fnools '' ( 1964 ) `` What the Dead Men Say '' ( 1964 ) `` Orpheus with Clay Feet '' ( 1964 ) `` Cantata 140 '' ( 1964 ) `` The Unteleported Man '' ( 1964 ) `` Retreat Syndrome '' ( 1965 ) `` Project Plowshare ( later `` The Zap Gun '' ) '' ( 1965 ) `` We Can Remember It for You Wholesale '' ( 1966 ) `` Faith of Our Fathers '' ( 1967 ) `` Not by Its Cover '' ( 1968 ) `` The Electric Ant '' ( 1969 ) `` A. Lincoln , Simulacrum '' ( 1969 ) `` The Pre-persons '' ( 1974 ) `` A Little Something for Us Tempunauts '' ( 1974 ) `` The Exit Door Leads In '' ( 1979 ) `` Rautavaara 's Case '' ( 1980 ) `` I Hope I Shall Arrive Soon '' ( 1980 ) `` The Eye of the Sibyl '' ( 1987 ) `` Stability '' ( 1987 ) Adaptations Films Blade Runner ( 1982 ) Total Recall ( 1990 ) Confessions d'un Barjo ( 1992 ) Screamers ( 1995 ) Impostor ( 2002 ) Minority Report ( 2002 ) Paycheck ( 2003 ) A Scanner Darkly ( 2006 ) Next ( 2007 ) Screamers : The Hunting ( 2009 ) Radio Free Albemuth ( 2010 ) The Adjustment Bureau ( 2011 ) Total Recall ( 2012 ) 2036 : Nexus Dawn ( 2017 ) 2048 : Nowhere to Run ( 2017 ) Blade Runner Black Out 2022 ( 2017 ) Blade Runner 2049 ( 2017 ) TV series Total Recall 2070 ( 1999 ) The Man in the High Castle ( 2015 -- present ) Minority Report ( 2015 ) Philip K. Dick 's Electric Dreams ( 2017 ) Related Philip K. Dick Award Blade Runner Adaptation of a work by Philip K. Dick Novels Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep ? The Edge of Human Replicant Night Eye and Talon Feature films Blade Runner themes versions soundtrack tears in rain monologue Blade Runner 2049 soundtrack Short films 2036 : Nexus Dawn 2048 : Nowhere to Run Blade Runner Black Out 2022 Video games Blade Runner ( 1985 ) Blade Runner ( 1997 ) Comics A Marvel Comics Super Special : Blade Runner Dust to Dust Characters Rick Deckard Replicants Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Do_Androids_Dream_of_Electric_Sheep%3F&oldid=849488843 '' Categories : 1968 American novels American science fiction novels Blade Runner Dystopian novels Existentialist novels American philosophical novels Novels about hyperreality Novels by Philip K. 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the aegean civilisations were the earliest greek civilisations			Aegean civilizations	aegean civilizations	Aegean civilization is a general term for the European Bronze Age civilizations of Greece around the Aegean Sea . There are three distinct but communicating and interacting geographic regions covered by this term : Crete , the Cyclades and the Greek mainland . Crete is associated with the Minoan civilization from the Early Bronze Age . The Cyclades converge with the mainland during the Early Helladic ( `` Minyan '' ) period and with Crete in the Middle Minoan period . From ca . 1450 BC ( Late Helladic , Late Minoan ) , the Greek Mycenaean civilization spreads to Crete .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Periodization 1.1 Mainland 1.2 Crete 1.3 Cyclades 2 Commerce 3 Evidence 3.1 Internal evidence 3.2 External evidence 4 Discovery 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Periodization ( edit ) Mainland ( edit ) Main article : Helladic period Early Helladic ( EH ) : 3200 / 3100 -- 2050 / 2001 BC Middle Helladic ( MH ) : 2000 / 1900 -- 1550 BC Late Helladic ( LH ) : 1550 -- 1050 BC Crete ( edit ) Main article : Minoan civilization Early Minoan ( EM ) : 3650 -- 2160 BC Middle Minoan ( MM ) : 2160 -- 1600 BC Late Minoan ( LM ) : 1600 -- 1170 BC Cyclades ( edit ) Main article : Cycladic civilization Early Cycladic ( EC ) : 3300 -- 2000 BC Kastri ( EH II -- EH III ) : ca . 2500 -- 2100 BC Convergence with MM from ca . 2000 BC Commerce ( edit ) Commerce was practiced to some extent in very early times , as is proved by the distribution of Melian obsidian over all the Aegean area . We find Cretan vessels exported to Melos , Egypt and the Greek mainland . Melian vases came in their turn to Crete . After 1600 BC there is very close commerce with Egypt , and Aegean things find their way to all coasts of the Mediterranean . No traces of currency have come to light , unless certain axeheads , too slight for practical use , had that character . Standard weights have been found , as well as representations of ingots . The Aegean written documents have not yet proved ( by being found outside the area ) to be epistolary ( letter writing ) correspondence with other countries . Representations of ships are not common , but several have been observed on Aegean gems , gem - sealings , frying pans and vases . They are vessels of low free - board , with masts and oars . Familiarity with the sea is proved by the free use of marine motifs in decoration . The most detailed illustrations are to be found on the ' ship fresco ' at Akrotiri on the island of Thera ( Santorini ) preserved by the ash fall from the volcanic eruption which destroyed the town there . Discoveries , later in the 20th century , of sunken trading vessels such as those at Uluburun and Cape Gelidonya off the south coast of Turkey have brought forth an enormous amount of new information about that culture . Evidence ( edit ) For details of monumental evidence the articles on Crete , Mycenae , Tiryns , Troad , Cyprus , etc. , must be consulted . The most representative site explored up to now is Knossos ( see Crete ) which has yielded not only the most various but the most continuous evidence from the Neolithic age to the twilight of classical civilization . Next in importance come Hissarlik , Mycenae , Phaestus , Hagia Triada , Tiryns , Phylakope , Palaikastro and Gournia . Internal evidence ( edit ) Structures ; Ruins of palaces , palatial villas , houses , built dome - or cist - graves and fortifications ( Aegean islands , Greek mainland and northwestern Anatolia ) , but not distinct temples ; small shrines , however , and temene ( religious enclosures , remains of one of which were probably found at Petsofa near Palaikastro by J.L. Myres in 1904 ) are represented on intaglios and frescoes . From the sources and from inlay - work we have also representations of palaces and houses . Structural decoration ; Architectural features , such as columns , friezes and various mouldings ; mural decoration , such as fresco - paintings , coloured reliefs and mosaic inlay . Roof tiles were also occasionally employed , as at early Helladic Lerna and Akovitika , and later in the Mycenaean towns of Gla and Midea . Furniture ; ( a ) Domestic furniture , such as vessels of all sorts and in many materials , from huge store jars down to tiny unguent pots ; culinary and other implements ; thrones , seats , tables , etc. , these all in stone or plastered terracotta . ( b ) Sacred furniture , such as models or actual examples of ritual objects ; of these we have also numerous pictorial representations . ( c ) Funerary furniture , for example , coffins in painted terracotta . Art products ; for example , plastic objects , carved in stone or ivory , cast or beaten in metals ( gold , silver , copper and bronze ) , or modelled in clay , faience , paste , etc . Very little trace has yet been found of large free - standing sculpture , but many examples exist of sculptors ' smaller work . Vases of all kinds , carved in marble or other stones , cast or beaten in metals or fashioned in clay , the latter in enormous number and variety , richly ornamented with coloured schemes , and sometimes bearing moulded decoration . Examples of painting on stone , opaque and transparent . Engraved objects in great number for example , ring - bezels and gems ; and an immense quantity of clay impressions , taken from these . Weapons , tools and implements ; In stone , clay and bronze , and at the last iron , sometimes richly ornamented or inlaid . Numerous representations also of the same . No actual body armour , except such as was ceremonial and buried with the dead , like the gold breastplates in the circle - graves at Mycenae or the full length body armour from Dendra . Articles of personal use ; for example , brooches ( fibulae ) , pins , razors , tweezers , etc. , often found as dedications to a deity , for example , in the Dictaean Cavern of Crete . No textiles have survived other than impressions in clay . Written documents ; for example , clay tablets and discs ( so far in Crete only ) , but nothing of more perishable nature , such as skin , papyrus , etc. ; engraved gems and gem impressions ; legends written with pigment on pottery ( rare ) ; characters incised on stone or pottery . These show a number of systems of script employing either ideograms or syllabograms ( see Linear B) . Excavated tombs ; Of either the pit , chamber or the tholos kind , in which the dead were laid , together with various objects of use and luxury , without cremation , and in either coffins or loculi or simple wrappings . Public works ; Such as paved and stepped roadways , bridges , systems of drainage , etc . External evidence ( edit ) Monuments and records of other contemporary civilizations ; for example , representations of alien peoples in Egyptian frescoes ; imitation of Aegean fabrics and style in non-Aegean lands ; allusions to Mediterranean peoples in Egyptian , Semitic or Babylonian records . Literary traditions of subsequent civilizations ; Especially the Hellenic ; such as , for example , those embodied in the Homeric poems , the legends concerning Crete , Mycenae , etc. ; statements as to the origin of gods , cults and so forth , transmitted to us by Hellenic antiquarians such as Strabo , Pausanias , Diodorus Siculus , etc . Traces of customs , creeds , rituals , etc. ; In the Aegean area at a later time , discordant with the civilization in which they were practiced and indicating survival from earlier systems . There are also possible linguistic and even physical survivals to be considered . Mycenae and Tiryns are the two principal sites on which evidence of a prehistoric civilization was remarked long ago by the ancient Greeks . Discovery ( edit ) The curtain - wall and towers of the Mycenaean citadel , its gate with heraldic lions , and the great `` Treasury of Atreus '' had borne silent witness for ages before Heinrich Schliemann 's time ; but they were supposed only to speak to the Homeric , or , at farthest , a rude Heroic beginning of purely Hellenic civilization . It was not until Schliemann exposed the contents of the graves which lay just inside the gate , that scholars recognized the advanced stage of art which prehistoric dwellers in the Mycenaean citadel had attained . There had been , however , a good deal of other evidence available before 1876 , which , had it been collated and seriously studied , might have discounted the sensation that the discovery of the citadel graves eventually made . Although it was recognized that certain tributaries , represented for example , in the XVIIIth Dynasty tomb of Rekhmara at Egyptian Thebes as bearing vases of peculiar forms , were of some Mediterranean race , neither their precise habitat nor the degree of their civilization could be determined while so few actual prehistoric remains were known in the Mediterranean lands . Nor did the Aegean objects which were lying obscurely in museums in 1870 , or thereabouts , provide a sufficient test of the real basis underlying the Hellenic myths of the Argolid , the Troad and Crete , to cause these to be taken seriously . Aegean vases have been exhibited both at Sèvres and Neuchatel since about 1840 , the provenance ( i.e. source or origin ) being in the one case Phylakope in Melos , in the other Cephalonia . Ludwig Ross , the German archaeologist appointed Curator of the Antiquities of Athens at the time of the establishment of the Kingdom of Greece , by his explorations in the Greek islands from 1835 onwards , called attention to certain early intaglios , since known as Inselsteine ; but it was not until 1878 that C.T. Newton demonstrated these to be no strayed Phoenician products . In 1866 primitive structures were discovered on the island of Therasia by quarrymen extracting pozzolana , a siliceous volcanic ash , for the Suez Canal works . When this discovery was followed up in 1870 , on the neighbouring Santorini ( Thera ) , by representatives of the French School at Athens , much pottery of a class now known immediately to precede the typical late Aegean ware , and many stone and metal objects , were found . These were dated by the geologist Ferdinand A. Fouqué , somewhat arbitrarily , to 2000 BC , by consideration of the superincumbent eruptive stratum . Meanwhile , in 1868 , tombs at Ialysus in Rhodes had yielded to Alfred Biliotti many fine painted vases of styles which were called later the third and fourth `` Mycenaean '' ; but these , bought by John Ruskin , and presented to the British Museum , excited less attention than they deserved , being supposed to be of some local Asiatic fabric of uncertain date . Nor was a connection immediately detected between them and the objects found four years later in a tomb at Menidi in Attica and a rock - cut `` bee - hive '' grave near the Argive Heraeum . Even Schliemann 's first excavations at Hissarlik in the Troad did not excite surprise . But the `` Burnt City '' of his second stratum , revealed in 1873 , with its fortifications and vases , and a hoard of gold , silver and bronze objects , which the discoverer connected with it , began to arouse a curiosity which was destined presently to spread far outside the narrow circle of scholars . As soon as Schliemann came on the Mycenae graves three years later , light poured from all sides on the prehistoric period of Greece . It was recognized that the character of both the fabric and the decoration of the Mycenaean objects was not that of any well - known art . A wide range in space was proved by the identification of the Inselsteine and the Ialysus vases with the new style , and a wide range in time by collation of the earlier Theraean and Hissarlik discoveries . A relationship between objects of art described by Homer and the Mycenaean treasure was generally allowed , and a correct opinion prevailed that , while certainly posterior , the civilization of the Iliad was reminiscent of the Mycenaean . Schliemann got to work again at Hissarlik in 1878 , and greatly increased our knowledge of the lower strata , but did not recognize the Aegean remains in his `` Lydian '' city of the sixth stratum . These were not to be fully revealed until Dr. Wilhelm Dorpfeld , who had become Schliemann 's assistant in 1879 , resumed the work at Hissarlik in 1892 after the first explorer 's death . But by laying bare in 1884 the upper stratum of remains on the rock of Tiryns , Schliemann made a contribution to our knowledge of prehistoric domestic life which was amplified two years later by Christos Tsountas 's discovery of the palace at Mycenae . Schliemann 's work at Tiryns was not resumed till 1905 , when it was proved , as had long been suspected , that an earlier palace underlies the one he had exposed . From 1886 dates the finding of Mycenaean sepulchres outside the Argolid , from which , and from the continuation of Tsountas 's exploration of the buildings and lesser graves at Mycenae , a large treasure , independent of Schliemann 's princely gift , has been gathered into the National Museum at Athens . In that year tholos - tombs , most already pillaged but retaining some of their furniture , were excavated at Arkina and Eleusis in Attica , at Dimini near Volos in Thessaly , at Kampos on the west of Mount Taygetus , and at Maskarata in Cephalonia . The richest grave of all was explored at Vaphio in Laconia in 1889 , and yielded , besides many gems and miscellaneous goldsmiths ' work , two golden goblets chased with scenes of bull - hunting , and certain broken vases painted in a large bold style which remained an enigma until the excavation of Knossos . In 1890 and 1893 , Staes cleared out certain less rich tholos - tombs at Thoricus in Attica ; and other graves , either rock - cut `` bee - hives '' or chambers , were found at Spata and Aphidna in Attica , in Aegina and Salamis , at the Argive Heraeum and Nauplia in the Argolid , near Thebes and Delphi , and not far from the Thessalian Larissa . During the Acropolis excavations in Athens , which terminated in 1888 , many potsherds of the Mycenaean style were found ; but Olympia had yielded either none , or such as had not been recognized before being thrown away , and the temple site at Delphi produced nothing distinctively Aegean ( in dating ) . The American explorations of the Argive Heraeum , concluded in 1895 , also failed to prove that site to have been important in the prehistoric time , though , as was to be expected from its neighbourhood to Mycenae itself , there were traces of occupation in the later Aegean periods . Prehistoric research had now begun to extend beyond the Greek mainland . Certain central Aegean islands , Antiparos , Ios , Amorgos , Syros and Siphnos , were all found to be singularly rich in evidence of the Middle - Aegean period . The series of Syran - built graves , containing crouching corpses , is the best and most representative that is known in the Aegean . Melos , long marked as a source of early objects but not systematically excavated until taken in hand by the British School at Athens in 1896 , yielded at Phylakope remains of all the Aegean periods , except the Neolithic . A map of Cyprus in the later Bronze Age ( such as is given by J.L. Myres and M.O. Richter in Catalogue of the Cyprus Museum ) shows more than 25 settlements in and about the Mesaorea district alone , of which one , that at Enkomi , near the site of Salamis , has yielded the richest Aegean treasure in precious metal found outside Mycenae . E. Chantre in 1894 picked up lustreless ware , like that of Hissariik , in central Phtygia and at Pteria , and the English archaeological expeditions , sent subsequently into north - western Anatolia , have never failed to bring back ceramic specimens of Aegean appearance from the valleys of the Rhyndncus , Sangarius and Halys . In Egypt in 1887 , Flinders Petrie found painted sherds of Cretan style at Kahun in the Fayum , and farther up the Nile , at Tell el - Amarna , chanced on bits of no fewer than 800 Aegean vases in 1889 . There have now been recognized in the collections at Cairo , Florence , London , Paris and Bologna several Egyptian imitations of the Aegean style which can be set off against the many debts which the centres of Aegean culture owed to Egypt . Two Aegean vases were found at Sidon in 1885 , and many fragments of Aegean and especially Cypriot pottery have been found during recent excavations of sites in Philistia by the Palestine Fund . Sicily , ever since P. Orsi excavated the Sicel cemetery near Lentini in 1877 , has proved a mine of early remains , among which appear in regular succession Aegean fabrics and motives of decoration from the period of the second stratum at Hissarlik . Sardinia has Aegean sites , for example , at Abini near Teti ; and Spain has yielded objects recognized as Aegean from tombs near Cadiz and from Saragossa . One land , however , has eclipsed all others in the Aegean by the wealth of its remains of all the prehistoric ages -- Crete ; and so much so that , for the present , we must regard it as the fountainhead of Aegean civilization , and probably for long its political and social centre . The island first attracted the notice of archaeologists by the remarkable archaic Greek bronzes found in a cave on Mount Ida in 1885 , as well as by epigraphic monuments such as the famous law of Gortyna ( also called Gortyn ) . But the first undoubted Aegean remains reported from it were a few objects extracted from Cnossus by Minos Kalokhairinos of Candia in 1878 . These were followed by certain discoveries made in the S. plain Messara by F. Halbherr . Unsuccessful attempts at Cnossus were made by both W.J. Stillman and H. Schliemann , and A.J. Evans , coming on the scene in 1893 , travelled in succeeding years about the island picking up trifles of unconsidered evidence , which gradually convinced him that greater things would eventually be found . He obtained enough to enable him to forecast the discovery of written characters , till then not suspected in Aegean civilization . The revolution of 1897 -- 1898 opened the door to wider knowledge , and much exploration has ensued , for which see Crete . Thus the `` Aegean Area '' has now come to mean the Archipelago with Crete and Cyprus , the Hellenic peninsula with the Ionian islands , and Western Anatolia . Evidence is still wanting for the Macedonian and Thracian coasts . Offshoots are found in the western Mediterranean area , in Sicily , Italy , Sardinia and Spain , and in the eastern Mediterranean area in Syria and Egypt . Regarding the Cyrenaica , we are still insufficiently informed . See also ( edit ) History of discovery and distribution of the remains of Aegean civilization Mycenaean Greece Prehistory of Southeastern Europe References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Joseph W. Shaw , The Early Helladic II Corridor House : Development and Form , American Journal of Archaeology , Vol. 91 , No. 1 . ( Jan. , 1987 ) , pp. 59 -- 79 ( 72 ) . Jump up ^ Ione Mylonas Shear , `` Excavations on the Acropolis of Midea : Results of the Greek - Swedish Excavations under the Direction of Katie Demakopoulou and Paul åström '' , American Journal of Archaeology , Vol. 104 , No. 1 . ( Jan. , 2000 ) , pp. 133 -- 134 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Aegean Civilization . Jeremy B. Rutter , `` The Prehistoric Archaeology of the Aegean '' : chronology , history , bibliography Aegean and Balkan Prehistory : Articles , site - reports and bibliography database concerning the Aegean , Balkans and Western Anatolia Bronze Age ↑ Holocene epoch Bronze Age Abashevo culture Aegean civilization Andronovo culture Apennine culture Atlantic Bronze Age BMAC Bronze Age Britain Bronze Age Europe Catacomb culture Chinese Bronze Age Cycladic culture Deverel -- Rimbury culture Elp culture Ewart Park Phase Ezero culture Glazkov culture Argaric culture Hallstatt culture Helladic period Indus Valley Civilisation Lusatian culture Minoan civilization Mumun pottery period Mycenaean Greece Nordic Bronze Age Ordos culture Penard Period South - Western Iberian Bronze Srubna culture Tagar culture Terramare culture Trzciniec Tumulus culture Unetice culture Urnfield culture Wessex culture Wilburton - Wallington Phase Bronze Age ( North Caucasus and Transcaucasia ) Kurgan Koban Kura -- Araxes Shulaveri - 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which of the following was not an example of black codes found in louisiana in 1865			Black Codes ( United states )	black codes ( united states )	Origins of the civil rights movement Civil rights movement Black Power movement	Post -- civil rights era New Great Migration Culture ( show ) Studies Art Business history Black conductors Black mecca Black schools Black colleges and universities Juneteenth Kwanzaa Literature Museums Music Neighborhoods Religion ( show ) Black church Black theology Nation of Islam Political movements ( show ) Afrocentrism Black Power Anarchism Capitalism Conservatism Leftism Nationalism Populism Black Panther Party Garveyism Pan-Africanism Back - to - Africa movement Civic / economic groups ( show ) Rights organizations National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) Congress of Racial Equality ( CORE ) Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) National Urban League ( NUL ) Association for the Study of African American Life and History ( ASALH ) United Negro College Fund ( UNCF ) Thurgood Marshall College Fund National Black Chamber of Commerce ( NBCC ) National Pan-Hellenic Council ( NPHC ) National Council of Negro Women ( NCNW ) TransAfrica Forum Sports ( show ) Negro league baseball Athletic associations and conferences Central ( CIAA ) Southern ( SIAC ) Mid-Eastern ( MEAC ) Southwestern ( SWAC ) Ethnic subdivisions ( show ) Americo - Liberians Black Indians ( Seminoles ) Black Southerners Gullah Igbo Languages ( show ) English ( American ) ( African American ) Gullah ( Afro - Seminole Creole ) Louisiana Creole French Diaspora ( show ) Nova Scotia Liberia Sierra Leone France Lists ( show ) African Americans African - American firsts First mayors US state firsts Landmark African - American legislation African American - related topics Topics related to Black and African people Category : African - American society African American portal The Black Codes were laws passed by Southern states in 1865 and 1866 in the United States after the American Civil War with the intent and the effect of restricting African Americans ' freedom , and of compelling them to work in a labor economy based on low wages or debt . Black Codes were part of a larger pattern of Southern whites , who were trying to suppress the new freedom of emancipated African - American slaves , the freedmen . Black codes were essentially replacements for slave codes in those states . Before the war in states that prohibited slavery , some Black Codes were also enacted . Northern states such as Ohio , Illinois , Indiana , Michigan , and New York enacted Black Codes to discourage free blacks from residing in those states and denying them equal rights , including the right to vote , the right to public education , and the right to equal treatment under the law . Some of these northern black codes were repealed around the same time that the civil war ended and slavery was abolished . Since the colonial period , colonies and states had passed laws that discriminated against free Blacks . In the South , these were generally included in `` slave codes '' ; the goal was to reduce influence of free blacks ( particularly after slave rebellions ) because of their potential influence on slaves . Restrictions included prohibiting them from voting ( although North Carolina allowed this before 1831 ) , bearing arms , gathering in groups for worship and learning to read and write . A major purpose of these laws was to preserve slavery among other things . In the first two years after the Civil War , white - dominated southern legislatures passed Black Codes modeled after the earlier slave codes . They were particularly concerned with controlling movement and labor , as slavery had given way to a free labor system . Although freedmen had been emancipated , their lives were greatly restricted by the Black Codes . The term Black Codes was given by `` negro leaders and the Republican organs '' , according to historian John S. Reynolds . The defining feature of the Black Codes was broad vagrancy law , which allowed local authorities to arrest freedpeople for minor infractions and commit them to involuntary labor . This period was the start of the convict lease system , also described as `` slavery by another name '' by Douglas Blackmon in his 2008 book on this topic . Contents 1 Background 1.1 Black codes 1.2 Union occupation 2 Postwar years 2.1 After the war 3 Legislation in Southern states 3.1 Mississippi 3.1. 1 Responses 3.2 South Carolina 3.2. 1 Responses 3.2. 2 Further legislation 3.3 Louisiana 3.4 Florida 3.5 Maryland 3.6 North Carolina 3.7 Texas 3.8 Tennessee 3.9 Kentucky 4 Reconstruction and Jim Crow 5 Legacy and interventions 6 Comparative history 7 See also 8 Notes 8.1 References 8.2 Bibliography 8.3 Further reading 9 External links 9.1 Text of laws 9.2 Secondary sources Background ( edit ) Vagrancy laws date back to the end of feudalism in Europe . Introduced by aristocratic and landowning classes , they had the dual purpose of restricting access of `` undesirable '' classes to public spaces and of ensuring a labor pool . Serfs were not emancipated from their land . Black Codes ( edit ) Over the period of 1687 -- 1865 , Virginia enacted more than 130 slave statutes , among which were seven major slave codes , with some containing more than fifty provisions . `` Black codes '' in the antebellum South contained more regulations of free Blacks than of slaves . Chattel slaves basically lived under the complete control of their owners ; free blacks presented a challenge to the boundaries of White - dominated society . Black Codes in the antebellum South heavily regulated the activities and behavior of blacks . North Carolina restricted slaves from leaving their plantation ; if one tried to court ( date ) a woman on another property , he risked severe punishments at the hands of the patrollers or needed a pass in order to pursue this relationship . In many southern states , particularly after the insurrection of 1831 , free Blacks were prohibited from the basic constitutional rights to assemble in groups , bear arms , learn to read and write , exercise free speech , or testify against white people in Court . After 1810 , states made manumissions of slaves more difficult to obtain , often requiring an act of legislature for each case . This sharply reduced the incidence of planters freeing slaves . There were some protections of slaves , such as a prohibition against masters murdering slaves . After the Louisiana Purchase , the state of Louisiana based its state laws on the French colonial Code Noir issued in 1685 . New restrictions , as well , were placed on intermarriage , concubinage and miscegenation with slaves . Free whites could no longer marry a slave and thereby emancipate her and her children , and no freed person was capable of receiving a donation from a white person , whether by act inter vivos or mortis causa . As the abolitionist movement gained force and refugee slaves escaping through the Underground Railroad increased , concern about blacks heightened among some whites in the North . Territories and states near the slave states did not welcome free blacks to settle with them . But north of the Mason -- Dixon line , anti-Black laws were generally less severe . Some public spaces were segregated , and Blacks generally did not have the right to vote . In Oregon , Blacks were forbidden to settle , marry or sign contracts . All the slave states passed anti-miscegenation laws banning the marriage of white and black people , as did several new free states of the former Northwest Territory , including Indiana , Illinois and Michigan . Indiana and Illinois shared borders with slave states across the Ohio and Mississippi rivers . The southern populations of these states had generally migrated from the Upper South and shared cultures more akin to those of the South across the Ohio River than with the northern populations , who had migrated from New England and New York and were part of Yankee culture . In some states these codes included vagrancy laws that targeted unemployed blacks , apprentice laws that made black orphans and dependents available for hire to whites , and commercial laws that excluded blacks from certain trades and businesses and restricted their ownership of property . Article 13 of Indiana 's 1851 Constitution stated `` No Negro or Mulatto shall come into , or settle in , the State , after the adoption of this Constitution . '' The 1848 Constitution of Illinois contributed to the state legislature passing one of the harshest Black Code systems in the nation until the Civil War . The Illinois Black Code of 1853 prohibited any Black persons from outside of the state from staying in the state for more than ten days , subjecting Blacks who violated that rule to arrest , detention , a $50 fine , or deportation . Maryland passed vagrancy and apprentice laws , and required Blacks to obtain licenses from Whites before doing business . It prohibited immigration of free Blacks until 1865 . Most of the Maryland Black Code was repealed in the Constitution of 1867 . Black women were not allowed to testify against White men with whom they had children , giving them a status similar to wives . In some States , Black Code legislation used text directly from the slave codes , simply substituting Negro or other words in place of slave . Union occupation ( edit ) The Union Army relied on the labor of newly freed people , and did not always treat them fairly . Thomas W. Knox wrote : `` The difference between working for nothing as a slave , and working for the same wages under the Yankees , was not always perceptible . '' At the same time , military officials resisted local attempts to apply pre-war laws to the freed people . After the Emancipation Proclamation , the Army conscripted Black `` vagrants '' and sometimes others . Two Snakes Slavery wus a bad thing en ' freedom , of de kin ' we got wid nothin ' to live on wus bad . Two snakes full of pisen . One lying wid his head pintin ' north , de other wid his head pintin ' south . Dere names wus slavery an ' freedom . De snake called slavery lay wid his head pinted south and de snake called freedom lay wid his head pinted north . Both bit de nigger , an ' dey wus both bad . Patsy Mitchner , former slave in Raleigh , NC ; interviewed in 1937 ( at age 84 ) for the Slave Narrative Collection of the Federal Writers ' Project of the Works Progress Administration . The Union Army applied the northern wage system of free labor to freedmen after the Emancipation Proclamation ; they effectively upgraded free Blacks from `` contraband '' status . General Nathaniel P. Banks in Louisiana initiated a system of wage labor in February 1863 in Louisiana ; General Lorenzo Thomas implemented a similar system in Mississippi . The Banks - Thomas system offered Blacks $10 a month , with the Army 's commitment to provide rations , clothing , and medicine . The worker would have to agree to an unbreakable one - year contract . In 1864 , Thomas expanded the system to Tennessee , and allowed white landowners near the Nashville contraband camp to rent the labor of refugees . Against opposition from elements of the Republican Party , Abraham Lincoln accepted this system as a step on the path to gradual emancipation . Abolitionists continued to criticize the labor system . Wendell Phillips said that Lincoln 's proclamation had `` free ( d ) the slave , but ignore ( d ) the Negro '' , calling the Banks - Thomas year - long contracts tantamount to serfdom . The Worcester Spy described the government 's answer to slavery as `` something worse than failure . '' Wikisource has original text related to this article : 1866 Freedmen 's Bureau Circular in Mississippi Post-war years ( edit ) As the war ended , the US Army implemented Black Codes to regulate the behavior of black people in general society . Although the Freedmen 's Bureau had a mandate to protect blacks from a hostile Southern environment , it also sought to keep blacks in their place as laborers in order to allow production on the plantations to resume so that the South could revive its economy . The Freedmen 's Bureau cooperated with Southern authorities in rounding up black `` vagrants '' and placing them in contract work . In some places , it supported owners to maintain control of young slaves as apprentices . After the war ( edit ) Soon after the end of slavery , white planters encountered a labor shortage and sought a way to manage it . Although blacks did not all abruptly stop working , they did try to work less . In particular , many sought to reduce their Saturday work hours , and women wanted to spend more time on child care . In the view of one contemporary economist , freed people exhibited this `` noncapitalist behavior '' because the condition of being owned had `` shielded the slaves from the market economy '' and they were therefore unable to perform `` careful calculation of economic opportunities '' . An alternative explanation treats the labor slowdown as a form of gaining leverage through collective action . Another possibility is that freed blacks assigned value to leisure and family time in excess of the monetary value of additional paid labor . Indeed , freedpeople certainly did not want to work the long hours that had been forced upon them for their whole lives . Whatever its causes , the sudden reduction of available labor posed a challenge to the Southern economy , which had relied upon intense physical labor to profitably harvest cash crops , particularly King Cotton . Southern Whites also perceived Black vagrancy as a sudden and dangerous social problem . Preexisting White American belief of Black inferiority informed post-war attitudes and white racial dominance continued to be culturally embedded ; whites believed both that Black people were destined for servitude and that they would not work unless physically compelled . For their part , free Blacks no longer felt compelled to show conspicuous deference to White people . The enslaved also strove to create a semi-autonomous social world , removed from the plantation and the gaze of the slave owner . The racial divisions which slavery had created immediately became more obvious . Blacks also bore the brunt of Southern anger over defeat in the War . Legislation on the status of freedpeople was often mandated by constitutional conventions held in 1865 . Mississippi , South Carolina , and Georgia all included language in their new state constitutions which instructed the legislature to `` guard them and the State against any evils that may arise from their sudden emancipation '' . The Florida convention of October 1865 included a vagrancy ordinance that was in effect until process Black Codes could be passed through the regular legislative process . Legislation in Southern states ( edit ) Convicts leased to harvest timber circa 1915 , in Florida Black Codes restricted black people 's right to own property , conduct business , buy and lease land , and move freely through public spaces . A central element of the Black Codes were vagrancy laws . States criminalized men who were out of work , or who were not working at a job whites recognized . Failure to pay a certain tax , or to comply with other laws , could also be construed as vagrancy . Nine southern states updated their vagrancy laws in 1865 -- 1866 . Of these , eight allowed convict leasing ( a system in which state prison hired out convicts for labor ) and five allowed prisoner labor for public works projects . This created a system that established incentives to arrest black men , as convicts were supplied to local governments and planters as workers . The planters or other supervisors were responsible for their board and food , and black convicts were kept in miserable conditions . As Douglas Blackmon wrote , it was `` slavery by another name '' . Because of their reliance on convict leasing , Southern states did not build any prisons until the late 19th century . Another important part of the Codes were the annual labor contracts , which documents Black people had to keep and be able to present to authorities to avoid vagrancy charges . Strict punishments against theft also served to ensnare many people in the legal system . Previously , Blacks had been part of the domestic economy on a plantation , and were more or less able to use supplies that were available . After emancipation , the same act performed by someone working the same land might be labeled as theft , leading to arrest and involuntary labor . Some states explicitly curtailed Black people 's right to bear arms , justifying these laws with claims of imminent insurrection . In Mississippi and Alabama , these laws were enforced through the creation of special militias . Historian Samuel McCall , who published a biography about abolitionist Thaddeus Stevens , commented in 1899 that the Black Codes had `` established a condition but little better than that of slavery , and in one important respect far worse '' : by severing the property relationship , they had diminished the incentive for property owners to ensure the relative health and survival of their workers . Regarding the question of whether Southern legislatures deliberately tried to maintain White supremacy , Beverly Forehand writes : `` This decision was not a conscious one on the part of white legislators . It was simply an accepted conclusion . '' During Reconstruction , state legislatures passed some laws that established some positive rights for freedmen . States legalized Black marriages and in some cases increased the rights of freedmen to own property and conduct commerce . Mississippi was the first state to pass Black Codes . Its laws served as a model for those passed by other states , beginning with South Carolina , Alabama , and Louisiana in 1865 , and continuing with Florida , Virginia , Georgia , North Carolina , Texas , Tennessee , and Arkansas at the beginning of 1866 . Intense Northern reaction against the Mississippi and South Carolina laws led some of the states that subsequently passed laws to excise overt racial discrimination ; but , their laws on vagrancy , apprenticeship , and other topics were crafted to effect a similarly racist regime . Even states that carefully eliminated most of the overt discrimination in their Black Codes retained laws authorizing harsher sentences for Black people . Mississippi ( edit ) Mississippi was the first state to legislate a new Black Code after the war , beginning with `` An Act to confer Civil Rights on Freedmen '' . This law allowed Blacks to rent land only within cities -- effectively preventing them from earning money through independent farming . It required Blacks to present , each January , written proof of employment . The law defined violation of this requirement as vagrancy , punishable by arrest -- for which the arresting officer would be paid $5 , to be taken from the arrestee 's wages . Provisions akin to fugitive slave laws mandated the return of runaway workers , who would lose their wages for the year . An amended version of the vagrancy law included punishments for sympathetic whites : That all freedmen , free negroes and mulattoes in this State , over the age of eighteen years , found on the second Monday in January , 1866 , or thereafter , without lawful employment or business , or found unlawfully assembling themselves together , either in the day or night time , and all white persons so assembling themselves with freedmen , free negroes or mulattoes , or usually associating with freedmen , free negroes or mulattoes , on terms of equality , or living in adultery or fornication with a freed woman , free negro or mulatto , shall be deemed vagrants , and on conviction thereof shall be fined in a sum not exceeding , in the case of a freedman , free negro , or mulatto , fifty dollars , and a white man two hundred dollars , and imprisoned , at the discretion of the court , the free negro not exceeding ten days , and the white man not exceeding six months . Whites could avoid the code 's penalty by swearing a pauper 's oath . In the case of blacks , however : `` the duty of the sheriff of the proper county to hire out said freedman , free negro or mulatto , to any person who will , for the shortest period of service , pay said fine or forfeiture and all costs . '' The laws also levied a special tax on blacks ( between ages 18 and 60 ) ; those who did not pay could be arrested for vagrancy . Another law allowed the state to take custody of children whose parents could or would not support them ; these children would then be `` apprenticed '' to their former owners . Masters could discipline these apprentices with corporal punishment . They could re-capture apprentices who escaped and threaten them with prison if they resisted . Other laws prevented blacks from buying liquor and carrying weapons ; punishment often involved `` hiring out '' the culprit 's labor for no pay . Mississippi rejected the Thirteenth Amendment on December 5 . Responses ( edit ) General Oliver O. Howard , national head of the Freedmen 's Bureau , declared in November 1865 that most of the Mississippi Black Code was invalid . South Carolina ( edit ) The next state to pass Black Codes was South Carolina , which had on November 13 ratified the Thirteenth Amendment -- with a qualification that Congress did not have the authority to regulate the legal status of freedmen . Newly elected governor James Lawrence Orr said that blacks must be `` restrained from theft , idleness , vagrancy and crime , and taught the absolute necessity of strictly complying with their contracts for labor '' . South Carolina 's new law on `` Domestic Relations of Persons of Color '' established wide - ranging rules on vagrancy resembling Mississippi 's . Conviction for vagrancy allowed the state to `` hire out '' blacks for no pay . The law also called for a special tax on blacks ( all males and unmarried females ) , with non-paying blacks again guilty of vagrancy . The law enabled forcible apprenticeship of children of impoverished parents , or of parents who did not convey `` habits of industry and honesty '' . The law did not include the same punishments for Whites in dealing with fugitives . The South Carolina law created separate courts for Black people , and authorized capital punishment for crimes including theft of cotton . It created a system of licensing and written authorizations that made it difficult for Blacks to engage in normal commerce . The South Carolina Code clearly borrowed terms and concepts from the old slave codes , re-instituting a rating system of `` full '' or `` fractional '' farmhands and often referring to bosses as `` masters '' . Responses ( edit ) A `` Colored People 's Convention '' assembled at Zion Church in Charleston , South Carolina , to condemn the Codes . In a memorial ( petition ) to Congress , the Convention expressed gratitude for emancipation and establishment of the Freedmen 's Bureau , but requested ( in addition to suffrage ) `` that the strong arm of law and order be placed alike over the entire people of this State ; that life and property be secured , and the laborer as free to sell his labor as the merchant his goods . '' Some Whites , meanwhile , thought the new laws did not go far enough . One planter suggested that the new laws would require paramilitary enforcement : `` As for making the negroes work under the present state of affairs it seems to me a waste of time and energy ... We must have mounted Infantry that the freedmen know distinctly that they succeed the Yankees to enforce whatever regulations we can make . '' Edmund Rhett ( son of Robert Rhett ) wrote that although South Carolina might be unable to undo abolition , it should to the utmost extent practicable be limited , controlled , and surrounded with such safe guards , as will make the change as slight as possible both to the white man and to the negro , the planter and the workman , the capitalist and the laborer . General Daniel Sickles , head of the Freedmen 's Bureau in South Carolina , followed Howard 's lead and declared the laws invalid in December 1865 . Further legislation ( edit ) However , even as the legislators passed these laws , they despaired of the forthcoming response from Washington . James Hemphill said : `` It will be hard to persuade the freedom shriekers that the American citizens of African descent are obtaining their rights . '' Orr moved to block further laws containing explicit racial discrimination . In 1866 , the South Carolina code came under increasing scrutiny in the Northern press and was compared unfavorably to freedmen 's laws passed in neighboring Georgia , North Carolina , and Virginia . In a special session held in September 1866 , the legislature passed some new laws in concession to the rights of free Blacks . Shortly after , it rejected the Fourteenth Amendment . Louisiana ( edit ) The Louisiana legislature , seeking to ensure that freedmen were `` available to the agricultural interests of the state '' , passed similar yearly contract laws and expanded its vagrancy laws . Its vagrancy laws did not specify Black culprits , though they did provide a `` good behavior '' loophole subject to plausibly racist interpretation . Louisiana passed harsher fugitive worker laws and required blacks to present dismissal paperwork to new employers . State legislation was amplified by local authorities , who ran less risk of backlash from the federal government . Opelousas , Louisiana , passed a notorious code which required freedpeople to have written authorization to enter the town . The code prevented freedpeople from living in the town or walking at night except under supervision of a White resident . Thomas W. Conway , the Freedmen 's Bureau commissioner for Louisiana , testified in 1866 : Some of the leading officers of the state down there -- men who do much to form and control the opinions of the masses -- instead of doing as they promised , and quietly submitting to the authority of the government , engaged in issuing slave codes and in promulgating them to their subordinates , ordering them to carry them into execution , and this to the knowledge of state officials of a higher character , the governor and others ... These codes were simply the old black code of the state , with the word ' slave ' expunged , and ' Negro ' substituted . The most odious features of slavery were preserved in them . Conway describes surveying the Louisiana jails and finding large numbers of Black men who had been secretly incarcerated . These included members of the Seventy - Fourth Colored Infantry who had been arrested the day after they were discharged . The state passed a harsher version of its code in 1866 , criminalizing `` impudence '' , `` swearing '' , and other signs of `` disobedience '' as determined by whites . Florida ( edit ) Of the Black Codes passed in 1866 ( after the Northern reaction had become apparent ) , only Florida 's rivaled those of Mississippi and South Carolina in severity . Florida 's slaveowners seemed to hold out hope that the institution of slavery would simply be restored . Advised by the Florida governor and attorney general as well as by the Freedmen 's Bureau that it could not constitutionally revoke Black people 's right to bear arms , the Florida legislature refused to repeal this part of the codes . The Florida vagrancy law allowed for punishments of up to one year of labor . Children whose parents were convicted of vagrancy could be hired out as apprentices . These laws applied to any `` person of color '' , which was defined as someone with at least one Negro great - grandparent , or one - eighth black ancestry . White women could not live with men of color . Colored workers could be punished for disrespecting White employers . The explicit racism in the law was supplemented by racist enforcement discretion ( and other inequalities ) in the practice of law enforcement and legal systems . Maryland ( edit ) In Maryland , a fierce battle began immediately after emancipation ( by the Maryland Constitution of 1864 ) over requiring apprenticeship of young black people . By 1860 , 45.6 % of the black population in the state was already free . Former slave owners rushed to place the children of freedpeople in multi-year apprenticeships ; the Freedmen 's Bureau and some others tried to stop them . The legislature stripped Baltimore Judge Hugh Lennox Bond of his position because he cooperated with the Bureau in this matter . Salmon Chase , as Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court , eventually overruled the Maryland apprentice laws on the grounds of their violation of the Civil Rights Act of 1866 . North Carolina ( edit ) North Carolina 's Black Code specified racial differences in punishment , establishing harsher sentences for Blacks convicted of rape . Texas ( edit ) The Texas Constitutional Convention met in February 1866 , declined to ratify the ( already effective ) Thirteenth Amendment , provided that Blacks would be `` protected in their rights of person and property by appropriate legislation '' and guaranteed some degree of rights to testify in court . Texas modeled its laws on South Carolina 's . The legislature defined Negroes as people with at least one African great - grandparent . Negroes could choose their employer , before a deadline . After they had made a contract , they were bound to it . If they quit `` without cause of permission '' they would lose all of their wages . Workers could be fined $1 for acts of disobedience or negligence , and 25 cents per hour for missed work . The legislature also created a system of apprenticeship ( with corporal punishment ) and vagrancy laws . Convict labor could be hired out or used in public works . Negroes were not allowed to vote , hold office , sit on juries , serve in local militia , carry guns on plantations , homestead , or attend public schools . Interracial marriage was banned . Rape sentencing laws stipulated either capital punishment , or life in prison , or a minimum sentence of five years . Even to commentators who favored the codes , this `` wide latitude in punishment '' seemed to imply a clear `` anti-Negro bias '' . Tennessee ( edit ) Tennessee had been occupied by the Union for a long period during the war . As military governor of Tennessee , Andrew Johnson declared a suspension of the slave code in September 1864 . However , these laws were still enforced in lower courts . In 1865 , Tennessee freedpeople had no legal status whatsoever , and local jurisdictions often filled the void with extremely harsh Black Codes . During that year , Blacks went from one - fiftieth to one - third of the State 's prison population . Tennessee had a particularly urgent desire to re-enter the Union 's good graces and end the occupation . When the Tennessee Legislature began to debate a Black Code , it received such negative attention in the Northern press that no comprehensive Code was ever established . Instead , the State legalized Black suffrage and passed a civil rights law guaranteeing Blacks equal rights in commerce and access to the Courts . However , Tennessee society , including its judicial system , retained the same racist attitudes as did other states . Although its legal code did not discriminate against Blacks so explicitly , its law enforcement and criminal justice systems relied more heavily on racist enforcement discretion to create a de facto Black Code . The state already had vagrancy and apprenticeship laws which could easily be enforced in the same way as Black Codes in other states . Vagrancy laws came into much more frequent use after the war . And just as in Mississippi , Black children were often bound in apprenticeship to their former owners . The legislature passed two laws on May 17 , 1865 ; one to `` Punish all Armed Prowlers , Guerilla , Brigands , and Highway Robbers '' ; the other to authorize capital punishment for thefts , burglary , and arson . These laws were targeted at Blacks and enforced disproportionately against Blacks , but did not discuss race explicitly . Tennessee law permitted Blacks to testify against Whites in 1865 , but this change did not immediately take practical effect in the lower courts . Blacks could not sit on juries . Still on the books were laws specifying capital punishment for a Black man who raped a White woman . Tennessee enacted new vagrancy and enticement laws in 1875 . Kentucky ( edit ) Kentucky had established a system of leasing prison labor in 1825 . This system drew a steady supply of laborers from the decisions of `` negro courts '' , informal tribunals which included slaveowners . Free Blacks were frequently arrested and forced into labor . Kentucky did not secede from the Union and therefore gained wide leeway from the federal government during Reconstruction . With Delaware , Kentucky did not ratify the Thirteenth Amendment and maintained legal slavery until it was nationally prohibited when the Amendment went into effect in December 1865 . After the Thirteenth Amendment took effect , the state was obligated to rewrite its laws . The result was a set of Black Codes passed in early 1866 . These granted a set of rights : to own property , make contracts , and some other innovations . They also included new vagrancy and apprentice laws , which did not mention Blacks explicitly but were clearly directed toward them . The vagrancy law covered loitering , `` rambling without a job '' and `` keeping a disorderly house '' . City jails filled up ; wages dropped below pre-war rates . The Freedmen 's Bureau in Kentucky was especially weak and could not mount a significant response . The Bureau attempted to cancel a racially discriminatory apprenticeship law ( which stipulated that only White children learn to read ) but found itself thwarted by local authorities . Some legislation also created informal , de facto discrimination against Blacks . A new law against hunting on Sundays , for example , prevented Black workers from hunting on their only day off . Kentucky law prevented Blacks from testifying against Whites , a restriction which the federal government sought to remedy by providing access to federal courts through the Civil Rights Act of 1866 . Kentucky challenged the constitutionality of these courts and prevailed in Blyew v. United States ( 1872 ) . All contracts required the presence of a White witness . Passage of the Fourteenth Amendment did not have a great effect on Kentucky 's Black Codes . Reconstruction and Jim Crow ( edit ) The Black Codes outraged public opinion in the North because it seemed the South was creating a form of quasi-slavery to negate the results of the war . When the Radical 39th Congress re-convened in December 1865 , it was generally furious about the developments that had transpired during Johnson 's Presidential Reconstruction . The Black Codes , along with the appointment of prominent Confederates to Congress , signified that the South had been emboldened by Johnson and intended to maintain its old political order . Railing against the Black Codes as returns to slavery in violation of the Thirteenth Amendment , Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1866 , the Fourteenth Amendment , and the Second Freedmen 's Bureau Bill . The Memphis Riots in May 1866 and the New Orleans Riot in July brought additional attention and urgency to the racial tension state - sanctioned racism permeating the South . After winning large majorities in the 1866 elections , the Republican Congress passed the Reconstruction Acts placing the South under military rule . This arrangement lasted until the military withdrawal arranged by the Compromise of 1877 . In some historical periodizations , 1877 marks the beginning of the Jim Crow era . The 1865 -- 1866 Black Codes were an overt manifestation of the system of white supremacy that continued to dominate the American South . Historians have described this system as the emergent result of a wide variety of laws and practices , conducted on all levels of jurisdiction . Because legal enforcement depended on so many different local codes , which underwent less scrutiny than statewide legislation , historians still lack a complete understanding of their full scope . It is clear , however , that even under military rule , local jurisdictions were able to continue a racist pattern of law enforcement , as long as it took place under a legal regime that was superficially race - neutral . In 1893 -- 1909 every Southern state except Tennessee passed new vagrancy laws . These laws were more severe than those passed in 1865 , and used vague terms that granted wide powers to police officers enforcing the law . In wartime , Blacks might be disproportionately subjected to `` work or fight '' laws , which increased vagrancy penalties for those not in the military . The Supreme Court upheld racially discriminatory state laws and invalidated federal efforts to counteract them ; in Plessy v. Ferguson ( 1896 ) it upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation and introduced the `` separate but equal '' doctrine . A general system of legitimized anti-Black violence , as exemplified by the Ku Klux Klan , played a major part in enforcing the practical law of white supremacy . The constant threat of violence against Black people ( and White people who sympathized with them ) maintained a system of extralegal terror . Although this system is now well known for prohibiting Black suffrage after the Fifteenth Amendment , it also served to enforce coercive labor relations . Fear of random violence provided new support for a paternalistic relationship between plantation owners and their Black workers . Legacy and interventions ( edit ) This regime of White - dominated labor was not identified by the North as involuntary servitude until after 1900 . In 1907 , Attorney General Charles Joseph Bonaparte issued a report , Peonage Matters , which found that , beyond debt peonage , there was a widespread system of laws `` considered to have been passed to force negro laborers to work '' . After creating the Civil Rights Section in 1939 , the federal Department of Justice launched a wave of successful Thirteenth Amendment prosecutions against involuntary servitude in the South . Many of the Southern vagrancy laws remained on the books until the Supreme Court 's Papachristou v. Jacksonville decision in 1972 . Although by 1972 the laws were defended as preventing crime , the Court held that Jacksonville 's vagrancy law `` furnishes a convenient tool for ' harsh and discriminatory enforcement by local prosecuting officials , against particular groups deemed to merit their displeasure . ' '' Even after Papachristou , police activity in many parts of the United States discriminates against racial minority groups . Gary Stewart has identified contemporary gang injunctions -- which target young Black or Latino men who gather in public -- as a conspicuous legacy of Southern Black Codes . Stewart argues that these laws maintain a system of white supremacy and reflect a system of racist prejudice , even though racism is rarely acknowledged explicitly in their creation and enforcement . Contemporary Black commentators have argued that the current disproportionate incarceration of African Americans , with a concomitant rise in prison labor , is comparable ( perhaps unfavorably ) with the historical Black Codes . Comparative History ( edit ) The desire to recuperate the labor of officially emancipated people is common among societies ( most notably in Latin America ) that were built on slave labor . Vagrancy laws and peonage systems are widespread features of post-slavery societies . One theory suggests that particularly restrictive laws emerge in larger countries ( compare Jamaica with the United States ) where the ruling group does not occupy land at a high enough density to prevent the freed people from gaining their own . However , it seems , the United States was uniquely successful in maintaining involuntary servitude after legal emancipation . Historians have also compared the end of the slavery in the United States to the formal decolonization of Asian and African nations . Like emancipation , decolonization was a landmark political change -- but its significance , according to some historians , was tempered by the continuity of economic exploitation . The end of legal slavery in the United States did not seem to have major effects on the global economy or international relations . Given the pattern of economic continuity , writes economist Pieter Emmer , `` the words emancipation and abolition must be regarded with the utmost suspicion . '' See also ( edit ) 40 acres and a mule Apartheid in South Africa Code Noir Grandfather clause Judicial aspects of race in the United States List of Jim Crow law examples by state Oregon black exclusion laws Racial segregation in the United States Redlining Republic of New Afrika Reverse Underground Railroad Wage slavery History of unfree labor in the United States Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Jim Crow '' can refer to a historical period , a discriminatory law specifically promoting racial segregation , or a complete social arrangement characterized by segregation and white supremacy . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Link text Jump up ^ James Calvin Hemphill , `` John Schreiner Reynolds '' , Men of Mark in South Carolina : Ideals of American Life Vol. II ; Washington , D.C. : Men of Mark Publishing Co. , 1908 . Jump up ^ Kermit L. Hall , `` Political Power and Constitutional Legitimacy : The South Carolina Ku Klux Klan Trials '' Archived 2013 - 03 - 16 at the Wayback Machine. ; Emory Law Journal 33 , Fall 1984 . Jump up ^ John S. Reynolds , Reconstruction in South Carolina ; Columbia , SC : State Co. , 1905 ; p. 27 . ^ Jump up to : Douglas Blackmon , Slavery by Another Name : The Re-Enslavement of Black Americans from the Civil War to World War II , New York : Doubleday , 2008 Jump up ^ Stewart , White Codes and Broken Femurs ( 1998 ) , pp. 2257 -- 2258 . Jump up ^ Palmer , Vernon Valentine ( April 2006 ) . `` The Customs of Slavery : The War Without Arms '' . American Journal of Legal History . 2 ( 48 ) : 177 . Jump up ^ Forehand , `` Striking Resemblance '' ( 1996 ) , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Griffin , Rebecca J ( April 2004 ) . `` '' Goin ' Back Over There to See That Girl `` : Competing Social Spaces in the Lives of the Enslaved in Antebellum North Carolina '' . Slavery & Abolition. 25 ( 1 ) : 108 . ^ Jump up to : Forte , `` Spiritual Equality '' ( 1998 ) , p. 579 -- 580 . Jump up ^ Painter , Creating Black Americans ( 2005 ) , pp. 79 -- 81 . Jump up ^ Forehand , `` Striking Resemblance '' ( 1996 ) , p. 7 . ^ Jump up to : Ranney , In the Wake of Slavery ( 2006 ) , p. 15 . `` All Southern states imposed at least minimal limits on slave punishment , for example , by making murder or life - threatening injury of slaves a crime , and a few states allowed slaves a limited right of self - defense . '' Jump up ^ Palmer , Vernon Valentine ( April 2006 ) . `` The Customs of Slavery : The War Without Arms '' . American Journal of Legal History . 2 ( 48 ) : 185 . Jump up ^ Mcclintock , Thomas C. ( 1995 ) . `` James Saules , Peter Burnett , and the Oregon Black Exclusion Law of June 1844 '' . The Pacific Northwest Quarterly . 86 ( 3 ) : 121 -- 130 . doi : 10.2307 / 40491550 . JSTOR 40491550 . Jump up ^ `` The Legal Map of Interracial Relations 1662 -- 1967 '' . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` black codes '' . www.reference.com . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ Bridges , Roger D . The Illinois Black Codes . http://www.lib.niu.edu/1996/iht329602.html Jump up ^ Ranney , In the Wake of Slavery ( 2006 ) , p. 17 . `` Between 1795 and 1810 , Maryland enacted vagrancy laws similar to Delaware 's ; required free blacks to obtain certificates of good character from local officials in order to sell products or keep hunting equipment ; and allowed its courts to apprentice children of destitute or unfit black parents to white masters . '' ^ Jump up to : DuBois , Black Reconstruction ( 1935 ) , p. 564 . Jump up ^ Forehand , Striking Resemblance ( 1996 ) , p . Abstract . ^ Jump up to : DuBois , Black Reconstruction ( 1935 ) , p. 178 . Jump up ^ Thomas W. Knox , Camp - Fire and Cotton - Field : Southern Adventure in Time of War : Life with the Union Armies , and Residence on a Louisiana Plantation , New York : Blelock & Co. , 1865 ; p. 317 . Quoted in Daniel , `` Metamorphosis of Slavery '' ( 1979 ) , pp. 89 -- 90 . Jump up ^ Forehand , `` Striking Resemblance '' ( 1996 ) , pp. 20 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Forehand , `` Striking Resemblance '' ( 1996 ) , p. 25 . Jump up ^ WPA documents reproduced at North Carolina Slave Narratives ; quoted in Forehand , `` Striking Resemblance '' ( 1996 ) , p. 120 . ^ Jump up to : Forte , `` Spiritual Equality '' ( 1998 ) , pp. 589 -- 590 . Quote : `` Much more troublesome was the Union 's treatment of the freed slaves in Louisiana and the South as a whole . The Union military authorities in the South approved a plan of apprenticeship for the freed black , a policy that Lincoln seemed to accept , at least as an interim measure ' conforming substantially to the most approved plans of gradual emancipation ' . '' ^ Jump up to : Belz , A New Birth of Freedom ( 2000 ) , pp. 45 -- 46 . Jump up ^ Forehand , `` Striking Resemblance '' ( 1996 ) , pp. 28 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Belz , A New Birth of Freedom ( 2000 ) , pp. 52 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Black Codes ( 1965 ) , p. 57 . `` In a nutshell , the sum of army and Freedmen 's Bureau policies was : protect the negroes from violence and actual enslavement , but keep as many as possible on the plantations and compel them to work . Both agencies preserved ' white man 's rule , ' and though both of them did , as George Bently said of the Freedmen 's Bureau , ' maintain a fairly strong guard against any form of reenslavement of the Negroes ' , their interest in the welfare and happiness of the freedmen did not , as a whole , extend far beyond that safeguard in 1865 and 1866 . It is also as true of one as of the other that its policies , in the main , were ' those that planters and other businessmen desired . ' '' Jump up ^ Wilson , Black Codes ( 1965 ) , p. 58 -- 59 . ^ Jump up to : Daniel , Metamorphosis of Slavery ( 1979 ) , p. 96 . `` The yearly contract was one of the most important elements in the landlord 's control over labor -- not what the contract stated explicitly , but what it implied and how it was executed . The pattern emerged immediately after the war . With encouragement from the Freedmen 's Bureau , blacks signed up for a year 's work , and the vigilant eyes of federal officials noted that many contracts resembled slavery . '' Jump up ^ Wormser , The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow ( 2003 ) , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Richardson , Florida Black Codes ( 1969 ) , p. 370 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Black Codes ( 1965 ) , pp. 54 -- 55 . `` The larger problem , however , was labor for agriculture , the mainstay of the southern economy . Increasingly the freedmen , whose work day was from sunrise to sunset , refused to work more than a half day , if at all , on Saturday ... The greatest loss to the labor force resulted from the decision of growing numbers of negro women to devote their time to their homes and children . '' Jump up ^ Emmer , `` The Price of Freedom '' ( 1992 ) , pp. 35 -- 36 . Jump up ^ Cohen , At Freedom 's Edge ( 1991 ) , pp. 16 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Cohen , At Freedom 's Edge ( 1991 ) , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Emmer , `` The Price of Freedom '' ( 1992 ) , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Black Codes ( 1965 ) , p. 53 . `` Most southern towns were not very large and the influx of even a few hundred undoubtedly gave witnesses a false impression of the size of the movement ... Nonetheless impressions of southerners had great importance because they encouraged the belief that special laws -- Black Codes -- were necessary . This opinion was expressed by the Tallahassee Semi-Weekly Floridian , January 9 , 1866 : ' To live in town ... is now the general desire on the part of the freedmen ... a good vagrant system can not too soon be put in operation . ' '' ^ Jump up to : Stewart , Black Codes and Broken Windows ( 1998 ) , pp. 2259 -- 2260 . Jump up ^ Griffin , Rebecca J ( April 2004 ) . `` ' Goin ' Back Over There to See That Girl ' : Competing Social Spaces in the Lives of the Enslaved in Antebellum North Carolina '' . Slavery & Abolition. 1 ( 25 ) : 99 . ^ Jump up to : Daniel , `` Metamorphosis of Slavery '' ( 1979 ) , p. 91 . `` Freedmen , however , did not cooperate with the plans to reenslave them . Immediately , planters and whites in general were struck by the change in attitude among freedmen . Deference largely disappeared , respect for whites dwindled , and even the more patient whites found it difficult to work with free blacks . Paternalism no longer worked , and whites came to hate freedmen , projecting on blacks the defeat in battle , economic ruin and the occupation by Union troops . ( ... ) Yet a kind of paternalism emerged once again during the violence of Radical Reconstruction , during the rides of the Ku Klux Klan . Planters , sizing up the situation , gave tenants on their plantations protection in exchange for regular work and a general compliance with the new order . '' Jump up ^ Wilson , Black Codes ( 1965 ) , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Richardson , `` Florida Black Codes '' ( 1969 ) , pp. 371 -- 372 . `` The convention responded with a special ordinance providing for a vagrancy law until the legislature could take action . Any able - bodied person who was ' wandering or strolling about or leading an idle , profligate , or immoral course of life ' could be arrested upon complaint of any citizen before a justice of peace or circuit court judge . Penalties included imprisonment , fine , or being sold to the highest bidder for as much as twelve months . '' ^ Jump up to : Wormser , The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow ( 2003 ) , p. 8 . ^ Jump up to : Stewart , Black Codes and Broken Windows ( 1998 ) , p. 2261 . Jump up ^ Cohen , At Freedom 's Edge ( 1991 ) , p. 33 . `` Of the nine states that adopted vagrancy laws in 1865 -- 1866 , all except North Carolina provided for the hiring - out of vagrants . These same states also enacted convict laws allowing for the hiring - out of other country prisoners who could not pay their fines and costs . In addition , Alabama , Georgia , South Carolina , Texas , and Virginia made it legal for county authorities to put prisoners to work on public projects such as roads and bridges . '' Jump up ^ Forehand , Striking Resemblance ( 1996 ) , pp. 59 -- 60 . ^ Jump up to : Richardson , `` Florida Black Codes '' ( 1969 ) , p. 373 . ^ Jump up to : DuBois , Black Reconstruction ( 1935 ) , p. 172 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Black Codes ( 1965 ) , p. 56 . Quote : `` Mississippi quickly passed one law providing for the immediate organization of volunteer militia companies and another outlawing possession of weapons by Negroes . The militia proceeded to disarm the Negroes in such a brutal fashion as to cause much criticism . Alabama Negroes were disarmed by similar methods with like results . '' Jump up ^ Samuel W. McCall , Thaddeus Stevens ; Boston : Houghton , Mifflin , & Co. , 1899 ; pp. 253 -- 254 . Quoted in DuBois , Black Reconstruction ( 1935 ) , p. 179 . Jump up ^ Forehand , Striking Resemblance ( 1996 ) , p. 14 . ^ Jump up to : Ranney , In the Wake of Slavery ( 2006 ) , p. 51 . Quote : `` Generally , Restoration legislatures tried to preserve as many prewar restrictions as possible while making at least a slight bow to Northern public opinion . '' ^ Jump up to : Ellis Paxson Oberholtzer , A History of the United States since the Civil War ( 1917 ) 1 : 128 -- 129 . Quote : `` Negroes must make annual contracts for their labor in writing ; if they should run away from their tasks , they forfeited their wages for the year . Whenever it was required of them they must present licenses ( in a town from the mayor ; elsewhere from a member of the board of police of the beat ) citing their places of residence and authorizing them to work . Fugitives from labor were to be arrested and carried back to their employers . Five dollars a head and mileage would be allowed such negro catchers . It was made a misdemeanor , punishable with fine or imprisonment , to persuade a freedman to leave his employer , or to feed the runaway . Minors were to be apprenticed , if males until they were twenty - one , if females until eighteen years of age . Such corporal punishment as a father would administer to a child might be inflicted upon apprentices by their masters . Vagrants were to be fined heavily , and if they could not pay the sum , they were to be hired out to service until the claim was satisfied . Negroes must not carry knives or firearms unless they were licensed so to do . It was an offence , to be punished by a fine of $50 and imprisonment for thirty days , to give or sell intoxicating liquors to a negro . When negroes could not pay the fines and costs after legal proceedings , they were to be hired at public outcry by the sheriff to the lowest bidder ... '' ^ Jump up to : Novak , Wheel of Servitude ( 1978 ) , p. 2 -- 3 . ^ Jump up to : Forte , Spiritual Equality ( 1998 ) , p. 600 -- 601 . `` As with slaves , should the apprentice leave his master 's employ , the master was authorized to pursue and recapture the youngster . If the apprentice still refused to return without just cause , he would be arrested and imprisoned . '' ^ Jump up to : `` Black Code of Mississippi '' , in The American Nation : Primary Sources , ed . Bruce Frohnen ; Indianapolis : Liberty Fund , 2008 . Jump up ^ Novak , Wheel of Servitude ( 1978 ) , p. 3 . `` The next act passed by the legislature dealt with ' Master and Apprentice ' relationships ' as relates to Freedmen , Free Negroes and Mulattoes . ' It allowed the probate courts to apprentice any black child whose parents could not or would not support him . First preference in the assignment of masters should go to the former owner of said minors . '' ^ Jump up to : Forte , `` Spiritual Equality '' ( 1998 ) , p. 603 . ^ Jump up to : Novak , Wheel of Servitude ( 1978 ) , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Novak , Wheel of Servitude ( 1978 ) , pp. 4 -- 5 . `` Notably , the use of criminal penalties to prevent the enticement of a servant or his harboring was not included in the South Carolina codes at this time . '' Jump up ^ DuBois , Black Reconstruction ( 1935 ) , p. 176 . Jump up ^ Forte , `` Spiritual Equality '' ( 1998 ) , pp. 601 -- 602 . ^ Jump up to : Ranney , In the Wake of Slavery ( 2006 ) , p. 46 . Jump up ^ Memorial : To the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States , in Congress Assembled , State Convention of the Colored People of South Carolina , November 24 , 1865 , pp. 30 -- 31 . Jump up ^ DuBois , Black Reconstruction ( 1935 ) , p. 231 . Jump up ^ Williamson , After Slavery ( 1965 ) , p. 74 . Jump up ^ Williamson , After Slavery ( 1965 ) , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Williamson , After Slavery ( 1965 ) , pp. 76 -- 77 . Jump up ^ Williamson , After Slavery ( 1965 ) , p. 77 . Jump up ^ Williamson , After Slavery ( 1965 ) , p. 78 . Jump up ^ Williamson , After Slavery ( 1965 ) , p. 79 . Jump up ^ Novak , Wheel of Servitude ( 1978 ) , p. 5 . `` The vagrancy law , which made no racial distinctions , was broadened in its compass , and provision was made for the hiring out of convicted vagrants ( here an out was given to those who could convince a judge of their good behavior and future industry , obviously to provide a safety valve for convicted whites ) and the penalty was raised from six months to a year . Enticement , harboring , or employing ' runaway servants ' was made a penal offense , and the legislature added a new twist , demanding that all employers be shown a written discharge from the laborer 's former master . ^ Jump up to : DuBois , Black Reconstruction ( 1935 ) , p. 177 . Jump up ^ Richardson , `` Florida Black Codes '' ( 1969 ) , p. 365 . Jump up ^ Richardson , `` Florida Black Codes '' ( 1969 ) , p. 366 . ^ Jump up to : Richardson , Florida Black Codes ( 1969 ) , p. 374 . Jump up ^ Richardson , `` Florida Black Codes '' ( 1969 ) , p. 375 . Jump up ^ Richardson , Florida Black Codes ( 1969 ) , pp. 376 -- 377 . Jump up ^ Ranney , Joseph A. ( 2006 ) . In the Wake of Slavery . Praeger . p. 48 . ISBN 0 - 275 - 98972 - 0 . Jump up ^ Crouch , `` All the Vile Passions '' ( 1993 ) , p. 21 . ^ Jump up to : Crouch , `` All the Vile Passions '' ( 1993 ) , p. 23 . `` The legislature prohibited blacks from marrying whites or testifying against them , serving on juries , holding office , voting , homesteading on the public domain , and serving in the militia , and confined public education to white children . It provisionally authorized the Board of Managers to purchase twenty - six acres of land for a ' Lunatic Asylum ' for the benefit of ' Insane Negroes ' , if it was deemed ' expedient ' to do so . They set aside $10,000 to buy the property and make improvements . '' ^ Jump up to : Crouch , `` All the Vile Passions '' ( 1993 ) , p. 24 . ^ Jump up to : Crouch , `` All the Vile Passions '' ( 1993 ) , pp. 26 -- 28 . ^ Jump up to : Crouch , `` All the Vile Passions '' ( 1993 ) , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Forehand , `` Striking Resemblance '' ( 1996 ) , p. 41 . ^ Jump up to : Forehand , `` Striking Resemblance '' ( 1996 ) , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Forehand , `` Striking Resemblance '' ( 1996 ) , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Forehand , `` Striking Resemblance '' ( 1996 ) , pp. 42 -- 43 , 54 . Jump up ^ Forehand , `` Striking Resemblance '' ( 1996 ) , pp. 49 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Forehand , `` Striking Resemblance '' ( 1996 ) , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Forehand , `` Striking Resemblance '' ( 1996 ) , p. 50 . Jump up ^ Forehand , `` Striking Resemblance '' ( 1996 ) , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Forehand , `` Striking Resemblance '' ( 1996 ) , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Forehand , `` Striking Resemblance '' ( 1996 ) , pp. 71 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Forehand , `` Striking Resemblance '' ( 1996 ) , p. 39 -- 40 , 62 . Jump up ^ Forehand , `` Striking Resemblance '' ( 1996 ) , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Forehand , `` Striking Resemblance '' ( 1996 ) , p. 56 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Cohen , At Freedom 's Edge ( 1991 ) , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Forehand , `` Striking Resemblance '' ( 1996 ) , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Forehand , `` Striking Resemblance '' ( 1996 ) , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Forehand , `` Striking Resemblance '' ( 1996 ) , p. 77 . Jump up ^ Forehand , `` Striking Resemblance '' ( 1996 ) , pp. 77 -- 78 . Jump up ^ Forehand , `` Striking Resemblance '' ( 1996 ) , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Forehand , `` Striking Resemblance '' ( 1996 ) , p. 102 . ^ Jump up to : Forehand , `` Striking Resemblance '' ( 1996 ) , p. 107 . ^ Jump up to : Forehand , `` Striking Resemblance '' ( 1996 ) , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Forehand , `` Striking Resemblance '' ( 1996 ) , pp. 112 -- 113 . Jump up ^ Forehand , `` Striking Resemblance '' ( 1996 ) , pp. 105 -- 106 . Jump up ^ Forehand , `` Striking Resemblance '' ( 1996 ) , p. 117 . ^ Jump up to : Forehand , `` Striking Resemblance '' ( 1996 ) , pp. 13 , 109 . Jump up ^ Tsesis , The Thirteenth Amendment and American Freedom ( 2004 ) , pp. 64 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Forehand , `` Striking Resemblance '' ( 1996 ) , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Black Codes ( 1965 ) , p. 66 . Jump up ^ Forte , `` Spiritual Equality '' ( 1998 ) , p. 604 . ^ Jump up to : Forte , `` Spiritual Equality '' ( 1998 ) , p. 605 -- 608 . Jump up ^ Wormser , The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow ( 2003 ) , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Ranney , In the Wake of Slavery ( 2006 ) , p. 142 . Jump up ^ David Pilgrim , `` What Was Jim Crow ? '' , Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia ( Ferris State University ) , 2000 / 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Cohen , `` Negro Involuntary Servitude in the South '' ( 1976 ) , pp. 31 -- 32 . `` Contained in embryo in the Black Codes and gaining increasing strength in the years immediately after Reconstruction , the system of involuntary servitude remained largely hidden until 1907 . '' Jump up ^ Daniel , `` Metamorphosis of Slavery '' ( 1979 ) , pp. 89 , 96 . Jump up ^ Forehand , `` Striking Resemblance '' ( 1996 ) , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Forehand , `` Striking Resemblance '' ( 1996 ) , p. 53 -- 53 . ^ Jump up to : Stewart , `` Black Codes and Broken Windows '' ( 1998 ) , p. 2262 . Jump up ^ Goluboff , `` Lost Origins of Civil Rights '' ( 2001 ) , p. 1657 -- 1658 . Jump up ^ Forte , `` Spiritual Equality '' ( 1998 ) , p. 609 . Jump up ^ Daniel , `` Metamorphosis of Slavery '' ( 1979 ) , p. 97 . Jump up ^ Daniel , `` Metamorphosis of Slavery '' ( 1979 ) , p. 89 . `` It came as a shock , then , in 1901 , when a new kind of slavery was discovered . It was called peonage after the labor practice in Mexico and through an unlikely set of circumstances violated an 1867 federal state in the United States . The law lay dormant for thirty - four years , but peonage was widespread in the South by the turn of the century , and it was especially virulent in the cotton belt , the Mississippi Delta , and the turpentine belt . '' Jump up ^ Stewart , `` Black Codes and Broken Windows '' ( 1998 ) , p. 2263 . Jump up ^ Stewart , `` Black Codes and Broken Windows '' ( 1998 ) , pp. 2263 -- 2264 . Jump up ^ Stewart , `` Black Codes and Broken Windows '' ( 1998 ) , pp. 2268 -- 2270 . Jump up ^ Bruce A. Dixon , `` Black Mass Incarceration -- Is It New ? Is It Jim Crow ? Is the Prison - Industrial Complex Real ? And What Difference Does It Make '' , Black Agenda Report , 27 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Jaron Browne , `` Rooted in Slavery : Prison Labor Exploitation '' ; Race , Poverty & Environment 14 ( 2 ) , 2007 ; reprinted in 17 ( 1 ) , Spring 2010 . Jump up ^ Daniel , `` Metamorphosis of Slavery '' ( 1979 ) , p. 95 . Jump up ^ Daniel , `` Metamorphosis of Slavery '' ( 1979 ) , pp. 93 -- 94 . Jump up ^ Daniel , `` Metamorphosis of Slavery '' ( 1979 ) , p. 94. `` Yet West Indian planters were not as successful as were southern planters in perpetuating involuntary servitude among freedmen . Despite vagrancy and contract laws in Jamaica , compulsion did not work . ( ... ) In the United States the legal machinery and violence were more successful in forcing plantation laborers to work . '' Jump up ^ Emmer , `` The Price of Freedom '' ( 1992 ) , p. 23 . `` By breaking their colonial links , the undeveloped or underdeveloped countries in Asia and Africa were expected to be able finally to follow the path of sustained economic growth that Europe and North America had walked in the past . In reality , the act of decolonization itself did not change the economic position of the newly independent countries , and in some cases decolonization actually slowed economic growth or even reversed it , because the scarce factors of production were used in creating an army or in experimenting with a different division of land . '' Jump up ^ Emmer , `` The Price of Freedom '' ( 1992 ) , pp. 26 -- 28 . Jump up ^ Emmer , `` The Price of Freedom '' ( 1992 ) , p. 24 . Bibliography ( edit ) Belz , Herman . A New Birth of Freedom : The Republican Party and Freedmen 's Rights , 1861 -- 1866 . Westport : Greenwood Press , 1976 ; New York : Fordham University Press , 2000 . ISBN 9780823220113 Cohen , William . At Freedom 's Edge : Black Mobility and the Southern White Quest for Racial Control , 1861 -- 1915 . Louisiana State University Press , 1991 . ISBN 0 - 8071 - 1621 - 1 Cohen , William . `` Negro Involuntary Servitude in the South , 1865 -- 1940 : A Preliminary Analysis . '' Journal of Southern History 42 ( 1 ) , February 1976 . Accessed via JStor , 29 June 2013 . Crouch , Barry A. `` ' All the Vile Passions ' : The Texas Black Code of 1866 '' . Southwestern Historical Quarterly 97 ( 1 ) , July 1993 . Accessed via JStor , 9 July 2013 . Daniel , Pete . `` The Metamorphosis of Slavery , 1865 -- 1900 '' . Journal of American History 66 ( 1 ) , June 1979 . Accessed via JStor , 4 July 2013 . DuBois , W.E.B. Black Reconstruction : An Essay Toward a History of the Part Which Black Folk Played in the Attempt to Reconstruct Democracy in America , 1860 -- 1880 . New York : Russell & Russell , 1935 . Emmer , Pieter C. `` The Price of Freedom : The Constraints of Change in Postemancipation America '' . In The Meaning of Freedom : Economics , Politics and Culture After Slavery , ed . Frank McGlynn & Seymour Drescher . University of Pittsburgh Press , 1992 . ISBN 0 - 8229 - 3695 - X Forehand , Beverly . `` Striking Resemblance : Kentucky , Tennessee , Black Codes and Readjustment , 1865 -- 1866 '' . Western Kentucky University , Masters Thesis , accepted May 1996 . Forte , David F. `` Spiritual Equality , the Black Codes , and the Americanization of the Freedmen '' . Loyola Law Review 43 , 1998 ; pp. 569 -- 611 . Goluboff , Risa L. `` The Thirteenth Amendment and the Lost Origins of Civil Rights '' . Duke Law Journal 50 ; 1609 -- 1685 . Novak , Daniel A . The Wheel of Servitude : Black Forced Labor after Slavery . University Press of Kentucky , 1978 . ISBN 0813113717 Painter , Nell Irvin . Creating Black Americans : African - American History And Its Meanings , 1619 to the Present . Oxford University Press , 2005 . ISBN 9780195137552 Ranney , Joseph A . In the Wake of Slavery : Civil War , Civil Rights , and the Reconstruction of Southern Law . Westport , CT : Praeger , 2006 . ISBN 0 - 275 - 98972 - 0 Richardson , Joe M. `` Florida Black Codes '' . Florida Historical Quarterly 47 ( 4 ) , April 1969 ; pp. 365 -- 379 . Accessed via JStor , 29 June 2013 . Stewart , Gary . `` Black Codes and Broken Windows : The Legacy of Racial Hegemony in Anti-Gang Civil Injunctions '' . Yale Law Journal 107 ( 7 ) , May 1998 ; pp. 2249 -- 2279 . Accessed via ProQuest , 4 July 2013 . ( Also see EBSCO Host . ) Tsesis , Alexander . The Thirteenth Amendment and American Freedom : A Legal History . New York University Press , 2004 . ISBN 0814782760 Williamson , Joel . After Slavery : The Negro in South Carolina During Reconstruction , 1861 -- 1877 . University of North Carolina Press , 1965 . Wilson , Theodore Brantner . The Black Codes of the South . University of Alabama Press , 1965 . Wormser , Richard . The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow . Macmillan , 2003 . ISBN 9780312313265 Further reading ( edit ) Birnbaum , Jonathan and Taylor , Clarence , eds. ( 2000 ) . Civil Rights Since 1787 : A Reader on the Black Struggle , New York University Press ISBN 0 - 8147 - 8215 - 9 Foner , Eric . Reconstruction : America 's Unfinished Revolution 1863 -- 1877 ( Harpercollins : 1988 ) ISBN 0 - 06 - 015851 - 4 Horton , James Oliver and Horton , Lois E. ( 1998 ) . In Hope of Liberty : Culture , Community and Protest among Northern Free Blacks , 1700 -- 1860 Litwack , Leon F. ( 1998 ) . Trouble in Mind : Black Southerners in the Age of Jim Crow , Alfred A. Knopf Litwack , Leon F. ( 1980 ) . Been in the Storm So Long : The Aftermath of Slavery Pulitzer Prize ISBN 0 - 394 - 74398 - 9 Lowery , Charles D. and Marszalek , John F. ( 1992 ) . Encyclopedia of African - American Civil Rights : From Emancipation to the Present Greenwood Press Middleton , Stephen ( 1993 ) . The Black Laws in the Old Northwest : A Documentary History Oberholtzer , Ellis Paxson ( 1917 ) . A History of the United States since the Civil War , New York , Macmillan Company Waldrep , Christopher ( 1996 ) . `` Substituting Law for the Lash : Emancipation and Legal Formalism in a Mississippi County Court '' Journal of American History 1996 82 ( 4 ) : 1425 -- 1451 . ISSN 0021 - 8723 Fulltext : in Jstor . Actual operation of the codes in Mississippi courts . External links ( edit ) Text of laws ( edit ) 1865 Black Codes of Mississippi `` An Act to Establish and Regulate the Domestic Relations of Persons of Color ... '' or the Black Codes of South Carolina , December 1865 Secondary Sources ( edit ) Black Codes in the Former Confederate States Texas State Historical Association : Black Codes by Carl H. Moneyhon Black codes and Jim Crow laws in South Carolina Slavery by Another Name by Doug A. Blackmon The Southern `` Black Codes '' of 1865 -- 66 Article , Discussion Questions , and Activity from Constitutional Rights Foundation The Illinois Black Code by Roger D. Bridges ( pre-1865 ) American Civil War Origins Origins Issues Timeline leading to the War Antebellum era Bleeding Kansas Border states Compromise of 1850 Fire - Eaters Lincoln - Douglas debates Missouri Compromise Popular sovereignty Secession States ' rights President Lincoln 's 75,000 volunteers Slavery African Americans Cornerstone Speech Dred Scott v. Sandford Emancipation Proclamation Fugitive slave laws Plantations in the American South Slave Power Slavery in the United States Treatment of slaves in the United States Uncle Tom 's Cabin Abolitionism Susan B. Anthony John Brown Frederick Douglass William Lloyd Garrison Elijah Parish Lovejoy J. 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Anderson Beauregard Bragg Buchanan Cooper Early Ewell Forrest Gorgas Hill Hood Jackson A.S. Johnston J.E. Johnston Lee Longstreet Morgan Mosby Polk Price Semmes E.K. Smith Stuart Taylor Wheeler Civilian Benjamin Bocock Breckinridge Davis Hunter Mallory Memminger Seddon Stephens Union Military Anderson Buell Burnside Butler Du Pont Farragut Foote Frémont Grant Halleck Hooker Hunt McClellan McDowell Meade Meigs Ord Pope D.D. 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when does the man from uncle take place	In 1963 , at the height of the Cold War , professional thief - turned CIA agent Napoleon Solo extracts Gaby Teller , daughter of Dr. Udo Teller , an alleged Nazi scientist - turned United States collaborator at the end of World War II , from East Berlin , evading KGB operative Illya Kuryakin . He later reports to his superior , Sanders , who reveals that Gaby 's maternal uncle Rudi works in a shipping company owned by Alexander and Victoria Vinciguerra , a wealthy Nazi - sympathizing couple who intend to use Teller to build their own private nuclear weapon and give it to lingering Nazi elements . Due to the potentially world - ending nature of this crisis , the CIA and KGB have reluctantly teamed up , and Solo and Kuryakin are ordered to stop the Vinciguerras from succeeding , with both men secretly assigned to steal Udo Teller 's research for their respective governments .	1963	The Man from U.N.C.L.E. ( Film )	the man from u. n. c. l. e. ( film )	The Man from U.N.C.L.E. is a 2015 American action spy comedy film directed by Guy Ritchie and written by Ritchie and Lionel Wigram . It is based on the 1964 MGM television series of the same name , which was created by Ian Fleming , Norman Felton and Sam Rolfe . The film stars Henry Cavill , Armie Hammer , Alicia Vikander , Elizabeth Debicki , Jared Harris and Hugh Grant . The film was produced by RatPac - Dune Entertainment and Davis Entertainment .	In 1993 , John Davis obtained the rights for a film adaptation based on the original series . However , the film fell into development hell due to multiple script rewrites . Over the years , Matthew Vaughn , David Dobkin and Steven Soderbergh were optioned for directing until Ritchie signed on in March 2013 . The film premiered at Barcelona on August 2 , 2015 and was released on August 14 by Warner Bros. , receiving mixed to positive reviews . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Music 4 Release 4.1 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Accolades 6 Soundtrack 7 Possible sequel 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1963 , at the height of the Cold War , professional thief - turned CIA agent Napoleon Solo extracts Gaby Teller , daughter of Dr. Udo Teller , an alleged Nazi scientist - turned United States collaborator at the end of World War II , from East Berlin , evading KGB operative Illya Kuryakin . He later reports to his superior , Sanders , who reveals that Gaby 's maternal uncle Rudi works in a shipping company owned by Alexander and Victoria Vinciguerra , a wealthy Nazi - sympathizing couple who intend to use Teller to build their own private nuclear weapon and give it to lingering Nazi elements . Due to the potentially world - ending nature of this crisis , the CIA and KGB have reluctantly teamed up , and Solo and Kuryakin are ordered to stop the Vinciguerras from succeeding , with both men secretly assigned to steal Udo Teller 's research for their respective governments . The trio travels to Rome , where Gaby and Kuryakin reluctantly pose as an engaged couple , and Solo pretends to be an antiquities dealer . Solo deduces they are being monitored and instructs Kuryakin not to defend himself from muggers so as to preserve this cover . Despite their hostilities towards each other , Kuryakin heeds his advice and does not react when his father 's prized watch is stolen . Later , at an auto racing event promoted by the Vinciguerras , Solo and Gaby flirt with Victoria and Alexander , respectively , in order to lure out information about Teller . Meanwhile Kuryakin acquires evidence the Vinciguerras were recently exposed to radiation , indicating that their weapon is near completion . Solo and Kuryakin begrudgingly join forces to break into a Vinciguerra shipping yard , in which they find traces of uranium . After accidentally setting off the alarm , they escape into the water only to find their way blocked . During the ensuing scuffle with the guards , Kuryakin nearly drowns in the waters but Solo escapes , only to surprise himself by returning to save Kuryakin . Although a suspicious Victoria pursues them with her henchmen , Solo and Kuryakin manage to slip past into their own rooms undetected , and Victoria and Solo spend the night together . The following day , Gaby meets with Rudi and Alexander to discuss a job , but unexpectedly betrays Kuryakin and Solo to them , forcing Kuryakin to escape , while Solo is drugged and captured by Victoria and taken to a nearby warehouse to be tortured in an electric chair by Rudi , who is revealed as an infamous Nazi torturer . Solo is saved by Kuryakin , who straps Rudi into the electric chair , in order to intimidate him into talking . Rudi reveals that the weapon is hidden in an island fortress , where Gaby has been reunited with her father , which is where Solo and Kuryakin head off to , with Rudi unintentionally being burnt alive due to the electric chair malfunctioning . To protect Gaby , Dr. Teller pretends to resume work on the weapon , which has a tracking system left over from when the warhead was non-nuclear , so that a second missile can home in on it for added impact , but although Gaby attempts to help her father escape and sabotage the warhead Victoria quickly sees through this deception , and has Alexander imprison Gaby , as an extra incentive for Dr. Teller . Teller quickly adds the finishing touches to the bomb , but is then shot in the head by Victoria as soon as he does . Meanwhile , Solo and Kuryakin are approached by Alexander Waverly , a high - ranking MI6 operative who flies them on a Westland Wessex to HMS Ark Royal ( R09 ) and reveals that Gaby is an undercover agent under his employment . He and his Special Boat Service commandos help Solo and Kuryakin infiltrate the Vinciguerras ' compound . Alexander Vinciguerra attempts to escape with Gaby and the warhead , but is intercepted and Alexander is killed by the duo . Solo secretly retrieves the disc with Teller 's research , but the warhead Vinciguerra was taking with him was the non-nuclear secondary missile , allowing Victoria to leave undetected on another boat with the real warhead . By Gaby 's suggestion , having heard the weapon system explained , Solo is able to contact Victoria via radio and keep her on the line long enough for Waverly to locate her and launch the homing missile , simultaneously destroying the nuclear weapon and the boat , apparently taking Victoria with it . Afterwards , Kuryakin confronts Solo in his hotel room , intending to kill him and steal the disc for the Soviet Union , but changes his mind when Solo produces Kuryakin 's father 's stolen watch , which he had retrieved . The two instead choose to share a drink on the terrace and burn the contents of the disk , so as to not give either of their countries the upper hand in the arms race . They then reunite with Gaby and Waverly , who reveals that the trio has been reassigned to a new international organization under his command . He then announces a new mission to Istanbul under their new codename : U.N.C.L.E. . Cast ( edit ) Henry Cavill as Napoleon Solo Armie Hammer as Ilya Kuryakin Alicia Vikander as Gabriella `` Gaby '' Teller Elizabeth Debicki as Victoria Vinciguerra Jared Harris as Adrian Sanders Hugh Grant as Alexander Waverly Luca Calvani as Alexander Vinciguerra Sylvester Groth as Uncle Rudi David Menkin as Jones Simona Caparrini as Contessa Misha Kuznetsov as Oleg Christian Berkel as Udo Teller David Beckham as Projectionist Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Producer John Davis optioned the film rights to the 1960s TV series in 1993 , setting up a development deal for an adaptation with Warner Bros. and series producer Norman Felton . Davis has estimated that he commissioned 12 or 14 different scripts over the course of 20 years , with writers Jim and John Thomas , John Requa , Glenn Ficarra , and Scott Z . Burns . Quentin Tarantino was briefly attached following the success of Pulp Fiction , but opted to make Jackie Brown instead . The Man from U.N.C.L.E. continued to labor in development hell with directors Matthew Vaughn and David Dobkin . Steven Soderbergh was attached to direct Scott Z . Burns ' screenplay , with production slated to begin in March 2012 . Executives from Warner Bros. wanted the budget to stay below $60 million , but Soderbergh felt that amount would not be adequate to fund the 1960s - era sets , props , and international settings required for the film . Emily Blunt was nearly cast as the female lead , but she left the project shortly after Soderbergh departed in November 2011 . Guy Ritchie signed on in March 2013 . On July 31 , 2013 , it was announced that Ritchie 's adaptation would start filming in September 2013 in London and Italy . The final production budget was approximately $75 million US . Casting ( edit ) In November 2010 , George Clooney showed interest in the film , and was in talks for the lead role of Napoleon Solo , but he left in September 2011 due to a recurring back injury . After Clooney 's departure , actors including Joseph Gordon - Levitt , Ryan Gosling , Channing Tatum , Alexander Skarsgård , Ewan McGregor , Robert Pattinson , Matt Damon , Christian Bale , Michael Fassbender , Bradley Cooper , Leonardo DiCaprio , Joel Kinnaman , Russell Crowe , Chris Pine , Ryan Reynolds , and Jon Hamm were considered for the lead role . On March 18 , 2013 , Tom Cruise was in early talks to take the lead in the film . Armie Hammer was cast in the second lead role as Illya Kuryakin on April 24 , 2013 , with Cruise set as Solo . Swedish actress Alicia Vikander joined the film on May 8 , 2013 , as the female lead . On May 23 , 2013 , Cruise dropped out of the film , due to his commitment to Mission : Impossible -- Rogue Nation . British actor Henry Cavill replaced Cruise . Elizabeth Debicki was cast in a femme fatale role on July 31 , 2013 ; Rose Byrne and Charlize Theron were earlier considered for the same part . On August 8 , 2013 , Hugh Grant joined the cast as Alexander Waverly , the head of United Network Command for Law and Enforcement ( U.N.C.L.E ) . Jared Harris was cast as Sanders on September 4 , 2013 , and Luca Calvani was cast as a villain , Alexander . Simona Caparrini was also cast to play Contessa . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography on the film commenced on September 9 , 2013 . In October 2013 , filming was being under way at the Old Royal Naval College in Greenwich , Royal Victoria Docks , London and Goodwood Motor Racing Circuit in West Sussex , UK . Filming took place in various locations throughout Italy , including the Gulf of Naples , and Baiae Castle . Kuryakin and Teller 's first outings as an assumed couple were shot at just below the Spanish Steps ; the Grand Hotel Plaza , in Via del Corso ; and in the gardens of ancient Theater of Marcellus . Two locations stood in place for Berlin sites on either side of the wall : the public toilet fight between Solo and Kuryakin was shot in Regent 's Park in London , while the car chase during the movie 's first act was shot in Chatham Historic Dockyard , Kent UK . Director Guy Ritchie finalized the script throughout production : `` He 's quite intuitive and tends to constantly rewrite stuff , which he does even when they 're shooting . He 'll rewrite things in the morning if they 're shooting that day , working with the actors if something does n't feel right . '' says long term collaborator David Allcock . Music ( edit ) The musical score for The Man from U.N.C.L.E. was composed by Daniel Pemberton . A soundtrack album was released by WaterTower Music on August 7 , 2015 who also released a behind the scenes video showcasing the many different elements of the process . The musical score received many glowing references in reviews of the film with the LA Times noting `` it is composer Daniel Pemberton who in some ways seems to understand the idea of the movie even better than Ritchie , his score featuring breathy flutes , twangy guitar , spooky harpsichord and pounding drums and organ capturing the mixture of pastiche , homage and a twist of the new in a way the rest of the film rarely matches . '' Release ( edit ) The film was originally set for a January 16 , 2015 release , but on August 12 , 2014 , Warner Bros moved the film 's release date from January 16 , 2015 to August 14 , 2015 . Home Media ( edit ) The Man from U.N.C.L.E. was released on DVD and Blu - ray on November 17 , 2015 by Warner Home Video . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) The Man from U.N.C.L.E. grossed $45.4 million in North America and $64.4 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $109.8 million , against a production budget of $75 million . The film grossed $900,000 from its early Thursday screenings and $4.8 million on its opening day . In its opening weekend , the film grossed $13.4 million , which was about $5 million below expectations , finishing 3rd at the box office . It opened in Russia with $3.1 million . In the United Kingdom , it opened alongside Sony Pictures ' Pixels , earning $2.3 million , debuting at No. 4 for Friday - Sunday , while Pixels was at No. 1 with $4.2 million , including previews during the week . Warner Bros did not preview The Man from U.N.C.L.E. Across Asia , it generated $2.7 million from six countries and $1.7 million in Australia . Critical response ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( September 2017 ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has a rating of 68 % , based on 224 reviews , with an average rating of 6.2 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` The Man from U.N.C.L.E. tries to distract from an unremarkable story with charismatic stars and fizzy set pieces , adding up to an uneven action thriller with just enough style to overcome its lack of substance . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 55 out of 100 , based on 40 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . On CinemaScore , audiences gave the film an average grade of `` B '' on an A+ to F scale . Accolades ( edit ) Awards Award Recipient ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) Golden Trailer Awards Best Action `` Better Alone '' Nominated Best Motion / Title Graphics `` Timeline '' Won Best Graphics in a TV Spot `` That Kind of Review '' Won San Diego Film Critics Society Awards Body of Work Alicia Vikander ( also for Burnt , The Danish Girl and Ex Machina ) Won Soundtrack ( edit ) `` Compared to What '' -- performed by Roberta Flack `` Bunter Drachen '' -- performed by Suzanne Doucet `` Wenn Ich Ein Junge Wär '' -- performed by Rita Pavone `` Cry to Me '' -- performed by Solomon Burke `` Five Months , Two Weeks , Two Days '' -- performed by Louis Prima `` Viaggio Nella Prateria '' -- written and conducted by Stelvio Cipriani `` Banana Freak Out '' -- written and performed by George Guzman `` Man From U.N.C.L.E. '' -- Theme ( Instrumental ) -- performed by Hugo Montenegro & His Orchestra `` Che Vuole Questa Musica Stasera ? '' -- performed by Peppino Gagliardi `` Il Colpo '' -- written by Ennio Morricone `` Torture In D Minor '' -- performed by Sergio Pizzorno `` Jimmy Renda - Se '' -- performed by Tom Zé `` Il Mio Regno '' -- written and performed by Luigi Tenco `` Take Care of Business '' -- performed by Nina Simone Possible sequel ( edit ) Wigram is reportedly working on the script for a sequel , at the suggestion of Hammer . Cavill has stated he is excited to return for the sequel . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` THE MAN FROM U.N.C.L.E. ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . July 6 , 2015 . Retrieved July 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( August 16 , 2015 ) . `` Box Office : ' Straight Outta Compton ' Debuts to Scorching $56.1 Million '' . Variety . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Man From U.N.C.L.E. ( 2015 ) - Financial Information '' . the-numbers.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jon Burlingame ( July 31 , 2013 ) . `` Guy Ritchie , Henry Cavill , Armie Hammer Try to Crack U.N.C.L.E. Movie Challenge '' . Variety . Retrieved April 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Soderbergh Spies Other Plans , Wo n't Direct ' The Man From U.N.C.L.E. ' '' . indiewire.com . November 18 , 2011 . Retrieved August 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Justin Kroll ( April 16 , 2012 ) . `` Blunt joins Cruise in ' All You Need Is Kill ' '' . Variety . Retrieved April 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Soderbergh Exits Warner Bros . ' ' Man From U.N.C.L.E. ' '' . hollywoodreporter.com . November 18 , 2011 . Retrieved August 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tom Cruise Eyeing ' The Man From U.N.C.L.E. ' With Guy Ritchie At Warner Bros '' . deadline.com . March 18 , 2013 . Retrieved August 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Man From U.N.C.L.E. Finally Starts Filming in September '' . comingsoon.net . July 31 , 2013 . Retrieved August 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Man From U.N.C.L.E. ' aims to start filming in September '' . hitfix.com . August 2 , 2013 . Retrieved August 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` George Clooney Interested in Steven Soderbergh 's ' Man From U.N.C.L.E. ' Remake '' . slashfilm.com . November 17 , 2010 . Retrieved August 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` George Clooney Dropping Out Of Steven Soderbergh 's ' The Man From U.N.C.L.E. ' '' . deadline.com . August 29 , 2011 . Retrieved August 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` George Clooney back injury forced ' Man From U.N.C.L.E. ' exit , says writer '' . digitalspy.co.uk . September 7 , 2011 . Retrieved August 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bradley Cooper Will Not Be Steven Soderbergh 's ' Man From U.N.C.L.E. ' '' . slashfilm.com . November 10 , 2011 . Retrieved August 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Lone Ranger ' Armie Hammer To Star With Tom Cruise In ' Man From U.N.C.L.E. ' '' . deadline.com. April 24 , 2013 . Retrieved August 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Alicia Vikander Finds Her ' Man From U.N.C.L.E. ' for Warners '' . variety.com . May 8 , 2013 . Retrieved August 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Cruise Exits ' Man from U.N.C.L.E. ' Due to ' Mission : Impossible 5 ' '' . firstshowing.net . May 24 , 2013 . Retrieved August 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Cruise Exits ' Man From U.N.C.L.E. ; ' Warner Bros Recasting For Fall Start '' . deadline.com . May 24 , 2013 . Retrieved August 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Man of Steel ' Star Henry Cavill Eyes Lead in WB 's ' Man From U.N.C.L.E. ' '' . variety.com . May 28 , 2013 . Retrieved August 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Jon ( July 31 , 2013 ) . `` Guy Ritchie , Henry Cavill , Armie Hammer Try to Crack ' U.N.C.L.E. ' Movie Challenge '' . Variety . Retrieved October 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Henry Cavill In Talks For ' Man From U.N.C.L.E. ' Lead '' . deadline.com . May 28 , 2013 . Retrieved August 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Great Gatsby 's ' Elizabeth Debicki Attracted to ' Man From U.N.C.L.E. ' '' . variety.com . July 31 , 2013 . Retrieved August 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hugh Grant Joins ' Man from U.N.C.L.E. ' '' . hollywoodreporter.com . August 8 , 2013 . Retrieved August 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rebecca Ford ( September 3 , 2013 ) . `` Jared Harris Joins ' Man From U.N.C.L.E. ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` Luca Calvani Lands Villain In ' Man From U.N.C.L.E. , ' Signs With Paradigm '' . deadline.com . September 12 , 2013 . Retrieved September 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Simona Caparrini Talks About Henry Cavill on Set of The Man From U.N.C.L.E. '' . www.HenryCavill.org . February 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Production begins on ' The Man From U.N.C.L.E. ' '' . gmanetwork.com . September 11 , 2013 . Retrieved September 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Katie Amey ( July 24 , 2015 ) . `` From the iconic Piazza de Spagna in Rome to the picturesque Bay of Naples : New Guy Ritchie film The Man From U.N.C.L.E. highlights Italy 's breathtaking beauty spots '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved August 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kent Film Office . `` Kent Film Office The Man from U.N.C.L.E Article '' . Jump up ^ `` Locations by IMDB '' . Jump up ^ `` Location by Atlas of Wonders '' . Jump up ^ `` Conversation Catch Up with David Allcock '' . Jump up ^ `` Daniel Pemberton to Score Guy Ritchie 's ' The Man from U.N.C.L.E. ' '' . filmmusicreporter.com . July 17 , 2014 . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Man from U.N.C.L.E. ( 2015 ) '' . Soundtrack.Net . Retrieved August 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Man From UNCLE : Behind The Score video '' . Jump up ^ `` LA Times '' . Jump up ^ `` Warner Bros Dates ' Man From U.N.C.L.E. ' For 2015 MLK Weekend ; Will Smith 's ' Focus ' Set For February 2015 '' . deadline.com. 20 February 2014 . Retrieved 21 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Warner Bros. Dates ' American Sniper ' ; Moves ' Point Break ' , ' Man From U.N.C.L. E ' '' . deadline.com . August 12 , 2014 . Retrieved August 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Man from U.N.C.L.E. ( 2015 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gregg Kilday ( August 16 , 2015 ) . `` Box Office : ' Straight Outta Compton ' Breaks Out With Massive $56.1 M '' . The Hollywood Reporter . ( Prometheus Global Media ) . Retrieved August 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( August 16 , 2015 ) . `` ' Rogue Nation ' Revs Up $46 M More ; ' Man From U.N.C.L.E. ' Spies $12 M ; ' Brothers ' Shows Muscle -- Intl B.O. Update '' . Deadline.com . ( Penske Media Corporation ) . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Man from U.N.C.L.E. '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Man from U.N.C.L.E. reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( August 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' Compton ' Rivals Previous August Tentpoles With $22.8 M Friday ; ' U.N.C.L.E. ' Shows Gray Hair -- Late Night B.O. '' . Deadline.com . ( Penske Media Corporation ) . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 17th Annual Golden Trailer Award Nominees '' . GoldenTrailer.com . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Melrose , Kevin . `` The Man From UNCLE Sequel Is in the Works '' . CBR . Retrieved 17 April 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website The Man from U.N.C.L.E. on IMDb The Man from U.N.C.L.E. at Rotten Tomatoes The Man from U.N.C.L.E. at Box Office Mojo Films directed by Guy Ritchie The Hard Case ( 1995 ) Lock , Stock and Two Smoking Barrels ( 1998 ) Snatch ( 2000 ) Swept Away ( 2002 ) Revolver ( 2005 ) RocknRolla ( 2008 ) Sherlock Holmes ( 2009 ) Sherlock Holmes : A Game of Shadows ( 2011 ) The Man from U.N.C.L.E. ( 2015 ) King Arthur : Legend of the Sword ( 2017 ) Aladdin ( 2019 ) The Man from U.N.C.L.E. Characters Napoleon Solo Illya Kuryakin Alexander Waverly Films To Trap a Spy The Spy with My Face One Spy Too Many One of Our Spies Is Missing The Spy in the Green Hat The Karate Killers The Helicopter Spies How to Steal the World Return of the Man from U.N.C.L.E. The Man from U.N.C.L.E. Related The Girl from U.N.C.L.E. U.N.C.L.E. List of episodes `` The Moonglow Affair '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Man_from_U.N.C.L.E._(film)&oldid=804791572 '' Categories : 2015 films English - language films 2010s action films 2010s adventure films 2010s comedy films 2010s spy films American films American action comedy films American coming - of - age films American spy films American buddy films Chase films Cold War spy films Central Intelligence Agency in fiction Films about the Central Intelligence Agency Films about the Secret Intelligence Service Films about intelligence agencies Films about terrorism Films based on television series Films directed by Guy Ritchie Films set in 1963 Films set in Berlin Films set in Rome Films set in the Mediterranean Sea Films set on islands Films shot in Italy Films shot in London Heist films Vigilante films IMAX films Spy comedy films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2014 Articles to be expanded from September 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2017 , at 05 : 13 . 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an illegal act committed voluntarily or failure to act when legally required to			Omission ( law )	omission ( law )	An omission is a failure to act , which generally attracts different legal consequences from positive conduct . In the criminal law , an omission will constitute an actus reus and give rise to liability only when the law imposes a duty to act and the defendant is in breach of that duty . In tort law , similarly , liability will be imposed for an omission only exceptionally , when it can be established that the defendant was under a duty to act .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Criminal law 1.1 Assumption of responsibility for care of dependents 1.2 Statutory omissions 1.3 Duty to act when the defendant has created the danger 1.4 Failure to provide medical treatment 1.5 Duty to act when contracted to do so 1.6 Preventing and prosecuting war crimes 2 Tort law 3 See also 4 References 5 Literature Criminal law ( edit ) In the criminal law , at common law , there was no general duty of care owed to fellow citizens . The traditional view was encapsulated in the example of watching a person drown in shallow water and making no rescue effort , where commentators borrowed the line , `` Thou shalt not kill but needst not strive , officiously , to keep another alive . '' ( Arthur Hugh Clough ( 1819 -- 1861 ) ) in support of the proposition that the failure to act does not attract criminal liability . Nevertheless , such failures might be morally indefensible and so both legislatures and the courts have imposed liability when the failure to act is sufficiently blameworthy to justify criminalisation . Some statutes therefore explicitly state that the actus reus consists of any relevant `` act or omission '' , or use a word that may include both . Hence , the word `` cause '' may be both positive in the sense that the accused proactively injured the victim and negative in that the accused intentionally failed to act knowing that this failure would cause the relevant injury . In the courts , the trend has been to use objective tests to determine whether , in circumstances where there would have been no risk to the accused 's health or well - being , the accused should have taken action to prevent a foreseeable injury being sustained by a particular victim or one from a class of potential victims . So , returning to the drowning example , the accused would be liable if the victim was a child in a pool with a water depth of six inches , or there was a floatation device nearby that could easily be thrown to the victim , or the accused was carrying a mobile phone that could be used to summon help . However , the law will never penalise someone for not jumping into a raging torrent of water , i.e. the law does not require the potential saver to risk drowning even though the individual might be a lifeguard paid to patrol the given beach , river or pool . No matter what the terms of employment , an employee can never be required to do more than what is reasonable in all the circumstances . In R v Dytham ( 1979 ) QB 722 an on - duty police officer stood and watched a man beaten to death outside a nightclub . He then left without calling for assistance or summoning an ambulance . He was convicted of the common law offence of wilful misconduct in public office . Widgery CJ said : The allegation was not one of mere non-feasance , but of deliberate failure and wilful neglect . This involves an element of culpability which is not restricted to corruption or dishonesty , but which must be of such a degree that the misconduct impugned is calculated to injure the public interest so as to call for condemnation and punishment . In the Attorney General 's Reference ( No 3 of 2003 ) ( 2004 ) EWCA Crim 868 police officers arrested a man with head injuries for a breach of the peace because of his abusive and aggressive behaviour towards the hospital staff who were trying to treat him . He later stopped breathing in the police station and all attempts at resuscitation failed . Five police officers , who were involved in the care of A at the time of his death , were charged with manslaughter by gross negligence and misconduct in a public office . It was held that the latter offence required that a public officer was acting as such , that he wilfully neglected to perform his duty and / or wilfully misconducted himself in a way which amounted to an abuse of the public 's trust in the office holder , without reasonable excuse or justification ; that whether the misconduct was of a sufficiently serious nature would depend upon the responsibilities of the office and the office holder , the importance of the public objects which they served , the nature and extent of the departure from those responsibilities and the seriousness of the consequences which might follow from the misconduct ; that to establish the mens rea ( Latin for `` guilty mind '' ) of the offence , it had to be proved that the office holder was aware of the duty to act or was subjectively reckless as to the existence of the duty ; that the test of recklessness applied both to the question whether in particular circumstances a duty arose at all and to the conduct of the defendant if it did arise ; and that the subjective test applied both to reckless indifference to the legality of the act or omission and in relation to the consequences of the act or omission . Assumption of responsibility for care of dependents ( edit ) The general rule is that parents , legal guardians , spouses ( see R v Smith ( 1979 ) CLR 251 where the wife died after giving birth to a stillborn child , delivered by her husband at home ) and anyone who voluntarily agrees to care for another who is dependent because of age , illness or other infirmity , may incur a duty , at least until care can be handed over to someone else . In three cases , the duty was implied : R v Instan ( 1893 ) 1 QB 450 , Instan lived with her aunt , who was suddenly taken ill and could no longer feed herself or call for help . She was convicted of manslaughter because she neither fed her aunt , nor called for medical help , even though she continued to stay in the house and ate her aunt 's food . R v Stone & Dobinson ( 1977 ) QB 354 . Stone and his mistress agreed to care for his sister who was suffering from anorexia . As her condition deteriorated , she became bed - ridden but no help was summoned and she died . They were convicted of her manslaughter because they had accepted her into their home and so assumed a duty of care for her . R v Gibbins & Proctor ( 1918 ) 13 Cr App Rep 134 . A father and his lover neglected his child by failing to feed her . The lover had taken on a duty to care for the child when moving into the house and was under an obligation to care for her . Statutory Omissions ( edit ) Misprision of felony was abolished in 1967 but new statutory offences of failure to comply with a duty to disclose terrorist acts or funding under s19 ( 2 ) Terrorism Act 2000 , and failure to disclose knowledge or suspicion of money laundering maintain the tradition . Similarly , the appropriation element in s1 theft may be committed by an act or by keeping when there is a duty to return the property , a deception under s15 ( 4 ) Theft Act 1968 may be committed by what is not said or done , and `` dishonestly secures '' under s2 ( 1 ) Theft Act 1978 may also be committed by omission ( see R v Firth ( 1990 ) CLR 326 in which the defendant failed to tell the NHS that patients using NHS facilities were in fact private patients thereby obtaining the use of the facilities without payment ) . One of the simpler examples is the offence of failing to report a road traffic accident ( s . 170 Road Traffic Act 1988 ) . Duty to act when the defendant has created the danger ( edit ) A person who creates a dangerous situation may be under a duty to take reasonable steps to avert that danger . In R v Miller ( 1983 ) 2 AC 161 , the defendant was sleeping rough in a building . He fell asleep on his mattress while smoking a cigarette . When he woke , he found that the mattress was smouldering but , instead of calling for help , he simply moved into another room . This allowed the fire to spread . He was convicted under the Criminal Damage Act 1971 for recklessly causing damage by omission . Lord Diplock said : ... I see no rational ground for excluding from conduct capable of giving rise to criminal liability , conduct which consists of failing to take measures that lie within one 's power to counteract a danger that one has oneself created , if at the time of such conduct one 's state of mind is such as constitutes a necessary ingredient of the offence . But although this may apply to the generality of offences , `` constructive manslaughter '' is different . R v Lowe ( 1973 ) QB 702 , the defendant committed the offence of neglecting his child under s1 Children and Young Persons Act 1933 , and this caused the child 's death . It was held that there should be a difference between commission and omission . Mere neglect without some foresight of the possibility of harm resulting is not a ground of constructive manslaughter , even if that omission is deliberate . R v Khan & Khan ( 1998 ) CLR 830 , confirmed that there is no separate category of manslaughter by omission unless the omission constitutes a breach of duty to act . The defendants supplied a 15 - year - old prostitute with twice the amount of heroin likely to be taken by a regular user . The defendants left her unconscious in the flat , returning the next day to find that she had died of the overdose . Had medical assistance been called , the girl would probably not have died . The unlawful act was supplying the drug but the death was caused by the quantity injected by the victim . The trial judge invited jury to consider liability on the basis of the defendants ' failure to summon medical assistance . On appeal , the conviction was quashed because the brothers had not accepted a duty to act before she took the heroin . Failure to provide medical treatment ( edit ) In general terms , doctors and hospitals have a duty to provide appropriate care for their patients , and an omission may breach that duty except where an adult patient of ordinary capacity terminates the duty by refusing consent . There is a conflict in public policy . The policy of patient autonomy enshrines a right of self - determination -- patients have a right to live their lives how they wish , even if it will damage their health or lead to premature death . Society 's interest is in upholding the concept that all human life is sacred and should be preserved if at all possible . It is now well established that the right of the individual is paramount . In Re C ( Adult : Refusal of Treatment ) ( 1994 ) 1 WLR 290 , a patient diagnosed as a chronic , paranoid schizophrenic refused to allow his gangrenous foot to be amputated . This was permitted because his general capacity showed him capable of understanding the nature , purpose and effect of the life - saving treatment . In Re B ( Adult : Refusal of Medical Treatment ) ( 2002 ) 2 AER 449 the presumption that an adult has full capacity can be rebutted if : ( a ) the person is unable to understand the information relevant to the decision , especially as to the likely consequences of having or not having the treatment ; or ( b ) the patient is unable to use the information and weigh it in the balance as part of the process of arriving at a decision . Ms B was a competent but paralysed , ventilator - dependent patient , and she won the right to have the ventilator turned off . Although the switching - off had to be performed by a doctor , and this is an act intentionally causing death , the law characterises this as an omission because it amounts simply to a cessation of the ongoing treatment . The doctors ' conduct qualifies as lawful `` passive euthanasia '' . If the particular doctor invited to omit further treatment has conscientious objections , a doctor who will undertake the omission should be sought . But , in more general cases of necessity , urgent surgery may not be unlawful to preserve life pending any judicial decision . Similarly , when the patient is a minor , emergency treatment to preserve life will not be unlawful ( note the power to refer issues of consent to the courts under their wardship jurisdiction ) . In death with dignity situations where a patient is incapable of communicating his wishes , a doctor may be relieved of his duty , as the House of Lords recognised in Airedale National Health Service Trust v Bland ( 1993 ) AC 789 . Here a patient who had survived for three years in a persistent vegetative state after suffering irreversible brain damage in the Hillsborough disaster continued to breathe normally , but was kept alive only by being fed through tubes . It was held that treatment could properly be withdrawn in such circumstances , because the best interests of the patient did not involve him being kept alive at all costs . Lord Goff nevertheless drew a fundamental distinction between acts and omissions in this context : ... the law draws a crucial distinction between cases in which a doctor decides not to provide , or to continue to provide , for his patient treatment or care which could or might prolong his life , and those in which he decides , for example by administering a lethal drug , actively to bring his patient 's life to an end ... the former may be lawful , either because the doctor is giving effect to his patient 's wishes ... or even in certain circumstances in which ... the patient is incapacitated from stating whether or not he gives his consent . But it is not lawful for a doctor to administer a drug to his patient to bring about his death , even though that course is prompted by a humanitarian desire to end his suffering , however great that suffering may be . Duty to act when contracted to do so ( edit ) In R v Pittwood ( 1902 ) , the defendant was convicted of gross negligence manslaughter after he failed to close the gate on a level crossing as he was contracted to do . This caused a train to collide with a hay cart , and the court ruled that `` a man might incur criminal liability from a duty arising out of contract . '' Preventing and prosecuting war crimes ( edit ) Following the Nuremberg Trials international law developed the concept of command responsibility . It holds that military commanders are imposed with individual responsibility for war crimes , committed by forces under their effective command and control , they failed to prevent or adequately prosecute , if they : `` either knew or , owing to the circumstances at the time , should have known that the forces were committing or about to commit such crimes . '' Tort law ( edit ) In the law of negligence , if the defendant 's conduct took the form of an omission , rather than a positive act , then it will be more difficult to establish that she owed a duty of care to the plaintiff . The rationale is that a positive duty is more onerous to fulfill than a negative duty , and therefore limits more severely the liberty of the duty - bearer . See also ( edit ) Duty to rescue Sin of omission References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://uniset.ca/other/css/2005QB73.html Jump up ^ Joint Criminal Enterprise and Command Responsibility Archived 2007 - 06 - 10 at the Wayback Machine . by Kai Ambos , Professor of Criminal Law , Criminal Procedure , Comparative Law and International Criminal Law at the University of Göttingen ; Judge at the State Court ( Landgericht ) Göttingen , Journal of International Criminal Justice , originally published online on January 25 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` E LAW - Command Responsibility and Superior Orders in the Twentieth Century - A Century of Evolution - Text '' . Jump up ^ Command Responsibility The Mens Rea Requirement , By Eugenia Levine , Global Policy Forum , February 2005 Jump up ^ `` Stovin v Wise '' . Jump up ^ Honoré , Tony ( 1991 ) . `` Are Omissions Less Culpable ? '' . Literature ( edit ) Allen , Michael . Textbook on Criminal Law . Oxford University Press , Oxford . ( 2005 ) ISBN 0 - 19 - 927918 - 7 . Ashworth , A . `` The scope of criminal liability for omissions '' ( 1989 ) 105 LQR 404 Beynon , Causation , Omissions and Complicity , ( 1987 ) CLR 539 . Finnis , Bland : Crossing the Rubicon , ( 1993 ) 109 LQR 329 . Ormerod , David . Smith and Hogan Criminal Law , LexisNexis , London . ( 2005 ) ISBN 0 - 406 - 97730 - 5 Murphy , Beneficence , Law , and Liberty : The Case of Required Rescue , ( 2001 ) Col. 89 Georgetown Law Journal , 605 . Smith , Legal Liability and Criminal Omission , ( 2001 ) Vol 5 Buffalo Criminal Law Review , 69 . ( hide ) English criminal law Classes of crimes Common law Indictable Either way Summary Regulatory Lesser included Elements of crimes Actus reus Causation Mens rea Intention ( criminal law ) Intention in English law Recklessness Criminal negligence Corporate / Vicarious / Strict liability Omissions Concurrence Ignorantia juris non excusat Inchoate offences Encouraging or assisting a crime Conspiracy Accessory Attempt Common purpose Defences Self - defence Duress Necessity Marital coercion Consent Medical procedure Prevention of crime Participation in a sporting event Lawful excuse Insanity Diminished responsibility Intoxication Category : Criminal defences Offences against the person Homicide ( Murder / Manslaughter / Corporate manslaughter / Infanticide ) Manslaughter in English law Unlawful killing Mayhem Concealing birth Child destruction Wounding or causing grievous bodily harm Assault occasioning actual bodily harm Common assault Attempting to choke , &c. in order to commit any indictable offence Assault with intent to rob Robbery Assault with intent to rape Assault with intent to commit felony , or on peace officers Assault with intent to resist lawful apprehension Buggery Battery Kidnapping Child abduction False imprisonment Harassment Offences Against the Person Act 1861 Sexual offences Rape Sexual assault Sexual Offences Act 2003 Public order offences Riot Violent disorder Affray Unlawful assembly Fear or provocation of violence Intentional harassment , alarm or distress Harassment , alarm or distress Public Order Act 1986 Incitement to ethnic or racial hatred Challenging to a fight Nuisance Causing Public nuisance Outraging public decency Effecting a public mischief Keeping a disorderly house Preventing the lawful burial of a body Breach of the peace Treason High treason Common scold Nightwalker statute Rout Forcible entry Accessory ( legal term ) Misconduct in a public office Misfeasance in public office Abuse of authority Perjury of oath Dereliction of duty Offences against property Arson Dishonesty Cheating ( law ) Burglary Robbery Theft Larceny Criminal damage Squatting Trespass Taking without owner 's consent Deception Handling stolen goods Misappropriation of funds Blackmail Extortion Cybercrime Theft Act 1968 Theft Act 1978 Fraud Act 2006 Fraud by abuse of position Conspiracy to defraud Fare evasion Webcam blackmail Forgery , personation and cheating Forgery Cheating the public revenue Uttering Offences against justice Bribery Perjury Offences Akin to Perjury Perverting the course of justice Misrepresentation as to identity Embracery Witness intimidation Witness tampering Harming People who have Assisted the Police / Given Evidence / Been a Juror Misprision of treason Misprision of felony Compounding a felony Jury tampering Assault with intent to resist lawful apprehension Assisting an offender Harboring a fugitive Encouraging or assisting a crime Escape from lawful custody Obstruction of justice Obstruction of a police officer Wasting police time Refusing to assist a constable Sedition Espionage Contempt of the sovereign Contempt of court Fabrication of false evidence Breach of prison / breaking prison Rescuing a prisoner Other common law areas Contract Tort Property Wills Trusts and estates Evidence Criminal procedure History Law of England and Wales portal Criminal Justice portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Omission_(law)&oldid=828548912 '' Categories : Criminal law Elements of crime Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with limited geographic scope from December 2010 United Kingdom - centric All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español 한국어 Italiano Қазақша Кыргызча Português Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 3 March 2018 , at 07 : 17 . 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where in europe can you drink at 16	Country / region De jure Notes Drinking age Purchase age Albania 18 Armenia None 18 There are no laws mandating alcohol vendors to ID potential underage drinkers . ID checks are very rarely , if ever , carried out . Austria 16 Burgenland , Lower Austria and Vienna 16 for beer and wine 18 for distilled beverages Carinthia , Upper Austria , Salzburg , Styria , Tyrol and Vorarlberg Carinthia also requires adolescents to maintain a blood alcohol level below 0.05 % . Azerbaijan 18 Belarus 18 Belgium None 16 for beer and wine 18 for spirits Since 10 January 2010 , it is illegal to `` sell , serve , or offer '' any form of distilled alcohol to those under the age of 18 or any alcoholic drink to those under 16 . So fermented drinks like beer or wine are permitted above 16 . Previously , it was illegal to sell alcoholic drinks to under - 16s , but accompanying adults could buy drinks for them . Bosnia and Herzegovina None 18 Bulgaria 18 Croatia 18 Cyprus 17 Czech Republic None 18 It is illegal to provide alcohol to minors ( punishable by fine or up to 1 or 2 year ( s ) imprisonment ) . Consumption itself is not prohibited by law . Denmark None 16 to buy alcohol < 16.5 % ABV 18 to buy alcohol ≥ 16.5 % ABV 18 to be served in restaurants , bars , discos etc . While there is no age requirement for drinking alcohol in Denmark , there are laws that prevent minors from buying alcohol : In order to buy alcohol above 1.2 % and below 16.5 % ABV in stores , one must be 16 years of age . In order to buy alcohol above 16.5 % ABV in stores , one must be 18 years of age . To be served alcoholic drinks in bars , discos , clubs , restaurants and any establishment serving alcoholic beverages one must be 18 years of age . By tradition , youths are privately allowed to drink alcohol after their confirmation . If a shop or bar fails to ask for an ID card and is identified having sold alcohol to an underage , it is subject to fine . A national ID card , obtained in the local town hall , can serve as age verification . This card is rarely used though since a passport or moped - licence can sometimes be used . Estonia 18 Finland 18 for possession and purchase of 1.2 -- 22 % ABV 20 for possession and purchase of 23 -- 80 % ABV 18 for all in bars , clubs and restaurants All major grocery chains have implemented a policy to ask for ID if the customer looks under 30 . Stores may refuse to sell alcohol if the customer is accompanied by a minor , or if proxy purchasing is suspected . Purchasing alcohol on behalf of a minor is a criminal offence . Police may search minors in public places and confiscate or destroy any alcoholic beverages in their possession . Incidents are reported to the legal guardian and social authorities , who may intervene with child welfare procedures . In addition , those aged 15 or above are subject to a fine . In private , offering alcohol to a minor is considered a criminal offence if it results in drunkenness and the act can be deemed reprehensible as a whole , considering the minor 's age , degree of maturity and other circumstances . France None 18 France has no explicitly stated consumption age , but selling alcohol to a minor ( under 18 ) is illegal and can be fined 7500 euros . This age was raised from 16 to 18 in 2009 . Georgia None 16 Germany None ( on private residence ) 16 ( in public ) ( 14 when accompanied by a custodial person ) for beer and wine 18 for spirits and aliments containing spirits above negligible amount 16 for beer and wine 18 for spirits and aliments containing spirits above negligible amounts See also : Alcohol laws in Germany Gibraltar None 16 / 18 It is illegal to sell alcoholic drinks to anyone under the age of 18 . The minimum age to be served in licensed premises is 16 if : The alcoholic beverage is beer , wine or cider below 15 % ABV , or The alcoholic beverage is served in a bottle , or a pre-packaged container below 5.5 % ABV . Greece None 18 In 2008 , the consumption of alcoholic beverages was prohibited for minors in public . However , the law does not apply to private events or private premises . Hungary 18 Iceland None 20 Possession or consumption of alcohol by minors is not an offence , but supplying them with alcohol is . However , law allows alcohol possessed by a minor to be confiscated . Ireland None ( on private residence with permission from parents or guardians ) 18 It is illegal for minors to buy alcohol or for a third party to attempt to buy it for minors . It is illegal to purchase alcohol for anybody under the age of consent without permission from their guardians . Italy None 18 In 2012 the then Health Minister Renato Balduzzi proposed to raise the age to 18 . Selling alcohol to those under the age of 18 in shops carries a fine between € 250 and € 1000 . Serving alcoholic beverages to those under the age of 16 is a criminal offense and is punished with prison up to one year , if the individual is 16 or 17 it will be treated as an offense that is fined between € 250 and € 1000 ( Legge n . 189 / 2013 ) . Kosovo None Latvia None 18 Liechtenstein 16 for wine , beer and cider 18 for spirits and spirit - based beverages . e.g. alcopops Wine , beer and ciders as well as some other party drinks sometimes without spirits may be purchased by the age of 16 . Spirits as well as alcopops may be sold only to people at least 18 . Lithuania 18 Minors under the age of 18 are prohibited from consuming alcoholic beverages or from having them . After 2018 , January 1st , a new law will be put into place , changing the legal drinking age from 18 to 20 . Luxembourg None 16 Macedonia 18 Must show an ID card upon request . In certain smaller places , such as family - owned convenience stores and street kiosks , there is little to no enforcement on how old or young somebody purchases alcohol . There is little to no enforcement for drinking privately , but drinking in bars may require an ID . Malta 17 Must provide identification upon request . Moldova None 16 It is illegal to sell alcohol to anyone under the age of 16 . There is no consumption age . Montenegro None 18 Netherlands 18 The legal age for purchasing and consumption of alcoholic beverages was raised from 16 to 18 on 1 January 2014 . However , many places have officially or unofficially retained a less strict regulation towards 16 - and 17 - year - olds . Alcohol is commonly available upon parental permission . Selling alcoholic beverages to people under 18 is illegal , although giving it away in private is not . Norway None 18 ( < 22 % ) 20 ( ≥ 22 % ABV ) Selling alcohol to or buying alcohol for minors is illegal . Minors are defined as under 18 for beer and wine , under 20 for drinks that contain 22 % ABV or more . Minors who buy alcohol are not held criminally responsible ; instead , the crime lies with those who sold it or obtained it for them . Alcohol with more than 60 % ABV is generally not sold in Norway , although exceptions may be made by the government for specific products . Alcohol possessed by minors may be confiscated as evidence . Drinking in public is prohibited , though this is rarely enforced in recreational areas . Poland None 18 Article 15 of The Act on Upbringing in Sobriety and Counteracting Alcoholism clearly states that buyers or persons being served must be at least 18 and prove it with ID if they look like they may not be at least that age . There is no mention of consumption age in this or any other act in Poland . Drinking on streets , town squares , and in parks is illegal regardless of age . Portugal None 18 Romania None 18 According to law 61 / 1991 updated in 2008 , paragraphs 21 - 25 , it is illegal to serve or sell alcohol to minors . Russia None 18 There is no law or regulation in Russia that prohibits minors from consuming alcohol , but selling alcohol to minors is prohibited by federal and additional regional laws . Serbia 18 Slovakia 18 Slovenia None 18 There is no law regulating the possession and consumption , but it is illegal to sell or offer alcohol of any kind to minors . Spain 18 Asturias was the last autonomous community in Spain where the drinking age was increased to 18 ( previously 16 ) on 1 May 2015 . Sweden None None ( less than 2.25 % ABV ) 18 ( bars and restaurants ) , 18 ( 2.25 % -- 3.5 % ABV in food shops ) , 20 ( Systembolaget shops ) , See also : Alcohol in Sweden Many clubs choose to have higher age limits than 18 , commonly 20 or 23 . It is legal to drink below 18 , but it is illegal to sell , lend or give alcohol to someone under that age and the police can seize alcohol from them , apart from being served alcohol supervised in private `` in moderation '' . It is legal to serve an underage person alcohol in a private place . The reason for lower limit in bars than in Systembolaget shops is that bartenders have a legal responsibility for how drunk a guest gets . Switzerland None ( See notes ) 16 for fermented alcoholic drinks ( with less than 15 % ABV and natural wines with less than 18 % ABV ) ; 18 for spirits Whoever offers or supplies alcoholic beverages to a child under the age of 16 years in an amount which is harmful to one 's health is punished with imprisonment up to 3 years or a fine . Whoever sells or supplies spirits to a person under the age of 18 years is punished with a fine up to 10.000 CHF . 18 The canton Ticino prohibits selling and consumption of any type of alcohol by minors under the age of 18 . Some shops and supermarkets may not sell alcohol to minors under the age of 18 . Turkey 18 See also : Alcohol laws of Turkey Ukraine 18 United Kingdom 18 ( on licensed premises ) 16 ( beer , wine or cider with a meal on licensed premises ) 5 ( not on licensed premises ) None ( under medical supervision , or in an emergency ) 18 None ( liqueur confectionery ) Legislation in England and Wales : It is illegal to sell , serve , offer or consume alcoholic beverages on licensed premises under the age of 18 , other than the following two exceptions . Minors aged 16 or 17 may consume wine , beer or cider on licensed premises when ordered with a meal , and accompanied by an adult . It is legal to sell liqueur confectionery to someone of any age . It is illegal to permit minors under the age of 5 to consume alcoholic beverages unless under medical supervision or in an emergency . Persons over 17 are entitled to their own duty free allowance , which includes alcohol . 18 ( in public without a meal or adult supervision ) 16 ( beer , wine or cider on licensed premises with meal ) 5 ( on private premises ) 18 16 ( beer , wine , cider or perry with a meal on licensed premises ) None ( liqueur confectionery ) Legislation in Scotland : It is illegal to sell , serve , offer or consume alcoholic beverages in public under the age of 18 . Minors aged 16 or 17 may consume wine , beer or cider on licensed premises when ordered with a meal . It is legal to sell liqueur confectionery to someone of any age . Persons over 17 are entitled to their own duty free allowance , which includes alcohol . 18 Legislation in Northern Ireland : It is illegal to sell , serve , offer or consume alcoholic beverages in public under the age of 18 . Challenge 21 and Challenge 25 ( applies to all of the United Kingdom ) Under the BBPA 's Challenge 21 and Challenge 25 schemes , customers attempting to buy alcoholic beverages are asked to prove their age if in the retailer 's opinion they look under 21 ( or optionally 25 ) even though the law states they must be a minimum of 18 . Many supermarket and off - licence chains display Challenge 21 ( or Challenge 25 ) notices stating that they will not serve persons who look under 21 ( or 25 ) without ID .		Legal drinking age	legal drinking age	The legal drinking age is the age at which a person can legally consume or purchase alcoholic beverages . These laws cover a wide range of issues and behaviors , addressing when and where alcohol can be consumed . The minimum age alcohol can be legally consumed can be different from the age when it can be purchased in some countries . These laws vary among different countries and many laws have exemptions or special circumstances . Most laws apply only to drinking alcohol in public places , with alcohol consumption in the home being mostly unregulated ( an exception being the UK , which has a minimum legal age of five for supervised consumption in private places ) . Some countries also have different age limits for different types of alcoholic drinks .	Some Islamic nations prohibit Muslims , or both Muslims and non-Muslims , from drinking alcohol at any age . In other countries , it is not illegal for minors to drink alcohol , but the alcohol can be seized without compensation . In some cases , it is illegal to sell or give alcohol to minors . The following list indicates the age of the person for whom it is legal to consume and purchase alcohol . Kazakhstan , Oman , Pakistan , Qatar , Sri Lanka , Tajikistan , Thailand , United Arab Emirates , Federated States of Micronesia , Palau , Paraguay , Solomon Islands , India ( certain states ) , the United States ( except U.S. Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico ) , Yemen ( Aden and Sana'a ) , Japan , Iceland , Canada ( certain Provinces and Territories ) , and South Korea have the highest set drinking ages , however some of these countries do not have off - premises drinking limits . Austria , Belgium , Denmark , Germany , Georgia , Luxembourg , Moldova , Morocco , and Western Sahara have the lowest set drinking ages . Contents ( hide ) 1 Africa 2 Americas 3 Asia 4 Europe 5 Oceania 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Africa ( edit ) Country / region De jure Notes Drinking Age Purchase age Algeria 18 Angola 18 Botswana 18 Burundi 16 No limit if accompanied by parents Cameroon 18 21 18 on the premises , 21 off the premises Cape Verde 18 Central African Republic 18 Comoros None Egypt 21 Equatorial Guinea None Eritrea 18 Ethiopia 18 Gabon 18 Gambia 18 Ghana 18 Guinea - Bissau None Kenya 18 Lesotho 18 Libya Illegal Malawi 18 Mauritius 18 Morocco 18 Forbidden for Muslims Mozambique 18 Namibia 18 Niger 18 Nigeria 18 Republic of the Congo 18 Rwanda 18 Senegal None Seychelles 18 Somalia Illegal South Africa 18 The parent , adult guardian of a minor or a person responsible for administering a religious sacrament , may on occasion supply to that minor a moderate quantity of liquor to be consumed by the minor in the presence and under the supervision of that parent , guardian or other person . South Sudan 18 Sudan Illegal Swaziland 18 Tanzania 18 Togo None Tunisia 18 Uganda 18 Western Sahara 16 Zambia 18 Zimbabwe 18 Americas ( edit ) Country / region De jure Notes Drinking age Purchase age Anguilla 16 Antigua and Barbuda 16 The sale and distribution of alcohol to a person under 16 years of age is illegal . Argentina 18 Bahamas 18 Barbados 18 Those aged 10 -- 17 are allowed to consume alcohol provided they are with a parent or guardian . Belize 18 Drinking age is rarely enforced . IDs are almost never requested . Bermuda 18 Bolivia 18 Brazil 18 British Virgin Islands 16 It is illegal to sell or to supply alcohol to anyone under the age of 16 . Canada 18 In Alberta , Manitoba and Quebec , the legal drinking age is 18 . 19 In Ontario , Saskatchewan , British Columbia , Newfoundland and Labrador , Nova Scotia , New Brunswick , Prince Edward Island , Northwest Territories , Yukon , and Nunavut , the legal drinking age is 19 . Cayman Islands 18 Chile 18 The minimum age is 18 to enter an enclosure that sells alcoholic beverages . Selling alcohol to a minor may incur a fine . One must provide identification upon request . Residents of Chile over the age of 18 must carry their Chilean identification card issued by the Civil Registry and Identification Service at all times . Colombia 18 Costa Rica 18 Cuba 16 Dominican Republic 18 Ecuador 18 El Salvador 18 Falkland Islands 18 Grenada 16 Guatemala 18 Guyana 18 Except 16 for wine or malt liquor to be consumed with a meal Haiti None Honduras 18 Jamaica None 18 Minors can drink if accompanied by parent or legal guardian as well as someone with permission from their parent or legal guardian . Mexico 18 A person must be eighteen years or over to legally purchase and consume alcoholic beverages in Mexico . The drinking age however is n't strictly enforced , and IDs are barely requested . Nicaragua 18 Panama 18 Paraguay 20 According to Art . 1 ° of the law to `` ban on the sale of alcoholic beverages to minors '' , it is illegal to serve or sell alcohol or to allow the consumption by minors under 20 years of age . Furthermore , under Art 2 ° all public establishments selling alcohol must display a clearly legible notice in the sales area with the following text : `` ESTA PROHIBIDA LA VENTA DE BEBIDAS ALCOHÓLICAS A MENORES DE VEINTE AÑOS DE EDAD '' ( It is illegal ( prohibited ) to sell alcoholic beverages to minors under 20 years of age ) Peru 18 Puerto Rico 18 The minimum age for the selling of any alcohol beverage is 18 . Although a valid Puerto Rico license ID or passport is required as proof of age to buyers who look under the age of 18 , it is generally not a common practice to ask for ID to enter a venue that sells alcohol or to sell you alcohol at other establishments . This law can be more enforced in some tourist areas and on foreigners visiting the island by some more exclusive hotels , bars , and upscale clubs . A few of the more exclusive venues in the tourist areas may have their own entrance rules regarding age including not allowing anyone under the age of 25 or 23 to enter and consume alcohol or change this depending on specific nights / events and restricted by gender / sex ( i.e. women over 18 allowed to enter but only men over 21 on that same night ) . Trinidad and Tobago 18 Turks and Caicos Islands 18 United States ( 50 states and integral territories ) Varies by jurisdiction 21 The National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 withholds revenue from states that allow the purchase of alcohol by anyone under the age of twenty - one . Prior to the effective date of that Act , the drinking age varied from state to state . Some states do not allow those under the legal drinking age to be present in liquor stores or in bars ( usually , the difference between a bar and a restaurant is that food is served only in the latter ) . Contrary to popular belief , since the act went into law , only a few states prohibit minors and young adults from consuming alcohol in private settings . As of January 1 , 2010 , fifteen states and the District of Columbia ban underage consumption outright , seventeen states do not ban underage consumption , and the remaining eighteen states have family member or location exceptions to their underage consumption laws . Federal law explicitly provides for religious exceptions . As of 2005 , thirty - one states have family member or location exceptions to their underage possession laws . However , non-alcoholic beer in many ( but not all ) states , such as Idaho , Texas , and Maryland , is considered legal for those under the age of twenty - one . By a judge 's ruling , South Carolina appears to allow the possession and consumption of alcohol by adults eighteen to twenty years of age , but a circuit court judge has said otherwise . The states of Washington and Wisconsin allows the consumption of alcohol in the presence of parents . Some U.S. states have legislation that make providing to and possession of alcohol by persons under twenty - one a gross misdemeanor with a potential penalty of a $5,000 fine or up to year in jail . See also : Minor in Possession and List of alcohol laws of the United States United States Virgin Islands 18 Uruguay 18 Venezuela 18 Asia ( edit ) Country / region De jure Notes Drinking age Purchase age Afghanistan Illegal Bangladesh Illegal for Muslims Alcohol will be sold to foreigners in certain locations , albeit clandestinely . Bhutan 18 Brunei 17 with restrictions , unless Muslim Non-Muslims over 17 years of age are allowed to import alcohol not to exceed maximum total volume 2 liters of liquor and 12 cans of beer at 330 ml for personal use , once in 48 hours . This alcohol must be `` stored and consumed at the place of residence of the importer '' and is `` not to be given , transferred or sold to another person . '' . Cambodia None China 18 Introduced in January 2006 . Weakly enforced to not enforced . Hong Kong 18 The regulation is only applicable to restaurants , bars and clubs , where a liquor license is required . Private drinking is also not regulated . India 18 -- 25 ( varies between states ) Main article : Alcohol laws of India Consumption of alcohol is prohibited in the states of Bihar , Gujarat and Nagaland . Indonesia 21 Iran Illegal There is a ban on alcohol , but religious minorities may purchase small amounts from shops owned by the same religious minority . Iraq 18 Israel None 18 Israel law prohibits selling or serving alcohol to minors , but it does not prohibit minors to drink . Japan 20 Jordan 18 Kazakhstan 21 Kuwait Illegal Kyrgyzstan 18 Lebanon 18 Often unenforced and according to a global school health study , 40 % of minors over 13 drink alcohol and up to 25 % buy it from stores . Macau None Malaysia 18 Will be increased to 21 on 1 December 2017 Maldives Illegal except for tourists , 18 Sale of alcohol is limited to tourist resorts . It is illegal to sell alcohol to local Maldivians Mongolia 18 Myanmar None 18 Nepal 18 The legal age for consumption of alcohol in Nepal is 18 . However , there are exceptions to underage consumption for purposes of religious ceremonies . North Korea 18 Oman 21 Residents need personal liquor licenses to consume alcohol in their private residences . Pakistan Illegal Non-Muslim citizens may possess alcohol to be used in accordance with religious ceremonies Palestinian Authority 16 Legal in most cities Philippines 18 Qatar 19 Muslims are allowed to purchase alcohol , but generally not allowed to consume . Non Muslims are allowed to purchase , and consume alcohol . The only legal distributor of alcohol in the country is the Qatar Distribution Company located in Doha . Saudi Arabia Illegal Drinking or possessing alcohol is illegal in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia . Persons who drink or possess alcohol are subject to arrest and trial . Punishments range from heavy fines , lengthy prison terms and whippings . Singapore None ( Private places , sometimes with permission from parents / guardian ) 18 ( Public places e.g. bars and restaurants ) 18 Main Legislation Drinking alcohol is strictly forbidden in public places in reaction to 2013 Little India riot , after the Committee of Inquiry accepts the recommendations on 7 July 2014 . For convenience stores , those who pretend to be 18 years and above in a `` Challenge 18 '' scheme will be downgraded to `` Challenge 21 '' scheme , and after which the licences will be revoked once they pretend to be 18 years and above if it is on `` Challenge 21 '' . It is illegal to purchase alcohol in Singapore or consume in a nightclub / allow entry to the nightclub under 18 . Home and private drinking of alcohol is allowed , although the safest age could be 6 . Parents can try a sip of alcohol at any age . South Korea None 19 The age limit for alcohol is after January 1 of the year one 's age turns to 19 . Sri Lanka 21 Syria 18 Taiwan 18 It is illegal for anyone under the age of 18 to consume alcohol . Parents , guardians , and others taking care of people under 18 shall prohibit underage drinking , or risk administrative fines of 10000 to 50000 new Taiwan dollars when the situations are serious . One shall not supply alcohol to anyone under the age of 18 . A violator shall be administratively fined 3000 to 15000 New Taiwan Dollars . Tajikistan 18 Thailand 20 The Alcoholic Beverage Control Act of 2008 increased the drinking age in Thailand from 18 to 20 , private drinking is not regulated in private locations . Turkmenistan 18 United Arab Emirates 18 -- 21 ( varies between states ) . Expatriate non-Muslim residents may request a liquor permit to purchase alcoholic beverages , but it is illegal for such holders to provide drinks to others . The legal age for drinking alcohol is 18 in Abu Dhabi ( although a Ministry of Tourism by - law allows hotels to serve alcohol only to those over 21 ) , and 21 in Dubai and the Northern Emirates ( except Sharjah , where drinking alcohol is illegal ) . It is a punishable offence to drink , or to be under the influence of alcohol , in public . Uzbekistan None 20 Vietnam None Yemen Illegal Exception is in Aden Region where it 's legal for 21 and up Europe ( edit ) Country / region De jure Notes Drinking age Purchase age Albania 18 Armenia None 18 There are no laws mandating alcohol vendors to ID potential underage drinkers . ID checks are very rarely , if ever , carried out . Austria 16 Burgenland , Lower Austria and Vienna 16 for beer and wine 18 for distilled beverages Carinthia , Upper Austria , Salzburg , Styria , Tyrol and Vorarlberg Carinthia also requires adolescents to maintain a blood alcohol level below 0.05 % . Azerbaijan 18 Belarus 18 Belgium None 16 for beer and wine 18 for spirits Since 10 January 2010 , it is illegal to `` sell , serve , or offer '' any form of distilled alcohol to those under the age of 18 or any alcoholic drink to those under 16 . So fermented drinks like beer or wine are permitted above 16 . Previously , it was illegal to sell alcoholic drinks to under - 16s , but accompanying adults could buy drinks for them . Bosnia and Herzegovina None 18 Bulgaria 18 Croatia 18 Cyprus 17 Czech Republic None 18 It is illegal to provide alcohol to minors ( punishable by fine or up to 1 or 2 year ( s ) imprisonment ) . Consumption itself is not prohibited by law . Denmark None 16 to buy alcohol < 16.5 % ABV 18 to buy alcohol ≥ 16.5 % ABV 18 to be served in restaurants , bars , discos etc . While there is no age requirement for drinking alcohol in Denmark , there are laws that prevent minors from buying alcohol : In order to buy alcohol above 1.2 % and below 16.5 % ABV in stores , one must be 16 years of age . In order to buy alcohol above 16.5 % ABV in stores , one must be 18 years of age . To be served alcoholic drinks in bars , discos , clubs , restaurants and any establishment serving alcoholic beverages one must be 18 years of age . By tradition , youths are privately allowed to drink alcohol after their confirmation . If a shop or bar fails to ask for an ID card and is identified having sold alcohol to an underage , it is subject to fine . A national ID card , obtained in the local town hall , can serve as age verification . This card is rarely used though since a passport or moped - licence can sometimes be used . Estonia 18 Finland 18 for possession and purchase of 1.2 -- 22 % ABV 20 for possession and purchase of 23 -- 80 % ABV 18 for all in bars , clubs and restaurants All major grocery chains have implemented a policy to ask for ID if the customer looks under 30 . Stores may refuse to sell alcohol if the customer is accompanied by a minor , or if proxy purchasing is suspected . Purchasing alcohol on behalf of a minor is a criminal offence . Police may search minors in public places and confiscate or destroy any alcoholic beverages in their possession . Incidents are reported to the legal guardian and social authorities , who may intervene with child welfare procedures . In addition , those aged 15 or above are subject to a fine . In private , offering alcohol to a minor is considered a criminal offence if it results in drunkenness and the act can be deemed reprehensible as a whole , considering the minor 's age , degree of maturity and other circumstances . France None 18 France has no explicitly stated consumption age , but selling alcohol to a minor ( under 18 ) is illegal and can be fined 7500 euros . This age was raised from 16 to 18 in 2009 . Georgia None 16 Germany None ( on private residence ) 16 ( in public ) ( 14 when accompanied by a custodial person ) for beer and wine 18 for spirits and aliments containing spirits above negligible amount 16 for beer and wine 18 for spirits and aliments containing spirits above negligible amounts See also : Alcohol laws in Germany Gibraltar None 16 / 18 It is illegal to sell alcoholic drinks to anyone under the age of 18 . The minimum age to be served in licensed premises is 16 if : The alcoholic beverage is beer , wine or cider below 15 % ABV , or The alcoholic beverage is served in a bottle , or a pre-packaged container below 5.5 % ABV . Greece None 18 In 2008 , the consumption of alcoholic beverages was prohibited for minors in public . However , the law does not apply to private events or private premises . Hungary 18 Iceland None 20 Possession or consumption of alcohol by minors is not an offence , but supplying them with alcohol is . However , law allows alcohol possessed by a minor to be confiscated . Ireland None ( on private residence with permission from parents or guardians ) 18 It is illegal for minors to buy alcohol or for a third party to attempt to buy it for minors . It is illegal to purchase alcohol for anybody under the age of consent without permission from their guardians . Italy None 18 In 2012 the then Health Minister Renato Balduzzi proposed to raise the age to 18 . Selling alcohol to those under the age of 18 in shops carries a fine between € 250 and € 1000 . Serving alcoholic beverages to those under the age of 16 is a criminal offense and is punished with prison up to one year , if the individual is 16 or 17 it will be treated as an offense that is fined between € 250 and € 1000 ( Legge n . 189 / 2013 ) . Kosovo None Latvia None 18 Liechtenstein 16 for wine , beer and cider 18 for spirits and spirit - based beverages . e.g. alcopops Wine , beer and ciders as well as some other party drinks sometimes without spirits may be purchased by the age of 16 . Spirits as well as alcopops may be sold only to people at least 18 . Lithuania 18 Minors under the age of 18 are prohibited from consuming alcoholic beverages or from having them . After 2018 , January 1st , a new law will be put into place , changing the legal drinking age from 18 to 20 . Luxembourg None 16 Macedonia 18 Must show an ID card upon request . In certain smaller places , such as family - owned convenience stores and street kiosks , there is little to no enforcement on how old or young somebody purchases alcohol . There is little to no enforcement for drinking privately , but drinking in bars may require an ID . Malta 17 Must provide identification upon request . Moldova None 16 It is illegal to sell alcohol to anyone under the age of 16 . There is no consumption age . Montenegro None 18 Netherlands 18 The legal age for purchasing and consumption of alcoholic beverages was raised from 16 to 18 on 1 January 2014 . However , many places have officially or unofficially retained a less strict regulation towards 16 - and 17 - year - olds . Alcohol is commonly available upon parental permission . Selling alcoholic beverages to people under 18 is illegal , although giving it away in private is not . Norway None 18 ( < 22 % ) 20 ( ≥ 22 % ABV ) Selling alcohol to or buying alcohol for minors is illegal . Minors are defined as under 18 for beer and wine , under 20 for drinks that contain 22 % ABV or more . Minors who buy alcohol are not held criminally responsible ; instead , the crime lies with those who sold it or obtained it for them . Alcohol with more than 60 % ABV is generally not sold in Norway , although exceptions may be made by the government for specific products . Alcohol possessed by minors may be confiscated as evidence . Drinking in public is prohibited , though this is rarely enforced in recreational areas . Poland None 18 Article 15 of The Act on Upbringing in Sobriety and Counteracting Alcoholism clearly states that buyers or persons being served must be at least 18 and prove it with ID if they look like they may not be at least that age . There is no mention of consumption age in this or any other act in Poland . Drinking on streets , town squares , and in parks is illegal regardless of age . Portugal None 18 Romania None 18 According to law 61 / 1991 updated in 2008 , paragraphs 21 - 25 , it is illegal to serve or sell alcohol to minors . Russia None 18 There is no law or regulation in Russia that prohibits minors from consuming alcohol , but selling alcohol to minors is prohibited by federal and additional regional laws . Serbia 18 Slovakia 18 Slovenia None 18 There is no law regulating the possession and consumption , but it is illegal to sell or offer alcohol of any kind to minors . Spain 18 Asturias was the last autonomous community in Spain where the drinking age was increased to 18 ( previously 16 ) on 1 May 2015 . Sweden None None ( less than 2.25 % ABV ) 18 ( bars and restaurants ) , 18 ( 2.25 % -- 3.5 % ABV in food shops ) , 20 ( Systembolaget shops ) , See also : Alcohol in Sweden Many clubs choose to have higher age limits than 18 , commonly 20 or 23 . It is legal to drink below 18 , but it is illegal to sell , lend or give alcohol to someone under that age and the police can seize alcohol from them , apart from being served alcohol supervised in private `` in moderation '' . It is legal to serve an underage person alcohol in a private place . The reason for lower limit in bars than in Systembolaget shops is that bartenders have a legal responsibility for how drunk a guest gets . Switzerland None ( See notes ) 16 for fermented alcoholic drinks ( with less than 15 % ABV and natural wines with less than 18 % ABV ) ; 18 for spirits Whoever offers or supplies alcoholic beverages to a child under the age of 16 years in an amount which is harmful to one 's health is punished with imprisonment up to 3 years or a fine . Whoever sells or supplies spirits to a person under the age of 18 years is punished with a fine up to 10.000 CHF . 18 The canton Ticino prohibits selling and consumption of any type of alcohol by minors under the age of 18 . Some shops and supermarkets may not sell alcohol to minors under the age of 18 . Turkey 18 See also : Alcohol laws of Turkey Ukraine 18 United Kingdom 18 ( on licensed premises ) 16 ( beer , wine or cider with a meal on licensed premises ) 5 ( not on licensed premises ) None ( under medical supervision , or in an emergency ) 18 None ( liqueur confectionery ) Legislation in England and Wales : It is illegal to sell , serve , offer or consume alcoholic beverages on licensed premises under the age of 18 , other than the following two exceptions . Minors aged 16 or 17 may consume wine , beer or cider on licensed premises when ordered with a meal , and accompanied by an adult . It is legal to sell liqueur confectionery to someone of any age . It is illegal to permit minors under the age of 5 to consume alcoholic beverages unless under medical supervision or in an emergency . Persons over 17 are entitled to their own duty free allowance , which includes alcohol . 18 ( in public without a meal or adult supervision ) 16 ( beer , wine or cider on licensed premises with meal ) 5 ( on private premises ) 18 16 ( beer , wine , cider or perry with a meal on licensed premises ) None ( liqueur confectionery ) Legislation in Scotland : It is illegal to sell , serve , offer or consume alcoholic beverages in public under the age of 18 . Minors aged 16 or 17 may consume wine , beer or cider on licensed premises when ordered with a meal . It is legal to sell liqueur confectionery to someone of any age . Persons over 17 are entitled to their own duty free allowance , which includes alcohol . 18 Legislation in Northern Ireland : It is illegal to sell , serve , offer or consume alcoholic beverages in public under the age of 18 . Challenge 21 and Challenge 25 ( applies to all of the United Kingdom ) Under the BBPA 's Challenge 21 and Challenge 25 schemes , customers attempting to buy alcoholic beverages are asked to prove their age if in the retailer 's opinion they look under 21 ( or optionally 25 ) even though the law states they must be a minimum of 18 . Many supermarket and off - licence chains display Challenge 21 ( or Challenge 25 ) notices stating that they will not serve persons who look under 21 ( or 25 ) without ID . Oceania ( edit ) Country / region De jure Notes Drinking age Purchase age American Samoa 21 Australia 18 Main article : Alcohol laws of Australia Varies by state . Some states restrict possession and consumption to over 18 , all states restrict purchasing to over 18 . In some states , minors may consume alcohol in a private residence with parental permission . Fiji 18 The drinking age was 21 from 2006 to 2009 but was lowered to 18 in 2009 . Guam 21 Micronesia , Federated States of 21 New Zealand None 18 Minimum age applies for beverages with 1.15 % ABV or over ; no restrictions on beverages less than 1.15 % ABV . Persons under 18 may drink outside private residences or private functions if accompanied by their parent or legal guardian . Alcohol may be supplied to minors only by , or with express consent from , their parent or legal guardian . Northern Mariana Islands 21 Palau 21 Papua New Guinea 18 Samoa 21 Solomon Islands 21 Tokelau 18 Tonga 21 Vanuatu 18 See also ( edit ) Part of the Politics series on Youth rights Activities ( show ) Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co . Child Labor Deterrence Act Children 's Online Privacy Protection Act Convention on the Rights of the Child Fair Labor Standards Act Hammer v. Dagenhart History of youth rights in the United States Morse v. Frederick Newsboys ' strike of 1899 Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms Wild in the Streets Theory / Concepts ( show ) Adultcentrism Adultism Ageism Criminalization Democracy Ephebiphobia Fear of children Fear of youth Intergenerational equity Paternalism Social class Suffrage Taking Children Seriously Universal suffrage Unschooling Youth activism Youth suffrage Youth voice Issues ( show ) Age of candidacy Age of consent Age of majority Behavior modification facility Child labour Compulsory education Conscription Corporal punishment Curfew Child abuse Emancipation of minors Gambling age Homeschooling Human rights and youth sport In loco parentis Juvenile delinquency Juvenile court Legal drinking age Legal working age Minimum driving age Marriageable age Minor ( law ) Minors and abortion School leaving age Smoking age Status offense Underage drinking in America Voting age Youth - adult partnership Youth participation Youth politics Youth voting Organizations ( show ) Americans for a Society Free from Age Restrictions Human Rights and Youth Rights Commission National Youth Rights Association One World Youth Project Queer Youth Network Students for a Democratic Society Freechild Project Three O'Clock Lobby Youth International Party Youth Liberation of Ann Arbor Young Communist League of Canada Persons ( show ) Adam Fletcher ( activist ) David J. Hanson David Joseph Henry John Caldwell Holt Alex Koroknay - Palicz Lyn Duff Mike A. Males Neil Postman Sonia Yaco Related ( show ) Animal rights Anti-racism Direct democracy Egalitarianism Feminism Libertarianism Socialism Students rights Youth rights Social movements portal Amethyst Initiative Alcohol consumption by youth in the United States National Minimum Drinking Age Act Alcoholism National Youth Rights Association Shoulder tap ( alcohol ) The Century Council Choose Responsibility Mature minor doctrine Youth Youth suffrage Youth rights Age of candidacy Legal drinking age controversy References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Drinking Age Limits Archived 2013 - 01 - 20 at the Wayback Machine . - International Center for Alcohol Policies ^ Jump up to : `` Minimum Legal Age Limits '' . IARD . Retrieved 15 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Global Status Report : Alcohol Policy - Country Profiles '' . World Health Organization . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Alcohol - Somalia '' ( PDF ) . WHO . 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o when the saints go marching in hymn lyrics			When the Saints Go Marching in	when the saints go marching in	`` When the Saints Go Marching In '' , often referred to as `` The Saints '' , is a Black spiritual . Though it originated as a Christian hymn , it is often played by jazz bands . This song was famously recorded on May 13 , 1938 , by Louis Armstrong and his orchestra . The song is sometimes confused with a similarly titled composition `` When the Saints Are Marching In '' from 1896 by Katharine Purvis ( lyrics ) and James Milton Black ( music ) .	Contents 1 Uses 2 Lyrics 3 Analysis of the traditional lyrics 4 Other versions 4.1 As gospel hymn 4.2 With traditional lyrics 4.3 With non-traditional lyrics 4.4 With no lyrics 4.5 Popular culture 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Uses ( edit ) The Forerunners of Christ with Saints and Martyrs , a painting by Fra Angelico , 15th century . The origins of this song are unclear . It apparently evolved in the early 1900s from a number of similarly titled gospel songs , including `` When the Saints Are Marching In '' ( 1896 ) and `` When the Saints March In for Crowning '' ( 1908 ) . The first known recorded version was in 1923 by the Paramount Jubilee Singers on Paramount 12073 . Although the title given on the label is `` When All the Saints Come Marching In '' , the group sings the modern lyrics beginning with `` When the saints go marching in '' . No author is shown on the label . Several other gospel versions were recorded in the 1920s , with slightly varying titles but using the same lyrics , including versions by The Four Harmony Kings ( 1924 ) , Elkins - Payne Jubilee Singers ( 1924 ) , Wheat Street Female Quartet ( 1925 ) , Bo Weavil Jackson ( 1926 ) , Deaconess Alexander ( 1926 ) , Rev. E.D. Campbell ( 1927 ) , Robert Hicks ( AKA Barbecue Bob , 1927 ) , Blind Willie Davis ( 1928 ) , and the Pace Jubilee Singers ( 1928 ) . The earliest versions were slow and stately , but as time passed the recordings became more rhythmic , including a distinctly up tempo version by the Sanctified Singers on British Parlophone in 1931 . Even though the song had folk roots , a number of composers claimed copyright in it in later years , including Luther G. Presley and Virgil Oliver Stamps , R.E. Winsett , and Frank and Jim McCravy . Although the song is still heard as a slow spiritual number , since the mid-20th century it has been more commonly performed as a `` hot '' number . The tune is particularly associated with the city of New Orleans . A jazz standard , it has been recorded by a great many jazz and pop artists . Both vocal and instrumental renditions of the song abound . Louis Armstrong was one of the first to make the tune into a nationally known pop tune in the 1930s . Armstrong wrote that his sister told him she thought the secular performance style of the traditional church tune was inappropriate and irreligious . Armstrong was in a New Orleans tradition of turning church numbers into brass band and dance . Lyrics ( edit ) As with many numbers with long traditional folk use , there is no one `` official '' version of the song or its lyrics . This extends so far as confusion as to its name , with it often being mistakenly called `` When the Saints Come Marching In '' . As for the lyrics themselves , their very simplicity makes it easy to generate new verses . Since the first and second lines of a verse are exactly the same , and the third and fourth are standard throughout , the creation of one suitable line in iambic tetrameter generates an entire verse . It is impossible to list every version of the song , but a common standard version runs : Oh , when the saints go marching in Oh , when the saints go marching in Oh Lord I want to be in that number When the saints go marching in Oh , when the drums begin to bang Oh , when the drums begin to bang Oh Lord I want to be in that number When the saints go marching in Oh , when the stars fall from the sky Oh , when the stars fall from the sky Oh Lord I want to be in that number When the saints go marching in Oh , when the moon turns red with blood Oh , when the moon turns red with blood Oh Lord I want to be in that number When the saints go marching in Oh , when the trumpet sounds its call Oh , when the trumpet sounds its call Oh Lord I want to be in that number When the saints go marching in Oh , when the horsemen begin to ride Oh , when the horsemen begin to ride Oh Lord I want to be in that number When the saints go marching in Oh , when the fire begins to blaze Oh , when the fire begins to blaze Oh Lord I want to be in that number When the saints go marching in Oh , when the saints go marching in Oh , when the saints go marching in Oh Lord I want to be in that number When the saints go marching in . Often the first two words of the common third verse line ( `` Lord , how I want ... '' ) are sung as either `` Oh how '' , `` Oh , Lord '' or even `` Lord , Lord '' as cue notes to the simple melody at each 3rd line . Arrangements vary considerably . The simplest is just an endless repetition of the chorus . Verses may be alternated with choruses , or put in the third of 4 repetitions to create an AABA form with the verse as the bridge . One common verse in `` hot '' New Orleans versions runs ( with considerable variation ) like thus : I used to have a playmate Who would walk and talk with me But since she got religion She has turned her back on me . Some traditional arrangements often have ensemble rather than individual vocals . It is also common as an audience sing - along number . Versions using call and response are often heard , e.g. : Call : Oh when the Saints Response : Oh when the Saints ! The response verses can echo the same melody or form a counterpoint melody , often syncopated opposite the rhythm of the main verses , and a solo singer might sing another counterpoint melody ( solo soprano or tenor ) as a 3rd part in more complex arrangements . Analysis of the traditional lyrics ( edit ) The song is apocalyptic , taking much of its imagery from the Book of Revelation , but excluding its more horrific depictions of the Last Judgment . The verses about the Sun and Moon refer to Solar and Lunar eclipses ; the trumpet ( of the Archangel Gabriel ) is the way in which the Last Judgment is announced . As the hymn expresses the wish to go to Heaven , picturing the saints going in ( through the Pearly Gates ) , it is entirely appropriate for funerals . Other versions ( edit ) As gospel hymn ( edit ) First recorded by the Paramount Jubilee Singers on Paramount 12073 , mid-November 1923 . This group may be related to the Elkins - Payne Jubilee Singers . Four Harmony Kings , Vocalion 14941 , mid-November 1924 . Elkins - Payne Jubilee Singers , Okeh 8170 . c. November 24 , 1924 . Bo Weavil Jackson , c . August 1926 in Chicago , IL , under the title `` When the Saints Come Marching Home '' , Paramount 12390 Recorded by bluesman Sleepy John Estes accompanied by second guitar and kazoo for Bluebird Records in Chicago , 1941 This song is available in the Elvis Presley compilation Peace in the Valley : The Complete Gospel Recordings . Sony BMG / Elvis Music With traditional lyrics ( edit ) Louis Armstrong helped make The Saints into a jazz standard with his 1938 Decca recording . The tune was brought into the early rock and roll repertory by Fats Domino as one of the traditional New Orleans numbers he often played to rock audiences . Domino would usually use `` The Saints '' as his grand finale number , sometimes with his horn players leaving the stage to parade through the theater aisles or around the dance floor . Judy Garland sang it in her own pop style . Elvis Presley performed the song during the Million Dollar Quartet jam session and also recorded a version for his film , Frankie and Johnny . Bing Crosby included the song in a medley on his album 101 Gang Songs ( 1961 ) Other early rock artists to follow Domino 's lead included Jerry Lee Lewis and Tony Sheridan ( featuring then - unknown band The Beatles as a backing group ) . In 1990 , John Rutter arranged a lively version of the song for the Cambridge Singers , piano or organ accompaniment , and a Dixieland jazz - style clarinet obbligato . Etta James performed the song during the 1984 Summer Olympics opening ceremony . With non-traditional lyrics ( edit ) Louis Armstrong and Danny Kaye performed a comedy duet version in the 1959 film The Five Pennies , naming composers and musicians who would play `` on the day that the saints go marching in '' . Woody Guthrie sang a song called `` When The Yanks Go Marching In '' in 1943 . Tony Sheridan made a successful rock and roll arrangement of the song which he recorded with The Beatles in 1961 , significantly deviating some verses from the original lyrics . In 1983 , Aaron Neville , along with New Orleans musicians Sal and Steve Monistere and Carlo Nuccio and a group of players for the New Orleans Saints American football team , recorded a popular version of the song incorporating the team 's `` Who Dat ? '' chant . Many supporters of association football teams sing versions of the song , `` Saints '' is often replaced with the name or nickname of the club , for example , `` When the Saints Go Marching In '' ( St Mirren FC ) and ( Southampton F.C ) , `` When the Reds Go Marching In ( Liverpool FC ) '' , `` When the Posh Go Steaming In '' ( Peterborough United F.C. ) , `` When the Spurs Go Marching In '' ( Tottenham Hotspur ) or `` When the Stripes Go Marching In '' , `` When the blues Go Marching In '' ( Bengaluru FC ) , as a rally song during football matches . With no lyrics ( edit ) The rhythm of `` When the Saints Go Marching In '' was adapted by Dick Powell 's Four Star Television for its legal drama , The Law and Mr. Jones starring James Whitmore , which ran on ABC from 1960 - 1962 . Big Chief Jazzband recorded the tune in Oslo on May 10 , 1953 . It was released on the 78 rpm record His Master 's Voice A.L. 3307 . Al Hirt released a version on his 1963 album , Our Man in New Orleans and was also featured on his greatest hits album , The Best of Al Hirt . Harry James released a version on his 1972 album Mr. Trumpet . ( Longines Symphonette Society SYS 5459 / LS 217C / LS 217U ) It was recorded under the title of `` Revival '' by Johnny and the Hurricanes . The band 's management claimed authorship . An arrangement of `` When the Saints Go Marching In '' is also the official march of the Royal Hälsinge Air Force Wing ( F 15 Söderhamn ) in Sweden . Popular culture ( edit ) The children 's television show Barney & Friends has a song called `` Walk Across the Street '' sung to this tune . See also ( edit ) Communion of saints List of pre-1920 jazz standards `` When the Saints Go Marching In '' in sports References ( edit ) The Book of World Famous Music , Classical , Popular and Folk by James Fuld ( 1966 ) Jump up ^ `` Music History for May 13 from On-This-Day.com '' . ^ Jump up to : CyberHymnal : http://hymntime.com/tch/htm/w/s/a/wsamarch.htm Jump up ^ James J. Fuld , The Book of World - Famous Music , Classical , Popular and Folk , Fourth Edition , 1995 Jump up ^ Robert M.W. Dixon , John Godrich , & Howard Rye , Blues and Gospel Records 1890 - 1943 , Fourth Edition , 1997 Jump up ^ `` LUTHER PRESLEY COLLECTION '' . 31 July 2007 . Archived from the original on 31 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` When the Saints Go Marching In '' arranged by Luther G. Presley & Virgil O. Stamps , Starlit Crown ( Pangburn , AR : Stamps - Baxter Music Company , 1937 ) , Jump up ^ Ruth Winsett Shelton , editor . Best Loved Songs and Hymns ( Dayton , TN : R.E. Winsett Music Company , 1961 ) , Item 158 . Jump up ^ Robert M.W. Dixon , John Godrich , & Howard Rye , Blues and Gospel Records 1890 - 1943 , Fourth Edition , 1997 . Jump up ^ Tim Brooks , Lost Sounds : Blacks and the Birth of the Recording Industry 1890 - 1919 ( 2004 ) , 457 - 458 . Jump up ^ `` Paramoung 12000 series numerical listing ( 1922 -- 1927 ) '' . www.78discography.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Butler / Bo Weavil Jackson discography '' . wirz.de . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Illustrated Sleepy John Estes discography Jump up ^ Dave Walker , `` ' Who dat ? ' popularized by New Orleans Saints fans when ' everybody was looking for the sign ' '' , Times - Picayune , January 12 , 2010 , pp. A1 , A10 ( Saint Tammany Edition ) . Jump up ^ Listen to When The Reds Go Marching In football song . Stoke MP3 FIFA 13 SCFC chant . Fanchants.co.uk . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ Listen to Oh When The Spurs Go Marching In football song . Spurs MP3 FIFA 13 THFC chant . Fanchants.co.uk . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` BFC fans give Bangalore football an ' ultra ' flavour '' . Jump up ^ ClassicTVThemes , The Law and Mr. Jones : http://www.classicthemes.com/50sTVThemes/themePages/lawAndMrJones.html Jump up ^ Al Hirt , Our Man in New Orleans Retrieved April 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Al Hirt , The Best of Al Hirt Retrieved April 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny and the Hurricanes '' . Jump up ^ Sandberg , Bo ( 2007 ) . Försvarets marscher och signaler - För och nu . Uppsala : Militärmusiksamfundet med Svenskt Marscharkiv . ISBN 978 - 91 - 631 - 8699 - 8 . Viewed 2012 - 05 - 09 ( in Swedish ) . Jump up ^ Gretchen Marie - Goode , `` Walk Around The Block With Barney '' , Hartford Courant , May 6 , 1999 . External links ( edit ) `` When the Saints Go Marching In '' Louis Armstrong 's version Hymns Without Words - free MP3 for download and use in services Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=When_the_Saints_Go_Marching_In&oldid=864802175 '' Categories : Al Hirt songs Bill Haley songs Bluebird Records singles Elvis Presley songs Fats Domino songs Gospel songs James Brown songs Jazz standards of obscure origin Jerry Lee Lewis songs Louis Armstrong songs Mardi Gras songs Music of New Orleans New Orleans Saints Pace Jubilee Singers songs Pinky and Perky songs Songs about New Orleans The Beatles with Tony Sheridan songs The Kingston Trio songs Trini Lopez songs Hidden categories : Articles with Swedish - language external links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Esperanto Français Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi ไทย 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 October 2018 , at 15 : 22 ( UTC ) . 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what is the name of the compound with the formula al(ch3coo)3	Neutral aluminium triacetate , Al ( CH CO ) , which is formally called aluminium acetate under IUPAC rules , with CAS RN 139 - 12 - 8	Neutral aluminium triacetate\|aluminium acetate	Aluminium acetate	aluminium acetate	Aluminium acetate or aluminium ethanoate ( also `` aluminum ~ '' ) , sometimes abbreviated AlAc in geochemistry , can refer to a number of different salts of aluminum with acetic acid .	In the solid state , three salts exist under this name : Neutral aluminium triacetate , Al ( CH CO ) , which is formally called aluminium acetate under IUPAC rules , with CAS RN 139 - 12 - 8 Basic aluminium diacetate , HOAl ( CH CO ) , also known as basic aluminium acetate , and formally named hydroxyaluminium diacetate , with CAS RN 142 - 03 - 0 Basic aluminium monoacetate , ( HO ) AlCH CO , also known as dibasic aluminium acetate , and formally named dihydroxyaluminium acetate , with CAS RN 7360 - 44 - 3 In aqueous solution , aluminium triacetate hydrolyses to form a mixture of the other two , and all solutions of all three can be referred to as `` aluminium acetate '' as the species formed co-exist and inter-convert in chemical equilibrium . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Daintith , John , ed. ( 2008 ) . `` Aluminium ethanoate ( aluminium acetate ) '' . A Dictionary of Chemistry ( 6th ed . ) . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780199204632 . Jump up ^ Wesolowski , D.J. ; Blencoe , J.G. ; Cole , D.R. ; Bell , J.L.S. ; Palmer , D.A. ( 1992 ) . `` Geochemistry of Crustal Processes to High Temperatures and Pressures '' . Summaries of FY 92 Geosciences Research ( PDF ) . United States Department of Energy . pp. 38 -- 44 . ^ Jump up to : Perry , Dale L. ; Phillips , Sidney L. , eds. ( 1995 ) . Handbook of Inorganic Compounds . CRC Press . p. 3 . ISBN 9780849386718 . Aluminium compounds Al ( I ) AlBr AlCl AlF AlI Al O Al ( II ) AlB AlB AlO Al ( III ) AlAs Al ( BH ) AlBr AlCl AlF AlH AlI AlN Al ( NO ) Al ( CO ) Al ( OH ) Al ( OH ) OAc Al ( OH ) ( OAc ) Al ( OAc ) Al SO ( OAc ) AlP AlPO AlSb Al ( C H O ) Al ( MnO ) Al ( MoO ) Al O Al S Al ( SO ) Al Se Al Te Al SiO Al C AlOHO Al ( OH ) CO C H NaAlH ( OC H OCH ) Alums ( NH ) Al ( SO ) KAl ( SO ) NaAl ( SO ) Organoaluminium ( III ) compounds ( Al ( CH ) ) ( Al ( C H ) ) Al ( CH CH ( CH ) ) Al ( C H ) Cl Al ( C H ) CN Al ( CH CH ( CH ) ) H Al ( C H ) Cl C H Cl Ti ( C H ) CH ClAl ( CH ) Salts and the ester of the acetate ion AcOH He LiOAc Be ( OAc ) BeAcOH B ( OAc ) ROAc NH OAc AcOAc FAc Ne NaOAc Mg ( OAc ) Al ( OAc ) ALSOL Al ( OAc ) OH Al SO ( OAc ) Si ClAc Ar KOAc Ca ( OAc ) Sc ( OAc ) Ti ( OAc ) VO ( OAc ) Cr ( OAc ) Mn ( OAc ) Mn ( OAc ) Fe ( OAc ) Fe ( OAc ) Co ( OAc ) , Co ( OAc ) Ni ( OAc ) Cu ( OAc ) Zn ( OAc ) Ga ( OAc ) Ge As ( OAc ) Se BrAc Kr RbOAc Sr ( OAc ) Y ( OAc ) Zr ( OAc ) Nb Mo ( OAc ) Tc Ru ( OAc ) Ru ( OAc ) Ru ( OAc ) Rh ( OAc ) Pd ( OAc ) AgOAc Cd ( OAc ) In Sn ( OAc ) Sn ( OAc ) Sb ( OAc ) Te IAc Xe CsOAc Ba ( OAc ) Hf Ta Re Os Ir Pt ( OAc ) Au Hg ( OAc ) , Hg ( OAc ) TlOAc Tl ( OAc ) Pb ( OAc ) Pb ( OAc ) Bi ( OAc ) Po At Rn Fr Ra Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og ↓ La ( OAc ) Ce ( OAc ) Pr Nd Pm Sm ( OAc ) Eu ( OAc ) Gd ( OAc ) Tb Dy ( OAc ) Ho ( OAc ) Er Tm Yb ( OAc ) Lu ( OAc ) Ac Th Pa UO ( OAc ) Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr This set index page lists chemical compounds articles associated with the same name . If an internal link led you here , you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aluminium_acetate&oldid=752166211 '' Categories : Chemistry set index pages Aluminium compounds Acetates Hidden categories : All set index articles Talk About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español Italiano Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Svenska தமிழ் 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 November 2016 , at 21 : 20 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium%20acetate	3,192
quaker school for black students established in philadelphia			Institute for Colored Youth	institute for colored youth	The Institute for Colored Youth was founded in 1837 in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , United States . After moving to Delaware County , Pennsylvania , and changing its name to Cheyney University , it continues as the oldest African - American school of higher education , although degrees were not granted by Cheyney until 1913 . The second site of the Institute for Colored Youth at Ninth and Bainbridge Streets in Philadelphia was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1986 . It is also known as the Samuel J. Randall School , and is a three - story , three - bay brick building built in 1865 , in the Italianate - style	The Institute was founded by Richard Humphreys , a Quaker philanthropist who bequeathed $10,000 , one - tenth of his estate , to design and establish a school to educate people of African descent . Born on a plantation in the West Indies , Humphreys came to Philadelphia in 1764 , where he became concerned about the struggles of free African Americans to make a living . News of a race riot in 1829 prompted Humphreys to write his will , in which he charged thirteen fellow Quakers to design an institution `` to instruct the descendents of the African Race in school learning , in the various branches of the mechanic Arts , trades and Agriculture , in order to prepare and fit and qualify them to act as teachers ... '' Using the money Humphreys bequeathed , the Quakers formed an organization in 1837 . For several years , they experimented with agricultural and industrial education , as well as trade apprenticeships for African - American children . By 1851 , the Managers , as the Quakers came to be called , instead decided to focus on Humphreys 's wish to train African - American children to become teachers . In 1852 , the Managers opened the first Institute for Colored Youth building at 716 -- 718 Lombard Street in Philadelphia . Although operated by the Quaker Board of Managers , the faculty of the Institute for Colored Youth consisted entirely of African - American men and women . The Institute contained both Boy 's and Girl 's High Schools , as well as a Preparatory School . The school provided a classical education to young African Americans in Philadelphia , with a curriculum including advanced mathematics , sciences , English , philosophy , various social sciences , and classical languages . By 1861 , the Managers recognized a need for a better facility for their growing school . After an extensive fundraising campaign , the Managers purchased a lot at 915 Bainbridge Street . The new Institute for Colored Youth building opened on March 9 , 1866 . It was capable of holding twice as many students as the original school and had facilities such as a lecture hall and chemistry laboratory . In 1902 the Institute moved to George Cheyney 's farm , 25 miles ( 40 km ) west of Philadelphia , and afterward the name `` Cheyney '' became associated with the school . The building is now used as condos . Notable alumni ( edit ) Julian F. Abele Lucy Addison Octavius Valentine Catto Rebecca Cole John Wesley Cromwell ( graduated in 1864 ) Robert Douglass , Jr . Sarah Mapps Douglass James B. Dudley John H. Smythe Jacob C. White Jr . Josephine Silone Yates References ( edit ) Philadelphia portal Jump up ^ `` PHMC Historical Markers '' . Historical Marker Database . Pennsylvania Historical & Museum Commission . Retrieved December 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 2009 - 03 - 13 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . Jump up ^ `` National Historic Landmarks & National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania '' ( Searchable database ) . CRGIS : Cultural Resources Geographic Information System . Note : This includes B. Mintz ( July 1986 ) . `` Pennsylvania Historic Resource Survey Form : Institute for Colored Youth '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of the Institute for Colored Youth '' ( The Institute for Colored Youth in the Civil War Era '' `` ... a great thing for our people '' ) , Villanova University . Jump up ^ Institute for Colored Youth Jump up ^ `` Randall School House '' . The Condo Shop . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rebecca Cole ( c. 1846 - 1922 ) '' , The Institute for Colored Youth in the Civil War Era , Villanova University . Jump up ^ William J. Simmons , Henry McNeal Turner , Men of Mark : Eminent , Progressive and Rising , G.M. Rewell & Company , 1887 , p 898 - 907 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania schools School District of Philadelphia 5 - 12 schools Girard Academic Music Program Julia R. Masterman School 6 - 12 schools Penn Treaty School ( neighborhood ) Neighborhood high schools Bartram Building 21 Edison / Fareira Samuel S. Fels Frankford Benjamin Franklin Furness Kensington Martin Luther King Abraham Lincoln Northeast Olney Overbrook Roxborough Sayre South Philadelphia Strawberry Mansion U School George Washington West Philadelphia Alternative high schools Bodine for International Affairs Central Constitution Dobbins Vocational Franklin Learning Center High School for the Creative and Performing Arts ( CAPA ) High School for Girls Lankenau Jules E. Mastbaum Technical Microsoft 's School of the Future Motivation Academy at Palumbo Parkway Center City Parkway West ( Mayer Sulzberger ) Philadelphia Military Academy Robeson for Human Services Arts Academy at Benjamin Rush W.B. Saul ( Saul of Agricultural Sciences ) Swenson Arts and Technology K - 8 schools Ethan Allen Bache - Martin Rudolph Blankenburg F. Amadee Bregy G.W. Childs ( Barratt Junior High ) Hamilton Disston James Dobson D. Newlin Fell Thomas K. Finletter Academics Plus Edwin Fitler Academics Plus Benjamin Franklin Academics Plus Charles W. Henry Francis Hopkinson Henry H. Houston Andrew Jackson John Story Jenks Eliza Butler Kirkbride Henry C. Lea George A. McCall Delaplaine McDaniel General George G. Meade William M. Meredith Thomas Mifflin S. Weir Mitchell Andrew J. Morrison George W. Nebinger Olney Roosevelt George Sharswood Southwark Spring Garden Edwin M. Stanton Vare - Washington Middle schools A.M.Y. at James Martin AMY Northwest Dimner Beeber ( Science Leadership Academy at Beeber ) Conwell Middle Magnet Paul Lawrence Dunbar Warren G. Harding M.Y.A. for the Humanities William T. Tilden Gen. Louis Wagner Woodrow Wilson Elementary schools Joseph H. Brown Laura H. Carnell Lewis C. Cassidy Academics Plus Joseph W. Catharine Kennedy Crossan Academics Plus Emlen Edwin Forrest Julia Ward Howe Francis Scott Key James Logan James R. Lowell Ludlow John Marshall Alexander K. McClure Overbrook John M. Patterson Joseph Pennell Samuel W. Pennypacker Richmond William Rowen Philip H. Sheridan James J. Sullivan Bayard Taylor Frances E. Willard Former high schools / 6 - 12 schools Edward W. Bok Technical Charles Carroll Communications Technology ( George Wolf ) Stephen A. Douglas Thomas FitzSimons Germantown Robert E. Lamberton William Penn Thaddeus Stevens University City Roberts Vaux Promise Academy Young Women 's Leadership School at Rhodes Former K - 8 / middle / elementary schools Charles Y . Audenried William W. Axe George L. Brooks George W. Childs Watson Comly Mary Disston Francis M. Drexel Thomas Dunlap Fairhill Joseph C. Ferguson Robert Fulton Germantown Grammar Elizabeth Duane Gillespie William B. Hanna Nathaniel Hawthorne Leslie P. Hill Holmes George L. Horn ( Sheridan West Academy ) John L. Kinsey David Landreth Joseph Leidy Henry Longfellow Mechanicsville Thomas Meehan William S. Peirce George Pepper Anna B. Pratt Thomas Powers Robert Ralston Samuel J. Randall Thomas Buchanan Read General John F. Reynolds Charles Schaeffer Walter G. Smith Spring Garden School No. 1 Abigail Vare Rudolph Walton George Washington Anthony Wayne John G. Whittier David Wilmot Alexander Wilson Mary Channing Wister Richardson L. Wright Other schools Roman Catholic Archdiocese Archbishop Ryan Father Judge J.W. Hallahan Little Flower Mercy Career & Technical Nazareth Academy Roman Catholic St. Hubert St. Joseph 's Preparatory St. Malachy Saints John Neumann and Maria Goretti West Catholic Other private schools Al - Aqsa Islamic Cedar Grove Christian Friends Select Germantown Friends Girard College Greene Street Friends Overbrook School for the Blind William Penn Pennsylvania School for the Deaf Philadelphia Free School Philadelphia Mennonite Politz Hebrew Springside Chestnut Hill St. Peter 's Former private schools St. Anthony de Padua Parish Public charter schools Arts and Sciences Belmont Simon Gratz Hope Imhotep Institute MaST Community Mastery Mann Elementary ( William B. Mann ) Mastery Shoemaker Campus ( William Shoemaker ) Mastery Thomas Campus ( George C. Thomas ) Mathematics , Civics and Sciences Memphis Street Smedley Universal Alcorn Universal Audenried Universal Creighton Universal Vare Hardy Williams ( Anna Howard Shaw ) Cheyney University of Pennsylvania Facilities Institute for Colored Youth Melrose People List of Cheyney University of Pennsylvania alumni List of Cheyney University of Pennsylvania faculty Richard Humphreys US National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania Topics Contributing property Keeper of the Register Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places National Park Service Property types Lists by county Adams Allegheny Armstrong Beaver Bedford Berks Blair Bradford Bucks Butler Cambria Cameron Carbon Centre Chester East North South Clarion Clearfield Clinton Columbia Crawford Cumberland Dauphin Delaware Elk Erie Fayette Forest Franklin Fulton Greene Huntingdon Indiana Jefferson Juniata Lackawanna Lancaster Lawrence Lebanon Lehigh Luzerne Lycoming McKean Mercer Mifflin Monroe Montgomery Montour Northampton Northumberland Perry Philadelphia Pike Potter Schuylkill Snyder Somerset Sullivan Susquehanna Tioga Union Venango Warren Washington Wayne Westmoreland Wyoming York Lists by city Pittsburgh Lancaster Philadelphia Center City North Northeast Northwest South Southwest West Other lists European archaeological sites Native American archaeological sites Bridges ( covered ) National Historic Landmarks ( Philadelphia ) NRHP portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Institute_for_Colored_Youth&oldid=791502129 '' Categories : African - American history in Philadelphia School buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania Italianate architecture in Pennsylvania School buildings completed in 1865 Education in Philadelphia Pennsylvania state historical marker significations South Philadelphia Cheyney University of Pennsylvania National Register of Historic Places in Philadelphia Educational institutions established in 1837 1837 establishments in Pennsylvania Hidden categories : Wikipedia page with obscure country or subdivision Coordinates on Wikidata Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 20 July 2017 , at 18 : 03 . 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what is the capital of the smallest state in the us			List of capitals in the United States	list of capitals in the united states	Washington , D.C. is the current federal capital city of the United States , as it has been since 1800 . Each U.S. state has its own capital city , as do many of its Insular areas . Historically , most states have not changed their capital city since becoming a state , but the capital cities of their respective preceding colonies , territories , kingdoms , and republics typically changed multiple times . There have also been other governments within the current borders of the United States with their own capitals , such as the Republic of Texas , Native American nations , and other unrecognized governments .	Contents ( hide ) 1 State capitals 2 Insular area capitals 3 Former national capitals 3.1 Kingdom and Republic of Hawaii 3.2 Republic of Texas 4 Native American capitals 4.1 Cherokee Nation 4.2 Muscogee Creek Nation 4.3 Iroquois Confederacy 4.3. 1 Seneca Nation of Indians 4.4 Navajo Nation 5 Unrecognized national capitals 5.1 Vermont Republic 5.2 State of Franklin 5.3 State of Muskogee 5.4 Republic of West Florida 5.5 Republic of Indian Stream 5.6 California Republic 5.7 Confederate States 6 Historical state , colonial , and territorial capitals 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links State capitals ( edit ) States ( purple ) in which the capital is also that state 's largest city in population The dates listed in the following table indicate the year in which the city started to continuously serve as the state 's sole capital . Most states have changed their capital city at least once -- see Historical state , colonial , and territorial capitals for details . In the case of the thirteen original states , `` statehood '' in the table refers to date of ratification of the U.S. Constitution . State capitals of the United States State Abr . State - hood Capital Capital since Area ( mi2 ) Population ( 2010 ) Notes Municipal Metropolitan Rank Alabama AL 1819 Montgomery 1846 155.4 205,764 374,536 Birmingham is the state 's largest city . Alaska AK 1959 Juneau 1906 2716.7 31,275 Largest capital by municipal land area . Anchorage is the state 's largest city . Arizona AZ 1912 Phoenix 1889 474.9 1,445,632 4,192,887 Most populous U.S. state capital and the only capital with more than 1 million citizens . Arkansas AR 1836 Little Rock 1821 116.2 193,524 877,091 California CA 1850 Sacramento 1854 97.2 466,488 2,527,123 6 Supreme Court of California is headquartered in San Francisco . The state 's largest city is Los Angeles . Colorado CO 1876 Denver 1867 153.4 600,158 2,552,195 Denver was called Denver City until 1882 . Connecticut CT 1788 Hartford 1875 17.3 124,775 1,212,381 Bridgeport is the state 's largest city , Hartford , however , is the state 's largest Metro area Delaware DE 1787 Dover 1777 22.4 36,047 162,310 Longest - serving capital in terms of statehood . Wilmington is the state 's largest city . Florida FL 1845 Tallahassee 1824 95.7 181,412 367,413 7 Jacksonville is the largest city . Miami is the largest metropolitan area . Georgia GA 1788 Atlanta 1868 131.7 420,003 5,268,860 State capital with the most populous metro area in the U.S. Hawaii HI 1959 Honolulu 1845 85.7 337,256 953,207 Idaho ID 1890 Boise 1865 63.8 205,671 616,561 Illinois IL 1818 Springfield 1837 54.0 116,250 208,182 6 Chicago is the state 's largest city . Indiana IN 1816 Indianapolis 1825 361.5 829,718 1,756,221 Iowa IA 1846 Des Moines 1857 75.8 203,433 580,255 Kansas KS 1861 Topeka 1856 56.0 127,473 230,824 Wichita is the state 's largest city , and Kansas City , Missouri is the largest metropolitan area . Kentucky KY 1792 Frankfort 1792 14.7 25,527 70,758 14 Louisville is the state 's largest city . Louisiana LA 1812 Baton Rouge 1880 76.8 229,553 802,484 New Orleans is the state 's largest city and home to the Louisiana Supreme Court , although Baton Rouge is located in the state 's most populous parish . It is also home to the tallest state capitol building . Maine ME 1820 Augusta 1832 55.4 19,136 117,114 8 Portland is the state 's largest city . Maryland MD 1788 Annapolis 1694 6.73 38,394 7 Smallest capital by land area . Baltimore is the state 's largest city and county . Capitol building is the oldest in the U.S. still in use . Massachusetts MA 1788 Boston 1630 48.4 617,594 4,522,858 Longest continuously serving capital in the U.S. Michigan MI 1837 Lansing 1847 35.0 114,297 464,036 5 Only state capital that is not also its county seat ( not counting the two state capitals that are independent cities and not located in any county ) . Detroit is the state 's largest city . Minnesota MN 1858 Saint Paul 1849 52.8 300,851 3,502,891 Capital 's twin city , Minneapolis , is the state 's largest . The two form the core of the state 's Largest Metro Area . Mississippi MS 1817 Jackson 1821 104.9 173,514 539,057 Only state capital that shares its status as county seat with another city ( Raymond , Mississippi ) . Missouri MO 1821 Jefferson City 1826 27.3 43,079 149,807 15 Kansas City is the state 's largest city , and Greater St. Louis is the state 's largest metropolitan area . Montana MT 1889 Helena 1875 14.0 28,190 74,801 6 Billings is the state 's largest city . Nebraska NE 1867 Lincoln 1867 74.6 258,379 302,157 Omaha is the state 's largest city . It shares the largest metro area with Council Bluffs , Iowa . Nevada NV 1864 Carson City 1861 143.4 55,274 6 One of two independent cities that serves as a state capital . Las Vegas is the state 's largest city . It shares the largest metro area with Paradise . New Hampshire NH 1788 Concord 1808 64.3 42,695 Manchester is the state 's largest city . New Jersey NJ 1787 Trenton 1784 7.66 84,913 366,513 10 Served as the U.S. capital for a short period in the late 18th century . Newark is the state 's largest city , although Trenton is the center of the largest Metropolitan Statistical Area centered in New Jersey . New Mexico NM 1912 Santa Fe 1610 37.3 75,764 183,732 Longest serving capital in the United States . Highest elevation of any state capital . Albuquerque is the state 's largest city . New York NY 1788 Albany 1797 21.4 97,856 857,592 6 New York City is the state 's largest city . North Carolina NC 1789 Raleigh 1792 114.6 403,892 1,130,490 Charlotte is the state 's largest city . North Dakota ND 1889 Bismarck 1883 26.9 61,272 108,779 Fargo is the state 's largest city . Ohio OH 1803 Columbus 1816 210.3 822,553 1,967,066 Third - largest state capital ; however , the Cincinnati and Cleveland metropolitan areas are both slightly larger . Oklahoma OK 1907 Oklahoma City 1910 607.0 580,000 1,252,987 Shortest serving current state capital . Oregon OR 1859 Salem 1855 45.7 154,637 390,738 Portland is the state 's largest city . Pennsylvania PA 1787 Harrisburg 1812 8.11 49,528 647,390 9 Philadelphia is the state 's largest city . Rhode Island RI 1790 Providence 1900 18.5 178,042 1,630,956 Also served as the state 's capital from 1636 -- 1686 and 1689 -- 1776 . It was one of five co-capitals 1776 -- 1853 , and one of two co-capitals 1853 -- 1900 . South Carolina SC 1788 Columbia 1786 125.2 131,686 913,797 Charleston is the state 's largest city , while Greenville is the Largest Metro area . South Dakota SD 1889 Pierre 1889 13.0 13,646 8 Sioux Falls is the state 's largest city . Tennessee TN 1796 Nashville 1826 473.3 635,710 1,582,264 Texas TX 1845 Austin 1839 251.5 790,390 1,716,291 Houston is the state 's largest city and the previous capital , and Dallas -- Fort Worth is the largest metro area . Austin is the largest state capital that is not also the state 's largest city by population . Utah UT 1896 Salt Lake City 1858 109.1 186,440 1,124,197 Vermont VT 1791 Montpelier 1805 10.2 7,855 6 Least populous U.S. state capital . Burlington is the state 's largest city . Virginia VA 1788 Richmond 1780 60.1 204,214 1,231,675 Virginia Beach and Norfolk are the state 's largest cities , and Hampton Roads is the state 's largest metro area based in the state . Richmond is one of two independent cities that serves as a state capital . Although Richmond is the county seat of Henrico County , it is not part of the county . Washington WA 1889 Olympia 1853 16.7 46,478 234,670 24 Seattle is the state 's largest city . West Virginia WV 1863 Charleston 1885 31.6 51,400 304,214 Charleston is the smallest capital city that is still the most populous city in its state . Huntington has the largest metropolitan area . Wisconsin WI 1848 Madison 1838 68.7 233,209 561,505 Milwaukee is the state 's largest city . Wyoming WY 1890 Cheyenne 1869 21.1 59,466 91,738 Insular area capitals ( edit ) An insular area is a United States territory that is neither a part of one of the fifty states nor a part of the District of Columbia , the nation 's federal district . Those insular areas with territorial capitals are listed below . Capitals of United States Insular Areas Insular area Abr . Date Capital Population Date Notes American Samoa AS 1899 Pago Pago 3,656 Pago Pago refers to both a village and a group of villages , one of the group is Fagatogo the official seat of government stated in the territory 's constitution since 1967 . Guam GU 1898 Hagåtña 1,051 Dededo is the area 's largest village . Northern Mariana Islands MP 1947 Saipan 1,028 Puerto Rico PR 1898 San Juan 395,326 The city of San Juan was originally called Puerto Rico while the island was called San Juan Bautista . U.S. Virgin Islands VI 1917 Charlotte Amalie 18,481 Former National capitals ( edit ) From 1774 to 1800 , Congress met in numerous locations ; therefore , the following cities can be said to have once been the United States capital : First Continental Congress Carpenters ' Hall , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania : September 5 , 1774 to October 24 , 1774 Second Continental Congress Independence Hall , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania : May 10 , 1775 to December 12 , 1776 Henry Fite House , Baltimore , Maryland : December 20 , 1776 to February 27 , 1777 Independence Hall , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania : March 4 , 1777 to September 18 , 1777 Court House , Lancaster , Pennsylvania : September 27 , 1777 ( one day ) Court House , York , Pennsylvania : September 30 , 1777 to June 2 , 1778 College Hall , College of Philadelphia : July 2 , 1778 to July 20 , 1778 Independence Hall , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania : July 23 , 1778 to March 1 , 1781 Congress of the Confederation Independence Hall , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania : March 1 , 1781 to June 21 , 1783 Nassau Hall , Princeton , New Jersey : June 30 , 1783 to November 4 , 1783 Maryland State House , Annapolis , Maryland : November 26 , 1783 to August 19 , 1784 French Arms Tavern , Trenton , New Jersey : November 1 , 1784 to December 24 , 1784 City Hall ( Federal Hall ) , New York City , New York : January 11 , 1785 to October 2 , 1788 Fraunces Tavern , New York City , New York : October 6 , 1788 to March 3 , 1789 United States Constitution Federal Hall , New York City , New York : March 4 , 1789 to December 5 , 1790 Congress Hall , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania : December 6 , 1790 to May 14 , 1800 United States Capitol , Washington , Maryland : November 17 , 1800 to February 27 , 1801 United States Capitol , Washington , D.C. : February 27 , 1801 to December 8 , 1815 Old Brick Capitol , Washington , D.C. : December 8 , 1815 to 1819 United States Capitol , Washington , D.C. : 1819 to present Kingdom and Republic of Hawaii ( edit ) Prior to becoming a territory of the United States in 1898 , Hawaii was an independent country . Five sites served as its capital : Waikīkī . Served as the capital of the Kingdom of Hawaii , 1795 -- 1796 Hilo . Served as the capital of the Kingdom of Hawaii , 1796 -- 1803 Kailua - Kona . Served as the capital of the Kingdom of Hawaii , 1812 -- 1820 Lahaina . Served as the capital of the Kingdom of Hawaii , 1820 -- 1845 . Honolulu Served as the capital of the Kingdom of Hawaii , 1803 -- 1812 . Served as the capital of the Kingdom of Hawaii , 1845 -- January 17 , 1893 . Served as the seat of the Provisional Government of Hawaii after the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii , January 17 , 1893 -- July 4 , 1894 . Served as the capital of the Republic of Hawaii when it was established on July 4 , 1894 until the Republic was annexed by the United States on July 7 , 1898 under the Newlands Resolution to become the Territory of Hawaii . On becoming a state in 1959 , Honolulu became the capital of the State of Hawaii . Republic of Texas ( edit ) Before joining the United States under the Texas Annexation in 1845 , Texas was an independent nation known as the Republic of Texas . Seven cities served as its capital : Washington ( now Washington - on - the - Brazos ) , 1836 Harrisburg ( now part of Houston ) , 1836 Galveston , 1836 Velasco , 1836 West Columbia , 1836 Houston , 1837 -- 1839 Austin , 1839 -- 1845 ( also present - day capital of the State of Texas ) Native American capitals ( edit ) Some Native American tribes , in particular the Five Civilized Tribes , organized their states with constitutions and capitals in Western style . Others , like the Iroquois , had long - standing , pre-Columbian traditions of a ' capitol ' longhouse where wampum and council fires were maintained with special status . Since they did business with the U.S. Federal Government , these capitals can be seen as officially recognized in some sense . Cherokee Nation ( edit ) New Echota 1825 - 1832 New Echota , now near Calhoun , Georgia was founded in 1825 , realizing the dream and plans of Cherokee Chief Major Ridge . Major Ridge chose the site because of its centrality in the historic Cherokee Nation which spanned parts of Georgia , North Carolina , Tennessee and Alabama , and because it was near the confluence of the Conasauga and Coosawattee rivers . The town 's layout was partly inspired by Ridge 's many visits to Washington D.C. and to Baltimore , but also invoked traditional themes of the Southeastern ceremonial complex . Complete with the Council House , Supreme Court , Cherokee syllabary printing press , and the houses of several of the Nation 's constitutional officers , New Echota served as the capital until 1832 when the state of Georgia outlawed Native American assembly in an attempt to undermine the Nation . Thousands of Cherokee would gather in New Echota for the annual National Councils , camping along the nearby rivers and holding long stomp dances in the park - like woods that were typical of many Southeastern Native American settlements . Red Clay 1832 - 1838 The Cherokee National council grounds were moved to Red Clay , Tennessee on the Georgia state line in order to evade the Georgia state militia . The log cabins , limestone springs and park - like woods of Red Clay severed as the capital until the Cherokee Nation was removed to Indian Territory ( Oklahoma ) on the Trail of Tears . Tahlequah 1839 - 1907 , 1938 -- present Tahlequah , in present - day Oklahoma , served as the capital of the original Cherokee Nation after Removal . After the Civil War , a turbulent period for the Nation which was involved in its own civil war resulting from pervasive anger and disagreements over removal from Georgia , the Cherokee Nation built a new National Capitol in Tahlequah out of brick . The building served as the capitol until 1907 , when the Dawes Act finally dissolved the Cherokee Nation and Tahlequah became the county seat of Cherokee County , Oklahoma . The Cherokee National government was re-established in 1938 and Tahlequah remains the capital of the modern Cherokee Nation ; it is also the capital of the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians . Cherokee 20th century - present ( Eastern Band of Cherokee ) Approximately four to eight hundred Cherokees escaped removal because they lived on a separated tract , purchased later with the help of Confederate Colonel William Holland Thomas , along the Oconaluftee river deep in the Smoky Mountains of North Carolina . Some Cherokees fleeing the Federal Army sent for the `` round up , '' fled to the remote settlements separated from the rest of the Cherokee Territory in Georgia and North Carolina in order to remain in their homeland . In the 20th century , their descendants organized as the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians ; its capital is at Cherokee , North Carolina , in the tribally - controlled Qualla Boundary . Muscogee Creek Nation ( edit ) Hot Springs , Arkansas c. 1837 - 1866 After Removal from their Alabama - Georgia homeland , the Creek national government met near Hot Springs which was then part of their new territory as prescribed in the Treaty of Cusseta . However , the Union forced the Creeks to cede over three million acres ( half of their land ) of what is now Arkansas , after some Creeks fought with the Confederacy in the American Civil War . Okmulgee 1867 - 1906 Served as the National capital after the American Civil War . It was probably named after Ocmulgee , on the Ocmulgee river in Macon , a principle Coosa and later Creek town built with mounds and functioning as part of the Southeastern ceremonial complex . However , there were other traditional Creek `` mother - towns '' before removal . The Ocmulgee mounds were ceded illegally in 1821 with the Treaty of Indian Springs . Iroquois Confederacy ( edit ) Onondaga ( Onondaga privilege c. 1450 -- present ) The Iroquois Confederacy or Haudenosaunee , which means `` People of the Longhouse , '' was an alliance between the Five and later Six - Nations of Iroquoian language and culture of upstate New York . These include the Seneca , Cayuga , Onondaga , Oneida , Mohawk , and , after 1722 , the Tuscarora Nations . Since the Confederacy 's formation around 1450 , the Onondaga Nation has held privilege of hosting the Iroquois Grand Council and the status of Keepers of the Fire and the Wampum -- which they still do at the official Longhouse on the Onondaga Reservation . Now spread over reservations in New York and Ontario , the Six Nations of the Haudenosaunee preserve this arrangement to this day in what they claim to be the `` world 's oldest representative democracy . '' Seneca Nation of Indians ( edit ) Jimerson Town ( Allegany Reservation ) Irving ( Cattaraugus Reservation ) The Seneca Nation republic was founded in 1848 and has two capitals that rotate responsibilities every two years . Jimerson Town was founded in the 1960s following the formation of the Allegheny Reservoir . The Senecas also have an administrative longhouse in Steamburg but do not consider that location to be a capital . Navajo Nation ( edit ) Window Rock Window Rock ( Navajo : Tségháhoodzání ) , Arizona , is a small city that serves as the seat of government and capital of the Navajo Nation ( 1936 -- present ) , the largest territory of a sovereign Native American nation in North America . It lies within the boundaries of the St. Michaels Chapter , adjacent to the Arizona and New Mexico state line . Window Rock hosts the Navajo Nation governmental campus which contains the Navajo Nation Council , Navajo Nation Supreme Court , the offices of the Navajo Nation President and Vice President , and many Navajo government buildings . Unrecognized National capitals ( edit ) There have been a handful of nations within the current borders of the United States which were never officially recognized as legally independent sovereign entities ; however , these nations did have de facto control over their respective regions during their existence . Vermont Republic ( edit ) Before joining the United States as the fourteenth state , Vermont was an independent republic known as the Vermont Republic . Two cities served as the capital of the Republic : Westminster , 1777 Windsor , 1777 -- 1791 The current capital of the State of Vermont is Montpelier . State of Franklin ( edit ) The State of Franklin was an autonomous , secessionist United States territory created , not long after the end of the American Revolution , from territory that later was ceded by North Carolina to the federal government . Franklin 's territory later became part of the state of Tennessee . Franklin was never officially admitted into the Union of the United States and existed for only four years . Jonesborough , Tennessee , 1784 -- ? Greeneville , Tennessee , 1785 ? -- ? State of Muskogee ( edit ) The State of Muskogee was a short - lived Native American state in Florida . It consisted of several tribes of Creeks and Seminoles . It existed from 1799 to 1803 . It had one capital : Miccosukee , 1799 -- 1803 Republic of west Florida ( edit ) The Republic of West Florida was a short - lived republic involving the area known today as Louisiana 's Florida Parishes -- at the time the westernmost portion of Spanish West Florida . The area was soon seized by the United States under President James Madison and incorporated into the Territory of Orleans . St. Francisville , Louisiana , 1810 Republic of Indian Stream ( edit ) The Republic of Indian Stream was an unrecognized independent nation within the present state of New Hampshire . Pittsburg , New Hampshire , 1832 -- 1835 California Republic ( edit ) Before being annexed by the United States in 1848 ( following the Mexican -- American War ) , a small portion of north - central California declared itself the California Republic , in an act of independence from Mexico , in 1846 ( see Bear Flag Revolt ) . The republic only existed a month before it disbanded itself , to join the advancing American army and therefore became part of the United States . The very short - lived California Republic was never recognized by the United States , Mexico or any other nation . There was one de facto capital of the California Republic : Sonoma , 1846 Confederate States ( edit ) The Confederate States of America ( C.S.A. ) had two capitals during its existence . The first capital was established February 4 , 1861 , in Montgomery , Alabama , and remained there until it was moved to Richmond , Virginia , on May 29 , 1861 . The individual state capitals remained the same in the Confederacy as they had been in the Union ( U.S.A. ) , although as the advancing Union Army used those cities for military districts , some of the Confederate governments were relocated or moved out of state , traveling along with secessionist armies . Montgomery , February 4 , 1861 -- May 29 , 1861 Richmond , May 29 , 1861 -- April 3 , 1865 Historical state , colonial , and territorial capitals ( edit ) Most of the original Thirteen Colonies had their capitals occupied or attacked by the British during the American Revolutionary War . State governments operated where and as they could . The City of New York was occupied by British troops from 1776 to 1783 . A similar situation occurred during the War of 1812 , during the American Civil War in many Confederate states , and during the Pueblo Revolt of 1680 -- 1692 in New Mexico . Twenty - two state capitals have been a capital longer than their state has been a state , since they served as the capital of a predecessor territory , colony , or republic . Boston , Massachusetts , has been a capital city since 1630 ; it is the oldest continuously - running capital in the United States . Santa Fe , New Mexico , is the oldest capital city , having become capital in 1610 and interrupted only by the aforementioned Pueblo Revolt . An even older Spanish city , St. Augustine , Florida , served as a colonial capital from 1565 until about 1820 , more than 250 years . The table below includes the following information : The state , the year in which statehood was granted , and the state 's capital are shown in bold type . NOTE : For the first thirteen states , formerly the Thirteen Colonies of Great Britain on the Atlantic seaboard , the year of statehood is shown as 1776 ( United States Declaration of Independence ) rather than the subsequent year each state ratified the 1787 United States Constitution . ( See List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union . ) The year listed for each capital is the starting date ; the ending date is the starting date for the successor unless otherwise indicated . In many cases , capital cities of historical jurisdictions were outside of a state 's present borders . ( Those cities are generally indicated with the two - letter abbreviation for the U.S. state in which the former administrative capital is now located . ) Historical capitals in the United States of America State Capital Date Notes Alabama Statehood in 1819 San Agustín 1565 Capital of the Spanish colony of La Florida . Savannah 1733 Capital of the British proprietary Colony of Georgia . 1755 Capital of the British Province of Georgia . 1776 Capitals of the State of Georgia . Augusta ( GA ) 1778 Heard 's Fort ( GA ) 1780 Augusta ( GA ) 1781 Savannah ( GA ) 1782 Ebenezer ( GA ) 1782 Savannah ( GA ) 1784 Augusta ( GA ) 1786 Louisville ( GA ) 1796 Natchez ( MS ) 1798 Capitals of the Mississippi Territory . Washington ( MS ) 1802 St. Stephens 1817 Capital of the Alabama Territory . Huntsville 1819 Capitals of the State of Alabama . Cahawba 1820 Tuscaloosa 1826 Montgomery 1846 Capital of the State of Alabama . ( Capital of the Confederate States of America in 1861 . ) Alaska Statehood in 1959 Novo - Arkhangelsk Sitka 1808 Capital of the Russian colony of Alaska . 1867 Capital of the Department of Alaska . 1900 Capitals of the District of Alaska . Juneau 1906 1912 Capital of the Territory of Alaska . 1959 Capital of the State of Alaska . Arizona Statehood in 1912 Santa Fe ( NM ) 1848 Capital of the U.S. provisional government of New Mexico 1848 -- 1850 . 1850 Capital of the U.S. Territory of New Mexico 1850 -- 1912 . Mesilla ( NM ) 1862 Capital of the Confederate Territory of Arizona ( southern New Mexico and Arizona 1862 ) . San Antonio ( TX ) 1862 Capital of the government - in - exile of the Confederate Territory of Arizona 1862 -- 1865 . Fort Whipple 1864 Capitals of the U.S. Territory of Arizona . Prescott 1864 Tucson 1867 Prescott 1877 Phoenix 1889 1912 Capital of the State of Arizona . Arkansas Statehood in 1836 Saint - Louis San Luis St. Louis 1765 Capital of the Spanish ( though predominantly Francophone ) district of Alta Louisiana . 1800 Capital of the French district of La Haute - Louisiane . 1804 Capital of the District of Louisiana ( under the authority of the Indiana Territory . ) 1805 Capital of the Louisiana Territory . 1812 Capital of the Missouri Territory . Arkansas Post 1819 Capitals of the Arkansaw Territory . Little Rock 1821 1836 Capital of the State of Arkansas . ( Washington was the Confederate state capital 1863 -- 1865 . ) California Statehood in 1850 Loreto ( BCS ) 1770 Capitals of the Spanish Virreinato de la Nueva España colonies of las Californias . Presidio Reál de San Carlos de Monterey Monterey 1777 1804 Capital of the Spanish Virreinato de la Nueva España province of Alta California . 1821 Capital of the Mexican province of Alta California . 1846 Capital of the U.S. military government of California . 1849 Capital of the Provisional Government of California . Pueblo de San José de Guadalupe 1850 Capitals of the State of California Vallejo 1852 Benicia 1853 Sacramento 1854 Colorado Statehood in 1876 Denver City 1859 Capitals of the extralegal Territory of Jefferson . Golden City 1860 Denver City 1861 Capitals of the Territory of Colorado . Colorado City 1862 Golden City 1862 Denver City Denver 1867 1876 Capital of the State of Colorado . Connecticut Statehood in 1776 Fort Amsterdam ( NY ) 1625 Capital of the Netherlands colony of New Netherland . Hartford 1639 Capital of the English Colony of Connecticut 1639 -- 1686 . New - Haven 1640 Capital of the English Colony of New - Haven until its merger into the Connecticut Colony in 1662 . Boston ( MA ) 1686 Capital of the English Dominion of New - England in America . Hartford 1689 Capital of the English Colony of Connecticut . joint capitals 1701 Hartford and New - Haven served as the `` co-capitals '' of the English Colony of Connecticut , with the Assembly holding its May session in Hartford and its October session in New - Haven . 1707 Hartford and New - Haven joint capitals of the British Colony of Connecticut . 1776 Hartford and New Haven joint capitals of the State of Connecticut . Hartford 1875 Capital of the State of Connecticut . Delaware Statehood in 1776 Fort Kristina 1638 Capital of the Swedish colony of Nya Sverige . Fort Amsterdam Nieuw - Amsterdam New - York Nieuw - Oranje New - York ( NY ) 1655 Capital of the Dutch province of New Netherland . 1664 Capital of the English Colony of New - York . 1673 Capital of the Dutch military government of New Netherland . 1674 Capital of the English Colony of New - York . Philadelphia ( PA ) 1682 Capital of the English Colony of Pennsylvania . New Castle 1704 Capital of the English Lower Counties on the Delaware . 1707 Capital of the British Lower Counties on the Delaware . 1776 Capitals of the State of Delaware . Dover 1777 Florida Statehood in 1845 Fort de la Caroline 1564 Capital of the French colony of La Caroline 1564 -- 1565 . San Agustín St. Augustine 1565 Capital of the Spanish colony of La Florida 1565 -- 1763 . 1763 Capital of the British province of East Florida 1763 -- 1783 . 1783 Capital of the Spanish province of Florida Oriental 1783 -- 1821 . Santa María de Ochuse Pensacola 1763 Capital of the British province of British West Florida 1763 -- 1783 . 1783 Capital of the Spanish province of Florida Occidental 1783 -- 1821 . Tallahassee 1824 Capital of the Florida Territory . 1845 Capital of the State of Florida . Georgia Statehood in 1776 San Agustín 1565 Capital of the Spanish colony of La Florida . Savannah 1733 Capital of the British proprietary Colony of Georgia . 1755 Capital of the British Province of Georgia . 1776 Capitals of the State of Georgia . Augusta 1778 Heard 's Fort 1780 Augusta 1781 Savannah 1782 Ebenezer 1782 Savannah 1784 Augusta 1786 Louisville 1796 Milledgeville 1807 Macon 1864 Milledgeville 1865 Atlanta 1868 Hawaii Statehood in 1959 Lahaina 1820 Capitals of the Kingdom of Hawaii . Honolulu 1845 1894 Capital of the Republic of Hawaii . 1898 Capital of the Territory of Hawaii . 1959 Capital of the State of Hawai ʻi . Idaho Statehood in 1890 Oregon City ( OR ) 1843 Capital of the Provisional Government of Oregon in the Oregon Country . 1848 Capitals of the Territory of Oregon ( all of Idaho 1848 -- 1853 , southern Idaho 1853 -- 1859 . ) Salem ( OR ) 1851 Olympia ( WA ) 1853 Capital of the Territory of Washington ( northern Idaho 1853 -- 1859 , all of Idaho 1859 -- 1863 . ) Lewiston 1863 Capitals of the Territory of Idaho . Boise 1865 1890 Capital of the State of Idaho . Illinois Statehood in 1818 Marietta ( OH ) 1788 Capital of the Territory Northwest of the River Ohio . Vincennes ( IN ) 1800 Capital of the Territory of Indiana . Kaskaskia 1809 Capital of the Territory of Illinois . 1818 Capitals of the State of Illinois . Vandalia 1820 Springfield 1839 Indiana Statehood in 1816 Marietta ( OH ) 1788 Capital of the Territory Northwest of the River Ohio . Vincennes 1800 Capitals of the Territory of Indiana . Corydon 1813 1816 Capitals of the State of Indiana . Indianapolis 1825 Iowa Statehood in 1846 Saint - Louis San Luis St. Louis ( MO ) 1765 Capital of the Spanish ( though predominantly Francophone ) district of Alta Louisiana . 1800 Capital of the French district of La Haute - Louisiane . 1804 Capital of the District of Louisiana ( under the authority of the Indiana Territory . ) 1805 Capital of the Louisiana Territory . 1812 Capital of the Missouri Territory ( 1812 -- 1821 ) . Detroit ( MI ) 1834 Capital of the Territory of Michigan . Belmont ( WI ) 1836 Capitals of the Territory of Wisconsin . Burlington 1837 1838 Capitals of the Territory of Iowa . Iowa City 1841 1846 Capitals of the State of Iowa . Des Moines 1857 Kansas Statehood in 1861 Saint - Louis San Luis St. Louis 1765 Capital of the Spanish ( though predominantly Francophone ) district of Alta Louisiana . 1800 Capital of the French district of La Haute - Louisiane . 1804 Capital of the District of Louisiana ( under the authority of the Indiana Territory . ) 1805 Capital of the Louisiana Territory . 1812 Capital of the Missouri Territory ( 1812 -- 1821 ) . Pawnee 1855 Capital of the Kansas Territory ( July 2 -- July 6 ) . Shawnee Mission 1855 Capital of the Kansas Territory . Lecompton 1856 Capital de jure ( pro-slavery ) of the Territory of Kansas . Topeka Capital de facto ( anti-slavery ) of the Territory of Kansas . Minneola 1858 Declared capital by territorial legislature , although this action was later declared void . Topeka 1861 Capital of the State of Kansas . Kentucky Statehood in 1792 Williamsburg ( VA ) 1699 Capital of the English Colony of Virginia . 1707 Capital of the British Colony of Virginia . 1776 Capital of the Commonwealth of Virginia . Richmond ( VA ) 1780 Frankfort 1792 Capital of the Commonwealth of Kentucky . ( The government initially met at Lexington but Frankfort was quickly named the capital . Bowling Green was the rival Confederate state capital 1861 -- 62 . ) Louisiana Statehood in 1812 San Agustín 1565 Capital of the Spanish colony of La Florida . La Mobile 1702 Capitals of the French colony of La Louisiane . Bilocci 1720 La Nouvelle - Orléans Nueva Orleans New Orleans 1722 1763 Capital of the Spanish district of Baja Louisiana . 1800 Capital of the French district of La Basse - Louisiane . 1804 Capital of the Territory of Orleans . 1812 Capitals of the State of Louisiana . Donaldsonville 1830 New Orleans 1831 Baton Rouge 1849 Opelousas 1862 Shreveport 1863 New Orleans 1865 Baton Rouge 1882 Maine Statehood in 1820 Île Sainte - Croix 1604 Capitals of the French colony of l'Acadie . Port - Royal ( NS ) 1605 Boston ( MA ) 1630 Capital of the English Colony of Massachusetts Bay . 1686 Capital of the English Dominion of New - England in America . 1689 Capital of the dissident Colony of Massachusetts Bay . 1691 Capital of the English Province of Massachusetts Bay . 1707 Capital of the British Province of Massachusetts Bay . 1774 Capital of the dissident Province of Massachusetts Bay . 1776 Capital of the State of Massachusetts Bay . 1780 Capital of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts . Portland 1820 Capital of the State of Maine . 1827 Capital de facto of the State of Maine . Augusta Capital de jure of the State of Maine . 1832 Capital of the State of Maine . Maryland Statehood in 1776 St. Mary 's City 1634 Capital of the English proprietary Colony of Maryland . Anne Arundel 's Towne Annapolis 1694 Capital of the English Province of Maryland . 1707 Capital of the British Province of Maryland . 1776 Capital of the State of Maryland . ( Capital of the United States of America 1783 -- 1784 . ) Massachusetts Statehood in 1776 Plimouth 1620 Capital of the English Colony of New - Plimouth 1620 -- 1686 . Boston 1630 Capital of the English Colony of Massachusetts Bay 1630 -- 1686 . 1686 Capital of the English Dominion of New - England in America 1686 -- 1689 . Plimouth 1688 Capital of the dissident Colony of New - Plimouth 1688 -- 1692 . Boston 1689 Capital of the dissident Colony of Massachusetts Bay 1689 -- 1692 . 1692 Capital of the English Province of Massachusetts Bay . 1707 Capital of the British Province of Massachusetts Bay . 1774 Capital of the dissident Province of Massachusetts Bay . 1776 Capital of the State of Massachusetts Bay . 1780 Capital of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts . Michigan Statehood in 1837 Marietta ( OH ) 1788 Capitals of the Territory Northwest of the River Ohio ( all of Michigan 1788 -- 1800 , eastern Michigan 1800 -- 1803 . ) Chillicothe ( OH ) 1800 Vincennes ( IN ) Capitals of the Territory of Indiana ( western Michigan 1800 -- 1803 ; all of Michigan 1803 -- 1805 , a portion of the Upper Peninsula 1805 -- 1816 . ) Corydon ( IN ) 1813 Detroit 1805 Capital of the Territory of Michigan ( Lower Peninsula 1805 -- 1818 , all of Michigan 1818 -- 1837 . ) ( Detroit was occupied by British Armed Forces 1812 -- 1813 . ) 1837 Capitals of the State of Michigan . Lansing 1847 Minnesota Statehood in 1858 Saint - Louis San Luis St. Louis ( MO ) 1765 Capital of the Spanish ( though predominantly Francophone ) district of Alta Louisiana 1765 -- 1800 . 1800 Capital of the French district of la Haute - Louisiane ( west of Mississippi River 1800 -- 1804 . ) 1804 Capital of the District of Louisiana ( west of Mississippi River under the authority of the Indiana Territory 1804 -- 1805 . ) 1805 Capital of the Territory of Louisiana ( west of Mississippi River 1805 -- 1812 . ) 1812 Capital of the Territory of Missouri ( west of Mississippi River 1812 -- 1821 . ) Marietta ( OH ) 1788 Capital of the Territory Northwest of the River Ohio ( east of Mississippi River 1788 -- 1800 . ) Vincennes ( IN ) 1800 Capital of the Territory of Indiana ( east of Mississippi River 1800 -- 1809 . ) Kaskaskia ( IL ) 1809 Capital of the Territory of Illinois ( east of Mississippi River 1809 -- 1818 . ) Detroit ( MI ) 1818 Capital of the Territory of Michigan ( east of Mississippi River 1818 - 1834 , all of Minnesota 1834 -- 1836 . ) Belmont ( WI ) 1836 Capitals of the Territory of Wisconsin . Burlington ( IA ) 1837 1838 Capital of the Territory of Iowa ( west of Mississippi River 1838 -- 1841 . ) Madison ( WI ) Capital of the Territory of Wisconsin ( east of Mississippi River 1838 -- 1848 . ) Iowa City ( IA ) 1841 Capital of the Territory of Iowa ( west of Mississippi River 1841 -- 1846 . ) Saint Paul 1849 Capital of the Territory of Minnesota . 1858 Capital of the State of Minnesota . Mississippi Statehood in 1817 San Agustín 1565 Capital of the Spanish colony of La Florida . Savannah 1733 Capital of the British proprietary Colony of Georgia . 1755 Capital of the British Province of Georgia . 1776 Capitals of the State of Georgia . Augusta ( GA ) 1778 Heard 's Fort ( GA ) 1780 Augusta ( GA ) 1781 Savannah ( GA ) 1782 Ebenezer ( GA ) 1782 Savannah ( GA ) 1784 Augusta ( GA ) 1786 Louisville ( GA ) 1796 Natchez 1798 Capitals of the Territory of Mississippi . Washington 1802 Natchez 1817 Capitals of the State of Mississippi . Jackson 1821 Missouri Statehood in 1821 Saint - Louis San Luis St. Louis 1765 Capital of the Spanish ( though predominantly Francophone ) district of Alta Louisiana . 1800 Capital of the French district of La Haute - Louisiane . 1804 Capital of the District of Louisiana ( under the authority of the Indiana Territory . ) 1805 Capital of the Louisiana Territory . 1812 Capital of the Missouri Territory . Saint Charles 1821 Capitals of the State of Missouri . ( A Confederate state government in exile operated from Neosho 1861 -- 1863 , and from Marshall , Texas , 1863 -- 1865 . ) Jefferson City 1826 Montana Statehood in 1889 Saint - Louis San Luis St. Louis ( MO ) 1765 Capital of the Spanish ( though predominantly Francophone ) district of Alta Louisiana ( east of Continental Divide 1763 -- 1800 . ) 1800 Capital of the French district of la Haute - Louisiane ( east of Continental Divide 1800 -- 1804 . ) 1804 Capital of the District of Louisiana ( east of Continental Divide under the authority of the Indiana Territory 1804 -- 1805 . ) 1805 Capital of the Territory of Louisiana ( east of Continental Divide 1805 -- 1812 . ) 1812 Capital of the Territory of Missouri ( east of Continental Divide 1812 -- 1821 . ) Fort Vancouver ( WA ) 1825 Capital de facto of the Oregon Country ( west of Continental Divide 1818 -- 1843 . ) Oregon City ( OR ) 1843 Capital of the Provisional Government of Oregon ( west of Continental Divide 1843 -- 1848 . ) 1848 Capitals of the Territory of Oregon ( west of Continental Divide 1848 -- 1853 . ) Salem ( OR ) 1851 Olympia ( WA ) 1853 Capital of the Territory of Washington ( west of Continental Divide 1853 -- 1863 . ) Omaha ( NE ) 1854 Capital of the Territory of Nebraska ( east of Continental Divide 1854 -- 1861 . ) Yankton ( SD ) 1861 Capital of the Territory of Dakota ( east of Continental Divide 1861 -- 1863 . ) Lewiston ( ID ) 1863 Capital of the Territory of Idaho . Bannack 1864 Capitals of the Territory of Montana . Virginia City 1865 Helena 1875 1889 Capital of the State of Montana . Nebraska Statehood in 1867 Saint - Louis San Luis St. Louis ( MO ) 1765 Capital of the Spanish ( though predominantly Francophone ) district of Alta Louisiana . 1800 Capital of the French district of la Haute - Louisiane . 1804 Capital of the District of Louisiana ( under the authority of the Indiana Territory . ) 1805 Capital of the Territory of Louisiana . 1812 Capital of the Territory of Missouri ( 1812 -- 1821 ) . Omaha 1854 Capitals of the Territory of Nebraska . Lancaster Lincoln 1867 1867 Capital of the State of Nebraska . Nevada Statehood in 1864 Fillmore ( UT ) 1850 Capitals of the Territory of Utah . Salt Lake City ( UT ) 1858 Carson City 1861 Capital of the Territory of Nevada . 1864 Capital of the State of Nevada . New Hampshire Statehood in 1776 Boston ( MA ) 1630 Capital of the English Colony of Massachusetts Bay . Portsmouth 1680 Capital of the English Province of New Hampshire . Boston ( MA ) 1686 Capital of the English Dominion of New - England in America . Portsmouth 1689 Capital of the dissident Province of New Hampshire . 1691 Capital of the English Province of New Hampshire . 1698 Capital of the English Province of New Hampshire under jurisdiction of the Royal Governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay . 1707 Capital of the British Province of New Hampshire under jurisdiction of the Royal Governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay . 1741 Capital of the British Province of New Hampshire . Exeter 1775 Capital of the Revolutionary War government of New Hampshire . 1776 Capitals of the State of New Hampshire . Concord 1808 New Jersey Statehood in 1776 Fort Amsterdam ( NY ) 1625 Capital of the Dutch colony of New Netherland . 1652 Capital of the Dutch province of New Netherland . Elizabethtown ( now Elizabeth ) 1665 Capital of the English Province of New Jersey . Perth Amboy 1673 Capital of the English Province of East Jersey 1673 -- 1688 . Burlington Capital of the English Province of West Jersey 1673 -- 1688 . Boston ( MA ) 1688 Capital of the English Dominion of New - England in America 1688 -- 1689 . Perth Amboy 1689 Capital of the English Province of East Jersey 1689 -- 1702 . Burlington Capital of the English Province of West Jersey 1689 -- 1702 . joint capitals 1702 East Jersey and West Jersey were re-united as the English Province of New Jersey in 1702 . Perth Amboy and Burlington served jointly as the capital until 1784 . 1707 Joint capitals of the British Province of New Jersey . 1776 Joint capitals of the State of New Jersey . Trenton 1784 Capital of the State of New Jersey . ( Capital of the United States of America in 1784 . ) New Mexico Statehood in 1912 San Juan de los Caballeros 1598 Capitals of the Spanish Virreinato de la Nueva España colony of Santa Fe de Nuevo México . La Villa Real de la Santa Fé de San Francisco de Asís 1610 El Paso del Norte ( now Ciudad Juárez CHH ) 1680 Capital of the Spanish Virreinato de la Nueva España colony - in - exile of Santa Fe de Nuevo México ( Pueblo Revolt 1680 -- 1692 ) . La Villa Real de la Santa Fé de San Francisco de Asís Santa Fe 1692 Capital of the Spanish Virreinato de la Nueva España colony of Santa Fe de Nuevo México . 1821 Capital of the Mexican province of Santa Fe de Nuevo México . 1824 Capital of the Mexican territory of Santa Fe de Nuevo México . 1846 Capital of the U.S. military government of New Mexico 1846 . 1846 Capital of the U.S. provisional government of New Mexico 1846 -- 1850 . 1850 Capital of the U.S. Territory of New Mexico 1850 -- 1912 . Mesilla 1862 Capital of the Confederate Territory of Arizona ( southern New Mexico and Arizona 1862 ) . San Antonio ( TX ) 1862 Capital of the government - in - exile of the Confederate Territory of Arizona 1862 -- 1865 . Santa Fe 1912 Capital of the State of New Mexico . New York Statehood in 1776 Fort Amsterdam Nieuw - Amsterdam New - York Nieuw - Oranje New - York 1625 Capital of the Dutch colony of New Netherland ( Novum Belgium ) . 1652 Capital of the Dutch province of New Netherland . 1664 Capital of the English Province of New York . 1673 Capital of the Dutch military government of New Netherland . 1674 Capital of the English Province of New York . Boston ( MA ) 1688 Capital of the English Dominion of New - England in America . New - York 1689 Capital of the dissident government of New - York . 1691 Capital of the English Province of New York . 1707 Capital of the British Province of New York . 1776 Capitals of the State of New York . Kingston 1777 Hurley 1777 Poughkeepsie 1777 New York 1788 Capital of the State of New York . ( Capital of the United States of America 1785 -- 1788 and 1789 -- 1790 . ) Albany 1797 Capital of the State of New York . North Carolina Statehood in 1776 San Agustín ( FL ) 1565 Capital of the Spanish colony of la Florida . Charlestown ( SC ) 1670 Capital of the English Province of Carolina . 1707 Capital of the British Province of Carolina . New Bern 1712 Capital of the British Province of North Carolina . 1776 Capitals of the State of North Carolina . Fayetteville 1789 Raleigh 1794 North Dakota Statehood in 1889 Saint - Louis San Luis St. Louis ( MO ) 1765 Capital of the Spanish ( though predominantly Francophone ) district of Alta Louisiana . 1800 Capital of the French district of la Haute - Louisiane . 1804 Capital of the District of Louisiana ( under the authority of the Indiana Territory . ) 1805 Capital of the Territory of Louisiana . 1812 Capital of the Territory of Missouri ( 1812 -- 1821 ) . Detroit ( MI ) 1834 Capital of the Territory of Michigan ( east of Missouri River and White Earth River 1834 -- 1836 . ) Belmont ( WI ) 1836 Capitals of the Territory of Wisconsin ( east of Missouri River and White Earth River 1836 -- 1838 . ) Burlington ( IA ) 1837 1838 Capitals of the Territory of Iowa ( east of Missouri River and White Earth River 1838 -- 1846 . ) Iowa City ( IA ) 1841 Saint Paul ( MN ) 1849 Capital of the Territory of Minnesota ( east of Missouri River and White Earth River 1849 -- 1858 . ) Omaha ( NE ) 1854 Capital of the Territory of Nebraska ( west of Missouri River or White Earth River 1854 -- 1861 . ) Yankton ( SD ) 1861 Capitals of the Territory of Dakota . Bismarck 1883 1889 Capital of the State of North Dakota . Ohio Statehood in 1803 Marietta 1788 Capitals of the Territory Northwest of the River Ohio . Chillicothe 1800 1803 Capitals of the State of Ohio . Zanesville 1810 Chillicothe 1812 Columbus 1816 Oklahoma Statehood in 1907 Saint - Louis San Luis St. Louis ( MO ) 1765 Capital of the Spanish ( though predominantly Francophone ) district of Alta Louisiana . 1800 Capital of the French district of la Haute - Louisiane . 1804 Capital of the District of Louisiana ( under the authority of the Indiana Territory . ) 1805 Capital of the Territory of Louisiana . 1812 Capital of the Territory of Missouri . Arkansas Post ( AR ) 1819 Capitals of the Territory of Arkansaw ( south of the parallel 36 ° 30 ' north 1819 -- 1824 , southeastern Oklahoma 1824 -- 1828 . ) Little Rock ( AR ) 1821 Tahlequah 1838 Capital of the Cherokee Nation . Tuskahoma 1838 Capital of the Choctaw Nation . Tishomingo 1855 Capital of the Chickasaw Nation . Wewoka 1866 Capital of the Seminole Nation . Okmulgee 1867 Capital of the Creek Nation . Pawhuska ? Capital of the Osage Nation . Guthrie 1889 Capital of the Territory of Oklahoma . 1907 Capitals of the State of Oklahoma . Oklahoma City 1910 Oregon Statehood in 1859 Champoeg 1843 Temporary capital of the disputed Oregon Country . Oregon City 1843 Capital of the Provisional Government of Oregon in the Oregon Country . 1848 Capitals of the Territory of Oregon . Salem 1851 Corvallis 1855 Salem 1855 1859 Capital of the State of Oregon . Pennsylvania Statehood in 1776 Philadelphia 1682 Capital of the English proprietary Colony of Pennsylvania . 1707 Capital of the British proprietary Colony of Pennsylvania . 1776 Capital of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania . ( Capital of the United States of America 1776 , 1777 , 1778 -- 1783 , and 1790 -- 1800 . ) Lancaster 1799 Capital of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania . ( Capital of the United States of America 1777 . ) Harrisburg 1812 Capital of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania . Rhode Island Statehood in 1776 Providence 1636 Capital of the English Colony of Providence 1636 -- 1644 . Portsmouth 1639 Capital of the English Colony of Aquidneck Island 1639 -- 1644 . 1644 Capital of the English Colony of Rhode Island . Providence 1644 Capital of the English Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations . Boston ( MA ) 1686 Capital of the English Dominion of New - England in America . Providence 1689 Capital of the English Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations . 1707 Capital of the British Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations . five capitals 1776 From 1776 to 1853 , the legislature of the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations rotated among the county seats of the state 's five counties : Providence , Newport , East Greenwich , South Kingstown , and Bristol . joint capitals 1854 From 1854 to 1899 , the legislature of the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations alternated sessions between Providence and Newport . Providence 1900 Capital of the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations . South Carolina Statehood in 1776 San Agustín ( FL ) 1565 Capital of the Spanish colony of la Florida . Charlestown 1670 Capital of the English Province of Carolina . 1707 Capital of the British Province of Carolina . 1712 Capital of the British Province of South Carolina . 1776 Capitals of the State of South Carolina . Columbia 1786 South Dakota Statehood in 1889 Saint - Louis San Luis St. Louis ( MO ) 1765 Capital of the Spanish ( though predominantly Francophone ) district of Alta Louisiana . 1800 Capital of the French district of la Haute - Louisiane . 1804 Capital of the District of Louisiana ( under the authority of the Indiana Territory . ) 1805 Capital of the Territory of Louisiana . 1812 Capital of the Territory of Missouri ( 1812 -- 1821 ) . Detroit ( MI ) 1834 Capital of the Territory of Michigan ( east of Missouri River 1834 -- 1836 . ) Belmont ( WI ) 1836 Capitals of the Territory of Wisconsin ( east of Missouri River 1836 -- 1838 . ) Burlington ( IA ) 1837 1838 Capitals of the Territory of Iowa ( east of Missouri River 1838 -- 1846 . ) Iowa City ( IA ) 1841 Saint Paul ( MN ) 1849 Capital of the Territory of Minnesota ( east of Missouri River 1849 -- 1858 . ) Omaha ( NE ) 1854 Capital of the Territory of Nebraska ( west of Missouri River 1854 -- 1861 . ) Yankton 1861 Capitals of the Territory of Dakota . Bismarck ( ND ) 1883 Pierre 1889 Capital of the State of South Dakota . Tennessee Statehood in 1796 New Bern ( NC ) 1712 Capital of the British Province of North Carolina . 1776 Capital of the State of North Carolina . Rocky Mount 1790 Capitals of the Territory South of the River Ohio . White 's Fort Knoxville 1791 1796 Capital of the State of Tennessee . Kingston 1807 Capital of the State of Tennessee for one day in 1807 to fulfill treaty obligations with the Cherokee Nation . Knoxville 1807 Capitals of the State of Tennessee . Nashville 1812 Knoxville 1817 Murfreesboro 1818 Nashville 1826 Texas Statehood in 1845 Los Adaes ( LA ) 1729 Capitals of the Spanish colony of Tejas . San Antonio de Béxar ( now San Antonio ) 1772 Saltillo ( COA ) 1824 Capitals of the Mexican province of Coahuila y Tejas . Monclova ( COA ) 1833 Washington ( now Washington - on - the - Brazos ) 1836 Capitals of the Republic of Texas . Galveston 1836 Harrisburg 1836 Velasco 1836 Columbia 1836 Houston 1837 Austin 1839 1845 Capital of the State of Texas . Utah Statehood in 1896 Salt Lake City 1849 Capital of the extralegal State of Deseret . Fillmore 1850 Capitals of the Territory of Utah . Salt Lake City 1858 1896 Capital of the State of Utah . Vermont Statehood in 1791 Westminster 1777 Capitals of the Republic of New Connecticut . Windsor 1777 1777 Capital of the Vermont Republic . 1791 Capitals of the State of Vermont . Montpelier 1805 Virginia Statehood in 1776 Jamestown 1619 Capitals of the English Colony of Virginia . Middle Plantation Williamsburg 1698 1707 Capital of the British Colony of Virginia . 1776 Capital of the Commonwealth of Virginia . Richmond 1780 Capital of the Commonwealth of Virginia . ( Capital of the Confederate States of America 1861 -- 1865 . ) ( A rival pro-Union state government operated from Wheeling 1861 -- 1863 and from Alexandria 1863 -- 1865 . ) Washington Statehood in 1889 Champoeg ( OR ) 1843 Temporary capital of the disputed Oregon Country . Oregon City ( OR ) 1843 Capital of the Provisional Government of Oregon in the Oregon Country . 1848 Capitals of the Territory of Oregon . Salem ( OR ) 1851 Olympia 1853 Capital of the Territory of Washington . 1889 Capital of the State of Washington . West Virginia Statehood in 1863 Jamestown ( VA ) 1619 Capitals of the English Colony of Virginia . Middle Plantation ( VA ) Williamsburg ( VA ) 1698 1707 Capital of the British Colony of Virginia . 1776 Capitals of the Commonwealth of Virginia . Richmond ( VA ) 1780 Wheeling 1861 Capital of the rival pro-Union government of the Commonwealth of Virginia . 1863 Capitals of the State of West Virginia . Charleston 1870 Wheeling 1875 Charleston 1885 Wisconsin Statehood in 1848 Marietta ( OH ) 1788 Capital of the Territory Northwest of the River Ohio . Vincennes ( IN ) 1800 Capital of the Territory of Indiana . Kaskaskia ( IL ) 1809 Capital of the Territory of Illinois . Detroit ( MI ) 1818 Capital of the Territory of Michigan . Belmont 1836 Capitals of the Territory of Wisconsin . Burlington ( IA ) 1837 Madison 1838 1848 Capital of the State of Wisconsin . Wyoming Statehood in 1890 Lewiston ( ID ) 1863 Capital of the Territory of Idaho . Yankton ( SD ) 1864 Capital of the Territory of Dakota . Cheyenne 1869 Capital of the Territory of Wyoming . 1890 Capital of the State of Wyoming . See also ( edit ) Historic regions of the United States History of the Philippines ( 1898 -- 1946 ) History of the United States Lists of capitals List of U.S. colonial possessions Outline of United States history Political divisions of the United States Territorial evolution of the United States Timeline of country and capital changes Notes ( edit ) ^ ( a ) Even though the urbanized area of Carson City is about 15 miles ( 24 km ) from the California border , the larger Consolidated Municipality of Carson City does form part of the Nevada state border . Similarly , the City and Borough of Juneau extends eastward to British Columbia , although the urbanized area of Juneau is about 35 miles ( 56 km ) from the Canada -- US border . ^ ( b ) Congress was forced to move from Philadelphia due to a riot of angry soldiers . See : Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783 ^ ( c ) President James Madison fled to the home of Caleb Bentley in Brookeville , Maryland following the burning of Washington on August 24 -- 25 , 1814 . As such , the town claims to have been the `` U.S. Capital for a Day '' despite the fact that Congress never met there . See : `` A Brief History '' . Town of Brookeville , Maryland . 2006 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 07 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 07 . ^ ( d ) Due to flooding in Sacramento , San Francisco served as a temporary capital from January 24 , 1862 to May 15 , 1862 . See `` California 's State Capitols 1850 -- present '' ( PDF ) ... ^ ( e ) The District of Columbia was formed February 27 , 1801 , with the District of Columbia Organic Act of 1801 . The city of Washington was founded in 1791 and construction of the new capital began while it was still part of Maryland . President John Adams moved to the White House on November 1 , 1800 and the 6th United States Congress held its first session in Washington on November 17 , 1800 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Nine Capitals of the United States . United States Senate Historical Office . Accessed June 9 , 2005 . Based on Fortenbaugh , Robert , The Nine Capitals of the United States , York , PA : Maple Press , 1948 . Jump up ^ `` United States Capitols '' . Jump up ^ `` United States Capitols '' . Jump up ^ `` United States Capitols '' . ^ Jump up to : Ehle , John ( 1988 ) . Trail of Tears : The Rise and Fall of the Cherokee Nation . New York : Anchor Books Doubleday . ISBN 0385239548 . Jump up ^ `` Qualla Boundary NCpedia '' . www.ncpedia.org . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Muscogee Creek Nation - Culture / history '' . Muscogee Creek Nation . Jump up ^ nysmuseum ( 2014 - 09 - 30 ) , Haudenosaunee or Iroquois ? , retrieved 2017 - 01 - 24 Jump up ^ `` Haudenosaunee Confederacy '' . www.haudenosauneeconfederacy.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Haudenosaunee Confederacy '' . www.haudenosauneeconfederacy.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ The State of Muskogee , State Flags of Florida , Cultural , Historical and Information Programs , Office of Cultural and Historical Programs website , Florida Department of State , Government of Florida , retrieved October 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Capitals of Alabama . Alabama Department of Archives and History . Updated October 29 , 2001 . Accessed June 9 , 2005 . ^ Jump up to : The Spanish name La Florida originally referred to all of the American continent north of Mexico . As other European nations colonized North America , the extent of La Florida shrank to encompass only the Spanish territorial claims in the southeastern portion of the present United States . Jump up ^ Frequently Asked Questions About Alaska . Statewide Library Electronic Doorway . Updated September 21 , 2004 . Accessed June 9 , 2005 ; based on Alaska Blue Book 1993 -- 94 , 11th ed. , Juneau , Department of Education , Division of State Libraries , Archives & Museums . ExploreNorth : The History of Sitka . Department of Community and Economic Development , Alaska Community Database Online . Accessed June 9 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Capitals before the Capitol . Arizona State Library , Archives and Public Records . Accessed June 9 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Educational Materials : Facts . Arkansas Secretary of State . Accessed June 9 , 2005 . Washington State Park 19th century village in SW Arkansas . Arkansas Department of Parks and Tourism , Confederate Capital Old Division of State Parks . 2003 . Accessed June 9 , 2005 . ^ Jump up to : The name Arkansas has been pronounced and spelled in a variety of fashions . The region was organized as the Territory of Arkansaw on July 4 , 1819 , but the territory was admitted to the Union as the State of Arkansas on June 15 , 1836 . The name was historically pronounced / ˈɑːrkənsɔː / , / ɑːr ˈkænzəs / , and several other variants . In 1881 , the Arkansas General Assembly passed the following concurrent resolution ( Arkansas Statutes , Title 1 , Chapter 4 , Section 105 ) : Whereas , confusion of practice has arisen in the pronunciation of the name of our state and it is deemed important that the true pronunciation should be determined for use in oral official proceedings . And , whereas , the matter has been thoroughly investigated by the State Historical Society and the Eclectic Society of Little Rock , which have agreed upon the correct pronunciation as derived from history , and the early usage of the American immigrants . Be it therefore resolved by both houses of the General Assembly , that the only true pronunciation of the name of the state , in the opinion of this body , is that received by the French from the Native Americans and committed to writing in the French word representing the sound . It should be pronounced in three ( 3 ) syllables , with the final `` s '' silent , the `` a '' in each syllable with the Italian sound , and the accent on the first and last syllables . The pronunciation with the accent on the second syllable with the sound of `` a '' in `` man '' and the sounding of the terminal `` s '' is an innovation to be discouraged . Citizens of the State of Kansas often pronounce the Arkansas River / ɑːr ˈkænzəs / in a manner similar to the common pronunciation of the name of their state . Jump up ^ E. Dotson Wilson ( 2006 ) . Ebbert , Brian S. , ed . California 's Legislature ( PDF ) . Sacramento , California : State of California . pp. 157 -- 165 . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ Early Capitol and Legislative Assembly Locations Colorado State Archives , Colorado State Capitol Virtual Tour . Updated June 20 , 2003 . Accessed June 9 , 2005 . Jump up ^ From December 3 , 1859 , to December 3 , 1861 , Denver City was formally the City of Denver , Auraria , and Highland . Jump up ^ On November 15 , 1902 , the City of Denver became the City and County of Denver . Jump up ^ Florida State History . Florida Division of Historical Resources . Jump up ^ Jackson , Edwin L. Story of Georgia 's Capitols and Capital Cities Archived 2007 - 10 - 09 at the Wayback Machine ... Carl Vinson Institute of Government . University of Georgia . 1988 Jump up ^ Chronological History of Idaho . Idaho Office of the Governor . Created 2000 . Accessed June 9 , 2005 . ^ Jump up to : Clarke , S.A. ( 1905 ) . Pioneer Days of Oregon History . J.K. Gill Company . Jump up ^ Past Capitols ; based on Illinois Bluebook , 1975 -- 1976 . Created March 5 , 2005 . Accessed June 10 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Sabin , Henry . Making of Iowa , chapter 24 : Locating a Capital . Originally published 1900 by A. Flanagan Co. of Chicago and New York ; published online by Iowa History Project , posted August 25 , 2004 . Accessed June 10 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Harding , Eldon . Stories from the Kansas State Capital : Choosing a Capital City -- Why Topeka ? . Kansas State Historical Society . April 2001 . Accessed June 10 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Fitzgerald , Daniel ( 1988 ) . Ghost Towns of Kansas . University Press of Kansas . pp. 61 -- 65 . ISBN 0700603689 . Jump up ^ Kentucky 's State Capitols . Kentucky Department for Libraries and Archives . Accessed July 24 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Note : The Louisiana Capitals information may be incorrect or incomplete . See http://www.state.la.us/about_history2.htm and elsewhere . Jump up ^ Students Questions Frequently Ask . Maine State Senate . Accessed June 10 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Historical Chronology . Maryland State Archives . Accessed July 24 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Michigan in Brief State of Michigan . Updated March 7 , 2005 . Accessed June 10 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Saint Paul 's 150th birthday . City of Saint Paul , Minnesota . Accessed June 9 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Bunn , Mike and Clay Williams , Capitals and Capitols : The Places and Spaces of Mississippi 's Seat of Government . Mississippi History Now . Mississippi Historical Society Online . Posted September 2003 . Accessed June 10 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Lambert , Kirby . Montana 's crown jewel of architecture : The Montana state capitol Montana : The Magazine of Western History , Montana Historical Society . Summer 2002 . Accessed June 10 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Rocha , Guy Nevada State Archives Historical Myth a Month : Myth # 28 , Las Vegas : Nevada 's Next State Capital . Updated July 14 , 2003 . Accessed June 9 , 2005 ; originally published as Sierra Sage , Carson City / Carson Valley , Nevada . May 1998 edition . Jump up ^ New Hampshire Senate Page For Kids . New Hampshire General Court . Accessed June 9 , 2005 . New Hampshire History in Brief . New Hampshire Division of Historical Resources . Created 1989 . Accessed June 9 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Oregon Legislative Assembly History . Oregon State Archives . Accessed February 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The History of Pennsylvania 's Capital . Pennsylvania Department of Education . Accessed July 24 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Capital Cities . Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture . 2002 . Accessed March 12 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Early History of Montpelier , Vermont . Vermont Historical Society . Accessed June 9 , 2005 ; adapted from Esther Munroe Swift , Vermont Place - Names : Footprints of History , 1977 , 1996 , and Montpelier Heritage Group , Three Walking Tours of Montpelier , Vt. , 1991 . Jump up ^ About Our Capital . Virginia General Assembly . Accessed July 20 , 2006 . Jump up ^ The History of Olympia . City of Olympia . Accessed June 9 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Cravens , Stanley H. `` Capitals and Capitols in Early Wisconsin '' Archived 2006 - 06 - 23 at the Wayback Machine ... Wisconsin Blue Book Archived 2006 - 02 - 09 at the Wayback Machine. , 1983 -- 1984 edition . Jump up ^ Saban , Mary Thompson , Wyoming Sage : Brief History of Wyoming . Updated January 17 , 2004 . Accessed June 10 , 2005 . Jump up ^ http://www.britishcolumbia.com/regions/towns/?townID=4124 Jump up ^ Carter II , Edward C. ( 1971 -- 1972 ) , `` Benjamin Henry Latrobe and the Growth and Development of Washington , 1798 - 1818 '' , Records of the Columbia Historical Society : 139 Further reading ( edit ) Christian Montes . American Capitals : A Historical Geography ( University of Chicago Press ; 2014 ) 394 pages ; scholarly study of geographic and other factors that have shaped the designation of capitals in all 50 states External links ( edit ) Find more aboutstate capitalat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Florida Facts - The Capitol The Capitalization of Georgia The State Houses of Louisiana Las Vegas : Nevada 's Next State Capital ? New Hampshire Senate for Kids - Capitals Handbook of Texas Online -- Capitals Colonial Capitals of the Dominion of Virginia Utah History To Go - Utah 's Capitols Links to related articles Capitals of the United States by jurisdiction Nation : US Washington States : AL Montgomery AK Juneau AZ Phoenix AR Little Rock CA Sacramento CO Denver CT Hartford DE Dover FL Tallahassee GA Atlanta HI Honolulu ID Boise IL Springfield IN Indianapolis IA Des Moines KS Topeka KY Frankfort LA Baton Rouge ME Augusta MD Annapolis MA Boston MI Lansing MN Saint Paul MS Jackson MO Jefferson City MT Helena NE Lincoln NV Carson City NH Concord NJ Trenton NM Santa Fe NY Albany NC Raleigh ND Bismarck OH Columbus OK Oklahoma City OR Salem PA Harrisburg RI Providence SC Columbia SD Pierre TN Nashville TX Austin UT Salt Lake City VT Montpelier VA Richmond WA Olympia WV Charleston WI Madison WY Cheyenne Territories : AS Pago Pago GU Hagåtña MP Saipan PR San Juan VI Charlotte Amalie United States state - related lists List of states and territories of the United States Demographics Educational attainment Irreligion Largest cities by population Most popular given names Most populous counties Population Density Growth rate Birth and death rates Historical African American Amish Hispanic and Latino Spanish - speaking Economy Billionaires Budgets Companies Federal tax revenue Federal taxation and spending Gross domestic product Growth rate Per capita Income Household Per capita Inequality Minimum wages Poverty rates Sales taxes Sovereign wealth funds State income taxes Flat rate None Unemployment rates Union affiliation Vehicles per capita Environment Carbon dioxide emissions Parks Renewable energy Superfund sites Wilderness areas Geography Area Coastline Elevation Forest Geographic centers Government Attorneys general Capitals Historical Capitol buildings Comparison Counties Alphabetical Current State Legislators Governors Lieutenant governors Legislatures Libraries and archives Official languages Poets laureate State auditors State secretaries of state State superintendents of education State supreme courts State treasurers Health Human Development Index Fertility rates Hospitals Life expectancy Obesity rates History Date of statehood Name etymologies Historical societies and museums National Historic Landmarks National Register of Historic Places State partitions Historic regions Law Abortion Age of consent Alcohol Dry communities Alford plea Cell phone use while driving Constitutions Firearms Homicide Law enforcement agencies Legality of cannabis Peace Index Prisons Incarceration rate Same - sex unions Former constitutional bans Marriage law Seat belt laws Self - representation Smoking bans Statutory codes Miscellaneous Abbreviations Demonyms Fictional states Flags Insignia Symbols Tallest buildings Time zones Commons Portals Location of the capital of the United States and predecessors 1774 First Continental Congress Philadelphia 1775 -- 81 Second Continental Congress Philadelphia → Baltimore → Lancaster → York → Philadelphia 1781 -- 89 Congress of the Confederation Philadelphia → Princeton → Annapolis → Trenton → New York City 1789 -- present Federal government of the United States New York City → Philadelphia → Washington , D.C. 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who was arsenal's top scorer in the league this season			List of Arsenal F.C. Records and Statistics	list of arsenal f. c. records and statistics	Arsenal Football Club is an English professional association football club based in Holloway , London . The club was formed in Woolwich in 1886 as Dial Square before being renamed as Royal Arsenal , and then Woolwich Arsenal in 1893 . In 1914 , the club 's name was shortened to Arsenal F.C. after moving to Highbury a year earlier . After spending their first four seasons solely participating in cup tournaments and friendlies , Arsenal became the first southern member admitted into the Football League in 1893 . In spite of finishing fifth in the Second Division in 1919 , the club was voted to rejoin the First Division at the expense of local rivals Tottenham Hotspur . Since that time , they have not fallen below the first tier of the English football league system and hold the record for the longest uninterrupted period in the top flight . The club remained in the Football League until 1992 , when its First Division was superseded as English football 's top level by the newly formed Premier League , of which they were an inaugural member .	The list encompasses the honours won by Arsenal at national , regional , county and friendly level , records set by the club , their managers and their players . The player records section itemises the club 's leading goalscorers and those who have made most appearances in first - team competitions . It also records notable achievements by Arsenal players on the international stage , and the highest transfer fees paid and received by the club . Attendance records at Highbury , the Emirates Stadium , the club 's home ground since 2006 , and Wembley Stadium , their temporary home for UEFA Champions League games between 1998 and 1999 , are also included . Arsenal have won 13 top - flight titles , and also hold the record for the most FA Cup wins , with 13 . The club 's record appearance maker is David O'Leary , who made 722 appearances between 1975 and 1993 . Thierry Henry is Arsenal 's record goalscorer , scoring 228 goals in total . All figures are correct as of the match played on 1 October 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Honours and achievements 1.1 EFL and Premier League 1.2 The FA 1.3 UEFA 1.4 County FAs 1.4. 1 London FA 1.4. 2 Kent County FA 1.5 Other 1.5. 1 Wartime 1.5. 2 Mid-season 1.5. 3 Pre-season 2 Player records 2.1 Appearances 2.1. 1 Most appearances 2.2 Goalscorers 2.2. 1 Top goalscorers 2.3 International 2.4 Transfers 2.4. 1 Record transfer fees paid 2.4. 2 Record transfer fees received 3 Managerial records 4 Club records 4.1 Matches 4.1. 1 Firsts 4.1. 2 Record wins 4.1. 3 Record defeats 4.1. 4 Record consecutive results 4.2 Goals 4.3 Points 4.4 Attendances 5 European statistics 6 Global records 7 Footnotes 8 References Honours and achievements ( edit ) After Arsenal completed the only 38 - match season unbeaten , the Premier League commissioned a unique gold trophy to commemorate the achievement . Arsenal 's first ever silverware was won as the Royal Arsenal in 1890 . The Kent Junior Cup , won by Royal Arsenal 's reserves , was the club 's first trophy , while the first team 's first trophy came three weeks later when they won the Kent Senior Cup . Their first national senior honour came in 1930 , when they won the FA Cup . The club enjoyed further success in the 1930s , winning another FA Cup and five Football League First Division titles . Arsenal won their first league and cup double in the 1970 -- 71 season and twice repeated the feat , in 1997 -- 98 and 2001 -- 02 , as well as winning a cup double of the FA Cup and League Cup in 1992 -- 93 . In 2003 -- 04 , Arsenal recorded an unbeaten top - flight league season , something achieved only once before by Preston North End in 1888 -- 89 , who only had to play 22 games . To mark the achievement , a special gold version of the Premier League trophy was commissioned and presented to the club the following season . Their most recent success came in 2017 , when they became the most successful club in FA Cup history with 13 titles . English Champions and FA Cups Timeline view discuss edit 1880 -- -- 1890 -- -- 1900 -- -- 1910 -- -- 1920 -- -- 1930 -- -- 1940 -- -- 1950 -- -- 1960 -- -- 1970 -- -- 1980 -- -- 1990 -- -- 2000 -- -- 2010 -- -- Outside FL Second tier WWI WWII 🏆 🏆 🏆 🏆 🏆 🏆 🏆 🏆 🏆 🏆 🏆 🏆 🏆 🥇 🥇 🥇 🥇 🥇 🥇 🥇 🥇 🥇 🥇 🥇 🥇 🥇 🏆 English League Champions 🥇 FA Cup Winners Arsenal 's honours and achievements include the following : EFL and Premier League ( edit ) First Division ( until 1992 ) and Premier League Winners ( 13 ) : 1930 -- 31 , 1932 -- 33 , 1933 -- 34 , 1934 -- 35 , 1937 -- 38 , 1947 -- 48 , 1952 -- 53 , 1970 -- 71 , 1988 -- 89 , 1990 -- 91 , 1997 -- 98 , 2001 -- 02 , 2003 -- 04 Runners - up ( 9 ) : 1925 -- 26 , 1931 -- 32 , 1972 -- 73 , 1998 -- 99 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 , 2002 -- 03 , 2004 -- 05 , 2015 -- 16 Second Division ( until 1992 ) Runners - up ( 1 ) : 1903 -- 04 League Cup Winners ( 2 ) : 1986 -- 87 , 1992 -- 93 Runners - up ( 5 ) : 1967 -- 68 , 1968 -- 69 , 1987 -- 88 , 2006 -- 07 , 2010 -- 11 League Centenary Trophy Winners ( 1 ) : 1988 ( record ) The FA ( edit ) FA Cup Winners ( 13 ) : 1929 -- 30 , 1935 -- 36 , 1949 -- 50 , 1970 -- 71 , 1978 -- 79 , 1992 -- 93 , 1997 -- 98 , 2001 -- 02 , 2002 -- 03 , 2004 -- 05 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2016 -- 17 ( record ) Runners - up ( 7 ) : 1926 -- 27 , 1931 -- 32 , 1951 -- 52 , 1971 -- 72 , 1977 -- 78 , 1979 -- 80 , 2000 -- 01 FA Community Shield ( FA Charity Shield before 2002 ) Winners ( 15 ) : 1930 , 1931 , 1933 , 1934 , 1938 , 1948 , 1953 , 1991 ( shared ) , 1998 , 1999 , 2002 , 2004 , 2014 , 2015 , 2017 Runners - up ( 7 ) : 1935 , 1936 , 1979 , 1989 , 1993 , 2003 , 2005 UEFA ( edit ) UEFA Champions League ( European Cup before 1992 ) Runners - up ( 1 ) : 2005 -- 06 UEFA Europa League ( UEFA Cup before 2009 ) Runners - up ( 1 ) : 1999 -- 2000 UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup ( European Cup Winners ' Cup before 1994 ) Winners ( 1 ) : 1993 -- 94 Runners - up ( 2 ) : 1979 -- 80 , 1994 -- 95 UEFA Super Cup ( European Super Cup before 1995 ) Runners - up ( 1 ) : 1994 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 1969 -- 70 County FAs ( edit ) London FA ( edit ) London Senior Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 1890 -- 91 Runners - up ( 1 ) : 1889 -- 90 London Challenge Cup Winners ( 11 ) : 1921 -- 22 , 1923 -- 24 , 1930 -- 31 , 1933 -- 34 , 1935 -- 36 , 1953 -- 54 , 1954 -- 55 , 1957 -- 58 , 1961 -- 62 , 1962 -- 63 , 1969 -- 70 ( record ) Runners - up ( 6 ) : 1914 -- 15 , 1925 -- 26 , 1936 -- 37 , 1960 -- 61 , 1965 -- 66 London Charity Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 1889 -- 90 Kent County FA ( edit ) Kent Senior Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 1889 -- 90 Other ( edit ) Wartime ( edit ) London Wartime League Winners ( 2 ) : 1941 -- 42 , 1942 -- 43 ( shared record ) South Regional Wartime League A Winners ( 1 ) : 1939 -- 40 Football League War Cup Runners - up ( 2 ) : 1940 -- 41 , 1942 -- 43 Football League Southern War Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 1942 -- 43 ( shared record ) Mid-season ( edit ) Zenith Data Systems British Championship Winners ( 2 ) : 1953 , 1989 ( shared record ) Runners - up ( 1 ) : 1933 Sheriff of London Charity Shield Winners ( 4 ) : 1931 , 1933 , 1965 , 1966 ( shared record ) Southern Professional Floodlit Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 1958 -- 59 ( shared record ) Jean Bernard - Levy Trophy Winners ( 2 ) : 1951 , 1954 ( record ) Will Mather Manor House Hospital Memorial Trophy Winners ( 2 ) : 1949 , 1950 Mayor of Colchester 's Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 1939 Bath Coronation Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 1937 Footballers ' Battalion Charity Fund Match Winners ( 1 ) : 1915 London Professional Footballers ' Association Charity Fund Match Winners ( 5 ) : 1908 , 1910 , 1911 , 1912 , 1914 ( record ) Runners - up ( 2 ) : 1909 , 1913 Southern Professional Charity Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 1905 -- 06 Runners - up ( 1 ) : 1903 -- 04 Pre-season ( edit ) Emirates Cup Winners ( 5 ) : 2007 , 2009 , 2010 , 2015 , 2017 ( record ) Runners - up ( 1 ) : 2014 FAW Toyota Cup Runners - up ( 1 ) : 2017 Audi Football Summit Shanghai Winners ( 1 ) : 2017 Super Match Winners ( 2 ) : 2013 , 2016 Runners - up ( 1 ) : 2012 MLS All - Star Game Winners ( 1 ) : 2016 Premier League Asia Trophy Winners ( 1 ) : 2015 New York Cup Runners - up ( 1 ) : 2014 Saitama City Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 2013 Indonesia Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 2013 Hong Kong Jockey Club Charities Trust Challenge Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 2012 ( shared ) Malaysia Cup Winners ( 2 ) : 2011 , 2012 Markus Liebherr Memorial Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 2012 Eusébio Cup Runners - up ( 1 ) : 2011 Amsterdam Tournament Winners ( 3 ) : 2005 , 2007 , 2008 Herbert Chapman Memorial Trophy Winners ( 1 ) : 2008 Maurice Lacroix Trophy Winners ( 1 ) : 2002 Wembley International Tournament Winners ( 3 ) : 1988 , 1989 , 1994 ( shared record ) Runners - up ( 2 ) : 1990 , 1991 United Bank International Soccer Festival Winners ( 1 ) : 1993 Caltex Cup Winners ( 2 ) : 1990 , 1991 ( record ) Zenith Data Systems Challenge Trophy Winners ( 1 ) : 1989 Bielefeld Tournament Winners ( 1 ) : 1984 City of Edinburgh Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 1941 Norfolk & Norwich Hospital Cup Winners ( 2 ) : 1914 , 1935 Northampton Hospital Charity Shield Winners ( 3 ) : 1930 , 1931 , 1932 Southend Hospital Cup Winners ( 2 ) : 1920 -- 21 , 1921 -- 22 Metropolitan Hospital Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 1920 -- 21 Player records ( edit ) See also : List of Arsenal F.C. players Appearances ( edit ) Most league appearances : David O'Leary , 558 Most FA Cup appearances : David O'Leary , 70 Most League Cup appearances : David O'Leary , 70 Most European appearances : Thierry Henry , 86 Youngest first - team player : Cesc Fàbregas , 16 years , 177 days ( against Rotherham United , League Cup third round , 28 October 2003 ) Oldest first - team player : Jock Rutherford , 41 years 159 days ( against Manchester City , First Division , 20 March 1926 ) Most consecutive appearances : Tom Parker , 172 ( from 3 April 1926 to 26 December 1929 ) Most separate spells with the club : Hugh McDonald , 3 ( 1905 -- 06 ; 1908 -- 10 and 1912 -- 13 ) Most appearances ( edit ) Competitive matches only , includes appearances as substitute . Numbers in brackets indicate goals scored . # Name Years League FA Cup League Cup Europe Other Total O'Leary , David David O'Leary 1975 -- 1993 558 ( 11 ) 70 ( 1 ) 70 ( 2 ) 21 ( 0 ) 3 ( 0 ) 722 ( 14 ) Adams , Tony Tony Adams 1983 -- 2002 504 ( 32 ) 54 ( 8 ) 59 ( 5 ) 48 ( 3 ) 4 ( 0 ) 669 ( 48 ) Armstrong , George George Armstrong 1961 -- 1977 500 ( 53 ) 60 ( 10 ) 35 ( 3 ) 26 ( 2 ) 0 ( 0 ) 621 ( 68 ) Dixon , Lee Lee Dixon 1988 -- 2002 458 ( 25 ) 54 ( 1 ) 45 ( 0 ) 57 ( 2 ) 5 ( 0 ) 619 ( 28 ) 5 Winterburn , Nigel Nigel Winterburn 1987 -- 2000 440 ( 8 ) 47 ( 0 ) 49 ( 3 ) 43 ( 1 ) 5 ( 0 ) 584 ( 12 ) 6 Seaman , David David Seaman 1990 -- 2003 405 ( 0 ) 48 ( 0 ) 38 ( 0 ) 69 ( 0 ) 4 ( 0 ) 564 ( 0 ) 7 Rice , Pat Pat Rice 1964 -- 1980 397 ( 12 ) 67 ( 1 ) 36 ( 0 ) 27 ( 0 ) 1 ( 0 ) 528 ( 13 ) 8 Storey , Peter Peter Storey 1965 -- 1977 391 ( 9 ) 51 ( 4 ) 37 ( 2 ) 22 ( 2 ) 0 ( 0 ) 501 ( 17 ) 9 Radford , John John Radford 1964 -- 1976 379 ( 111 ) 44 ( 15 ) 34 ( 12 ) 24 ( 11 ) 0 ( 0 ) 481 ( 149 ) 10 Simpson , Peter Peter Simpson 1964 -- 1978 370 ( 10 ) 53 ( 1 ) 33 ( 3 ) 21 ( 1 ) 0 ( 0 ) 477 ( 15 ) a . Includes the Football League and the Premier League . b . Includes goals and appearances ( including those as a substitute ) in the FA Charity / Community Shield . Goalscorers ( edit ) Most goals in a season : Ted Drake , 44 goals ( in the 1934 -- 35 season ) Most league goals in a season : Ted Drake , 42 goals in the First Division , 1934 -- 35 Most goals in a 38 - game league season : Thierry Henry , 30 goals ( in the Premier League , 2003 -- 04 ) , Robin van Persie , 30 goals ( in the Premier League , 2011 -- 12 ) Most goals in a match : Ted Drake , 7 goals ( against Aston Villa , First Division , 14 December 1935 ) Youngest goalscorer : Cesc Fàbregas , 16 years , 212 days ( against Wolverhampton Wanderers , League Cup fourth round , 2 December 2003 ) Youngest hat - trick scorer : John Radford , 17 years , 315 days ( against Wolverhampton Wanderers , First Division , 2 January 1965 ) Oldest goalscorer : Jock Rutherford , 39 years , 352 days ( against Sheffield United , First Division , 20 September 1924 ) Top goalscorers ( edit ) Thierry Henry is the all - time top goalscorer for Arsenal . He passed Ian Wright 's eight - year record after scoring twice in a European tie against Sparta Prague in October 2005 . Henry was Arsenal 's leading goalscorer for seven consecutive seasons , from 1999 -- 2000 to 2005 -- 06 . Competitive matches only . Numbers in brackets indicate appearances made . # Name Years League FA Cup League Cup Europe Other Total Henry , Thierry Thierry Henry 1999 -- 2007 2012 175 ( 258 ) 08 ( 26 ) 02 0 ( 3 ) 42 ( 86 ) 1 ( 4 ) 228 ( 377 ) Wright , Ian Ian Wright 1991 -- 1998 128 ( 221 ) 12 ( 16 ) 29 ( 29 ) 15 ( 21 ) 1 ( 1 ) 185 ( 288 ) Bastin , Cliff Cliff Bastin 1929 -- 1947 150 ( 350 ) 26 ( 42 ) 00 0 ( 0 ) 00 0 ( 0 ) 2 ( 4 ) 178 ( 396 ) Radford , John John Radford 1964 -- 1976 111 ( 379 ) 15 ( 44 ) 12 ( 34 ) 11 ( 24 ) 0 ( 0 ) 149 ( 481 ) 5 Brain , Jimmy Jimmy Brain 1923 -- 1931 125 ( 204 ) 14 ( 27 ) 00 0 ( 0 ) 00 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 1 ) 139 ( 232 ) Drake , Ted Ted Drake 1934 -- 1945 124 ( 168 ) 12 ( 14 ) 00 0 ( 0 ) 00 0 ( 0 ) 3 ( 2 ) 139 ( 184 ) 7 Lishman , Doug Doug Lishman 1948 -- 1956 125 ( 226 ) 10 ( 17 ) 00 0 ( 0 ) 00 0 ( 0 ) 2 ( 1 ) 137 ( 244 ) 8 van Persie , Robin Robin van Persie 2004 -- 2012 096 ( 193 ) 10 ( 17 ) 06 ( 12 ) 20 ( 53 ) 0 ( 2 ) 132 ( 278 ) 9 Hulme , Joe Joe Hulme 1926 -- 1938 107 ( 333 ) 17 ( 39 ) 00 0 ( 0 ) 00 0 ( 0 ) 1 ( 2 ) 125 ( 374 ) 10 Jack , David David Jack 1928 -- 1934 113 ( 181 ) 10 ( 25 ) 00 0 ( 0 ) 00 0 ( 0 ) 1 ( 2 ) 124 ( 208 ) a . Includes the Football League and the Premier League . b . Includes goals and appearances ( including those as a substitute ) in the FA Charity / Community Shield . International ( edit ) Caesar Jenkyns was the first Arsenal player to receive an international cap . This section refers only to caps won while an Arsenal player . First capped player : Caesar Jenkyns , for Wales against Scotland on 21 March 1896 First capped player for England : Jimmy Ashcroft , against Ireland on 17 February 1906 Most capped player : Thierry Henry with 81 caps Most capped player for England : Kenny Sansom with 77 caps First players to play in the World Cup finals : Dave Bowen and Jack Kelsey , for Wales against Hungary on 8 June 1958 First players to play in a World Cup for England : Graham Rix and Kenny Sansom against France on 16 June 1982 Most players from one club in an England starting line - up : 7 , against Italy -- the so - called `` Battle of Highbury '' on 14 November 1934 First player to play in a World Cup final : Emmanuel Petit for France against Brazil on 12 July 1998 First players to win a World Cup winners ' medal : Emmanuel Petit and Patrick Vieira ( 1998 FIFA World Cup ) First players to play in a European Championship final : Thierry Henry and Patrick Vieira for France against Italy on 2 July 2000 First players to win a European Championship winners ' medal : Thierry Henry , Emmanuel Petit and Patrick Vieira ( UEFA Euro 2000 ) First player to win a Copa América winners ' medal : Alexis Sánchez ( 2015 Copa América ) At 17 years and 75 days , Theo Walcott became the youngest player to earn an England cap , against Hungary on 30 May 2006 . Transfers ( edit ) For consistency , fees in the record transfer tables below are all sourced from the London Evening Standard 's contemporary reports of each transfer . Where the report mentions an initial fee potentially rising to a higher figure depending on contractual clauses being satisfied in the future , only the initial fee is listed in the tables . Record transfer fees paid ( edit ) Alexandre Lacazette , the club 's record signing # Fee Paid to For Date Notes Ref £ 45m Olympique Lyonnais Alexandre Lacazette 5 July 2017 A further £ 7m in add - ons . £ 38.2 m Real Madrid Mesut Özil 2 September 2013 A further £ 4.3 m in add - ons . £ 35m Valencia CF Shkodran Mustafi 30 August 2016 £ 33.8 m Borussia Mönchengladbach Granit Xhaka 25 May 2016 5 £ 31.7 m Barcelona Alexis Sánchez 10 July 2014 Record transfer fees received ( edit ) # Fee Received from For Date Notes Ref £ 40m Liverpool Alex Oxlade - Chamberlain 31 August 2017 £ 29.8 m Barcelona Cesc Fàbregas 15 August 2011 A further £ 5.3 m in add - ons . £ 25m Barcelona Marc Overmars 28 July 2000 £ 25m Manchester City Emmanuel Adebayor 19 July 2009 5 £ 24m Manchester City Samir Nasri 24 August 2011 Managerial records ( edit ) See also : List of Arsenal F.C. managers First full - time manager : Thomas Mitchell managed Arsenal from March 1897 to 1898 . Longest - serving manager : Arsène Wenger -- 7003767500000000000 ♠ 21 years , 5 days ( 1 October 1996 to present ) Shortest tenure as manager : Pat Rice -- 2 weeks , 3 days ( 13 September 1996 to 30 September 1996 ) Highest win percentage : Arsène Wenger , 57.62 % Lowest win percentage : Steve Burtenshaw , 27.27 % Club records ( edit ) Matches ( edit ) Firsts ( edit ) First match : Eastern Wanderers 0 -- 6 Royal Arsenal , friendly , 11 December 1886 First FA Cup match : Royal Arsenal 11 -- 0 Lyndhurst , first qualifying round , 5 October 1889 First Football League match : Woolwich Arsenal 2 -- 2 Newcastle United , Second Division , 2 September 1893 First match at Highbury : Woolwich Arsenal 2 -- 1 Leicester Fosse , Second Division , 6 September 1913 First League Cup match : Arsenal 1 -- 1 Gillingham , second round , 13 September 1966 First European match : Stævnet ( Copenhagen XI ) 1 -- 7 Arsenal , Inter-Cities Fairs Cup first round , 25 September 1963 First home match at Wembley Stadium : Arsenal 2 -- 1 Panathinaikos , UEFA Champions League group stage , 30 September 1998 First match at the Emirates Stadium : Arsenal 2 -- 1 Ajax , testimonial match for Dennis Bergkamp , 22 July 2006 Record wins ( edit ) Record league win : 12 -- 0 against Loughborough , Second Division , 12 March 1900 Record FA Cup win : 12 -- 0 against Ashford United , first qualifying round , 14 October 1893 Record League Cup win : 7 -- 0 against Leeds United , second round , 4 September 1979 Record European win : 7 -- 0 against Standard Liège , UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup second round , 3 November 1993 7 -- 0 against Slavia Prague , UEFA Champions League group stage , 23 October 2007 Record defeats ( edit ) Record league defeat : 0 -- 8 against Loughborough , Second Division , 12 December 1896 Record FA Cup defeat : 0 -- 6 against Sunderland , first round , 21 January 1893 0 -- 6 against Derby County , first round , 28 January 1899 0 -- 6 against West Ham United , third round , 5 January 1946 Record League Cup defeat : 0 -- 5 against Chelsea , fourth round , 11 November 1998 Record European defeat : 0 -- 4 against Milan , UEFA Champions League round of 16 , 15 February 2012 1 -- 5 against Bayern Munich , UEFA Champions League group stage , 4 November 2015 1 -- 5 against Bayern Munich , UEFA Champions League Last 16 , 15 February 2017 1 -- 5 against Bayern Munich , UEFA Champions League Last 16 , 7 March 2017 Record consecutive results ( edit ) Arsenal hold several English football records , including the longest unbeaten sequence in the top flight , with 49 . In the 2001 -- 02 season , en route to winning the title , the club had won their remaining 13 matches . A 2 -- 0 win against Birmingham City in the first match of the following season meant Arsenal broke the national record for the most consecutive league wins in the top division . Arsenal scored in all 55 league matches from between 19 May 2001 to 30 November 2002 and also hold the longest unbeaten away sequence in league football with 27 , from 5 April 2003 to 25 September 2004 . Record consecutive wins : 14 , from 12 September 1987 to 11 November 1987 Record consecutive league wins : 14 , from 10 February 2002 to 18 August 2002 Record consecutive wins coming from behind : 4 , from 11 February 2012 to 12 March 2012 Record consecutive defeats : 8 , from 12 February 1977 to 12 March 1977 Record consecutive league defeats : 7 , from 12 February 1977 to 12 March 1977 Record consecutive draws : 6 , from 3 March 1961 to 1 April 1961 Record consecutive matches without a defeat : 28 , from 9 April 2007 to 24 November 2007 Record consecutive league matches without a defeat : 49 , from 7 May 2003 to 16 October 2004 Record consecutive matches without a win : 19 , from 28 September 1912 to 15 January 1913 Record consecutive league matches without a win : 23 , from 28 September 1912 to 1 March 1913 Goals ( edit ) Most league goals scored in a season : 127 in 42 matches , First Division , 1930 -- 31 Fewest league goals scored in a season : 26 in 38 matches , First Division , 1912 -- 13 Most league goals conceded in a season : 86 in 42 matches , First Division , 1926 -- 27 and 1927 -- 28 Fewest league goals conceded in a season : 17 in 38 matches , Premier League , 1998 -- 99 Points ( edit ) Most points in a season : Two points for a win : 66 in 42 matches , First Division , 1930 -- 31 Three points for a win : 90 in 38 matches , Premier League , 2003 -- 04 Fewest points in a season : Two points for a win : 18 in 38 matches , First Division , 1912 -- 13 Three points for a win : 51 in 42 matches , Premier League , 1994 -- 95 Attendances ( edit ) This section applies to attendances at Highbury , where Arsenal played their home matches from 1913 to 2006 , the Emirates Stadium , the club 's present home , and Wembley Stadium , which acted as Arsenal 's home in the UEFA Champions League during the 1998 -- 99 and 1999 -- 2000 seasons . Arsenal 's attendance figures since the move to the Emirates Stadium have been measured by tickets sold . Highest attendance at Highbury : 73,295 , against Sunderland , First Division , 9 March 1935 Lowest attendance at Highbury : 4,554 , against Leeds United , First Division , 5 May 1966 Highest attendance at the Emirates Stadium : 60,161 , against Manchester United , Premier League , 3 November 2007 Lowest attendance at the Emirates Stadium : 46,539 , against Shrewsbury Town , League Cup third round , 20 September 2011 Highest attendance Wembley Stadium : 73,707 , against Lens , UEFA Champions League group stage , 25 November 1998 Lowest attendance at Wembley Stadium : 71,227 , against AIK , UEFA Champions League group stage , 22 September 1999 On 17 January 1948 , a league - record attendance of 83,260 watched Manchester United play Arsenal at Maine Road . All of the top three attendances in league football occurred at Arsenal games . European Statistics ( edit ) Main article : Arsenal F.C. in European football Arsenal have won two European honours : the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup in 1970 and the Cup Winners ' Cup in 1994 . They also reached the final of the UEFA Cup in 2000 , and became the first London team to appear in a UEFA Champions League final in 2006 . Despite having never won the UEFA Champions League , Arsenal have set numerous records in the competition . Between 1998 -- 99 and the current season , 2016 -- 17 , they participated in nineteen successive seasons , a record only surpassed in Europe by Real Madrid . Goalkeeper Jens Lehmann kept ten consecutive clean sheets in the run - in to Arsenal 's first UEFA Champions League final and the defence went 995 minutes until conceding a goal . Arsenal were also the first British side to defeat Real Madrid and Borussia Dortmund away from home , and both Milanese teams : Internazionale and Milan at the San Siro . Thierry Henry holds the club record for most appearances with 86 , and is the club 's record goalscorer in European competitions with 42 goals . Global records ( edit ) In August 1928 , Arsenal , alongside Chelsea , made history by becoming the first football clubs to wear numbered shirts . A year earlier the first ever live radio commentary of a football match took place , between Arsenal and Sheffield United . Arsenal played in the first match broadcast live on television , against their reserve counterparts in 1937 and have since participated in the world 's first live 3D and interactive football matches , both with Manchester United . Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ For a record of all matches participated in by Arsenal , see the AISA Arsenal History Society 's line - ups database . For corroboration , multiple other sources exist . Jump up ^ Although not organised by UEFA , UEFA took over the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup in 1971 and reformed it into the UEFA Cup ( now UEFA Europa League ) . As the official precursor to the UEFA Europa League , it is included here under UEFA . Jump up ^ The Sheriff of London Charity Shield was replaced by the FA Charity Shield ( now FA Community Shield ) in 1908 . Although it is the official precursor to the FA Community Shield , it is not included here under The Football Association because Arsenal only won the fundraising matches that followed the Sheriff of London Charity Shield 's 1931 revival . Jump up ^ Laurie Scott and George Eastham were called up to England squads ( 1950 , and 1962 and 1966 , respectively ) , but did not play . Jump up ^ George Eastham was retrospectively awarded a medal for being a non-playing member of England 's 1966 World Cup - winning side . Jump up ^ Unusually , Arsenal were forced to play two matches on the same day on 12 December 1896 ; while the first team took on Loughborough in the League , the reserves played Leyton in the FA Cup . The irony is that the reserves won handsomely , 5 -- 0 , whilst the seniors suffered Arsenal 's record league defeat . Additionally , Arsenal lost 0 -- 9 to Chelsea in a wartime London Combination match on 21 April 1916 , but this is not counted as an official first - class match . References ( edit ) General Harris , Jeff & Hogg , Tony ( ed . ) ( 1995 ) . Arsenal Who 's Who . London : Independent UK Sports . ISBN 1 - 899429 - 03 - 4 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Joy , Bernard ( 1952 ) . Forward , Arsenal ! . London : GCR Books Limited . ISBN 0 - 9559211 - 1 - 2 . McColl , Brian ( 2014 ) . A Record of British Wartime Football . London : Lulu . ISBN 1 - 291 - 84089 - 3 . Peters , Paul ( 2014 ) . 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Jump up ^ Sanghera , Mandeep ( 16 September 2015 ) . `` Dinamo Zagreb 2 -- 1 Arsenal '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 13 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 / 06 : Ronaldinho delivers for Barça '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 17 May 2006 . Retrieved 13 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Doyle , Paul ( 7 November 2013 ) . `` Where does Arsenal 's win in Dortmund rank among their best European wins ? '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 13 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Murray , Scott ( 22 April 2015 ) . `` A brief history of the Arsenal - Chelsea rivalry and why it matters '' . theguardian.com . Retrieved 29 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Adams , Audrey ( 14 January 2002 ) . `` Radio football down the years '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 29 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Murray , Scott ( 16 September 2015 ) . `` How Arsenal blazed TV trail , jostling for airtime with cartoons and smut '' . theguardian.com . Retrieved 29 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sky : 20 years on ... '' . BSkyB. 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 30 September 2015 . Retrieved 30 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal v Manchester United broadcast live in 3D on Sky Sports '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 31 January 2010 . Retrieved 29 September 2015 . ( hide ) Arsenal Football Club Players Managers Seasons Records & statistics Supporters Ownership Current season History 1886 to 1966 1966 to present Europe Home stadium Manor Ground ( 1888 -- 1890 & 1893 -- 1913 ) Invicta Ground ( 1890 -- 93 ) Highbury ( 1913 -- 2006 ) Emirates Stadium ( 2006 -- present ) Training ground UCL Ground London Colney Players 100 + appearances 25 -- 99 appearances 1 -- 24 appearances Other teams Reserves Arsenal Academy Arsenal Women Rivalries League record by opponent North London derby Chelsea rivalry Manchester United rivalry Media Arsenal TV The Arsenal Stadium Mystery The Gooner Fever Pitch Related articles Arsenal Supporters ' Trust The Invincibles Tuesday Club Affiliated academies Barnet F.C. 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who is the voice of we have the meats	Rhames 's deep voice is the center of many recent ( 2015 -- present ) Arby 's commercials , with the catchline ' Arby 's , we have the meats ! '		Ving Rhames	ving rhames		Ving Rhames Rhames in 2014 Irving Rameses Rhames ( 1959 - 05 - 12 ) May 12 , 1959 ( age 59 ) New York City , New York , U.S. Education State University of New York , Purchase Juilliard School ( BFA ) Occupation Actor Years active 1984 -- present Spouse ( s ) Valerie Scott ( m . 1994 ; div. 1999 ) Deborah Reed ( m . 2000 ) Children Irving Rameses Rhames ( born May 12 , 1959 ) is an American stage and screen actor . He is best known for his starring role as Luther Stickell in the Mission : Impossible film series . He also appeared in Jacob 's Ladder ( 1990 ) , Striptease ( 1993 ) , Pulp Fiction ( 1994 ) , Don King : Only in America ( 1997 ) , Rosewood ( 1997 ) , Con Air ( 1997 ) , Bringing Out the Dead ( 1999 ) , Dawn of the Dead ( 2004 ) , Piranha 3D ( 2010 ) , and Father Figures ( 2017 ) . He voiced Cobra Bubbles in the animated film Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) . Rhames is a Golden Globe Award winner , as well as an Emmy Award and Screen Actors Guild Award nominee . Contents 1 Early life and education 2 Career 3 Filmography 4 Awards and nominations 5 References 6 External links Early life and education ( edit ) Rhames was born in Harlem , New York City , the son of Reather , a homemaker , and Ernest Rhames , an auto mechanic . His parents were raised as sharecroppers in South Carolina . He was named after the late NBC journalist , Irving R. Levine . He entered New York 's High School of Performing Arts , where he discovered his love of acting . After high school , he studied drama at SUNY Purchase , where fellow acting student Stanley Tucci gave him his nickname `` Ving '' . Rhames later transferred to the Juilliard School 's Drama Division ( Group 12 : 1979 -- 1983 ) where he graduated with a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in 1983 . Career ( edit ) Rhames first appeared on Broadway in the play The Boys of Winter in 1984 . He started out in film in Wes Craven 's The People Under the Stairs ( 1991 ) as Leroy ; he watched over Kevin Kline as Secret Service agent Duane Stevensen in Dave ( 1993 ) ; and he played Marsellus Wallace in Pulp Fiction ( 1994 ) . Rhames played Dr. Peter Benton 's brother - in - law on the TV medical drama ER , a recurring role he filled for three seasons . He played ace computer hacker Luther Stickell opposite Tom Cruise in Brian De Palma 's Mission : Impossible ( 1996 ) . In 1997 Rhames portrayed the character of Nathan ' Diamond Dog ' Jones in the popular film Con Air . and Muki in the Ice Cube film Dangerous Ground . Rhames won a Golden Globe in 1998 for Best Actor -- Miniseries or Television Film in HBO 's Don King : Only in America . At the ceremony he gave his award to fellow nominee Jack Lemmon , saying , `` I feel that being an artist is about giving , and I 'd like to give this to you . '' Lemmon was clearly touched by the gesture as was the celebrity audience who gave Lemmon a standing ovation . Lemmon , who tried unsuccessfully to give the award back to Rhames , said it was `` one of the nicest , sweetest moments I 've ever known in my life . '' The Hollywood Foreign Press Association announced later that they would have a duplicate award prepared for Rhames . That moment was # 98 on E ! 's 101 Awesome Moments in Entertainment . The New York Times lauded Rhames for the act , writing that in doing so he `` demonstrated his capacity for abundant generosity . '' Rhames appeared in Striptease ( 1996 ) as the wisecracking bodyguard Shad , Bringing Out the Dead ( 1999 ) , then reprised his Luther Stickell role for Mission : Impossible 2 ( 2000 ) . He played Johnnie Cochran in American Tragedy ( 2000 ) , the ex-con boyfriend of Jodie 's mother in the John Singleton film Baby Boy , portrayed a gay drag queen in the television movie Holiday Heart , contributed his voice for the character of Cobra Bubbles in Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) and the subsequent TV series , and played a stoic cop fighting zombie hordes in Dawn of the Dead ( 2004 ) and Day of the Dead ( 2008 ) remakes . Rhames has also appeared in a series of television commercials for RadioShack , usually performing with Vanessa L. Williams . In March 2005 , Rhames played the lead role on a new Kojak series , on the USA Network cable channel ( and on ITV4 in the UK ) . The bald head , lollipops , and `` Who loves ya , baby ? '' catchphrase remained intact , but little else remained from the Savalas original . Rhames voiced the part of Tobias Jones in the computer game Driver 3 . Reprising his Luther role , Rhames co-starred in Mission : Impossible III ( 2006 ) , had a cameo appearance in Mission : Impossible -- Ghost Protocol ( 2011 ) , and played a major role in Mission : Impossible -- Rogue Nation ( 2015 ) and Mission : Impossible -- Fallout ( 2018 ) , the fifth and sixth films , respectively . He is the only actor besides Tom Cruise to appear in all six Mission : Impossible films . It was announced that he would have a role in the Aquaman - based show Mercy Reef , however due to the integration of The WB and UPN for the new network , CW , Mercy Reef was not picked up . Rhames played a homosexual , possibly also homicidal , firefighter who comes out of the closet in I Now Pronounce You Chuck and Larry . He narrates the BET television series American Gangster . In the 2008 film Saving God , he played an ex-con who is released from prison a changed man looking to take over his father 's former church congregation in a deteriorating neighborhood . Rhames stars in Phantom Punch , a biopic of boxer Sonny Liston released directly to DVD as well as The Tournament portraying a fighter out to win a no - rules tournament . Rhames makes an appearance in Ludacris 's song `` Southern Gangstas '' on his album Theater of the Mind . Rappers Playaz Circle and Rick Ross are also featured on the track . In 2010 , he filed a lawsuit against the producer of a film titled Red Canvas , claiming that he had only been paid $175,000 of a $200,000 contract . He filmed the movie Submission with Ernie Reyes , Jr. and UFC lightweight contender Gray Maynard and Randy Couture . In 2015 , he filmed a series of commercials for The ADT Corporation . Rhames is one of the narrators for UFC . Rhames introduced the New England Patriots and the Atlanta Falcons in the 2017 Super Bowl LI ( 51 ) . Rhames 's deep voice is the center of many recent ( 2015 -- present ) Arby 's commercials , with the catchline ' Arby 's , we have the meats ! ' Filmography ( edit ) Film Year Title Role Notes 1984 Go Tell It on the Mountain Young Gabriel Grimes 1986 Native Son Jack 1988 Patty Hearst Cinque Mtume 1989 Casualties of War Lt. Reilly 1990 The Long Walk Home Herbert Cotter 1990 Jacob 's Ladder George 1991 Flight of the Intruder CPO Frank McRae 1991 Homicide Robert Randolph 1991 The People Under the Stairs Leroy Stop ! Or My Mom Will Shoot Mr. Stereo 1993 Blood in Blood Out Ivan 1993 Dave Duane Stevenson 1993 The Saint of Fort Washington Little Leroy 1994 Pulp Fiction Marsellus Wallace 1994 Drop Squad Garvey 1995 Kiss of Death Omar Mission : Impossible Luther Stickell Striptease Shad 1997 Dangerous Ground Muki 1997 Rosewood Mann 1997 Con Air Nathan ' Diamond Dog ' Jones 1998 Body Count Pike 1998 Out of Sight Buddy Bragg 1999 Entrapment Aaron Thibadeaux Nominated -- Blockbuster Entertainment Award for Best Supporting Actor -- Action 1999 Bringing Out the Dead Marcus Nominated -- Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor 2000 Mission : Impossible 2 Luther Stickell 2001 Baby Boy Melvin Nominated -- Black Reel Award for Best Supporting Actor 2001 Final Fantasy : The Spirits Within Ryan Whittaker 2002 Undisputed George `` Iceman '' Chambers 2002 Lilo & Stitch Cobra Bubbles Voice only 2002 Dark Blue Arthur Holland Nominated -- Black Reel Award for Best Supporting Actor 2003 Stitch ! The Movie Cobra Bubbles Voice only 2003 Sin Eddie Burns Dawn of the Dead Sgt . Kenneth Hall 2005 Back in the Day Joseph `` J - Bone '' Brown 2005 Animal James `` Animal '' Allen 2005 Shooting Gallery Cue Ball Carl Bridgers 2006 Mission : Impossible III Luther Stickell 2006 Idlewild Spats 2006 Leroy & Stitch Cobra Bubbles Voice only 2007 I Now Pronounce You Chuck and Larry Fred G. Duncan 2008 Animal 2 James `` Animal '' Allen 2008 A Broken Life Vet 2008 Day of the Dead Capt . Rhodes 2008 Saving God Armstrong Cane 2008 Phantom Punch Sonny Liston 2009 Echelon Conspiracy Agent Dave Grant 2009 The Bridge to Nowhere Nate 2009 Evil Angel Carruthers 2009 The Tournament Joshua Harlow 2009 The Goods : Live Hard , Sell Hard Jibby Newsome 2009 Surrogates The Prophet 2009 Give ' Em Hell , Malone Boulder Operation : Endgame Judgement Caged Animal Miles `` Cain '' Skinner Master Harold ... and the Boys Sam Piranha 3D Deputy Fallon Red Canvas Himself King of the Avenue Norman De'Sha Death Race 2 R.H. Weyland 2011 Julia X The Man 2011 Pimp Bullies Miguel 2011 Soldiers of Fortune Grimaud Torneur 2011 The River Murders Captain Langley 2011 Mission : Impossible -- Ghost Protocol Luther Stickell Cameo 2011 Zombie Apocalypse Henry 2012 Mafia Renzo Wes 2012 Seven Below Jack 2012 Piranha 3DD Deputy Fallon 2012 Wo n't Back Down Principal Thompson 2013 Death Race 3 : Inferno R.H. Weyland 2013 Force of Execution Ice Man 2014 Jamesy Boy Conrad 2015 Mission : Impossible -- Rogue Nation Luther Stickell 2017 Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Charlie - 27 Cameo 2017 The Star Thaddeus Voice only 2017 Father Figures Rod Hamilton 2018 Mission : Impossible -- Fallout Luther Stickell Television Year Title Role Notes 1985 Miami Vice Georges Episode : `` The Maze '' 1986 Crime Story Hector Lincoln Episode : `` Abrams for the Defense '' Miami Vice Walker Monroe Episode : `` Child 's Play '' Tour of Duty SP4 Tucker Episode : `` Burn Baby , Burn '' 1988 Spenser : For Hire Henry Brown Episode : `` McAllister '' 1989 Men Charlie Hazard 6 episodes 1989 The Equalizer Luther Paxton Episode : `` Suicide Squad '' 1990 When You Remember Me Leon TV film 1994 -- 1996 ER Walter Robbins 8 episodes 1995 Ed McBain 's 87th Precinct : Lightning Detective Artie Brown TV film 1995 New York Undercover Max Villareal Episode : `` Olde Thyme Religion '' 1995 Deadly Whispers Det. Jackson TV film 1997 Don King : Only in America Don King TV film Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Miniseries or Television Film Nominated -- Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie Nominated -- Satellite Award for Best Actor -- Miniseries or Television Film Nominated -- Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie 2000 American Tragedy Johnnie Cochran TV film 2000 Holiday Heart Holiday Heart TV film Nominated -- Black Reel Award for Best Actor on Television 2001 UC : Undercover Quito Real 3 episodes 2002 Sins of the Father Garrick Jones TV film Nominated -- Black Reel Award for Best Actor on Television 2002 Little John John Morgan TV film 2002 RFK Judge Jones TV film 2002 The Proud Family Garrett Krebs Episode : `` A Hero for Halloween '' 2002 -- 2003 The District Attorney General Troy Hatcher 5 episodes 2003 Lilo & Stitch : The Series Cobra Bubbles Voice only 2003 Jimmy Neutron Chief Episode : `` Operation : Rescue Jet Fusion '' 2005 Kojak Theo Kojak 9 episodes Nominated -- Black Reel Award for Best Actor on Television 2006 Aquaman McCaffery TV pilot 2007 Football Wives Frank Wallingford TV pilot Gravity Dogg McFee 10 episodes 2011 Black Jack Black Jack TV film 2013 Monday Mornings Dr. Jorge Villanueva 10 episodes 2014 A Day Late and a Dollar Short Cecil Price TV film Video games Year Title Role Notes 2003 Mission : Impossible -- Operation Surma Luther Stickell Voice only Driver 3 Tobias Jones Voice only 2017 Call of Duty : WWII Jefferson Potts Voice only Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Work Result Ref . 1998 Golden Globe Awards Best Actor in Mini-Series or Motion Picture Don King : Only in America Won Primetime Emmy Awards Best Actor in Mini-Series or Movie Don King : Only in America Nominated Acalpulco Black Film Festival Best Actor Rosewood Nominated Image Awards Outstanding Actor in Motion Picture Rosewood Nominated Outstanding Actor in Television or Mini-Series Don King : Only in America Nominated Satellite Awards Best Actor - Mini-Series or TV Film Don King : Only in America Nominated Screen Actors Guild Awards Best Actor - Mini-Series or TV Film Don King : Only in America Nominated 2000 Blockbuster Entertainment Awards Best Supporting Actor - Action Entrapment Nominated Satellite Awards Best Supporting Actor - Comedy or Music Bringing out the Dead Nominated ShoWest Convention Best Supporting Actor Won 2001 Black Reel Awards Best Actor - Network Holiday Heart Nominated Image Awards Best Supporting Actor - Motion Picture Mission : Impossible 2 Nominated Locarno International Film Festival Special Mention Baby Boy Won 2002 Black Reel Awards Best Supporting Actor Baby Boy Nominated Image Awards Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series UC : Undercover Nominated Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture Baby Boy Nominated 2003 Black Reel Awards Best Actor - Mini-Series Sins of the Father Nominated Image Awards Best Supporting Actor - Comedy The Proud Family Nominated Best Actor - Mini-Series or TV Film Sins of the Father Nominated Black Reel Awards Best Supporting Actor Dark Blue Nominated 2006 Black Reel Awards Best Actor - Television Kojak Nominated 2015 Black Reel Awards Best Actor - Television A Day Late and a Dollar Short Nominated Image Awards Best Actor - Television Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mills , Bart ( October 17 , 1999 ) . `` Ving And A Prayer Faith Is The Cornerstone Of Rhames ' Life -- And His Character 's In Scorsese 's ' Bringing Out The Dead ' '' . New York Daily News . ^ Jump up to : Charles , Nick ( June 23 , 1996 ) . `` Nursery Rhames ... ' Mission Impossible ' And ' Pulp Fiction ' Star Ving Learned His Values At His Mother 's Knee '' . New York Daily News . Jump up ^ WHO LOVES YA , BABY ? ' KOJAK 'S ' BACK -- AND THIS TIME , HE 'S BLACK Jump up ^ Newsmakers -- Newsweek Entertainment -- MSNBC.com Jump up ^ `` Alumni News '' . The Juilliard School . April 2010 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Ving Rhames '' . All Movie Guide . The New York Times . Retrieved April 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Riché Richardson ( 2007 ) . Black masculinity and the U.S. South : from Uncle Tom to gangsta . University of Georgia Press . ISBN 0 - 8203 - 2890 - 1 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Marlene Calvin ( 2010 ) . Diasporic Lives : Alienation and Violence as Themes in African American Jamaican Cultural Texts . LIT Verlag Münster . ISBN 3 - 643 - 10574 - 6 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gerston , Jill . `` Ving Rhames -- About This Person '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ving Rhames Returns for Mission : Impossible 5 '' . www.superherohype.com . August 17 , 2014 . Retrieved August 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ving Rhames to Producer : Do I Look Like a Bitch ? . TMZ.com . Retrieved on 2010 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 Golden Globes Award '' . Ropeofsilicon . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ Jones , Anderson ( 2000 - 03 - 10 ) . `` ShoWest 2000 Signs Off '' . Eonline.com . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 12 . External links ( edit ) Biography portal Ving Rhames on IMDb Ving Rhames at the Internet Broadway Database Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Miniseries or Television Film Mickey Rooney ( 1981 ) Anthony Andrews ( 1982 ) Richard Chamberlain ( 1983 ) Ted Danson ( 1984 ) Dustin Hoffman ( 1985 ) James Woods ( 1986 ) Randy Quaid ( 1987 ) Michael Caine / Stacy Keach ( 1988 ) Robert Duvall ( 1989 ) James Garner ( 1990 ) Beau Bridges ( 1991 ) Robert Duvall ( 1992 ) James Garner ( 1993 ) Raúl Juliá ( 1994 ) Gary Sinise ( 1995 ) Alan Rickman ( 1996 ) Ving Rhames ( 1997 ) Stanley Tucci ( 1998 ) Jack Lemmon ( 1999 ) Brian Dennehy ( 2000 ) James Franco ( 2001 ) Albert Finney ( 2002 ) Al Pacino ( 2003 ) Geoffrey Rush ( 2004 ) Jonathan Rhys Meyers ( 2005 ) Bill Nighy ( 2006 ) Jim Broadbent ( 2007 ) Paul Giamatti ( 2008 ) Kevin Bacon ( 2009 ) Al Pacino ( 2010 ) Idris Elba ( 2011 ) Kevin Costner ( 2012 ) Michael Douglas ( 2013 ) Billy Bob Thornton ( 2014 ) Oscar Isaac ( 2015 ) Tom Hiddleston ( 2016 ) Ewan McGregor ( 2017 ) BNE : XX1276771 BNF : cb142202183 ( data ) GND : 143814125 ISNI : 0000 0001 1681 4963 LCCN : no96020609 MusicBrainz : 47c3d1cd - 933a - 4557 - a3c0 - e45d27924e54 SNAC : w60w29vg SUDOC : 06664352X VIAF : 85656416 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ving_Rhames&oldid=854570261 '' Categories : 1959 births Living people Male actors from New York City American male film actors American male stage actors American male voice actors Best Miniseries or Television Movie Actor Golden Globe winners Juilliard School alumni People from Manhattan State University of New York at Purchase alumni African - American male actors American male television actors Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School alumni 21st - century American male actors 20th - century American male actors People from Harlem Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2017 Use American English from March 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Articles with hCards Articles with IBDb links Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Asturianu تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 26 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 08 : 52 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ving%20Rhames	3,196
do it again (pia mia song)			Do It Again ( Pia Mia song )	do it again ( pia mia song )	`` Do It Again '' is a song recorded by American singer Pia Mia featuring Chris Brown and Tyga . It was released as the lead single from her debut studio album released on May 4 , 2015 , by Interscope Records . It was written by Pia Mia Perez , Jerry Afemata , George Veikoso , Nic Nac , Marc Griffin and Tyga , with a production done by Nic Nac . It heavily samples the chorus of `` Let 's Do It Again '' ( 2010 ) by J Boog .	Perez first recorded the song in 2013 . She decided to remake J Boog 's song `` Let 's Do It Again '' after seeing one of his shows in Guam . Later , during a studio session with Nic Nac , Brown and Tyga heard the track and asked Perez if they could be featured on it . The song received positive reviews from music critics . An accompanying music video was shot at a beach in Malibu . It was released on June 26 , 2015 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Music video 3 Commercial performance 4 Credits and personnel 5 Charts 5.1 Weekly charts 5.2 Year - end charts 6 Certifications 7 Release history 8 References 9 External links Background ( edit ) Pia Mia saw her first concert at age 16 when J Boog performed in Guam . She immediately loved his song `` Let 's Do It Again '' and was inspired to remake the song with a pop spin to it and `` pay tribute '' to him . She then recorded it later that year in 2013 with producer Nic Nac . A while after the song was complete , Mia was in a studio session with Chris Brown and Tyga when Nac played `` Do It Again '' . Both artists liked the song and asked if they could be on it . Music video ( edit ) The music video for `` Do It Again '' was filmed on June 3 , 2015 in Malibu , California . It was released on June 26 , 2015 . The video features Pia Mia , Tyga , and Chris Brown . It opens with Tyga rapping over an ocean cliff , then moves to Mia driving in a white Jeep Wrangler by the coast and later performing a dance routine on the beach . Then Brown sings his verse in a cave before all three artists show up at an outdoor party . Other scenes include Mia rolling in the sand on the beach and walking along the shoreline . The video was directed by Colin Tilley . Commercial performance ( edit ) `` Do It Again '' achieved success in Oceania , reaching number five in Australia and number 10 in New Zealand . The song also has achieved success in the UK , reaching number eight on the UK Singles Chart . It reached number 86 on the US Billboard Hot 100 for the week of July 18 , 2015 . The song jumped nine spots up to number 77 for the week of July 25 , 2015 . The song later peaked at number 71 on the US Billboard Hot 100 . The song reached number 70 on the Canadian Hot 100 . Credits and personnel ( edit ) Pia Mia -- vocals , songwriter Chris Brown -- vocals Tyga -- vocals , songwriter Nic Nac -- songwriter , producer Jerry Afemata -- songwriter George Veikoso -- songwriter Marc Griffin -- songwriter J Boog -- original chorus owner Chris `` Tek '' O'Ryan -- vocal producer , sound engineer Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2015 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 5 Australia Hitseekers ( ARIA ) Australia Urban ( ARIA ) Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) 64 Belgium Urban ( Ultratop Flanders ) 31 Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) 39 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 70 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 74 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 38 Ireland ( IRMA ) 52 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 10 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 15 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 69 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 70 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 8 US Billboard Hot 100 71 US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 19 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2015 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 53 Australia Urban ( ARIA ) 11 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 60 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Platinum 70,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Gold 30,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 15,000 Poland ( ZPAV ) Gold 10,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Gold 20,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label United States May 4 , 2015 Digital download Interscope Wolfpack References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` F * * k With U ( feat . G - Eazy ) - Single by Pia Mia '' . iTunes . Retrieved May 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hot97 ( June 23 , 2015 ) . `` Pia Mia Gives The TRUE Story Behind Her Relationship With Nic Nac & Kylie Jenner '' . Youtube . Jump up ^ Power 106 Los Angeles ( May 5 , 2015 ) . `` Pia Mia On New Single With Chris Brown + Tyga '' . Jump up ^ `` Pia Mia , Chris Brown , & Tyga Shoot `` Do It Again '' Video `` . Rap - Up . Jump up ^ `` Behind The Scenes : Pia Mia - `` Do It Again '' ( Feat . Chris Brown & Tyga ) `` . Trendio . June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stutz , Colin ( June 26 , 2015 ) . `` Pia Mia Gets Wild on the Beach With Chris Brown & Tyga in ' Do It Again ' Video '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Cantor , Brian ( July 9 , 2015 ) . `` Hot 100 : Big Sean 's `` Play No Games , '' Pia Mia 's `` Do It Again '' Debut This Week `` . Headline Planet . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Pia Mia feat . Chris Brown & Tyga -- Do It Again '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved August 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Report : Issue 1319 '' ( PDF ) . ARIA . Retrieved 8 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Dance Singles Chart - 27 / 7 / 15 '' ( PDF ) . ARIA Charts . July 27 , 2015 . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Pia Mia feat . Chris Brown & Tyga -- Do It Again '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratip . Retrieved September 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Pia Mia feat . Chris Brown & Tyga -- Do It Again '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop Urban . Retrieved September 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Pia Mia feat . Chris Brown & Tyga -- Do It Again '' ( in French ) . Ultratip . Retrieved September 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pia Mia Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201532 into search . Retrieved 26 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Pia Mia feat . Chris Brown & Tyga -- Do It Again '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved October 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 42 , 2015 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Pia Mia feat . Chris Brown & Tyga -- Do It Again '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201532 into search . Retrieved 26 September . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Pia Mia feat . Chris Brown & Tyga -- Do It Again '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pia Mia Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Pia Mia Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - End of Year Charts - Top 100 Singles 2015 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2016 . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Top 100 Urban Singles 2015 '' . ARIA . Retrieved 12 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Singles Chart Top 100 - 2015 '' . Retrieved January 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Gavin ( September 5 , 2015 ) . `` ARIA Singles : ' What Do You Mean ? ' Justin Bieber Is No 1 '' . Noise11 . Retrieved September 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Certificeringer - Pia Mia Feat. Chris Brown & Tyga - Do It Again '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved October 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved October 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Polish single certifications -- Pia Mia -- Do It Again '' ( in Polish ) . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . 15 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat '' ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Type ' in the top right search bar . Click on `` Sok '' and select ' and see certification . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Pia Mia -- Do It Again '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . Enter Do It Again in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Pia Mia -- Do It Again '' . Recording Industry Association of America . April 21 , 2016 . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Do It Again ( feat . Chris Brown & Tyga ) - Single by Pia Mia '' . iTunes Store ( US ) . Retrieved December 6 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Pia Mia featuring Chris Brown and Tyga -- `` Do It Again '' ( music video ) on YouTube Pia Mia Singles `` Red Love '' `` Mr. President '' `` Do It Again '' `` Touch '' Featured singles `` Boys & Girls '' Promotional singles `` Bubblegum Boy '' `` The Last Man On Earth '' `` Shotgun Love '' `` What A Girl Wants '' `` F * * k With U '' Related articles Interscope Records Austin Mahone Chris Brown G - Eazy Tyga will.i.am Chris Brown singles Discography Chris Brown `` Run It ! '' `` Yo ( Excuse Me Miss ) '' `` Gimme That '' `` Say Goodbye '' `` Poppin ' '' Exclusive `` Wall to Wall '' `` Kiss Kiss '' `` With You '' `` Take You Down '' `` Forever '' `` Superhuman '' Graffiti `` I Can Transform Ya '' `` Crawl '' F.A.M.E. `` Deuces '' `` No Bullshit '' `` Yeah 3x '' `` Look at Me Now '' `` Beautiful People '' `` She Ai n't You '' `` Next to You '' `` Wet the Bed '' Fortune `` Strip '' `` Turn Up the Music '' `` Sweet Love '' `` Till I Die '' `` Do n't Wake Me Up '' `` Do n't Judge Me '' X `` Fine China '' `` Do n't Think They Know '' `` Love More '' `` Loyal '' `` New Flame '' Fan of a Fan : The Album `` Ayo '' `` Bitches N Marijuana '' Royalty `` Liquor '' `` Zero '' `` Back to Sleep '' `` Fine by Me '' Heartbreak on a Full Moon `` Grass Ai n't Greener '' `` Party '' `` Privacy '' `` Pills & Automobiles '' `` Questions '' Featured singles `` Shortie Like Mine '' `` No Air '' `` Shawty Get Loose '' `` Get Like Me '' `` What Them Girls Like '' `` Freeze '' `` Work That ! '' `` Better on the Other Side '' `` Drop It Low '' `` Back to the Crib '' `` Make a Movie '' `` Get Back Up '' `` Ai n't Thinkin ' ' Bout You '' `` Champion '' `` My Last '' `` One Night Stand '' `` Best Love Song '' `` Pot of Gold '' `` Body 2 Body '' `` Better with the Lights Off '' `` International Love '' `` Another Round '' `` Why Stop Now '' `` Birthday Cake ( Remix ) '' `` Right by My Side '' `` Take It to the Head '' `` I Can Only Imagine '' `` Put It Down '' `` Algo Me Gusta de Ti '' `` Celebration '' `` Ready '' `` As Your Friend '' `` For the Road '' `` Beat It '' `` Sweet Serenade '' `` Show Me '' `` Main Chick '' `` Hold You Down '' `` Only '' `` Post to Be '' `` Waves ( Robin Schulz Remix ) '' `` Hotel '' `` Private Show '' `` Five More Hours '' `` You Changed Me '' `` Do It Again '' `` How Many Times '' `` Fun '' `` All Eyes on You '' `` Body on Me '' `` Moses '' `` Play No Games '' `` Player '' `` Sorry '' `` Gold Slugs '' `` Paradise '' `` Drifting '' `` Wishing '' `` Something New '' `` I 'm the Man ( Remix ) '' `` No Romeo No Juliet '' `` Do You Mind '' `` I Think of You '' `` Whatever You Need '' `` African Bad Gyal '' `` Tone It Down '' `` Pie '' `` Either Way '' `` Flipmode '' `` Melanin Magic '' `` Freaky Friday '' Other songs `` This Christmas '' `` Dreamer '' `` Sing Like Me '' `` Bassline '' `` Nobody 's Business '' `` X '' `` Wrist '' `` Anyway '' `` Picture Me Rollin ' '' `` Little More ( Royalty ) '' Book : Chris Brown Tyga Discography Studio albums No Introduction Careless World : Rise of the Last King Hotel California Fan of a Fan : The Album BitchImTheShit2 Kyoto Compilations We Are Young Money Rich Gang Young Money : Rise of an Empire Mixtapes Fan of a Fan Well Done 3 The Gold Album : 18th Dynasty Fuk Wat They Talkin Bout Rawwest Nigga Alive Singles `` Coconut Juice '' `` BedRock '' `` Roger That '' `` Far Away '' `` Still Got It '' `` Rack City '' `` Faded '' `` Make It Nasty '' `` Do My Dance '' `` Dope '' `` Molly '' `` For the Road '' `` Show You '' `` Wait for a Minute '' `` Hookah '' `` Ayo '' `` Bitches N Marijuana '' `` Ride Out '' `` Gucci Snakes '' `` Feel Me '' Featured singles `` Deuces '' `` Loyalty '' `` The Motto '' `` Dirty Bass '' `` Get Low '' `` Gold '' `` Live It Up '' `` Celebration '' `` Bubble Butt '' `` Iz U Down '' `` Loyal '' `` Bend Ova '' `` Collide '' `` Do It Again '' Related articles Last Kings Records Young Money Entertainment GOOD Music Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Do_It_Again_(Pia_Mia_song)&oldid=822486898 '' Categories : 2015 singles 2015 songs Pia Mia songs Chris Brown songs Tyga songs Songs written by Nic Nac Songs written by Tyga Hidden categories : CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Music infoboxes with Module : String errors Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Flanders Tip Singlechart usages for Flanders Urban Singlechart usages for Wallonia Tip Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Poland Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 26 January 2018 , at 17 : 20 . 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when did they start putting iodine in salt	In the U.S. in the early 20th century , goitre was especially prevalent in the region around the Great Lakes and the Pacific Northwest . David Murray Cowie , a professor of paediatrics at the University of Michigan , led the U.S. to adopt the Swiss practice of adding sodium iodide or potassium iodide to table and cooking salt . On May 1 , 1924 , iodised salt was sold commercially in Michigan . By the fall of 1924 , Morton Salt Company began distributing iodised salt nationally . There was a gradual increase in average intelligence of 1 standard deviation , 15 points , in iodine - deficient areas and 3.5 points nationally .	1924	Iodised salt	iodised salt	Iodised salt ( also spelled iodized salt ) is table salt mixed with a minute amount of various salts of the element iodine . The ingestion of iodine prevents iodine deficiency . Worldwide , iodine deficiency affects about two billion people and is the leading preventable cause of intellectual and developmental disabilities . Deficiency also causes thyroid gland problems , including `` endemic goitre '' . In many countries , iodine deficiency is a major public health problem that can be cheaply addressed by purposely adding small amounts of iodine to the sodium chloride salt .	Iodine is a micronutrient and dietary mineral that is naturally present in the food supply in some regions , especially near sea coasts , but is generally quite rare in the Earth 's crust , since iodine is a so - called `` heavy '' element and abundance of chemical elements generally declines with greater atomic mass . Where natural levels of iodine in the soil are low and the iodine is not taken up by vegetables , iodine added to salt provides the small but essential amount of iodine needed by humans . An opened package of table salt with iodide may rapidly lose its iodine content through the process of oxidation and iodine sublimation . Contents ( hide ) 1 Chemistry , biochemistry and nutritional aspects 2 Production 3 In public health initiatives 3.1 Argentina 3.2 Australia 3.3 Brazil 3.4 Canada 3.5 China 3.6 Kazakhstan 3.7 Philippines 3.8 Romania 3.9 South Africa 3.10 United States 4 No - additive salts for canning and pickling 5 Fortification of salt with other elements 5.1 Double - fortified salt 5.2 Fluoridated salt 5.3 Diethylcarbamazine 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Chemistry , biochemistry and nutritional aspects ( edit ) A pile of iodised salt . Four inorganic compounds are used as iodide sources , depending on the producer : potassium iodate , potassium iodide , sodium iodate , and sodium iodide . Any of these compounds supplies the body with its iodine required for the biosynthesis of thyroxine ( T ) and triiodothyronine ( T ) hormones by the thyroid gland . Animals also benefit from iodine supplements , and the hydrogen iodide derivative of ethylenediamine is the main supplement to livestock feed . Salt is an effective vehicle for distributing iodine to the public because it does not spoil and is consumed in more predictable amounts than most other commodities . For example , the concentration of iodine in salt has gradually increased in Switzerland : 3.75 mg / kg in 1952 , 7.5 mg / kg in 1962 , 15 mg / kg in 1980 , 20 mg / kg in 1998 , and 25 mg / kg in 2014 . These increases were found to improve iodine status in the general Swiss population . Salt that is iodised with iodide may slowly lose its iodine content by exposure to excess air over long periods . Production ( edit ) Edible salt can be iodised by spraying it with a potassium iodate or potassium iodide solution . 57 grams of potassium iodate , costing about US $1.15 ( in 2006 ) , is required to iodise a ton of salt . Dextrose is added as a stabilizer to prevent potassium iodide from oxidizing and evaporating . Anti-caking agents such as calcium silicate are commonly added to table salt to prevent clumping . In public health initiatives ( edit ) Iodised salt with folic acid and fluorine . The folic acid gives a light yellow colour to the salt . Worldwide , iodine deficiency affects two billion people and is the leading preventable cause of intellectual and developmental disabilities . According to public health experts , iodisation of salt may be the world 's simplest and most cost - effective measure available to improve health , only costing US $0.05 per person per year . At the World Summit for Children in 1990 , a goal was set to eliminate iodine deficiency by 2000 . At that time , 25 % of households consumed iodised salt , a proportion that increased to 66 % by 2006 . Salt producers are often , although not always , supportive of government initiatives to iodise edible salt supplies . Opposition to iodisation comes from small salt producers who are concerned about the added expense , private makers of iodine pills , concerns about promoting salt intake , and unfounded rumours that iodisation causes AIDS or other illnesses . The United States Food and Drug Administration recommends 150 micrograms ( 0.15 mg ) of iodine per day for both men and women . Argentina ( edit ) Since 8 May 1967 salt for human or animal use must be iodised , according to the Law 17,259 . Australia ( edit ) Australian children were identified as being iodine deficient in a survey conducted between 2003 and 2004 As a result of this study the Australian Government mandated that all bread with the exception of `` organic '' bread must use iodized salt. There remains concern that this initiative is not sufficient for pregnant and lactating women . Brazil ( edit ) Iodine Deficiency Disorders were detected as a major public health issue by Brazilian authorities in the 1950s , when about 20 % of the population had goiter . The National Agency for Sanitary Vigilance ( ANVISA ) is responsible for setting the mandatory iodine content of table salt . The Brazilian diet averages 12 g of table salt per day , more than twice the recommended value of 5 ga day . To avoid excess consumption of iodine , the iodizing of Brazilian table salt was reduced to 15 -- 45 mg / kg in July 2013 . Specialists criticized the move , saying that it would be better for the government to promote reduced salt intake , which would solve the iodine problem as well as reduce the incidence of high blood pressure . Canada ( edit ) Salt sold to consumers in Canada for table and household use must be iodized with 0.01 % potassium iodide . Sea salt and salt sold for other purposes , such as pickling , may be sold uniodized . China ( edit ) Much of the Chinese population lives inland , far from sources of dietary iodine . In 1996 , the Ministry of Public Health estimated that iodine deficiency was responsible for 10 million cases of mental retardation in China . The Chinese government had held a legal monopoly on salt production since 119 BCE and began iodizing salt in the 1960s , but market reforms in the 1980s led to widespread smuggling of non-iodized salt from private producers . In the inland province of Ningxia , only 20 % of salt consumed was sold by the China National Salt Industry Corporation . The Chinese government responded by cracking down on smuggled salt , establishing a salt police with 25,000 officers to enforce the salt monopoly . Consumption of iodized salt reached 90 % of the Chinese population by 2000 . Kazakhstan ( edit ) Kazakhstan , a country in Central Eurasia in which local food supplies seldom contain sufficient iodine , has drastically reduced iodine deficiency through salt iodisation programmes . Campaigns by the government and non-profit organisations to educate the public about the benefits of iodised salt began in the mid 1990s , with iodisation of edible salt becoming legally mandatory in 2002 . Philippines ( edit ) On December 20 , 1995 , Philippine President Fidel V. Ramos signed Republic Act 8172 : An Act for Salt Iodization Nationwide ( ASIN ) . Romania ( edit ) According to the 568 / 2002 law signed by the Romanian parliament and republished in 2009 , since 2002 iodised salt is distributed mandatory in the whole country . It is used mandatory on the market for household consumption , in bakeries and for pregnant women . Iodised salt is optional though for animal consumption and the food industry , although widely used . The salt iodisation process has to assure a minimum of 30mg iodine / kg of salt . South africa ( edit ) The South African government instructed that all salt for sale was to be iodised after December 12 , 1995 . United States ( edit ) In the U.S. in the early 20th century , goitre was especially prevalent in the region around the Great Lakes and the Pacific Northwest . David Murray Cowie , a professor of paediatrics at the University of Michigan , led the U.S. to adopt the Swiss practice of adding sodium iodide or potassium iodide to table and cooking salt . On May 1 , 1924 , iodised salt was sold commercially in Michigan . By the fall of 1924 , Morton Salt Company began distributing iodised salt nationally . There was a gradual increase in average intelligence of 1 standard deviation , 15 points , in iodine - deficient areas and 3.5 points nationally . A 2017 study found that the introduction of iodized salt in 1924 raised the IQ for the one - quarter of the population most deficient in iodine . These findings `` can explain roughly one decade 's worth of the upward trend in IQ in the United States ( the Flynn effect ) . '' The study also found `` a large increase in thyroid - related deaths following the countrywide adoption of iodized salt , which affected mostly older individuals in localities with high prevalence of iodine deficiency . '' No - additive salts for canning and pickling ( edit ) In contrast to table salt , which often has iodide as well as anticaking ingredients , special canning and pickling salt is made for producing the brine to be used in pickling vegetables and other foodstuffs . This salt has no iodine added because the iodide can be oxidised by the foods and darken them -- a harmless but aesthetically undesirable effect . Fortification of salt with other elements ( edit ) Double - fortified salt ( edit ) Salt can also be double - fortified with iron and iodine . The iron is microencapsulated with stearin to prevent it from reacting with the iodine in the salt . By providing iron in addition to iodine in the convenient delivery vehicle of salt , it could serve as a sustainable approach to combating both iodine and iron deficiency disorders in areas where both deficiencies are prevalent . Adding iron to iodised salt is complicated by a number of chemical , technical , and organoleptic issues . Since a viable DFS premix became available for scale - up in 2001 , a body of scientific literature has been emerging to support the DFS initiative including studies conducted in Ghana , India , Côte d'Ivoire , Kenya and Morocco . Fluoridated salt ( edit ) In some countries , table salt is treated with potassium fluoride to enhance dental health . Diethylcarbamazine ( edit ) In India and China , diethylcarbamazine has been added to salt to combat lymphatic filariasis . See also ( edit ) Basil Hetzel Enriched flour serves an analogous function to `` enriched salt '' . History of salt Lugol 's iodine Sea salt Water fluoridation , a similar public health intervention Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : McNeil , Donald G. Jr ( 2006 - 12 - 16 ) . `` In Raising the World 's I.Q. , the Secret 's in the Salt '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Iodine deficiency -- way to go yet '' . The Lancet . 372 : 88 . 12 July 2008 . PMID 18620930 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 08 ) 61009 - 0 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ Diosady , L.L. , and M.G. Venkatesh Mannar . `` Stability of iodine in iodized salt . '' 8th World Salt Symposium . Amsterdam : Elsevier . 2000 . Jump up ^ Phyllis A. Lyday `` Iodine and Iodine Compounds '' in Ullmann 's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry , Wiley - VCH , Weinheim , 2005 . doi : 10.1002 / 14356007. a14_381 Jump up ^ `` Sel de cuisine : hausse du taux d'enrichissement en iode '' ( in French ) . Swiss Federal Administration . Retrieved 8 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Michael B Zimmermann ; Isabelle Aeberli ; Toni Torresani ; Hans Bürgi ( August 2005 ) . `` Increasing the iodine concentration in the Swiss iodized salt program markedly improved iodine status in pregnant women and children : a 5 - y prospective national study '' . American Journal of Nutrition. 82 ( 2 ) : 388 -- 392 . PMID 16087983 . Jump up ^ Katarzyna Waszkowiak & Krystyna Szymandera - Buszka . Effect of storage conditions on potassium iodide stability in iodized table salt and collagen preparations . International Journal of Food Science & Technology . Volume 43 Issue 5 , Pages 895 - 899 . ( Published Online : 27 Nov 2007 ) Jump up ^ `` Iodized Salt '' . The Salt Institute . Retrieved 7 October 2013 . Jump up ^ 2005 CFR Title 21 , Volume 2 Jump up ^ Ley 17.259 Jump up ^ Li , Mu ; Eastman , Creswell J. ; Waite , Kay V. ; Ma , Gary ; Byth , Karen ; Zacharin , Margaret R. ; Topliss , Duncan J. ; Harding , Philip E. ; Walsh , John P. ( 2006 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Are Australian children iodine deficient ? Results of the Australian National Iodine Nutrition Study '' . Medical Journal of Australia . 184 ( 4 ) . ISSN 0025 - 729X . Jump up ^ Corporation , Australian Broadcasting . `` Your daily bread , now with iodine - Health & Wellbeing '' . www.abc.net.au . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ Gallego , Gisselle ; Goodall , Stephen ; Eastman , Creswell J. ( 2010 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Iodine deficiency in Australia : is iodine supplementation for pregnant and lactating women warranted ? '' . Medical Journal of Australia . 192 ( 8 ) . ISSN 0025 - 729X . Jump up ^ ( in Portuguese ) Research assesses impact of iodised salt in Brazil Jump up ^ Salt with less iodize should be mandatory in Brazil in up to 90 days -- Bem Estar -- Globo ( in Portuguese ) Jump up ^ `` Labelling Requirements for Salt '' . Jump up ^ Tyler , Patrick E. ( 4 June 1996 ) . `` China Confronts Retardation Of Millions Deficient in Iodine '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 28 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Fackler , Martin ( October 13 , 2002 ) . `` Special police protect an ancient monopoly -- and China 's public health '' . Associated Press . Jump up ^ http://www.gov.ph/1995/12/20/republic-act-no-8172/ Jump up ^ SUSTAINABLE PREVENTION OF IODINE DEFICIENCY AND ACHIEVEMENT OF OPTIMAL IODINE NUTRITION - ROMANIA http://www.ign.org/cm_data/Poster_Romania.pdf Jump up ^ DECISION no . 568 of 5 June 2002 ( republished ) http://legislatie.just.ro/Public/DetaliiDocument/36611 Jump up ^ Health Hints , Cerebos Archived March 25 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Impact after 1 year of compulsory iodisation on the iodine content of table salt at retailer level in South Africa , 1999 , vol. 50 , no . 1 , pp. 7 -- 12 ( 12 ref . ) , International journal of food sciences and nutrition ISSN 0963 - 7486 Jump up ^ Markel , When in Rains it Pours , p. 220 Jump up ^ McClure RD ( October 1935 ) . `` GOITER PROPHYLAXIS WITH IODIZED SALT '' . Science . 82 ( 2129 ) : 370 -- 371 . PMID 17796701 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 82.2129. 370 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ Max Nisen ( July 22 , 2013 ) . `` How Adding Iodine To Salt Resulted In A Decade 's Worth Of IQ Gains For The United States '' . Business Insider . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Feyrer , James ; Politi , Dimitra ; Weil , David N. ( 2017 ) . `` The Cognitive Effects of Micronutrient Deficiency : Evidence from Salt Iodization in the United States '' . Journal of the European Economic Association . 15 ( 2 ) : 355 -- 387 . Jump up ^ Smith , S.E. `` What Is Pickling Salt ? '' . wisegeek.com . Retrieved 5 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Diosady LL and Mannar MGV . Double fortification of salt with iron and iodine. , 2000 , University of Toronto , Department of Chemical Engineering , The Pages of Professor L.L. Diosady Jump up ^ Andersson M , Thankachan P , Muthayya S , Goud RB , Kurpad AV , Hurrell RF , Zimmermann MB ( Nov 2008 ) . `` Dual fortification of salt with iodine and iron : a randomized , double - blind , controlled trial of micronized ferric pyrophosphate and encapsulated ferrous fumarate in southern India '' . Am J Clin Nutr. 88 ( 5 ) : 1378 -- 87 . Jump up ^ Double Fortification of Salt : a Technical Breakthrough to Alleviate Iron and Iodine Deficiency Disorders Around the World . The Micronutrient Initiative. , Micronutrient Initiative . Jump up ^ Aigueperse , Jean ; Paul Mollard ; Didier Devilliers ; Marius Chemla ; Robert Faron ; Renée Romano ; Jean Pierre Cuer ( 2005 ) . `` Fluorine Compounds , Inorganic '' . In Ullmann . Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry . Weinheim : Wiley - VCH . doi : 10.1002 / 14356007. a11_307 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) WHO : Unfulfilled potential : using diethylcarbamazine - fortified salt to eliminate lymphatic filariasis References ( edit ) Markel Howard ( 1987 ) . `` When It Rains It Pours : Endemic Goiter , Iodized Salt , and David Murray Cowie MD '' . American Journal of Public Health . 77 ( 2 ) : 219 -- 229 . PMC 1646845 . PMID 3541654 . doi : 10.2105 / AJPH. 77.2. 219 . 21 CFR 101.9 ( c ) ( 8 ) ( iv ) Newton County -- Encyclopedia of Arkansas External links ( edit ) Network for Sustained Elimination of Iodine Deficiency Iodine intake as a risk factor for thyroid cancer : a comprehensive review of animal and human studies ( hide ) Salt History History of salt In the American Civil War International Salt Co. v. United States In Middlewich Old Salt Route In Chinese history Salt March Salt road Types Abraum Alaea Alberger Bittern Black lava Butter Celery Curing Cyclic Dairy Flake Fleur de sel Garlic Himalayan Iodised Kala namak Kosher ( Korean sea ) LoSalt Calcium chloride Pickling Potassium chloride Potassium nitrate Sodium nitrate Onion Rock Sea salt Seasoned Sel gris Smoked Truffle Food usage Brining Salting Brined cheese Salt - cured meat Salted fish Health effects Salt and cardiovascular disease Commerce and industry Salt Industry Commission Evaporation pond Production Salt mining Open - pan salt making List of countries by salt production By region In Cheshire In Ghana In Syracuse , New York Culture Salt in the Bible Salting the earth Miscellaneous Mineral lick Smelling salts Ximenes Redoubt Food portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iodised_salt&oldid=806246718 '' Categories : Edible salt Iodine History of salt Endocrinology Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Articles with Portuguese - language external links Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Nederlands Português Русский Simple English ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 October 2017 , at 18 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodised%20salt	3,198
who did simple simon met going to the fair	Simple Simon met a pieman , Going to the fair ; Says Simple Simon to the pieman , Let me taste your ware .	pieman	Simple Simon ( nursery rhyme )	simple simon ( nursery rhyme )	`` Simple Simon '' is a popular English language nursery rhyme . It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 19777 .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Lyrics 2 Origins 3 In popular culture 4 Notes 5 External links Lyrics ( edit ) The rhyme is as follows ; Simple Simon met a pieman , Going to the fair ; Says Simple Simon to the pieman , Let me taste your ware . Says the pieman to Simple Simon , Show me first your penny ; Says Simple Simon to the pieman , Indeed I have not any . Simple Simon went a-fishing , For to catch a whale ; All the water he had got , Was in his mother 's pail . Simple Simon went to look If plums grew on a thistle ; He pricked his fingers very much , Which made poor Simon whistle . He went for water in a sieve But soon it all fell through And now poor Simple Simon Bids you all adieu . Origins ( edit ) Simple Simon and the pie man , according to Denslow The verses used today are the first of a longer chapbook history first published in 1764 . The character of Simple Simon may have been in circulation much longer , possibly appearing in an Elizabethan chapbook and in a ballad , Simple Simon 's Misfortunes and his Wife Margery 's Cruelty , from about 1685 . Another possible inspiration was Simon Edy , a beggar in the St Giles area in the 18th century . In popular culture ( edit ) Laurel and Hardy `` played '' , respectively , Simple Simon and the pieman in Walt Disney 's animated short , Mother Goose Goes Hollywood . Simple Simon was played by Charley Rogers in Babes in Toyland ( 1934 film ) . Animation studio Comicolor produced an animated short based on the rhyme in 1935 titled Simple Simon . The short focuses mostly on an expanded version of Simon 's encounter with the Pie Man and his visit to the fair , and also adds a pet goose to the cast . The short was directed by animator Ub Iwerks . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : I. Opie and P. Opie , The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes ( Oxford University Press , 1951 , 2nd edn. , 1997 ) , pp. 333 - 4 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0i-SdMOV4g Jump up ^ Walter Thornbury , Edward Walford ( 1880 ) , Old and New London : Westminster and the western suburbs Volume 3 of Old and New London : A Narrative of Its History , Its People , and Its Places , Old and New London , Cassell , Petter , & Galpin , p. 207 External links ( edit ) A page containing the full text of the rhyme Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simple_Simon_(nursery_rhyme)&oldid=811069154 '' Categories : Roud Folk Song Index songs Year of song unknown Chapbooks English nursery rhymes Talk Contents About Wikipedia 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 November 2017 , at 09 : 46 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple%20Simon%20%28nursery%20rhyme%29	3,199
where is gig harbor washington on a map	Gig Harbor is one of several cities and towns that claim to be `` the gateway to the Olympic Peninsula '' . Due to its close access to several state and city parks , and historic waterfront that includes boutiques and fine dining , it has become a popular tourist destination . Gig Harbor is located along State Route 16 , about six miles ( 10 km ) from its origin at Interstate 5 , over the Tacoma Narrows Bridge . A $1.2 billion project to add a second span to the bridge was completed in 2007 . From Gig Harbor , Tacoma can be reached in just under 20 minutes and Seattle in just under an hour .		Gig Harbor , Washington	gig harbor, washington	Gig Harbor is the name of both a bay on Puget Sound and a city on its shore in Pierce County , Washington , United States . The population was 7,126 at the 2010 census .	Gig Harbor is one of several cities and towns that claim to be `` the gateway to the Olympic Peninsula '' . Due to its close access to several state and city parks , and historic waterfront that includes boutiques and fine dining , it has become a popular tourist destination . Gig Harbor is located along State Route 16 , about six miles ( 10 km ) from its origin at Interstate 5 , over the Tacoma Narrows Bridge . A $1.2 billion project to add a second span to the bridge was completed in 2007 . From Gig Harbor , Tacoma can be reached in just under 20 minutes and Seattle in just under an hour . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Skansie shipyard 3 Geography 3.1 Climate 4 Education 5 Demographics 5.1 2010 census 5.2 2000 census 6 Politics 7 Notable people 8 Media appearances 9 See also 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) During a heavy storm in 1840 , Captain Charles Wilkes brought the Captain 's gig ( small boat ) into the harbor for protection . Later , with the publication of Wilkes 1841 map of the Oregon Territory , he named the sheltered bay Gig Harbor . 1867 brought fisherman Samuel Jerisich to the Gig Harbor area , along with many other immigrants from Sweden , Norway and Croatia . The town was platted in 1888 by Alfred M. Burnham . Gig Harbor was officially incorporated on July 12 , 1946 . Commercial fishing , boat building and logging dominated the economy until the construction of the first Tacoma Narrows Bridge in 1940 . Until then , the primary method of transportation between Gig Harbor and the economic center of nearby Tacoma was by steamship . Starting in 1836 steamships started plying the waters of Puget Sound and quickly developed into what was eventually dubbed `` The Mosquito Fleet . '' Gig Harbor , isolated from Tacoma and Seattle by Puget Sound and the Tacoma Narrows , could not be reached by automobile or horseback except by a very long and arduous trip south around Puget Sound and Hammersly Inlet . The boom was to be short lived as the first bridge collapsed just months after it was completed . The resource demands of World War II prevented another bridge from being built until 1950 . Between the time when the first bridge collapsed and when the second bridge was completed , a state run ferry service delivered drivers directly into downtown Gig Harbor . Remains of the ferry dock can still be seen just outside the mouth of the harbor at the southeast end of Harborview Drive . The area has been turned into a small park , where the public can see a panoramic view of the Cascade Mountains , Point Defiance and Mount Rainier . After the completion of the replacement bridge in 1950 , Gig Harbor and the surrounding area quickly began to develop as a suburb of neighboring Tacoma . First the area saw substantial residential development as families retreated from Tacoma in favor of the tree - lined neighborhoods and waterfront lots available on the Gig Harbor Peninsula . What had once been summer cabins became primary residences for people who commuted daily over the bridge to Tacoma . Medium - sized housing development sprang up across the peninsula . The 1980s and 1990s saw substantial retail development near State Route 16 to service the growing residential population , shifting the economic center of Gig Harbor out of downtown . For some time , city leaders were unsure how to handle the growth while maintaining the character of the city . Ultimately , the city decided to aggressively annex the surrounding rural areas and convert them into high - density commercial and housing districts , forever changing the rural character of the area but assuring that little new development happens in the historic downtown area , preserving its history and charm . By the 1970s , local merchants had begun actively promoting the downtown area for its historic value , and tourism became prominent on the list of economic engines in Gig Harbor . Today , downtown Gig Harbor is a very active place for tourists with shopping , dining and recreation on every block . The last large swath of undeveloped waterfront property at the south end of downtown , was recently developed into the headquarters of the Russell Foundation , named for George Russell , founder of Russell Financial . Today , despite a long history of boat building , very little manufacturing exists in Gig Harbor . The only remaining boatbuilder is Gig Harbor Boatworks , which builds rowing and sailing dinghies in classic style using modern materials . Until recently , Tiderunner Boats maintained a manufacturing facility at the north end of the bay . The historic Skansie boatyard is now primarily a maintenance facility for yachts and pleasure craft . The Glein / Eddon / Gig Harbor boatyard was recently purchased by the city after spending many years sitting idle . The city intends to use it as a working waterfront museum . Commercial fishing is still of great cultural , if somewhat lesser economic , importance to Gig Harbor , and many commercial fishing boats make it their home port . Most , however , do not rely on Puget Sound to gather their catch , instead finding it more profitable to venture north to Alaska to fish in the summer . Gig Harbor 's fishing fleet still gathers the first weekend in June ( during the Maritime Gig Festival ) in the center of the bay for the annual Blessing of the Fleet ceremony . In recent years , due to the dwindling number of remaining fishing boats , pleasure craft have been allowed to participate in the ceremony , somewhat lessening its authenticity , but increasing its visibility and participation . A new Tacoma Narrows Bridge has been built alongside the existing bridge and opened July 2007 , doubling past capacity . With it will come new economic challenges and benefits for the city of Gig Harbor and the surrounding community . Boats in Gig Harbor Skansie shipyard ( edit ) In 1905 , the Skansie brothers were the first in the area to build a gasoline - powered fishing boat . They did so at first by refitting boats with a gasoline - powered engine . Usually the motors were quite small , between 6 and 8 horsepower ; the Skansie brothers originally used a 7 - horsepower engine . Although these were powerboats , there were neither masts nor a turntable to hoist in the nets . This work was all done by hand . However , with the introduction of a motor , the boats were not able to go as far as Alaska . Skansie shipyards built fishing vessels from the late 1910s to the early 1950s . Vessels built by Skansie : F / V Genius - being refitted by grandson of original owner F / V Shenandoah - being restored as a museum piece for the Harbor History Museum F / V Supreme - registered in Canada as Supreme No. 1 F / V Advocator - sunk in early 2000s in Bellingham F / V Veteran - still has permits to fish , was donated to the Gig Harbor Boat Shop and is used to educate people about commercial fishing F / V Greyling - registered with state of Alaska as F / V Taylor Maid F / V Emancipator - serves as tender vessel in Friday Harbor for San Juan Island salmon seining F / V Avalon - currently resides in Port Townsend , later demolished by state F / V Vernon - active in Puget Sound and South East Alaska Seining Geography ( edit ) Entering Gig Harbor See also : Raft Island and Puget Sound According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 5.96 square miles ( 15.44 km ) , of which , 5.95 square miles ( 15.41 km ) is land and 0.01 square miles ( 0.03 km ) is water . Climate ( edit ) Gig Harbor has a marine west coast climate . Warm and dry summers , transitional springs and autumns , and cool and wet winters , with occasional snow . The annual high and low temperatures of Gig Harbor are 59.3 ° F and 44.8 ° F , making for an average of 52.05 ° F . Gig Harbor Climate chart ( explanation ) J J J O 5.4 47 35 4.4 50 36 4.2 55 39 2.9 60 42 66 47 1.6 71 52 0.9 76 55 0.8 77 55 1.4 71 51 3.4 61 45 6.1 52 40 5.9 47 35 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° F Precipitation totals in inches ( show ) Metric conversion J J J O 137 8 113 10 106 13 73 16 6 51 19 8 40 22 11 22 24 13 21 25 13 36 22 11 86 16 7 155 11 150 8 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° C Precipitation totals in mm Education ( edit ) The Peninsula School District is the district covering the city of Gig Harbor and the Peninsula . High schools Gig Harbor High School Peninsula High School Henderson Bay Alternative High School Middle schools Goodman Middle School Kopachuck Middle School Key Peninsula Middle School Harbor Ridge Middle School Elementary schools Artondale Elementary Harbor Heights Elementary Discovery Elementary Purdy Elementary Voyager Elementary Vaughn Elementary Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1890 321 -- 1950 803 -- 1960 1,094 36.2 % 1970 1,657 51.5 % 1980 2,429 46.6 % 3,236 33.2 % 2000 6,465 99.8 % 7,126 10.2 % Est. 2016 9,110 27.8 % U.S. Decennial Census 2015 Estimate 2010 Census ( edit ) As of the census of 2010 , there were 7,126 people , 3,291 households , and 1,937 families residing in the city . The population density was 1,197.6 inhabitants per square mile ( 462.4 / km ) . There were 3,560 housing units at an average density of 598.3 per square mile ( 231.0 / km ) . The racial makeup of the city was 90.2 % White , 1.2 % African American , 0.6 % Native American , 2.4 % Asian , 0.5 % Pacific Islander , 1.4 % from other races , and 3.6 % from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.8 % of the population . There were 3,291 households of which 22.2 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 46.7 % were married couples living together , 9.0 % had a female householder with no husband present , 3.1 % had a male householder with no wife present , and 41.1 % were non-families. 34.2 % of all households were made up of individuals and 17.1 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.12 and the average family size was 2.69 . The median age in the city was 48.1 years . 18.2 % of residents were under the age of 18 ; 7 % were between the ages of 18 and 24 ; 21 % were from 25 to 44 ; 28.6 % were from 45 to 64 ; and 25.1 % were 65 years of age or older . The gender makeup of the city was 46.2 % male and 53.8 % female . 2000 Census ( edit ) As of the census of 2000 , there were 6,465 people , 2,880 households , and 1,765 families residing in the city . The population density was 1,485.2 people per square mile ( 573.8 / km ) . There were 3,085 housing units at an average density of 708.7 per square mile ( 273.8 / km ) . The racial makeup of the city was 94.17 % White , 1.11 % African American , 0.63 % Native American , 1.53 % Asian , 0.22 % Pacific Islander , 0.54 % from other races , and 1.79 % from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.03 % of the population . There were 2,880 households out of which 25.1 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 50.0 % were married couples living together , 9.0 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 38.7 % were non-families. 33.2 % of all households were made up of individuals and 16.4 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.16 and the average family size was 2.75 . In the city , the population was spread out with 20.3 % under the age of 18 , 7.1 % from 18 to 24 , 23.5 % from 25 to 44 , 25.7 % from 45 to 64 , and 23.4 % who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 45 years . For every 100 females , there were 83.4 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 78.9 males . The median income for a household in the city was $43,456 , and the median income for a family was $57,587 . Males had a median income of $46,250 versus $28,487 for females . The per capita income for the city was $28,318 . About 3.5 % of families and 5.9 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 7.8 % of those under the age of 18 and 4.1 % of those ages 65 or older . Politics ( edit ) At the state level , Gig Harbor is part of the 26th Legislative District - which runs from the Tacoma Narrows in the south to Bremerton in the north . It is represented in the Washington State Legislature by Senator Jan Angel ( R - Port Orchard ) , Representative Jesse Young ( R - Gig Harbor ) and Representative Michelle Caldier ( R - Port Orchard ) . At the congressional level , Gig Harbor is part of Washington 's 6th Congressional District . It is represented by Congressman Derek Kilmer and Senators Patty Murray and Maria Cantwell . Notable people ( edit ) Christophe Bisciglia , founder of cloudera Marian Call , singer - songwriter Melinda Curtin , glass artist Jini Dellaccio , photographer Jay Faerber , illustrated book writer Freddie Goodwin , former Manchester United soccer player and alumnus of the Busby Babes Tally Hall , soccer goalie Doris Brown Heritage , athlete Josh Lucas , actor Bob Mortimer , evangelist Cory Procter , former NFL football player Kyle Stanley , professional golfer Keith Weller , former soccer player Media appearances ( edit ) The Men They Could n't Hang recorded `` Grave - Robbing in Gig Harbor '' on their album The Domino Club . CSI : Crime Scene Investigation Season 12 episode 13 , `` Tressed to Kill '' , includes a flashback tracing a fictional character called `` the Gig Harbor killer '' near Seattle . Reference to the Gig Harbor killer and the CSI team 's involvement in trying to solve the case pops up again in Season 13 Episode 22 `` Skin in the Game '' . The final Season 15 of CSI showcases three episodes still trying to determine who the serial killer is , as a new victim surfaces in Episode 6 `` The Twin Paradox '' . The suspect is released in Episode 13 `` The Greater Good '' . HGTV 's 2018 Dream Home is located in Gig Harbor . See also ( edit ) Seattle portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` US Gazetteer files 2010 '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on 2012 - 12 - 20 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population Estimates '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2016 . Retrieved June 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` US Board on Geographic Names '' . United States Geological Survey . 2007 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder - Community Facts '' . Jump up ^ `` City of Gig Harbor Geographic Maps '' . Jump up ^ `` Gig Harbor '' . Wikivoyage . Jump up ^ WSDOT - SR 16 , Tacoma Narrows Bridge Project Archived 2016 - 06 - 02 at Archive.is Jump up ^ `` Distance Between Cities '' . Jump up ^ `` Gig Harbor - Thumbnail History '' . Jump up ^ Majors , Harry M. ( 1975 ) . Exploring Washington . Van Winkle Publishing Co. p. 81 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 918664 - 00 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tacoma Narrows Bridge '' . Jump up ^ `` Gig Harbor Boat Works '' . Jump up ^ `` Skansie Shipbuilding Company ( Gig Harbor ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Climate Gig Harbor - Washington '' . Jump up ^ `` Peninsula School District '' . Jump up ^ `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ United States Census Bureau . `` Census of Population and Housing '' . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2013 . Retrieved July 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder - Community Facts '' . Jump up ^ `` JAY FAERBER 'S BLOG '' . jayfaerber.blogspot.com . Jump up ^ `` Former Manchester United player Freddie Goodwin passes away - Official Manchester United Website '' . www.manutd.com . Jump up ^ `` Keith Weller ( 1946 - 2004 ) - Find A Grave Memorial '' . www.findagrave.com . Jump up ^ http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/csi-crime-scene-investigation/episodes Jump up ^ `` HGTV Dream Home 2018 '' . HGTV . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gig Harbor , Washington . Gig Harbor travel guide from Wikivoyage Official city website City of Gig Harbor 's Official Visitor Website Gig Harbor - Peninsula Area Chamber of Commerce Municipalities and communities of Pierce County , Washington , United States County seat : Tacoma Cities Auburn ‡ Bonney Lake Buckley DuPont Edgewood Enumclaw ‡ Fife Fircrest Gig Harbor Lakewood Milton ‡ Orting Pacific ‡ Puyallup Roy Ruston Sumner Tacoma University Place Towns Carbonado Eatonville South Prairie Steilacoom Wilkeson CDPs Alder Alderton Anderson Island Artondale Ashford Browns Point Canterwood Clear Lake Clover Creek Crocker Dash Point Elbe Elk Plain Fife Heights Fort Lewis Fox Island Frederickson Graham Greenwater Herron Island Home Kapowsin Ketron Island Key Center La Grande Lake Tapps Longbranch Maplewood McChord AFB McKenna McMillin Midland North Fort Lewis North Puyallup Parkland Prairie Heights Prairie Ridge Purdy Raft Island Rosedale South Creek South Hill Spanaway Stansberry Lake Summit Summit View Vaughn Waller Wauna Wollochet Other unincorporated communities Bee Burnett Cromwell Electron Firwood Gertrude Glencove Lakebay Leber McNeil Island Paradise Tehaleh Indian reservation Muckleshoot ‡ Puyallup Military bases Joint Base Lewis -- McChord ( Fort Lewis , McChord Field ) Ghost towns Fairfax Hillhurst Melmont Footnotes ‡ This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties NARA : 10047083 VIAF : 140571744 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gig_Harbor,_Washington&oldid=840778322 '' Categories : Cities in Pierce County , Washington Cities in the Seattle metropolitan area Cities in Washington ( state ) Populated places on Puget Sound Gig Harbor , Washington Hidden categories : Webarchive template archiveis links Articles needing additional references from August 2007 All articles needing additional references Articles with short description Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Български Cebuano Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Hrvatski Italiano עברית Kreyòl ayisyen Malagasy Nederlands Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Türkçe Volapük 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 May 2018 , at 03 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gig%20Harbor%2C%20Washington	3,200
who plays curtis's aunt on general hospital			Vernee Watson - Johnson	vernee watson - johnson	Vernee Christell Watson - Johnson ( born Vernee Christell Watson ; January 14 , 1954 ) is an American actress , author , voice artist , and acting coach . She is best known for her recurring roles as Vernajean Williams on Welcome Back , Kotter and as Viola `` Vy '' Smith on The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air , playing the mother of Will Smith 's character .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Career 2 Personal life 3 Filmography 3.1 Film 3.2 Television 3.3 Videogames 4 References 5 External links Career ( edit ) Watson -- Johnson played Blue 's love interest in the 1972 film Trick Baby . She was also a regular cast member of the 1985 - 86 situation comedy Foley Square as Denise Willums , the secretary for Alex Harrigan , played by the show 's star , Margaret Colin . She played a small role on Sister , Sister as Lisa 's ( Jackée Harry ) best friend Patrice , and as the mayor 's secretary , Lucille Banks , on Carter Country . She also had a recurring role as `` Birdie '' on The Young and the Restless . In 2005 , she appeared in the film Christmas with the Kranks . In addition , Watson -- Johnson has made appearances in episodes of television shows as The Love Boat , Hill Street Blues , Married ... with Children , L.A. Law , Suddenly Susan , Dharma & Greg , The X-Files , ER , Days of Our Lives , Malcolm in the Middle , CSI : Crime Scene Investigation , Desperate Housewives , Ghost Whisperer , Benson , The Big Bang Theory , Good Times , Dexter , Two and a Half Men , Southland , Criminal Minds , A.N.T. Farm , What 's Happening ! ! and several other series . As a voice actress , she has been tied to Hanna - Barbera Productions and Warner Bros. Animation with roles in shows such as Captain Caveman and the Teen Angels , Laff - A-Lympics , A Pup Named Scooby - Doo , Animaniacs , Batman : The Animated Series , Superman : The Animated Series and Batman Beyond , as well as the feature film The Ant Bully , and several video games related to these productions . From 1991 to 1992 , she lent her voice to the show Baby Talk , where she was the voice of baby Danielle ( played by Alicia and Celicia Johnson ) . In 2006 , Watson - Johnson had roles in three films : The Ant Bully , The Celestine Prophecy and Garfield : A Tale of Two Kitties . In 2017 , Watson -- Johnson was cast as Stella on the soap opera General Hospital , aunt of Donnell Turner 's character Curtis Ashford . Personal life ( edit ) Watson -- Johnson was married to Joe Duckett from 1976 until 1977 . In 2005 , Watson - Johnson was a witness in Michael Jackson 's second case of child molestation . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Ref . 1970 Cotton Comes to Harlem Woman Action film co -- written and directed by Ossie Davis Based on Chester Himes ' novel of the same name 1972 Trick Baby Cleo Howard 1976 Norman ... Is That You ? Melody Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Ref . 1977 -- 1980 Captain Caveman and the Teen Angels Dee Dee Main Voice 2017 -- present General Hospital Stella Recurring Videogames ( edit ) Year Title Role 2003 True Crime : Streets of LA Dispatcher Grand Theft Auto : San Andreas Pedestrian 2006 The Ant Bully Head Nurse References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=wxa7BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA502&lpg=PA502&dq=vernee+watson-johnson+1954&source=bl&ots=KRoUKN_ZkP&sig=1NC0oJKLoECnu2Iby0Im1oIEsFk&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiU5b3Zse3VAhUBJiYKHSGBDFw4ChDoAQgwMAI#v=onepage&q=vernee%20watson-johnson%201954&f=false ^ Jump up to : `` Vernee Watson - Johnson profile '' . FilmReference.com . Retrieved April 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Vernee Watson - Johnson voiceography '' . Voice Chasers . Retrieved April 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Soaps.com ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` GENERAL HOSPITAL COMINGS & GOINGS '' . Soaps.com . United States : SheKnows Media . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Eades , Chris ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` Who Plays Curtis ' Aunt Stella on GENERAL HOSPITAL ? -- Meet Vernee Watson ! '' . ABC Soaps In Depth . United States : Bauer Publications . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Witness Testimony : 5 / 18 : Actress Vernee Watson Johnson '' . CBS News . New York City : CBS . Retrieved April 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson Trial Continues '' . Life . United States : Time Inc . May 18 , 2005 . Retrieved April 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cotton Comes to Harlem '' . Turner Classic Movies . Atlanta : Turner Broadcasting System ( Time Warner ) . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Himes , Chester ( 1966 ) . Cotton comes to Harlem . New York City : Dell Publishing . ASIN B0007EYQFO . Jump up ^ http://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/Vernee-Watson-Johnson/ External links ( edit ) Vernee Watson - Johnson on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vernee_Watson-Johnson&oldid=800330376 '' Categories : 1954 births Living people 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Actresses from New Jersey Actors from Trenton , New Jersey American television actresses African - American actresses American actresses American film actresses American voice actresses Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Français Nederlands Polski Português Edit links This page was last edited on 12 September 2017 , at 21 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernee%20Watson-Johnson	3,201
c++ is similar to that of c in following ways			Comparison of Java and C++	comparison of java and c + +	This is a comparison of the programming languages Java and C++ .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Design aims 2 Language features 2.1 Syntax 2.2 Semantics 2.3 Resource management 2.4 Libraries 2.5 Runtime 2.6 Templates vs. generics 2.7 Miscellaneous 3 Performance 4 Official standard and reference of the language 4.1 Language specification 4.2 Trademarks 5 References 6 External links Design aims ( edit ) The differences between the programming languages C++ and Java can be traced to their heritage , as they have different design goals . C++ was designed for systems and applications programming ( a.k.a. , infrastructure programming ) , extending the procedural programming language C , which was designed for efficient execution . To C , C++ added support for object - oriented programming , exception handling , lifetime - based resource management ( RAII ) , generic programming , template metaprogramming , and the C++ Standard Library which includes generic containers and algorithms ( STL ) , and many other general purpose facilities . Java is a general - purpose , concurrent , class - based , object - oriented programming language that is designed to minimize implementation dependencies . It relies on a Java virtual machine to be secure and highly portable . It is bundled with an extensive library designed to provide a full abstraction of the underlying platform . Java is a statically typed object - oriented language that uses a syntax similar ( but incompatible ) to C++ . It includes a documentation system called Javadoc . The different goals in the development of C++ and Java resulted in different principles and design trade - offs between the languages . The differences are as follows : C++ Java Extends C with object - oriented programming and generic programming . C code can most properly be used . Strongly influenced by C++ / C syntax . Compatible with C source code , except for a few corner cases . Provides the Java Native Interface and recently Java Native Access as a way to directly call C / C++ code . Write once , compile anywhere ( WOCA ) . Write once , run anywhere / everywhere ( WORA / WORE ) . Allows procedural programming , functional programming , object - oriented programming , generic programming , and template metaprogramming . Favors a mix of paradigms . Allows procedural programming , functional programming ( since Java 8 ) and generic programming ( since Java 5 ) , but strongly encourages the object - oriented programming paradigm . Includes support for creating scripting languages . Runs as native executable machine code for the target instruction set ( s ) . Runs on a virtual machine . Provides object types and type names . Allows reflection via run - time type information ( RTTI ) . Is reflective , allowing metaprogramming and dynamic code generation at runtime . Has multiple binary compatibility standards ( commonly Microsoft ( for MSVC compiler ) and Itanium / GNU ( for almost all other compilers ) ) . Has one binary compatibility standard , cross-platform for OS and compiler . Optional automated bounds checking ( e.g. , the at ( ) method in vector and string containers ) . All operations are required to be bound - checked by all compliant distributions of Java . HotSpot can remove bounds checking . Native unsigned arithmetic support . Native unsigned arithmetic unsupported . Java 8 changes some of this , but aspects are unclear . Standardized minimum limits for all numerical types , but the actual sizes are implementation - defined . Standardized types are available via the standard library . Standardized limits and sizes of all primitive types on all platforms . Pointers , references , and pass - by - value are supported for all types ( primitive or user - defined ) . All types ( primitive types and reference types ) are always passed by value . Memory management can be done manually via new / delete , automatically by scope , or by smart pointers . Supports deterministic destruction of objects . Garbage collection ABI standardized in C + + 11 , though compilers are not required to implement garbage collection . Automatic garbage collection . Supports a non-deterministic finalize ( ) method use of which is not recommended . Resource management can be done manually or by automatic lifetime - based resource management ( RAII ) . Resource management must generally be done manually , or automatically via finalizers , though this is generally discouraged . Has try - with - resources for automatic scope - based resource management ( version 7 onwards ) . It can also be done using the internal API sun. misc. Unsafe but that usage is highly discouraged and will be replaced by a public API in an upcoming Java version . Supports classes , structs ( passive data structure ( PDS ) types ) , and unions , and can allocate them on the heap or the stack . Classes are allocated on the heap . Java SE 6 optimizes with escape analysis to allocate some objects on the stack . Allows explicitly overriding types , and some implicit narrowing conversions ( for compatibility with C ) . Rigid type safety except for widening conversions . The C++ Standard Library was designed to have a limited scope and functions , but includes language support , diagnostics , general utilities , strings , locales , containers , algorithms , iterators , numerics , input / output , random number generators , regular expression parsing , threading facilities , type traits ( for static type introspection ) and Standard C Library . The Boost library offers more functions including network I / O . A rich amount of third - party libraries exist for GUI and other functions like : Adaptive Communication Environment ( ACE ) , Crypto++ , various XMPP Instant Messaging ( IM ) libraries , OpenLDAP , Qt , gtkmm . The standard library has grown with each release . By version 1.6 , the library included support for locales , logging , containers and iterators , algorithms , GUI programming ( but not using the system GUI ) , graphics , multi-threading , networking , platform security , introspection , dynamic class loading , blocking and non-blocking I / O. It provided interfaces or support classes for XML , XSLT , MIDI , database connectivity , naming services ( e.g. LDAP ) , cryptography , security services ( e.g. Kerberos ) , print services , and web services . SWT offered an abstraction for platform - specific GUIs , but was superseded by JavaFX in the latest releases ; allowing for graphics acceleration and CSS - themable UIs . It although does n't support any kind of `` native platform look '' support . Operator overloading for most operators . Preserving meaning ( semantics ) is highly recommended . Operators are not overridable . The language overrides + and + = for the String class . Single and Multiple inheritance of classes , including virtual inheritance . Single inheritance of classes . Supports multiple inheritance via the Interfaces construct , which is equivalent to a C++ class composed of abstract methods . Compile - time templates . Allows for Turing complete meta - programming . Generics are used to achieve basic type - parametrization , but they do not translate from source code to byte code due to the use of type erasure by the compiler . Function pointers , function objects , lambdas ( in C + + 11 ) , and interfaces . Functions references , function objects and lambdas were added in Java 8 . Classes ( and interfaces , which are classes ) can be passed as references as well through SomeClass. class No standard inline documentation mechanism . Third - party software ( e.g. Doxygen ) exists . Extensive Javadoc documentation standard on all system classes and methods . const keyword for defining immutable variables and member functions that do not change the object . Const - ness is propagated as a means to enforce , at compile - time , correctness of the code with respect to mutability of objects ( see const - correctness ) . final provides a version of const , equivalent to type * const pointers for objects and const for primitive types . Immutability of object members achieved via read - only interfaces and object encapsulation . Supports the goto statement . Supports labels with loops and statement blocks . goto is a reserved keyword but is marked as `` unused '' in the Java specification . Source code can be written to be cross-platform ( can be compiled for Windows , BSD , Linux , macOS , Solaris , etc. , without modification ) and written to use platform - specific features . Typically compiled into native machine code , must be recompiled for each target platform . Compiled into byte code for the JVM . Byte code is dependent on the Java platform , but is typically independent of operating system specific features . Language features ( edit ) Syntax ( edit ) See also : Java syntax and C++ syntax Java syntax has a context - free grammar that can be parsed by a simple LALR parser . Parsing C++ is more complicated . For example , Foo ( 3 ) ; is a sequence of comparisons if Foo is a variable , but creates an object if Foo is the name of a class template . C++ allows namespace - level constants , variables , and functions . In Java , such entities must belong to some given type , and therefore must be defined inside a type definition , either a class or an interface . In C++ , objects are values , while in Java they are not . C++ uses value semantics by default , while Java always uses reference semantics . To opt for reference semantics in C++ , either a pointer or a reference can be used . C++ Java class Foo ( / / Declares class Foo int x = 0 ; / / Private Member variable . It will / / be initialized to 0 , if the / / constructor would not set it . / / ( from C + + 11 ) public : Foo ( ) : x ( 0 ) / / Constructor for Foo ; initializes ( ) / / x to 0 . If the initializer were / / omitted , the variable would / / be initialized to the value that / / has been given at declaration of x . int bar ( int i ) ( / / Member function bar ( ) return 3 * i + x ; ) ) ; class Foo ( / / Defines class Foo private int x ; / / Member variable , normally declared / / as private to enforce encapsulation / / initialized to 0 by default public Foo ( ) ( / / Constructor for Foo ) / / no - arg constructor supplied by default public int bar ( int i ) ( / / Member method bar ( ) return 3 * i + x ; ) ) Foo a ; / / declares a to be a Foo object value , / / initialized using the default constructor . / / Another constructor can be used as Foo a ( args ) ; / / or ( C + + 11 ) : Foo a ( args ) ; Foo a = new Foo ( ) ; / / declares a to be a reference to a new Foo object / / initialized using the default constructor / / Another constructor can be used as Foo a = new Foo ( args ) ; Foo b = a ; / / copies the contents of a to a new Foo object b ; / / alternative syntax is `` Foo b ( a ) '' / / Foo b = a ; / / would declare b to be reference to the object pointed to by a Foo b = a. clone ( ) ; / / copies the contents of the object pointed to by a / / to a new Foo object ; / / sets the reference b to point to this new object ; / / the Foo class must implement the Cloneable interface / / for this code to compile a. x = 5 ; / / modifies the object a a. x = 5 ; / / modifies the object referenced by a std : : cout < < b. x < < std : : endl ; / / outputs 0 , because b is / / some object other than a System. out. println ( b. x ) ; / / outputs 0 , because b points to / / some object other than a Foo * c ; / / declares c to be a pointer to a / / Foo object ( initially / / undefined ; could point anywhere ) Foo c ; / / declares c to be a reference to a Foo / / object ( initially null if c is a class member ; / / it is necessary to initialize c before use / / if it is a local variable ) c = new Foo ; / / binds c to point to a new Foo object c = new Foo ( ) ; / / binds c to reference a new Foo object Foo &d = * c ; / / binds d to reference the same object to which c points Foo d = c ; / / binds d to reference the same object as c c - > x = 5 ; / / modifies the object referenced by c c. x = 5 ; / / modifies the object referenced by c a. bar ( 5 ) ; / / invokes Foo : : bar ( ) for a c - > bar ( 5 ) ; / / invokes Foo : : bar ( ) for * c a. bar ( 5 ) ; / / invokes Foo. bar ( ) for a c. bar ( 5 ) ; / / invokes Foo. bar ( ) for c std : : cout < < d. x < < std : : endl ; / / outputs 5 , because d references the / / same object to which c points System. out. println ( d. x ) ; / / outputs 5 , because d references the / / same object as c In C++ , it is possible to declare a pointer or reference to a const object in order to prevent client code from modifying it . Functions and methods can also guarantee that they will not modify the object pointed to by a pointer by using the `` const '' keyword . This enforces const - correctness . In Java , for the most part , const - correctness must rely on the semantics of the class ' interface , i.e. , it is not strongly enforced , except for public data members that are labeled final . C++ Java const Foo * a ; / / it is not possible to modify the object / / pointed to by a through a final Foo a ; / / a declaration of a `` final '' reference : / / it is possible to modify the object , / / but the reference will constantly point / / to the first object assigned to it a = new Foo ( ) ; a = new Foo ( ) ; / / Only in constructor a - > x = 5 ; / / ILLEGAL a. x = 5 ; / / LEGAL , the object 's members can still be modified / / unless explicitly declared final in the declaring class Foo * const b = new Foo ( ) ; / / a declaration of a `` const '' pointer final Foo b = new Foo ( ) ; / / a declaration of a `` final '' reference b = new Foo ( ) ; / / ILLEGAL , it is not allowed to re-bind it b = new Foo ( ) ; / / ILLEGAL , it is not allowed to re-bind it b - > x = 5 ; / / LEGAL , the object can still be modified b. x = 5 ; / / LEGAL , the object can still be modified C++ supports goto statements , which may lead to spaghetti code programming . With the exception of the goto statement ( which is very rarely seen in real code and highly discouraged ) , both Java and C++ have basically the same control flow structures , designed to enforce structured control flow , and relies on break and continue statements to provide some goto - like functions . Some commenters point out that these labelled flow control statements break the single point - of - exit property of structured programming . C++ provides low - level features which Java lacks . In C++ , pointers can be used to manipulate specific memory locations , a task necessary for writing low - level operating system components . Similarly , many C++ compilers support an inline assembler . In Java , such code must reside in external libraries , and can only be accessed via the Java Native Interface , with a significant overhead for each call . Semantics ( edit ) C++ allows default values for arguments of a function / method . Java does not . However , method overloading can be used to obtain similar results in Java but generate redundant stub code . The minimum of code needed to compile for C++ is a function , for Java is a class . C++ allows a range of implicit conversions between native types ( including some narrowing conversions ) , and also allows defining implicit conversions involving user - defined types . In Java , only widening conversions between native types are implicit ; other conversions require explicit cast syntax . A result of this is that although loop conditions ( if , while and the exit condition in for ) in Java and C++ both expect a boolean expression , code such as if ( a = 5 ) will cause a compile error in Java because there is no implicit narrowing conversion from int to boolean . This is handy if the code was a typo for if ( a = = 5 ) . Yet current C++ compilers usually generate a warning when such an assignment is performed within a conditional expression . Similarly , standalone comparison statements , e.g. a = = 5 ; , without a side effect generate a warning . For passing parameters to functions , C++ supports both pass - by - reference and pass - by - value . In Java , primitive parameters are always passed by value . Class types , interface types , and array types are collectively called reference types in Java and are also always passed by value . Java built - in types are of a specified size and range defined by the language specification . In C++ , a minimal range of values is defined for built - in types , but the exact representation ( number of bits ) can be mapped to whatever native types are preferred on a given platform . For instance , Java characters are 16 - bit Unicode characters , and strings are composed of a sequence of such characters . C++ offers both narrow and wide characters , but the actual size of each is platform dependent , as is the character set used . Strings can be formed from either type . This also implies that C++ compilers can automatically select the most efficient representation for the target platform ( i.e. , 64 - bit integers for a 64 - bit platform ) , while the representation is fixed in Java , meaning the values can either be stored in the less - efficient size , or must pad the remaining bits and add code to emulate the reduced - width behavior . The rounding and precision of floating point values and operations in C++ is implementation - defined ( although only very exotic or old platforms depart from the IEEE 754 standard ) . Java provides an optional strict floating - point model ( strictfp ) that guarantees more consistent results across platforms , though at the cost of possibly slower run - time performance . However , Java does not comply strictly with the IEEE 754 standard . Most C++ compilers will , by default , comply partly with IEEE 754 ( usually excluding strict rounding rules and raise exceptions on NaN results ) , but provide compliance options of varied strictness , to allow for some optimizing . If we label those options from least compliant to most compliant as fast , consistent ( Java 's strictfp ) , near - IEEE , and strict - IEEE , we can say that most C++ implementations default to near - IEEE , with options to switch to fast or strict - IEEE , while Java defaults to fast with an option to switch to consistent . In C++ , pointers can be manipulated directly as memory address values . Java references are pointers to objects . Java references do not allow direct access to memory addresses or allow memory addresses to be manipulated with pointer arithmetic . In C++ one can construct pointers to pointers , pointers to ints and doubles , and pointers to arbitrary memory locations . Java references only access objects , never primitives , other references , or arbitrary memory locations . In C++ , pointers can point to functions or member functions ( function pointers ) . The equivalent mechanism in Java uses object or interface references . Via stack - allocated objects , C++ supports scoped resource management , a technique used to automatically manage memory and other system resources that supports deterministic object destruction . While scoped resource management in C++ can not be guaranteed ( even objects with proper destructors can be allocated using new and left undeleted ) it provides an effective means of resource management . Shared resources can be managed using shared_ptr , along with weak_ptr to break cyclic references . Java supports automatic memory management using garbage collection which can free unreachable objects even in the presence of cyclic references , but other system resources ( files , streams , windows , communication ports , threads , etc . ) must be explicitly released because garbage collection is not guaranteed to occur immediately after the last object reference is abandoned . C++ features user - defined operator overloading . Operator overloading allows for user - defined types to support operators ( arithmetic , comparisons , etc . ) like primitive types via user - defined implementations for these operators . It is generally recommended to preserve the semantics of the operators . Java supports no form of operator overloading ( although its library uses the addition operator for string concatenation ) . Java features standard application programming interface ( API ) support for reflection and dynamic loading of arbitrary new code . C++ supports static and dynamic linking of binaries . Java has generics , which main purpose is to provide type - safe containers . C++ has compile - time templates , which provide more extensive support for generic programming and metaprogramming . Java has annotations , which allow adding arbitrary custom metadata to classes and metaprogramming via an annotation processing tool . Both Java and C++ distinguish between native types ( also termed fundamental or built - in types ) and user - defined types ( also termed compound types ) . In Java , native types have value semantics only , and compound types have reference semantics only . In C++ all types have value semantics , but a reference can be created to any type , which will allow the object to be manipulated via reference semantics . C++ supports multiple inheritance of arbitrary classes . In Java a class can derive from only one class , but a class can implement multiple interfaces ( in other words , it supports multiple inheritance of types , but only single inheritance of implementation ) . Java explicitly distinguishes between interfaces and classes . In C++ , multiple inheritance and pure virtual functions make it possible to define classes that function almost like Java interfaces do , with a few small differences . Java has both language and standard library support for multi-threading . The synchronized keyword in Java provides simple and secure mutex locks to support multi-threaded applications . Java also provides robust and complex libraries for more advanced multi-threading synchronizing . Only as of C + + 11 is there a defined memory model for multi-threading in C++ , and library support for creating threads and for many synchronizing primitives . There are also many third - party libraries for this . C++ member functions can be declared as virtual functions , which means the method to be called is determined by the run - time type of the object ( a.k.a. dynamic dispatching ) . By default , methods in C++ are not virtual ( i.e. , opt - in virtual ) . In Java , methods are virtual by default , but can be made non-virtual by using the final keyword ( i.e. , opt - out virtual ) . C++ enumerations are primitive types and support implicit conversion to integer types ( but not from integer types ) . Java enumerations can be public static enum ( enumName1 , enumName2 ) and are used like classes . Another way is to make another class that extends java. lang. Enum ) and may therefore define constructors , fields , and methods as any other class . As of C + + 11 , C++ also supports strongly - typed enumerations which provide more type - safety and explicit specification of the storage type . Unary operators ' + + ' and ' -- ' : in C++ `` The operand shall be a modifiable lvalue . ( skipped ) The result is the updated operand ; it is an lvalue ... '' , but in Java `` the binary numeric promotion mentioned above may include unboxing conversion and value set conversion . If necessary , value set conversion ( and / or ( ... ) boxing conversion ) is applied to the sum prior to its being stored in the variable . '' , i.e. in Java , after the initialization `` Integer i = 2 ; '' , `` + + i ; '' changes the reference i by assigning new object , while in C++ the object is still the same . Resource management ( edit ) Java offers automatic garbage collection , which may be bypassed in specific circumstances via the Real time Java specification . Memory management in C++ is usually done via constructors , destructors , and smart pointers . The C++ standard permits garbage collection , but does not require it . Garbage collection is rarely used in practice . C++ can allocate arbitrary blocks of memory . Java only allocates memory via object instantiation . Arbitrary memory blocks may be allocated in Java as an array of bytes . Java and C++ use different idioms for resource management . Java relies mainly on garbage collection , which can reclaim memory , while C++ relies mainly on the Resource Acquisition Is Initialization ( RAII ) idiom . This is reflected in several differences between the two languages : In C++ it is common to allocate objects of compound types as local stack - bound variables which are destroyed when they go out of scope . In Java compound types are always allocated on the heap and collected by the garbage collector ( except in virtual machines that use escape analysis to convert heap allocations to stack allocations ) . C++ has destructors , while Java has finalizers . Both are invoked before an object 's deallocation , but they differ significantly . A C++ object 's destructor must be invoked implicitly ( in the case of stack - bound variables ) or explicitly to deallocate an object . The destructor executes synchronously just before the point in a program at which an object is deallocated . Synchronous , coordinated uninitializing and deallocating in C++ thus satisfy the RAII idiom . In Java , object deallocation is implicitly handled by the garbage collector . A Java object 's finalizer is invoked asynchronously some time after it has been accessed for the last time and before it is deallocated . Very few objects need finalizers . A finalizer is needed by only objects that must guarantee some cleanup of the object state before deallocating , typically releasing resources external to the JVM . With RAII in C++ , one type of resource is typically wrapped inside a small class that allocates the resource upon construction and releases the resource upon destruction , and provide access to the resource in between those points . Any class that contain only such RAII objects do not need to define a destructor since the destructors of the RAII objects are called automatically as an object of this class is destroyed . In Java , safe synchronous deallocation of resources can be performed deterministically using the try / catch / finally construct . In C++ , it is possible to have a dangling pointer , a stale reference to an object that has already been deallocated . Attempting to use a dangling pointer typically results in program failure . In Java , the garbage collector will not destroy a referenced object . In C++ , it is possible to have uninitialized primitive objects . Java enforces default initialization . In C++ , it is possible to have an allocated object to which there is no valid reference . Such an unreachable object can not be destroyed ( deallocated ) , and results in a memory leak . In contrast , in Java an object will not be deallocated by the garbage collector until it becomes unreachable ( by the user program ) . ( Weak references are supported , which work with the Java garbage collector to allow for different strengths of reachability . ) Garbage collection in Java prevents many memory leaks , but leaks are still possible under some circumstances . Libraries ( edit ) C++ provides cross-platform access to many features typically available in platform - specific libraries . Direct access from Java to native operating system and hardware functions requires the use of the Java Native Interface . Runtime ( edit ) C++ Java C++ is compiled directly to machine code which is then executed directly by the central processing unit . Java is compiled to byte - code which the Java virtual machine ( JVM ) then interprets at runtime . Actual Java implementations do just - in - time compilation to native machine code . Alternatively , the GNU Compiler for Java can compile directly to machine code . Due to its unconstrained expressiveness , low level C++ language features ( e.g. unchecked array access , raw pointers , type punning ) can not be reliably checked at compile - time or without overhead at run - time . Related programming errors can lead to low - level buffer overflows and segmentation faults . The Standard Template Library provides higher - level RAII abstractions ( like vector , list and map ) to help avoid such errors . In Java , low level errors either can not occur or are detected by the Java virtual machine ( JVM ) and reported to the application in the form of an exception . The Java language requires specific behavior in the case of an out - of - bounds array access , which generally requires bounds checking of array accesses . This eliminates a possible source of instability but usually at the cost of slowing execution . In some cases , especially since Java 7 , compiler analysis can prove a bounds check unneeded and eliminate it . C++ has no required behavior for out - of - bounds access of native arrays , thus requiring no bounds checking for native arrays . C++ standard library collections like std : : vector , however , offer optional bounds checking . In summary , Java arrays are `` usually safe ; slightly constrained ; often have overhead '' while C++ native arrays `` have optional overhead ; are slightly unconstrained ; are possibly unsafe . '' Templates vs. generics ( edit ) Both C++ and Java provide facilities for generic programming , templates and generics , respectively . Although they were created to solve similar kinds of problems , and have similar syntax , they are quite different . C++ Templates Java Generics Classes , functions , aliases and variables can be templated . Classes and methods can be genericized . Parameters can be variadic , of any type , integral value , character literal , or a class template . Parameters can be any reference type , including boxed primitive types ( i.e. Integer , Boolean ... ) . Separate instantiations of the class or function will be generated for each parameter - set when compiled . For class templates , only the member functions that are used will be instantiated . One version of the class or function is compiled , works for all type parameters ( via type - erasure ) . Objects of a class template instantiated with different parameters will have different types at run time ( i.e. , distinct template instantiations are distinct classes ) . Type parameters are erased when compiled ; objects of a class with different type parameters are the same type at run time . It causes a different constructor . Because of this type erasure , it is not possible to overload methods using different instantiations of the generic class . Implementation of the class or function template must be visible within a translation unit in order to use it . This usually implies having the definitions in the header files or included in the header file . As of C + + 11 , it is possible to use extern templates to separate compiling of some instantiations . Signature of the class or function from a compiled class file is sufficient to use it . Templates can be specialized -- a separate implementation could be provided for a particular template parameter . Generics can not be specialized . Template parameters can have default arguments . Pre-C + + 11 , this was allowed only for template classes , not functions . Generic type parameters can not have default arguments . Wildcards unsupported . Instead , return types are often available as nested typedefs . ( Also , C + + 11 added keyword auto , which acts as a wildcard for any type that can be determined at compile time . ) Wildcards supported as type parameter . No direct support for bounding of type parameters , but metaprogramming provides this Supports bounding of type parameters with `` extends '' and `` super '' for upper and lower bounds , respectively ; allows enforcement of relationships between type parameters . Allows instantiation of an object with the type of the parameter type . Precludes instantiation of an object with the type of the parameter type ( except via reflection ) . Type parameter of class template can be used for static methods and variables . Type parameter of generic class can not be used for static methods and variables . Static variables unshared between classes and functions of different type parameters . Static variables shared between instances of classes of different type parameters . Class and function templates do not enforce type relations for type parameters in their declaration . Use of an incorrect type parameter results in compiling failure , often generating an error message within the template code rather than in the user 's code that invokes it . Proper use of templated classes and functions is dependent on proper documentation . Metaprogramming provides these features at the cost added effort . There was a proposition to solve this problem in C + + 11 , so - called Concepts , it is planned for the next standard . Generic classes and functions can enforce type relationships for type parameters in their declaration . Use of an incorrect type parameter results in a type error within the code that uses it . Operations on parametrized types in generic code are only allowed in ways that can be guaranteed to be safe by the declaration . This results in greater type safety at the cost of flexibility . Templates are Turing - complete ( see template metaprogramming ) . Generics are probably not Turing - complete . Miscellaneous ( edit ) Java and C++ use different means to divide code into multiple source files . Java uses a package system that dictates the file name and path for all program definitions . Its compiler imports the executable class files . C++ uses a header file source code inclusion system to share declarations between source files . Compiled Java code files are generally smaller than code files in C++ as Java bytecode is usually more compact than native machine code and Java programs are never statically linked . C++ compiling features an added textual preprocessing phase , while Java does not . Thus some users add a preprocessing phase to their build process for better support of conditional compiling . Java 's division and modulus operators are well defined to truncate to zero . C++ ( pre-C + + 11 ) does not specify whether or not these operators truncate to zero or `` truncate to - infinity '' . - 3 / 2 will always be - 1 in Java and C + + 11 , but a C + + 03 compiler may return either - 1 or - 2 , depending on the platform . C99 defines division in the same fashion as Java and C + + 11 . Both languages guarantee ( where a and b are integer types ) that ( a / b ) * b + ( a % b ) = = a for all a and b ( b ! = 0 ) . The C + + 03 version will sometimes be faster , as it is allowed to pick whichever truncation mode is native to the processor . The sizes of integer types are defined in Java ( int is 32 - bit , long is 64 - bit ) , while in C++ the size of integers and pointers is compiler and application binary interface ( ABI ) dependent within given constraints . Thus a Java program will have consistent behavior across platforms , whereas a C++ program may require adapting for some platforms , but may run faster with more natural integer sizes for the local platform . An example comparing C++ and Java exists in Wikibooks . Performance ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In addition to running a compiled Java program , computers running Java applications generally must also run the Java virtual machine ( JVM ) , while compiled C++ programs can be run without external applications . Early versions of Java were significantly outperformed by statically compiled languages such as C++ . This is because the program statements of these two closely related languages may compile to a few machine instructions with C++ , while compiling into several byte codes involving several machine instructions each when interpreted by a JVM . For example : Java / C++ statement C++ generated code ( x86 ) Java generated byte code vector ( i ) + + ; mov edx , ( ebp + 4h ) mov eax , ( ebp + 1Ch ) inc dword ptr ( edx + eax * 4 ) aload_1 iload_2 dup2 iaload iconst_1 iadd iastore Since performance optimizing is a very complex issue , it is very difficult to quantify the performance difference between C++ and Java in general terms , and most benchmarks are unreliable and biased . Given the very different natures of the languages , definitive qualitative differences are also difficult to draw . In a nutshell , there are inherent inefficiencies and hard limits on optimizing in Java , given that it heavily relies on flexible high - level abstractions , however , the use of a powerful JIT compiler ( as in modern JVM implementations ) can mitigate some issues . In any case , if the inefficiencies of Java are too great , compiled C or C++ code can be called from Java via the JNI . Some inefficiencies that are inherent to the Java language include , mainly : All objects are allocated on the heap . For functions using small objects , this can result in performance degradation and heap fragmentation , while stack allocation , in contrast , costs essentially zero . However , modern JIT compilers mitigate this problem to some extent with escape analysis or escape detection to allocate objects on the stack , since Oracle JDK 6 . Performance - critical projects like efficient database systems and messaging libraries have had to use internal unofficial APIs like sun. misc. Unsafe to gain access to manual resource management and be able to do stack allocation ; effectively manipulating pseudo-pointers . Methods are virtual by default ( although they can be made final ) , usually leading to an abuse of virtual methods , adding a level of indirection to every call . This also slightly increases memory use by adding one pointer per object to a virtual table . It also induces a start - up performance penalty , since a JIT compiler must perform added optimizing passes to devirtualize small functions . A lot of run - time casting required even using standard containers induces a performance penalty . However , most of these casts are statically eliminated by the JIT compiler . Safety guarantees come at a run - time cost . For example , the compiler is required to put appropriate range checks in the code . Guarding each array access with a range check is not efficient , so most JIT compilers will try to eliminate them statically or by moving them out of inner loops ( although most native compilers for C++ will do the same when range - checks are optionally used ) . Lack of access to low - level details prevents the developer from improving the program where the compiler is unable to do so . The mandatory use of reference - semantics for all user - defined types in Java can introduce large amounts of superfluous memory indirections ( or jumps ) ( unless elided by the JIT compiler ) which can lead to frequent cache misses ( a.k.a. cache thrashing ) . Furthermore , cache - optimization , usually via cache - aware or cache - oblivious data structures and algorithms , can often lead to orders of magnitude improvements in performance as well as avoiding time - complexity degeneracy that is characteristic of many cache - pessimizing algorithms , and is therefore one of the most important forms of optimization ; reference - semantics , as mandated in Java , makes such optimizations impossible to realize in practice ( by neither the programmer nor the JIT compiler ) . Garbage collection , as this form of automatic memory management introduces memory overhead . However , there are a number of benefits to Java 's design , some realized , some only theorized : Java garbage collection may have better cache coherence than the usual use of malloc / new for memory allocation . Nevertheless , arguments exist that both allocators equally fragment the heap and neither exhibits better cache locality . However , in C++ , allocation of single objects on the heap is rare , and large quantities of single objects are usually allocated in blocks via an STL container and / or with a small object allocator . Run - time compiling can potentially use information about the platform on which the code is being executed to improve code more effectively . However , most state - of - the - art native ( C , C++ , etc . ) compilers generate multiple code paths to employ the full computational abilities of the given system . Also , the inverse argument can be made that native compilers can better exploit architecture - specific optimizing and instruction sets than multi-platform JVM distributions . Run - time compiling allows for more aggressive virtual function inlining than is possible for a static compiler , because the JIT compiler has more information about all possible targets of virtual calls , even if they are in different dynamically loaded modules . Currently available JVM implementations have no problem in inlining most of the monomorphic , mostly monomorphic and dimorphic calls , and research is in progress to inline also megamorphic calls , thanks to the recent invoke dynamic enhancements added in Java 7 . Inlining can allow for further optimisations like loop vectorisation or loop unrolling , resulting in a huge overall performance increase . In Java , thread synchronizing is built into the language , so the JIT compiler can potentially , via escape analysis , elide locks , significantly improve the performance of naive multi-threaded code . This method was introduced in Sun JDK 6 update 10 and is named biased locking . Also , some performance problems occur in C++ : Allowing pointers to point to any address can make optimizing difficult due to possible interference between pointers that alias each other . However , the introduction of strict - aliasing rules largely solves this problem . Since the code generated from various instantiations of the same class template in C++ is not shared ( as with type - erased generics in Java ) , excessive use of templates may lead to significant increase of the executable code size ( code bloat ) . However , because function templates are aggressively inlined , they can sometimes reduce code size , but more importantly allow for more aggressive static analysis and code optimizing by the compiler , more often making them more efficient than non-templated code . In contrast , Java generics are necessarily less efficient than non-genericized code . Because in a traditional C++ compiler , dynamic linking is performed after code generating and optimizing in C++ , function calls spanning different dynamic modules can not be inlined . However modern C++ compilers like MSVC and Clang + LLVM offer link - time - code - generation options that allow modules to be compiled to intermediate formats which allows inlining at the final link stage . Because thread support is generally provided by libraries in C++ , C++ compilers can not perform thread - related optimizations . However , since multi-threading memory models were introduced in C + + 11 , modern compilers have the needed language features to implement such optimizations . Furthermore , many optimizing compilers , such as the Intel compiler , provide several language extensions and advanced threading facilities for professional multi-threading development . Official standard and reference of the language ( edit ) Language specification ( edit ) The C++ language is defined by ISO / IEC 14882 , an ISO standard , which is published by the ISO / IEC JTC1 / SC22 / WG21 committee . The latest , post-standardization draft of C + + 11 is available as well . The C++ language evolves via an open steering committee called the C++ Standards Committee . The committee is composed of the creator of C++ Bjarne Stroustrup , the convener Herb Sutter , and other prominent figures , including many representatives of industries and user - groups ( i.e. , the stake - holders ) . Being an open committee , anyone is free to join , participate , and contribute proposals for upcoming releases of the standard and technical specifications . The committee now aims to release a new standard every few years , although in the past strict review processes and discussions have meant longer delays between publication of new standards ( 1998 , 2003 , and 2011 ) . The Java language is defined by the Java Language Specification , a book which is published by Oracle . The Java language continuously evolves via a process called the Java Community Process , and the world 's programming community is represented by a group of people and organizations - the Java Community members -- which is actively engaged into the enhancement of the language , by sending public requests - the Java Specification Requests - which must pass formal and public reviews before they get integrated into the language . The lack of a firm standard for Java and the somewhat more volatile nature of its specifications have been a constant source of criticism by stake - holders wanting more stability and conservatism in the addition of new language and library features . In contrast , the C++ committee also receives constant criticism , for the opposite reason , i.e. , being too strict and conservative , and taking too long to release new versions . Trademarks ( edit ) `` C + + '' is not a trademark of any company or organization and is not owned by any individual . `` Java '' is a trademark of Oracle Corporation . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://blogs.oracle.com/darcy/entry/unsigned_api Jump up ^ `` The Java Tutorials : Passing Information to a Method or a Constructor '' . Oracle . Retrieved 17 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Java Tutorials : Object as a Superclass '' . Oracle . Retrieved 17 February 2013 ... Jump up ^ `` XMPP Software '' Libraries `` . xmpp.org . Retrieved 13 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Robert C. Martin ( January 1997 ) . `` Java vs. C++ : A Critical Comparison '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Reference Types and Values '' . The Java Language Specification , Third Edition . Retrieved 9 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Horstmann , Cay ; Cornell , Gary ( 2008 ) . Core Java . I ( Eighth ed . ) . Sun Microsystems . pp. 140 -- 141 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 13 - 235476 - 9 . Some programmers ( and unfortunately even some book authors ) claim that the Java programming language uses call by reference for objects . However , that is false . Because this is such a common misunderstanding , it is worth examining a counterexample in some detail ... This discussion demonstrates that the Java programming language does not use call by reference for objects . Instead object references are passed by value . Jump up ^ Deitel , Paul ; Deitel , Harvey ( 2009 ) . Java for Programmers . Prentice Hall . p. 223 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 13 - 700129 - 3 . Unlike some other languages , Java does not allow programmers to choose pass - by - value or pass - by - reference -- all arguments are passed by value . A method call can pass two types of values to a method -- copies of primitive values ( e.g. , values of type int and double ) and copies of references to objects ( including references to arrays ) . Objects themselves can not be passed to methods . Jump up ^ `` Semantics of Floating Point Math in GCC '' . GNU Foundation . Retrieved 20 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft c++ compiler , / fp ( Specify Floating - Point Behavior ) '' . Microsoft Corporation . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Java Language Specification 4.3. 1 : Objects '' . Sun Microsystems . Retrieved 9 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Standard for Programming Language C++ ' 11 , 5.3. 2 Increment and decrement ( expr. pre. incr ) . Jump up ^ The Java TM Language Specification , Java SE 7 Edition , Chapters 15.14. 2 , 15.14. 3 , 15.15. 1 , 15.15. 2 , http://docs.oracle.com/javase/specs/ Jump up ^ Satish Chandra Gupta , Rajeev Palanki ( 16 August 2005 ) . `` Java memory leaks -- Catch me if you can '' . IBM DeveloperWorks . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 22 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 02 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ How to Fix Memory Leaks in Java by Veljko Krunic ( Mar 10 , 2009 ) Jump up ^ Creating a memory leak with Java on stackoverflow.com Jump up ^ http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/type_alias Jump up ^ http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/variable_template Jump up ^ Boost type traits library Jump up ^ Clark , Nathan ; Amir Hormati ; Sami Yehia ; Scott Mahlke ( 2007 ) . `` Liquid SIMD : Abstracting SIMD hardware using lightweight dynamic mapping '' . HPCA'07 : 216 -- 227 . Jump up ^ Hundt , Robert ( 2011 - 04 - 27 ) . `` Loop Recognition in C++ / Java / Go / Scala '' ( PDF ; 318 kB ) . Stanford , California : Scala Days 2011 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 17 . Java shows a large GC component , but a good code performance . ( ... ) We find that in regards to performance , C++ wins out by a large margin . ( ... ) The Java version was probably the simplest to implement , but the hardest to analyze for performance . Specifically the effects around garbage collection were complicated and very hard to tune Jump up ^ Matthew Hertz , Emery D. Berger ( 2005 ) . `` Quantifying the Performance of Garbage Collection vs. Explicit Memory Management '' ( PDF ) . OOPSLA 2005 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 15 . In particular , when garbage collection has five times as much memory as required , its runtime performance matches or slightly exceeds that of explicit memory management . However , garbage collection 's performance degrades substantially when it must use smaller heaps . With three times as much memory , it runs 17 % slower on average , and with twice as much memory , it runs 70 % slower . Jump up ^ Alexandrescu , Andrei ( 2001 ) . Addison - Wesley , ed . Modern C++ Design : Generic Programming and Design Patterns Applied . Chapter 4 . pp. 77 -- 96 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 201 - 70431 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Boost Pool library '' . Boost . Retrieved 19 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Targeting IA - 32 Architecture Processors for Run - time Performance Checking Jump up ^ Fixing The Inlining `` Problem '' by Dr. Cliff Click Azul Systems : Blogs Jump up ^ Oracle Technology Network for Java Developers Jump up ^ Oracle Technology Network for Java Developers Jump up ^ Understanding Strict Aliasing - CellPerformance Jump up ^ `` Working Draft , Standard for Programming Language C + + '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ The Java Language Specification Jump up ^ The Java Community Process ( SM ) Program - Participation - JCP Members Jump up ^ Bjarne Stroustrup 's FAQ : Do you own C++ ? Jump up ^ ZDNet : Oracle buys Sun ; Now owns Java . External links ( edit ) The Wikibook C++ Programming has a page on the topic of : Programming Languages / Comparisons / Java Object Oriented Memory Management : Java vs. C++ Chapter 2 : How Java Differs from C , chapter from Java in a Nutshell by David Flanagan Java vs. C++ resource management comparison - Comprehensive paper with examples Java vs C performance ... again ... - In - depth discussion of performance differences between Java and C / C++ Hyperpoly - Java and C++ Comparison Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Comparison_of_Java_and_C%2B%2B&oldid=811991836 '' Categories : Comparison of individual programming languages Java ( programming language ) C++ Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Articles lacking reliable references from September 2010 All articles lacking reliable references Articles needing more viewpoints from May 2016 Articles that may contain original research from August 2012 All articles that may contain original research Articles needing cleanup from February 2011 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles without a reason field from February 2011 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from February 2011 Articles with multiple maintenance issues Articles needing additional references from September 2010 All articles needing additional references All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from March 2012 Use dmy dates from January 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia 한국어 日本語 Norsk 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 November 2017 , at 07 : 22 . 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top gear challenges - £1500 rear wheel drive coupés			Top Gear challenges	top gear challenges	Top Gear challenges are a segment of the Top Gear television programme where the presenters are tasked by the producers , or each other , to prove or do various things related to vehicles .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Novelty / stunt challenges 2 Challenge reviews 3 How hard can it be ? 3.1 Lap the Nürburgring in less than 10 minutes ... in a diesel 3.2 Lap the Nürburgring in less than 9 minutes and 59 seconds ... in a van 3.3 Convertible people carrier 3.4 Present a drive time radio show 3.5 Amphibious vehicles 3.6 Car interior design 3.7 Improve your lap time by 20 seconds 3.8 Caravan holiday 3.9 Kit car race 3.10 Roadies van challenge 3.11 Road works in 24 hours 3.12 Reliant Robin Space Shuttle 3.13 Growing petrol using tractors 3.14 Stretch limos 3.15 Polar race special 3.16 Amphibious cars : redux 3.17 Driving a Formula 1 car 3.18 Britcar 24 - hour endurance race 3.19 Renault Avantime tuning challenge 3.20 From Basel to Blackpool on a single tank of fuel 3.21 Make a car advertisement 3.22 Build an electric car 3.23 Build a snowplough 3.24 Build a train 3.25 Off - road mobility scooters 3.26 Convertible supercars for all weather 3.27 Building the world 's fastest tractor 4 Cheap cars 4.1 £ 100 Car challenge 4.2 Cheap Porsche challenge 4.3 Cheap coupés that are n't Porsches challenge 4.4 Italian mid-engined supercars for less than a second - hand Mondeo challenge 4.5 Man with a van challenge 4.6 US Special - Used American car for $1000 challenge 4.7 £ 1,500 two - wheel drive African cross-country car challenge 4.8 British Leyland did make some good cars after all challenge 4.9 Make a police car for a lot less money than the real police spend on their cars challenge 4.10 Can you buy an Alfa Romeo for £ 1000 or less without it completely ruining your life all the time ? challenge 4.11 Mercedes - Benz 600 vs Rolls - Royce Corniche Coupé challenge 4.12 How much lorry do you get for £ 5000 challenge 4.13 Vietnam Special 4.14 Safe , interesting cars for 17 years olds that can be insured challenge 4.15 Seeking petrolhead heaven in three £ 1500 rear - wheel drive coupes 4.16 Buying a pre-1982 car for less than £ 3,000 4.17 Bolivia Special 4.18 A track day car which is as good in the real world 4.19 Campervan challenge 4.20 British Sports Car challenge 4.21 Middle East Special 4.22 Four seater convertibles for less than £ 2000 ( that all turned out to be BMW 325i 's ) challenge 4.23 India Special 4.24 Rallycross with less investment than golfing 4.25 Finding the source of the river Nile 4.26 Proving that hot hatchbacks from their youth are better than their modern equivalents 4.27 Burma Special 4.28 Homemade ambulance challenge 4.29 Find a cheap car that still lives up to the title of classic 4.30 Cheap SUV challenge 4.31 Find something that offers more luxury than the Orient Express 4.32 Kazakhstan Road Trip 4.33 Cuban road trip in secondhand sports cars 4.34 Secondhand sports cars in Honshu 5 Notes 6 References Novelty / stunt challenges ( edit ) Novelty challenges and short stunt films are typically based on absurd premises , such as jumping a bus over motorcycles ( instead of the more typical scenario of a motorcycle jumping over buses ) , or a nun driving a monster truck . These features have become much less prominent over the life of the programme ( they were much more regular during the first four series ) ; they have been superseded in later series by the `` How hard can it be ? '' and Cheap car challenges , which are much larger in scope . How fast do you have to drive to be undetected by a speed camera ? Series One , Episode One How many motorcycles can a double - decker bus jump over ? Series One , Episode Two Can Grannies do doughnuts ? Series One , Episode Three Can you make an ' average ' car into a 007 / Bond car , for less than £ 300 ? Series One , Episode Five Can Grannies do handbrake turns ? Series One , Episode Six What is Britain 's fastest faith ? Series One , Episode Seven & Ten Who is Britain 's fastest white van man ? Series One , Episode Eight Lotus give a Lada Riva a £ 100,000 makeover Series One , Episode Eight How much faster will a car go if you strip it to save weight ? Series One , Episode Nine What to do with the worst car of all time , the 1985 Nissan Sunny ? Series Two , Episode One What is Britain 's fastest political party ? Series Two , Episode Two What country makes the fastest supercar ? Series Two , Episode Three Can Ford 's World Rally Championship pit team dismantle and rebuild a rally car faster than four women can get ready for a night out ? Series Two , Episode Five May oversees an attempt at the land - speed record for a caravan Series Two , Episode Six A `` race for the universe '' : Sci - Fi characters race around the Top Gear track Series Two , Episode Eight Can The Stig achieve 100 mph on the 200m runway of HMS Invincible ? Series Three , Episode One How many caravans can a 1987 Volvo 240 jump over ? Series Three , Episode Two What is the best wig for driving fast in an open top convertible ? Series Three , Episode Five Which professor can do the best burn - out ? Series Three , Episode Seven Can a nun drive a monster truck ? Series Four , Episode Two Hammond and May play darts using real cars Series Four , Episode Four Hammond makes fun of motorists that block yellow boxes Series Four , Episode Eight Is the jet from a 747 enough to blow a car over ? Series Four , Episode Eight Can you parachute into a moving car ? Series Four , Episode Nine Olympic Games for cars : Long Jump Series Four , Episode Ten How many bouncy castles can an ice cream van jump ? Series Five , Episode One Hammond and May play conkers with caravans Series Five , Episode Four Historic People Carrier Racing Championship Series Five , Episode Five Can a stretch limo jump over a wedding party ? Series Six , Episode Four Hammond oversees an attempt at the world record for the number of complete sideways rolls in a car Series Six , Episode Nine Hammond and May play with life - size radio control cars made from real cars Series Seven , Episode Two The Team try to get a 1986 Mini to beat a skier down a ski slope at Lillehammer Winter Olympic Special Hammond oversees an attempt by the Stig at the nonexistent indoor world speed record Series Eight , Episode Six Motorhome Racing Series Ten , Episode Six Hammond converts a G - Wiz into a full - sized remote - controlled car Series Ten , Episode Ten May oversees an attempt by Top Gear Stuntman at the nonexistent world record for car jumping in reverse Series Eleven , Episode One May oversees an attempt by Top Gear Stuntman to replicate a corkscrew car jump , as featured in The Man with the Golden Gun Series Eleven , Episode Two The Top Gear team ( Britain ) take on the hosts of D MOTOR ( Germany ) in a series of car challenges to decide the best motoring country Series Eleven , Episode Six Bus Racing Series Twelve , Episode Five Hammond oversees an attempt by Top Gear Stuntman to beat rival show Fifth Gear 's distance record for jumping a car while towing a caravan Series Twelve , Episode Seven Clarkson plays British Bulldogs with the British Army Series Thirteen , Episode Four Airport vehicle racing Series Fourteen , Episode Four Clarkson drives a 1994 Reliant Robin from Sheffield to Rotherham ( constantly flipping over ) Series Fifteen , Episode One Top Gear UK vs Top Gear Australia Series Sixteen , Episode Two World Taxi Racing Championship Series Twenty , Episode Two Challenge reviews ( edit ) A common theme on Top Gear is an approach to reviewing cars that combines standard road tests and opinions with an extremely unusual circumstance , or with a challenge to demonstrate a notable characteristic of the vehicle . Drive until you get bored / Test : enjoyable travel . Clarkson claimed that Jaguars `` ease the burden of travel '' and devised a test for the Jaguar XJ to see how far he could drive one before he got bored . He ran out of country before he got bored . Series Two , Episode Four Lap of the M25 / Test : fuel economy . Clarkson drove a lap of the M25 in a diesel Volkswagen Lupo , while another driver used the petrol version to see which would achieve greater fuel efficiency . Clarkson was allowed to spend any money he saved over the petrol version on a gift at South Mimms services . He chose a small gold model of a cockerel , which made a reappearance in later series as `` The Golden Cock '' -- the award given to the presenter who 'd made the most embarrassing mistake of the year . Series Three , Episode One Toyota Hilux destruction / Test : toughness . Clarkson and May used various methods in an attempt to destroy a 1988 Toyota Hilux , which included driving it into a tree which belonged to Churchill Parish , Somerset . The villagers presumed that the damage had been accidental or vandalism had occurred until the Top Gear episode was broadcast . After the BBC was contacted , the director of Top Gear admitted guilt and the broadcaster paid compensation . Other tests on the Hilux included leaving it out in the ocean , slamming it with a wrecking ball , setting the cabin on fire and finally having it hoisted to the roof of a tower - block that was subsequently blown up . The heavily damaged ( but still driveable ) Hilux used to stand on a plinth in the Top Gear studio . Series Three , Episodes Five & Six Helicopter gunship evasion / Test : handling . Clarkson tried to avoid being caught in missile lock from a Westland WAH - 64D Apache attack helicopter while driving a Lotus Exige . Series Four , Episode One London to Edinburgh and back again on a single tank of fuel / Test : fuel economy . Clarkson attempted to drive a 4.0 V8 diesel Audi A8 800 miles ( 1,300 km ) on a single tank of fuel . Series Four , Episode Four Minicab road testing / Test : toughness and practicality . Hammond and May worked as minicab drivers in order to subject a Renault Scenic and Ford C - MAX to a year 's worth of hard abuse in one evening . Series Four , Episode Seven Off - road up a mountain / Test : off - road ability . Clarkson tried to drive a Land Rover Discovery from the beach to the top of Cnoc an Fhreiceadain in Scotland , completely off - road . It was heavily criticised by environmentalists for the damage done by the vehicle 's tyres . This stunt was memorable in that Clarkson left the mountain by helicopter with the Discovery 's keys in his pocket , so delaying its removal from the hill . Series Five , Episode Three 24 hours in a car / Test : comfort . Hammond and May spent 24 hours in a Smart Forfour to assess the marketing claim that the car is `` designed like a lounge . '' Series Five , Episode Four Tank evasion / Test : off - road ability . Clarkson discovered whether a Challenger 2 tank could lock its main cannon on to a Range Rover Sport . Series Six , Episode One Car Football / Test : toughness and handling . Hammond and May , along with a selection of professional drivers , played a football match using Toyota Aygos . Series Six , Episode One Sniper evasion / Test : handling . Clarkson drove around a deserted village ( British Army training facility at STANTA , Norfolk ) in a Mercedes - Benz SLK55 AMG and a 2005 Porsche Boxster S , trying to evade snipers of the Irish Guards . Series Six , Episode Five Road Test Russian Roulette / Test : random road testing . Hammond and May worked as ScooterMen in order to road - test as many randomly selected cars as possible -- the catches being that they would n't know what they 'd be road - testing , and that they had to do it in the presence of the cars ' owners . Series Six , Episode Nine Supercars / Superbridge / Test : illustrate the point of supercars . The trio took three supercars ( a Ford GT , a Ferrari F430 Spider and a Pagani Zonda S ) on a road trip to the recently opened Millau Viaduct via Paris . Series Seven , Episode Three Car Ice Hockey / Test : toughness and handling . Hammond and May , along with a selection of professional drivers , played an ice hockey match using Suzuki Swifts , while Clarkson acted as referee . Winter Olympics Special Horse racing camera platform / Test : smooth ride . Clarkson reviewed the Citroën C6 and put it to work as a mobile camera platform covering a horse race . Series Eight , Episode Five Car Football 2 / Test : toughness and handling . Hammond and May , along with a selection of professional drivers , staged another football match using Toyota Aygos against a new contender , the Volkswagen Fox . Series Eight , Episode Five VIP chauffeur / Test : luxury . In Japan , May conducted road tests of the Mitsuoka Orochi and Galue , and used the Galue to chauffeur a Sumo wrestler and his manager to a tournament as a way to test if the car is `` Japan 's Rolls - Royce . '' Series Eleven , Episode Six Best Hot Hatchback for doing various things in / Test : Fun and practicality . In order to determine which hot hatchback was the best , the trio were told to bring one to the Italian city of Lucca . Clarkson brought a Citroën DS3 Racing , May a 2010 Renaultsport Clio Cup and Hammond a 2011 Fiat 500 Abarth . Series Seventeen , Episode Two GT car on a WRC stage / Test : 4WD system . May takes a Bentley Continental GT to a Welsh stage of the World Rally Championship , and acts as Kris Meeke 's co-driver . Series Nineteen , Episode One Car and tablecloth / Test : Speed . The Stig tries to use a Nissan GT - R to pull a tablecloth off a table without smashing any of the ornaments and cutlery . Series Twenty - One , Episode Four How hard can it be ? ( edit ) A recurring feature on Top Gear involves the hosts undertaking a number of bizarre challenges involving cars . The segments involving the challenges are usually preceded by Jeremy Clarkson , though sometimes Richard or James , asking the audience and viewers : `` How hard can it be ? '' Lap the Nürburgring in less than 10 minutes ... in a diesel ( edit ) Series Five , Episode Five Clarkson took a diesel Jaguar S - Type to the Nürburgring with the aim of completing a lap in less than 10 minutes . Clarkson was being coached by Sabine Schmitz , a noted German racer . After consecutive unsuccessful tries , Clarkson managed to lap the Nürburgring in 9 minutes and 59 seconds , with Clarkson celebrating enthusiastically and showing the results proudly to his coach . Schmitz was still unimpressed , proclaiming that she could do that time in a van , and then lapped the Jaguar 47 seconds faster than Clarkson 's time . Lap the Nürburgring in less than 9 minutes and 59 seconds ... in a van ( edit ) Series Six , Episode Seven To celebrate the Ford Transit 's 40th birthday , Hammond went to the Nürburgring to see if Clarkson 's mentor from the previous Nürburgring challenge , Sabine Schmitz , could live up to her claim and do a lap in a diesel 2005 Ford Transit van in less than 9 minutes and 59 seconds . Despite minor aerodynamic modifications and weight - saving made to the van - removal of the passenger seat , spare tyre , tools , windscreen wipers , Hammond himself - and using a Dodge Viper driving in front allowing the Transit to slipstream behind it , Schmitz was unable to do a lap time of less than 10 minutes , achieving a lap time of 10 minutes and 8 seconds . Convertible people carrier ( edit ) Series Eight , Episode One The presenters were set the task of building a convertible people carrier . They succeeded in removing the roof from a 1996 Renault Espace and replaced it with a canvas fold - down top . The resulting vehicle was able to travel at 100 mph without losing its roof , and was driven through an animal park without any incident . However , a trip through a car wash resulted in the brand - new million - pound wash facility catching fire . This was the 100th episode but no - one in the crew realised this at the time and was only pointed out later by fans of the show . Present a drive time radio show ( edit ) Series Eight , Episode Two The presenters tried to host a drive time radio show on BBC Southern Counties Radio in Brighton , but ended up with many complaints from the listeners . This was mainly because Clarkson 's travel bulletins focussed on hounding motorists he could see dawdling on CCTV , rather than issuing the more normal information on the location of problem areas caused by such people and how to avoid them . Amphibious vehicles ( edit ) Series Eight , Episode Three Jeremy Clarkson 's amphibious Toybota pickup . The presenters were set the challenge of building amphibious cars , and using them to get to -- and across -- a two - mile - wide reservoir . Hammond transformed a 1983 Volkswagen camper van into a narrowboat - style `` damper van ; '' Clarkson attached an outboard motor to a modified 1989 Toyota Hilux pick - up truck , which he dubbed the `` Toybota '' . May fitted a 1962 Triumph Herald with a mast and sails . This caused clearance problems on the road and he had to take an alternative route when on land due to a `` low bridge . '' Hammond 's dampervan was very heavy and slow on the road , and quickly sank after entering the water . Both the Herald and Hilux performed well in the water , however the Herald was slow due to the sails . Clarkson drove the Hilux at high speeds in the water and was making good progress , however he rolled it over while trying to enter the pier . May was eventually voted the winner by the studio audience . Winner : May Car interior design ( edit ) Series Eight , Episode Four Clarkson bought a 1996 Mercedes - Benz S280 and designed his perfect interior based upon his imagined perfect house . The car , dubbed `` Anne Hathaway 's Cottage '' , featured a wood - burning stove , kitchen chairs , a flagstone floor , and wood with a cement base ( weighing approximately two tons ) , even plastering the door trim . James May and Richard Hammond then tested the car . A lack of seat belts and unsecured seats meant they tumbled around inside the car . Eventually , with May holding Hammond 's seat , a 0 -- 60 time of 35.4 seconds was established . Improve your lap time by 20 seconds ( edit ) Series Eight , Episode Five Sir Jackie Stewart claimed that he could cut down any of the presenters ' driving time around a race circuit by 20 seconds , so James took him up on the offer and they used a TVR Tuscan at Oulton Park . Caravan holiday ( edit ) Series Eight , Episode Six Clarkson , May and Hammond went on a caravan holiday in Dorset to try to find out more about caravanning , bringing along an Elddis Shamal XL as their caravan . The trio unsuccessfully tried to have fun and caused numerous traffic jams . May crashed the caravan into a bollard . Hammond and the show 's pet labradoodle , Top Gear dog were kidnapped by an elderly female fan . Clarkson accidentally set the caravan and its neighbour on fire while trying to cook chips . Kit car race ( edit ) Series Eight , Episode Seven The presenters , based at Knockhill Racing Circuit in Fife , were set the task of building a Caterham Seven Kit car from scratch and drive past the starting line , faster than the time it would take The Stig to reach the track from the Caterham showroom in Caterham using a pre-built Caterham Seven Kit car . The presenters won the challenge because The Stig was stopped by the traffic police just 3 miles from the finish . Roadies van challenge ( edit ) Series Eight , Episode Eight The team decided to test some vans by being roadies for The Who . May picked a 2005 Renault Master , Hammond chose a 2006 Ford Transit , and Clarkson selected a 2006 Volkswagen T30 TDI 174 Sportline . After The Who 's concert at Hyde Park , Clarkson , Hammond and May took some of their equipment 90 miles to the site of their next show . They concluded that the cheapest van for the task at hand should always be used . Subsequently , Clarkson admitted that the feature was not the greatest of ideas . After this challenge the presenters were then set the challenge of buying a van for £ 1000 , the ensuence of which proved far more entertaining . Road works in 24 Hours ( edit ) Series Nine , Episode One The presenters decided to speed up the road works on the B5481 near Bidford in Warwickshire . According to the County Council , it would take an entire week , but the Top Gear team achieved it in just one day ( although they did have 32 men working with them ) . According to the film , Clarkson prevented them from having proper meal breaks and instead fed them on the berries growing on the bushes by the side of the road . However , for tea , Hammond fetched fish and chips for all the workmen . The team worked through the entire day and night to get the job done . Jeremy decided to motivate the men by putting on Margaret Thatcher speeches on a loudspeaker and saying `` The sooner you 're done , the sooner I 'll turn her off . '' Reliant Robin space shuttle ( edit ) Series Nine , Episode Four Hammond and May tried to convert a 1992 Reliant Robin into a space shuttle . They were given 12 days to build it and help from the United Kingdom Rocketry Association . Eight tonnes of thrust was required to launch the Robin -- the largest non-commercial rocket launch undertaken in Europe . The Reliant Robin took off ; everything seemed to be working until a release bolt attaching the Robin to the fuel tank failed to detach . The combined result spiraled out of control and crashed on a nearby hillside . Growing petrol using tractors ( edit ) Series Nine , Episode Five The presenters decided to grow their own environmentally friendly petrol by planting rapeseed in a field . For this challenge , each presenter needed to research and acquire a tractor . Each presenter then took part in a series of challenges at the airfield , including a `` drag race , '' in which they raced each other while dragging something found around the airfield . In the end , it was discovered May had ordered the wrong type of seed , so they ended up with 500 gallons of Biodiesel which was later used for the Britcar 24 - hour endurance race . Stretch limos ( edit ) Series Nine , Episode Six The presenters were sent out to buy normal cars that are available in Britain , then turn them into stretch limousines . Once the presenters had built their limos , they had to chauffeur three celebrities across London to the Brit Awards . Hammond chauffeured Jamelia in a 1996 MG F `` Sports Limo , '' arriving with a stuck throttle and having to assist her exit with a pool ladder . Clarkson chauffeured Chris Moyles using a greatly lengthened , dual rear axle 1993 Fiat Panda , which as originally engineered had not been road legal , and arriving with only half a car after it split in two before reaching its destination . James May attempted to chauffeur Lemar in the `` Salfa Romeaab '' ( a cross between the front ends of a 1996 Alfa Romeo 164 and a 1996 Saab 9000 ) ; Lemar ultimately got frustrated and got out of the car after May repeatedly got lost . Clarkson claimed victory as he got one photograph of his celebrity published in a newspaper . However , as his co-presenters pointed out , the image appeared in Clarkson 's own newspaper column in The Sun ( to which he responded that they both also have newspaper columns that they could have used ) . Polar race special ( edit ) Polar Challenge Special Main article : Top Gear : Polar Special In April -- May 2007 , Clarkson and May teamed up to race Hammond from Resolute , Nunavut to the North Magnetic Pole , taking the route set out in the Polar Challenge . The terrain in between is some of the toughest in the world -- a mix of mountainous land masses and jagged sea ice where temperatures can drop to - 65 degrees Celsius ( - 85 degrees Fahrenheit ) . Jeremy and James used a specially adapted Toyota Hilux pick - up truck , while Richard used a sled pulled by a team of ten Canadian Inuit dogs , driven by American explorer Matty McNair . In the end the truck won , although the sled overtook them at one point while they were crossing the first of two fields of ice boulders . The Hilux used by the camera crew would later appear in Series fifteen , Episode One , modified to be able to drive near Eyjafjallajökull volcano in Iceland to obtain a lava rock . Amphibious cars : redux ( edit ) Series Ten , Episode Two James May 's amphibious Triumph Herald . The presenters made a second attempt to use amphibious cars -- this time to cross the English Channel . All three presenters modified their original designs : Clarkson created an amphibious 1996 Nissan pickup truck ; Hammond used a new 1981 Volkswagen Transporter ; May upgraded and used the same 1962 Triumph Herald he had used in the original challenge . May was unable to sail the Herald out of the harbour , sinking twice and damaging the vehicle beyond repair . Hammond 's Transporter worked well initially , but the engine was damaged in rough seas , necessitating the use of an outboard engine . It eventually flooded and sank . Clarkson won , while carrying his co-presenters , in his `` Nissank '' on the trip . The presenters had aimed for Calais , but missed , finishing in Sangatte . They also attempted ( and failed ) to break the record set by Richard Branson for the fastest crossing of the Channel in an amphibious vehicle . Winner : Clarkson Driving a Formula 1 car ( edit ) Series Ten , Episode Eight Hammond sets out to complete two laps around Stowe Circuit at Silverstone driving the Renault R25 Formula One car , which took both the driver 's ( with Fernando Alonso ) and constructor 's championship titles in the 2005 Formula One season . Britcar 24 - hour endurance race ( edit ) Series Ten , Episode Nine Richard Hammond driving Top Gear 's diesel BMW 330d in the Britcar 24 Hours . In the previous series , the presenters planted their own biofuel crop , which was rapeseed . However , due to an ordering blunder made by James May they accidentally made 500 gallons worth of biodiesel . In order to dispose of it , they took part in the Britcar 24 - hour endurance race at Silverstone Circuit using a modified 2003 BMW 330d . Arriving at the event , the team discovered that it was not an event for novices , as they had expected , but it was a fully professional endurance race and the team would be competing alongside actual 200 mph supercars . However , with help from The Stig , they eventually finished third in class and 39th overall , despite a fuel pump failure , only just making the start , several fuel leaks , going off the track many times , and Hammond crashing into a Mosler . Renault Avantime tuning challenge ( edit ) Series Twelve , Episode Three The presenters were challenged to make an ordinary car lap the track as fast as a Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution X , which has a time of 1 minute 28 seconds , using only the price difference from that ordinary car to a used Lancer Evo . They did not know what car they would have to work with . Despite May 's prediction of a Hyundai Accent 3 - cylinder diesel , the car was revealed to be a 2002 Renault Avantime . Notwithstanding various modifications -- including wheels , tyres , brakes , the exhaust of an unknown TVR , the rear wing from a Super Aguri F1 car ( which was later taken off ) , a wooden front splitter ( which caught fire ) -- the presenters were unable to beat the Evo 's time . They did improve on the original time by 7.1 seconds , but this was achieved mostly through a combination of swapping out the heavy , electrically heated seats that came with the Avantime for much lighter carbon fibre racing seats , and May servicing the engine to get it nearer its originally rated power . The presenters noted that the other modifications generally did n't help , and some even made the car slower . The only modifications that did work properly cost little beyond the time , effort and relatively simple equipment used . From Basel to Blackpool on a single tank of fuel ( edit ) Series Twelve , Episode Four See also : Fuel Economy Race - Car vs. Car vs. Car The presenters were challenged to drive from Basel , Switzerland to Blackpool , England , on a single tank of fuel , in order to switch on the Blackpool Illuminations . Although each presenter chose a different route , Clarkson estimated the distance as approximately 750 miles . Each presenter chose diesel vehicles : Jeremy used a 2007 Jaguar XJ6 Diesel , and in spite of using every feature in the car , and driving uneconomically , completed the journey . He was beaten by Richard Hammond , driving a 2008 Volkswagen Polo BlueMotion . James May , driving a 2008 Subaru Legacy , arrived 40 minutes after Clarkson . Make a car advertisement ( edit ) Series Thirteen , Episode Seven James and Jeremy were given the challenge to create a simple , but effective , TV advertisement for the new Volkswagen Scirocco TDi . Several entries were made , including one stating while the Scirocco was n't fast it was economical , a rehash of a previous Golf ad , and one detailing a funeral ( slightly spoiled by Clarkson ) . All were rejected , leading Clarkson and May to create separate ads . Clarkson won with references to World War II . Build an electric car ( edit ) Series Fourteen , Episode Two The Hammerhead Eagle i - Thrust which the presenters built for the show The presenters were challenged to create their own electric car that would rival the G - Wiz . The first car , nicknamed `` Geoff '' , was put through its paces in the city of Oxford , before being re-built as the Hammerhead - i Eagle Thrust . The Hammerhead underwent a number of safety tests at the Motor Industry Research Association , with the Top Gear trio attempting to fool the examiners by using simple camera trickery . It was then reviewed by Autocar magazine , with the team disappointed by the review , while making a reference to OFCOM , the telecommunications regulator . Build a snowplough ( edit ) Series Sixteen , Episode Five Due to the problems Britain suffered during the previous winter with snow , and local authorities not having the money to spend on road clearing equipment , the presenters came up with the idea of the Snowbine Harvester to save money , working on the theory combine harvesters were sitting idle during winter months so were readily available with a cheap conversion kit . The team fitted a snowplough to the front of a used Claas Dominator . It was also converted to a gritter using the grain chute , capable of blasting grit through the windows of nearby cars . A flamethrower was fitted at the rear , operated by Jeremy , and a Bovril boiler in the cab for James to counter the lack of heating . During testing in Norway , the team blasted grit through a house window , set fire to a man and ran into a car hidden by snow . They then successfully ploughed a road that had not previously been ploughed that winter . Build a train ( edit ) Series Seventeen , Episode Four The presenters believed that train travel in the UK is too expensive , and the main reason is that trains are expensive to build . They first of all converted a 1990 5.3 V12 Jaguar XJS to work on the railway , before building carriages from old caravans for the varying classes of passenger ( first , second , `` scum '' ) and a Buffet car using wheels from Permanent Way trollies . The Jaguar was unable to pull the four `` carriages '' due to their weight , and the Jaguar 's rear - wheel - drive . The presenters split into two teams , with Clarkson taking the Jaguar and promising to build a `` Train GTI '' , and Hammond and May converting a four - wheel - drive 2001 Audi S8 to pull the existing carriages . The presenters ( with their respective creations ) then raced from `` near Leicester '' ( Leicester North ) to `` near Loughborough '' ( Loughborough Central ) on the Great Central Railway with a number of railway experts as passengers . Clarkson won the race despite having been caught behind Hammond and May at times and almost colliding with a Classs 08 shunting locomotive after attempting to ' overtake ' the Caravan Train . Meanwhile , the Buffet car on Hammond 's and May 's train had caught fire , and after stopping short of Loughbourough , the `` scum class '' carriage was hit ( and destroyed ) by passing diesel locomotive D123 Leicestershire and Derbyshire Yeomanry . Off - road mobility scooters ( edit ) Series Eighteen , Episode Four The presenters are tasked with creating their own off - road mobility scooters for rambling in the Welsh countryside . Clarkson builds an eight - wheeler with two engines from two electric scooters , with lawnmower wheels . May makes an electric wheelchair and Hammond creates his machine from a mobility trike and a petrol powered builders ' wheelbarrow , with a single wheel at the front and crawler tracks at the back The task ends with a race in the countryside against three wounded soldiers . Only Hammond manages to finish the race , with Clarkson 's scooter falling down a hill into a set of trees , and May aborting the mission and getting stuck outside a pub near Crickhowell . Convertible supercars for all weather ( edit ) Series Twenty Four , Episode Two Chris and Matt are tasked with finding the perfect convertible supercar for all weather . Matt brought a Lamborghini Huracan Spyder and Chris brought a Porsche 911 Turbo S convertible . Both are told to report in Las Vegas for a series of challenges along a 400 - mile road trip from Las Vegas to the Sierra Nevada mountains . The first challenge , named `` Spring '' , was held at Spring Mountain Raceway , where they have to complete a lap of the track with the roof down at the beginning and finish with the roof up . Along the way , a firetruck is prepared to simulate the effects of a spring rain . Next , there was the second challenge named `` Summer '' , where they have to switch cars ( written as `` take a vacation from your car '' , in keeping with the summer vacation spirit ) and drive across the Death Valley . Before the third challenge arrived , both have to spend the night at Darwin , California . The following day , the third challenge , named `` Fall '' arrived , where they have to freewheel down a section of the Sierra Nevada mountain road , where it 's slippery . As they climbed higher into the mountains , the final challenge arrived at Mammoth Mountain where they have to race across the snowy mountain . On the final challenge , Matt initially made good progress as Chris ' Porsche got temporarily stuck , but Chris later caught up as the Lamborghini 's low ground clearance made Matt temporarily stuck before he chained the Lamborghini 's rear tyres . Despite this Chris wins the race narrowly . Building the world 's fastest tractor ( edit ) Series Twenty Five , Episode Five In an effort to fix the tractor 's slow speed , Matt and Chris headed to the `` Top Gear Agricultural Technology Centre '' , where Matt builds a custom tractor with a 500 hp Chevrolet V8 engine , dubbed the `` Track - tor '' . To prove the tractor 's performance credentials , Matt aimed for 81 mph in order to beat a previous world speed record set in Finland . Matt did reach 81 mph , however , in the hands of The Stig , it reached 87 mph , setting a new world record . Next , they headed to a farm to see if the Track - tor is as useful as other tractors , specifically the New Holland T7 tractor , driven by Robert Neill , winner of the 2017 Farmer of the Year . The first test was hedge cutting , where the Track - tor 's power overwhelmed the presenters as it frequently did wheelies and killing the scarecrow in the process . The next test was plowing , where the Track - tor did a rather poor job at it . The final challenge was to harvest vegetables from the farm and transport it to the freezer section of a local village market 8 miles away in under 23 minutes , assisted by The Stig . The presenters managed to do so with only ten seconds to spare . Cheap cars ( edit ) The presenters are given a budget to buy a used car conforming to certain criteria . The budget is typically around £ 1,500 , but it has ranged between £ 100 and £ 10,000 depending on the type of car . Once purchased , the presenters compete against each other in a series of tests to establish who has bought the best car . The presenters have no prior knowledge of what the tests will be , although they generally involve : A long journey used to determine reliability and fuel economy A lap round a race track , usually by the Stig , to determine performance . In some cases the Stig sets a time in a similar car and the presenters have to beat it . An inspection to discover what is and is n't working or how much of the car is original Spending any leftover change from the initial budget on repairing and / or modifying the cars Selling the cars at the end of the challenge . All three presenters are highly competitive ; vandalism and sabotage are commonplace , and any presenter whose car breaks down during a challenge will typically be abandoned to make their own way to the designated destination . Certain challenges since the African Cheap Car Road Trip have had a back - up car made available for any presenter whose car breaks down and can not be repaired . The back - up vehicle is generally a model that is loathed by all three presenters , or in some other way antagonistic to the current challenge . Due to the controversial nature of some challenges , it is difficult to gauge who has been the most successful so far , but as a rough guide : May and Clarkson have won the most cheap car challenges with seven victories and Hammond has won three . Some challenges remain unclear , however , such as the £ 10,000 mid-engined Italian supercar challenge , where no presenter actually made it to their destination ( although May came the closest ) . The winner of the £ 1000 police car challenge remains unclear as a result of Hammond eating the final results of Clarkson 's Fiat , and declaring himself the winner . The presenter who unofficially won the most challenges was Clarkson , with 10 . May won 8 challenges , and Hammond won 6 . £ 100 Car challenge ( edit ) Series Four , Episode Three The presenters were given £ 100 to buy a car that was road legal ( had current tax and an MOT certificate ) . This was to prove that a car could be purchased and driven from London to Manchester and back again for less than it would cost to take the train ( around £ 180 ) , including the price of the fuel . Clarkson bought a 1988 Volvo 760 GLE , Hammond bought a 1991 Rover 416GTi , and May bought a 1989 Audi 80 1.8 E. The challenge included reliability , fuel economy , stopping time , safety , price , and lap - time testing . May 's Audi won most of the challenges , but Clarkson was declared overall winner as he bought the Volvo for £ 1 , awarding him 999 points . Winner : Clarkson Cheap Porsche challenge ( edit ) Series Five , Episode Six The presenters were given £ 1,500 to buy a Porsche . Clarkson bought a 1983 928 , Hammond bought a 1980 924 , and May bought a 1984 944 . The challenge included driving from London to Brighton , fuel economy , using the car in a lonely - hearts column , lap time , selling the car , and using the change from the £ 1,500 modifying the cars for judging by the Porsche Owners ' Club . Clarkson won the challenge ( despite bringing the most unreliable of the three cars ) when he earned more by breaking down his car and selling it for parts . Winner : Clarkson Cheap coupes that are n't Porsches challenge ( edit ) Series Six , Episode Two Following the previous challenge the presenters were sent to buy coupes that were n't Porsches for £ 1,500 and report to Millbrook Proving Ground . Clarkson bought a 1991 Mitsubishi Starion , Hammond purchased a 1983 BMW 635 CSi , and May bought a 1982 Jaguar XJS , which was leaking oil as soon as it arrived . The first challenge was to see if they could exceed 140 mph . May won by reaching 140 , though the Jaguar broke down and had to have its oil and water replaced . The Starion , thanks to a modified turbocharger and some accidental weight shedding , achieved 119 mph , beating the BMW 's 115 mph . A test of ride comfort was then carried out ; each presenter drove their car at 30 mph over a cobbled road with a bowl of water in their lap , losing points for every ounce spilt . The Jaguar won again , and while Hammond 's sporty BMW did poorly , Clarkson fared even worse ; the Starion 's ride was so bad that the manual gearbox was of no consequence . The Stig then set a lap time for each car on the Alpine testing track , where the Starion narrowly beat the BMW . The Jaguar came last and lost its engine oil again . The three presenters were next asked to drive from Millbrook to the QI club in Oxford ; points were awarded for the order of arrival , deducted for breakdowns , and fuel economy was measured . May 's Jaguar broke down so many times that he eventually gave up the challenge , managing just 8 miles per gallon . Clarkson beat Hammond to the club , albeit with poorer fuel consumption . The final challenge was an endurance race - each presenter was allowed to modify their car with the money left over from the original purchase . Hammond fitted a poorly constructed bodykit to the BMW . May tried to paint the Jaguar in British racing green ( only to run out of paint ) and spent the rest fixing the engine . Clarkson had a more professional paint job , and installed an even more powerful turbo . The outcome was unexpected - while Clarkson 's new turbo made the Mitsubishi the fastest car in the entire race , the engine repeatedly overheated and broke down after almost every lap , before one last blow up put him out for good . Hammond 's gearbox failed in the final stages of the race , but still beat May by two laps ( although the Jaguar suffered wear during the race , it only broke down once when the brake fluid overheated ) . Winner : May ( Clarkson by agreement ) Italian mid-engined supercars for less than a second - hand mondeo challenge ( edit ) Series Seven , Episode Four The presenters were given £ 10,000 to buy a 1970s supercar , which had to be mid-engined and Italian , and told to report to Bristol . Clarkson bought a 1974 Maserati Merak , ( he was told it was an SS model , only to discover during the challenges that it only had a £ 38 SS badge ) . Hammond purchased a 1979 - built ( 1983 late - reg ) Ferrari 308 GT4 , and May found a 1974 Lamborghini Urraco afflicted by electrical problems . Various challenges included a lap of the Castle Combe Circuit , changing the oil and sparkplugs of their cars and driving from Chippenham to a `` gentlemen 's club '' in Slough on a set amount of fuel . Hammond won most of the challenges , and May 's Urraco was a constant source of problems due to its poor electrics - it arrived in Bristol on the back of a tow truck , and broke down on almost every leg of the trip . The Merak began to deteriorate at Castle Combe , where it was revealed to have terrible brakes , and the engine began making worrying noises alongside very poor performance . It was later revealed in a rolling road challenge that it was only producing 80 bhp . Clarkson initially blamed the sound on the tappets , but as the day progressed , May declared that the engine was disintegrating . In the end , none of the cars survived the final journey to the finishing point at Spearmint Rhino . First , the Merak 's engine exploded , showering the Urraco in pieces of the wreckage and forcing Clarkson to crash into a hedge . The Ferrari appeared to run out of fuel 10 miles from Slough , although Hammond later explained that the entire electrical system had failed suddenly . Finally , the Urraco ran out of fuel on the outskirts of Slough , just one mile from the finish , causing a major traffic jam . The presenters therefore unanimously declared that the scores were useless , and Clarkson summarised with `` yes , you can buy a mid-engined Italian supercar for less than £ 10,000 , but for the love of God , do n't ! '' Winner : No one The GT4 used in this challenge was later bought and being repaired by Hammond , only to be damaged again when he was in the Petrolheads , where he was tricked and rammed during a challenge . Man with a van challenge ( edit ) Series Eight , Episode Eight As a followup from a previous challenge , and as punishment for the useless reviews of the vans tested , the presenters were given £ 1,000 to buy a van and face a series of challenges . Clarkson , following Hammond 's original strategy of buying a simple van , bought a 1992 Ford Transit , while May chose a 1999 LDV Convoy box van for its considerable storage . Hammond arrived last with a 1994 Suzuki Super Carry , claiming that as it was mid-engined it was essentially a supercar . The tests began with a drag race ; Hammond won easily , Clarkson came second , and May last . They then performed a race to see how long it took to load and unload various items ( each presenter was given an illegal immigrant ) . May had little trouble loading his van , but had an uncooperative immigrant . Clarkson , who continually moaned about his aversion to manual labour , simply threw most of his items into the Transit carelessly . He then wrongfooted May by parking just behind the LDV to stop it unloading . Clarkson consequently won , while Hammond , who had fallen far behind due to the comparatively small storage space of the Suzuki , lost badly . The third challenge was tailgating a passenger car as closely as possible . Thanks to the Suzuki 's flat front , Hammond came close to a centimetre . Clarkson crashed the Transit into the back of the car , and May 's LDV was completely outpaced . Next the presenters were told to replace their driver 's side doors . Hammond and May were able to remove their doors easily , while Clarkson simply rammed his off with the LDV . He then used tape to fix a new door on , while Hammond successfully fitted his with bolts ; May eventually ran out of time . The fifth challenge tested how long a burglar took to break into the rear door of each van ; the burglar failed to open Hammond 's , smashed open May 's in half a minute , but took only 10 seconds to break into the Transit . Finally the presenters were tasked with outrunning a police patrol car driven by the Stig on their test track . Clarkson won the event , which also featured a spectacular roll - over by Hammond trying to achieve the Scandinavian flick while going round the first corner . Hammond , however , still won the overall challenge . Winner : Hammond US special - used American car for $1000 challenge ( edit ) Series Nine , Episode Three See also : Top Gear : US Special The presenters wanted to find out if it was easier to buy a car for a holiday rather than hire one , so each of them was given a budget of US $1000 to purchase a car , which they would take on a road trip across four US states , from Miami , Florida to New Orleans , Louisiana . Clarkson bought a 1989 Chevrolet Camaro , May got a 1989 Cadillac Brougham Sedan , while Hammond bought a Dodge Ram pick - up truck . During their journey they were given a series of challenges , which included the cars being driven around a track by The Stig 's overweight `` American cousin , '' doing 0 to 50 to 0 without over-running the track and thereby crashing into a river full of alligators , and camping a night in a field eating only roadkill . They also had to paint slogans on each other 's car in order to get them shot at or arrested as they drove across Alabama . When the three pulled into a petrol station to refuel , the station 's owner called a gang and attacked them and their film crew with stones and chased them out of town . Upon arrival at New Orleans , the three presenters found the city was taking a long time to recover from Hurricane Katrina and thus could not bring themselves to ask for money for their cars . They instead gave them away to people who needed them . In the episode 's credits , the presenters were credited as `` Cletus Clarkson '' , `` Earl Hammond JR '' , `` Ellie May May '' and `` Roscoe P. Stig '' . All of the other credited crew had their first names changed to `` Billy Bob '' . Winner : Clarkson Clarkson declared himself the winner and May as the loser ( as he could not even give his car away ) . £ 1,500 two - wheel drive African cross-country car challenge ( edit ) Series Ten , Episode Four See also : Top Gear : Botswana Special The presenters were sent to Botswana to buy a car that was not an off - road vehicle and had only two - wheel drive , which they would drive across the country , from the eastern border of Zimbabwe to the western border of Namibia ( approximately 1,000 miles ) . The challenge included a drive over the Makgadikgadi Pan , which left Clarkson and May 's cars filled with dust after they had been stripped of excess weight as to try to prevent their cars sinking through the thin surface , and over the Okavango Delta . This was to prove `` to the people of Surrey that they do n't need 4 × 4s in case there are leaves on the road . '' This challenge introduced a new rule that stipulated if any of the presenters ' cars were to break down beyond repair , they would have to complete the journey in a substitute vehicle - for this challenge , a Volkswagen Beetle ( the Beetle being the presenters ' unanimous choice as their least favourite car ) . Clarkson bought a 1981 Lancia Beta Coupé , which was the most unreliable car of the lot . Hammond bought a 1963 Opel Kadett , which he named Oliver ( consequently becoming the butt of jokes of the other presenters ) , while May bought a 1985 Mercedes - Benz 230E . Hammond felt such affection for his car that he subsequently had it shipped to the UK ( which resulted in Clarkson and May making fun of him ) , and it now has the occasional cameo on Richard Hammond 's Blast Lab . Oliver was Hammond 's `` prized possession '' in the Top Gear ' Lorryist ' challenge . All three made it to the Namibian border . Clarkson declared the Beetle as the winner , since it had no documented mishaps during the trip , much to the shock of Hammond , with which May answered `` he 's right ! '' Winner : Volkswagen Beetle ( back up car ) British Leyland did make some good cars after all challenge ( edit ) Series Ten , Episode Seven In an argument with the producers of Top Gear , the presenters claimed British Leyland did produce some good cars after all . So , they were given a budget of £ 1,200 ( of their own money ) to buy a British Leyland car in which they would face a series of challenges , for which , instead of points , they would earn money back . These mostly took place at the MIRA proving ground , though the last one was at the Top Gear test track , where they tried to see how far they could drive while full of water . Hammond went over the budget to get a 1974 Triumph Dolomite Sprint for £ 1,250 , Clarkson got a 1981 Rover SD1 for £ 1,100 which consequently lost two doors in unrelated incidents , whereas May spent £ 1,000 and acquired a 1978 Princess that was likened to a wedge of cheese . The boys also reproduced the intro of Money from the various squeaks and clunks their cars made . After all the challenges , Clarkson summed up the money and declared May the winner of the challenge , as not only did he get back all that he had paid , he made a £ 20 profit . Winner : May Make a police car for a lot less money than the real police spend on their cars challenge ( edit ) Series Eleven , Episode One The presenters were all given £ 1,000 to buy a car and turn them into police cars able to surpass the Police 's standard - issue Vauxhall Astra Diesels . Clarkson bought a 1998 Fiat Coupé 20V Turbo for £ 900 , painted it in Italian Polizia di Stato livery ( although the colour was wrong ) , and fitted it with `` Boudicea '' wheel covers . May bought a 1994 Lexus LS400 for £ 900 as well , which he painted in a traditional ' jam sandwich ' livery , fitted with a siren from an ice cream van , and armed with paint sprayers at the back . Hammond bought a 1994 Suzuki Vitara for £ 750 , and equipped it with light bars and a self - deploying stinger on the front ( actually several doormats stitched together with nails poking through ) . The presenters ' cars were then put to test around the Top Gear track , which included beating the Stig 's lap in the Vauxhall Astra diesel ( coupled with extra points for flamboyance ) , clearing a crash site in less than two minutes , and then stopping the Stig in a police chase ( the latter driving a BMW 7 - Series ) `` Without using £ 125,000 worth of Volvo , the RAF , and 16 health and safety forms . '' The real police first demonstrated how to stop the stolen car using four Volvo V70 estates , boxing in the car to the side of the road , following the fulfillment of `` 13 separate health and safety criteria . '' All three cars were subsequently displayed at the British Motor Show 2008 . Winner : Hammond Jeremy Clarkson 's Fiat Coupé James May 's Lexus LS400 Richard Hammond 's Suzuki Escudo Can you buy an Alfa Romeo for £ 1000 or less without it completely ruining your life all the time ? Challenge ( edit ) Series Eleven , Episode Three The presenters ' Alfas when the challenge ended . From left to right , Hammond 's Spider , Clarkson 's 75 and May 's GTV . The presenters were challenged with proving to the show 's producers that in order to be a true `` petrol head '' , you need to have owned an Alfa Romeo . So , they were each given £ 1,000 to buy their own Alfa Romeo . Clarkson bought a 1989 Alfa Romeo 75 3.0 V6 ( for £ 450 ) , Hammond bought a 1984 Alfa Romeo Spider 2.0 ( for £ 1,000 ) , and May bought a 1996 Alfa Romeo GTV 2.0 TwinSpark ( for £ 995 ) . The cars were put to a series of tests , which included participating in a track day on the Rockingham Motor Speedway road course , featuring their cars on a calendar which they must sell at a newsstand , and then lastly entering an Alfa Romeo exclusive Concours d'Elegance event , traveling as far as 80 miles to get to the event area . At the race circuit , the presenters were to gain a point for every car they overtook and lose a point each time they were overtaken . As the field consisted predominately of high - end sports and supercars , none of the presenters managed to overtake any competitors . Clarkson rolled his car attempting to overtake a Ford Focus . In a side challenge , each presenters had to create a calendar featuring their cars which was to be sold at a newsstand . None of the presenters ' calendars managed to sell even a single copy . After the track day , the presenters then had to prep their cars for a Concours d'Elegance competition . Clarkson decided to respray his car in Skoda Green , a colour he used on his Fiat Coupe in the Police Car Challenge . May meticulously cleaned his car , being careful to remove all the dust from the interior and bodywork , and Hammond re-upholstered his seats using Clarkson 's leather jacket . During the journey to the Concours , Hammond had to manually send coolant into his engine using a hand cranked pump ( due to a broken water pump during the track day challenge ) . This eventually broke , and his engine seized , forcing May to tow him . After crashing into May a few times , May got fed up and abandoned him . Clarkson helped to tow Hammond despite his gearbox nearing the end of its life , and the two sabotaged May 's engine bay with cheese . After the judges finished , James was awarded 74 out of a possible 150 points while Jeremy and Richard were given 23.5 and 9 respectively - the lowest scores in Concours history . Clarkson was declared the overall victor ( largely due to the car 's low price ) , which pleased him greatly as it was his first victory in three years for a cheap car challenge . Winner : Clarkson Mercedes - Benz 600 vs Rolls - Royce Corniche Coupé challenge ( edit ) Series Eleven , Episode Five Clarkson and May attempted to find out which of their classic luxury limousines -- Clarkson 's 1969 Mercedes - Benz 600 `` Grosser '' or May 's 1972 Rolls - Royce Corniche -- was better . So they brought their cars to the Top Gear Test Track for a series of challenges . This was not a real `` Cheap Car Challenge , '' as Hammond did not participate , the presenters owned the cars prior to the challenge , and neither of the cars involved were particularly cheap . They summarised the choice as `` between ' Camp ' and ' Camp Commandant ' '' based on the previous owners of the vehicles they were using in the challenge . Winner : Clarkson How much lorry do you get for £ 5000 challenge ( edit ) Series Twelve , Episode One Unable to understand how lorry - driving can be so hard , the presenters each bought a second - hand lorry for under £ 5,000 . May bought a Scania P94D , Clarkson bought a Renault Magnum and Hammond bought an ERF EC11 . Clarkson painted his lorry black , resulting in multiple visibility problems . Hammond tried to Americanise his lorry by attaching a dog kennel to the front of his lorry . May attached many flowers and decorations to make it look like an Indian lorry . After decorating their lorries , they were sent to Millbrook Proving Ground , where the first challenge was to successfully powerslide their lorries on a skid pan ( as demonstrated by `` The Stig 's Lorry - driving Cousin '' ) . None of them managed , but May and his lorry came out unscathed . Clarkson got `` his gear shifter stuck up his arse '' , while Hammond 's dog kennel fell off . After several attempts at attaching trailers , the second challenge involved driving round the Alpine handling course in the fastest time possible with their trailers loaded with various awkward loads ( Hammond an unsecured Nissan Micra , May a wedding cake , and Clarkson hay bales and an electric fire ) . Hammond was left far behind as he was unable to get his lorry in gear , and Clarkson took the lead until he forgot to change down for a steep hill and stalled . May broadsided him on as he passed , causing the brakes to become jammed on . A victorious May discovered his wedding cake had toppled over , while Hammond drove so violently his car fell out of the lorry . After fixing his brakes , Clarkson arrived last with his trailer on fire . The next challenge featured the lorries speed limiters removed , in a race around the two - mile bowl of Millbrook to see which was fastest ; Hammond won with his lightweight ERF hitting 90 miles an hour . The fourth test had each presenter attempting to perform a hill start with their vehicles , and to encourage them , prized possessions were placed behind each of their lorries . Jeremy , with his drum kit placed behind his lorry , was successful as his vehicle had a crawler gear , although May and Hammond promptly ran over and smashed the drum kit . Oliver , Hammond 's restored Opel Kadett from the Botswana adventure , was placed behind his lorry and he eventually forfeited rather than risk crushing it . May 's grand piano was smashed when he failed to prevent his lorry from rolling backwards , although the production crew had already damaged it while positioning it . The final challenge , for speed , braking , and toughness had each presenter driving their vehicles through an obstacle at 56 miles an hour , and the winner going the shortest distance after hitting it . Hammond managed to stop his lorry in a shorter distance after driving through a mobile home than May did after driving through a structure built out of six hundred water coolers . Clarkson travelled the shortest distance , but was injured after driving his lorry through a brick wall . Each of the presenters complained that they had not received the best obstacle . At the end , the `` hopelessly complicated '' scores were tallied , and May was declared the winner . Winner : May Vietnam special ( edit ) Series Twelve , Episode Eight See also : Top Gear : Vietnam Special The three presenters went on a trip to Vietnam where they were each given 15 million Vietnamese đồng to buy a `` set of wheels '' able to drive 1,000 miles from Ho Chi Minh City in the south to Halong Bay in the north . However , due to the car prices and the money they were given , the task was completed using cheap motorbikes . The goal was essentially to do in eight days what the Americans failed to do in the ten years of the Vietnam War . As in previous challenges , the producers provided a replacement vehicle to any presenter whose vehicle broke down , in this challenge a Honda minibike decorated in a stars and Stripes livery with Born in the USA by Bruce Springsteen playing on an iPod ( redubbed with The Star - Spangled Banner in some versions ) , causing much distress to the presenters due to the Vietnam War with America . Upon reaching Ho Chi Minh City , the presenters were given the task of modifying their bikes to reach a floating bar . Both Clarkson and Hammond reached the bar on their bikes / boats . May 's bike / boat sank and he finished by swimming to the bar . Clarkson emerged victorious by reaching the bar first . Winner : Clarkson Safe , interesting cars for 17 years olds that can be insured challenge ( edit ) Series Thirteen , Episode Two With a budget of £ 2,500 each including insurance , the three bought cars that were `` ideal '' for 17 - year - olds . Clarkson bought a 1995 Volvo 940 estate , Hammond a 1993 Hyundai Scoupe and May a 1994 Volkswagen Golf Mk III . They were then given a series of challenges , including driving across a field after a rave , parking cars at night , and an obstacle course in which each presenter had to drive round the course and hit as many of the obstacles as they could . Winner : Clarkson Seeking petrolhead heaven in three £ 1500 rear - wheel drive coupes ( edit ) Series Thirteen , Episode Five With a budget of £ 1,500 , Clarkson , May and Hammond had to buy a rear wheel drive car . Clarkson bought a 1991 Porsche 944 , May bought a 1983 Ford Capri ( but switched to the 1977 Morris Marina backup car after the Ford broke down ) and Hammond bought a 1991 Nissan 300ZX . They faced numerous challenges including trying to beat a 1 - minute , 32.31 second lap time set by a Renault Twingo , and accelerating to 60 mph and then braking to 0 mph within 200 metres or risk destroying something belonging to them . May ended up destroying another one of his pianos . As a finale , they participated in an Andros Trophy ice race ( which included F1 driver Olivier Panis ) against heavily modified hatchbacks , ultimately being lapped several times ( on one occasion , Panis referred to the Marina as `` a shitbox '' ) . May emerged victorious ( mainly due to Hammond and Clarkson duelling throughout the race , ) in the Morris Marina , which had a piano dropped on it in the end . Winner : May Buying a pre-1982 car for less than £ 3,000 ( edit ) Series Thirteen , Episode Six The three were told to go to a car auction and buy any car for less than £ 3,000 that was built before 1982 . Clarkson was poised to purchase a Ford Cortina , but he wanted a convertible and bought a 1969 Austin - Healey Sprite , although he used some of his own money to buy it , as he bought it for £ 3,600 . Hammond `` went ugly early '' and bought the first lot , a 1953 £ 1000 Lanchester LJ 200 . May was set to buy a Bristol , which went over his budget in bidding , and because there was only one car after the Bristol he was forced to buy the last car of the auction -- a £ 1500 1977 blue Citroën Ami Estate . They were then told to go to Mallorca for a rally , with two challenges spread over two days . They were also introduced to their co-drivers by the producers . Clarkson was given the head of Balaeric Rallying Club , who spoke no English . Hammond was assigned Brian Wheeler , a sarcastic dwarf mechanic . May was given glamour model and Page 3 girl Madison Welch . Upon arriving in Mallorca , the presenters discovered that they were almost two days late for the rally , which was a five - day event , and thus had no chance of winning . They chose to bet £ 25 on whichever one of them had the best score at the end of the rally . Clarkson 's malfunctioning gauges made calculating his speed difficult , May had to cope with Welch 's initial lack of interest and navigating experience , and Hammond 's Lanchester proved incredibly unreliable , breaking down several times per stage and overheating constantly . While Clarkson was in the lead heading into the final day , May posted the most consistent lap times at the regularity track day and inched out Clarkson in the final challenge . After the challenge it was revealed that all three presenters liked their chosen cars so much they had bought them from the BBC . Winner : May Bolivia Special ( edit ) Series Fourteen , Episode Six See also : Top Gear : Bolivia Special The three presenters travelled 1,000 miles through the rainforests of Bolivia to the Pacific coast of Chile . They used pre-owned off - road vehicles , bought in Bolivia ( unseen via the internet ) for less than £ 3,500 each . Hammond bought a tan Toyota Land Cruiser , which had been converted into a soft top convertible by a previous owner . Despite the car 's reputation for durability , it turned out to be the most unreliable car , suffering multiple drivetrain and suspension breakdowns right from the start . It was damaged beyond repair on the sand - dune descent . Hammond nicknamed his Land Cruiser `` Donkey . '' Clarkson bought a red Range Rover , which he believed had a 3.9 - litre fuel - injected engine . However , when he showed his co-presenters under the bonnet , May noted it had carburettors , making it the 3.5 - litre model . Overall Clarkson 's Range Rover turned out to be the most reliable , despite the car 's reputation otherwise . May bought a red ( although `` ... in the advert it was blue ... '' ) Suzuki Samurai with a 1.3 - litre engine , which was the smallest of the three vehicles . Despite this , May made no modifications , and it had the least breakdowns . One disadvantage of the Suzuki was its open differentials , which until fixed made it `` 3 - wheel drive '' Winner : Clarkson A track day car which is as good in the real world ( edit ) Series Fifteen , Episode Two The three were sent to Germany , and given a budget of £ 5,000 to buy a 4 - door saloon that would be as good in the real world as it would be on a track day . May bought a 1985 Mercedes - Benz 190E 2.3 - 16v Cosworth , Hammond a 1996 E36 BMW M3 , and Clarkson a 1989 Ford Sierra Sapphire RS Cosworth . Challenges included determining their cars ' top speed on an unregulated autobahn , interior space ( by carrying a German Oompah band ) , and an ADAC evaluation of the cars . The BMW initially performed well until it came last in the evaluation test , revealing badly repaired accident damage . Finally , the presenters went to a circuit , where the cars were lapped by the Stig 's German cousin . In the studio there were the results of two more unbroadcast challenges : points for each viewing of a track day video uploaded to YouTube , and an economy run . The last test was based on price - each pound under the budget received one point - meaning that the £ 4,999 Sierra and the £ 3,990 M3 lost to the £ 2,990 190E . Winner : May Campervan challenge ( edit ) Series Fifteen , Episode Four Bemoaning the fact that campervans are either the huge American style motor homes unsuitable for European roads or the tiny and cramped European models , the presenters were challenged to construct inexpensive campervans that would be comfortable to sleep in yet manageable on narrow twisting European roads . They had to have a sleeping area , a toilet and a cooking area . Clarkson constructed a three - storey Bauhaus inspired campervan on a 1988 Citroën CX chassis . May attached a roofbox with a sleeping bag on top of a 1987 Lotus Excel and Hammond constructed a collapsible cottage on the back of a 1984 Land Rover 110 . Clarkson found his Citroën difficult to drive and nearly toppled over several times . May 's Lotus was cramped and Hammond 's design was cumbersome and impractical . Challenges included driving to a camp ground in Polzeath , Cornwall , changing into a wet suit inside the campervan , sleeping , ' going to the bog ' in their campervans , and cooking a meal . During the meal challenge , Richard set fire to his cottage . Later , the three took a trip to a beauty spot in Hartland in North Devon where Hammond and May ' accidentally ' rolled Jeremy 's Citroën over a cliff . Back in the studio , Clarkson protested but all three presenters reluctantly came to the conclusion that although James had the fewest problems with his campervan ( the only one being space ) , all of their designs were rubbish . No winner . British Sports Car challenge ( edit ) Series Fifteen , Episode Six The boys attempt to prove that old British sports cars never deserved to be killed off by the hot hatch . Jeremy buys a 1974 Jensen - Healey , James buys a 1989 TVR S2 and Richard buys a 1994 Lotus M100 Elan . The trip involved going to the places where all their cars were ' born ' , beginning at the Lotus factory in Norfolk , then onto the Jensen factory in West Bromwich , before finishing at the TVR factory in Blackpool . There was no winner , as the team said that all of their cars were the best . All winners Middle east special ( edit ) Series Sixteen , Episode Zero - Two See also : Top Gear : Middle East Special The three were given £ 3,500 to buy a 2 - door convertible sports car , find their way to the birthplace of Jesus , and provide Gold , Frankincense and Myrrh as per the Three Wise Men . Hammond bought a 2000 Fiat Barchetta , Clarkson bought a 2000 Mazda MX5 and James cheated and bought a 1998 BMW Z3 over budget for £ 3,966 . The starting point was Iraq - which the three were unaware of until they landed . They were given flak jackets and helmets to get to their location . There was also at least one armed guard travelling with the group . As has happened on previous challenges , a spare car was provided by the producers should any of the cars critically break down . In this case it was an Opel Astra 1.6 convertible - a car loathed by all three presenters . During the challenge , May had a concussion in the middle of the desert , resulting in a trip to hospital . He was discharged later in the episode and continued the journey . Upon reaching their final hotel , the three set out to buy gifts : Hammond bought a gold necklace of Jesus ' face , May bought a bottle of Frankincense -- in fact , a bottle of hotel shampoo -- and Clarkson was unable to find any Myrrh , so bought a Nintendo DS . After following a star they were led to a stable containing shepherds ( who apparently arrived on quad bikes , ) Mary & Joseph ( although not identified as such , ) and a manger . They presented their gifts , and asked to see the child , which was revealed to be a baby Stig . Hammond 's Fiat was voted the best by both Clarkson and May , to Hammond 's obvious surprise . Winner : Hammond Four seater convertibles for less than £ 2000 ( that all turned out to be BMW 325i 's ) challenge ( edit ) Series Sixteen , Episode Four The three were given £ 2,000 to buy a four - seater convertible car . However , they all buy the same car : a BMW 325i . Hammond bought a 1987 model for £ 1,600 which had done 94,318 miles according to the odometer , and had aftermarket wheels , aftermarket alarm , a lower suspension and extra locks fitted . Clarkson bought a 1988 model for £ 1,950 which had done 137,488 miles and had a paving slab in the boot ( to improve handling ) and May a 1989 model for £ 1,900 with no modifications . Clarkson decided to turn the challenge into a test to see how different the three supposedly identical cars had become over time , so the trio ignored the producers ' challenges and devised their own . First there was a drag race which Hammond was unable to take part in as his car broke down due to the alarm ( for which he was deducted 1,000 points ) : accelerate to 100 mph then stop again . May won comfortably as his car proved to be in better mechanical condition than Clarkson 's . This led to Clarkson claiming that speed is not everything and May disagreeing , in stark contrast to their usual opinions . Next the cars were examined by a forensics team to test the condition of their interior . Clarkson 's car contained crisps , leaves , and his own dried skin , which he claimed was not disgusting at all and lost no points . May 's car was in worse condition with nasal mucus , scabs and saliva costing him 30 points . Hammond again fared the worst with saliva , blood and pubic hairs , losing 30 points and , worst of all , faeces losing another 1,000 points . Next , thieves attempted to steal all three cars : Clarkson and May 's cars were still there after 20 minutes , but Hammond 's was stolen almost immediately losing him yet another 1,000 points . The trio were then required to lap the Top Gear Test Track in their cars , trying to match the Stig 's time done in a modern BMW 325i . Clarkson recorded the fastest time despite blowing his engine , followed by Hammond with May slowest . After that , the three cars were filled with helium and the presenters were required to sit in them to test for leaks . Clarkson and May 's voices went high and squeaky due to the gas , but Hammond 's did not as it had leaked out , once again leading to a 1,000 point deduction . The cars were then inspected to determine how much money was needed to restore them to showroom condition . May 's required £ 5,500 , Hammond 's £ 7,500 and Clarkson 's £ 11,000 . Finally the presenters decided to form a stunt driving team in front of a live audience at the Essex County Fair ( this did not count towards the points challenge ) , they all collided almost immediately . When the points were tallied up , May won easily due to his car being in the best condition so having the lowest restoration cost . Clarkson narrowly beat Hammond to second place as his far higher restoration cost was marginally outweighed by Hammond 's numerous thousand - point deductions . This led Clarkson to conclude two things : ' all identical cars are n't necessarily identical ' and ' Richard Hammond , who buys more used cars than any man alive , is useless at buying used cars ' . Winner : May India Special ( edit ) Series Seventeen , Episode Seven The three were given £ 7,000 to buy a reliable British classic car and use them on the streets of India . Jeremy bought a 1995 Jaguar XJS 4.0 Celebration Edition , James bought a 1976 Rolls - Royce Silver Shadow and Hammond bought a 2000 Mini 1.3 L. As in previous challenges , a backup car was also present , a 1979 Austin Allegro . Challenges included bringing Western - themed goods with their cars and building a stall to promote them , A mountain rally and modifying their cars to be better able to tackle the dangerous mountain roads . All Winners Rallycross with less investment than golfing ( edit ) Series Eighteen , Episode Seven The three criticise the sheer amount of money people have to spend just to play golf , and they claimed that you can invest less money in car racing , or in this case , rallycross . To prove this , each of the presenters must find a cheap , race - worthy car and modify it so it can be race - ready . Clarkson bought a BMW 328i , Hammond bought a Citroen Saxo 1.6 VTS , and May bought a Toyota MR2 . Hammond was the most successful of the three , finishing third in two heats and coming second in the final , ahead of Clarkson . Meanwhile , May was the least successful , finishing last in two heats and third in the ' loser 's final ' . The trio then conclude that you can go motor racing with less investment than golfing ( all the cars , including race modifications , costs less than £ 2000 , whereas golf costs more than that ) . Winner : Hammond Finding the source of the river Nile ( edit ) Series Nineteen , Episode Six and Seven The three were given a budget of £ 1,500 to buy a second hand estate car in Britain which they would then be using to find the source of the River Nile in Africa . Jeremy bought a 1999 BMW 528i , James a 1996 Volvo 850 R and Hammond a 2002 Subaru Impreza WRX . The Backup car was a 1998 Ford Scorpio , a car loathed by the three of them . The starting point was a small town in Uganda . After travelling to Lake Victoria , which many people think is the source of the River Nile , the boys noticed , that Lake Victoria is fed by several rivers that come from different locations . After a look on the map , the three found some other lakes further south which could be the source of the Nile . So they started their long drive south . After sleeping in a really poor hotel the boys decided to convert their cars into ' mobile homes ' . Hammond installed a little kitchen , Jeremy a cooling box full of beer , and a toilet on the outside of his car , and James a little workshop complete with tools . All of them also installed some sort of bed . After a long drive through Africa , which showed that Hammond made a clever choice with his all wheel drive Subaru in view of all those dirt tracks , and several ' modifications ' ( the boys were stealing bits from each other 's cars to modify their own car ) the boys were getting closer . Whilst driving over some rough dirt tracks the cars suffered a lot . There were several punctures and Hammond broke his wishbone on the passenger 's side . During the night , he was able to fix it so they could finish their journey together . But the Producers then told them , that only one could find the ' Source of the river Nile ' and so only one could find his name in the history books . This meant a final race between the three . Even though Hammond was making the best progress on the rough roads and dirt tracks thanks to his AWD Subaru , May was the first to find the true source of the river Nile which made him the winner . Winner : May . Proving that hot hatchbacks from their youth are better than their modern equivalents ( edit ) Series Twenty - One , Episode One They were sent out to buy any hot hatchback from their youth - specifically the 1980s . Clarkson bought a 1989 Volkswagen Golf GTi for £ 800 , May bought a 1992 Ford Fiesta XR2i for £ 750 and Hammond bought a 1992 Vauxhall Nova SRi for £ 700 . Challenges faced included a hill climb ( during the return trip , Hammond crashed his Nova , setting up a running joke throughout the challenge , ) a `` supermarket sweep '' gymkhana event through a closed supermarket , ( with Hammond again finishing on his side ) , and a drag race , in which Hammond critically damaged his car 's engine after accidentally changing from second gear into first instead of third . The last challenge involved the cars being chased by the `` TGPD '' ( Top Gear Police Department ) to see how long they could evade pursuit . Hammond was caught instantly due to his damaged engine , while both Clarkson and May had their cars destroyed after long drawn out pursuits . In the end the presenters decided that as all their cars had won an individual event , all three were the winners . All winners Burma Special ( edit ) Series Twenty - One , Episode Six and Seven The three presenters find themselves travelling out to Burma for a road trip to Thailand and the River Kwai , each taking with them a second - hand lorry that they will use to build a bridge over it - Clarkson buys an Isuzu TX that has an extensive stereo setup in the cab and a dumper truck layout in the back , Hammond purchases another Isuzu TX , but modified with extensive space for carrying large volume loads , while May acquires a Hino FB110 with a crane on the back . Starting their journey in the country 's old capital of Rangoon , they continue through Naypyjaw , before crossing into Thailand . They are challenged with building a bridge across the River Kwai , then driving over it with their trucks , but realise when constructing the bridge that they are actually at the River Kok . All Winners Homemade ambulance challenge ( edit ) Series Twenty - Two , Episode Three The men decide to improve ambulances . Initially , they modify a P45 ( Series 19 , Episode 1 ) with a flashing beacon and a gurney which attaches to a rear - mounted hitch , but this fails when the gurney jackknifes and ejects the patient . The producers then instruct the presenters to ' do it properly ' , and each buy an alternative to the standard ambulance used by the NHS ( a Mercedes Sprinter ) , with their choices being tested in a series of challenges . For £ 5000 , Hammond bought a customised Chevy G20 V8 Van , which he lauded for its 5.7 litre V8 engine and its bargain price ( compared to the £ 150,000 cost of a standard NHS ambulance ) . Clarkson bought a Porsche 944 Turbo , with the idea that the patient could be stowed under the all - glass hatchback ; Hammond points out that the patient would bake in the tight , glass - enclosed space . May bought a Ford Scorpio Cardinal hearse which was initially mocked by the others , despite May pointing out the potent Cosworth - designed V6 engine and traction control . Winner : Hammond Find a cheap car that still lives up to the title of classic ( edit ) Series Twenty - Two , Episode Eight Due to rocketing classic car prices , a Jaguar E-Type is worth £ 200,000 , whereas a Ferrari Daytona is worth £ 700,000 , and an Aston Martin DB5 is worth £ 1,000,000 . The trio are told to buy affordable classics and report with them to an old railway station in Buckinghamshire . There , they are told they must live like classic car enthusiasts . Hammond arrives first in a 1972 MGB GT , a car that he believes is the most iconic British sports car . Clarkson arrives next in a 1978 Fiat 124 Spider which he admits is incredibly pretty but predicts it will go wrong all the time like all classic cars . He also bemoans the fact that it is an American specification vehicle with 5 - mph bumpers , raised ride height , and oversized aftermarket wheels , giving it poor handling . Finally , May arrives in a 1986 Peugeot 304 S Cabriolet which arrives already broken down . The trio are challenged to ' tinker ' with their cars , with May simply fixing his so it works and adding continental yellow headlamps , Clarkson returning his to its original European specification ( and having an epiphany as he did so ) , while Hammond gave his MGB sporting credentials with a new exhaust , bucket seats and a sporty paint scheme . After being allowed to take part in a Japfest show at Castle Combe circuit it is ascertained that May has the worst car , yet Hammond & Clarkson are tied for points . Both cars suffer badly during the Japfest race , and are on the verge of breaking down - which Clarksons eventually does leaving Hammond the winner by default . Hammond expected to be part of the aerial display , and was made to take part in a Wing walking demonstration during which he spent most of the time screaming . Winner : Hammond Cheap SUV challenge ( edit ) Series Twenty - Two , Episode eight In response to the growing numbers of lifestyle SUVs , they were asked to buy a lifestyle SUV with a maximum budget of £ 250 . May was the first to arrive in a little 2001 Mitsubishi Shogun Pinin which he bought for £ 150 , followed by Hammond in a 1997 Jeep Cherokee which he bought for £ 250 , and then Clarkson in a 1998 Vauxhall Frontera Sport RS which he bought for £ 140 . Challenges include a snow slope climbing test ( where Hammond failed to engage his 4WD ) , a game of tag with caravans hitched to their cars and featuring ' Leisure Stig ' in a Kia Sportage , a 0 - 60 acceleration and braking test at a muddy test area with ' Leisure Stig ' setting the benchmark in a Kia Sportage ( where James made his way to a muddy pond at the end of the track ) , modifying their own cars to suit the lifestyle theme better and doing some ' leisure activity ' at a nearby pond , rolling their cars down a steep cliff to test the car 's robustness and safety , and to wrap it up , a five - mile - long off - road race from a Yorkshire grouse moor to a conference and dinner held at Yorkshire 's Broughton Hall , where the last to arrive had to do an after - dinner speech . During the race , James was initially left far behind , but caught up later due to his finding a farm track that enabled him to overtake Clarkson and Hammond , who were bogged down . Hammond eventually freed himself from the mud , and Clarkson , upset for not being able to climb the riverbank after fording a small river , had to cut the Frontera in half . Eventually , Hammond had to deliver the after dinner speech , which did n't please the crowds . This challenge was the last completed by Clarkson , Hammond and May . Loser : Hammond Find something that offers more luxury than the Orient Express ( edit ) Series Twenty - Three , Episode Four Evans , Sabine and Matt were given a maximum budget of £ 3,066 - the price of an Orient Express ticket - to buy something equally luxurious , while Eddie boarded the Orient Express itself . Evans opted for a 2002 Jaguar XJ8 which set him back £ 2,100 , Sabine bought a 2002 Audi A8 for £ 2,750 , while Matt bought a 1989 Honda Goldwing for £ 2,500 . The presenters raced against each other with Eddie boarding the Orient Express from London to Venice . On the way , Matt , Evans and Sabine were presented with a challenge : pick a Michelin star chef in Paris and allow them to prepare food to be presented at a chateau along the way . Evans and Sabine found the challenge to be a relatively easy one , since their cars ' cabin space allow the chef to prepare the food and the heat from their cars ' engine ( and from the exhaust pipes in Evans ' case ) allowed the food to be cooked along the way . Matt , however , had to make several stops to allow his chef to prepare and cook the food , slowing down his progress . Sabine was declared winner of this challenge . During the next leg , Matt was hindered by his motorcycle 's small fuel tank , and Sabine ran out of money , forcing her to reach the destination on foot . Evans on the other hand had enough money left from his purchase to hire a water taxi until Venice 's water speed limit hindered him . Eddie made it first to the finish , joined by Sabine , and soon after Evans . Matt was still on the road , but he believed himself to be in the lead . Once back in the studio Evans , Sabine and Matt pointed out that they still had their vehicles ( although Matt decided to sell his Goldwing , ) while all Eddie had as a souvenir was a pair of spoons from the train . Winner : Eddie Kazakhstan road trip ( edit ) Series Twenty - Four , Episode One Matt , Rory , and Chris were instructed to buy a car with at least 480,000 miles on the clock - a distance equal to driving to the Moon and back . Chris bought a Volvo V70 Bi-Fuel , Matt a Mercedes - Benz E-Class that was previously used as a taxi in Germany , and Rory bought a London black cab . They were told to report to Kazakhstan , where they were to drive to the Baikonur Cosmodrome . During the first part of the challenge , they raced against each other at a quarry , with Chris crashing into Matt , then heading to Kyzylorda to participate in a game of auto - tag against locals in Lada Rivas . The next morning , Matt fitted a custom crash bar made out of steel pipes to protect his damaged back end , and Rory set a challenge of who can reach the closest top speed to its original factory claims . Chris clocked 104 mph against 125 mph , Matt clocked 100 mph versus 112 mph , while Rory clocked 84 mph - higher than the claimed top speed of 81 mph . The final challenge was to see who could log the most miles from the starting point to Baikonur with a condition : only the winner can attend the launch event , and the losing cars will be subjected to ' hard labour ' . In preparation , Matt stripped the Mercedes to make it quicker , Chris repainted the Volvo so it resembled the Volvo 850 BTCC and installed a ' high - mileage fuel tank ' - a 55 - gallon oil drum - while Rory did nothing to his London black cab . Matt returned to a salt bed he previously passed through ( where his silencer and makeshift crash bar fell off ) , Chris went into town to look for an airfield to race around , while Rory jacked up the back wheels of his cab and put it in gear so as to run up easy miles . While refuelling he knocked the jacks and the car drove off by itself , before beaching on a dune . At the cosmodrome the results were announced : Chris did 211 miles , Matt did 284 miles , Rory did 329 miles , and the losing cars were turned into taxicabs by locals . At the end of the show , Rory showed that his black cab had been mounted on a plinth beside the Buran spacecraft at the cosmodrome . Winner : Rory Cuban road trip in secondhand sports cars ( edit ) Series Twenty - Four , Episode Six Rory and Chris were instructed to buy a classic car with a budget of £ 5,000 and report at the Bay of Pigs . Chris bought a Maserati Biturbo while Rory got himself a third - generation targa top Chevrolet Camaro RS . Along the way , Chris bragged about Maserati 's victory in the past Cuban Grands Prix . Arriving at the first stop in a small town called Coliseo , Rory bragged about his Chevrolet V8 that was quickly recognised by the locals , compared to Chris ' Maserati . Next , they headed to Varadero to see the local racing scene , where , along the way , Rory decided to allow locals to hitch a ride in their cars , much to his fear as one of his passengers brought a chicken inside . Upon arriving in Varadero , Rory and Chris decided to race the locals in a drag race , where both of them lost in a considerably large gap . Afterwards , they raced each other , where Rory claimed a `` moral victory '' due to his Camaro winning the locals ' hearts thanks to the car 's V8 engine . After the race , they headed to Havana , where Chris ' had a nostalgia in the Malecón road , where the first two Cuban Grands Prix were held . In the final part of the trip , both returned to Varadero to have a rematch with local street racers , only this time , they race in a makeshift oval track made using used tyres . After the grid 's drawn through a drawing of straws , where Chris started second to last . During the race , Chris made a significant progress due to his agile Maserati , eventually winning the race . Winner : Chris Secondhand sports cars in Honshu ( edit ) Series Twenty - Five , Episode Three Matt and Chris were instructed to buy a second - hand 1990s Japanese sports car for a budget of 1 million yen at the USS Tokyo car auction center to be shipped back and sold in Britain . Chris got himself a Mazda RX - 7 , while Matt bought a Nissan Skyline 25GT - T , which he mistook for a GT - R. Their first challenge was to do a two lap race in the Gunsai Touge while carrying sumo wrestler as a passenger , which Chris won . Next , they head to Fukushima to reminisce the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster . Afterwards , they head to the Ebisu Circuit to receive the next challenge : drifting against local drifters in Kei trucks . In order to aid the presenters to do tandem drifts , both cars ' rear tires were swapped with space - saver spare tires and tied using a rope and secured with a pair of used tires . However , near the finish line , one of the tires blew up , damaging both cars . Then , the final challenge arrived : racing to Enbu to reach the transport , as there can only be one car that can be transported back to Britain . Matt and Chris go separate ways : Matt tried the highway approach , where he got stuck at a tollbooth , while Chris decided to take the mountain pass and the backroads , where he had to deal with local traffic . Chris won the race by a small margin , however , back in the UK , his RX - 7 did n't get a profitable offer . Winner : Chris Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ After the show , Clarkson and May insisted that their own cars were best ; Clarkson said the Toybota was best because it would have reached the finish if it did n't roll over at the last moment in a good time , but James hit back , saying that it was n't a race , and the Toybota rolled over anyway . Jump up ^ He had been required to shorten it to comply with the maximum length of an unarticulated car allowed on a British road , and subsequently the join in the middle made out of masking tape failed . Jump up ^ Clarkson : `` We proved that you ca n't buy a Porsche for £ 1,500 . '' Hammond : `` Well , not if you actually want to go anywhere that is . '' Jump up ^ On points , May narrowly beat Hammond in the challenge , but Clarkson then attempted to claim victory by pointing out the Starion had been superior until the endurance race . May & Hammond acknowledged this , saying that the only problem with the Starion had been Clarkson 's modifications . So they offered Clarkson the win if he admitted that , ' you 're a clot and you ruined your car ' , which he did . Jump up ^ During the results , Hammond claimed that Clarkson got 98 points ( if he had 100 he would win the challenge ) , and eating the paper saying Clarkson had `` 98 points , '' suggesting Hammond was hiding something . Clarkson claimed `` Since I am not prepared to go through your stools in the morning , we have to conclude that the best car for the British police is a Suzuki Vitara with a doormat on the front . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Series Two , Episode Four '' . Top Gear . Series 2 . Episode 4 . 1 June 2003 . Jump up ^ `` BBC stumps up for tree stunt '' . BBC . 21 February 2004 . Retrieved 9 January 2006 . Jump up ^ `` ScooterMan '' . www.scooterman.co.uk . Retrieved 26 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Series Eleven , Episode Six '' . Top Gear . Series 11 . Episode 6 . 27 July 2008 . BBC Two . James May : Alan Partridge once said that Lexus is Japan 's Mercedes - Benz , in which case the Mitsuoka Galue could be , but this is only a hunch , Japan 's Rolls - Royce . Jump up ^ Topper , James ( 3 August 2007 ) . `` BBC admit Top Gear caravan blaze was a fake '' . Daily Mail Online . Retrieved 23 August 2010 . The BBC said that viewers would not have been misled as it was obvious that the sequence was `` slapstick '' with a `` sitcom ending '' . Jump up ^ Bellicoso , Louise ( 15 February 2007 ) . `` Amazing space launch for ... Delboy 's motor ! '' . Buxton Advertiser . Retrieved 21 February 2007 . While the show alludes to a 12 - day build , in reality , it took over 4 months to build the final product . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 19 May 2015 . Retrieved 18 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Exclusive - the video you did n't see on last week 's show . Archived 17 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ List of Top Gear episodes # Series 16 . 282010. E2. 80.9311. 29 hide Top Gear 1977 -- 2001 format List of episodes 2002 -- present format Series 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Segments Challenges Power Lap Times Races Specials Winter Olympics US Special Top Gear of the Pops Polar Special Botswana Special Top Ground Gear Force Vietnam Special Race to the North Bolivia Special Middle East Special India Special Patagonia Special Other Home video releases Top Gear controversies Top Gear Test Track BBC v HarperCollins Publishers Ltd The Stig International versions Australia episodes China France Russia United States Top Gear episodes Top Gear America South Korea Italy Spin - offs and related Extra Gear Fifth Gear Rally Report Stars in Fast Cars The Grand Tour Top Gear Magazine Top Gear Motorsport Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Top_Gear_challenges&oldid=846539524 '' Categories : Top Gear Television series segments Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from May 2018 All articles with links needing disambiguation Articles with links needing disambiguation from May 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Eesti Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 11 : 12 ( UTC ) . 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where did quality street get its name from	Quality Street is a popular selection of individual tinned or boxed toffees , chocolates and sweets , produced by Nestlé . Quality Street was first made in Halifax , West Yorkshire , England in 1936 . It was named after a play by J.M. Barrie .	after a play by J.M. Barrie	Quality Street ( confectionery )	quality street ( confectionery )	Quality Street is a popular selection of individual tinned or boxed toffees , chocolates and sweets , produced by Nestlé . Quality Street was first made in Halifax , West Yorkshire , England in 1936 . It was named after a play by J.M. Barrie .	Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Contents 2.1 Current varieties 2.2 Discontinued varieties 3 See also 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) In 1890 John Mackintosh and his wife opened a shop in Halifax , where they created a new kind of sweet by mixing hard toffee with runny caramel . These toffees were made from inexpensive local ingredients such as milk , sugar beets and eggs . They were so successful that in 1898 they expanded the operation to build the world 's first toffee factory . It burned down in 1909 so John bought an old carpet factory and converted it into a new facility . When John Mackintosh died his son Harold inherited the business and in 1936 he invented Quality Street . The name was inspired by a play of the same name by J.M. Barrie . In the early 1930s only the wealthy could afford boxed chocolates made from exotic ingredients from around the world with elaborate packaging that often cost as much as the chocolates themselves . Harold Mackintosh set out to produce boxes of chocolates that could be sold at a reasonable price and would , therefore , be available to working families . His idea was to cover the different toffees with chocolate and present them in low - cost yet attractive boxes . Rather than having each piece separated in the box , which would require more costly packaging , Mackintosh decided to have each piece individually wrapped in coloured paper and put into a decorative tin . He also introduced new technology , the world 's first twist - wrapping machine , to wrap each chocolate in a distinctive wrapper . By using a tin , instead of a cardboard box , Mackintosh ensured the chocolate aroma burst out as soon as it was opened and the different textures , colours , shapes and sizes of the sweets made opening the tin and consuming its contents a noisy , vibrant experience that the whole family could enjoy . In the mid - to late 1930s , Britain was still feeling the effects of the economic crash and Mackintosh realised that in times of economic hardship and war , people crave nostalgia . Quality Street chocolates were , therefore , packaged in brightly coloured tins featuring two characters wearing Regency era dress , known affectionately as Miss Sweetly and Major Quality . ' The Major ' and ' Miss ' , inspired by the play 's principal characters , appeared on all Quality Street boxes and tins until 2000 . The original models for the pair were Tony and Iris Coles , the children of Sydney Coles who designed the advertising campaign that first appeared on a front page newspaper advertisement in the Daily Mail on 2 May 1936 . The brand was acquired by Nestlé when they bought Rowntree Mackintosh in 1988 . Individual larger versions of the more popular chocolates are now manufactured and sold separately , as an extension to the brand , such as a bar based on the Purple One . In Western Norway , Quality Street is called `` Shetlandsgodt '' or more commonly `` Shetland Snoops '' ( Shetland Sweets ) , because it often was brought home by fishermen visiting Shetland . In Iceland it is traditionally known as `` Mackintosh '' . Quality Street gained the implied endorsement of Saddam Hussein when the Iraqi dictator was reported to have offered them to visiting British politician George Galloway in 2002 . Nestlé were initially positive , but then chose to backtrack about the connection . Contents ( edit ) The sweets within the box have changed and evolved over the years . As of October 2017 , there are 13 flavours of the individually wrapped sweets , all of which are either chocolate or toffee based , as follows : Current varieties ( edit ) `` The Purple One '' Milk Chocolate filled with hazelnut ( purple wrapper ) Green Triangle ( green wrapper , triangular , foil ) Chocolate Toffee Finger ( gold wrapper , stick ) Strawberry Delight ( red wrapper , circular ) Caramel Swirl ( yellow wrapper , circular , foil ) Milk Choc Block ( green wrapper ) Orange Crunch ( orange wrapper , octagonal , foil ) Orange Creme ( orange wrapper ) Fudge ( pink wrapper ) Coconut Eclair ( blue wrapper ) Toffee Penny ( gold wrapper , circular ) Honeycomb Crunch ( golden brown wrapper ) Toffee Deluxe ( brown wrapper ) The Toffee Penny wrapper presented a problem for a number of years because the wrapper would stick to the confection . Following a suggestion by packaging manufacturer William T. Robson O.B.E , a new material was adopted by the manufacturer to overcome the problem . On 15 August 2013 , the My Green Bar became available from Nestlé , which consists of four original green noisette pate triangles held together by milk chocolate . This is also available in My Purple Bar . Lemon Zing is exclusive to the fruit cremes boxes . In 2016 , a new chocolate entitled Honeycomb Crunch replaced Toffee Deluxe because the boxes have several chocolate coated toffees already . This led to some lovers of the chocolates complaining on social media . It is still in the Toffees and Fudge boxes . In 2017 , the Toffee Deluxe made a triumphant return to mainstream Quality Street boxes . Discontinued varieties ( edit ) Purple One ( the original ' Purple One ' with Brazil nut , replaced with hazelnut version ) Chocolate Strawberry Cream ( now replaced with Strawberry Delight ) Chocolate Toffee Cup ( now replaced with Caramel Swirl ) Hazelnut Cracknell ( red wrapper ) Hazelnut Eclair Chocolate Nut Toffee Cream Malt Toffee ( replaced with toffee deluxe as a `` new '' flavour ) Milk Chocolate Round ( now replaced with Milk Choc Block in green wrapper ) Peanut Cracknell ( blue wrapper ) Coffee Cream ( brown wrapper , same size and shape as the strawberry cream ) Almond Octagon ( purple wrapper , replaced with Vanilla Octagon , but the latter is now discontinued as well ) Gooseberry Cream ( green wrapper light green fondant with a touch of Gooseberry Preserve covered in milk chocolate ) Fig Fancy ( light brown wrapper ) Apricot Delight ( blue wrapper , square chunk , apricot flavored jelly covered in milk chocolate ) Toffee Square ( metallic pink wrapper , a small square of very hard toffee ) Chocolate Truffle ( brown square chunk , a soft truffle filling covered in milk chocolate ) Montelimar Nougat Fruits of the Forest Creme ( pale purple wrapper ) Smarties ( ordinary cardboard box of Smarties , a 2004 promotion only ) See also ( edit ) Cadbury Roses Celebrations ( confectionery ) Quality Street ( play ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Quality Street candy history . Société des Produits Nestlé S.A. , accessed 13 January 2015 Jump up ^ Twigg , Venetia . `` Venetia Twigg gives Quality Street `` , London Festival Fringe , accessed January 30 , 2012 Jump up ^ Chrystal , Paul Secret Knaresborough Amberley Publishing Limited , 16 Sep 2014 Jump up ^ Barmen , Ane ( 27 February 2015 ) . `` Du veit du er frå ytre Nordfjord når ... '' ( in Norwegian Bokmål ) . Fjordenes Tidende . Retrieved 16 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Simon Hattenstone `` The Monday Interview : Saddam and me '' , The Guardian , 16 September 2002 Jump up ^ `` Saddam Boosts Quality Street '' Archived September 21 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine. , Sky.com , 16 September 2002 Jump up ^ James Mansfield `` Nestle plays down Saddam 's endorsement of Quality Street '' , Brand Republic , 19 September 2002 External links ( edit ) Official website The Chocolate Review 's article on Quality Street Nestlé Brands Appliances BabyNes Dolce Gusto Nescafé Alegria Nescafé Barista Nespresso Special. T Baby nutrition BabyNes Cerelac Gerber Graduates Mucilon NaturNes Nestum Nidal ( brand ) Bear Brand Nido P'tit Baking Libby 's Pumpkin Toll House Bottled water Arrowhead Buxton Contrex Deer Park Hépar Ice Mountain Ozarka Acqua Panna Perrier Poland Spring Pure Life Quézac San Pellegrino Vittel Zephyrhills Cereals Cheerios Chocapic Chokella Cini Minis Clusters Cocoa Crisp Cookie Crisp Corn Flakes Country Corn Flakes Curiously Cinnamon Fitness Fitness Fibra Gold Flakes Golden Grahams Golden Nuggets Honey Gold Honey Stars Koko Krunch La Lechera Flakes Lion ( cereal ) Lucky Charms Milo Cereal Nesquik ( cereal ) Nesquik Duo Cereal Nesquik CioccoMilk Nestlé Crunch Oats & More Trix Shreddies Shredded Wheat Strawberry Minis Chocolate and desserts 100 Grand Bar Animal Bar Abuelita Aero Aero Biscuits After Eight Allen 's Baby Ruth Bar One Bertie Beetle Big Chocolate Big Turk Blue Riband Breakaway Butterfinger Cailler Caramac Carlos V Chicos Choclait Chips Choco Crossies Chocolate Log Chokito Chunky Club Coffee Crisp Crisp Crunch Die Weisse Drifter Fox 's Golden Rough Goobers Jelly Tots Kit Kat Kit Kat Chunky Kit Kat Senses Lanvin Lentejas Life Savers Lion Bar Mackintosh 's Toffee Matchmakers Menier Chocolate Milkybar Milkybar Choo Milo ( chocolate bar ) Mirage Mint Patty Munchies Munch NestEgg Nestlé Baker 's Choice Nestlé Classic Nestlé Dessert Nestlé Fav * rites Nestlé Extra Smooth Nestlé Snack Nuts Nestlé Milk Chocolate Oh Henry ! Orion Peppermint Crisp Perugina Plaistowe Polo Quality Street Raisinets Rolo Rowntree 's Rowntree 's Fruit Gums Rowntree 's Fruit Pastilles Sin Parar Smarties Sno - Caps Spree Sundy ( brand ) Susy Svitoch TEX Toffee Crisp Violet Crumble Walnut Whip White Knight The Willy Wonka Candy Company XXX YES Yorkie Coffee and beverages Abuelita BabyNes Blue Bottle Coffee Company Carnation Caro Chuckie Coffee - Mate Dolce Gusto Klim La Lechera Lion Menier Milo Nescafé Nescau Nesfruta Nespresso Nesquik ( mix ) Nesquik Ready - To - Drink Nestea Nestlé Chocolate Nestlé Dessert Ovaltine Ricoré Sjora Sublime Supligen Sweet Leaf Tonimalt Zoégas Health and nutrition Nutramen Junior Nutrament Pamlab Peptamen Boost Resource Ice cream Camy D'Onofrio Dibs ( ice cream ) Dreyer 's / Edy 's Drumstick Eskimo Pie Extrême Fab Frosty Paws Häagen - Dazs Hjem - IS Ice Screamers Kit Kat La Cremeria La Laitière Lanvin ( chocolate ) Maxibon Mövenpick Nestlé Parlour Pops Savory ( ice cream ) Schőller Smarties Prepared and Packaged Food and Snacks Buitoni California Pizza Kitchen DiGiorno Garden Gourmet Herta Hot Pockets Jack 's Lean Cuisine Libby 's Lean Pockets Maggi Mousline Nestlé Starz Roll Ups Stouffer 's Thomy Tombstone Uncle Tobys Wagner Yinlu Foods Dairy Products a+ Actiplus After Eight Bear Brand Carnation Cerevita Coffee - Mate Dancow Everyday Kit Kat La Lechera La Laitère Milkmaid Nesquik Nesquik Minis Rolo SKI Nesquik Nesquik Powder Nesquik Cereal Nesquik Duo Cereal Nesquik CioccoMilk Nesquik ( beverage ) Bear Brand Bear Brand Busog Lusog Bear Brand Choco Bear Brand Adult Plus Bear Brand Gold Milo Milo granules Milo Chocolate Bar Milo Cereal Uncle Toby 's Cheerios Fruit Bites Healthwise Natural Style Muesli O&G Oat Crisp Oat Flakes PLUS Puffs Roll Ups VitaBrits Weeties Petcare Alpo Bakers Complete Beggin ' Strips Beneful Bonio Cat Chow Chef Michael 's Dog Chow Fancy Feast Felix Friskies Frosty Paws Go - Cat Gourmet ONE Pro Plan Tender Vittles Veterinary Diets Winalot Galderma Cetaphil Daylong Epiduo Excipial Restylane Former Alcon Chocolate Surpresa Enviga Jenny Craig Polly Waffle Powerbar Powwow Water Wonder Ball Divisions Gerber Life Insurance Company Nestlé Purina PetCare Nestlé Waters Nestlé Waters North America Joint ventures Beverage Partners Worldwide Cereal Partners Worldwide Lactalis Nestlé Chilled Dairy Nestlé Toll House Café Other assets Hsu Fu Chi ( 60 % ) L'Oréal ( 30.3 % ) Osem Yinlu Foods ( 60 % ) People Günter Blobel Paul Bulcke Peter Brabeck - Letmathe Nobuyuki Idei Henri Nestlé Kaspar Villiger Eugenio Minvielle Lagos Other Nestea European Championship Tour Nestlé boycott Nestlé Invitational Nestlé Rowntree F.C. Nestlé Smarties Book Prize Nestlé Tower Toll House cookies International Code of Marketing of Breast - milk Substitutes Nescafé Basement Currently manufactured by General Mills in the United States and Canada . Produced by Cereal Partners under the Nestlé brand elsewhere . Brand owned by General Mills ; US and Canadian production rights controlled by Nestlé under license . US production rights owned by The Hershey Company . Canadian production rights owned by The Hershey Company . US rights and production owned by Smarties Candy Company , with a different product . US rights and specific trade dress owned by Nestlé ; rights elsewhere owned by Associated British Foods . Produced by Cereal Partners , branded as Nestlé . Produced by Cereal Partners , and Branded Nestlé in The United Kingdom , and Ireland . Produced by Post Foods , elsewhere . Philippine production rights owned by Alaska Milk Corporation . Used only in Indonesia , Thailand , and Cambodia . Used only in the Philippines . Used only in Brazil . Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quality_Street_(confectionery)&oldid=809017177 '' Categories : British confectionery Yorkshire cuisine Products introduced in 1936 Hidden categories : CS1 Norwegian Bokmål - language sources ( nb ) Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017 , at 17 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality%20Street%20%28confectionery%29	3,204
where do you insert a swan ganz catheter			Pulmonary artery catheter	pulmonary artery catheter	In medicine pulmonary artery catheterization ( PAC ) is the insertion of a catheter into a pulmonary artery . Its purpose is diagnostic ; it is used to detect heart failure or sepsis , monitor therapy , and evaluate the effects of drugs . The pulmonary artery catheter allows direct , simultaneous measurement of pressures in the right atrium , right ventricle , pulmonary artery , and the filling pressure ( `` wedge '' pressure ) of the left atrium .	The pulmonary artery catheter is frequently referred to as a Swan - Ganz catheter , in honor of its inventors Jeremy Swan and William Ganz , from Cedars - Sinai Medical Center . Contents 1 Indications 2 Procedure 3 Technical developments 3.1 Thermal dilution 3.2 Pharmacotherapy lumina 3.3 SvO measurement 3.4 Alternatives 4 Complications 5 Controversy 5.1 Evidence of benefit 5.2 Evidence of harm or lack of benefit 5.3 Utility of pulmonary artery catheterization 6 Notes 7 References 8 Further reading Indications ( edit ) General indications are : Management of complicated myocardial infarction Hypovolemia vs cardiogenic shock Ventricular septal rupture ( VSR ) vs acute mitral regurgitation Severe left ventricular failure Right ventricular infarction Unstable angina Refractory ventricular tachycardia Assessment of respiratory distress Cardiogenic vs non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema Primary vs secondary pulmonary hypertension Assessment of type of shock Assessment of therapy Afterload reduction Vasopressors Beta blockers Intra-aortic balloon counter-pulsation Assessment of fluid requirement in critically ill patients Hemorrhage Sepsis Acute renal failure aka Acute Kidney Injury Burns Management of postoperative open heart surgical patients Assessment of valvular heart disease Assessment of cardiac tamponade / constriction No study has definitively demonstrated improved outcome in critically ill patients managed with PA catheters . Given that the PA catheter is a monitoring tool and not a therapy in and of itself this is not entirely surprising . Justification for its continued use rests on a large body of clinical experience , disadvantages of other cardiac output monitoring systems , its ability to accurately measure pulmonary artery pressure , and the potential to use the catheter as a direct conduit for drug administration into the pulmonary artery . Procedure ( edit ) Pulmonary Artery Catheter Illustration Illustration depicting a catheter on the pulmonary artery . The catheter is introduced through a large vein -- often the internal jugular , subclavian , or femoral veins . From this entry site , it is threaded through the right atrium of the heart , the right ventricle , and subsequently into the pulmonary artery . The passage of the catheter may be monitored by dynamic pressure readings from the catheter tip or with the aid of fluoroscopy . The standard pulmonary artery catheter has two lumens ( Swan - Ganz ) and is equipped with an inflatable balloon at the tip , which facilitates its placement into the pulmonary artery through the flow of blood . The balloon , when inflated , causes the catheter to `` wedge '' in a small pulmonary blood vessel . So wedged , the catheter can provide an indirect measurement of the pressure in the left atrium of the heart , showing a mean pressure , in addition to a , x , v , and y waves which have implications for status of the left atria and the mitral valve . Left ventricular end diastolic pressure ( LVedp ) is measured using a different procedure , with a catheter that has directly crossed the aortic valve and is well positioned in the left ventricle . LV edp reflects fluid status of the individual in addition to heart health . See also pulmonary wedge pressure and ventricular pressure . Technical developments ( edit ) Thermal dilution ( edit ) The idea for a sail or balloon tip modification of Ronald Bradley 's simple portex tubing method came about from Swan 's observation from the Laguna Beach CA shore of sail boats on the water on a relatively calm day . Boats with conventional slot sails were still ; one with a spinnaker was able to make reasonable headway . The concept of using thermodilution to measure cardiac output was originally the idea of Arnost Fronek . As a former colleague of Fronek , Ganz added the thermistor modification after Swan showed him the initial balloon design , which was fabricated by Edwards Laboratories , which had previously contracted with Swan as a consultant . After Swan developed the initial balloon tip , Ganz used Fronek 's idea and added a small thermistor ( temperature probe ) about 3 cm behind the tip . Either cold 10 ml of saline ( 0.9 % NaCl ) under 10 ° Celsius or room temperature ( not as accurate ) is injected into an opening in the right atrium . As this cooler fluid passes the tip thermistor , a very brief drop in the blood temperature is recorded . A recent variation in design is the incorporation of a heating coil on the catheter ( 30 cm from the tip , residing in the atrium area ) which eliminates the cold fluid bolus , a major factor in human technique variation . By attaching both the injector site and the ventricular thermistor to a small computer , the thermodilution curve can be plotted . If details about the patient 's body mass index ( size ) ; core temp , Systolic , diastolic , central venous pressure CVP ( measured from the atrium by the third lumen simultaneously ) and pulmonary artery pressure are input , a comprehensive flow vs pressure map can be calculated . In crude terms , this measurement compares left and right cardiac activity and calculates preload and afterload flow and pressures which , theoretically , can be stabilized or adjusted with drugs to either constrict or dilate the vessels ( to raise or lower , respectively , the pressure of blood flowing to the lungs ) , in order to maximize oxygen for delivery to the body tissues . The ability to record results is not a guarantee of patient survivability . The true art remains with the consultant physician or intensivist in balancing fluid load , so much so that the introduction of a balloon catheter , which is usually yellow , has been nicknamed `` The kiss of the yellow snake '' . Pharmacotherapy lumina ( edit ) Modern catheters have multiple lumina -- five or six are common -- and have openings along the length to allow administration of inotropes and other drugs directly into the atrium . Drugs to achieve these changes can be delivered into the atrium via the fourth lumen , usually dedicated to medication . Common drugs used are various inotropes , norepinephrine or even atropine . A further set of calculations can be made by measuring the arterial blood and central venous ( from the third lumen ) and inputting these figures into a spreadsheet or the cardiac output computer , if so equipped , and plotting an oxygen delivery profile . Svo measurement ( edit ) One further development in recent years has been the invention of a catheter with a fiber - optic based probe which is extended and lodged into the ventricle wall providing instant readings of SvO2 or oxygen saturation of the ventricle tissues . This technique has a finite life as the sensor becomes coated with protein and it can irritate the ventricle via the contact area . Alternatives ( edit ) Various other techniques have largely relegated the PA catheter to history , e.g. the lithium dilution technique ; the external bio-resistance monitor or the very simple and reliable technique of esophogeal doppler measurements of the descending aorta . Complications ( edit ) The procedure is not without risk , and complications can be life - threatening . It can lead to arrhythmias , pseudoaneurysm formation or rupture of the pulmonary artery , thrombosis , infection , pneumothorax , bleeding , and other problems . Controversy ( edit ) The benefit of the use of this type of catheter has been controversial . Therefore , many clinicians minimize its use . Evidence of benefit ( edit ) Several studies in the 1980s seemed to show a benefit of the increase in physiological information . Many reports showing benefit of the PA catheter are from anaesthetic , and Intensive Care settings . In these settings cardiovascular performance was optimized thinking patients would have supra - normal metabolic requirements . Evidence of harm or lack of benefit ( edit ) Contrary to earlier studies there is growing evidence the use of a PA catheter ( PAC ) does not necessarily lead to improved outcome . One explanation could be that nurses and physicians are insufficiently knowledgeable to adequately interpret the PA catheter measurements . Also , the benefits might be reduced by the complications from the use of the PAC . Furthermore , using information from the PAC might result in a more aggressive therapy causing the detrimental effect . Or , it could give rise to more harmful therapies ( i.e. achieving supra - normal values could be associated with increased mortality ) . Utility of pulmonary artery catheterization ( edit ) This interpretation of Adolph Ficks ' formulation for cardiac output by time / temperature curves is an expedient but limited and invasive model of right heart performance . It remains an exceptional method of monitoring volume overload leading to pulmonary edema in an ICU setting . A feature of the pulmonary artery catheter that has been largely ignored in the clinical setting is its ability to monitor total body oxygen extraction by measuring the mixed venous oxygen saturation . Regardless of the value obtained by measurements of the cardiac output , the mixed venous oxygen saturation is an accurate parameter of total body blood flow and therefore cardiac output . The assumption that a low mixed venous oxygen saturation ( normal = 60 % except for the coronary sinus where it approximates 40 % reflecting the high metabolic rate of the myocardium ) represents less than adequate oxygen delivery is consistent with physiological and metabolic observations . High oxygen extraction is associated with low cardiac output and decreased mixed venous oxygen saturation . Except during hypothermia and in severe sepsis , low mixed venous oxygen saturations are indication of inadequate hemodynamics . The ability of the pulmonary artery catheter to sample mixed venous blood is of great utility to manage low cardiac output states . Non-invasive echocardiography and pulse - wave cardiac output monitoring are concordant with ( and much safer ) if not better than invasive methods defining right and left heart performance . The advent of MRSA and similar hospital based catheter infections now clearly limits the utility of this type of invasive cardiac ICU intervention . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Shah , MR ; Hasselblad , V ; Stevenson , LW ; Binanay , C ; et al. ( October 5 , 2005 ) . `` Impact of the pulmonary artery catheter in critically ill patients : Meta - analysis of randomized clinical trials '' . JAMA. 294 ( 13 ) : 1664 -- 70 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 294.13. 1664 . PMID 16204666 . Jump up ^ Rajaram , SS ; Desai , NK ; Kalra , A ; Gajera , M ; et al. ( 2013 ) . `` Pulmonary artery catheters for adult patients in intensive care '' . Cochrane Anaesthesia Group . Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews . 2 . CD003408 . doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD003408. pub3 . PMID 23450539 . Jump up ^ Fronek & Ganz 1960 . Jump up ^ Mehta , Y ; Arora , D ( September 26 , 2014 ) . `` Newer methods of cardiac output monitoring '' . World Journal of Cardiology. 6 ( 9 ) : 1022 -- 9 . doi : 10.4330 / wjc. v6. i9. 1022 . PMC 4176793 . PMID 25276302 . Jump up ^ Sandham , JD ; Hull , RD ; Brant , RF ; Knox , L ; et al. ( January 2 , 2003 ) . `` A randomized , controlled trial of the use of pulmonary - artery catheters in high - risk surgical patients '' . The New England Journal of Medicine . 348 ( 1 ) : 5 -- 14 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMoa021108 . PMID 12510037 . Jump up ^ Bland , RD ; Shoemaker , WC ; Abraham , E ; Cobo , JC ( 1985 ) . `` Hemodynamic and oxygen transport patterns in surviving and non-surviving postoperative patients '' . Critical Care Medicine . 13 ( 2 ) : 85 -- 90 . doi : 10.1097 / 00003246 - 198502000 - 00006 . PMID 3967509 . References ( edit ) Fronek , A ; Ganz , V ( 1959 ) . `` ( Local thermodilution method of measuring minute volume and circulation rate in the peripheral vessels ) '' . Československá Fysiologie ( in Czech ) . 8 ( 3 ) : 189 . PMID 13671524 . Fronek , A ; Ganz , V ( 1960 ) . `` Measurement of flow in single blood vessels including cardiac output by local thermodilution '' ( PDF ) . Circulation Research . 8 : 175 -- 82 . doi : 10.1161 / 01. res. 8.1. 175 . Swan , HJ ; Ganz , W ; Forrester , J ; Marcus , H ; et al. ( August 1970 ) . `` Catheterization of the heart in man with use of a flow - directed balloon - tipped catheter '' . The New England Journal of Medicine . 283 ( 9 ) : 447 -- 51 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJM197008272830902 . PMID 5434111 . Irwin , Richard S. ; Rippe , James M. ( 2012 ) . Irwin and Rippe 's Intensive Care Medicine ( 7th ed . ) . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . ISBN 9781451154207 . Marino , Paul M. ( 2014 ) . Marino 's The ICU Book ( 4th revised ed . ) . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . ISBN 9781451121186 . Irwin , Richard S. ; Rippe , James M. ; Lisbon , Alan ; Heard , Stephen O. ( 2012 ) . Irwin & Rippe 's Procedures , Techniques and Minimally Invasive Monitoring in Intensive Care Medicine . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . ISBN 9781451180237 . Further reading ( edit ) Marik , PE ( 2013 ) . `` Obituary : Pulmonary artery catheter 1970 to 2013 '' . Annals of Intensive Care . 3 . 38 . doi : 10.1186 / 2110 - 5820 - 3 - 38 . PMC 4175482 . PMID 24286266 . Magder , S ( January 2015 ) . `` Invasive hemodynamic monitoring '' . Critical Care Clinics . 31 ( 1 ) : 67 -- 87 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ccc. 2014.08. 004 . PMID 25435479 . Whitener , S ; Konoske , R ; Mark , JB ( December 2014 ) . `` Pulmonary artery catheter '' . Best Practice & Research : Clinical Anesthesiology. 28 ( 4 ) : 323 -- 35 . doi : 10.1016 / j. bpa. 2014.08. 003 . PMID 25480764 . Gidwani , UK ; Mohanty , B ; Chatterjee , K ( November 2013 ) . `` The pulmonary artery catheter : A critical reappraisal '' . Cardiology Clinics . 31 ( 4 ) : 545 -- 65 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ccl. 2013.07. 008 . PMID 24188220 . Pulmonary artery catheterization at eMedicine hide Intensive care medicine Health science Medicine Medical specialities Respiratory therapy General terms Intensive care unit ( ICU ) Neonatal intensive care unit ( NICU ) Pediatric intensive care unit ( PICU ) Coronary care unit ( CCU ) Critical illness insurance Conditions Organ system failure Shock sequence SIRS Sepsis Severe sepsis Septic shock Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome Other shock Cardiogenic shock Distributive shock Anaphylaxis Obstructive shock Neurogenic shock Spinal shock Organ failure Acute renal failure Acute respiratory distress syndrome Acute liver failure Respiratory failure Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome Neonatal infection Polytrauma Coma Complications Critical illness polyneuropathy / myopathy Critical illness -- related corticosteroid insufficiency Decubitus ulcers Fungemia Stress hyperglycemia Stress ulcer Iatrogenesis Methicillin - resistant Staphylococcus aureus Oxygen toxicity Refeeding syndrome Ventilator - associated lung injury Ventilator - associated pneumonia Dialytrauma Diagnosis Arterial blood gas Catheter Arterial line Central venous catheter Pulmonary artery catheter Blood cultures Screening cultures Life - supporting treatments Airway management Chest tube Dialysis Enteral feeding Goal - directed therapy Induced coma Mechanical ventilation Therapeutic hypothermia Total parenteral nutrition Tracheal intubation Drugs Analgesics Antibiotics Antithrombotics Inotropes Intravenous fluids Neuromuscular - blocking drugs Recombinant activated protein C Sedatives Stress ulcer prevention drugs Vasopressors ICU scoring systems APACHE II Glasgow Coma Scale PIM2 SAPS II SAPS III SOFA Physiology Hemodynamics Hypotension Level of consciousness Acid -- base imbalance Water - electrolyte imbalance Organisations Society of Critical Care Medicine Surviving Sepsis Campaign European Society of Paediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care Related specialties Anesthesia Cardiology Internal medicine Neurology Pediatrics Pulmonology Surgery Traumatology Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pulmonary_artery_catheter&oldid=835155480 '' Categories : Catheters Intensive care medicine Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from March 2009 All articles lacking in - text citations Articles needing additional references from March 2009 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2008 CS1 Czech - language sources ( cs ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Deutsch Español Français Italiano 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 22 : 08 ( UTC ) . 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where did they film american horror story coven	Principal photography for the season began on July 23 , 2013 , in New Orleans , Louisiana . The casting call reads , `` After two seasons shooting in Los Angeles , the series moves to ( New Orleans ) for its third season . Filming begins July 23 , 2013 in New Orleans , Louisiana and ( will be ) completed on January 17 , 2014 . '' Despite Ryan Murphy stating that the third season would take place in multiple cities , New Orleans is the primary setting of the third installment .	New Orleans\|Los Angeles	American Horror Story : Coven	american horror story : coven	American Horror Story : Coven is the third season of the FX horror anthology television series American Horror Story . It premiered on October 9 , 2013 , and concluded on January 29 , 2014 . The season takes place in 2013 , in New Orleans , and follows a Coven of Salem witches as they fight for survival . It also features flashbacks to the 1830s , 1910s , 1960s and 1970s .	Returning cast members from the previous season of the series include : Robin Bartlett , Frances Conroy , Jessica Lange , Sarah Paulson , Evan Peters , and Lily Rabe . Taissa Farmiga , Jamie Brewer , Denis O'Hare , and Alexandra Breckenridge also make their returns to the series . Like its predecessors , Coven was met with both mostly positive reviews , and strong ratings , with the premiere episode attracting a series high of 5.54 million viewers . The season garnered seventeen Primetime Emmy Award nominations , including Outstanding Miniseries and five acting nominations for Jessica Lange , Sarah Paulson , Angela Bassett , Frances Conroy , and Kathy Bates , with Lange and Bates winning their respective acting categories . In addition , Coven was nominated for Best Miniseries or TV Film at the Golden Globe Awards . In the series ' fifth cycle , Hotel , Gabourey Sidibe reprised her role as Queenie in the eleventh episode of the season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Special guest stars 2.3 Recurring 2.4 Guest stars 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Conception 4.2 Future season 4.3 Casting 4.4 Filming 5 Mythology 5.1 History of the witches 5.1. 1 The Supreme 5.2 Magic 5.2. 1 The Seven Wonders 5.2. 2 Uncommon powers 6 Marketing 7 Reception 7.1 Critical response 7.2 Awards and nominations 7.3 Ratings 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) The third season follows a Coven of Salem descendants who reside within Miss Robichaux 's Academy in New Orleans . Zoe Benson ( Taissa Farmiga ) is sent to the Academy after discovering her dark power : she can magically induce brain hemorrhaging in any man by having sex with him . Upon arrival , she meets Madison Montgomery ( Emma Roberts ) , a telekinetic and a recovering drug abuser who was once a child film star ; Queenie ( Gabourey Sidibe ) , a descendant of Tituba with the power to inflict wounds on others by harming herself , without feeling any pain ; and Nan ( Jamie Brewer ) , an enigmatic clairvoyant who can hear the thoughts of others . The Academy is run by headmistress Cordelia Foxx ( Sarah Paulson ) , who has always lived in the shadow of her mother , Fiona Goode ( Jessica Lange ) . Fiona is the Coven 's `` Supreme '' , a witch born every generation who embodies specific gifts and magical abilities known as the Seven Wonders of Witchcraft . The Academy is looked after by Spalding ( Denis O'Hare ) , a mute butler who has a mysterious relationship with Fiona . The Coven is assessed by the Council of Witchcraft , which includes Fiona 's old rival and Cordelia 's mother figure , Myrtle Snow ( Frances Conroy ) . At a party , Zoe meets fraternity president Kyle Spencer ( Evan Peters ) , who takes a liking to her . Madison is gang - raped by Kyle 's frat brothers and , as revenge , uses her power to flip their bus , killing Kyle and six others . Two of the boys survive and are placed in critical care . Zoe goes to the hospital and kills the remaining rapist with her power . To repay Zoe , Madison revives a dismembered Kyle by attaching his frat brothers ' severed limbs to his head and casting a resurrection spell , but he returns frightened and simple - minded . It is revealed that Kyle 's mother sexually abused him , making it hard for him to be trusting of physical touch . His revived corpse attracts Misty Day ( Lily Rabe ) , a witch who resurrected herself after being burned at the stake . Meanwhile , Fiona is cursed with an untreatable cancer due to a new Supreme rising . She tries , in vain , to regain her youth and cure herself . Voodoo priestess and the Salem witches ' rival , Marie Laveau ( Angela Bassett ) , has gained immortality by dealing with a voodoo spirit , Papa Legba ( Lance Reddick ) . Fiona frees Marie 's immortal prisoner , 19th - century slave killer Delphine LaLaurie ( Kathy Bates ) , who becomes the Academy 's maid . She struggles to adjust to the modern world due to her inherent racism . Fiona believes Madison is the next Supreme and slits her throat ; Spalding helps cover it up . Zoe discovers Spalding 's secrets and kills him , turning him into a ghost that haunts the Academy . Cordelia is blinded in an acid attack by witch hunters , one of whom is her husband . Myrtle is framed by Fiona , with Queenie 's help , and is burned at the stake . In 1919 , witches of the Academy killed the notorious serial killer the Axeman ( Danny Huston ) , whose spirit has since been confined inside the Academy 's walls . He is freed when Zoe tries to contact the ghost of Madison via ouija board . He then begins a twisted romance with Fiona . Misty revives Myrtle and Madison , both of whom return with vengeful notions ; Madison seduces Kyle behind Zoe 's back , and Myrtle slaughters the Council of Witchcraft . Queenie joins the voodoo tribe and gives over Delphine , who is tortured and beheaded but remains alive . Cordelia 's husband , Hank ( Josh Hamilton ) , slaughters the tribe and nearly kills Marie , before Queenie uses her powers on Hank by shooting herself in the head , killing him . A hopeless Marie joins the Academy , and she and Fiona drown Nan in order to fulfill a deal with Legba and remove a Supreme candidate . Queenie returns with a reattached Delphine . Marie , Fiona , and the Axeman slaughter the witch hunters . Spalding 's ghost helps Delphine dissect Marie . Madison attempts to eliminate Supreme competition by entombing Misty , but she is brought back by Queenie and Cordelia . Queenie kills Delphine after making a deal with Legba to return her mortality . Marie and Delphine are banished to hell for eternity due to their actions in life . Fiona makes the Axeman believe he has murdered her , and the witches kill him in return . The Coven sets out to find the next Supreme with the test of Seven Wonders . Misty and Zoe die while attempting different tests . Queenie is disqualified when she is unable to revive Zoe . Madison can but refuses , and angrily leaves after she fails a test . Kyle then kills her for not saving Zoe . Cordelia enters the competition and successfully brings Zoe back . She becomes the new Supreme , regains her sight , and reveals the Coven to the world . Myrtle is burned once again for murdering the Council . Zoe and Queenie are appointed seats on the Council , and Kyle becomes the new butler . Fiona returns to the Coven alive but withered from cancer . She makes amends with Cordelia , before dying in her arms . Fiona is then banished to hell with the Axeman . Cordelia , Zoe , Queenie , and Kyle open the doors to the Academy , welcoming the new recruitment of witches . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main articles : List of American Horror Story characters and List of American Horror Story : Coven characters Main ( edit ) Jessica Lange , Taissa Farmiga and Sarah Paulson ( left to right ) portray lead roles , Fiona Goode , Zoe Benson and Cordelia Foxx respectively , who appear in all episodes . Kathy Bates , Frances Conroy , and Lily Rabe ( left to right ) portray lead roles Delphine LaLaurie , Myrtle Snow , and Misty Day , respectively . Sarah Paulson as Cordelia Foxx Taissa Farmiga as Zoe Benson Frances Conroy as Myrtle Snow Evan Peters as Kyle Spencer Lily Rabe as Misty Day Emma Roberts as Madison Montgomery Denis O'Hare as Spalding Kathy Bates as Delphine LaLaurie Jessica Lange as Fiona Goode Special guest stars ( edit ) Angela Bassett as Marie Laveau Gabourey Sidibe as Queenie Danny Huston as the Axeman Patti LuPone as Joan Ramsey Stevie Nicks as herself Recurring ( edit ) Jamie Brewer as Nan Josh Hamilton as Hank Foxx Alexander Dreymon as Luke Ramsey Lance Reddick as Papa Legba Michael Cristofer as Harrison Renard Leslie Jordan as Quentin Fleming Robin Bartlett as Cecily Pembroke Mike Colter as David Riley Voelkel as Young Fiona Goode Christine Ebersole as Anna - Lee Leighton Michelle Page as Young Myrtle Snow Grey Damon as Brener Ian Anthony Dale as Dr. David Zhong Lance E. Nichols as Detective Sanchez Andrew Leeds as Dr. Dunphy Gavin Stenhouse as Billy P.J. Boudousqué as Jimmy Ameer Baraka as Bastien , the Minotaur Dana Gourrier as Chantal Guest stars ( edit ) Alexandra Breckenridge as Kaylee Mare Winningham as Alicia Spencer Grace Gummer as Millie Kyle Secor as Bill Raeden Greer as Pauline LaLaurie Jennifer Lynn Warren as Borquita LaLaurie Ashlynn Ross as Marie Jeanne LaLaurie Scott Michael Jefferson as Louis LaLaurie James DuMont as Dr. Morrison Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of American Horror Story episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 26 `` Bitchcraft '' Alfonso Gomez - Rejon Ryan Murphy & Brad Falchuk October 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 09 ) 3ATS01 5.54 Zoe Benson ( Taissa Farmiga ) plans to have sex with her boyfriend for the first time , but something goes horribly wrong when the loss of her virginity leads to the discovery of a hidden power . Zoe learns she is a descendant from Salem and is in fact a witch . Her unique power causes violent hemorrhaging and certain death to whomever she has sex with . Fearing their daughter may become a hazard to the ones around her , Zoe 's parents send her to a mysterious all - girls private school in New Orleans that teaches young witches how to survive in the modern world . Upon arriving , she meets her classmates : Madison Montgomery ( Emma Roberts ) , a spoiled brat teenage movie star , who can move objects with her mind , Nan ( Jamie Brewer ) , a girl with Down syndrome , who can hear the thoughts of others , and Queenie ( Gabourey Sidibe ) , a witch from Detroit who descends from an African - American line of Salem witches : she is a human voodoo doll who can transfer her own wounds onto someone else . The school is owned and run by Cordelia Foxx ( Sarah Paulson ) . After a young witch named Misty Day ( Lily Rabe ) is burned at the stake , Cordelia 's estranged mother , reigning Supreme and most powerful witch of her generation , Fiona Goode ( Jessica Lange ) , arrives to ensure their protection . However , Fiona also has her own agenda : finding a way to regain her youth . Zoe and Madison go to a local fraternity party only for it to end in tragedy when Madison is drugged and gang - raped by several frat brothers . She then takes quick and lethal revenge against them . Zoey later kills the last surviving frat boy by using her new power . 27 `` Boy Parts '' Michael Rymer Tim Minear October 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 16 ) 3ATS02 4.51 Still seeking to be perpetually young and beautiful , Fiona questions her new captive , Madame Delphine LaLaurie ( Kathy Bates ) , who in the previous episode was dug up from an unmarked grave , still alive . Delphine tells Fiona that 180 years ago , a voodoo priestess named Marie Laveau ( Angela Bassett ) gave her an immortality elixir , killed her family , and buried her alive . In hopes of becoming immortal as well , Fiona visits the still - living Laveau in a 9th Ward beauty salon and creates a renewed rivalry between the Salem witches and the voodoo practitioners . Meanwhile , Zoe and Madison decide to cast a resurrection spell in order to bring Kyle ( Evan Peters ) , one of several frat boy members that Madison murdered , back to life . When Kyle reanimates as a scared , angry monster , Zoe must seek help from a reclusive Necromancer , Misty Day . Elsewhere , Cordelia and her husband Hank ( Josh Hamilton ) have trouble conceiving a child , so he wants her to perform a fertility ritual . 28 `` The Replacements '' Alfonso Gomez - Rejon James Wong October 23 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 23 ) 3ATS03 3.78 Madison and Nan take a liking to the new next door neighbor , Luke Ramsey ( Alexander Dreymon ) , but have problems with his overly - religious mother Joan ( Patti LuPone ) . After an encounter with the Ramseys , Madison develops the power of Pyrokinesis . A weakened Fiona learns she has terminal cancer and believes it to be caused by one of the students rising to take her place as the Supreme . After hearing of Madison 's growing power , Fiona takes her under wing . She shows Madison what it means to be a real witch , and gets her to reveal another new power she possesses . Realizing she is the next Supreme , Fiona plans to get rid of her . Meanwhile , Zoe visits Kyle 's distraught mother ( Mare Winningham ) and takes him home , not knowing of her true colors . Cordelia is told by her doctor that she can never have a baby and goes to Marie Laveau for help . As punishment for her crimes of torture and abuse of slaves in 1830 , the racist Delphine LaLaurie is forced by Fiona to be a maid to the students , causing tension between her and Queenie . 29 `` Fearful Pranks Ensue '' Michael Uppendahl Jennifer Salt October 30 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 30 ) 3ATS04 3.71 Fiona tells the house butler , Spalding ( Denis O'Hare ) , to get rid of Madison 's body and rescues Queenie from the Minotaur , a mythological beast that was sent to the Academy by Marie Laveau . At Kyle 's house , Zoe hastily cleans up the mess that he created after killing his mother , but ends up losing him as Halloween commences . Away on a `` business '' trip , Hank cheats on Cordelia with his girlfriend , Kaylee ( Alexandra Breckenridge ) , whom he then murders in his hotel room . The Council of Witchcraft pays a surprise visit the Academy to discuss Madison 's disappearance . After receiving a gruesome present from Fiona , Marie officially ends the truce between the witches and voodoo practitioners and calls upon the dead to wreak havoc on the Academy . 30 5 `` Burn , Witch . Burn ! '' Jeremy Podeswa Jessica Sharzer November 6 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 06 ) 3ATS05 3.80 Continuing from the last episode set on Halloween night , Zoe and the others go on the defensive when zombies attempt to get into the school . Faced with death , Zoe unleashes a new power . Madame LaLaurie deals with the fact that she was a horrible mother when she sees her own daughters amongst the hordes of zombies . After an attack on Cordelia leaves her blind and helpless , Fiona also deals with the fact that she was a bad mother . The Council returns after the attacks on Cordelia and the girls , but Fiona manages to persuade them into believing head of the Council , Myrtle Snow ( Frances Conroy ) , attacked Cordelia due to her grudge against Fiona . Myrtle is sentenced to burn at the stake for harming another witch . At the end , Misty Day appears and resurrects Myrtle . 31 6 `` The Axeman Cometh '' Michael Uppendahl Douglas Petrie November 13 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 13 ) 3ATS06 4.16 Zoe , Queenie and Nan decide to come together as a Coven and use a spirit board to make contact with the other side in order to find Madison . The girls end up making contact with the spirit of legendary serial killer , The Axeman of New Orleans ( Danny Huston ) . Queenie warns Zoe to stay away from that kind of witchcraft because it has dangerous consequences , but Zoe is determined to find out what happened to Madison . Zoe uses the spirit board alone , and summons the Axeman , who wants something in return for helping her find Madison . After decades of being held inside the Academy 's walls , he asks Zoe to release his spirit that was trapped there by its former students . A now blind Cordelia develops the power of Second Sight and finds out about Hank 's indiscretion , causing him to worry that she will find out his real secret of being a witch hunter . Madison is revived by Misty , and Kyle is kept at the Coven . Also , Fiona desperately wants to have one last whirlwind romance before she inevitably dies . 32 7 `` The Dead '' Bradley Buecker Brad Falchuk November 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 20 ) 3ATS07 4.00 Fiona has a tryst with the Axeman , which is complicated by the side effects of her chemotherapy . Meanwhile , Zoe casts a spell to restore Spalding 's tongue and interrogates him , killing him after he admits Fiona was Madison 's real murderer . A newly revived Madison bonds with Kyle over being undead . Delphine and Queenie also become closer , and Delphine tells Queenie that the other witches will never truly accept her because of her race . Queenie visits Marie , who offers to let Queenie join the voodoo practitioners if she brings her Delphine . After walking in on Kyle and Madison having sex , Zoe feels betrayed by them both , but Madison claims the two should simply share him . Zoe refuses , knowing that the minute they have sex her power will kill him . Madison insists that she ca n't kill him because he is already dead ; that night Madison , Zoe and Kyle engage in a threesome . 33 8 `` The Sacred Taking '' Alfonso Gomez - Rejon Ryan Murphy December 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 04 ) 3ATS08 4.07 Fearing for their lives , Misty and a resurrected Myrtle arrive at the Coven to escape a witch hunter . The Coven prepares for the Sacred Taking ritual ; which is only invoked to protect the Coven in which a Supreme witch takes her own life to ensure the safety of the Coven , hastening the arrival of the next Supreme . As Fiona 's health begins to fail , she finds Madison dancing around her bed . Madison claims to be the next Supreme by reviving herself , and Fiona 's punishment will be to burn at the stake . She convinces Fiona to avoid that fate and swallow a handful of pills given to her . Fiona takes ipecac syrup , and vomits up the pills . She vows that she will avenge both Spalding 's death and her own . At Marie Laveau 's , Delphine is being held in a cage with no food or water . Delphine scoffs at Marie 's taunts , pointing out she can not die . Marie produces a large sword , mocking Delphine 's lack of imagination . She hacks off Delphine 's hand , warning that she 's just getting started . That evening , an attack is carried out when an unseen witch hunter shoots and kills Joan Ramsey and injures Luke while Nan escapes injury . Misty , at Fiona 's insistence , resurrects Joan . The next morning , with no servants to be found , Fiona answers the front door , only to find a cardboard box on the porch . She scans it with magic , takes it inside and opens it . Inside is Delphine LaLaurie 's severed head staring back at her . 34 9 `` Head '' Howard Deutch Tim Minear December 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 11 ) 3ATS09 3.94 Marie scoffs at Fiona 's offer of an alliance , but must later reconsider when witch hunter Hank turns his attention on her voodoo tribe . Hank 's back story is revealed , showing how his father trained him to be a witch hunter and how he met and charmed his way into Cordelia 's life . Myrtle finally gets her revenge upon the Council that betrayed her . Meanwhile , Queenie attempts to force the disembodied Delphine to appreciate the modern African - American heritage . Nan 's clairvoyance allows a comatose Luke to reveal a dark Ramsey family secret . Also , Myrtle restores Cordelia 's eyes and allows her to see again . In doing so , Cordelia loses her power of Second Sight . 35 10 `` The Magical Delights of Stevie Nicks '' Alfonso Gomez - Rejon James Wong January 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 08 ) 3ATS10 3.49 Marie and Fiona form an uneasy alliance in order to protect themselves from the witch hunters . Meanwhile , Nan develops new powers of being able to read and control people 's thoughts . Madison tries to sabotage Zoe and the other witches in the race for the Supremacy . Fiona tries to show Misty the wonderful things a Supreme can enjoy , by introducing Stevie Nicks to her . It is also revealed how Marie is still beautiful and alive after so many years . Nan learns that Joan murdered Luke in his hospital bed after he threatened to reveal a family secret , and Nan turns to a dark path by exacting an equally cruel and lethal revenge against Joan . 36 11 `` Protect the Coven '' Bradley Buecker Jennifer Salt January 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 15 ) 3ATS11 3.46 A flashback to the 1830s reveals the origins of Delphine LaLaurie . After she moves back to New Orleans from Paris , she fears she will tire of the city 's atmosphere . She then discovers her shocking attraction to blood and torture . In present day , a newly reassembled Delphine takes up an old hobby to pass the time . Marie and Fiona have a deadly face off with witch hunters of the Delphi Trust , while Cordelia makes a desperate sacrifice to protect the Coven . Meanwhile , a jealous Madison does n't accept the fact that Kyle is in love with Zoe . The two argue over who deserves him more and Madison uses magic to hurt Zoe . 37 12 `` Go to Hell '' Alfonso Gomez - Rejon Jessica Sharzer January 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 22 ) 3ATS12 3.35 Knowing her death from cancer is approaching , Fiona attempts to make amends by saying goodbye to Cordelia , giving her a family heirloom . Cordelia regains her power of Second Sight and foresees the harrowing future of the Coven . Cordelia goes to the Axeman and shares her visions with him , which later leads to the murder of Fiona . With Fiona gone , the girls finally band together as a Coven . Also , Queenie summons Papa Legba ( Lance Reddick ) and visits her own personal hell . Later Queenie kills Delphine LaLaurie , inadvertently killing Marie ( as Papa Legba terminated their immortality after breach of contract ) and the two find themselves in their actual hell , which is an eternity of Delphine being tortured by Marie in her own torture chamber . 38 13 `` The Seven Wonders '' Alfonso Gomez - Rejon Douglas Petrie January 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 29 ) 3ATS13 4.24 In order to identify the next Supreme , Zoe , Madison , Misty and Queenie undergo the test of the Seven Wonders . The Seven Wonders are seven acts of magic so advanced , each pushes the boundaries of witchcraft . The one who performs them all successfully is the next Supreme . At first , the girls pass each test of magic with ease , until they reach the test of descensum , where they must send their spirits to hell and return before sunrise . All pass the test except Misty whose spirit remains trapped in her own personal hell . When the sun rises , her body turns to dust . They recommence the tests with completing the act of transmutation ( teleportation ) . This leads Zoe to her own demise when she teleports herself through the iron gates of the Academy , impaling and ultimately killing herself . Queenie tries , but ca n't resurrect Zoe . Madison has the power to perform the resurrection , but refuses . By process of elimination , she believes she is the new Supreme . Fearing Madison as Supreme will be no different from Fiona , Myrtle convinces Cordelia to join the competition . Cordelia completes all the tests successfully while Madison fails at divination . Cordelia brings back Zoe and is crowned Supreme . Myrtle later requests to again be burned alive for her dishonorable actions of murder . Kyle kills Madison for refusing to resurrect Zoe , and Spalding takes her body . Cordelia makes peace with her dying mother after inheriting her powers and title of Supreme . Fiona then joins the Axeman in her personal hell where , as he informs her , they will spend the rest of eternity . At the end , Cordelia comes out to the public on television , informing people of the witches ' Coven . Along with new Council members Zoe and Queenie , and the new house butler Kyle , she offers hope to young witches everywhere . Production ( edit ) Conception ( edit ) In January 2013 , series co-creator Ryan Murphy hinted that a clue about the third season would be hidden in the tenth episode of the second season . In a later interview discussing that episode , he stated , `` I sorta feel like for the third version I want to do something that 's a little bit more ' evil glamour . ' Just something that 's a little bit more ... one of the things that I missed this season was I really loved having that Romeo and Juliet youth story with Violet and Tate ( from the first season ) . I want something like that again and we 're doing something like that in the third season . And we 're contemplating shooting the show in a different place . We 're contemplating shooting it in a place in the country where true horror has been . '' In another interview , Murphy added that the season would be set in the modern day . Executive producer Tim Minear has stated that , while this season 's tone might be lighter with more humor , the global themes of it will be `` oppression of minorities of all kinds , and within that idea , minority groups going after each other and doing the work of the larger culture . '' He added , `` While there is a strong feminist theme that runs throughout Coven , there are themes of race and themes of oppression , and themes of family -- especially mothers and daughters . '' Future season ( edit ) In October 2016 , Murphy stated that a future season of the show will feature a return / continuation of Coven . However , that season is to be determined . He stated that this is not the theme for season 7 , but a later season . He also confirmed that Lady Gaga 's character from Roanoke is the first Supreme . Later that month , Murphy announced that the season would be a Coven and Murder House crossover continuation . Merging stories , themes and characters . He also stated that he had begun reaching out to actors from both seasons to reprise their respective roles . Casting ( edit ) Series executive producers and co-creators Ryan Murphy and Brad Falchuk stated that , as with the second season , `` many actors '' would return for the third season in different roles . Jessica Lange , Evan Peters and Sarah Paulson all confirmed their returns . Murphy added that Lange would portray a `` real glamour - cat lady '' , whose name was later revealed to be Fiona Goode . Paulson said in an interview that her character would `` definitely ( be ) different ( to her season two character ) . '' She added , `` Basically , she 's going to look different , and my relationship to Lange is going to be quite different this time . At the beginning of last season , no one knew that Lana would be the hero , so it 's possible I could end up the evil one this year . As of right now , there will be some of Lana Winters ' qualities in my character , but I do n't know for sure . '' Taissa Farmiga , who played a lead role in the first season , starred as Zoe Benson , a character involved in a prominent romance with Peters ' character . Lily Rabe and Frances Conroy portrayed series regulars Misty Day and Myrtle Snow , respectively . Kathy Bates co-starred as Delphine LaLaurie , an evil woman from the past who tortures her slaves . Murphy stated that Bates ' character would be `` five times worse than ( her ) Misery character '' and is also inspired by a `` true event '' . It was reported on May 22 , 2013 that Emma Roberts would co-star as Madison Montgomery , a difficult Hollywood starlet . In May 2013 , Murphy announced via Twitter that Angela Bassett and Patti LuPone had joined the cast . Bassett later confirmed she would be playing voodoo priestess , Marie Laveau . In an interview , LuPone said that her character , Joan Ramsey , would not be a witch but `` the personification of the religious right , ' like Piper Laurie in Carrie . ' '' Gabourey Sidibe appeared in 12 episodes of the season portraying Queenie , a young witch , whose prominent ability allows her to become a human voodoo doll . First season actress Jamie Brewer recurred as Nan , a young witch who is clairvoyant . In July and August 2013 , Murphy announced through Twitter that first season alums Denis O'Hare and Alexandra Breckenridge had joined the cast in unknown roles , later known as Spalding and Kaylee , respectively . Also in August , Murphy announced that Christine Ebersole would be playing a `` Glinda the Good Witch - type of gal '' , who is Fiona 's predecessor . In an interview , Jessica Lange revealed that Mare Winningham had joined the cast as Peters ' character 's mother , Alicia Spencer . Leslie Jordan announced that he had joined the cast as Quentin Fleming , a high - ranking witch . In September 2013 , Alexander Dreymon was cast in the role of Luke Ramsey . Described as `` the handsome young man who moves in next door to the Academy '' . Danny Huston , Josh Hamilton , and Lance Reddick all recurred throughout the season as the Axeman , Hank Foxx , and Papa Legba , respectively . Murphy also invited singer Stevie Nicks to be a part of the season . She appeared in two episodes , `` The Magical Delights of Stevie Nicks '' and `` The Seven Wonders '' . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography for the season began on July 23 , 2013 , in New Orleans , Louisiana . The casting call reads , `` After two seasons shooting in Los Angeles , the series moves to ( New Orleans ) for its third season . Filming begins July 23 , 2013 in New Orleans , Louisiana and ( will be ) completed on January 17 , 2014 . '' Despite Ryan Murphy stating that the third season would take place in multiple cities , New Orleans is the primary setting of the third installment . Mythology ( edit ) History of the witches ( edit ) Witches are humans gifted with the power to affect change by supernatural or paranormal means , a practice known as `` witchcraft '' . Witches are generally female , though there are a few male witches , referred to as `` warlocks '' . Because of their unnatural abilities and supposed connections with dark forces , witches have historically been feared , persecuted , and hunted . Many escaped the Salem witch trials and sought refuge in New Orleans . Among the population of witches , there is always one witch per generation who possesses a class of seven powers considered to be advanced acts of magic . This witch is known as the `` Supreme '' . As the witches settled in their new territory , a rivalry between them and the native Voodoo practitioners arose . The feud is still ongoing in present day New Orleans . A group of witches are the focus of Coven , in which magic is a genetic heredity that connects a person to the elements and forces of nature in order to practice witchcraft . It has been attested that the witches of Salem received their power from the Voodoo slave girl Tituba , though evidently , their abilities stem from a genetic affliction that is passed down through bloodlines . During the Salem witch trials in 1692 , witches faced persecution and decided to flee south in the midst of the hysteria . However , their ailing Supreme , Prudence Mather , was unable to make the journey and decided to take her own life in a ritual known as the Sacred Taking . This selfless act allowed a new Supreme to take power and lead the Coven to safety , where they eventually settled in New Orleans . The generations of witches to follow would become known as the `` Salem descendants '' . The governing body of the witches and warlocks , depicted as elders and known as the `` Council of Wichcraft '' , are very old fashioned as they still use typewriters in modern times . They are responsible for policing witch crimes , the concealment of witchcraft to the uninitiated , and for the welcoming of potential students to Miss Robichaux 's Academy . The council only visits the Coven on very important cases , such as the death of another witch . The Supreme ( edit ) The Supreme Witch , known more colloquially as the Supreme , is a worldwide recognized status among the witches descending from the Salem witch trials . While most witches possess only a handful of gifts , the Supreme is said to embody multiple , if not all , gifts . Historically , there is said to be only one Supreme per generation ( approximately 30 -- 50 years ) . Part of being a Supreme means no ailments or diseases would harm them . The Supreme role comes with the responsibility of the entire Coven as a leader of the new generation . One of the most important tasks of the Supreme is to identify her successor , a task that was n't accomplished by former Supreme Fiona Goode , and , as a consequence , multiple girls were tested and one of them died trying to perform the Seven Wonders . As a new Supreme flowers , the life force of the current regnant gradually fades , which manifests as multiple organ failures , disease , and cancer due to the crippled immune system . In the cases where a new Supreme must rise before the natural death of the incumbent , a ritual known as `` The Sacred Taking '' is employed ; it is a stylized suicide blessed by Coven members . It was developed when the ailing Prudence Mather was not able to make the journey to relocate the Coven to New Orleans during the Salem Witch Trials , and allowed a potential to ascend to Supremacy . Fiona inherited her powers earlier than most Supremes ( she was in her late teens to early twenties at the time ) because she killed her generation 's Supreme and self - ascended . Fiona lived for a while after Cordelia became the Supreme , but had already become very weak and sickly . According to Ryan Murphy , the original Supreme is Scáthach , from Roanoke . Scáthach is an immortal English woman descending from the Druids and their Roman conqueror , and is a practitioner of prehistoric Celtic religion and a worshipper of the Old Gods . She was a stowaway on a British voyage destined for the colonies , but the ship 's occupants all died . The colonists discovered her upon landfall and blamed her presence for enraging the sea gods . She was subsequently imprisoned and sentenced to be burned at the stake for witchcraft . Using her darker powers , she massacred the soldiers . This was later blamed on Natives , and Scáthach escaped into the wild . Prudence Mather was the Supreme of Salem . Marion Warton , the purchaser of Miss Robichaux 's Academy and the predecessor of Mimi DeLongpre , was followed by Anna - Leigh Leighton , Fiona Goode and the current Supreme , Cordelia Foxx . Magic ( edit ) A number of magical powers and abilities have been showcased in Coven . Some abilities are inherent or reflexive to certain witches , that is they do not need to focus or concentrate . It is not rare for a witch to manifest more than three powers , though a Supreme is required to have at least seven ( the Seven Wonders ) , though not necessarily all possible powers . It is said that the reason that a Supreme is so powerful is because she is the physical embodiment of many and or all powers . Witches are shown to be able to use their powers collectively . Certain abilities can also be triggered by certain events and substances . Voodoo and witchcraft practitioners share certain powers . The Seven Wonders ( edit ) All Supremes are assumed to have demonstrated these abilities during their ascension to Supremacy , despite not necessarily being depicted . The explicit depictions of the seven gifts are : Telekinesis : The ability to manipulate objects with the power of the mind . This is the most commonly seen power , displayed by many witches . Concilium : Imposition of one 's will onto another . It can be resisted , though doing so causes increasing intracranial pressure to the point of explosion . If exercised , it can bend the strongest of wills . It is also known as coercion and mind control . Pyrokinesis : The ability to control and conjure fire with the power of the mind . Divination : The ability to obtain direct knowledge about an object , person , location or physical event through means other than the user 's physical senses . This can be activated by just being around a person , focusing on specific tasks , searching for information , and touching objects . Transmutation : The ability to move instantaneously from one location to another without physically occupying the space in between , also known as teleportation . Vitalum Vitalis : The balancing of the scales between one life force and another . Witches can transfer their own life force to dead or nearly dead people in order to heal them . Commonly seen side effects are fainting and dizziness due to the strain . Can also be used to drain life force as well . Descensum : Perilous descent into the nether worlds of afterlife . Witches are able to project themselves directly into hell , which takes the form of their worst fears . If a witch is stuck for a certain amount of time , they will never be able to leave and their body disintegrates into dust . To use this power , they commonly chant an incantation . Uncommon powers ( edit ) Immortality : The ability to live forever and never age . It allow user to immune to aging , diseases , and even death . Resurgence : Returning oneself or others from the dead to full life . It is powerful enough to heal the skin of burnt corpses and even fuse limbs not previously attached to the body . The power is useless if the body is in too many pieces . Not to be confused with the Resurrection Spell which can be done by any witch that performs the ritual and incantation , often with undesirable results in accordance with the witches power and adherence to the spell . Nor is it the same as the Voodoo power of Necromancy which creates mindless zombies . Injury Transference : Traumatic physical injuries sustained can be sympathetically transmuted to the body of another , chosen by the caster , along with the pain of the injury . Also referred to as `` human voodoo doll '' . Black Widow : The ability to cause fatal hemorrhage by coitus . Also referred to as `` killer vagina '' . More like a congenital curse than a power . Power Negation : Cancelling out someone else 's magic or voodoo curse . Zoe was able to use this power when Marie Laveau sent evil undead creatures ( zombies ) to Miss Robichaux 's Academy , although she had no prior knowledge that she possessed the ability before - hand and it was activated out of sheer panic and alarm . The Sight : The ability to see significant visions of the past and future through touch . It applies to people and materials in a series of visions or premonitions . Also referred to as `` Second Sight '' , it is described as the greatest ability to have and the most painful to live with . Clairvoyance : An ability that can manifest as the power to read the minds of others , commonly known as telepathy . Marketing ( edit ) Similar to the prior seasons , FX published mini teaser trailers for Coven on the show 's Facebook page . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) American Horror Story : Coven has received positive reviews . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported an 85 % approval rating , with an average rating of 7.24 / 10 , based on 32 reviews . The site 's consensus reads , `` A noteworthy ensemble cast combined with creepy storytelling and campy , outrageous thrills make American Horror Story : Coven a potently structured fright-fest . '' The season scored 71 out of 100 on Metacritic , based on 24 reviews . In contrast , Coven was also met with negative reviews from some critics . The A.V. Club gave the season a low rating of D+ , with critic Todd VanDerWerff remarking , `` It lurched drunkenly from idea to idea , never settling on one long enough to build anything of worth . '' In their post-season reviews , The Michigan Daily gave Coven a B+ , saying , `` And while its conclusion , appropriately titled `` The Seven Wonders '' , never quite matched the high standard it set for itself throughout the season , Coven 's reputation will nonetheless remain a solid one . '' Jeff Jensen of Entertainment Weekly gave the season a B rating and said , `` I ca n't deny my experience : Week to week , the excesses of Coven were wickedly amusing . Next year , I hope American Horror Story can be more than that , and with less . '' American Horror Story ( season 3 ) : Critical reception by episode Season 3 ( 2013 -- 14 ) : Percentage of positive reviews tracked by the website Rotten Tomatoes Awards and nominations ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by American Horror Story In its third season , the series was nominated for 73 awards , 13 of which were won . Year Association Nominee ( s ) Result 2013 IGN 's Best of 2013 : TV Best TV Horror Series American Horror Story : Coven Nominated 2014 4th Critics ' Choice TV Awards Best Miniseries Nominated Best Supporting Actress in a Movie or Miniseries Kathy Bates Nominated Best Actress in a Movie or Miniseries Jessica Lange Won 5th Dorian Awards TV Performance of the Year -- Actress Won TV Drama of the Year American Horror Story : Coven Nominated Campy TV Show of the Year Won 66th Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Miniseries Nominated Outstanding Writing for a Miniseries , Movie or a Dramatic Special Ryan Murphy & Brad Falchuk ( for `` Bitchcraft '' ) Nominated Outstanding Directing for a Miniseries , Movie or a Dramatic Special Alfonso Gomez - Rejon ( for `` Bitchcraft '' ) Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie Kathy Bates Won Frances Conroy Nominated Angela Bassett Nominated Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie Sarah Paulson Nominated Jessica Lange Won 66th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Casting for a Miniseries , Movie , or a Special Robert J. Ulrich , Eric Dawson , Meagan Lewis Nominated Outstanding Costumes for a Miniseries , Movie or a Special Lou Eyrich , Elizabeth Macey , Ken Van Duyne ( for `` Bitchcraft '' ) Won Outstanding Hairstyling for a Miniseries , Movie or a Special Monte C. Haught , Michelle Ceglia , Yolanda Mercadel , Daina Daigle Won Outstanding Makeup for a Miniseries , Movie or a Special Eryn Krueger Mekash , Kim Ayers , Vicki Vacca , Mike Mekash , Christopher Nelson , Lucy O'Reilly Nominated Outstanding Music Composition for a Miniseries , Movie , or a Special James S. Levine ( for `` The Seven Wonders '' ) Nominated Outstanding Prosthetic Makeup for a Miniseries , Movie or a Special Eryn Krueger Mekash , Mike Mekash , Christien Tinsley , Jason Hamer , Christopher Nelson , David L. Anderson , Cristina Patterson , Rob Freitas Nominated Outstanding Sound Editing for a Miniseries , Movie or a Special Gary Megregian , David Klotz , Timothy A. Cleveland , Paul Diller , Brian Thomas Nist , Steve M. Stuhr , Lance Wiseman , Noel Vought ( for `` Fearful Pranks Ensue '' ) Nominated Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Miniseries or Movie Bruce Litecky , Joe Earle , Doug Andham ( for `` Fearful Pranks Ensue '' ) Nominated Outstanding Art Direction for a Period Series , Miniseries or a Movie Mark Worthington , Andrew Murdock , Ellen Brill Nominated 71st Golden Globe Awards Best Actress -- Miniseries or TV Film Jessica Lange Nominated Best Miniseries or TV Film American Horror Story : Coven Nominated 61st MPSE Golden Reel Awards Best Sound Editing in TV -- Short Form : Dialogue & ADR Episode : `` Bitchcraft '' Nominated 45th NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Actress in a TV Movie , Mini-Series or Dramatic Special Gabourey Sidibe Nominated Angela Bassett Nominated 18th Online Film & TV Association Awards Best Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture or Miniseries Nominated Kathy Bates Won Frances Conroy Nominated Lily Rabe Nominated Gabourey Sidibe Nominated Best Actress in a Motion Picture or Miniseries Jessica Lange Nominated Sarah Paulson Nominated Best Miniseries American Horror Story : Coven Nominated Best Ensemble in a Motion Picture or Miniseries Nominated Best Direction of a Motion Picture or Miniseries Nominated Best Music in a Non-Series Nominated Best Editing in a Non-Series Nominated Best Cinematography in a Non-Series Nominated Best Production Design in a Non-Series Nominated Best Costume Design in a Non-Series Won Best Makeup / Hairstyling in a Non-Series Won Best Sound in a Non-Series Nominated Best Visual Effects in a Non-Series Won Best New Titles Sequence Nominated 40th People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Movie / Miniseries Won 18th Satellite Awards Best TV Series -- Genre Nominated Best Actress -- Miniseries or TV Film Jessica Lange Nominated Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or TV Film Kathy Bates Nominated 40th Saturn Awards Best Supporting Actress on TV Nominated Best Guest Starring Role on TV Danny Huston Nominated Best Syndicated / Cable TV Series American Horror Story : Coven Nominated Best Actress on TV Jessica Lange Nominated 20th Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series Nominated 30th TCA Awards Outstanding Achievement in Movies , Miniseries and Specials American Horror Story : Coven Nominated 54th Golden Nymph Awards Best Actress in a Miniseries Jessica Lange Nominated Sarah Paulson Nominated 18th ADG Excellence in Production Design Awards TV Movie or Miniseries Mark Worthington ( for `` Bitchcraft '' ) Nominated 35th Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a TV Series -- Guest Starring Young Actor 11 -- 13 Toby Nichols Nominated BET Awards 2014 Best Actress Angela Bassett Nominated 50th CAS Awards Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing -- TV Movie or Miniseries Bruce Litecky , CAS ( Production Mixer ) Joe Earle , CAS ( Re-recording Mixer ) Doug Andham , CAS ( Re-recording Mixer ) James S. Levine ( Scoring Mixer ) Judah Getz ( ADR Mixer ) Kyle Billingsley ( Foley Mixer ) ( for `` The Replacements '' ) Nominated 16th CDG Awards Outstanding Made for TV Movie or Miniseries Lou Eyrich Nominated Make - up Artists & Hair Stylists Guild Awards 2014 Miniseries or TV Movie Period and / or Character Make - up Eryn Krueger Mekash , Christien Tinsley Nominated Miniseries or TV Movie Period and / or Character Hair Styling Monte C. Haught Nominated 51st ICG Publicists Awards Maxwell Weinberg Campaign Award -- TV Matthew Mitchell Won TV Guide Awards 2012 Favorite Horror Show American Horror Story : Coven Nominated Women 's Image Network Awards 2014 Actress MFT Movie / Miniseries Emma Roberts ( for `` The Dead '' ) Nominated 2015 26th PGA Awards Outstanding Producer of Long - Form TV Brad Buecker , Dante Di Loreto , Brad Falchuk , Joseph Incaprera , Alexis Martin Woodall , Tim Minear , Ryan Murphy , Jennifer Salt , James Wong ( also for Freak Show ) Nominated 30th Artios Awards TV Movie or Miniseries Robert J. Ulrich , Eric Dawson , Carol Kritzer , Meagan Lewis ( Location Casting ) , Eric Souliere ( Associate ) Nominated Bram Stoker Award 2014 Superior Achievement in a Screenplay James Wong ( for `` The Magical Delights of Stevie Nicks '' ) Nominated Ratings ( edit ) Coven 's premiere episode , `` Bitchcraft '' , was watched by 5.54 million viewers , which , at the time , was the highest total viewers of any American Horror Story episode . It was surpassed by the fourth season 's premiere , `` Monsters Among Us '' , which received 6.13 million viewers during its broadcast . The ratings slipped for the second episode , delivering 4.51 million viewers and a 2.5 rating among adults 18 - 49 -- down 17 % from the premiere . The rest of the season 's episodes remained relatively steady in ratings ; the episode with the lowest viewing numbers was the penultimate episode , `` Go to Hell '' . American Horror Story : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) Season Ep. 1 Ep. 2 Ep. 3 Ep. 4 Ep. 5 Ep. 6 Ep. 7 Ep. 8 Ep. 9 Ep. 10 Ep. 11 Ep. 12 Ep. 13 Murder House 3.18 2.46 2.59 2.96 2.74 2.83 3.06 2.81 2.85 2.54 2.59 3.22 N / A Asylum 3.85 3.06 2.47 2.65 2.78 1.89 2.27 2.36 2.22 2.21 2.51 2.30 2.29 Coven 5.54 4.51 3.78 3.71 3.80 4.16 4.00 4.07 3.94 3.49 3.46 3.35 4.24 Freak Show 6.13 4.53 4.44 4.51 4.22 3.65 3.91 3.30 3.07 2.99 3.11 2.94 3.27 Hotel 5.81 4.06 3.20 3.04 2.87 2.64 2.64 2.31 2.14 1.85 1.84 2.24 N / A Roanoke 5.14 3.27 3.08 2.83 2.82 2.48 2.62 2.20 2.43 2.45 N / A Cult 3.93 2.38 2.25 2.13 2.20 2.15 2.07 2.06 TBD TBD TBD N / A Source : Nielsen Media Research References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 10 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' Duck Dynasty ' Beats ' American Horror Story : Coven ' + MLB Baseball , ' Bad Ink ' , ' South Park ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 17 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' Duck Dynasty ' Wins Night , ' American Horror Story ' , ' Bad Ink ' , ' Key & Peele ' , ' Top Chef ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 24 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' Duck Dynasty ' Leads Night + ' American Horror Story ' , ' South Park ' , ' Million Dollar Listing ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 31 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' American Horror Story ' Wins Night , ' South Park ' , ' Key & Peele ' , ' Ghost Hunters ' , ' Preachers of LA ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 7 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' American Horror Story ' Tops Night + ' South Park ' , ' Key & Peele ' , NBA Basketball & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 14 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' American Horror Story ' Wins Night , ' South Park ' , ' Key & Peele ' , ' Extreme Cheapskates ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 21 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' American Horror Story ' Wins Night + ' South Park ' , NBA Basketball , ' American Pickers ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 5 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' American Horror Story ' Leads Night + ' South Park ' , ' American Pickers ' , College Basketball & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 12 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' Duck Dynasty ' Wins Night , ' American Horror Story ' , ' South Park ' , ' Rodeo Girls ' , ' Key & Peele ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 9 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' American Horror Story ' Wins Night , ' My Strange Addiction ' , ' Psych ' , ' Real World Ex-Plosion ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 16 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' Duck Dynasty ' Tops Night + ' American Horror Story ' , ' Crazy Hearts : Nashville ' , & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( January 23 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' Duck Dynasty ' Wins Night , ' American Horror Story ' , ' Wahlburgers ' , ' Workaholics ' , ' Psych ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 30 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' Duck Dynasty ' Wins Night + ' American Horror Story ' , NBA Basketball , ' Wahlburgers ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( January 2 , 2013 ) . `` ' American Horror Story ' : The secret to season 3 is in tonight 's episode -- EXCLUSIVE '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( January 3 , 2013 ) . `` ' American Horror Story ' : Ryan Murphy on this week 's major character deaths and hints about season 3 -- EXCLUSIVE '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` American Horror Story Season 3 to Take Place in Multiple Cities ; First Plot Details Revealed ! '' . TVweb.com . January 18 , 2013 . Retrieved January 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Jaimie Etkin & Laura Prudom ( August 2 , 2013 ) . `` ' American Horror Story : Coven ' : Marie Laveau Played By Angela Bassett ; Sarah Paulson Will Play Jessica Lange 's Daughter '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( October 18 , 2016 ) . `` American Horror Story : Ryan Murphy on Wednesday 's huge twist and a return to Coven '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Snetiker , Marc ( October 30 , 2016 ) . `` AHS : Ryan Murphy announces Murder House and Coven crossover season '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Harnick , Chris ( November 15 , 2012 ) . `` ' American Horror Story ' Renewed : FX Orders Season 3 With Jessica Lange '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved November 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( September 13 , 2013 ) . `` ' American Horror Story ' : See Kathy Bates and Angela Bassett in ' Coven , ' plus plot details -- EXCLUSIVE PHOTOS '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( June 11 , 2013 ) . `` Emmys : Sarah Paulson on the Tortures of Being on ' American Horror Story ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( February 7 , 2013 ) . `` ' American Horror Story ' Adds Frances Conroy , Taissa Farmiga for Season 3 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` ' American Horror Story ' : Lily Rabe Returning for Season 3 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( February 26 , 2013 ) . `` Exclusive : American Horror Story Season 3 Pits Jessica Lange Against ... Kathy Bates ! '' . TVLine . Retrieved February 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Masters , Megan ( February 27 , 2013 ) . `` American Horror Story Scoop : Ryan Murphy Teases Kathy Bates ' Turn as a ' Bad , Bad Woman ! ' '' . TVLine . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Webb Mitovich , Matt ( May 22 , 2013 ) . `` Emma Roberts Joins FX 's ' American Horror Story ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( May 13 , 2013 ) . `` ' American Horror Story ' : Angela Bassett and Patti LuPone join season 3 's ' Coven ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Patti LuPone Dishes on American Horror Story , Gypsy & More at NYPL Event '' . Broadway.com . June 4 , 2013 . Retrieved June 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Keveney , Bill ( April 29 , 2013 ) . `` Gabourey Sidibe joins ' American Horror Story : Coven ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Webb Mitovich , Matt ( July 27 , 2013 ) . `` Horror Story Vet Denis O'Hare Joins Coven '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( August 2 , 2013 ) . `` ' American Horror Story ' : Alexandra Breckenridge Returns for ' Coven ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hetrick , Adam ( August 15 , 2013 ) . `` Christine Ebersole Joins Cast of `` American Horror Story : Coven '' `` . Playbill . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Villarreal , Yvonne ( August 23 , 2013 ) . `` ' American Horror Story ' : Live chat with Jessica Lange today '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( August 28 , 2013 ) . `` ' American Horror Story : Coven ' Adds Funnyman Leslie Jordan '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( September 5 , 2013 ) . `` ' American Horror Story : Coven ' & ' Horizon ' Add To Casts '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story Season 3 Supports New Orleans Film Industry With Crew , Casting Call : Coven Cast Travel To Louisiana To Begin Shooting '' . KPopStarz.com . July 16 , 2013 . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Prudom , Laura ( March 15 , 2013 ) . `` ' American Horror Story : Coven ' : Kathy Bates To Star In Season 3 , Featuring Witches And Filming In New Orleans '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved March 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story Season 3 Plot Spoilers ? Casting Info Reveals Potential Character Storyline , Confirms Coven Shooting Schedule '' . KPopStarz.com . July 23 , 2013 . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Martin , Denise ( August 5 , 2013 ) . `` Ryan Murphy Reveals More American Horror Story : Coven Plot Details '' . Vulture . Retrieved November 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tim Minear ( writer ) ( December 11 , 2013 ) . `` Head '' . American Horror Story . Season 3 . Episode 9 . FX . ^ Jump up to : Ryan Murphy & Brad Falchuk ( writers ) ( October 9 , 2013 ) . `` Bitchcraft '' . American Horror Story . Season 3 . Episode 1 . FX . Jump up ^ Ryan Murphy ( writer ) ( December 4 , 2013 ) . `` The Sacred Taking '' . American Horror Story . Season 3 . Episode 8 . FX . Jump up ^ Jennifer Salt ( writer ) ( October 30 , 2013 ) . `` Fearful Pranks Ensue '' . American Horror Story . Season 3 . Episode 4 . FX . Jump up ^ Douglas Petrie ( writer ) ( January 29 , 2014 ) . `` The Seven Wonders '' . American Horror Story . Season 3 . Episode 13 . FX . Jump up ^ Gracie , bianca ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Lady Gaga Is the Original ' American Horror Story ' Supreme , Ryan Murphy COnfirms '' . Fuse . Retrieved November 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jessica Sharzer ( writer ) ( January 22 , 2014 ) . `` Go to Hell '' . American Horror Story . Season 3 . Episode 12 . FX . Jump up ^ Harnick , Chris ( September 10 , 2013 ) . `` ' American Horror Story : Coven ' Cast Is Fabulous In Creepy New Teaser ( VIDEO ) '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Coven '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved February 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Season 3 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ VanDerWerff , Todd ( January 29 , 2013 ) . `` American Horror Story : `` The Seven Wonders '' `` . The A.V. Club . Retrieved January 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stern , Alec ( February 4 , 2014 ) . `` ' American Horror Story ' wraps successful , psychotic season '' . The Michigan Daily . Retrieved February 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Jeff ( February 5 , 2014 ) . `` American Horror Story : Coven '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Coven '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Best TV Horror Series '' . IGN . Retrieved September 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Past Winners '' . Dorian Awards . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2016 . Retrieved September 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Golden Reel Awards Nominee : BEST SOUND EDITING IN TELEVISION : SHORT FORM : DIALOGUE & ADR '' ( PDF ) . Motion Picture Sound Editors . mpse.info . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 21 , 2014 . Retrieved September 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Complete list of 2014 Golden Reel award winners '' . Los Angeles Times . February 16 , 2014 . Retrieved September 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TV Awards -- 2013 / 2014 ( 18th Awards ) '' . Online Film & Television Association . ofta.cinemasight.com . Retrieved August 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Complete list of 2014 Golden Reel award winners '' . Premiere. April 16 , 2014 . Retrieved September 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top of the Lake takes clean sweep at Monte Carlo 's Golden Nymph Awards '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . June 12 , 2014 . Retrieved September 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 50th CAS Awards for Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for 2013 '' . Cinema Audio Society . cinemaaudiosociety.org . Retrieved September 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Bronwyn ( January 8 , 2014 ) . `` ' Catching Fire , ' ' Breaking Bad ' among nominees for 16th Costume Designers Guild Awards '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` And the winners are ... '' . Costume Designers Guild . Retrieved September 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Semien , Amos ( January 24 , 2014 ) . `` Make - up Artists - Hair Stylists Announce 2014 MUAHS Award Nominations '' . Negromancer 2.0 . Retrieved September 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Semien , Amos ( February 18 , 2014 ) . `` 2014 Make - Up Artists and Hair Stylists Guild Award Winners '' . Negromancer 2.0 . Retrieved September 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Publicists Guild Awards Winners Announced '' . Deadline.com . February 28 , 2014 . Retrieved September 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TV Guide Awards '' . IMDb . Retrieved September 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fan Favorites Awards 2014 '' . TV Guide . December 4 , 2014 . Retrieved September 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Women 's Image Network Awards '' . IMDb . Retrieved September 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 30TH ARTIOS AWARDS WINNERS '' . Casting Society of America . January 22 , 2015 . castingsociety.com . Retrieved January 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bram Stoker Award ® Winner '' . Horror Writers Association . May 10 , 2015 . horror.org . Retrieved September 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 9 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' American Horror Story ' Tops Night + ' South Park ' ' Teen Mom II ' , ' The Daily Show , ' Key & Peele ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2014 . Retrieved October 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( October 17 , 2013 ) . `` ' American Horror Story : Coven ' ratings spell slips in Week 2 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . January 24 , 2013 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Coven : ( Season Three ) Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . January 30 , 2014 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Freak Show Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . January 22 , 2015 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Hotel ( Season Five ) Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . January 14 , 2016 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Season Six Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . November 17 , 2016 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : American Horror Story Season 3 Horror fiction portal Television portal Official website List of American Horror Story episodes on IMDb List of American Horror Story episodes at TV.com ( hide ) American Horror Story Awards and nominations Cast members Episodes list Murder House `` Pilot '' `` Home Invasion '' `` Murder House '' `` Halloween , Parts 1 and 2 '' `` Piggy Piggy '' `` Open House '' `` Rubber Man '' `` Spooky Little Girl '' `` Smoldering Children '' `` Birth '' `` Afterbirth '' Asylum `` Welcome to Briarcliff '' `` Tricks and Treats '' `` Nor'easter '' `` I Am Anne Frank , Parts 1 and 2 '' `` The Origins of Monstrosity '' `` Dark Cousin '' `` Unholy Night '' `` The Coat Hanger '' `` The Name Game '' `` Spilt Milk '' `` Continuum '' `` Madness Ends '' Coven `` Bitchcraft '' `` Boy Parts '' `` The Replacements '' `` Fearful Pranks Ensue '' `` Burn , Witch , Burn ! '' `` The Axeman Cometh '' `` The Dead '' `` The Sacred Taking '' `` Head '' `` The Magical Delights of Stevie Nicks '' `` Protect the Coven '' `` Go to Hell '' `` The Seven Wonders '' Freak Show `` Monsters Among Us '' `` Massacres and Matinees '' `` Edward Mordrake , Parts 1 and 2 '' `` Pink Cupcakes '' `` Bullseye '' `` Test of Strength '' `` Blood Bath '' `` Tupperware Party Massacre '' `` Orphans '' `` Magical Thinking '' `` Show Stoppers '' `` Curtain Call '' Hotel `` Checking In '' `` Chutes and Ladders '' `` Mommy '' `` Devil 's Night '' `` Room Service '' `` Room 33 '' `` Flicker '' `` The Ten Commandments Killer '' `` She Wants Revenge '' `` She Gets Revenge '' `` Battle Royale '' `` Be Our Guest '' Roanoke `` Chapter 1 '' `` Chapter 2 '' `` Chapter 3 '' `` Chapter 4 '' `` Chapter 5 '' `` Chapter 6 '' `` Chapter 7 '' `` Chapter 8 '' `` Chapter 9 '' `` Chapter 10 '' Cult `` Election Night '' `` Do n't Be Afraid of the Dark '' `` Neighbors from Hell '' `` 11 / 9 '' `` Holes '' `` Mid-Western Assassin '' `` Valerie Solanas Died for Your Sins : Scumbag '' `` Winter of Our Discontent '' Characters Murder House Asylum Coven Freak Show Hotel Roanoke Cult Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Horror_Story:_Coven&oldid=805176004 '' Categories : 1830s in fiction 2013 American television seasons 2014 American television seasons American drama television series American gothic fiction American historical fiction American Horror Story seasons Ghosts in television Louisiana Voodoo in fiction Incest in television Magic in television Mass murder in fiction Matricide in fiction Mythology in popular culture Salem witch trials in fiction Television series set in the 19th century Television series set in the 20th century Television series set in the 2010s Television shows set in Louisiana Witchcraft in television Works about discrimination Works about racism Zombies in television Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Español فارسی Français Gaeilge Հայերեն Hrvatski Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Nederlands Polski Português Русский Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 October 2017 , at 15 : 43 . 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what is eleven's power in stranger things	Jane Hopper , also known as Eleven , is a fictional character from the Netflix series Stranger Things . Portrayed by Millie Bobby Brown , she is a girl with psychokinetic and telepathic abilities .		Eleven ( Stranger Things )	eleven ( stranger things )	Jane Hopper , also known as Eleven , is a fictional character from the Netflix series Stranger Things . Portrayed by Millie Bobby Brown , she is a girl with psychokinetic and telepathic abilities .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Fictional character biography 1.1 Season 1 1.2 Season 2 2 Reception 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Fictional character biography ( edit ) Season 1 ( edit ) Eleven is the daughter of Teresa `` Terry '' Ives , a participant in the Project MKUltra experiments conducted by the United States Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) . Eleven was taken from her mother at birth by Dr. Martin Brenner and was raised in the Hawkins National Laboratory in Hawkins , Indiana , as a test subject to develop her psychokinetic skills . When placed in a sensory deprivation tank she can engage in astral projection and access other dimensions , primarily for the purposes of international espionage . Eleven encounters a creature living in the Upside Down dimension , and on the evening of November 6 , 1983 , she finally makes contact with it . In efforts to make contact , Eleven opens a gate between the Hawkins Laboratory and the Upside Down dimension and the creature gains the ability to travel between the human world and the Upside Down . She then escapes from Hawkins Laboratory and attempts to steal food from a local restaurant . She and the owner bond , but the owner calls social services . The responding social worker , actually a Hawkins Laboratory CIA agent , kills the owner , causing Eleven to flee . She is then found by Mike Wheeler , Dustin Henderson and Lucas Sinclair , who are looking for their missing friend , Will Byers . Mike allows Eleven to live in his basement . Eleven , fearing capture , asks Mike not to tell any adults about her . Eleven helps to locate Will using her supernatural abilities , and determines that he is trapped in the Upside Down . However , the use of her abilities temporarily weakens her and gives her nosebleeds . The group sets out to find Will using their compasses , but Eleven interferes with their search when she realizes that they are being led towards the laboratory . Lucas , noticing her deception , becomes angry at her ( having mistrusted her from the beginning ) . She flees , steals boxes of frozen waffles from a store , and consumes them in a forest . When Mike and Dustin are threatened by bullies , Eleven returns and saves them . Eleven , Mike , and Dustin reunite with Lucas and make amends , and they travel to their middle school with Dr. Brenner and his associates in close pursuit . During the chase , Eleven uses her powers to cause a laboratory van to flip through the air . The group , aided by Joyce Byers , Chief Jim Hopper , Nancy Wheeler , and Jonathan Byers , produce a makeshift isolation tank with a pool and bags of salt . Eleven accesses the Upside Down and confirms that Will is alive . As laboratory personnel close in on the school , Mike tells Eleven that she can be a part of his family and asks her to the school dance . He then kisses her after struggling to explain his feelings towards her . Eleven helps the group escape by using her powers to kill most of the agents , although doing so leaves her drained . The monster from the Upside Down makes its way into their dimension , and Eleven seemingly sacrifices herself to destroy the creature and save her friends . One month later , after a Christmas party , Hopper leaves the police station and drives to the woods . There , he leaves waffles in a concealed box . The whereabouts or condition of Eleven are left ambiguous . Season 2 ( edit ) Season 2 revealed that Eleven woke up in the Upside Down shortly after having destroyed the creature at the end of Season 1 . She returned to the human world ; however , with the government forces still searching for her , she was forced to flee into the forest , where she struggled to survive . She found the eggos Hopper left for her , and followed them to him . After this , the two move into a cabin in the woods where he forbids her to leave , fearing for her safety . Hopper hides Eleven for almost a year , telling no one of her whereabouts . During this time , Eleven has managed to gain better control over her powers ; she is less weakened by the use of her telekinesis , and she is now able to project her mind into other dimensions without the use of a sensory deprivation tank . She uses the latter ability to listen to Mike 's attempts to contact her , though she is increasingly frustrated at her inability to reply . Eleven also significantly expands her vocabulary during this time , learning from Hopper and television . Eleven becomes restless and longs to reunite with Mike , and this causes tension between her and Hopper . She runs away from home one day and travels to Hawkins Middle School . When she finds Mike , he is with Max , a new student . Eleven mistakenly thinks that Max is flirting Mike and , out of spite , uses her powers to knock her off of her skateboard before leaving . Upon returning to the cabin , she gets into a heated argument with Hopper over her leaving the cabin , ending with her using her powers to damage the cabin out of anger . The next day , cleaning the mess she made of the cabin , she discovers by looking through records in the cabin 's basement that her birth mother is alive , a contradiction to what Hopper had told her . She then goes to meet her birth mother , Terry , and her aunt , Becky , and discovers what happened to Terry at Hawkins Laboratory . While there , she realizes Terry is trying to talk with her , but due to her catatonic state , is unable to . Eleven , using her powers , views a flashback from her mother . Terry , after her daughter was taken from her , attempted to force her way into Hawkins Lab to save her . As a response , Brenner and his assistants captured her and subjected her to electroshock therapy , resulting in her current condition . Eleven then uses her abilities to find out she has a `` sister '' -- another gifted girl taken by Dr. Brenner for experimentations -- and sets out to find her . Using her abilities once again , Eleven locates her sister and discovers that she is an older girl named Kali ( `` Eight '' ) , with the ability to cause people to have visual hallucinations . Eleven stays with Kali and her friends -- runaways who are determined to take revenge on people who have hurt them . Kali tells Eleven that while using her powers , she needs to think about what makes her most angry . When they go to get revenge on Brenner 's assistant who helped hurt Eleven 's mother , Eleven begins to choke him to death but stops upon realizing that he has two daughters . She then stops Kali from shooting him . Back at the hideout , Eleven witnesses Hopper and Mike in danger through the void . While the gang are about to flee , Eleven realizes she needs to go back to her friends because they need her help . Eleven goes back to Hawkins and finally reunites with Mike with a heartfelt embrace and her friends after saving them from a Demodog . The group realizes that she needs to close the gate to the Upside Down , and she and Hopper head to Hawkins Laboratory . There , Eleven uses Kali 's advice and focuses her anger into her powers , closing the gate and draining her powers . Afterward , it is discovered that Dr. Owens has forged a birth certificate allowing for Hopper to become her legal adoptive father as a way to help keep Eleven in hiding . Eleven 's new legal name is Jane Hopper . Though she is still not allowed out for her safety , Hopper lets her attend the Snow Ball at Hawkins Middle School . She meets up with Mike , dances with him , and they share a second kiss . Reception ( edit ) Millie Bobby Brown 's performance was praised . The character and Brown 's performance have received significant praise . Alice Vincent of The Telegraph wrote that `` Millie Bobby Brown continues to be the star of the show : she has inspired fan art and tattoos , a worldwide acknowledgment of Eggos , the waffles her character devours and given a whole new life to the phrase ' mouth breather ' '' . Ashley Hoffman of TIME magazine recommended Eleven as a mascot for National Waffle Day . However , Lenika Cruz of The Atlantic stated that `` despite a rich backstory , Eleven is the show 's most thinly sketched protagonist '' . At the 69th Primetime Emmy Awards in 2017 , Brown received a nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series . At the 2017 MTV Movie & TV Awards , she was nominated for Best Hero and Best Actor in a Show , winning the latter award . She won Best Performance by a Younger Actor in a Television Series at the 43rd Saturn Awards . She was twice nominated for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series in 2017 and 2018 . She won in 2018 a Kids Choice Award for Best Female Actor . Also , Stranger Things won Best TV Show which puts her number of Kids Choice Awards to two . See also ( edit ) Psychokinesis References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Chaney , Jen ( 18 July 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things ' Millie Bobby Brown on Playing Eleven , Her Love - Hate Relationship With Scary Movies , and Acting Without Speaking '' . Vulture . Retrieved 16 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Berkshire , Geoff ( 18 July 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Finale : Duffer Brothers Talk Cliffhangers , Death and Season 2 '' . Variety . Retrieved 16 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Stephens , Emily ( 29 July 2016 ) . `` On Stranger Things ' season finale , promises are made to be broken '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved 16 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Vincent , Alice ( 24 September 2016 ) . `` Eleven out of 10 : how Stranger Things star Millie Bobby Brown charmed the world '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 16 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Ashley ( 24 August 2016 ) . `` Why Eleven From Stranger Things Is the Perfect National Waffle Day Mascot '' . TIME . Retrieved 16 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Cruz , Lenika ( 26 July 2016 ) . `` Where Stranger Things Loses Its Magic '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 16 October 2016 . External links ( edit ) Eleven on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eleven_(Stranger_Things)&oldid=836335368 '' Categories : Child characters in television Female characters in television Fictional characters from Indiana Fictional characters introduced in 2016 Fictional mass murderers Fictional telekinetics Fictional telepaths Fictional victims of child abuse Fictional victims of kidnapping Hidden categories : Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from January 2017 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Português Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 14 April 2018 , at 03 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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who has won the australian open the most times	In the Australasian Championships , James Anderson holds the records for most titles with three ( 1922 , 1924 -- 1925 ) , and the most consecutive titles with two ( 1924 -- 1925 ) . In the Australian Championships , Roy Emerson holds the records for most titles with six ( 1961 , 1963 -- 1967 ) and most consecutive titles with five ( 1963 -- 1967 ) . The inclusion of professional tennis players in 1969 marked the competition 's entry into the Open Era , in which Novak Djokovic ( 2008 , 2011 -- 2013 , 2015 -- 2016 ) and Roger Federer ( 2004 , 2006 -- 2007 , 2010 , 2017 -- 2018 ) hold the record for most titles with six . The Open Era record for most consecutive titles is three by Djokovic ( 2011 -- 2013 ) . This event was won without losing a set during the Open Era by Rosewall in 1971 and Federer in 2007 .		List of Australian Open men 's singles champions	list of australian open men's singles champions	The Australian Open is an annual tennis tournament created in 1905 and played on outdoor hardcourts at Melbourne Park in Melbourne , Australia . The Australian Open is played over a two - week period beginning in mid-January and has been chronologically the first of the four Grand Slam tournaments each year since 1987 . The event was not held from 1916 to 1918 because of World War I , from 1941 to 1945 because of World War II and in 1986 . The timing of the Australian Open has changed several times . In 1977 , the date of the final moved from January to December , which resulted in having two Australian Opens in 1977 ; there was a January edition and a December edition that year . The originally planned December 1986 edition was moved forward to January 1987 , resulting in no Australian Open in 1986 . The Australian Open was an Open Era event for the first time in 1969 . One year previously in 1968 the French Open , Wimbledon and the US Open were Open Era events for the first time .	Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Champions 2.1 Australasian Championships 2.2 Australian Championships 2.3 Australian Open 3 Statistics 3.1 Multiple champions 3.2 Champions by country 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Christchurch and Hastings , New Zealand , and Perth , Brisbane , Adelaide , Sydney and Melbourne , Australia , have hosted the men 's singles event . The event switched cities every year before it settled in 1972 in Melbourne . The event was held at the Kooyong Stadium before moving to Melbourne Park in 1988 . The Australian Open court surface changed once , from grass courts to hardcourts in 1988 . Mats Wilander was the only tennis player to win the event on grass and on Rebound Ace surfaces ; he won twice on grass and once on the Rebound Ace . Roger Federer is the only player to have won on both the Rebound Ace and Plexicushion surfaces . The men 's singles rules have undergone several changes since the first edition . This event has always been contested in a knockout format , and all matches have been best - of - five sets except in 1970 , 1973 , and 1974 , when the first round was best - of - three sets , and in 1982 , when the third and fourth round were best - of - three sets . Since 1905 , all sets have been decided in the advantage format . The lingering death best - of - twelve points tie - break was introduced in 1971 and has been used for the first four sets since then , except from 1980 to 1982 , when the tie - break was also played in fifth sets . The champion receives a miniature replica of the silver - gilt Norman Brookes Challenge Cup , named after the 1911 champion and former Lawn Tennis Association of Australia ( LTAA ) president , and modeled after the Warwick Vase . In 2010 , the winner received prize money of A $ 2,100,000 . In the Australasian Championships , James Anderson holds the records for most titles with three ( 1922 , 1924 -- 1925 ) , and the most consecutive titles with two ( 1924 -- 1925 ) . In the Australian Championships , Roy Emerson holds the records for most titles with six ( 1961 , 1963 -- 1967 ) and most consecutive titles with five ( 1963 -- 1967 ) . The inclusion of professional tennis players in 1969 marked the competition 's entry into the Open Era , in which Novak Djokovic ( 2008 , 2011 -- 2013 , 2015 -- 2016 ) and Roger Federer ( 2004 , 2006 -- 2007 , 2010 , 2017 -- 2018 ) hold the record for most titles with six . The Open Era record for most consecutive titles is three by Djokovic ( 2011 -- 2013 ) . This event was won without losing a set during the Open Era by Rosewall in 1971 and Federer in 2007 . Champions ( edit ) Australasian Championships ( edit ) James Anderson clinched three titles in the Australasian Championship . Year Country Champion Country Runner - up Score in the final 1905 AUS Heath , Rodney Rodney Heath AUS Curtis , Albert Albert Curtis 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 1906 NZL Wilding , Anthony Anthony Wilding NZL Fisher , Francis Francis Fisher 6 -- 0 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 1907 AUS Rice , Horace Horace Rice NZL Parker , Harry Harry Parker 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 1908 USA Alexander , Fred Fred Alexander AUS Dunlop , Alfred Alfred Dunlop 3 -- 6 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 0 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 3 1909 NZL Wilding , Anthony Anthony Wilding AUS Parker , Ernie Ernie Parker 6 -- 1 , 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 2 1910 AUS Heath , Rodney Rodney Heath AUS Rice , Horace Horace Rice 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 2 1911 AUS Brookes , Norman Norman Brookes AUS Rice , Horace Horace Rice 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 3 1912 BRI Parke , James Cecil James Cecil Parke BRI Beamish , Alfred Alfred Beamish 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 1 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 , 7 -- 5 1913 AUS Parker , Ernie Ernie Parker NZL Parker , Harry Harry Parker 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 2 1914 AUS O'Hara Wood , Arthur Arthur O'Hara Wood AUS Patterson , Gerald Gerald Patterson 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 3 , 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 1 1915 BRI Lowe , Gordon Gordon Lowe AUS Rice , Horace Horace Rice 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 4 1916 No competition ( due to World War I ) 1917 1918 1919 BRI Kingscote , Algernon Algernon Kingscote AUS Pockley , Eric Eric Pockley 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 0 , 6 -- 3 1920 AUS O'Hara Wood , Pat Pat O'Hara Wood AUS Thomas , Ronald Ronald Thomas 6 -- 3 , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 8 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 3 1921 AUS Gemmell , Rhys Rhys Gemmell AUS Hedeman , Alf Alf Hedeman 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 4 1922 AUS Anderson , James James Anderson AUS Patterson , Gerald Gerald Patterson 6 -- 0 , 3 -- 6 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 2 1923 AUS O'Hara Wood , Pat Pat O'Hara Wood AUS St. John , Bert Bert St. John 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 3 1924 AUS Anderson , James James Anderson AUS Schlesinger , Richard Richard Schlesinger 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 , 3 -- 6 , 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 3 1925 AUS Anderson , James James Anderson AUS Patterson , Gerald Gerald Patterson 11 -- 9 , 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 3 1926 AUS Hawkes , John John Hawkes AUS Willard , James James Willard 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 1 Australian Championships ( edit ) Jack Crawford titled in 1931 , 1932 , 1933 and 1935 . Year Country Champion Country Runner - up Score in the final 1927 AUS Patterson , Gerald Gerald Patterson AUS Hawkes , John John Hawkes 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 3 -- 6 , 18 -- 16 , 6 -- 3 1928 FRA Borotra , Jean Jean Borotra AUS Cummings , Jack Jack Cummings 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 1 , 4 -- 6 , 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 3 1929 GBR Gregory , John Colin John Colin Gregory AUS Schlesinger , Richard Richard Schlesinger 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 2 , 5 -- 7 , 7 -- 5 1930 AUS Moon , Edgar Edgar Moon AUS Hopman , Harry Harry Hopman 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 3 1931 AUS Crawford , Jack Jack Crawford AUS Hopman , Harry Harry Hopman 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 , 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 1932 AUS Crawford , Jack Jack Crawford AUS Hopman , Harry Harry Hopman 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 1 1933 AUS Crawford , Jack Jack Crawford USA Gledhill , Keith Keith Gledhill 2 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 2 1934 GBR Perry , Fred Fred Perry AUS Crawford , Jack Jack Crawford 6 -- 3 , 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 1 1935 AUS Crawford , Jack Jack Crawford GBR Perry , Fred Fred Perry 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 1936 AUS Quist , Adrian Adrian Quist AUS Crawford , Jack Jack Crawford 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 3 , 4 -- 6 , 3 -- 6 , 9 -- 7 1937 AUS McGrath , Vivian Vivian McGrath AUS Bromwich , John John Bromwich 6 -- 3 , 1 -- 6 , 6 -- 0 , 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 1938 USA Budge , Don Don Budge AUS Bromwich , John John Bromwich 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 1 1939 AUS Bromwich , John John Bromwich AUS Quist , Adrian Adrian Quist 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 3 1940 AUS Quist , Adrian Adrian Quist AUS Crawford , Jack Jack Crawford 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 2 1941 No competition ( due to World War II ) 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 AUS Bromwich , John John Bromwich AUS Pails , Dinny Dinny Pails 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 3 , 7 -- 5 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 1947 AUS Pails , Dinny Dinny Pails AUS Bromwich , John John Bromwich 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 3 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 , 8 -- 6 1948 AUS Quist , Adrian Adrian Quist AUS Bromwich , John John Bromwich 6 -- 4 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 1949 AUS Sedgman , Frank Frank Sedgman AUS Bromwich , John John Bromwich 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 2 1950 AUS Sedgman , Frank Frank Sedgman AUS McGregor , Ken Ken McGregor 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 1951 USA Savitt , Dick Dick Savitt AUS McGregor , Ken Ken McGregor 6 -- 3 , 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 1 1952 AUS McGregor , Ken Ken McGregor AUS Sedgman , Frank Frank Sedgman 7 -- 5 , 12 -- 10 , 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 1953 AUS Rosewall , Ken Ken Rosewall AUS Rose , Mervyn Mervyn Rose 6 -- 0 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 1954 AUS Rose , Mervyn Mervyn Rose AUS Hartwig , Rex Rex Hartwig 6 -- 2 , 0 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 1955 AUS Rosewall , Ken Ken Rosewall AUS Hoad , Lew Lew Hoad 9 -- 7 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 1956 AUS Hoad , Lew Lew Hoad AUS Rosewall , Ken Ken Rosewall 6 -- 4 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 5 1957 AUS Cooper , Ashley Ashley Cooper AUS Fraser , Neale Neale Fraser 6 -- 3 , 9 -- 11 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 1958 AUS Cooper , Ashley Ashley Cooper AUS Anderson , Malcolm Malcolm Anderson 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 1959 USA Olmedo , Alex Alex Olmedo AUS Fraser , Neale Neale Fraser 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 2 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 1960 AUS Laver , Rod Rod Laver AUS Fraser , Neale Neale Fraser 5 -- 7 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 8 -- 6 , 8 -- 6 1961 AUS Emerson , Roy Roy Emerson AUS Laver , Rod Rod Laver 1 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 4 1962 AUS Laver , Rod Rod Laver AUS Emerson , Roy Roy Emerson 8 -- 6 , 0 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 1963 AUS Emerson , Roy Roy Emerson AUS Fletcher , Ken Ken Fletcher 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 1 1964 AUS Emerson , Roy Roy Emerson AUS Stolle , Fred Fred Stolle 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 1965 AUS Emerson , Roy Roy Emerson AUS Stolle , Fred Fred Stolle 7 -- 9 , 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 1 1966 AUS Emerson , Roy Roy Emerson USA Ashe , Arthur Arthur Ashe 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 8 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 3 1967 AUS Emerson , Roy Roy Emerson USA Ashe , Arthur Arthur Ashe 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 4 1968 AUS Bowrey , William William Bowrey ESP Gisbert , Juan Juan Gisbert 7 -- 5 , 2 -- 6 , 9 -- 7 , 6 -- 4 Australian Open ( edit ) American Andre Agassi won four singles titles . Roger Federer is one of the two players in the Open Era to win 6 singles Australian Open titles . Year Country Champion Country Runner - up Score in the final 1969 AUS Laver , Rod Rod Laver ESP Gimeno , Andrés Andrés Gimeno 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 5 1970 USA Ashe , Arthur Arthur Ashe AUS Crealy , Dick Dick Crealy 6 -- 4 , 9 -- 7 , 6 -- 2 1971 AUS Rosewall , Ken Ken Rosewall USA Ashe , Arthur Arthur Ashe 6 -- 1 , 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 3 1972 AUS Rosewall , Ken Ken Rosewall AUS Anderson , Malcolm Malcolm Anderson 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 7 -- 5 1973 AUS Newcombe , John John Newcombe NZL Parun , Onny Onny Parun 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 7 , 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 1 USA Connors , Jimmy Jimmy Connors AUS Dent , Phil Phil Dent 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 AUS Newcombe , John John Newcombe USA Connors , Jimmy Jimmy Connors 7 -- 5 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 6 1976 AUS Edmondson , Mark Mark Edmondson AUS Newcombe , John John Newcombe 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 3 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 1977 ( 1 ) USA Tanner , Roscoe Roscoe Tanner ARG Vilas , Guillermo Guillermo Vilas 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 1977 ( 2 ) USA Gerulaitis , Vitas Vitas Gerulaitis GBR Lloyd , John John Lloyd 6 -- 3 , 7 -- 6 , 5 -- 7 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 1978 ARG Vilas , Guillermo Guillermo Vilas AUS Marks , John John Marks 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 1979 ARG Vilas , Guillermo Guillermo Vilas USA Sadri , John John Sadri 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 2 1980 USA Teacher , Brian Brian Teacher AUS Warwick , Kim Kim Warwick 7 -- 5 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 1981 RSA Kriek , Johan Johan Kriek USA Denton , Steve Steve Denton 6 -- 2 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 4 1982 USA Kriek , Johan Johan Kriek USA Denton , Steve Steve Denton 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 2 SWE Wilander , Mats Mats Wilander TCH Lendl , Ivan Ivan Lendl 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 1984 SWE Wilander , Mats Mats Wilander RSA Curren , Kevin Kevin Curren 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 1985 SWE Edberg , Stefan Stefan Edberg SWE Wilander , Mats Mats Wilander 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 1986 -- None -- -- -- SWE Edberg , Stefan Stefan Edberg AUS Cash , Pat Pat Cash 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 , 3 -- 6 , 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 3 1988 SWE Wilander , Mats Mats Wilander AUS Cash , Pat Pat Cash 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 7 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 , 8 -- 6 1989 TCH Lendl , Ivan Ivan Lendl TCH Mečíř , Miloslav Miloslav Mečíř 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 2 1990 TCH Lendl , Ivan Ivan Lendl SWE Edberg , Stefan Stefan Edberg 4 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 , 5 -- 2 retired 1991 GER Becker , Boris Boris Becker TCH Lendl , Ivan Ivan Lendl 1 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 1992 USA Courier , Jim Jim Courier SWE Edberg , Stefan Stefan Edberg 6 -- 3 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 1993 USA Courier , Jim Jim Courier SWE Edberg , Stefan Stefan Edberg 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 1 , 2 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 1994 USA Sampras , Pete Pete Sampras USA Martin , Todd Todd Martin 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 1995 USA Agassi , Andre Andre Agassi USA Sampras , Pete Pete Sampras 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 GER Becker , Boris Boris Becker USA Chang , Michael Michael Chang 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 4 , 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 1997 USA Sampras , Pete Pete Sampras ESP Moyá , Carlos Carlos Moyá 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 1998 CZE Korda , Petr Petr Korda CHI Ríos , Marcelo Marcelo Ríos 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 2 1999 RUS Kafelnikov , Yevgeny Yevgeny Kafelnikov SWE Enqvist , Thomas Thomas Enqvist 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 0 , 6 -- 3 , 7 -- 6 2000 USA Agassi , Andre Andre Agassi RUS Kafelnikov , Yevgeny Yevgeny Kafelnikov 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 4 2001 USA Agassi , Andre Andre Agassi FRA Clément , Arnaud Arnaud Clément 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 2 2002 SWE Johansson , Thomas Thomas Johansson RUS Safin , Marat Marat Safin 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 6 2003 USA Agassi , Andre Andre Agassi GER Schüttler , Rainer Rainer Schüttler 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 1 SUI Federer , Roger Roger Federer RUS Safin , Marat Marat Safin 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 2005 RUS Safin , Marat Marat Safin AUS Hewitt , Lleyton Lleyton Hewitt 1 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 2006 SUI Federer , Roger Roger Federer CYP Baghdatis , Marcos Marcos Baghdatis 5 -- 7 , 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 0 , 6 -- 2 2007 SUI Federer , Roger Roger Federer CHI González , Fernando Fernando González 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 2008 SRB Djokovic , Novak Novak Djokovic FRA Tsonga , Jo - Wilfried Jo - Wilfried Tsonga 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 3 , 7 -- 6 2009 ESP Nadal , Rafael Rafael Nadal SUI Federer , Roger Roger Federer 7 -- 5 , 3 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 SUI Federer , Roger Roger Federer GBR Murray , Andy Andy Murray 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 6 2011 SRB Djokovic , Novak Novak Djokovic GBR Murray , Andy Andy Murray 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 3 2012 SRB Djokovic , Novak Novak Djokovic ESP Nadal , Rafael Rafael Nadal 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 7 , 7 -- 5 2013 SRB Djokovic , Novak Novak Djokovic GBR Murray , Andy Andy Murray 6 -- 7 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 2 2014 SUI Wawrinka , Stan Stan Wawrinka ESP Nadal , Rafael Rafael Nadal 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 2 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 2015 SRB Djokovic , Novak Novak Djokovic GBR Murray , Andy Andy Murray 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 0 2016 SRB Djokovic , Novak Novak Djokovic GBR Murray , Andy Andy Murray 6 -- 1 , 7 -- 5 , 7 -- 6 2017 SUI Federer , Roger Roger Federer ESP Nadal , Rafael Rafael Nadal 6 -- 4 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 2018 SUI Federer , Roger Roger Federer CRO Čilić , Marin Marin Čilić 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 3 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 Statistics ( edit ) Multiple champions ( edit ) Open Era six - time champion Novak Djokovic hoisting the Norman Brookes Challenge Cup after his second win in 2011 . Djokovic is one of the two players in the Open Era to win 6 Australian Open titles and the only player in the Open Era to win 3 consecutive titles . He is undefeated in finals . Player Amateur Era Open Era All - time Years Emerson , Roy Roy Emerson ( AUS ) 6 0 6 1961 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966 , 1967 Federer , Roger Roger Federer ( SUI ) 0 6 6 2004 , 2006 , 2007 , 2010 , 2017 , 2018 Djokovic , Novak Novak Djokovic ( SRB ) 0 6 6 2008 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2015 , 2016 Crawford , Jack Jack Crawford ( AUS ) 0 1931 , 1932 , 1933 , 1935 Rosewall , Ken Ken Rosewall ( AUS ) 1953 , 1955 , 1971 , 1972 Agassi , Andre Andre Agassi ( USA ) 0 1995 , 2000 , 2001 , 2003 Anderson , James James Anderson ( AUS ) 0 1922 , 1924 , 1925 Quist , Adrian Adrian Quist ( AUS ) 0 1936 , 1940 , 1948 Laver , Rod Rod Laver ( AUS ) 1960 , 1962 , 1969 Wilander , Mats Mats Wilander ( SWE ) 0 1983 , 1984 , 1988 Becker , Boris Boris Becker ( GER ) 0 1991 , 1996 Bromwich , John John Bromwich ( AUS ) 0 1939 , 1946 Cooper , Ashley Ashley Cooper ( AUS ) 0 1957 , 1958 Courier , Jim Jim Courier ( USA ) 0 1992 , 1993 Edberg , Stefan Stefan Edberg ( SWE ) 0 1985 , 1987 Heath , Rodney Rodney Heath ( AUS ) 0 1905 , 1910 Kriek , Johan Johan Kriek ( RSA ) ( USA ) 0 1981 , 1982 Lendl , Ivan Ivan Lendl ( TCH ) 0 1989 , 1990 Newcombe , John John Newcombe ( AUS ) 0 1973 , 1975 Sampras , Pete Pete Sampras ( USA ) 0 1994 , 1997 Sedgman , Frank Frank Sedgman ( AUS ) 0 1949 , 1950 Vilas , Guillermo Guillermo Vilas ( ARG ) 0 1978 , 1979 Wilding , Anthony Anthony Wilding ( NZL ) 0 1906 , 1909 O'Hara Wood , Pat Pat O'Hara Wood ( AUS ) 0 1920 , 1923 Champions by country ( edit ) Australian Open men 's singles champions by country Country Amateur Era Open Era All - time First title Last title Australia ( AUS ) 44 6 50 1905 1976 United States ( USA ) 15 19 1908 2003 Switzerland ( SUI ) 0 7 7 2018 Sweden ( SWE ) 0 6 6 2002 Serbia ( SRB ) 0 6 6 2008 2016 United Kingdom ( UK / GBR ) 5 0 5 1912 1934 Argentina ( ARG ) 0 1978 1979 Czechoslovakia ( TCH ) 0 1989 1990 Germany ( GER ) 0 1991 New Zealand ( NZL ) 0 1906 1909 Russia ( RUS ) 0 1999 2005 South Africa ( RSA ) 0 1981 1981 Czech Republic ( CZE ) 0 1998 1998 France ( FRA ) 0 1928 1928 Spain ( ESP ) 0 2009 2009 See also ( edit ) Tennis portal List of Australian Open women 's singles champions Other Grand Slams List of French Open men 's singles champions List of Wimbledon gentlemen 's singles champions List of US Open men 's singles champions List of Grand Slam men 's singles champions Notes ( edit ) Known as the Australasian Championships ( 1905 -- 1926 ) and as the Australian Championships ( 1927 -- 1968 ) during the Amateur Era . The tournament entered the Open Era with the 1969 edition , allowing professional players to compete alongside amateurs . Since 1988 , Rod Laver Arena features a retractable roof and lights , allowing indoor and night - time play . The Australian Open specifically uses Plexicushion Prestige hardcourts , categorized as a `` Medium '' speed surface by the International Tennis Federation ( ITF ) . The tournament was not held in 1986 because of a date change . See 1986 Australian Open tournament . Each year is linked to an article about that particular event 's draw . Although he was still a Peruvian citizen , Alex Olmedo was recorded as an American competitor for the 1959 Australian Championships . Two Australian Opens were in held in 1977 because of a date change , the first in January and the second in December . Ivan Lendl won the final after Stefan Edberg was forced to retire due to a pulled abdominal muscle . Three wins by players from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ( 1801 -- 1922 ) , plus two wins by players from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland ( 1922 -- present ) . Czechoslovakia ( TCH , 1918 -- 1992 ) , does not include the totals of Czech Republic ( CZE , 1992 -- present ) and Slovakia ( SVK , 1992 -- present ) . Czech Republic ( CZE , 1992 -- present ) , does not include the totals of Czechoslovakia ( TCH , 1918 -- 1992 ) , or Slovakia ( SVK , 1992 -- present ) . Johan Kriek won his first title as a South African , but the next year won as a citizen of the United States . References ( edit ) General `` Grand Slam Tournaments -- Australian Open '' ( PDF ) . usta.com . United States Tennis Association . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 01 . `` List of Australian Open men 's champions '' . ESPN . Reuters. 2009 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 01 . Specific Jump up ^ `` 2012 Australian Open '' . Event Guide : Prize Money . Tennis Australia . Archived from the original on 29 December 2010 . Retrieved 29 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tournament profile -- Australian Open '' . atpworldtour.com . ATP Tour , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Foenander , Tristan . `` History of the Australian Open -- the Grand Slam of Asia / Pacific '' . australianopen.com . IBM , Tennis Australia . Archived from the original on 2009 - 05 - 25 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` Grand Slam Tournaments -- Australian Open '' ( PDF ) . usta.com . United States Tennis Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 05 - 20 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1977 Grand Slam calendar '' . atpworldtour.com . ATP Tour , Inc . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 10 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1986 Grand Slam calendar '' . atpworldtour.com . ATP Tour , Inc . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 10 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` Australian Open -- History -- Year - by - year '' . australianopen.com . IBM , Tennis Australia . Archived from the original on 2009 - 08 - 03 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Schlink , Leo ( 2008 - 01 - 14 ) . `` Plexicushion replaces Rebound Ace at Australian Open '' . Herald Sun . The Herald and Weekly Times . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Bevan , Chris ( 2008 - 01 - 11 ) . `` On - court blues for Aussie tennis ? '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rod Laver Arena '' . mopt.com.au . Melbourne & Olympic Parks . Archived from the original on 2009 - 09 - 13 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Roddick survives 83 - game epic '' . The Guardian . London . 2003 - 01 - 22 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ Vaughan , Gerard ( 2005 - 01 - 17 ) . `` Trophy has roots in an 18th - century antiquity '' . The Age . The Age Company Ltd . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Open -- Prize Money '' . australianopen.com . IBM , Tennis Australia . Archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 29 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Men 's Singles '' . australianopen.com . IBM . Archived from the original on 2010 - 01 - 15 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` List of Classified Court Surfaces '' . itftennis.com . ITF Licensing . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Aching , Victorious Olmedo to Forsake Tennis for Study '' . Chicago Tribune . Tribune Interactive , Inc. 1959 - 01 - 27 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` List of Australian Open men 's champions '' . ESPN . Reuters. 2009 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ Bick , Nina ( 1990 - 01 - 29 ) . `` Lendl Wins Title as Edberg Pulls Out '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 02 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Australian Open ( tennis ) . Australian Open official website ( hide ) Australian Open Pre Open Era 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 Open Era 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 Jan Dec 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Australian Open men 's singles drawsheets Pre-Open era 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 -- 1918 ( WWI ) 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 -- 1945 ( WWII ) 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 Open era 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Grand Slam tournament champions Australian Open Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Singles finalists ( open era ) French Open Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Singles finalists ( open era ) Wimbledon Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Singles finalists ( open era ) US Open Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Singles finalists ( open era ) All tournaments Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Boys ' singles Girls ' singles Boys ' doubles Girls ' doubles Grand Slam overall records Australasian and Australian Championships men 's singles champions ( 1905 ) Rodney Heath ( 1906 ) Anthony Wilding ( 1907 ) Horace Rice ( 1908 ) Fred Alexander ( 1909 ) Anthony Wilding ( 1910 ) Rodney Heath ( 1911 ) Norman Brookes ( 1912 ) James Parke ( 1913 ) Ernie Parker ( 1914 ) Arthur O'Hara Wood ( 1915 ) Gordon Lowe ( 1916 -- 1918 ) No competition ( due to World War I ) ( 1919 ) Algernon Kingscote ( 1920 ) Pat O'Hara Wood ( 1921 ) Rhys Gemmell ( 1922 ) James Anderson ( 1923 ) Pat O'Hara Wood ( 1924 ) James Anderson ( 1925 ) James Anderson ( 1926 ) John Hawkes ( 1927 ) Gerald Patterson ( 1928 ) Jean Borotra ( 1929 ) John Colin Gregory ( 1930 ) Edgar Moon ( 1931 ) Jack Crawford ( 1932 ) Jack Crawford ( 1933 ) Jack Crawford ( 1934 ) Fred Perry ( 1935 ) Jack Crawford ( 1936 ) Adrian Quist ( 1937 ) Vivian McGrath ( 1938 ) Don Budge ( 1939 ) John Bromwich ( 1940 ) Adrian Quist ( 1941 -- 1945 ) No competition ( due to World War II ) ( 1946 ) John Bromwich ( 1947 ) Dinny Pails ( 1948 ) Adrian Quist ( 1949 ) Frank Sedgman ( 1950 ) Frank Sedgman ( 1951 ) Dick Savitt ( 1952 ) Ken McGregor ( 1953 ) Ken Rosewall ( 1954 ) Mervyn Rose ( 1955 ) Ken Rosewall ( 1956 ) Lew Hoad ( 1957 ) Ashley Cooper ( 1958 ) Ashley Cooper ( 1959 ) Alex Olmedo ( 1960 ) Rod Laver ( 1961 ) Roy Emerson ( 1962 ) Rod Laver ( 1963 ) Roy Emerson ( 1964 ) Roy Emerson ( 1965 ) Roy Emerson ( 1966 ) Roy Emerson ( 1967 ) Roy Emerson ( 1968 ) William Bowrey Australian Open men 's singles champions ( 1969 ) Rod Laver ( 1970 ) Arthur Ashe ( 1971 ) Ken Rosewall ( 1972 ) Ken Rosewall ( 1973 ) John Newcombe ( 1974 ) Jimmy Connors ( 1975 ) John Newcombe ( 1976 ) Mark Edmondson ( 1977 ( Jan ) ) Roscoe Tanner ( 1977 ( Dec ) ) Vitas Gerulaitis ( 1978 ) Guillermo Vilas ( 1979 ) Guillermo Vilas ( 1980 ) Brian Teacher ( 1981 ) Johan Kriek ( 1982 ) Johan Kriek ( 1983 ) Mats Wilander ( 1984 ) Mats Wilander ( 1985 ) Stefan Edberg ( 1986 ) Not Held ( 1987 ) Stefan Edberg ( 1988 ) Mats Wilander ( 1989 ) Ivan Lendl ( 1990 ) Ivan Lendl ( 1991 ) Boris Becker ( 1992 ) Jim Courier ( 1993 ) Jim Courier ( 1994 ) Pete Sampras ( 1995 ) Andre Agassi ( 1996 ) Boris Becker ( 1997 ) Pete Sampras ( 1998 ) Petr Korda ( 1999 ) Yevgeny Kafelnikov ( 2000 ) Andre Agassi ( 2001 ) Andre Agassi ( 2002 ) Thomas Johansson ( 2003 ) Andre Agassi ( 2004 ) Roger Federer ( 2005 ) Marat Safin ( 2006 ) Roger Federer ( 2007 ) Roger Federer ( 2008 ) Novak Djokovic ( 2009 ) Rafael Nadal ( 2010 ) Roger Federer ( 2011 ) Novak Djokovic ( 2012 ) Novak Djokovic ( 2013 ) Novak Djokovic ( 2014 ) Stanislas Wawrinka ( 2015 ) Novak Djokovic ( 2016 ) Novak Djokovic ( 2017 ) Roger Federer ( 2018 ) Roger Federer Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Australian_Open_men%27s_singles_champions&oldid=831375782 '' Categories : Lists of Australian Open champions Lists of male tennis players Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά 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who owns the westgate hotel in las vegas	The Westgate Las Vegas Resort & Casino is a hotel and casino in Winchester , Nevada . It is owned by Westgate Resorts and operated by Navegante Group . It has 2,956 hotel rooms including 305 suites . It opened in 1969 as the International Hotel , and was known for many years as the Las Vegas Hilton , then briefly as the LVH -- Las Vegas Hotel and Casino . It was renamed the Westgate Las Vegas on July 1 , 2014 . The hotel is 30 stories tall with a height of 114.30 meter / 375.00 feet . Located on 64 acres ( 26 ha ) , it has a 74,000 square feet ( 6,900 m ) casino and is also home to the largest sports book in Las Vegas . The hotel is located next to the Las Vegas Convention Center and has its own 200,000 sq ft ( 19,000 m ) convention center , and a station along the Las Vegas Monorail .	Westgate Resorts	Westgate Las Vegas Resort & Casino	westgate las vegas resort & casino	The Westgate Las Vegas Resort & Casino is a hotel and casino in Winchester , Nevada . It is owned by Westgate Resorts and operated by Navegante Group . It has 2,956 hotel rooms including 305 suites . It opened in 1969 as the International Hotel , and was known for many years as the Las Vegas Hilton , then briefly as the LVH -- Las Vegas Hotel and Casino . It was renamed the Westgate Las Vegas on July 1 , 2014 . The hotel is 30 stories tall with a height of 114.30 meter / 375.00 feet . Located on 64 acres ( 26 ha ) , it has a 74,000 square feet ( 6,900 m ) casino and is also home to the largest sports book in Las Vegas . The hotel is located next to the Las Vegas Convention Center and has its own 200,000 sq ft ( 19,000 m ) convention center , and a station along the Las Vegas Monorail .	Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 International Hotel ( 1969 -- 1971 ) 1.2 Hilton ( 1971 -- 2012 ) 1.3 Fire 1.4 1986 -- present 1.5 LVH ( 2012 -- 2014 ) 1.6 Westgate ( 2014 -- present ) 2 Entertainment 2.1 Shows 2.2 Star Trek : The Experience 3 Popular culture 3.1 Television 3.2 Film 3.3 Music 3.4 Video games 4 Gallery 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) International hotel ( 1969 -- 1971 ) ( edit ) The hotel , designed by architect Martin Stern , Jr. , was built in 1969 by Kirk Kerkorian and opened originally as the International Hotel . Upon opening , the International was the largest hotel in the world . Barbra Streisand was the opening - night performer , along with Peggy Lee performing afterwards in the hotel 's lounge . On July 31 , 1969 , immediately following Streisand 's engagement , Elvis Presley performed for 58 consecutive sold out shows , breaking all Las Vegas attendance records , ( 130,157 paying , and ostensibly gambling , customers in the period of one month ) , with stellar reviews coming from both critics and the public . Elvis broke his own attendance record in February 1970 , and again in August 1970 and August 1972 . When playing Las Vegas , he lived in the penthouse suite ( room 3000 ) , located on the 30th floor , until his last performance there in December 1976 . Between 1969 and 1976 , Presley performed a total of 837 shows , all to sold out audiences . Elvis was due to perform there again in 1978 , to celebrate the opening of the North tower , but the singer died in August 1977 . His manager , Colonel Tom Parker , lived in the hotel on the 4th floor from the 1970s to mid-1980s . Hilton ( 1971 -- 2012 ) ( edit ) Hotel with former Hilton logo and branding . The International Hotel was sold to Hilton Hotels Corporation in 1970 and renamed the Las Vegas Hilton in 1971 . Liberace headlined in the showroom during the 1970s , drawing sold - out crowds twice per night . When he signed his contract at the Hilton in 1972 he earned $300,000 per week , a record amount for individual entertainers in Las Vegas . The Las Vegas Hilton was the site in 1978 where Leon Spinks defeated Muhammad Ali for the World Heavyweight Championship . It was also the site in which Mike Tyson defeated Tony Tucker to unify and become the Undisputed Heavyweight Champion in 1986 . Also , Donald Curry defeated Milton McCrory at the Las Vegas Hilton to unify and become the Undisputed Welterweight Champion in December 1985 . In 1998 , Hilton Hotels Corporation split their properties and stock into two different companies ( Hilton gaming , and Hilton Hotels ) . Shortly after the split , Hilton Gaming Company merged with Bally Entertainment Corporation ( owners of Bally 's Hotel ) . The company was renamed Park Place Entertainment . In 2000 , Park Place Entertainment purchased Caesars World ( All Caesars Casinos ) . In 2003 , Park Place Entertainment changed their name to Caesars Entertainment . In 2004 , Caesars Entertainment sold the Las Vegas Hilton to Colony Capital LLC for $280 million . Colony Capital transferred the property to its subsidiary , Resorts International Holdings . The Las Vegas Hilton became Resorts International 's anchor property , with their corporate office located on the second floor of the east tower . It changed its name to LVH - Las Vegas Hotel & Casino in 2012 . The east tower was added in 1975 and the north tower was added in 1978 . Fire ( edit ) On the night of February 10 , 1981 , an arson fire started at the Las Vegas Hilton , which at the time was being retrofitted with modern fire safety equipment . Firefighters , using the knowledge they had learned from the MGM Grand fire , used local television networks to notify people to stay in their rooms and not go out to the halls and stairwells . Because of the lessons learned , only eight people died in this fire compared with the 85 people who died in the MGM Grand fire . Famed singer Natalie Cole was trapped inside the Hilton during the fire , possibly sustaining lung damage from smoke inhalation that was not detected by doctors in 1981 . In 1982 , Philip Bruce Cline was sentenced to eight life sentences for his role in starting the fire . 1986 -- present ( edit ) The race and sports book was added in 1986 and is the largest in Las Vegas . In September 1991 , the casino hosted the U.S. Navy 's Tailhook Association annual meeting . During this gathering , alleged acts of sexual assault by Naval and Marine Corps officers took place in the hotel . The Navy investigated the event ; however , the initial accusations stood up and fueled a large scandal receiving wide media attention . Responsibility included the entire chain of command , ultimately affecting the careers of over 300 pilots and 14 admirals , including Chief of Naval Operations Admiral Frank Kelso . The Las Vegas Hilton sign , at 279 ft 0 in ( 85.0 m ) , is the largest freestanding sign in the world The hotel had what was the largest freestanding sign made mostly of steel in front of the hotel on Paradise Road . The old sign was semicircular in shape , and had three large steel posts close to each other forming a small circle , while three more posts on each side of the three main ones , this time more spaced out , formed the semicircle , also holding up a concrete sign . The old sign , which had been built at a cost of $5 million , was blown down during a major thunderstorm on July 18 , 1994 . A new $9 million freestanding concrete Hilton sign was built in 1997 at the same location and is the largest freestanding sign in the world . The sign is narrow , and gets wider as it gets higher , forming a fan - type design at the top . A Hilton Grand Vacations Company timeshare opened on the 59 acres ( 24 ha ) site in 1999 . On June 18 , 2004 , the property was sold by Caesars Entertainment to Colony Capital for $280 million . In October 2006 , it was reported that the Las Vegas Hilton might be demolished in the subsequent 12 -- 18 months . The claim was immediately refuted by president and CEO Rudy Prieto . According to the Las Vegas Review - Journal , Hilton Worldwide confirmed on June 29 , 2011 , that it had terminated its franchise license agreement with the Las Vegas Hilton , effective January 1 , 2012 . Its now - former sister property , the Atlantic City Hilton , already has lost its agreement with Hilton and became ACH Casino Resort . After suffering from the recession , the Hilton began defaulting on payments to Goldman Sachs on a $252 million loan . Goldman filed for foreclosure in September 2011 . Colony responded in October , claiming that Goldman , which owns 40 % of the Hilton through its subsidiary , Whitehall , and owns competing resorts including the Stratosphere , was acting in conflict of interest . LVH ( 2012 -- 2014 ) ( edit ) In November 2011 , it was reported the Las Vegas Hilton would be renamed as the LVH - Las Vegas Hotel and Casino on January 3 , 2012 , as the contract to use the Hilton brand ended . Like its now - former sister property , ACH Casino Resort , it took on its initials as its new name . The LVH was sold at a foreclosure auction in October 2012 to the only bidder , a partnership of Goldman Sachs and Gramercy Capital . The Navegante Group was brought in to manage the property . On February 4 , 2013 it was announced that LVH would be affiliating with Red Lion Hotels . Westgate ( 2014 -- present ) ( edit ) Goldman Sachs and Colony sold the resort to Westgate Resorts on June 30 , 2014 for between $150 and $170 million . Westgate renamed the resort the Westgate Las Vegas on July 1 , 2014 . The letters LVH were removed from the sign in front of the hotel that day . Entertainment ( edit ) Shows ( edit ) On September 14 , 1993 , the Vegas version of Andrew Lloyd Webber 's Starlight Express show opened . This involved a massive conversion of the theater including pouring concrete ramps into the seating area . When the show closed , the theater was used to film The Oak Ridge Boys Live series for TNN before it was gutted and renovated . Las Vegas Hilton marquee in 1993 During the summer of 2006 , Reba McEntire signed an exclusive engagement performing at the Las Vegas Hilton titled REBA : Key to the Heart . Over five non-consecutive weeks , she performed for the fans traveling to see her for the first time in her career . Barry Manilow performed his `` Ultimate Manilow : the Hits '' show at the Las Vegas Hilton . As part of the contract , Manilow occupied one of the three `` sky villas '' which are three very large penthouse suites that were built in 1994 replacing the original penthouse ( room 3000 ) , Elvis 's home for 8 years . In February 2007 , the Hilton painted Las Vegas ' largest mural , of Barry Manilow , on the side of the hotel . Greg London Impressions That Rock , playing indefinitely , opened in March 2010 . On July 22 , 2011 , and July 23 , 2011 , Ethan Bortnick became the youngest Headline performer in Las Vegas . At 10 years old , Ethan made history at the Las Vegas Hilton as the youngest headliner in Las Vegas . The King Starring Trent Carlini , playing indefinitely . Winner of ABC 's The Next Best Thing , Trent Carlini has been the longest running show at the LVH . Trent Carlini opened his show at the LVH ( former Hilton ) performing from 2000 to 2005 . He returned to the hotel in 2010 for a limited engagement and has performed six nights a week since 2011 . The Las Vegas Hilton is one of few western hotels to not suffer from triskaidekaphobia ( fear of the number 13 ) by having a 13th floor . Platinum - selling funk band Cameo performs at the Westgate Las Vegas Resort & Casino four nights a week . In 2013 , the classic rock tribute show Raiding the Rock Vault began playing at the LVH . The cast consists of several actors and musicians , including Paul Shortino , John Payne , Robin McAuley , and Howard Leese . Tracii Guns was a part of the show for its 2013 run , but was replaced in 2014 by Doug Aldrich . Cameo , the Grammy - nominated funk band , currently headlines the Westgate Cabaret alongside comedian Vinnie Favorito and Sexxy , the long - standing Las Vegas burlesque revue . Purple Reign , the award - winning tribute to Prince , performs in the Westgate International Theater five nights a week . Star Trek : the Experience ( edit ) In January 1998 , Star Trek : The Experience opened . The casino added a space - themed casino , Space Quest , complete with high - tech table games . It served as the gateway to The Experience . Sometime prior to the summer of 2007 the casino was redone to largely remove the space theme . On March 18 , 2004 , a new Borg Invasion 4 - D ride was added . On September 2008 , Star Trek : The Experience closed and was completely dismantled the following January . It was planned to be moved to the Neonopolis mall , but as of 2011 it has not opened , and most props and costumes that were displayed have since been sold . Plans for the relocation have since been abandoned . Despite the closure , several of the `` spaceship - style '' wall panels in the Hilton installed for the experience are still there . On October 25 , 2016 the Miss Grand International 2016 pageant was held in this arena . Popular culture ( edit ) Television ( edit ) Let 's Make a Deal produced its final syndicated season here in 1976 -- 77 . The television series The Oak Ridge Boys : Live from Las Vegas was taped in the Starlight Theater . Two episodes of Roseanne were taped here in 1991 . In 1998 , 2002 , 2005 , 2009 , 2010 , and 2013 Wheel of Fortune was taped on location at the Las Vegas Hilton Theater . Two weeks of episodes of Jeopardy ! were taped on location at the Las Vegas Hilton Theater : a week of Celebrity Jeopardy ! and the 2001 International Championship , which was won by then - reigning Tournament of Champions winner Robin Carroll . Louis Theroux 's BBC documentary ' weird weekends ' was filmed here , discussing the lifestyle and merits of gambling and following several gamblers around the casino . On May 2 , 1982 the National Cable Television Association held its annual convention in the ballroom of the then Hilton Hotel for the inaugural telecast of the start of The Weather Channel . Film ( edit ) In August 1970 , it was the setting for the stage segment of Elvis Presley 's concert documentary Elvis - That 's The Way It Is . The hotel was used as the infamous `` Whyte House '' casino in the 1971 James Bond film Diamonds Are Forever . The hotel was also featured extensively toward the end of the movie Over the Top . Other notable appearances include the movie Indecent Proposal . Music ( edit ) The Hilton is the setting of the song `` Home on Monday '' by the Little River Band on their album Diamantina Cocktail , starting with the lyrics , `` Can you guess where I 'm calling from ? The Las Vegas Hilton . '' Video games ( edit ) The Hilton becomes the target of a terrorist bombing in Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six : Vegas 2 . The LVH has been deemed the location for the 2014 Evolution Fighting Game Tournament series , a.k.a. Evo . See http://shoryuken.com/2013/09/15/evo-2014-announced/ for more . Gallery ( edit ) Another angle of the Las Vegas Hilton in Winchester , Nevada taken in October 2006 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas Hilton - The Skyscraper Center '' . Jump up ^ `` Westgate Las Vegas Resort & Casino - Las Vegas Hotel '' . Westgate Las Vegas Resort & Casino . Jump up ^ http://skyscrapercenter.com/CTBUH_Building_Factsheet.php?id=14138 Jump up ^ `` Paradise Misplaced : Tribute to Martin Stern , Jr '' . Jump up ^ `` Autopsy : The Last Hours of Natalie Cole . '' Autopsy . Nar . Eric Meyers . Exec . Prod . Ed Taylor and Michael Kelpie . Reelz , 27 May 2017 . Television . Jump up ^ `` Ex-Busboy Gets 8 Life Terms In Las Vegas Hilton Hotel Fire '' . The New York Times . March 26 , 1982 . Retrieved May 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mark E. Adams . `` Las Vegas Records '' . Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas Review - Journal '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . ^ Jump up to : Green , Steve ( 6 October 2011 ) . `` Las Vegas Hilton investor fighting partner in foreclosure effort '' . Vegas Inc . Retrieved 7 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Chris SierotyLAS VEGAS REVIEW - JOURNAL . `` Las Vegas Hilton getting new name '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Jump up ^ http://www.lvhilton.com/blog/2011/12/the-las-vegas-hilton-unveils-brand-new-mini-site-httpthelvh-com/ Jump up ^ Green , Steve ( October 31 , 2012 ) . `` LVH hotel - casino in Las Vegas sold at foreclosure auction '' . Vegas Inc . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` LVH - Las Vegas Hotel & Casino First to Join New Leo Hotel Collection '' . Jump up ^ John Katsilometes . `` Westgate ready to change marquee as purchase of LVH is official '' . LasVegasSun.com . Jump up ^ Aaron Barker ( 30 June 2014 ) . `` Letters removed from LVH 's iconic marquee '' . Jump up ^ http://www.canada.com/reginaleaderpost/news/arts_life/story.html?id=062d95b3-b558-4378-8a21-36a8b3349ee7 canada'com Jump up ^ `` AOL - News , Sports , Weather , Entertainment , Local & Lifestyle '' . AOL.com . Jump up ^ Mike WeatherfordLAS VEGAS REVIEW - JOURNAL . `` Greg London 's ' Impressions That Rock ! ' puts fresh spin on imitations '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Don Chareunsy . `` Photos : 10 - year - old Ethan Bortnick headlines at Las Vegas Hilton '' . LasVegasSun.com . Jump up ^ http://www.kingcarlini.com Jump up ^ https://www.westgatedestinations.com/nevada/las-vegas/westgate-las-vegas-hotel-casino/entertainment External links ( edit ) Official website Las Vegas area casinos Las Vegas Strip Aria Bally 's Bellagio Caesars Palace Casino Royale Circus Circus Cosmopolitan Cromwell Encore Excalibur Flamingo Harrah 's The Linq Luxor Mandalay Bay MGM Grand Mirage Monte Carlo New York - New York O'Sheas Palazzo Paris Planet Hollywood Slots - A-Fun SLS Treasure Island Tropicana Venetian Wynn Boulder Strip Arizona Charlie 's Boulder Boulder Station Eastside Cannery Railroad Pass Sam 's Town Downtown Las Vegas Binion 's California Downtown Grand El Cortez Four Queens Fremont Golden Gate Golden Nugget Main Street Station Plaza The D Resort corridor ( surrounds The Strip ) Aztec Inn Ellis Island Gold Coast Hard Rock Hooters Lucky Dragon Orleans Palace Station Palms Rio Silver Sevens Stratosphere Tuscany Westgate Wild Wild West Other areas Airport Slots Aliante Arizona Charlie 's Decatur Cannery Eldorado Fiesta Henderson Fiesta Rancho Green Valley Ranch Jerry 's Nugget Jokers Wild Klondike Sunset Lucky Club MonteLago Opera House Poker Palace Rampart Red Rock Santa Fe Station Silver Nugget Silverton Skyline South Point Suncoast Sunset Station Texas Station Proposed Casinos never opened Fontainebleau Grand Central Hotel Las Vegas Plaza Resorts World Las Vegas Former Aladdin Bill 's Boardwalk Bourbon Street California Club Castaways ( Las Vegas Strip ) Castaways ( Boulder Strip ) Clarion Desert Inn Dunes El Rancho Casino El Rancho Vegas Gold Spike Frontier Hacienda Holy Cow Imperial Palace Key Largo Klondike La Bayou Landmark Las Vegas Club Marina Hotel Mermaids Mint Moulin Rouge Northern Club Pioneer Club Riviera Sands Sahara Silver City Silver Slipper Stardust Vacation Village Vegas World The Western Westin Westward Ho Las Vegas area hotels Las Vegas Strip Aria Bally 's Bellagio Caesars Palace Casino Royale Circus Circus Cosmopolitan Cromwell Delano Encore Excalibur Flamingo Four Seasons Harrah 's The Linq Luxor Mandalay Bay Mandarin Oriental MGM Grand Mirage Monte Carlo New York - New York Palazzo Paris Planet Hollywood SLS Signature Treasure Island Tropicana Trump Vdara Venetian Wynn Boulder Strip Arizona Charlie 's Boulder Boulder Station Eastside Cannery Railroad Pass Sam 's Town Downtown Las Vegas Binion 's California Downtown Grand El Cortez Four Queens Fremont Golden Gate Golden Nugget Main Street Station Plaza The D Resort corridor ( surrounds the Strip ) Artisan Aztec Inn Gold Coast Grand Chateau Hard Rock Hooters Lucky Dragon Orleans Palace Station Palms Platinum Rio Rumor Silver Sevens Stratosphere Tuscany Westgate Westin Wild Wild West Other areas Aliante Arizona Charlie 's Decatur Cannery Fiesta Henderson Fiesta Rancho Grandview Green Valley Ranch JW Marriott Lucky Club Red Rock Santa Fe Station Silverton Skyline South Point Suncoast Sunset Station Tahiti Village Texas Station Proposed Charlie Palmer Hotel Crown Las Vegas Resorts World Las Vegas The Drew Grand Central Hotel Las Vegas Plaza Former Aladdin Algiers Boardwalk Bourbon Street Castaways ( Las Vegas Strip ) Castaways ( Boulder Strip ) Clarion Desert Inn Dunes El Rancho Casino El Rancho Vegas Gold Spike Frontier Hacienda Harmon Key Largo Klondike La Concha Las Vegas Club Landmark Marina Hotel Mint Moulin Rouge Riviera Sands Silver Slipper Stardust Vacation Village Vegas World The Western Westward Ho Las Vegas area skyscrapers Las Vegas Strip Aria Bally 's Bellagio Caesars Palace Circus Circus Cosmopolitan Delano Elara Encore Excalibur Flamingo Harrah 's Hilton Linq Luxor Mandalay Bay Mandarin Oriental MGM Grand Mirage Monte Carlo New York - New York Palazzo Paris Planet Hollywood Riviera Signature Sky SLS Treasure Island Tropicana Trump Vdara Veer Venetian Wynn Boulder Strip Boulder Station Eastside Cannery Sam 's Town Downtown Las Vegas Binion 's California Downtown Grand El Cortez Four Queens Fremont Golden Nugget Main Street Station Plaza The D The Ogden World Market Center Resort corridor ( surrounds the Strip ) Allure Grand Chateau Hard Rock Hooters Lucky Dragon Orleans Palace Station Palms Palms Place Panorama Rio Stratosphere Turnberry Place Turnberry Towers Westgate Westin Other Aliante JW Marriott Red Rock Santa Fe Station South Point Suncoast Sunset Station Texas Station Proposed Dynasty Flatiron The Drew Grand Central St. Regis Resorts World Las Vegas Unbuilt Alon Las Vegas Ivana Las Vegas Las Ramblas Resort Las Vegas Plaza Majestic / Conrad The Merrill Sandhurst Las Vegas W Las Vegas Former Aladdin Boardwalk Castaways Desert Inn Dunes Hacienda Las Vegas Club Harmon Landmark Sands Stardust Vegas World Timeline of the tallest buildings in Las Vegas Diamond of the Dunes Tower One ( 84 m ) ( 1961 ) Landmark Hotel and Casino ( 105 m ) ( 1962 ) Las Vegas Hilton ( 114 m ) ( 1969 ) Fitzgeralds Casino and Hotel ( 120 m ) ( 1979 ) New York - New York ( 161 m ) ( 1997 ) Wynn Las Vegas ( 187 m ) ( 2005 ) The Palazzo ( 196 m ) ( 2007 ) The Drew Las Vegas ( 224 m ) ( 2009 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Westgate_Las_Vegas_Resort_%26_Casino&oldid=803044728 '' Categories : 1969 establishments in Nevada Casinos in the Las Vegas Valley Convention centers in the Las Vegas Valley Hotel buildings completed in 1969 Hotels established in 1969 Siegel family Skyscraper hotels in Winchester , Nevada Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2009 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Nederlands 日本語 Polski Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 30 September 2017 , at 02 : 56 . 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the tendency to judge other cultures by the standards of one’s own is considered	Ethnocentrism is judging another culture solely by the values and standards of one 's own culture . Ethnocentric individuals judge other groups relative to their own ethnic group or culture , especially with concern for language , behavior , customs , and religion . These ethnic distinctions and subdivisions serve to define each ethnicity 's unique cultural identity . William G. Summer defined it as `` the technical name for the view of things in which one 's own group is the center of everything , and all others are scaled and rated with reference to it . '' He further characterized ethnocentrism as often leading to pride , vanity , beliefs of one 's own group 's superiority , and contempt of outsiders . This may occur for the differentiation of people between in - groups and out - groups . Two main view points of ethnocentrism are the social sciences and the genetics . In anthropology , cultural relativism is used as an antithesis and an antonym to ethnocentrism . In biology , ethnocentrism is considered a natural condition of mankind .	Ethnocentrism	Ethnocentrism	ethnocentrism	Ethnocentrism is judging another culture solely by the values and standards of one 's own culture . Ethnocentric individuals judge other groups relative to their own ethnic group or culture , especially with concern for language , behavior , customs , and religion . These ethnic distinctions and subdivisions serve to define each ethnicity 's unique cultural identity . William G. Summer defined it as `` the technical name for the view of things in which one 's own group is the center of everything , and all others are scaled and rated with reference to it . '' He further characterized ethnocentrism as often leading to pride , vanity , beliefs of one 's own group 's superiority , and contempt of outsiders . This may occur for the differentiation of people between in - groups and out - groups . Two main view points of ethnocentrism are the social sciences and the genetics . In anthropology , cultural relativism is used as an antithesis and an antonym to ethnocentrism . In biology , ethnocentrism is considered a natural condition of mankind .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins of the concept 2 Anthropology 2.1 Consumer ethnocentrism 2.2 Cultural relativism 3 Causes 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Origins of the concept ( edit ) The term `` ethnocentrism '' was coined by Ludwig Gumplowicz and subsequently employed by William G. Sumner . Gumplowicz defined ethnocentrism as the reasons by virtue of which each people believed it had always occupied the highest point not only among contemporaneous peoples and nations but also in relation to all peoples of the historical past ( Der Rassenkampf , 1883 ) . Sumner relied on observing the tendency for people to differentiate between the in - group and others , disseminating it in his 1906 work Folkways . In 1996 , Robert K. Merton commented that `` although the practice of seeing one 's own group as the center of things is empirically correlated with a belief in superiority , centrality and superiority need to be kept analytically distinct in order to deal with patterns of alienation from one 's membership group and contempt for it . '' People born into a particular culture that grow up absorbing the values and behaviors of the culture will develop a worldview that considers their culture to be the norm . If people then experience other cultures that have different values and normal behaviors , they will find that the thought patterns appropriate to their birth culture and the meanings their birth culture attaches to behaviors are not appropriate for the new cultures . However , since people are accustomed to their birth culture , it can be difficult for them to see the behaviors of people from a different culture from the viewpoint of that culture rather than from their own . Explicit ethnocentrism and implicit ethnocentrism . Explicit ethnocentrism involves the ability to express the feelings about outsiders ( people from other groups ) , and implicit ethnocentrism refers to the inhibition of the feelings for outsiders . Anthropology ( edit ) Anthropologists such as Franz Boas and Bronislaw Malinowski argued that any human science had to transcend the ethnocentrism of the scientist . Both urged anthropologists to conduct ethnographic fieldwork in order to overcome their ethnocentrism . Boas developed the principle of cultural relativism where the `` context '' plays an important role to the understanding of other people 's values , and Malinowski developed the theory of functionalism as guides for producing non-ethnocentric studies of different cultures . Classic examples of anti-ethnocentric anthropology include Margaret Mead 's Coming of Age in Samoa ( 1928 ) , Malinowski 's The Sexual Life of Savages in North - Western Melanesia ( 1929 ) , and Ruth Benedict 's Patterns of Culture ( 1934 ) . ( Mead and Benedict were two of Boas 's students . ) Examples of ethnocentrism include religiocentric constructs claiming a divine association like `` divine nation '' , `` God 's Own Country '' , `` God 's Chosen People '' , and `` God 's Promised Land '' . Although this may be seen as classic examples , a study published by Brill showed that religious attitudes do not effect on negative out - group attitudes . In Precarious Life , Judith Butler discusses recognizing the Other in order to sustain the Self and the problems of not being able to identify the Other . Butler writes : Identification always relies upon a difference that it seeks to overcome , and that its aim is accomplished only by reintroducing the difference it claims to have vanquished . The one with whom I identify is not me , and that `` not being me '' is the condition of the identification . Otherwise , as Jacqueline Rose reminds us , identification collapses into identity , which spells the death of identification itself . Consumer ethnocentrism ( edit ) Consumer ethnocentrism refers to the preference of buying products from one 's own country with the purpose of protecting the economy and the jobs of people in the country . It involves the brand and quality of the products . In order to measure the levels of a consumer 's ethnocentric tendencies , the CETSACALE was created and used for many countries and cultures . Cultural relativism ( edit ) The idea of cultural relativism refers to the idea that what is considered true in one culture may not be in another one . This relates is the opposite of ethnocentrism ; referring to the idea of being aware that different beliefs and cultures exist . Classic examples of this are the use of certain words that may have a different meaning in another country . the term used to describe this examples is linguistic relativism . However , a person does not necessarily need to apply the concept of cultural relativism to not be ethnocentric . Causes ( edit ) In a research published by PNAS ( Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America ) suggested that ethnocentrism may be mediated by the oxytocin hormone . It was found that in randomized controlled trials `` oxytocin creates intergroup bias because oxytocin motivates in - group favoritism and , to a lesser extent , out - group derogation '' . In The Selfish Gene , evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins writes that `` Blood - feuds and inter-clan warfare are easily interpretable in terms of Hamilton 's genetic theory . '' Simulation - based experiments in evolutionary game theory have attempted to provide an explanation for the selection of ethnocentric - strategy phenotypes . There is not a single reason to determine the causes of ethnocentrism , different areas of sciences tried to explain how ethnocentrism works . The Social identity approach suggests that a person is ethnocentric due to a strong identification with the inter - culture which may lead to negative feelings to the outsiders . Social scientists believe that the lack of contact with outsiders may be a cause stereotype towards other groups . Realistic conflict theory assumes that ethnocentrism happens due to `` real or perceived conflict '' in between groups . this happens also with new members of a group where the dominant group may perceive the new ones as treat . See also ( edit ) Afrocentrism Afrophobia American exceptionalism Americentrism Asiocentrism Barbarian Chosen people Chronocentrism Collective narcissism Consumer ethnocentrism Cross-cultural communication Cultural bias Cultural competence Cultural diversity Cultural racism Cultural relativism Endogamy Ethnic nationalism Ethnic nepotism Eurocentrism Imperialism Indocentrism In - group -- out - group bias Intercultural communication principles Intercultural competence Nationalism Pseudospeciation Racism Relativism Religiocentrism Sinocentrism Sojunghwa ( Korean ethnocentrism ) Stereotype Supremacism Tribalism Universalism in geography Xenocentrism References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ John T. Omohundro ( 2008 ) . Thinking like an Anthropologist : A practical introduction to Cultural Anthropology . McGraw Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 319580 - 4 . Jump up ^ Colman , Andrew M. ( 2006 ) . A dictionary of psychology . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0192806327 . Jump up ^ Margaret L. Andersen , Howard Francis Taylor ( 2006 ) . Sociology : Understanding a Diverse Society . Wadsworth . ISBN 0 - 534 - 61716 - 6 . Jump up ^ Sumner , W.G. Folkways . New York : Ginn , 1906 . Jump up ^ Hammond , Axelrod , Ross A. , Robert ( December 2006 ) . `` The Evolution of Ethnocentrism '' . Journal of Conflict Resolution . 50 ( 6 ) : 926 . doi : 10.1177 / 0022002706293470 -- via SAGE Journals . ^ Jump up to : William A. Haviland ; Harald E.L. Prins ; Dana Walrath ; Bunny McBride ( 2009 ) . The Essence of Anthropology . Cengage Learning . p. 159 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 495 - 59981 - 4 . Jump up ^ Booth , Ken ( 2014 ) . Strategy and Ethnocentrism ( Routledge Revivals ) . Routledge . pp. 15 , 16 . ISBN 1317670302 . Jump up ^ Naturalism in Sociology of the Turn of the Century ( by Alexander Hofman and Alexander Kovalev ) / / A History of Classical Sociology . Ed. by Igor Kon . Moscow , 1989 , p. 84 . ISBN 5 - 01 - 001102 - 6 Jump up ^ Boris Bizumic ( Research School of Psychology , the Australian National University , Canberra , ACT , Australia ) . Who Coined the Concept of Ethnocentrism ? A Brief Report / / Journal of Social and Political Psychology , 2014 , Vol. 2 ( 1 ) , doi : 10.5964 / jspp. v2i1. 264 Jump up ^ Louis Gumplowicz . La lutte des races . Recherches sociologiques ( Guillaumin et Cie. , Paris , 1893 ) , p 349 . ( Cited from : Naturalism in Sociology of the Turn of the Century ( by Alexander Hofman and Alexander Kovalev ) / / A History of Classical Sociology . Ed. by Igor Kon . Moscow , 1989 , p. 84 . ISBN 5 - 01 - 001102 - 6 ) Jump up ^ Robert King Merton ( 1996 ) . Piotr Sztompka , ed . On social structure and science . University of Chicago Press . p. 248 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 52070 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Seidner , Stanley S. ( 1982 ) . Ethnicity , Language , and Power from a Psycholinguistic Perspective . Bruxelles : Centre de Recherche sur le Plurilinguisme . OCLC 51685367 . Jump up ^ Gelfand , Michele ( 2015 ) . `` The Inevitability of Ethnocentrism Revisited : Ethnocentrism Diminishes As Mobility Increases '' . Scientific Reports . 5 : 17963 . doi : 10.1038 / srep17963 . PMC 4672305 . PMID 26644192 -- via PMC . Jump up ^ Barger , Ken ( February 14 , 2018 ) . `` Ethnocentrism '' . Indiana University Indianapolis . ^ Jump up to : Darity , William A. ( 2008 ) . Ethnocentrism . '' International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences . Macmillan Reference USA . ISBN 0028661176 . Jump up ^ Howson , Alexandra ( 2009 ) . `` Cultural Relativism '' ( PDF ) : 1 , 2 -- via EBSCO . Jump up ^ Capucao , Dave ( 2010 ) . Religion and Ethnocentrism : An Empirical - theological Study . Brill . p. 247 . ISBN 9789004184701 . Jump up ^ Butler , Judith ( 2004 ) . Precarious Life : The Powers of Mourning and Violence . New York : Verso . pp. 145 -- 146 . ISBN 9781844675449 . Retrieved 12 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Shimp , Terence ; Sharma , Shubhash ( 1987 ) . `` Consumer Ethnocentrism : Construction and Validation of the CETSCALE '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Marketing Research . 24 ( 3 ) : 280 -- 289 . doi : 10.2307 / 3151638 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Allan G. ( 2000 ) . `` In The Blackwell Dictionary of Sociology . `` cultural relativism '' `` . CREDO . Jump up ^ Nolan , Cathal J. ( 2002 ) . `` Greenwood encyclopedia of international relations . `` ethnocentrism '' `` . CREDO . Jump up ^ De Dreu , C.K.W. ; Greer , L.L. ; Van Kleef , G.A. ; Shalvi , S. ; Handgraaf , M.J.J. ( 2011 ) . `` Oxytocin promotes human ethnocentrism '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 108 ( 4 ) : 1262 -- 1266 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1015316108 . PMC 3029708 . PMID 21220339 . Jump up ^ Dawkins , Richard ( 2006 ) . The selfish gene . Oxford University Press . p. 99 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 929115 - 1 . Jump up ^ Hammond , R.A. ; Axelrod , R. ( 2006 ) . `` The Evolution of Ethnocentrism '' . Journal of Conflict Resolution . 50 ( 6 ) : 926 -- 936 . doi : 10.1177 / 0022002706293470 . Jump up ^ Max Hartshorn , Artem Kaznatcheev and Thomas Shultz , `` The Evolutionary Dominance of Ethnocentric Cooperation '' Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation , 30 June 2013 Jump up ^ Forbes , H.D. ( 2013 ) . `` '' Prejudice . '' Encyclopedia of Race and Racism `` . CREDO . Further reading Ankerl , G. Coexisting Contemporary Civilizations : Arabo - Muslim , Bharati , Chinese , and Western . Geneva : INU PRESS , 2000 , ISBN 2 - 88155 - 004 - 5 Kinder , Donald R. ; Kam , Cindy D. ( 2009 ) : US against THEM . Ethnocentric foundations of American opinion . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0226435717 . Martineau , H. ( 1838 ) . `` How to Observe Morals and manners '' . Charles Knight and Co. , London . Reynolds , V. , Falger , V. , & Vine , I. ( Eds . ) ( 1987 ) . The Sociobiology of Ethnocentrism . Athens , GA : University of Georgia Press . Salter , F.K. , ed. 2002 . Risky Transactions . Trust , Kinship , and Ethnicity . Oxford and New York : Berghahn . van den Berghe , P.L. ( 1981 ) . The ethnic phenomenon . Westport , CT : Praeger . Wade , Nicholas , `` Depth of the Kindness Hormone Appears to Know Some Bounds , '' New York Times , 10 January 2011 . External links ( edit ) Group Processes and Intergroup Relations For more related maps , select `` Ethnocentrism '' subject at the Persuasive Cartography , The PJ Mode Collection , Cornell University Library Ethnocentrism Regional variants Afrocentrism Americentrism Eurocentrism Asiacentrism Indocentrism Sinocentrism Sojunghwa Related phenomena Anthropocentrism Chronocentrism Geocentrism Religiocentrism Sentiocentrism Xenocentrism Exceptionalism Collective narcissism Ethnicity Related concepts Clan Ethnic group Ethnolinguistic group Ethnoreligious group Indigenous peoples Ingroups and outgroups Meta - ethnicity Metroethnicity Minority group Monoethnicity Nation Nationality Panethnicity Polyethnicity Population Race Symbolic ethnicity Tribe Ethnology Anthropology Ethnic studies Ethnoarchaeology Ethnobiology Ethnobotany Ethnozoology Ethnoecology Ethnocinema Ethnogeology Ethnography Autoethnography Clinical Critical Cyber - Netnography Online Person - centered Salvage Transidioethnography Video Ethnohistory Ethnolinguistics Ethnology Ethnomathematics Ethnomethodology Ethnomuseology Ethnomusicology Ethnophilosophy Ethnopoetics Ethnoscience Ethnosemiotics Ethnotaxonomy Groups by region Africa Americas Indigenous Canada Mexico United States Central America South America Asia Central Asia East Asia Northern Asia South Asia Southeast Asia Southwest Asia Australia Indigenous Europe Oceania Indigenous European Identity and ethnogenesis Cross-race effect Cultural assimilation Cultural identity Demonym Development Endonym Ethnic flag Ethnic option Ethnic origin Ethnic religion Ethnicity in census Ethnofiction Ethnonym Folk religion Historical Imagined community Kinship Legendary progenitor Lineage - bonded society Mythomoteur Mores Nation - building Nation state National language National myth Origin myth Pantribal sodality Tribal name Tribalism Urheimat Multiethnic society Consociationalism Diaspora politics Dominant minority Ethnic democracy Ethnic enclave Ethnic interest group Ethnic majority Ethnic media Ethnic pornography Ethnic theme park Ethnoburb Ethnocracy Indigenous rights Middleman minority Minority rights Model minority Multinational state Ideology and ethnic conflict Ethnic bioweapon Ethnic cleansing Ethnic hatred Ethnic joke Ethnic nationalism Ethnic nepotism Ethnic penalty Ethnic slur Ethnic stereotype Ethnic violence Ethnocentrism Ethnocide Ethnosymbolism Indigenism Separatist movements Xenophobia GND : 4070982 - 6 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethnocentrism&oldid=843462903 '' Categories : Ethnicity Ethnocentrism Sociology of culture Chauvinism Hidden categories : Articles needing cleanup from May 2018 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from May 2018 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from May 2018 Use dmy dates from August 2015 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latviešu Magyar მარგალური Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Русский සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська 中文 38 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 09 : 20 . 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how far am i from hollywood walk of fame			Hollywood Walk of Fame	hollywood walk of fame		Hollywood / Vine Hollywood / Highland Website Official website Los Angeles Historic - Cultural Monument Designated July 5 , 1978 Reference no . 194 The Hollywood Walk of Fame comprises more than 2,600 five - pointed terrazzo and brass stars embedded in the sidewalks along 15 blocks of Hollywood Boulevard and three blocks of Vine Street in Hollywood , California . The stars are permanent public monuments to achievement in the entertainment industry , bearing the names of a mix of actors , musicians , directors , producers , musical and theatrical groups , fictional characters , and others . The Walk of Fame is administered by the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce and maintained by the self - financing Hollywood Historic Trust . It is a popular tourist destination , with a reported 10 million visitors in 2003 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 1.1 Categorization 1.2 Special stars 2 History 2.1 Origin 2.2 Selection and construction 2.3 Stagnation and revitalization 2.4 Expansion 2.5 Restoration 3 The Walk of Fame today 3.1 Multiple stars 3.2 Controversial additions 3.3 Stars with the same name 3.4 Bending the rules 3.5 Unique and unusual 3.6 Fictional characters and their creators 3.7 Star locations 3.8 Errors and mysteries 3.9 Theft and vandalism 3.10 Four Ladies of Hollywood 4 Nomination process 4.1 Homage 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Description ( edit ) The Walk of Fame runs 1.3 miles ( 2.1 km ) east to west on Hollywood Boulevard from Gower Street to La Brea Avenue , plus a short segment of Marshfield Way that runs diagonally between Hollywood and La Brea ; and 0.4 miles ( 0.7 km ) north to south on Vine Street between Yucca Street and Sunset Boulevard . According to a 2003 report by the market research firm NPO Plog Research , the Walk attracts about 10 million visitors annually -- more than Sunset Strip , TCL Chinese Theatre ( formerly Grauman 's ) , the Queen Mary , and the Los Angeles County Museum of Art -- and has played an important role in making tourism the largest industry in Los Angeles County . Categorization ( edit ) As of 2017 , the Walk of Fame comprises over 2,600 stars , spaced at 6 - foot ( 1.8 m ) intervals . The monuments are coral - pink terrazzo five - point stars rimmed with brass ( not bronze , an oft - repeated inaccuracy ) inlaid into a charcoal - colored terrazzo background . In the upper portion of each star field the name of the honoree is inlaid in brass block letters . Below the inscription , in the lower half of the star field , a round inlaid brass emblem indicates the category of the honoree 's contributions . The emblems symbolize five categories within the entertainment industry : Classic film camera representing motion pictures Television receiver representing broadcast television Phonograph record representing audio recording or music Radio microphone representing broadcast radio Comedy / tragedy masks representing theatre / live performance ( added in 1984 ) Of all the stars on the Walk to date , 47 % have been awarded in the motion pictures category , 24 % in television , 17 % in audio recording , 10 % in radio , and less than 2 % in the live performance category . Approximately 20 new stars are added to the Walk each year . Special stars ( edit ) Special category stars recognize various contributions by corporate entities , service organizations , and special honorees , and display emblems unique to those honorees . For example , former Los Angeles mayor Tom Bradley 's star displays the Seal of the City of Los Angeles ; the Los Angeles Police Department ( LAPD ) star emblem is a replica of a Hollywood Division badge ; and stars representing corporations , such as Victoria 's Secret and the Los Angeles Dodgers , display the honoree 's corporate logo . The `` Friends of the Walk of Fame '' monuments are charcoal terrazzo squares rimmed by miniature pink terrazzo stars displaying the five standard category emblems , along with the sponsor 's corporate logo , with the sponsor 's name and contribution in inlaid brass block lettering . Special stars and Friends monuments are granted by the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce or the Hollywood Historic Trust , but are not part of the Walk of Fame proper and are located nearby on private property . The monuments for the Apollo 11 mission to the Moon are uniquely shaped : Four identical circular moons , bearing the names of the three astronauts ( Neil A. Armstrong , Edwin E. Aldrin Jr. , Michael Collins ) the date of the first Moon landing ( `` 7 / 20 / 69 '' ) , and the words `` Apollo XI '' , are set on each of the four corners of the intersection of Hollywood and Vine . The moons are silver and grey terrazzo circles rimmed in brass on a square pink terrazzo background , with the television emblem inlaid at the top of each circle . History ( edit ) Origin ( edit ) The Walk of Fame at the 6800 block of Hollywood Boulevard , looking eastward . The Dolby Theatre is in the foreground at left . In the upper left quadrant is the famous intersection of Hollywood and Highland . The Hollywood Chamber of Commerce credits E.M. Stuart , its volunteer president in 1953 , with the original idea for creating a Walk of Fame . Stuart reportedly proposed the Walk as a means to `` maintain the glory of a community whose name means glamor and excitement in the four corners of the world . '' Harry Sugarman , another Chamber member and president of the Hollywood Improvement Association , receives credit in an independent account . A committee was formed to flesh out the idea , and an architectural firm was retained to develop specific proposals . By 1955 the basic concept and general design had been agreed upon , and plans were submitted to the Los Angeles City Council . Multiple accounts exist for the origin of the star concept . According to one , the historic Hollywood Hotel -- which stood for more than 50 years on Hollywood Boulevard at the site now occupied by the Hollywood and Highland complex and the Dolby ( formerly Kodak ) Theatre -- displayed stars on its dining room ceiling above the tables favored by its most famous celebrity patrons , and that may have served as an early inspiration . By another account , the stars were `` inspired ... by Sugarman 's ( Tropics Restaurant ) drinks menu , which featured celebrity photos framed in gold stars . '' In February 1956 a prototype was unveiled featuring a caricature of an example honoree ( John Wayne , by some accounts ) inside a blue star on a brown background . However , caricatures proved too expensive and difficult to execute in brass with the technology available at the time ; and the brown and blue motif was vetoed by Charles E. Toberman , the legendary real estate developer known as `` Mr. Hollywood '' , because the colors clashed with a new building he was erecting on Hollywood Boulevard . Selection and construction ( edit ) By March 1956 the final design and coral - and - charcoal color scheme had been approved , and between the spring of 1956 and the fall of 1957 , 1,558 honorees were selected by committees representing the four major branches of the entertainment industry at that time : motion pictures , television , audio recording , and radio . The committees met at the Brown Derby restaurant , and included such prominent names as Cecil B. DeMille , Samuel Goldwyn , Jesse L. Lasky , Walt Disney , Hal Roach , Mack Sennett , and Walter Lantz . Woodward 's star , contrary to popular belief , was not the first . A requirement stipulated by the original audio recording committee ( and later rescinded ) specified minimum sales of one million records or 250,000 albums for all music category nominees . The committee soon realized that many important recording artists would be excluded from the Walk by that requirement . As a result , the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences was formed for the purpose of creating a separate award system for the music business . The first Grammy Awards were presented in Beverly Hills in 1959 . Construction of the Walk began in 1958 but two lawsuits delayed completion . The first was filed by local property owners challenging the legality of the $ 1.25 million tax assessment levied upon them to pay for the Walk , along with new street lighting and trees . In October 1959 the assessment was ruled legal . The second lawsuit , filed by Charles Chaplin , Jr. , sought damages for the exclusion of his father , whose nomination had been withdrawn due to pressure from multiple quarters ( see Controversial additions ) . Chaplin 's suit was dismissed in 1960 , paving the way for completion of the project . While Joanne Woodward is often singled out as the first to receive a star on the Walk of Fame , in fact there was no `` first '' recipient ; the original stars were installed as a continuous project , with no individual ceremonies . Woodward 's name was one of eight drawn at random from the original 1,558 and inscribed on eight prototype stars that were built while litigation was still holding up permanent construction . The eight prototypes were installed temporarily on the northwest corner of Hollywood Boulevard and Highland Avenue in August 1958 to generate publicity and to demonstrate how the Walk would eventually look . The other seven names were Olive Borden , Ronald Colman , Louise Fazenda , Preston Foster , Burt Lancaster , Edward Sedgwick , and Ernest Torrence . Official groundbreaking took place on February 8 , 1960 . On March 28 , 1960 , the first permanent star , director Stanley Kramer 's , was completed on the easternmost end of the new Walk near the intersection of Hollywood and Gower . The Joanne Woodward legend may have originated , according to one source , because she was the first to pose with her star for photographers . Stagnation and revitalization ( edit ) Though the Walk was originally conceived in part to encourage redevelopment of Hollywood Boulevard , the 1960s and 1970s were periods of protracted urban decay in the Hollywood area as residents moved to suburbs . After the initial installation of approximately 1,500 stars in 1960 and 1961 , eight years passed without the addition of a new star . In 1962 the Los Angeles City Council passed an ordinance naming the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce `` the agent to advise the City '' about adding names to the Walk , and the Chamber , over the following six years , devised rules , procedures , and financing methods to do so . In December 1968 , Richard D. Zanuck was awarded the first star in eight years in a presentation ceremony hosted by Danny Thomas . In July 1978 the City of Los Angeles designated the Hollywood Walk of Fame a Los Angeles Historic - Cultural Monument . Johnny Grant , center , at producer Joe Pasternak 's presentation ceremony in 1991 . At left is Gene Kelly . Radio personality , television producer and Chamber member Johnny Grant is generally credited with implementing the changes that resuscitated the Walk and established it as a significant tourist attraction . Beginning in 1968 , he stimulated publicity and encouraged international press coverage by requiring that each recipient personally attend his or her star 's unveiling ceremony . Grant later recalled that `` it was tough to get people to come accept a star '' until the neighborhood finally began its recovery in the 1980s . In 1980 he instituted a fee of $2,500 , payable by the person or entity nominating the recipient , to fund the Walk of Fame 's upkeep and minimize further taxpayer burden . The fee has increased incrementally over time ; by 2002 it had reached $15,000 , and stood at $30,000 in 2012 . The current ( 2017 ) fee is $40,000 . Grant was awarded a star in 1980 for his television work . In 2002 , he received a second star in the `` special '' category to acknowledge his pivotal role in improving and popularizing the Walk . He was also named chairman of the Selection Committee and Honorary Mayor of Hollywood ( a ceremonial position previously held by Art Linkletter and Monty Hall , among others ) . He remained in both offices from 1980 until his death in 2008 and hosted the great majority of unveiling ceremonies during that period . His unique special - category star , with its emblem depicting a stylized `` Great Seal of the City of Hollywood '' , is located at the entrance to the Dolby Theatre adjacent to Johnny Grant Way . Expansion ( edit ) In 1984 a fifth category , Live Theatre , was added to permit acknowledgment of contributions from the live performance branch of the entertainment industry , and a second row of stars was created on each sidewalk to alternate with the existing stars . Hollywood Boulevard , 7000 block , north side , looking westward In 1994 the Walk of Fame was extended one block to the west on Hollywood Boulevard , from Sycamore Avenue to North LaBrea Avenue ( plus the short segment of Marshfield Way that connects Hollywood and La Brea ) , where it now ends at the silver `` Four Ladies of Hollywood '' gazebo and the special `` Walk of Fame '' star . At the same time , Sophia Loren was honored with the 2,000 th star on the Walk . During construction of tunnels for the Los Angeles subway system in 1996 the Metropolitan Transportation Authority removed and stored more than 300 stars . Controversy arose when the MTA proposed a money - saving measure of jackhammering the 3 - by - 3 foot terrazzo pads , preserving only the brass lettering , surrounds , and medallions , then pouring new terrazzo after the tunnels were completed ; but the Cultural Heritage Commission ruled that the star pads were to be removed intact . Restoration ( edit ) In 2008 a long - term restoration project began with an evaluation of all 2,365 stars on the Walk at the time , each receiving a letter grade of A , B , C , D , or F. Honorees whose stars received F grades , indicating the most severe damage , were Joan Collins , Peter Frampton , Dick Van Patten , Paul Douglas , Andrew L. Stone , Willard Waterman , Richard Boleslavsky , Ellen Drew , Frank Crumit , and Bobby Sherwood . Fifty celebrities ' stars received `` D '' grades . The damage ranged from minor cosmetic flaws caused by normal weathering to holes and fissures severe enough to constitute a walking hazard . At least 778 stars will eventually be repaired or replaced during the ongoing project at an estimated cost of $4 million to $4.2 million . The restoration is a collaboration among the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce and various Los Angeles city and county governmental offices , along with the MTA , which operates the Metro Red Line that runs beneath the Walk , since earth movement due to the presence of the subway line is thought to be partly responsible for the damage . To encourage supplemental funding for the project by corporate sponsors , the `` Friends of Walk of Fame '' program was inaugurated . Absolut Vodka became the first Friend with a donation of $1 million , followed by L'Oréal . Friends are recognized with honorary plaques adjacent to the Walk of Fame in front of the Dolby Theatre . The program received some criticism . Alana Semuels of the Los Angeles Times described it as `` just the latest corporate attempt to buy some good buzz , '' and , quoting an area brand strategist , `` I think Johnny Grant would roll over in his grave . '' Karen Fondu , President of L'Oréal Paris , countered that the association was `` a natural affinity . '' The Walk of Fame today ( edit ) Multiple stars ( edit ) The original selection committees chose to recognize some entertainers ' contributions in multiple categories with multiple stars . Gene Autry is the only honoree with stars in all five categories . Bob Hope , Mickey Rooney , Roy Rogers , and Tony Martin each have stars in four categories -- Rooney has three of his own and a fourth with his eighth and final wife , Jan , while Rogers also has three of his own , and a fourth with his band , Sons of the Pioneers . Thirty - three people , including Bing Crosby , Frank Sinatra , Dean Martin , Dinah Shore , Gale Storm , Danny Kaye , Douglas Fairbanks Jr. , and Jack Benny , have stars in three categories . Seven recording artists have two stars in the same category for distinct achievements : Michael Jackson , as a soloist and as a member of The Jackson 5 ; Diana Ross , as a member of The Supremes and for her solo work ; Smokey Robinson , as a solo artist and as a member of The Miracles ; and John Lennon , Ringo Starr , George Harrison , and Paul McCartney as individuals and as members of The Beatles . Cher forfeited her opportunity by declining to schedule the mandatory personal appearance when she was selected in 1983 . She did attend the unveiling of the Sonny & Cher star in 1998 as a tribute to her recently deceased ex-husband , Sonny Bono . George Eastman is the only honoree with two stars in the same category for the same achievement , the invention of roll film . In 1977 , Country Singer Loretta Lynn was the first of her genre to receive a star on the Walk of Fame . Controversial additions ( edit ) Selected 1956 , installed 1972 Charlie Chaplin is the only honoree to be selected twice for the same star on the Walk . He was unanimously voted into the initial group of 500 in 1956 but the Selection Committee ultimately excluded him , ostensibly due to questions regarding his morals ( he had been charged with violating the Mann Act -- and exonerated -- during the White Slavery hysteria of the 1940s ) , but more likely due to his left - leaning political views . The rebuke prompted an unsuccessful lawsuit by his son , Charles Chaplin Jr . His star was finally added to the Walk in 1972 , the same year he received his Academy Award ; but even then , 16 years later , the Chamber of Commerce received angry letters from across the country protesting its decision to include him . The committee 's Chaplin difficulties reportedly contributed to its decision in 1978 against awarding a star to Paul Robeson , the brilliant but controversial opera singer , actor , athlete , writer , lawyer , and social activist . The resulting outcry from the entertainment industry , civic circles , local and national politicians , and many other quarters was so intense that the decision was reversed and Robeson was awarded a star in 1979 . Stars with the same name ( edit ) Two pairs of stars share identical names representing different people . There are two Harrison Ford stars , honoring the silent film actor ( at 6665 Hollywood Boulevard ) , and the present - day actor ( in front of the Dolby Theatre at 6801 Hollywood Boulevard ) . Two Michael Jackson stars represent the singer / dancer / songwriter ( at 6927 Hollywood Boulevard ) , and the radio personality ( at 1597 Vine Street ) . When the recording artist Jackson died in 2009 , fans mistakenly began leaving flowers , candles , and other tributes at the Vine Street star . Upon learning of this , the radio host wrote on his website , `` I am willingly loan ( ing ) it to him and , if it would bring him back , he can have it . '' The most common surname , with sixteen stars , is Williams : Andy Williams , Bill Williams , Billy Dee Williams , Cindy Williams , Earle Williams , Esther Williams , Guy Williams , Hank Williams , Joe Williams , Kathlyn Williams , Paul Williams , Pharrell Williams , Robin Williams , Roger Williams , Tex Williams and Vanessa Williams . There are fourteen stars with the surname Moore , twelve with Jones , and seven with Smith . The largest collection of stars honoring one group of blood relatives is the widely scattered set of seven representing the Barrymore family : John Barrymore , his brother Lionel ( who has two ) , and sister Ethel , their uncle Sidney Drew , John 's son John Drew Barrymore , and John Drew 's daughter Drew Barrymore . Bending the rules ( edit ) One of the four monuments recognizing the Apollo 11 astronauts at the corners of Hollywood and Vine Walk of Fame rules prohibit consideration of nominees whose contributions fall outside the five major entertainment categories , but the selection committee has been known to conjure some interesting rule interpretations to justify a selection . The Walk 's four round Moon landing monuments at the corners of Hollywood and Vine , for example , officially recognize the Apollo 11 astronauts for `` contributions to the television industry '' . Johnny Grant acknowledged , in 2005 , that classifying the first Moon landing as a television entertainment event was `` a bit of a stretch '' . Magic Johnson 's considerable basketball skills had no direct connection to movies , music , TV , radio , or theater , but the committee added him to the motion picture category , based on his ownership of the Magic Johnson Theatre chain , citing as precedent Sid Grauman , builder of Grauman 's ( now TCL ) Chinese Theatre . `` ( Now ) people want Orville Redenbacher , '' Grant quipped in the 2005 interview , `` because his popcorn is in all the theaters . '' Muhammad Ali 's star was granted after the committee decided that boxing could be considered a form of `` live performance '' . Its placement , on a wall of the Dolby Theatre , makes it the only star mounted on a vertical surface , acceding to Ali 's request that his name not be walked upon . All living honorees have been required since 1968 to personally attend their star 's unveiling , and approximately 40 have declined the honor due to this condition . The only recipient to date who failed to appear after agreeing to do so was Barbra Streisand , in 1976 . Her star was unveiled anyway , near the intersection of Hollywood and Highland . Streisand did attend when her husband , James Brolin , unveiled his star in 1998 two blocks to the east . Unique and unusual ( edit ) Fourteen stars are identified with a one - word stage name , including Parkyakarkus , the principal pseudonym of Harry Einstein , the comedian and radio personality ( and father of Albert Brooks and Bob Einstein ) . The other 13 are Cantinflas , Houdini , Liberace , Mako , Meiklejohn , Paderewski , Roseanne , Sabu , Shakira , Slash , Sting , Thalía , and Usher . The largest group of individuals represented by a single star is the estimated 122 adults and 12 children collectively known as the Munchkins , from the landmark 1939 film The Wizard of Oz . Clayton Moore is so inextricably linked with his Lone Ranger character , even though he played other roles during his career , that he is one of only two actors to have his character 's name alongside his own on his star . The other is Tommy Riggs , whose star reads , `` Tommy Riggs & Betty Lou . '' For more than 40 years , singer Jimmy Boyd was the youngest star recipient at age 20 , but he lost that distinction in 2004 to 18 - year - old twins Mary - Kate and Ashley Olsen . Their joint star ( the only one shared by twins ) is outside the Dolby Theatre , near the Hollywood and Highland Center . The Westmores received the first star honoring contributions in theatrical make - up . Other make - up artists on the walk are Max Factor , John Chambers and Rick Baker . Three stars recognize experts in special effects : Ray Harryhausen , Dennis Muren , and Stan Winston . Only one costume designer has received a star , eight - time Academy Award winner Edith Head . Sidney Sheldon is one of two novelists with a star , which he earned for writing screenplays such as The Bachelor and the Bobby - Soxer before turning to novels . The other is Ray Bradbury , whose books and stories have formed the basis of dozens of movies and television programs over a nearly 60 - year period . Ten inventors have stars on the Walk : George Eastman ( as mentioned ) ; Thomas Edison , inventor of the first true film projector and holder of numerous patents related to motion - picture technology ; Lee de Forest , inventor of the vacuum tube , which made radio and TV possible , and Phonofilm , which made sound movies possible ; Merian C. Cooper , co-inventor of the Cinerama process ; Herbert Kalmus , inventor of Technicolor ; Auguste and Louis Lumière , inventors of important components of the motion picture camera ; Mark Serrurier , inventor of the technology used for film editing ; Hedy Lamarr , co-inventor of a frequency - hopping radio guidance system that was a precursor to Wi - Fi networks and cellular telephone systems ; and Ray Dolby , co-developer of the video tape recorder and inventor of the Dolby noise reduction system . A few star recipients moved on after their entertainment careers to political notability . Two US presidents , Ronald Reagan and Donald Trump , have stars on the Walk . Reagan is also one of two Governors of California with a star ; the other is Arnold Schwarzenegger . One U.S. senator ( George Murphy ) and two members of the U.S. House of Representatives ( Helen Gahagan and Sonny Bono ) have stars . Ignacy Paderewski , who served as Prime Minister of Poland between the World Wars , is the only European head of government represented . Film and stage actor Albert Dekker served one term in the California State Assembly during the 1940s , which was notable for his outspoken public criticism of Senator Joseph McCarthy 's anti-communism demagoguery , leading to his blacklisting . Fictional characters and their creators ( edit ) Main article : List of fictional characters with stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame Mickey Mouse 's star was the first awarded to an animated character In 1978 , in honor of his 50th anniversary , Mickey Mouse became the first animated character to receive a star . Other animated recipients are Bugs Bunny , Donald Duck , Woody Woodpecker , Snow White , Tinker Bell , Winnie - the - Pooh , Shrek , The Simpsons , the Rugrats , and Snoopy . The star inscribed Charlie Tuna honors not the animated advertising mascot , but Art Ferguson , the long - time radio personality and game show announcer . Other fictional characters on the Walk include the Munchkins ( as mentioned ) , two individual Muppets ( Kermit the Frog and Big Bird ) and the Muppets as a group , one monster ( Godzilla ) , and three non-animated canine characters ( Strongheart , Lassie , and Rin Tin Tin ) . Ten stars recognize cartoonists and animators : Walt Disney , Chuck Jones , Friz Freleng , Walter Lantz , Hanna -- Barbera , Charles M. Schulz , Jay Ward , Dr. Seuss , Matt Groening and John Lasseter . Two puppeteers have stars : Jim Henson and Shari Lewis , as does Fran Allison , who appeared with Burr Tillstrom 's puppets on the TV show Kukla , Fran and Ollie . Star locations ( edit ) Locations of individual stars are not necessarily random or arbitrary . Stars of most legendary and world - famous celebrities -- the so - called `` show business royalty '' -- are found in front of TCL ( formerly Grauman 's ) Chinese Theatre . Oscar winners ' stars are usually placed near the Dolby Theatre , site of the annual Academy Awards presentations . Decisions are occasionally made with a dollop of whimsy : Mike Myers 's star , for example , lies in front of an adult store called the International Love Boutique , an association with his Austin Powers roles ; Roger Moore 's star is located at 7007 Hollywood Boulevard in recognition of his seven James Bond films ; Ed O'Neill 's star is located outside a shoe store in reference to his character 's occupation on the TV show Married ... with Children ; and the last star , at the very end of the westernmost portion of the Walk , belongs to The Dead End Kids . Honorees may request a specific location for their star , although final decisions remain with the Chamber . Jay Leno , for example , requested a spot near the corner of Hollywood Blvd. and Highland Ave . because he was twice picked up at that location by police for vagrancy ( though never actually charged ) shortly after his arrival in Hollywood . George Carlin chose to have his star placed in front of the KDAY radio station near the corner of Sunset Blvd. and Vine St. , where he first gained national recognition . Carol Burnett explained her choice in her 1986 memoir : While working as an usherette at the historic Warner Brothers Theatre ( now the Hollywood Pacific Theatre ) during the 1951 run of Alfred Hitchcock 's film Strangers on a Train , she took it upon herself to advise a couple arriving during the final few minutes of a showing to wait for the next showing , to avoid seeing ( and spoiling ) the ending . The theater manager fired her on the spot for `` insubordination '' and humiliated her by stripping the epaulets from her uniform in the theater lobby . Twenty - six years later , at her request , Burnett 's star was placed at the corner of Hollywood and Wilcox -- in front of the theater . Errors and mysteries ( edit ) In 2010 Julia Louis - Dreyfus 's star was constructed with the name `` Julia Luis Dreyfus '' . The actress was reportedly amused , and the error was corrected . A similar mistake was made on Dick Van Dyke 's star in 1993 ( `` Vandyke '' ) , and rectified . `` Motion Picture '' category , `` TV '' emblem Film and television actor Don Haggerty 's star originally displayed the first name `` Dan '' . The mistake was fixed , but years later the television actor Dan Haggerty ( of Grizzly Adams fame , no relation to Don ) also received a star . The confusion eventually sprouted an urban legend that Dan Haggerty was the only honoree to have a star removed from the Walk of Fame . For 28 years , the star intended to honor Mauritz Stiller , the Helsinki - born pioneer of Swedish film who brought Greta Garbo to the United States , read `` Maurice Diller '' , possibly due to mis - transcription of verbal dictation . The star was finally remade with the correct name in 1988 . Three stars remain misspelled : opera diva Lotte Lehmann 's first name is spelled `` Lottie '' ; Cinerama co-inventor and King Kong creator , director , and producer Merian C. Cooper 's first name is spelled `` Meriam '' ; and cinematography pioneer Auguste Lumière 's first name is listed as `` August '' . Monty Woolley , the veteran film and stage actor best known for The Man Who Came to Dinner ( 1942 ) and the classic line `` Time flies when you 're having fun '' , is officially listed in the motion picture category , but his star on the Walk of Fame bears the television emblem . Woolley did appear on the small screen late in his career , but his TV contributions were eclipsed by his extensive stage , film , and radio work . Similarly , the star of film actress Carmen Miranda bears the TV emblem , although her official category is motion pictures . Radio and television talk show host Larry King is officially a television honoree , but his star displays a film camera . The Los Angeles Times , which documented and photographed the Walk as part of its Hollywood Star Walk project , reported that it could not find two stars , honoring Richard Crooks and the film career of Geraldine Farrar . ( Farrar 's music star is located on the 1700 block of Vine Street . ) Theft and vandalism ( edit ) Acts of vandalism occur on the Walk on a regular basis , ranging from profanity and political statements written on stars with markers to attempted removal of brass emblems with chisels . Closed circuit surveillance cameras have been installed on the stretch of Hollywood Boulevard between La Brea Avenue and Vine Street in an effort to discourage mischievous activities . Actor Matt Damon 's star under construction , August 2007 Four of the stars , which weigh about 300 pounds ( 136 kg ) each , have been stolen from the Walk of Fame . In 2000 , James Stewart 's and Kirk Douglas 's stars disappeared from their locations near the intersection of Hollywood and Vine , where they had been temporarily removed for a construction project . Police recovered them in the suburban community of South Gate when they arrested a man involved in an incident there and searched his house . The suspect was a construction worker employed on the Hollywood and Vine project . The stars had been badly damaged , and had to be remade . One of Gene Autry 's five stars ( it is not clear which one ) was also stolen from a construction area . Johnny Grant later received an anonymous phone tip that the missing star was in Iowa , but it was never found . `` Someday , it will end up on eBay , '' Grant once joked . The most brazen and ambitious theft occurred in 2005 when thieves used a concrete saw to remove Gregory Peck 's star from its Hollywood Boulevard site at the intersection of North El Centro Avenue , near North Gower . The star was replaced almost immediately , but the original was never recovered and the perpetrators never caught . In late 2009 , rumors circulated widely on media outlets and the Internet that John Lennon 's star had been stolen , but it was merely being relocated farther south on Vine Street to an area near the circular Capitol Records Building , adjacent to the stars of bandmates George Harrison and Ringo Starr . Paul McCartney 's star was installed in the same location in 2012 . Donald Trump 's star -- received as host of The Apprentice television series -- was repeatedly defaced during the 2016 presidential campaign . In late October , near the end of the race , a man named Jamie Otis ( who claimed to be an heir to the Otis Elevator fortune ) used a sledge hammer and a pickaxe to destroy all of the star 's brass inlays . He readily admitted to the vandalism , which he described as `` civil disobedience '' and `` freedom of expression '' , and told reporters that he originally planned to remove the entire star and auction it to raise money for the women who accused Trump of sexually assaulting them . Otis was arrested three weeks after the incident , charged with one count of felony vandalism , and sentenced to three years ' probation plus $3400 in restitution payments . The star itself was repaired , and has since been the site of pro-Trump demonstrations . Four Ladies of Hollywood ( edit ) The Four Ladies of Hollywood gazebo at the western border of the Walk of Fame The Four Ladies of Hollywood gazebo -- known officially as the Hollywood and La Brea Gateway -- stands upon a small triangular island formed by the confluence of Hollywood Boulevard , Marshfield Way , and North La Brea Avenue at the westernmost extension of the Walk of Fame . It was commissioned in 1993 by the Los Angeles Community Redevelopment Agency Art Program and created by the architect , production designer , and film director Catherine Hardwicke as a tribute to the multi-ethnic women of Hollywood . The gazebo is a stainless steel stylized Art Deco lattice structure . The roof is an arched square supporting a circular dome , which is topped by a central obelisk with descending neon block letters spelling `` Hollywood '' on each of its four sides . Atop the obelisk is a small gilded weathervane - style sculpture of Marilyn Monroe in her iconic billowing skirt pose from The Seven Year Itch . The domed structure is held aloft by four caryatids sculpted by Harl West to represent the African - American actress Dorothy Dandridge , Asian - American actress Anna May Wong , Mexican actress Dolores del Río , and the multi-ethnic , Brooklyn - born actress Mae West . The gazebo was dedicated on February 1 , 1994 , to a mixed reception . Los Angeles Times art critic Christopher Knight called it `` the most depressingly awful work of public art in recent years '' , representing the opposite of Hardwicke 's intended tribute to women . `` Sex , as a woman 's historic gateway to Hollywood '' , he wrote , `` could n't be more explicitly described '' . Independent writer and film producer Gail Choice called it a fitting tribute to a group of pioneering and courageous women who `` carried a tremendous burden on their feminine shoulders . Never in my wildest dreams did I believe I 'd ever see women of color immortalized in such a creative and wonderful fashion . '' Hardwicke contended that critics had missed the `` humor and symbolism '' of the structure , which `` embraces and pokes fun at the glamour , the polished metallic male form of the Oscar , and the pastiche of styles and dreams that pervades Tinseltown . '' Nomination process ( edit ) Director James Cameron unveiling his star , December 2009 Each year an average of 200 nominations are submitted to the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce Walk of Fame Selection Committee . Anyone , including fans , can nominate anyone active in the field of entertainment as long as the nominee or his or her management approves the nomination ( a letter of agreement from the nominated celebrity or representative must accompany the application ) . Nominees must have a minimum of five years ' experience in the category for which they are nominated and a history of `` charitable contributions '' . Posthumous nominees must have been deceased at least five years . At a meeting each June , the committee selects approximately 20 celebrities to receive stars on the Walk of Fame during the following year . One posthumous award is given each year as well . The nominations of those not selected are rolled over to the following year for reconsideration ; those not selected two years in a row are dropped , and must be renominated to receive further consideration . Living recipients must agree to personally attend a presentation ceremony within five years of selection . A relative of deceased recipients must attend posthumous presentations . Presentation ceremonies are open to the public . A fee ( currently $40,000 ) , payable at time of selection , is collected to pay for the creation and installation of the star , as well as general maintenance of the Walk of Fame . The fee is usually paid by the nominating organization , which may be a fan club , or a film studio , record company , broadcaster , or other sponsor involved with the prospective honoree . The Starz cable network , for example , paid for Dennis Hopper 's star as part of the promotion for its series Crash . It was unveiled in March 2010 shortly before Hopper 's death . Andrea Bocelli at his 2010 presentation ceremony Numerous major entertainment figures and legendary show business acts are not included on the Walk of Fame for a variety of reasons . Some , such as Julia Roberts and Clint Eastwood , have declined to participate ; nominations can not proceed without the nominee 's consent . Others , such as George Clooney and John Denver , were nominated but would not agree to the mandatory personal appearance at the unveiling ceremony . ( Denver received a posthumous star in 2014 . ) Others have simply never been nominated , or do not have a nominator willing or able to pay the selection fee , or have less than the required five years ' minimum involvement in their designated field . Others are merely victims of selection constraints and probability ; only about 10 % of nominees are selected each year . Traditionally , the identities of selection committee members , other than its chairman , have not been made public in order to minimize conflicts of interest and to discourage lobbying by celebrities and their representatives ( a significant problem during the original selections in the late 1950s ) . However , in 1999 , in response to intensifying charges of secrecy in the selection process , the Chamber disclosed the members ' names : Johnny Grant , the longtime chair and representative of the television category ; Earl Lestz , president of Paramount Studio Group ( motion pictures ) ; Stan Spero , retired manager with broadcast stations KMPC and KABC ( radio ) ; Kate Nelson , owner of the Palace Theatre ( live performance ) ; and Mary Lou Dudas , vice president of A&M Records ( recording industry ) . Since that 1999 announcement the Chamber has revealed only that Lestz ( who received his own star in 2004 ) became chairman after Grant died in 2008 . Their current official position is that `` each of the five categories is represented by someone with expertise in that field '' . In 2010 , Lestz was replaced as chairman by John Pavlik , former Director of Communications for the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . While no public announcement was made to that effect , he was identified as chairman in the Chamber 's press release announcing the 2011 star recipients . The current chair , according to the Chamber 's 2016 selection announcement , is film producer Maureen Schultz . Homage ( edit ) Michael Jackson 's star , about two weeks after his death in 2009 Some fans show respect for star recipients both living and dead by laying flowers or other symbolic tributes at their stars . Others show their support in other ways ; the star awarded to Julio Iglesias , for example , is kept in `` pristine condition ( by ) a devoted band of elderly women ( who ) scrub and polish it once a month '' . The Hollywood Chamber of Commerce has adopted the tradition of placing flower wreaths at the stars of newly deceased awardees ; for example Bette Davis in 1989 , Katharine Hepburn in 2003 , and Jackie Cooper in 2011 . The stars of other deceased celebrities , such as Elizabeth Taylor , Richard Pryor , Ricardo Montalbán , James Doohan , Frank Sinatra , Robin Williams , Joan Rivers and George Harrison have become impromptu memorial and vigil sites as well , and some continue to receive anniversary remembrances . See also ( edit ) Greater Los Angeles portal List of stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame List of actors with Hollywood Walk of Fame motion picture stars List of halls and walks of fame References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Upcoming Star Ceremonies '' . walkoffame.com . Hollywood Chamber of Commerce . February 10 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2017 . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Dedication of the 2,601 st star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame Jump up ^ Martín , Hugo ( 2010 - 02 - 06 ) . `` Golden milestone for the Hollywood Walk of Fame '' . Los Angeles Times . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 14 . 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Archived from the original on October 20 , 2006 . Retrieved June 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Thomson , David ( 2006 ) . The Whole Equation : A History of Hollywood . Vintage . p. 149 . ISBN 0 - 375 - 70154 - 0 . Jump up ^ Williams , Gregory Paul ( 2006 ) . The Story of Hollywood : An Illustrated History . BL Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9776299 - 0 - 9 . Retrieved July 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Cohen , Sandy ( June 30 , 2006 ) . `` Price of Fame in Hollywood ? $15,000 '' . The Arizona Republic . Retrieved June 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bronze Stars Begot Grammy '' . The Robesonian . Lumberton , N.C. February 22 , 1976 . p. 13 . Retrieved May 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Judge Refuses Chaplin Walk of Fame Request '' . Los Angeles Times . August 11 , 1960 . p . B2 . Retrieved June 11 , 2010 . ( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : `` Why does n't Clint Eastwood have a star ? '' . Los Angeles Times . 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Archived from the original on June 8 , 2002 . Jump up ^ Nominations process . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Official Site Of Johnny Grant , Hollywood 's Honorary Mayor '' . johnnygrant.com . Hollywood Chamber of Commerce . Retrieved May 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Linkletter Installed as Hollywood ' Mayor ' '' . Los Angeles Times . September 5 , 1957 . p . B6 . Retrieved May 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ del Barco , Mandalit ( March 27 , 2008 ) . `` Pin - Up Queen Turns Hollywood Mayor Race Pink '' . NPR . Retrieved May 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Grant '' . hwof.com . HWOF LLC . Retrieved May 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Grant Remembered On The Hollywood Walk Of Fame '' . Life Magazine . January 10 , 2008 . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2011 . Retrieved December 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` '' Hollywood Walk of Fame '' star `` . hwof.com . HWOF LLC . Retrieved May 27 , 2011 . 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Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Paul McCartney to get his own star on Hollywood Walk of Fame '' . The Daily Star ( UK ) . February 15 , 2010 . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2010 . Retrieved May 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Conklin , Ellis E. ( November 2 , 1968 ) . `` It 's a Hollywood Walk of Shame '' . The Spokesman - Review . Los Angeles Daily News . Jump up ^ Staff ( May 15 , 1998 ) . `` Sonny & Cher Walk of Fame Ceremony '' . Life Magazine . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2009 . Retrieved December 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Star Walk : George Eastman '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` When the not - guilty verdict was handed down , the courtroom audience cheered . No one who did n't live through that trial can even begin to comprehend what a switch that was . '' Giesler J , and Martin P . The Jerry Giesler Story . Simon and Schuster ( 1960 ) , p. 190 . ASIN B001T4F75E Jump up ^ `` On This Day : September 23 , 1952 : Charlie Chaplin Comes Home '' . BBC . Retrieved May 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Shuit , Doug ( April 9 , 1972 ) . `` Bitterness Survives 20 Years -- They Have n't Given Up -- Letter Writers Assail Chaplin '' . Los Angeles Times ( archive ) . p . B2 . Retrieved August 31 , 2010 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Thomson , David ( 2006 ) . The Whole Equation : A History of Hollywood . Vintage . pp. 164 -- 5 . ISBN 0 - 375 - 70154 - 0 . Jump up ^ Qualles , Paris H. ( August -- September 1979 ) . `` What Price a Star ? Robeson vs. Hollywood Chamber of Commerce '' . The Crisis . Retrieved June 9 , 2010 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Paul Robeson Gets a Star '' . Jet Magazine . 54 ( 23 ) : 58 . August 24 , 1978 . Retrieved June 9 , 2010 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` At Long Last Hollywood Implants Robeson Star '' . Jet Magazine . 56 ( 7 ) : 60 . May 3 , 1979 . Retrieved June 9 , 2010 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Behrens , Zach ( June 29 , 2010 ) . `` Fans gather around the other Michael Jackson 's star '' . LAist.com . Jump up ^ Jackson , Michael ( June 25 , 2009 ) . `` Michael Jackson Talk Radio Content , June 25 , 2009 '' . MJ Journals blog . MichaelJacksonTalkRadio.com . Retrieved June 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Search for `` Williams '' . WalkOfFame.com . Hollywood Chamber of Commerce . ^ Jump up to : Christian , Margena A. ( April 16 , 2007 ) . `` How Do You Really Get A Star On The Hollywood Walk Of Fame ? '' . Jet Magazine . 111 ( 15 ) : 25 , 29 . Retrieved October 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` A Star for the Greatest '' . Jet Magazine . 101 ( 6 ) : 52 . January 28 , 2002 . Retrieved September 22 , 2010 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Sanello , Frank ( UPI ) ( December 5 , 1984 ) . `` Want your star on walk ? It is n't easy '' . Saturday Morning Deseret News . Retrieved May 31 , 2010 . ( Google News archive ) Jump up ^ Halza , George ( August 28 , 1998 ) . `` Brolin , Streisand Revel in Stardom '' . Reading Eagle , p . B8 . Retrieved May 31 , 2010 . ( Google News archive ) Jump up ^ Brillhart , Ivan . `` The ' MGM ' Munchkin 's '' . kansasoz.com ; Kansas Wizard of Oz ' N More personal webpage . Jump up ^ Vitty , Cort ( June 2007 ) . `` Tommy Riggs & Betty Lou '' . Radio Recall ; Metropolitan Washington Old Time Radio Club . Retrieved June 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Koerner , Brendan I. ( November 18 , 2003 ) . `` Who Gave Britney a Hollywood Star ? '' . Slate.com . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ Weist , Jerry . Bradbury , an Illustrated Life : A Journey to Far Metaphor . New York : Morrow , 2002 ; ISBN 0 - 06 - 001182 - 3 . Jump up ^ Braun , Hans - Joachim ( Spring 1997 ) . `` Advanced Weaponry of the Stars '' . Invention & Technology . AmericanHeritage.com . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2011 . Retrieved December 11 , 2013 . 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McFarland & Company p. 23 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 1132 - 0 Jump up ^ `` Monty Woolley to Appear in a Series of Television Films '' . Schenectady Gazette . NY . July 11 , 1953 . p. 8 -- via Google News . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Star Walk -- Carmen Miranda '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Carmen Miranda '' . walkoffame.com . Hollywood Chamber of Commerce . Jump up ^ `` Larry King '' . walkoffame.com . Hollywood Chamber of Commerce . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Star Walk -- Larry King '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` About Hollywood Star Walk '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Geraldine Farrar '' . Los Angeles Times Hollywood Star Walk . Jump up ^ `` Richard Crooks '' . Los Angeles Times Hollywood Star Walk . Jump up ^ `` Mary Kate and Ashley Olsen Star Vandalized '' . HollywoodGrind.com . January 27 , 2009 . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2009 . Retrieved December 11 , 2013 . 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Jump up ^ `` Man who destroyed Trump 's star is ' proud ' of his work '' . POLITICO . October 27 , 2016 . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Man Who Smashed Donald Trump 's Walk of Fame Star Charged With Felony Vandalism . KTLA.com ( November 17 , 2016 ) , retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Man Sentenced to 3 Years Probation in Connection With Vandalizing Donald Trump 's Star on Hollywood Walk of Fame . KTLA.com ( February 21 , 2017 ) , retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trump supporters rally at repaired Hollywood Walk of Fame star . MyNewsLA.com ( October 30 , 2016 ) , retrieved January 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Deioma , Kayte ( 2004 ) . `` Hollywood La Brea Gateway -- The Four Ladies Statue '' . ( Photo gallery ) . Golosangeles.about.com . Retrieved May 31 , 2010 ^ Jump up to : `` Hollywood and La Brea Gateway '' ( sculpture ) Smithsonian American Museum Art Inventories Catalog . Retrieved June 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Silver Women '' ( photo montage ) . JustAboveSunset.com . Retrieved June 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Knight , Christopher ( January 19 , 1994 ) . `` Caution : Bad Art Up Ahead '' . Los Angeles Times ( archives ) . Retrieved June 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Choice , Gale ( February 14 , 1994 ) . `` These Women Were Dreamers and Doers '' . Los Angeles Times ( archives ) . Retrieved June 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hardwicke , Catherine ( February 14 , 1994 ) . `` Critic Missed the Humor and Symbolism '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Nominations process . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Donaldson - Evans , Catherine ( December 3 , 2003 ) . `` Hollywood Boulevard 's Price of Fame '' . foxnews.com ; News Corp . Retrieved June 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Duke , Alan ( March 26 , 2010 ) . `` Dennis Hopper attends Hollywood Walk of Fame ceremony '' . Cable News Network . Retrieved June 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ten celebrities who deserve the Walk of Fame more than Tinker Bell '' . Upi.com . 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Bradley Cooper , Quentin Tarantino Among Hollywood Walk of Fame 2016 Honorees . Variety.com archive , retrieved December 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Halpern , Jake ( 2006 ) . Fame junkies : the hidden truths behind America 's favorite addiction . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . p. 159 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 45369 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Floral Tribute to Late Actress '' . The Union Democrat . October 10 , 1989 . p. 5A -- via Google News . Jump up ^ `` ' Superman ' Daily Planet actor Jackie Cooper dies '' . Google News . ( AFP ) . May 4 , 2011 . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Elizabeth Taylor : Walk of Fame deluged by flowers '' . The Telegraph ( UK ) . March 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Thomas , George M. ( December 15 , 2005 ) . `` Richard Pryor Influence Is Unforgettable '' . The Vindicator . Knight - Ridder . p . D5 . ( Google News arch ) Jump up ^ `` Sinatra 's death brings sales surge for his music '' . Star - News . May 18 , 1998 . p. 2A -- via Google News . 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who sings the song waiting on a woman	`` Waitin ' on a Woman '' is a song written by Don Sampson and Wynn Varble , and performed three times by American country music artist Brad Paisley . His first recording of the song was included on his 2005 album Time Well Wasted . Three years later , Paisley re-recorded the song for inclusion on a re-issue of his 2007 album 5th Gear . This re-recorded version was issued on June 9 , 2008 and became the twenty - first chart single of Paisley 's career and became the twelfth number 1 single of his career and his eighth consecutive number 1 single . The song also appeared on Play with a guest vocal from Andy Griffith .	American country music artist Brad Paisley	Waitin ' on a Woman	waitin'on a woman		`` Waitin ' on a Woman '' Single by Brad Paisley from the album 5th Gear Released June 23 , 2008 ( 2008 - 06 - 23 ) Format CD single Genre Country Length 4 : 32 ( Time Well Wasted ) 5 : 03 ( 5th Gear ) Label Arista Nashville Songwriter ( s ) Don Sampson Wynn Varble Producer ( s ) Frank Rogers Brad Paisley singles chronology `` I 'm Still a Guy '' ( 2008 ) `` Waitin ' on a Woman '' ( 2008 ) `` Start a Band '' ( 2008 ) `` I 'm Still a Guy '' ( 2008 ) `` Waitin ' on a Woman '' ( 2008 ) `` Start a Band '' ( 2008 ) Music video `` Waitin ' on a Woman '' at CMT.com `` Waitin ' on a Woman '' is a song written by Don Sampson and Wynn Varble , and performed three times by American country music artist Brad Paisley . His first recording of the song was included on his 2005 album Time Well Wasted . Three years later , Paisley re-recorded the song for inclusion on a re-issue of his 2007 album 5th Gear . This re-recorded version was issued on June 9 , 2008 and became the twenty - first chart single of Paisley 's career and became the twelfth number 1 single of his career and his eighth consecutive number 1 single . The song also appeared on Play with a guest vocal from Andy Griffith . Contents 1 Content 2 History 3 Critical reception 4 Music video 5 Parody 6 Chart performance 6.1 Year - end charts 7 References 8 External links Content ( edit ) The song is a mid-tempo composed of three verses . Its central character is a recently married male sitting on a bench at a shopping mall , waiting for his wife to finish shopping . He meets an older man ( Andy Griffith ) who , like him , is `` waitin ' on a woman '' . The older man explains over the next two verses that , although he has often had to wait for his wife , he does not mind doing so ( `` I do n't guess we 've been anywhere / She has n't made us late , I swear / Sometimes she does it just ' cause she can do it '' ) . He tells the younger man that he will often find himself `` waitin ' on a woman '' as well . In the third verse , the older male observes that he will most likely die before his wife does ( `` I 've read somewhere statistics show / The man 's always the first to go '' ) . After making this realization , he finally states that he will wait for his wife in Heaven ( should he die first ) , because he , too , `` ( does n't ) mind waitin ' on a woman '' . In the end , the old man is seen sitting on a white bench , wearing a white suit , on a lone beach , waiting for his wife to join him . History ( edit ) According to Country Weekly magazine , songwriter Wynn Varble received a call from his friend telling him that their former co-worker was in the hospital . Varble wrote the song after calling his co-worker at the hospital , wondering where his wife was . He told `` the story and the idea ( he ) had for ( the song ) '' to co-writer Don Sampson . After a few days , Varble and Sampson played `` Waitin ' on a Woman '' for Paisley , and he decided to record it . Critical reception ( edit ) The song received a `` thumbs up '' review from the country music review site Engine 145 . Reviewer Matt C. stated that the central character ( i.e. , Paisley 's character in the song ) `` offer ( s ) abundant examples of a woman 's imperfections while portraying himself as the guy who tolerates it all out of the goodness of his heart ... look ( ing ) like a good guy without degrading his female companion '' . He considered it a superior counterpart to Paisley 's late 2003 - early 2004 single `` Little Moments '' ( in which the lead character lists off various mistakes his wife has made before admitting that he `` live ( s ) for little moments like that '' ) , but , unlike with `` Little Moments '' , the reviewer thought that the gender observations in `` Waitin ' on a Woman '' were `` delicately appropriate rather than insensitively obtuse '' . Leeann Ward , reviewing the song for Country Universe , gave it a B rating . Ward said that while the song with its `` sluggish melody , is built on the stereotype that a woman is always late , there is a sweetness about the sentiment 's presentation that rescues it . '' Music video ( edit ) Paisley has referred to `` Waitin ' on a Woman '' as `` one of the most important songs '' that he 's ever recorded . Because of the importance that he places on the song , Paisley asked Andy Griffith to star in the music video , as he felt that Griffith 's personality matched the personality of the older man in the song . Griffith speaks the old man 's lines in the video as well . Jim Shea and Peter Tilden directed the video . In August 2008 , the song 's video mix , complete with Griffith 's vocals , was sent to radio as well . This mix is also included on Paisley 's 2008 album Play . The video was shot in Nags Head , North Carolina at milepost 16 's Tanger Outlets . Parody ( edit ) In January 2009 , parodist Cledus T. Judd released a parody entitled `` Waitin ' on Obama '' , referencing Barack Obama 's election as President of the United States . Chart performance ( edit ) `` Waitin ' on a Woman '' debuted at number 51 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart dated for the week of June 28 , 2008 . For the chart week of September 20 , 2008 , it has become Paisley 's twelfth Number One single overall . Chart ( 2008 ) Peak position Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 59 US Billboard Hot 100 44 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2008 ) Position US Country Songs ( Billboard ) 19 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Andy Griffith Stars in Brad 's New Video '' . Great American Country . 2008 - 06 - 10 . Retrieved 6 July 2008 . ^ Jump up to : C. , Matt ( 2008 - 06 - 15 ) . `` Brad Paisley - `` Waitin ' on a Woman '' `` . Engine 145 . Retrieved 6 July 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Horner , Marianne ( 2008 - 12 - 01 ) . `` Story Behind the Song : `` Waitin ' '' Had to Wait `` . Country Weekly . 15 ( 24 ) : 16 . Jump up ^ Ward , Leeann ( 2008 - 06 - 18 ) . `` Brad Paisley - `` Waitin ' on a Woman '' `` . Country Universe . Retrieved 17 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Randy Lewis ( July 3 , 2012 ) . `` Brad Paisley on Andy Griffith , star of his ' Waitin ' on a Woman ' video '' . The Los Angeles Times ; Pop & Hiss : The L.A. Times Music Blog . Retrieved 16 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Bonaguro , Alison ( 2008 - 01 - 09 ) . `` Cledus T. Judd Counts the Days `` Waitin ' on Obama '' `` . CMT . Retrieved 9 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Country Songs - `` Waitin ' on a Woman '' `` . Billboard . Archived from the original on 18 June 2014 . Retrieved 6 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Brad Paisley Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 6 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Brad Paisley Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 6 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Brad Paisley Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 6 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2008 : Country Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 2008 . Retrieved 13 December 2008 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics at CMT.com Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Brad Paisley singles Who Needs Pictures `` Who Needs Pictures '' `` He Did n't Have to Be '' `` Me Neither '' `` We Danced '' Part II `` Two People Fell in Love '' `` Wrapped Around '' `` I 'm Gonna Miss Her ( The Fishin ' Song ) '' `` I Wish You 'd Stay '' Mud on the Tires `` Celebrity '' `` Little Moments '' `` Whiskey Lullaby '' `` Mud on the Tires '' Time Well Wasted `` Alcohol '' `` When I Get Where I 'm Going '' `` The World '' `` She 's Everything '' 5th Gear `` Ticks '' `` Online '' `` Letter to Me '' `` I 'm Still a Guy '' `` Waitin ' on a Woman '' Play `` Start a Band '' American Saturday Night `` Then '' `` Welcome to the Future '' `` American Saturday Night '' `` Water '' Hits Alive `` Anything Like Me '' This Is Country Music `` This Is Country Music '' `` Old Alabama '' `` Remind Me '' `` Camouflage '' Wheelhouse `` Southern Comfort Zone '' `` Beat This Summer '' `` I Ca n't Change the World '' `` The Mona Lisa '' Moonshine in the Trunk `` River Bank '' `` Perfect Storm '' `` Crushin ' It '' `` Country Nation '' Love and War `` Today '' `` Last Time for Everything '' `` Heaven South '' Other songs `` Is It Raining at Your House '' `` Santa Looked a Lot Like Daddy '' `` Accidental Racist '' `` Without a Fight '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waitin%27_on_a_Woman&oldid=847324164 '' Categories : 2008 singles Brad Paisley songs Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles Song recordings produced by Frank Rogers ( record producer ) Arista Nashville singles Songs written by Wynn Varble Songs written by Don Sampson 2005 songs Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from October 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 24 June 2018 , at 14 : 23 ( UTC ) . 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where does the term pack rat come from			Pack rat	pack rat		Pack Rat Temporal range : Late Cenozoic - Recent Bushy - tailed woodrat ( Neotoma cinerea ) Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Clade : Tetrapodomorpha Class : Mammalia Order : Rodentia Family : Cricetidae Subfamily : Neotominae Tribe : Neotomini Genus : Neotoma Say & Ord , 1825 Species Neotoma albigula Neotoma angustapalata † Neotoma anthonyi Neotoma bryanti † Neotoma bunkeri Neotoma chrysomelas Neotoma cinerea Neotoma devia Neotoma floridana Neotoma fuscipes Neotoma goldmani Neotoma lepida Neotoma leucodon Neotoma macrotis Neotoma magister † Neotoma martinensis Neotoma melanura Neotoma mexicana Neotoma micropus Neotoma nelsoni Neotoma palatina Neotoma phenax Neotoma stephensi Daggers mark extinct species . A pack rat or packrat , also called a woodrat , can be any of the species in the rodent genus Neotoma . Pack rats have a rat - like appearance with long tails , large ears and large black eyes . Compared to deer mice , harvest mice and grasshopper mice , pack rats are noticeably larger and are usually somewhat larger than cotton rats . Contents 1 Species 2 Range and distribution 3 Habitat 4 Characteristics 4.1 Behavior 4.2 Diet 4.3 Size 4.4 Reproduction and life history 5 Midden 5.1 Climate change indicators 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Species ( edit ) Neotoma Subgenus ( Neotoma ) Neotoma albigula - white - throated woodrat Neotoma albigula varia - Turner Island woodrat Neotoma angustapalata - Tamaulipan woodrat Neotoma bryanti - Bryant 's woodrat Neotoma bryanti anthonyi - Anthony 's woodrat † Neotoma bryanti bunkeri - Bunker 's woodrat † Neotoma bryanti martinensis - San Martín Island woodrat † Neotoma chrysomelas - Nicaraguan woodrat Neotoma devia - Arizona woodrat Neotoma floridana - eastern woodrat ( Florida woodrat ) Neotoma floridana smalli - Key Largo woodrat Neotoma goldmani - Goldman 's woodrat Neotoma lepida - desert woodrat Neotoma leucodon - white - toothed woodrat Neotoma macrotis - big - eared woodrat Neotoma magister - Allegheny woodrat Neotoma melanura Neotoma mexicana - Mexican woodrat Neotoma micropus - Southern Plains woodrat Neotoma nelsoni - Nelson 's woodrat Neotoma palatina - Bolaños woodrat Neotoma stephensi - Stephens ' woodrat Subgenus ( Teanopus ) Neotoma phenax - Sonoran woodrat Subgenus ( Teonoma ) Neotoma cinerea - bushy - tailed woodrat Neotoma fuscipes - dusky - footed woodrat Daggers mark extinct species . Range and Distribution ( edit ) Woodrats reach their greatest diversity in the deserts of the western United States and northern Mexico . Several species are also found in the deciduous forest of the east coast , juniper woodlands in the southwest , oak woodlands along the coastal western United States and in the Sonoran Desert , and in the forest and rocky habitats of the western United States and western Canada . Habitat ( edit ) Each species of pack rat is generally restricted to a given type of habitat within its range . Pack rats live anywhere from low , hot , dry deserts to cold , rocky slopes above timberline . Pack rats build complex houses or dens made of twigs , cactus joints , and other materials . These contain several nest chambers , food caches , and debris piles . Dens are often built in small caves or rocky crevices , but when close by human habitations , woodrats will opportunistically move into the attics and walls of houses . Some Neotoma species , such as the white - throated woodrat ( N. albigula ) , use the bases of prickly pear or cholla cactus as the sites for their homes , using the cactus ' spines for protection from predators . Others , like the desert woodrat ( N. lepida ) will build dens around the base of a yucca or cactus , such as jumping and teddy - bear chollas . The largest species , Neotoma cinerea , has a bushy , almost squirrel - like tail . Bushy - tailed woodrats Neotoma cinerea occupy a range of habitats from boreal woodlands to deserts . They are cliff - dwellers and are often found on isolated , high - elevation exposed boulder areas under a variety of temperature and moisture conditions . They require adequate shelter among the rocks , though they are occasionally found inhabiting abandoned buildings as well . Characteristics ( edit ) Behavior ( edit ) Pack rats are nest builders . They use plant material such as twigs , sticks , and other available debris . They are particularly fond of shiny objects . A peculiar characteristic is that if they find something they want , they will drop what they are currently carrying -- for example , a piece of cactus -- and `` trade '' it for the new item . They can also be quite vocal and boisterous . Getting into everything from attics to car engines , stealing their ' treasures ' , damaging electrical wiring , and creating general noisy havoc can easily cause them to become a nuisance . Diet ( edit ) Bushy - tailed woodrats feed primarily on green vegetation , twigs , and shoots . Mexican woodrats eat seeds , fruits , acorns , and cactus . Size ( edit ) Adult bushy - tailed woodrat males usually weigh 300 -- 600 g , with an average of 405 g , and adult females usually weigh 250 -- 350 g , with an average of 270 g . These ranges are relatively large because this species occupies a large geographic range , and its body size is closely correlated with climate . Average males range in size from 310 -- 470 mm , with the average being 379 mm , and average females range from 272 to 410 mm , with the average being 356 mm . Reproduction and life history ( edit ) Reproductive habits of rodents are variable in the wild . Offspring are born naked and helpless and must be cared for in nests called middens . Some female pack rats have been known to deliver up to five litters per year with each litter having as many as five young . The offspring may open their eyes between 10 and 12 days after being born and are usually weaned between 14 and 42 days . After around 60 days , most become sexually mature . Populations may cycle approximately every 8 years due to variation in reproduction and juvenile survival . Female annual survival rates vary by age from 0.42 for juveniles to 0.71 for 1 -- 2 year olds , and very few females ( less than 5 % ) live beyond 3 years of age . Midden ( edit ) A large pack rat midden ( center ) from the Pleistocene period A pack rat midden is a debris pile constructed by a woodrat . A midden may preserve the materials incorporated into it for up to 50,000 years , thus may be analyzed to reconstruct their original environment , and comparisons between middens allow a record of vegetative and climate change to be built . Examinations and comparisons of pack rat middens have largely supplanted pollen records as a method of study in the regions where they are available . Active pack rat midden in northern Nevada In the absence of rock crevices or caves , the dens are often built under trees or bushes . The pack rats will also use plant fragments , animal dung , and small rocks in building the den . The vast majority of the materials will be from a radius of several dozen yards of the nest . Woodrats often urinate on the debris piles ; sugar and other substances in the urine crystallize as it dries out , creating a material known as amberat , which under some conditions can cement the midden together , and can encase plant fragments , pellets and other debris in a amber - like matrix . The resilience of the middens is aided by three factors . The crystallized urine dramatically slows the decay of the materials in the midden ; the dry climate of the American Southwest further slows the decay ; and middens protected from the elements under rock overhangs or in caves survive longer . Climate change indicators ( edit ) Zoologists examine the remains of animals in middens to get a sense of the fauna in the neighborhood of the midden , while paleobotanists can reconstruct the vegetation that grew nearby . Middens are considered reliable `` time capsules '' of natural life , centuries and millennia after they occurred . Woodrat middens are composed of many things , including plants macrofossils and fecal pellets . Bushy - tailed woodrat on midden Paleo - ecologists have used a variety of techniques to analyze the plant and animal material in pack rat middens describe paleo - communities and infer paleo - climate . For example , the plant species present in middens , and the carbon isotope ratios on material in middens have been widely studied . The analysis of middens was key in understanding the biota around Pueblo Bonito , thus helping to explain its history . One form of midden analysis examined the size of fecal pellets in pack rat middens . The size of woodrat pellet is proportional to the size of the woodrat . By measuring the pellets , the approximate size of the woodrat was determined based on data from a study of field - trapped woodrats . From Bergmann 's rule , differences in climate then can be determined . According to Bergmann 's rule , the body size of vertebrates is closely related to the average ambient air temperature in the region in which the vertebrate lives , so organisms in warmer regions are typically smaller than members of the same species in colder regions . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cato , Paisley ( January 2013 ) . `` Field Guide - Woodrat '' . San Diego Natural History Museum . Archived from the original on 5 February 2004 . Retrieved 26 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Bradley , R.D. ; Mauldin , M.R. ( January 2016 ) . `` Molecular data indicate a cryptic species in Neotoma albigula ( Cricetidae : Neotominae ) from northwestern México '' . Journal of Mammalogy. 97 ( 1 ) : 187 -- 199 . doi : 10.1093 / jmammal / gyv169 . Jump up ^ `` Packrat Distribution '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Desert Woodrats & Pack Rats '' . DesertUSA . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Woodrats '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Trapani , Josh ( 2002 - 09 - 04 ) . `` ADW : Neotoma cinerea : INFORMATION '' . Animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Lee , Derek E. ; Tietje , William D. ( 2005 ) . `` Dusky - footed woodrat demography and prescribed fire in a california oak woodland '' . Journal of Wildlife Management . 69 ( 3 ) : 1211 -- 1220 . doi : 10.2193 / 0022 - 541X ( 2005 ) 069 ( 1211 : DWDAPF ) 2.0.CO ; 2 . ISSN 0022 - 541X . ^ Jump up to : `` Packrat Midden Research in the Grand Canyon '' . Cpluhna.nau.edu . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 14 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ Betancourt , edited by Julio L. ; Devender , , Thomas R. Van ; Martin , Paul S. ( 1990 ) . Packrat middens : the last 40,000 years of biotic change . Tucson : University of Arizona Press . p. 60 . ISBN 0 - 8165 - 1115 - 2 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Smith , F.A. ; Betancourt , J.L. ; Brown , J.H. ( 1995 ) . `` Effects of global warming on woodrat ( Neotoma cinerea ) body size during the last deglaciation '' . Science . 270 ( 5244 ) : 2012 -- 2014 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 270.5244. 2012 . Further reading ( edit ) Betancourt , Julio L. , Thomas R. Van Devender , and Paul S. Martin , eds . Packrat Middens : The Last 40,000 Years of Biotic Change , University of Arizona Press , 1990 , ISBN 0 - 8165 - 1115 - 2 . Duff , A. and A. Lawson . 2004 . Mammals of the World A Checklist . New Haven , Yale University Press . Kays , R.W. , and D.E. Wilson . 2002 . Mammals of North America . Princeton University Press , Princeton , 240 pp . Musser , G.G. and M.D. Carleton. 2005 . Superfamily Muroidea . pp. 894 -- 1531 in Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference D.E. Wilson and D.M. Reeder eds . Johns Hopkins University Press , Baltimore . Ord , G. , 1815 . Zoology of North America , in Guthrie 's Geography , 2nd American edition , pp. 291 -- 361 . ( reprint Rhoads , S.N. Philadelphia , 1894 ) , p. 292 . Smith , F.A. ; Betancourt , J.L. ; Brown , J.H. ( 1995 ) . `` Evolution of body size in the woodrat over the past 25,000 years of climate change '' . Science . 270 ( 5244 ) : 2012 -- 2014 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 270.5244. 2012 . Ulev , Elena 2007 . Neotoma cinerea . In : Fire Effects Information System , ( Online ) . U.S. Department of Agriculture , Forest Service , Rocky Mountain Research Station , Fire Sciences Laboratory ( Producer ) . Available : http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ ( 2011 , February 25 ) . Zakrzewski , J. Richard ( 1974 ) . `` Fossil Ondatrini from Western North America '' . Journal of Mammalogy. 55 ( 2 ) : 284 -- 292 . doi : 10.2307 / 1378998 . Linsdale , J.M. , and L.P. Tevis. 1951 . The dusky - footed wood rat . Records made on Hastings Natural History Reservation . Berkeley , California . pp 675 . Burt , W.H. , and R.P. Grossenheider. 1976 . A field guide to the mammals , 3d ed . Houghton Mifflin Co. , Boston . pp 289 . Schwartz , C.W. , and E.R. Schwartz . 1981 . The wild mammals of Missouri , rev . ed . Univ . Missouri Press , Columbia . pp 356 . Vorhies , C.T. ; Taylor , W.P. ( 1940 ) . `` Life history and ecology of the white - throated wood rat , Neotoma albigula Hartly , in relation to grazing in Arizona '' . Univ . Arizona Tech . Bull . 49 : 467 -- 587 . Wiley , R.W. ( 1980 ) . `` Neotoma floridana '' . Mamm . Species . 139 : 1 -- 7 . doi : 10.2307 / 3503989 . External links ( edit ) `` Desert Woodrats '' at DesertUSA.com `` Packrat Piles : Rodent rubbish provides ice age thermometer '' , Science News , 24 September 2005 Extant species of subfamily Neotominae Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Mammalia Infraclass : Eutheria Superorder : Euarchontoglires Order : Rodentia Family : Cricetidae Baiomyini Baiomys ( Pygmy mice ) Southern pygmy mouse ( B. musculus ) Northern pygmy mouse ( B. taylori ) Scotinomys ( Brown mice ) Alston 's brown mouse ( S. teguina ) Chiriqui brown mouse ( S. xerampelinus ) Neotomini Neotoma ( Pack rats ) Subgenus Neotoma : White - throated woodrat ( N. albigula ) Tamaulipan woodrat ( N. angustapalata ) Bryant 's woodrat ( N. bryanti ) Nicaraguan woodrat ( N. chrysomelas ) Arizona woodrat ( N. devia ) Eastern woodrat ( N. floridana ) Goldman 's woodrat ( N. goldmani ) Desert woodrat ( N. lepida ) White - toothed woodrat ( N. leucodon ) Big - eared woodrat ( N. macrotis ) Allegheny woodrat ( N. magister ) Neotoma melanura Mexican woodrat ( N. mexicana ) Southern Plains woodrat ( N. micropus ) Nelson 's woodrat ( N. nelsoni ) Bolaños woodrat ( N. palatina ) Stephens ' woodrat ( N. stephensi ) Subgenus Teanopus : Sonoran woodrat ( N. phenax ) Subgenus Teonoma : Bushy - tailed woodrat ( N. cinerea ) Dusky - footed woodrat ( N. fuscipes ) Xenomys Magdalena rat ( X . nelsoni ) Hodomys Allen 's woodrat ( H. alleni ) Nelsonia ( Diminutive woodrats ) Goldman 's diminutive woodrat ( N. goldmani ) Diminutive woodrat ( N. neotomodon ) Ochrotomyini Ochrotomys Golden mouse ( O. nuttalli ) Reithrodontomyini Peromyscus ( Deer mice ) californicus group : California mouse ( P. californicus ) eremicus group : Cactus mouse ( P. eremicus ) Angel Island mouse ( P. guardia ) San Lorenzo mouse ( P. interparietalis ) Dickey 's deer mouse ( P. dickeyi ) False canyon mouse ( P. pseudocrinitus ) Northern Baja deer mouse ( P. fraterculus ) Eva 's desert mouse ( P. eva ) Burt 's deer mouse ( P. caniceps ) Mesquite mouse ( P. merriami ) hooperi group : Hooper 's mouse ( P. hooperi ) crinitus group : Canyon mouse ( P. crinitus ) maniculatus group : Deer mouse ( P. maniculatus ) Oldfield mouse ( P. polionotus ) Santa Cruz mouse ( P. sejugis ) Northwestern deer mouse ( P. keeni ) Black - eared mouse ( P. melanotis ) Slevin 's mouse ( P. slevini ) leucopus group : White - footed mouse ( P. leucopus ) Cotton mouse ( P. gossypinus ) aztecus group : Aztec mouse ( P. aztecus ) Gleaning mouse ( P. spicilegus ) Winkelmann 's mouse ( P. winkelmanni ) boylii group : Brush mouse ( P. boylii ) Nimble - footed mouse ( P. levipes ) Schmidly 's deer mouse ( P. schmidlyi ) San Esteban Island mouse ( P. stephani ) Texas mouse ( P. attwateri ) Nayarit mouse ( P. simulus ) Tres Marias Island mouse ( P. madrensis ) White - ankled mouse ( P. pectoralis ) Chihuahuan mouse ( P. polius ) truei group : Pinyon mouse ( P. truei ) Osgood 's mouse ( P. gratus ) Perote mouse ( P. bullatus ) Zacatecan deer mouse ( P. difficilis ) Northern rock mouse ( P. nasutus ) melanophrys group : Plateau mouse ( P. melanophrys ) Marsh mouse ( P. perfulvus ) Puebla deer mouse ( P. mekisturus ) furvus group : Blackish deer mouse ( P. furvus ) El Carrizo deer mouse ( P. ochraventer ) Maya mouse ( P. mayensis ) megalops group : Brown deer mouse ( P. megalops ) Black - tailed mouse ( P. melanurus ) Zempoaltepec ( P. melanocarpus ) mexicanus group : Mexican deer mouse ( P. mexicanus ) Naked - eared deer mouse ( P. gymnotis ) Guatemalan deer mouse ( P. guatemalensis ) Chiapan deer mouse ( P. zarhynchus ) Big deer mouse ( P. grandis ) Yucatan deer mouse ( P. yucatanicus ) Stirton 's deer mouse ( P. stirtoni ) Reithrodontomys ( New World harvest mice ) Guerrero harvest mouse ( R. bakeri ) Short - nosed harvest mouse ( R. brevirostris ) Sonoran harvest mouse ( R. burti ) Volcano harvest mouse ( R. chrysopsis ) Chiriqui harvest mouse ( R. creper ) Darien harvest mouse ( R. darienensis ) Fulvous harvest mouse ( R. fulvescens ) Slender harvest mouse ( R. gracilis ) Hairy harvest mouse ( R. hirsutus ) Eastern harvest mouse ( R. humulis ) Western harvest mouse ( R. megalotis ) Mexican harvest mouse ( R. mexicanus ) Small - toothed harvest mouse ( R. microdon ) Plains harvest mouse ( R. montanus ) R. musseri Nicaraguan harvest mouse ( R. paradoxus ) Salt marsh harvest mouse ( R. raviventris ) Rodriguez 's harvest mouse ( R. rodriguezi ) Cozumel harvest mouse ( R. spectabilis ) Sumichrast 's harvest mouse ( R. sumichrasti ) Narrow - nosed harvest mouse ( R. tenuirostris ) Zacatecas harvest mouse ( R. zacatecae ) Onychomys ( Grasshopper mice ) Chihuahuan grasshopper mouse ( O. arenicola ) Northern grasshopper mouse ( O. leucogaster ) Southern grasshopper mouse ( O. torridus ) Neotomodon Mexican volcano mouse ( N. alstoni ) Podomys Florida mouse ( P. floridanus ) Isthmomys ( Isthmus rats ) Yellow isthmus rat ( I. flavidus ) Mount Pirri isthmus rat ( I. pirrensis ) Megadontomys ( Giant deer mice ) Oaxaca giant deer mouse ( M. cryophilus ) Nelson 's giant deer mouse ( M. nelsoni ) Thomas 's giant deer mouse ( M. thomasi ) Habromys ( Deer mice ) Chinanteco deer mouse ( H. chinanteco ) Delicate deer mouse ( H. delicatulus ) Ixtlán deer mouse ( H. ixtlani ) Zempoaltepec deer mouse ( H. lepturus ) Crested - tailed deer mouse ( H. lophurus ) H. schmidlyi Jico deer mouse ( H. simulatus ) Osgoodomys Michoacan deer mouse ( O. banderanus ) Taxon identifiers Wikidata : Q468544 Wikispecies : Neotoma ADW : Neotoma EoL : 15017 EPPO : 1NETOG Fossilworks : 41822 GBIF : 2438433 iNaturalist : 44737 IRMNG : 1335541 ITIS : 180369 MSW : 13000400 NCBI : 42407 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pack_rat&oldid=835265333 '' Categories : Mammals of the United States Neotoma Rats Taxa named by Thomas Say Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Articles with ' species ' microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Català Cebuano Deutsch Diné bizaad Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands Polski Português Русский Simple English Svenska Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 April 2018 , at 16 : 30 ( UTC ) . 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who played the judge in the movie a time to kill			12 Angry Men ( 1957 film )	12 angry men ( 1957 film )	12 Angry Men is a 1957 American courtroom drama film adapted from a teleplay of the same name by Reginald Rose . Written and co-produced by Rose himself and directed by Sidney Lumet , this trial film tells the story of a jury made up of 12 men as they deliberate the guilt or acquittal of a defendant on the basis of reasonable doubt . In the United States , a verdict in most criminal trials by jury must be unanimous . The film is notable for its almost exclusive use of one set : out of 96 minutes of run time , only three minutes take place outside of the jury room .	12 Angry Men explores many techniques of consensus - building and the difficulties encountered in the process , among a group of men whose range of personalities adds intensity and conflict . No names are used in the film : the jury members are identified by number until two of them exchange names at the very end , the defendant is referred to as `` the boy '' and the witnesses as `` the old man '' and `` the lady across the street '' . In 2007 , the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . The film was selected as the second - best courtroom drama ever by the American Film Institute during their AFI 's 10 Top 10 list and is the highest courtroom drama on Rotten Tomatoes ' Top 100 Movies of All Time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Legacy 4.3 Awards 5 Cultural influences 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Plot ( edit ) In a New York City courthouse a jury commences , deliberating the case of an 18 - year - old boy from a slum , on trial for allegedly stabbing his father to death . If there is any reasonable doubt they are to return a verdict of not guilty . If found guilty , the boy will receive a death sentence . In a preliminary vote , all jurors vote `` guilty '' except Juror 8 , who argues that the boy deserves some deliberation . This irritates some of the other jurors , who are impatient for a quick deliberation , especially Juror 7 , who has tickets to the evening 's Yankee game , and Juror 10 , who demonstrates blatant prejudice against people from slums . Juror 8 questions the accuracy and reliability of the only two witnesses and the prosecution 's claim that the murder weapon , a common switchblade ( of which he possesses an identical copy ) , was `` rare . '' Juror 8 argues that reasonable doubt exists and that he therefore can not in conscience vote `` guilty , '' but concedes that he has merely hung the jury . Juror 8 suggests a secret ballot , from which he will abstain and agrees to change his vote if the others unanimously vote `` guilty '' . The ballot is held and a new `` not guilty '' vote appears . An angry Juror 3 accuses Juror 5 , who grew up in a slum , of changing his vote out of sympathy towards slum children . However , Juror 9 reveals it was he who changed his vote , agreeing there should be some discussion . Juror 8 argues that the noise of a passing train would have obscured the verbal threat that one witness claimed to have heard the boy tell his father : `` I 'm going to kill you '' . Then , Juror 5 changes his vote . Juror 11 also changes his vote , believing the boy would not likely have tried to retrieve the murder weapon from the scene if it had been cleaned of fingerprints . Jurors 5 , 6 , and 8 question the witness 's claim to have seen the defendant fleeing 15 seconds after hearing the father 's body hit the floor , since he was physically incapable of reaching an appropriate vantage point in time due to a stroke . An angry Juror 3 shouts that they are losing their chance to `` burn '' the boy . When Juror 8 accuses him of being a sadist , Juror 3 lunges at him and yells `` I 'll kill him , I 'll kill him ! '' , at which Juror 8 points out that he does n't really mean it , securing his earlier argument that the statement `` I 'm going to kill you '' might not have been meant literally . Jurors 2 and 6 change their votes , tying the vote at 6 -- 6 . Then , a rainstorm strikes the city , threatening to cancel the game for which Juror 7 has tickets . Juror 4 doubts the boy 's alibi of being at the movies , because he could not recall it in much detail . Juror 8 tests how well Juror 4 remembers previous days , which he does , with difficulty . Juror 2 questions the likelihood that the boy , who was more than half a foot shorter than his father , could have inflicted the downward stab wound found in the body . Next , Jurors 3 and 8 conduct an experiment to see whether a shorter person could stab downwards on a taller person . The experiment proves the possibility , but Juror 5 steps up and demonstrates the correct way to hold and use a switchblade ; revealing that anyone skilled with a switchblade , as the boy would be , would always stab underhanded at an upwards angle against an opponent who was taller than them , as the grip of stabbing downwards would be too awkward and the act of changing hands too time - consuming . Increasingly impatient , Juror 7 changes his vote to hasten the deliberation , which earns him the ire of Jurors 3 and 11 , both on opposite sides of the debate until Juror 7 admits that he truly believes the boy is not guilty . Then , Jurors 12 and 1 change their votes , leaving only three dissenters : Jurors 3 , 4 , and 10 . Juror 10 vents a torrent of condemnation of slum - born people , claiming they are no better than animals who kill for fun . Most of the others turn their backs to him , except for Juror 4 , who says to him , `` Sit down and do n't open your mouth again . '' Juror 10 then humiliatingly sits down in a corner by himself . When the remaining `` guilty '' voters are pressed to explain themselves , Juror 4 states that , despite all the previous evidence , the woman from across the street who saw the killing still stands as solid evidence . Juror 12 then reverts his vote , making the vote 8 -- 4 . Juror 9 , seeing Juror 4 rub his nose ( which is being irritated by his glasses ) , realizes that the woman who allegedly saw the murder had impressions in the sides of her nose , indicating that she wore glasses , but did not wear them in court out of vanity . Other jurors , including Juror 4 , confirm that they saw the same thing . Juror 8 adds that she would not have been wearing them while trying to sleep and points out that on her own evidence , the attack happened so swiftly that she would n't have had time to put them on . Jurors 12 , 10 , and 4 change their vote to `` not guilty '' , leaving only Juror 3 . Juror 3 gives a long and increasingly tortured string of arguments , building on earlier remarks that his relationship with his own son is deeply strained , which is ultimately why he wants the boy to be guilty . He finally loses his temper and tears up a photo of him and his son , but suddenly breaks down crying and changes his vote to `` not guilty '' , making the vote unanimous . The jurors then leave the room to reveal their verdict to the court . Outside , Jurors 8 ( Davis ) and 9 ( McCardle ) exchange names and all of the jurors descend the courthouse steps to return to their individual lives . Cast ( edit ) The twelve jurors in the order in which they are referred to . They are seated in this order in the movie . Martin Balsam as an assistant high school American football coach . As the jury foreman , he is somewhat preoccupied with his duties , although helpful to accommodate others . He is the ninth to ultimately vote `` not guilty '' , never giving the reason for changing his vote . John Fiedler as a meek and unpretentious bank worker who is at first dominated by others , but as the climax builds up , so does his courage . He is the fifth to ultimately vote `` not guilty '' . Lee J. Cobb as a businessman and distraught father , opinionated , disrespectful and stubborn with a temper . The main antagonist and most passionate advocate of a guilty verdict throughout the film , he is the last to vote `` not guilty '' . E.G. Marshall as a rational , unflappable , self - assured and analytical stock broker who is concerned only with the facts . He is the eleventh to ultimately vote `` not guilty '' . Jack Klugman as a man who grew up in a violent slum , does not take kindly to insults about his upbringing . A Baltimore Orioles fan . He is the third to ultimately vote `` not guilty '' . When Klugman died in 2012 , he was the last surviving juror . Edward Binns as a house painter , tough but principled and respectful . He is the sixth to ultimately vote `` not guilty '' . Jack Warden as a salesman and New York Yankees fan , who is so eager to leave in order to attend a baseball game that he becomes impatient with the deliberations , despite the fact that the defendant 's life is at stake . He is the seventh to ultimately vote `` not guilty '' . Henry Fonda as an architect and the first to vote `` not guilty '' . At the end of the film he reveals to Juror # 9 that his name is Davis , one of only two jurors to reveal his name . Joseph Sweeney as a wise and observant retiree . He is the second to vote `` not guilty '' . At the end of the film , he reveals to Juror # 8 that his name is McCardle , one of only two jurors to reveal his name . Ed Begley as a garage owner ; a pushy and loud - mouthed bigot . He is the tenth to ultimately vote `` not guilty '' . George Voskovec as a European watchmaker and naturalized American citizen . He is polite and makes a point of speaking with proper English grammar . He is the fourth to ultimately vote `` not guilty '' . Robert Webber as a wisecracking , indecisive advertising executive . He is the only Juror to change his vote more than once during deliberations , initially voting `` guilty '' , changing three times until he is the eighth to ultimately vote `` not guilty '' . Uncredited Rudy Bond as the judge James Kelly as the guard Billy Nelson as the court clerk John Savoca as the accused Production ( edit ) Reginald Rose 's screenplay for 12 Angry Men was initially produced for television ( starring Robert Cummings as Juror 8 ) , and was broadcast live on the CBS program Studio One in September 1954 . A complete kinescope of that performance , which had been missing for years and was feared lost , was discovered in 2003 . It was staged at Chelsea Studios in New York City . The success of the television production resulted in a film adaptation . Sidney Lumet , whose prior directorial credits included dramas for television productions such as The Alcoa Hour and Studio One , was recruited by Henry Fonda and Rose to direct . 12 Angry Men was Lumet 's first feature film , and for Fonda and Rose , who co-produced the film , it was their first and only role as film producers . Fonda later stated that he would never again produce a film . The filming was completed after a short but rigorous rehearsal schedule in less than three weeks on a tight budget of $340,000 ( equivalent to $2,899,000 in 2016 ) . At the beginning of the film , the cameras are positioned above eye level and mounted with wide - angle lenses to give the appearance of greater depth between subjects , but as the film progresses the focal length of the lenses is gradually increased . By the end of the film , nearly everyone is shown in closeup using telephoto lenses from a lower angle , which decreases or `` shortens '' depth of field . Lumet stated that his intention in using these techniques with cinematographer Boris Kaufman was to create a nearly palpable claustrophobia . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) On its first release , 12 Angry Men received critical acclaim . A.H. Weiler of The New York Times wrote `` It makes for taut , absorbing , and compelling drama that reaches far beyond the close confines of its jury room setting . '' His observation of the twelve men was that `` their dramas are powerful and provocative enough to keep a viewer spellbound . '' However , the film was a box office disappointment . The advent of color and widescreen productions may have contributed to its disappointing box office performance . It was not until its first airing on television that the movie finally found its audience . Legacy ( edit ) The film is today viewed as a classic , highly regarded from both a critical and popular viewpoint : Roger Ebert listed it as one of his `` Great Movies '' . The American Film Institute named Juror 8 , played by Henry Fonda , 28th in a list of the 50 greatest movie heroes of the 20th century . AFI also named 12 Angry Men the 42nd most inspiring film , the 88th most heart - pounding film and the 87th best film of the past hundred years . The film was also nominated for the 100 movies list in 1998 . As of March 2017 , the film holds a 100 % approval rating on the review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes . In 2011 , the film was the second most screened film in secondary schools in the United Kingdom . American Film Institute lists : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies -- Nominated AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Thrills -- No. 88 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes & Villains : Juror No. 8 -- No. 28 Hero AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers -- No. 42 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) -- No. 87 AFI 's 10 Top 10 -- No. 2 Courtroom Drama Awards ( edit ) The film was nominated for Academy Awards in the categories of Best Director , Best Picture , and Best Writing of Adapted Screenplay . It lost to the movie The Bridge on the River Kwai in all three categories . At the 7th Berlin International Film Festival , the film won the Golden Bear Award . Cultural influences ( edit ) Speaking at a screening of the film during the 2010 Fordham University Law School Film festival , Supreme Court Justice Sonia Sotomayor stated that seeing 12 Angry Men while she was in college influenced her decision to pursue a career in law . She was particularly inspired by immigrant Juror 11 's monologue on his reverence for the American justice system . She also told the audience of law students that , as a lower - court judge , she would sometimes instruct juries to not follow the film 's example , because most of the jurors ' conclusions are based on speculation , not fact . Sotomayor noted that events such as Juror 8 entering a similar knife into the proceeding , doing outside research into the case matter in the first place , and ultimately the jury as a whole making broad , wide - ranging assumptions far beyond the scope of reasonable doubt ( such as the inferences regarding the `` Old Woman '' wearing glasses ) would never be allowed to occur in a real life jury situation , and would in fact have yielded a mistrial ( assuming , of course , that applicable law permitted the content of jury deliberations to be revealed ) . The movie has had a number of adaptations . A 1963 German TV production ( `` Die Zwölf Geschworenen '' ) was directed by Günter Gräwert . A 1991 homage by Kōki Mitani , Juninin no Yasashii Nihonjin ( `` 12 gentle Japanese '' ) , posits a Japan with a jury system and features a group of normal Japanese people grappling with their responsibility in the face of Japanese cultural norms . The 1987 Indian film Ek Ruka Hua Faisla ( `` a pending decision '' ) is a remake of the film , with an almost identical storyline . Russian director Nikita Mikhalkov also made a 2007 adaptation , 12 . A 2015 Chinese adaptation , 12 Citizens , follows the plot of the original 1957 American movie while including characters reflecting contemporary Beijing society , including a cab driver , guard , businessman , policeman , a retiree persecuted in a 1950s ' political movement , and others . The detective drama television show Veronica Mars , which like the film includes a theme of class issues , featured an episode `` One Angry Veronica '' in which the title character is selected for jury duty . The episode flips the film 's format and depicts one holdout convincing the jury to convict the privileged defendants of assault against a less well - off victim , despite their lawyers initially convincing 11 jury members of a not guilty verdict . In 1997 , a television remake of the film under the same title was released by Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer . The film has also been subject to parody . In 2015 , the Comedy Central TV series Inside Amy Schumer aired a half - hour parody of the film titled `` 12 Angry Men Inside Amy Schumer '' . BBC Radio comedy Hancock 's Half Hour , starring Tony Hancock and Sid James , written by Ray Galton and Alan Simpson , broadcast a half - hour parody on October 16 , 1959 , also known as Twelve Angry Men . The Flintstones story `` Disorder in the Court '' and The Simpsons story `` The Boy Who Knew Too Much '' similarly feature the respective patriarchs of both families playing holdout jurors . Family Guy paid tribute to the film with its Season 11 episode titled `` 12 and a Half Angry Men '' . King Of The Hill acknowledged the film with their parody `` Nine Pretty Darn Angry Men '' in season 3 . The American sitcom Happy Days also features a similar story when Howard Cunningham and Fonzie get picked for a jury , with Fonzie being the lone hold - out for innocence and swaying the rest of the jury in the season 5 episode `` Fonzie for the Defense '' . Saturday Night Live parodied the film in 1984 in a sketch called First Draft Theater . See also ( edit ) List of American films of 1957 12 Angry Men ( 1997 film ) Twelve Angry Men List of films with a 100 % rating on Rotten Tomatoes , a film review aggregator website References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Box Office Information for 12 Angry Men . The Numbers . Retrieved April 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Anita Ekberg Chosen for ' Mimi ' Role Louella Parsons : . The Washington Post and Times Herald ( 1954 - 1959 ) ( Washington , D.C ) 08 Apr 1957 : A18 . Jump up ^ `` Top Grosses of 1957 '' , Variety , 8 January 1958 : 30 Jump up ^ Variety film review ; February 27 , 1957 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Harrison 's Reports film review ; March 2 , 1957 , page 35 . Jump up ^ `` National Film Registry '' . National Film Registry ( National Film Preservation Board , Library of Congress ) . September 12 , 2011 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2012 . Retrieved November 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 10 Top 10 Courtroom Drama '' . American Film Institute . 2008 - 06 - 17 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Movies of All Time '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ Alleman , Richard ( February 1 , 2005 ) . New York : The Movie Lover 's Guide : The Ultimate Insider Tour of Movie New York . Broadway Books . p. 231 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7679 - 1634 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Evolution of TWELVE ANGRY MEN '' . Playhouse Square . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2009 . Retrieved September 11 , 2008 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ Weiler , A.H. ( April 15 , 1957 ) . `` Twelve Angry Men ( 1957 ) Movie Review '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 28 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : 12 Angry Men Filmsite Movie Review . AMC FilmSite . Retrieved April 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ 12 Angry Men at AllMovie . Rovi . Retrieved April 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Beyond a Reasonable Doubt : Making 12 Angry Men Featurette on Collector 's Edition DVD Jump up ^ `` 12 Angry Men Movie Reviews , Pictures '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2010 . Retrieved August 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Greatest Movies '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . 2002 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` 12 Angry Men Movie Reviews , Pictures '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2009 . Retrieved August 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top movies for schools revealed '' . BBC News . December 13 , 2011 . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 7th Berlin International Film Festival : Prize Winners '' . berlinale.de . Retrieved December 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Semple , Kirk ( October 18 , 2010 ) , `` The Movie That Made a Supreme Court Justice '' , The New York Times , retrieved October 18 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Jury Admonitions In Preliminary Instructions ( Revised May 5 , 2009 ) 1 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved June 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Young , Deborah ( 2015 - 06 - 23 ) . `` ' 12 Citizens ' Shanghai Review '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Lyons , Margaret . `` Behold Inside Amy Schumer 's Dead - On 12 Angry Men '' . Vulture . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Homes , Linda . `` Amy Schumer Puts Her Own Looks On Trial '' . NPR . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` '' Happy Days '' Fonzie for the Defense ( TV Episode 1978 ) `` . IMDb . Further reading ( edit ) Making Movies , by Sidney Lumet . ( c ) 1995 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 679 - 75660 - 6 Ellsworth , Phoebe C. ( 2003 ) . `` One Inspiring Jury ( Review of ' Twelve Angry Men ' ) '' . Michigan Law Review . 101 ( 6 ) : 1387 -- 1407 . JSTOR 3595316 . In depth analysis compared with research on actual jury behaviour . The New York Times , April 15 , 1957 , `` 12 Angry Men '' , review by A.H. Weiler Readings on Twelve Angry Men , by Russ Munyan , Greenhaven Press , 2000 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7377 - 0313 - 9 Chandler , David . `` The Transmission model of communication '' Communication as Perspective Theory . Sage publications . Ohio University , 2005 . Lanham , Richard . `` Introduction : The Domain of Style analyzing prose . '' ( New York , NY : Continuum , 2003 ) External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : 12 Angry Men 12 Angry Men on IMDb 12 Angry Men at the TCM Movie Database 12 Angry Men at AllMovie 12 Angry Men at Rotten Tomatoes Criterion Collection Essay by Thane Rosenbaum Films directed by Sidney Lumet 12 Angry Men ( 1957 ) Stage Struck ( 1958 ) That Kind of Woman ( 1959 ) The Fugitive Kind ( 1960 ) A View from the Bridge ( 1962 ) Long Day 's Journey into Night ( 1962 ) The Pawnbroker ( 1964 ) Fail Safe ( 1964 ) The Hill ( 1965 ) The Group ( 1966 ) The Deadly Affair ( 1966 ) Bye Bye Braverman ( 1968 ) The Sea Gull ( 1968 ) The Appointment ( 1969 ) King : A Filmed Record ... Montgomery to Memphis ( 1970 ) Last of the Mobile Hot Shots ( 1970 ) The Anderson Tapes ( 1971 ) Child 's Play ( 1972 ) The Offence ( 1972 ) Serpico ( 1973 ) Lovin ' Molly ( 1974 ) Murder on the Orient Express ( 1974 ) Dog Day Afternoon ( 1975 ) Network ( 1976 ) Equus ( 1977 ) The Wiz ( 1978 ) Just Tell Me What You Want ( 1980 ) Prince of the City ( 1981 ) Deathtrap ( 1982 ) The Verdict ( 1982 ) Daniel ( 1983 ) Garbo Talks ( 1984 ) Power ( 1986 ) The Morning After ( 1986 ) Running on Empty ( 1988 ) Family Business ( 1989 ) Q & A ( 1990 ) A Stranger Among Us ( 1992 ) Guilty as Sin ( 1993 ) Night Falls on Manhattan ( 1997 ) Critical Care ( 1997 ) Gloria ( 1999 ) Strip Search ( 2004 ) Find Me Guilty ( 2006 ) Before the Devil Knows You 're Dead ( 2007 ) Twelve Angry Men by Reginald Rose Productions Westinghouse Studio One episode ( 1954 ) Stage play 1957 film Ek Ruka Hua Faisla ( 1986 ) 1997 television film 12 ( 2007 ) Homages and spoofs `` Twelve Angry Men '' ( Hancock 's Half Hour ) `` Mr. Monk Gets Jury Duty '' ( Monk ) `` 12 and a Half Angry Men '' ( Family Guy ) Related 12 Angry Lebanese : The Documentary Golden Bear - winning films Four in a Jeep / Without Leaving an Address / In Beaver Valley / Justice Is Done / Cinderella ( 1951 ) One Summer of Happiness ( 1952 ) The Wages of Fear ( 1953 ) Hobson 's Choice ( 1954 ) Die Ratten ( 1955 ) Invitation to the Dance ( 1956 ) 12 Angry Men ( 1957 ) Wild Strawberries ( 1958 ) Les Cousins ( 1959 ) El Lazarillo de Tormes ( 1960 ) La Notte ( 1961 ) A Kind of Loving ( 1962 ) To Bed or Not to Bed / Bushido , Samurai Saga ( 1963 ) Dry Summer ( 1964 ) Alphaville ( 1965 ) Cul - de-sac ( 1966 ) The Departure ( 1967 ) Who Saw Him Die ? ( 1968 ) Early Works ( 1969 ) The Garden of the Finzi - Continis ( 1971 ) The Canterbury Tales ( 1972 ) Distant Thunder ( 1973 ) The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz ( 1974 ) Adoption ( 1975 ) Buffalo Bill and the Indians , or Sitting Bull 's History Lesson ( 1976 ) The Ascent ( 1977 ) Ascensor / Las truchas / What Max Said ( 1978 ) David ( 1979 ) Heartland / Palermo or Wolfsburg ( 1980 ) Deprisa , Deprisa ( 1981 ) Veronika Voss ( 1982 ) Ascendancy / La colmena ( 1983 ) Love Streams ( 1984 ) The Woman and the Stranger / Wetherby ( 1985 ) Stammheim ( 1986 ) The Theme ( 1987 ) Red Sorghum ( 1988 ) Rain Man ( 1989 ) Music Box / Larks on a String ( 1990 ) The House of Smiles ( 1991 ) Grand Canyon ( 1992 ) Woman Sesame Oil Maker / The Wedding Banquet ( 1993 ) In the Name of the Father ( 1994 ) The Bait ( 1995 ) Sense and Sensibility ( 1996 ) The People vs. Larry Flynt ( 1997 ) Central Station ( 1998 ) The Thin Red Line ( 1999 ) Magnolia ( 2000 ) Intimacy ( 2001 ) Spirited Away / Bloody Sunday ( 2002 ) In This World ( 2003 ) Head - On ( 2004 ) U-Carmen eKhayelitsha ( 2005 ) Grbavica ( 2006 ) Tuya 's Marriage ( 2007 ) Elite Squad ( 2008 ) The Milk of Sorrow ( 2009 ) Honey ( 2010 ) A Separation ( 2011 ) Caesar Must Die ( 2012 ) Child 's Pose ( 2013 ) Black Coal , Thin Ice ( 2014 ) Taxi ( 2015 ) Fire at Sea ( 2016 ) On Body and Soul ( 2017 ) VIAF : 198561370 GND : 4749801 - 8 SUDOC : 17807599X BNF : cb16473943m ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=12_Angry_Men_(1957_film)&oldid=804704405 '' Categories : 1957 films English - language films 1950s drama films 1950s legal films American legal drama films American films American black - and - white films Legal drama films Courtroom films Directorial debut films Edgar Award - winning works Films about murder Films based on television plays Films directed by Sidney Lumet Films set in Manhattan Films set in New York City Films about capital punishment Golden Bear winners United Artists films United States National Film Registry films Juries in fiction Films about discrimination Screenplays by Reginald Rose Fictional duodecets Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Unfit url Use mdy dates from February 2012 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം მარგალური Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017 , at 16 : 46 . 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who plays the dragon mother in game of thrones			Emilia Clarke	emilia clarke		Emilia Clarke Clarke at the 2013 San Diego Comic - Con ( 1986 - 10 - 23 ) 23 October 1986 ( age 31 ) London , England Residence London , England Venice Beach , California , U.S. Nationality British Occupation Actress Years active 2009 -- present Awards Full list Emilia Clarke ( born 23 October 1986 ) is an English actress . Clarke studied at the Drama Centre London and appeared in a number of stage productions . Her television debut came in 2009 with a guest appearance in an episode of the British soap opera Doctors . The following year , she was named as one of the UK Stars of Tomorrow by Screen International magazine for her role in the Syfy film Triassic Attack ( 2010 ) . Clarke rose to international prominence in 2011 for her breakthrough role as Daenerys Targaryen in the HBO fantasy television series Game of Thrones ( 2011 -- present ) . It gained her critical acclaim and several accolades , including three nominations for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series . Clarke made her Broadway debut as Holly Golightly in a production of Breakfast at Tiffany 's in 2013 . Her film roles include Sarah Connor in the science fiction film Terminator Genisys ( 2015 ) , Louisa Clark in the romance film Me Before You ( 2016 ) , and Qi'ra in the Star Wars anthology film Solo : A Star Wars Story ( 2018 ) . Contents 1 Early life and family 2 Career 3 Personal life 3.1 Charitable work 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Video games 4.4 Theatre 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Early life and family ( edit ) Emilia Clarke was born on 23 October 1986 in London , and grew up in Berkshire . Her father ( died 10 July 2016 ) was a theatre sound engineer from Wolverhampton , West Midlands . She has an older brother . Clarke 's interest in acting began at the age of three after seeing the musical Show Boat , on which her father was working . She was educated at Rye St Antony School and at St Edward 's School , graduating in 2005 . She attended Drama Centre London , and graduated in 2009 . Clarke stated in a 2018 interview that her maternal grandmother was the result of a secret affair her great grandmother had with a man from the Indian subcontinent . Her grandmother wore light makeup to hide the dark complexion she had inherited from her father . She credits this as her family having a `` history of fighters , '' saying that `` The fact that ( my grandmother ) had to hide her skin colour , essentially , and try desperately to fit in with everyone else must 've been incredibly difficult . '' Career ( edit ) Emilia Clarke at Comic - Con 2011 Clarke 's early work includes two plays at St. Edwards , ten plays at Drama Centre London , the 2009 Company of Angels production of Sense , and two 2009 commercials for Samaritans . One of her first film roles was for a University of London students ' short film . Her first television roles were Saskia Mayer in a 2009 episode of the British soap opera Doctors and Savannah in Syfy 's 2010 film Triassic Attack . Screen International magazine named her as one of the `` UK Stars of Tomorrow '' . In 2010 Clarke was cast as Daenerys Targaryen in the HBO fantasy series Game of Thrones , based on the book series A Song of Ice and Fire by George R.R. Martin . She was cast after fellow British actress Tamzin Merchant was replaced for undisclosed reasons . In an interview , Clarke stated that she did the funky chicken and robot dance during her audition . The show debuted in April 2011 to positive reviews and was quickly picked up by the network for a second season . Clarke won the 2011 EWwy Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Drama for her role as Daenerys . In 2013 , Clarke was nominated for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series at the 65th Primetime Emmy Awards . She was nominated again in the category in 2015 and 2016 . Game of Thrones has required Clarke to perform multiple nude scenes , which has received some criticism . In response , Clarke said : `` I get a lot of crap for having done nude scenes and sex scenes . That , in itself , is so anti-feminist . Women hating on other women is just the problem . That 's upsetting , so it 's kind of wonderful to have a scene where I was like , ' There you go ! ' '' Clarke has received widespread praise for her performance . Her portrayal of Daenerys , tracing an arc from frightened girl to empowered woman , has been praised highly . Matthew Gilbert of The Boston Globe called her scenes `` mesmerizing '' , adding that `` Clarke does n't have a lot of emotional variety to work with as Daenerys , aside from fierce determination , and yet she is riveting . '' Todd VanDerWerff for The A.V. Club commented on the difficulty of adapting such an evolution from page to screen , but concluded that `` Clarke ( ... ) more than seal ( s ) the deal here . In 2017 , Clarke reportedly became one of the highest paid actors on television , earning £ 2 million per episode of Game of Thrones . In 2012 , Clarke appeared in Spike Island , a film named after the location of The Stone Roses 's seminal 1990 gig . From March to April 2013 , Clarke played Holly Golightly in a Broadway production of Breakfast at Tiffany 's , a role requiring Clarke to perform a nude scene . That year , she also starred in Dom Hemingway alongside Jude Law . Critical reaction to the film was mostly positive , though it was a commercial failure . Clarke promoting Solo : A Star Wars Story at the 2018 Cannes Film Festival . In May 2014 , it was announced that she had joined the feature film Garden of Last Days alongside James Franco , but the movie was scrapped two weeks before production was due to begin . Clarke was offered the role of Anastasia Steele in Fifty Shades of Grey but turned down the part because of the nudity required . She played Sarah Connor in Terminator Genisys ( 2015 ) , opposite Arnold Schwarzenegger , Jai Courtney , and Jason Clarke . The film grossed over $400 million worldwide , but received generally unfavorable reviews from critics , despite this she did receive nominations for awards like the Teen Choice Award for Choice Summer Movie Star - Female and Germany 's Jupiter Award for Best International Actress . In 2016 , Clarke starred as the female lead , opposite Sam Claflin , in the movie adaption of the best selling book ( of the same name ) , Me Before You , released on 3 June 2016 . The film was a commercial success , grossing over $200 million worldwide and is Clarke 's highest - rated film on the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes . For her role as Louisa Clark , she shared nominations with Sam Claflin for the Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Liplock and the MTV Television Tearjerker Award . She played the lead as Nurse Verena , in the film Voice from the Stone which was released on April 2017 in limited release , video on demand and digital HD . In November 2016 , Clarke was cast as the female lead in Solo : A Star Wars Story , released worldwide on 25 May 2018 . Clarke is also attached to the films The Guns of August opposite Helena Bonham Carter , and Above Suspicion opposite Jack Huston . In January 2017 , Clarke was cast as the lead in the upcoming English language adaptation of the 2015 Korean romantic comedy , The Beauty Inside . Personal life ( edit ) From 2012 until 2013 , Clarke dated comedian and filmmaker Seth MacFarlane . The two broke up after approximately six months but remain friends . As of October 2015 , Clarke resides in Hampstead , London . In 2016 , she purchased a $4.64 million house in Venice Beach , California . Clarke was voted the most desirable woman in the world by AskMen readers in 2014 . She was named Esquire 's Sexiest Woman Alive in 2015 . In 2017 , she was featured on the cover of Rolling Stone . In July 2016 , her father died from cancer . Clarke was filming Above Suspicion in Kentucky at the time and unable to be home for all of her father 's final days . She wrapped the movie early but arrived at the airport in London to learn that he had just died . `` The world felt like a scarier place once my dad was n't in it , '' she said . `` And then those two things happening in quick succession threw me off balance and made me re-evaluate who I am . '' Three weeks later , she began filming season seven of Game of Thrones . Charitable work ( edit ) Since her rise to prominence , Clarke has contributed time and effort to a variety of charitable organisations . In September 2011 , she joined SMA Trust team as their celebrity ambassador . In August 2017 , she became a patron of Open Door , a non-profit that aims to help young people gain access to drama school auditions . Clarke auctioned a chance to watch an episode of `` Game of Thrones '' with her at the 2018 Sean Penn Charity Gala , which raised over $120,000 benefiting the J / P HRO & Disaster Relief Organizations . In February 2018 , Clarke appeared at London 's Centerpoint Awards , which celebrates the courage shown by homeless young people . In April 2018 , she was named ambassador to the Royal College of Nursing in the UK . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Ref . 2009 Drop the Dog Julie Short film 2012 Spike Island Sally Harris Shackled Malu Short film 2013 Dom Hemingway Evelyn Hemingway 2015 Terminator Genisys Sarah Connor 2016 Me Before You Louisa Clark 2017 Voice from the Stone Verena 2018 Solo : A Star Wars Story Qi'ra Above Suspicion Susan Smith Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Ref . 2009 Doctors Saskia Mayer Episode : `` Empty Nest '' Triassic Attack Savannah Roundtree Television film 2011 -- present Game of Thrones Daenerys Targaryen Lead role 2013 Futurama Marianne ( voice ) Episode : `` Stench and Stenchibility '' 2016 Robot Chicken Bridget ( voice ) Episode : `` Joel Hurwitz Returns '' 2017 Animals . Lumpy ( voice ) Episode : `` Rats . '' Thunderbirds Are Go Doyle ( voice ) Episode : `` Rigged for Disaster '' Video games ( edit ) Year Title Role Ref . 2015 Game of Thrones Daenerys Targaryen Theatre ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Ref . 2013 Breakfast at Tiffany 's Holly Golightly Cort Theatre Awards and nominations ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Emilia Clarke Emilia Clarke has been nominated for three Primetime Emmy Awards and six Screen Actor Guild Awards . As of 2017 , Clarke has won 5 awards from 28 nominations . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Roberts , Kayleigh ( 23 October 2016 ) . `` The ' Game of Thrones ' Crew Threw Emilia Clarke a Very Unconventional 30th Birthday Party '' . elle.com . Elle Magazine . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Morris , Alex ( 28 June 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' : Emilia Clarke , the Queen of Dragons , Tells All '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 22 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` In Vogue : Emilia Clarke '' . Vogue. 15 June 2015 . Retrieved 2 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Emilia Clarke Was Born to Rule '' . 26 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones star Emilia Clarke : I feel just like Khaleesi in real life '' . Now . Retrieved 10 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` OSE to star in new HBO drama '' . St Edward 's School . 14 February 2011 . Archived from the original on 19 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Spotlight : Emilia Clarke '' . Spotlight . Retrieved 27 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Emilia Clarke 's Solo Flight '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved 29 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Lisa 's Story ( YouTube ) . Samaritans. 16 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Video of Emilia Clarke in Student Movie '' . sitmovie.com . Archived from the original on 24 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UK Stars of Tomorrow 2010 '' . Screen Daily . Retrieved 26 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Emilia Clarke Was Not the First Choice to Play Daenerys Targaryen on ' Game of Thrones ' '' . Yahoo !. 30 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Kevin , Patrick ( 20 March 2014 ) . `` Did the Funky Chicken land Emilia Clarke her ' Game of Thrones ' role ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 5 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` HBO Re-commissions ' Game of Thrones ' '' . IFTN. 19 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` EWwy Awards 2011 : Meet Your Winners ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . 19 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Emmy Nominees Full List : Breaking Bad , Homeland , Downton Abbey Dominate 2013 Awards '' . The Huffington Post . 18 July 2013 . Retrieved 10 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( 16 July 2015 ) . `` Emmy Nominations 2015 -- Full List '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved 16 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Emilia Clarke Is # SorryNotSorry About Her ' Game Of Thrones ' Nude Scenes '' . HuffPost Canada . 2017 - 07 - 27 . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Matthew ( 28 March 2013 ) . `` Fantasy gets real on ' Game of Thrones ' '' . The Boston Globe . John W. Henry . Retrieved 1 May 2017 . Jump up ^ VanDerWerff , Todd . `` A Golden Crown '' ( for experts ) `` . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on 24 May 2011 . Retrieved 24 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Parker , Mike ( 25 April 2017 ) . `` Game Of Thrones season 7 : Stars set to earn £ 2 Million per episode '' . Daily Express . Archived from the original on 25 April 2017 . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( 25 April 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 7 : Actors ' set to earn £ 2million per episode ' , making them highest - paid ever '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 25 April 2017 . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lesley Manville and Emilia Clarke Travel to ' Spike Island ' With The Stone Roses '' . Thefilmstage.com. 9 February 2012 . Retrieved 15 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Breakfast at Tiffany 's Coming to Broadway with Emilia Clarke '' . Broadway Tour . BroadwayTour.net. 13 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dom Hemingway Movie Reviews , Pictures -- Rotten Tomatoes '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 1 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dom Hemingway ( 2013 ) -- Box Office Mojo '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 1 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Loading ... ( 2 May 2013 ) . `` Games of Thrones Star Emilia Clarke Cast in New Film Garden of Last Days Alongside James Franco '' . Entertainmentwise . Retrieved 15 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Game of Thrones ' Star Emilia Clarke Turned Down ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' '' . The Huffington Post . 25 March 2015 . Retrieved 13 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Game of Thrones ' Emilia Clarke Set For ' Terminator ' In Sarah Connor Role '' . Deadline Hollywood . 13 December 2013 . Retrieved 13 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Terminator Genisys '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 27 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Bryan ( 3 February 2016 ) . `` Trailer reveal : Emilia Clarke and Sam Claflin in ' Me Before You ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved 22 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Me Before You ( 2016 ) -- Box Office Mojo '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 14 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Emilia Clarke '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 27 April 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( 16 June 2014 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Star Emilia Clarke Set for Thriller ' Voice From the Stone ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 22 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Boone , John ( 13 January 2017 ) . `` Exclusive : Emilia Clarke Is a Long Way From Westeros in First Look at ' Voice From the Stone ' '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved 22 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Carbone , Gina ( 18 November 2016 ) . `` Emilia Clarke Joins Han Solo Movie as Female Lead '' . Moviefone . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Ge , Linda ( 19 May 2014 ) . `` Emilia Clarke Joins WWI Drama ' The Guns of August ' Opposite Helena Bonham Carter '' . Up and Comers . Retrieved 27 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Emilia Clarke & Jack Huston in Talks For Beyond Suspicion Adaptation '' . Contactmusic.com. 30 March 2016 . Retrieved 29 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( 27 January 2017 ) . `` Emilia Clarke to Star in ' The Beauty Inside ' for Fox 2000 , Temple Hill '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 27 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Emilia Clarke Finally Opens Up About Dating Seth MacFarlane '' . E ! Online . Retrieved 12 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Markovitz , Benjamin ( 13 October 2015 ) . `` The Gorgeous Balance of Emilia Clarke , Sexiest Woman Alive 2015 '' . Esquire . Retrieved 15 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Emilia Clarke Purchases Venice Beach Mansion '' . Retrieved 13 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Emilia Clarke Voted Most Desirable Woman '' . Archived from the original on 6 March 2014 . Retrieved 5 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Gorgeous Balance of Emilia Clarke , Sexiest Woman Alive 2015 '' . Esquire. 13 October 2015 . Retrieved 2 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Morris , Alex . `` ' Game of Thrones ' : Emilia Clarke , the Queen of Dragons , Tells All '' . Rolling Stones . Retrieved 28 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Emilia Clarke wows brokers at annual BGC Charity Day ! '' . The SMA Trust . 12 September 2015 . Retrieved 16 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Emilia and Riz join Open Door ! '' . Open Door . 30 August 2017 . Retrieved 16 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( 6 January 2018 ) . `` Brad Pitt Bid $120,000 to Watch ' Game of Thrones ' With Emilia Clarke '' . Variety . Retrieved 16 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Brandi ( 9 February 2018 ) . `` First the Iron Throne , Now Emilia Clarke Is Coming for the Seat in Kensington Palace '' . InStyle . Retrieved 16 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones star Emilia Clarke launches fundraising campaign as nursing ambassador '' . Royal College of Nursing. 19 April 2018 . Retrieved 16 May 2018 . Jump up ^ McNally , Kelby ( 4 October 2012 ) . `` Demian Bichir , Emilia Clarke Cast Opposite Jude Law in ' Dom Hemingway ' '' . HollywoodReporter . Retrieved 6 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( 13 December 2013 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' star Emilia Clarke cast as Sarah Connor in ' Terminator ' reboot '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 30 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( 2 September 2014 ) . `` ' GOT 's Emilia Clarke , ' Hunger Games ' Sam Claflin To Star In MGM 's ' Me Before You ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Tatiana ( 16 June 2014 ) . `` Emilia Clarke to Star in Indie Psychological Thriller ' Voice From the Stone ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 19 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Emilia Clarke Joins the Han Solo Stand - Alone Film '' . StarWars.com. 18 November 2016 . Retrieved 31 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cannes : Emilia Clarke , Jack Huston to Star in Thriller ' Above Suspicion ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 31 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` WATCH : Emilia Clarke 's First Appearance on TV '' . BBC America . 1 April 2015 . Archived from the original on 20 November 2016 . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Emilia Clarke Was In Syfy 's ' Triassic ' Before ' Game Of Thrones ' ( VIDEO ) '' . The Huffington Post . 31 August 2013 . Archived from the original on 8 March 2016 . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : Cast '' . HBO . Archived from the original on 1 September 2016 . Retrieved 17 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Futurama : `` Stench and Stenchibility '' `` . The A.V. Club . 28 August 2013 . Archived from the original on 10 November 2013 . Retrieved 30 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Star Emilia Clarke Shares Secret On Overcoming The Downsides Of Fame '' . Movienewsguide.com. 16 June 2016 . Archived from the original on 12 August 2016 . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Nguyen , Hanh ( 1 March 2017 ) . `` ' Animals ' Trailer : Season 2 Throws Down With Emilia Clarke , Judy Greer , Rupaul and Dan Harmon '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on 1 March 2017 . Retrieved 1 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Westbrook , Caroline ( 18 July 2017 ) . `` David Tennant and Emilia Clarke have signed up for Thunderbirds Are Go '' . Metro . Retrieved 19 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Futter , Mike ( 20 November 2014 ) . `` ( Exclusive ) Meet The Exiled Son Of Game Of Thrones ' House Forrester '' . Game Informer . GameStop . Archived from the original on 1 September 2016 . Retrieved 17 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Brantley , Ben ( 20 March 2013 ) . `` More Waifish Than Wild , the Ingénue Returns '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 1 September 2016 . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Emilia Clarke . Emilia Clarke at the Internet Broadway Database Emilia Clarke on IMDb Emilia Clarke -- Game of Thrones Season six Premiere in Hollywood Biography portal Film portal BIBSYS : 13014841 GND : 1022824864 ISNI : 0000 0003 6654 9904 LCCN : no2012042337 VIAF : 233192619 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emilia_Clarke&oldid=856831048 '' Categories : Emilia Clarke 1986 births 21st - century English actresses Actresses from Berkshire Actresses from London Alumni of the Drama Centre London English film actresses English stage actresses English television actresses English voice actresses Living people People educated at Rye St Antony School People educated at St Edward 's School , Oxford Hidden categories : Articles with short description Use dmy dates from July 2018 EngvarB from April 2018 Articles with hCards Articles with IBDb links Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه বাংলা भोजपुरी Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Magyar Македонски മലയാളം მარგალური Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 49 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2018 , at 20 : 01 ( UTC ) . 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who votes for the ap top 25 basketball	The Associated Press ( AP Poll ) provides weekly rankings of the top 25 NCAA teams in one of three Division I college sports : football , men 's basketball and women 's basketball . The rankings are compiled by polling 65 sportswriters and broadcasters from across the nation . Each voter provides his own ranking of the top 25 teams , and the individual rankings are then combined to produce the national ranking by giving a team 25 points for a first place vote , 24 for a second place vote , and so on down to 1 point for a twenty - fifth place vote . Ballots of the voting members in the AP Poll are made public .	65 sportswriters and broadcasters from across the nation	AP Poll	ap poll	The Associated Press ( AP Poll ) provides weekly rankings of the top 25 NCAA teams in one of three Division I college sports : football , men 's basketball and women 's basketball . The rankings are compiled by polling 65 sportswriters and broadcasters from across the nation . Each voter provides his own ranking of the top 25 teams , and the individual rankings are then combined to produce the national ranking by giving a team 25 points for a first place vote , 24 for a second place vote , and so on down to 1 point for a twenty - fifth place vote . Ballots of the voting members in the AP Poll are made public .	Contents ( hide ) 1 College football 1.1 History 1.2 No. 1 vs. No. 2 1.3 AP Poll inclusion in the BCS 1.4 Final AP football polls 1.5 Other media football polls 2 College basketball 2.1 Men 's basketball 2.2 Women 's basketball 3 NFL football 4 See also 5 References 6 External links College football ( edit ) The football poll is released Sundays at 2pm Eastern time during the football season , unless ranked teams have not finished their games . History ( edit ) The AP college football poll has a long history . The news media began running their own polls of sports writers to determine who was , by popular opinion , the best football team in the country at the end of the season . One of the earliest such polls was the AP College Football Poll , first run in 1934 . In 1935 , AP sports editor Alan J. Gould declared a three way tie for national champion in football between Minnesota , Princeton , and Southern Methodist . Minnesota fans protested , and a number of Gould 's colleagues led by Charles `` Cy '' Sherman suggested he create a poll of sports editors instead of only using his own list , and the next year the poll was born . It has run continuously from 1936 . Due to the long - standing historical ties between individual college football conferences and high - paying bowl games like the Rose Bowl and Orange Bowl , the NCAA had not held a tournament or championship game to determine the champion of what is now the highest division , NCAA Division I , Football Bowl Subdivision ( the Division I , Football Championship Subdivision and lower divisions do hold championship tournaments ) . As a result , the public and the media began to acknowledge the leading vote - getter in the final AP Poll as the national champion for that season . While the AP Poll currently lists the Top 25 teams in the nation , from 1936 to 1961 the wire service only ranked 20 teams . From 1962 to 1967 only 10 teams were recognized . From 1968 to 1988 , the AP again resumed its Top 20 before expanding to the current 25 teams in 1989 . The AP began conducting a preseason poll starting in 1950 . At the end of the 1947 season the AP released an unofficial post-bowl poll which differed from the regular season final poll . Until the 1968 college football season , the final AP poll of the season was released following the end of the regular season , with the lone exception of the 1965 season . In 1964 , Alabama was named the national champion in the final AP Poll following the completion of the regular season , but lost in the Orange Bowl to Texas , leaving Arkansas as the only undefeated , untied team after the Razorbacks defeated Nebraska in the Cotton Bowl Classic . In 1965 , the AP 's decision to wait to crown its champion paid handsomely , as top - ranked Michigan State lost to UCLA in the Rose Bowl , number two Arkansas lost to LSU in the Cotton Bowl Classic , and fourth - ranked Alabama defeated third - ranked Nebraska in the Orange Bowl , vaulting the Crimson Tide to the top of the AP 's final poll ( Michigan State was named national champion in the final UPI Coaches Poll , which did not conduct a post-bowl poll ) . Beginning in the 1968 season , the post bowl game poll became permanent and the AP championship reflected the bowl game results . The UPI did not follow suit with the coaches ' poll until the 1974 season . No. 1 vs. No. 2 ( edit ) As of the completion of the 2015 season the number one ranked team has faced the number two ranked team 50 times since the inception of the AP Poll in 1936 . The number one team has a record of 28 -- 20 -- 2 against the number two team . No. 1 vs. No. 2 games Light blue indicates bowl game Season No. 1 Result No. 2 Site Event 1943 Notre Dame 35 -- 12 Michigan Michigan Stadium Ann Arbor , MI 1943 Michigan -- Notre Dame football rivalry game 1943 Notre Dame 14 -- 13 Iowa Pre-Flight Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN 1944 Army 23 -- 7 Navy Baltimore Stadium Baltimore , MD 1944 Army -- Navy Game 1945 Army 48 -- 0 Notre Dame Yankee Stadium New York , NY 1945 Army -- Notre Dame football rivalry game 1945 Army 32 - 13 Navy Philadelphia Municipal Stadium Philadelphia , PA 1945 Army -- Navy Game 1946 Army 0 -- 0 Notre Dame Yankee Stadium New York , NY 1946 Army vs. Notre Dame football game 1962 USC 42 -- 37 Wisconsin Rose Bowl Stadium Pasadena , CA 1963 Rose Bowl 1963 Oklahoma 7 -- 28 Texas Cotton Bowl Dallas , TX 1963 Red River Shootout game 1963 Texas 28 -- 6 Navy Cotton Bowl Dallas , TX 1964 Cotton Bowl Classic 1966 Notre Dame 10 -- 10 Michigan State Spartan Stadium East Lansing , MI 1966 Notre Dame vs. Michigan State football game 1968 Purdue 37 -- 22 Notre Dame Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN 1968 Shillelagh Trophy game 1968 Ohio State 27 -- 16 USC Rose Bowl Stadium Pasadena , CA 1969 Rose Bowl 1969 Texas 15 -- 14 Arkansas Razorback Stadium Fayetteville , AR 1969 Texas vs. Arkansas football game 1971 Nebraska 35 -- 31 Oklahoma Oklahoma Memorial Stadium Norman , OK 1971 Nebraska vs. Oklahoma football game 1971 Nebraska 38 -- 6 Alabama Miami Orange Bowl Miami , FL 1972 Orange Bowl 1978 Penn State 7 -- 14 Alabama Louisiana Superdome New Orleans , LA 1979 Sugar Bowl 1981 USC 28 -- 24 Oklahoma Los Angeles Coliseum Los Angeles 1982 Georgia 23 -- 27 Penn State Louisiana Superdome New Orleans , LA 1983 Sugar Bowl 1985 Iowa 12 -- 10 Michigan Kinnick Stadium Iowa City , IA 1986 Oklahoma 16 -- 28 Miami Miami Orange Bowl Miami , FL 1986 Miami 10 -- 14 Penn State Sun Devil Stadium Tempe , AZ 1987 Fiesta Bowl Nebraska 7 -- 17 Oklahoma Memorial Stadium Lincoln , NE 1987 Nebraska -- Oklahoma football rivalry game Oklahoma 14 -- 20 Miami Miami Orange Bowl Miami , FL 1988 Orange Bowl 1988 Notre Dame 27 -- 10 USC Los Angeles Coliseum Los Angeles 1988 Jeweled Shillelagh game 1989 Notre Dame 24 -- 19 Michigan Michigan Stadium Ann Arbor , MI 1989 Michigan -- Notre Dame football rivalry game 1991 Florida State 16 -- 17 Miami Doak Campbell Stadium Tallahassee , FL 1991 Miami vs. Florida State football game 1992 Miami 13 -- 34 Alabama Louisiana Superdome New Orleans , LA 1993 Sugar Bowl 1993 Florida State 24 -- 31 Notre Dame Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN 1993 Florida State vs. Notre Dame football game 1993 Florida State 18 -- 16 Nebraska Miami Orange Bowl Miami , FL 1994 Orange Bowl 1995 Nebraska 62 -- 24 Florida Sun Devil Stadium Tempe , AZ 1996 Fiesta Bowl Florida 21 -- 24 Florida State Doak Campbell Stadium Tallahassee , FL 1996 Florida -- Florida State football rivalry game 1998 Tennessee 23 -- 16 Florida State Sun Devil Stadium Tempe , AZ 1999 Fiesta Bowl 1999 Florida State 46 -- 29 Virginia Tech Louisiana Superdome New Orleans , LA 2000 Sugar Bowl 2002 Miami 24 -- 31 Ohio State Sun Devil Stadium Tempe , AZ 2003 Fiesta Bowl USC 55 -- 19 Oklahoma Pro Player Stadium Miami Gardens , FL 2005 Orange Bowl 2005 USC 38 -- 41 Texas Rose Bowl Stadium Pasadena , CA 2006 Rose Bowl 2006 Ohio State 24 -- 7 Texas Darrell K Royal -- Texas Memorial Stadium Austin , TX 2006 Ohio State 42 -- 39 Michigan Ohio Stadium Columbus , OH 2006 Michigan vs. Ohio State football game 2006 Ohio State 14 -- 41 Florida University of Phoenix Stadium Glendale , AZ 2007 BCS National Championship Game 2007 Ohio State 24 -- 38 LSU Louisiana Superdome New Orleans , LA 2008 BCS National Championship Game 2008 Alabama 20 -- 31 Florida Georgia Dome Atlanta , GA 2008 SEC Championship Game 2008 Florida 24 -- 14 Oklahoma Sun Life Stadium Miami Gardens , FL 2009 BCS National Championship Game 2009 Florida 13 -- 32 Alabama Georgia Dome Atlanta , GA 2009 SEC Championship Game 2009 Alabama 37 -- 21 Texas Rose Bowl Stadium Pasadena , CA 2010 BCS National Championship Game Auburn 22 -- 19 Oregon University of Phoenix Stadium Glendale , AZ 2011 BCS National Championship Game 2011 LSU 9 -- 6 Alabama Bryant -- Denny Stadium Tuscaloosa , AL 2011 LSU vs. Alabama football game 2011 LSU 0 -- 21 Alabama Mercedes - Benz Superdome New Orleans , LA 2012 BCS National Championship Game 2012 Notre Dame 14 -- 42 Alabama Sun Life Stadium Miami Gardens , FL 2013 BCS National Championship Game 2013 Florida State 34 -- 31 Auburn Rose Bowl Pasadena , CA 2014 BCS National Championship Game 2015 Clemson 40 -- 45 Alabama University of Phoenix Stadium Glendale , AZ 2016 College Football Playoff National Championship AP Poll inclusion in the BCS ( edit ) In 1997 , the Bowl Championship Series ( BCS ) was developed to try to unify the poll results by picking two teams for a `` real '' national championship game . For the first several years the AP Poll factored in the determination of the BCS rankings , along with other factors including the Coaches Poll and computer - based polls . Because of a series of controversies surrounding the BCS , the AP demanded in December , 2004 , that its poll no longer be used in the BCS rankings , and so the 2004 -- 2005 season was the last season that the AP Poll was used for this purpose . In the 2003 season the BCS system broke down when the final BCS standings ranked the University of Southern California ( USC ) at No. 3 while the two human polls in the system had ranked USC at No. 1 . As a result , USC did not play in the BCS ' designated national championship game . After defeating another highly ranked team , Michigan , in its final game , the AP Poll kept USC at No. 1 while the Coaches Poll was contractually obligated to select the winner of the BCS game , Louisiana State University ( LSU ) , as the No. 1 team . The resulting split national title was the very problem that the BCS was created to solve , and has been widely considered an embarrassment . In 2004 , a new controversy erupted at the end of the season when Auburn and Utah , who both finished the regular season 12 -- 0 , were left out of the BCS title game in favor of Oklahoma who also was 12 -- 0 and had won decisively over Colorado in the Big 12 Championship game . USC went on to a win easily over Oklahoma in the Orange Bowl while Auburn and Utah both won their bowl games , leaving three undefeated teams at the end of the season . Also , in that same year , Texas made up late ground on California ( Cal ) in the BCS standings and as a result grabbed a high - payout , at - large spot in the Rose Bowl . Previous to that poll , Cal had been ranked ahead of Texas in both human polls and the BCS poll . Going into their final game , the Golden Bears were made aware that while margin of victory did not affect computer rankings , it did affect human polls and just eight voters changing their vote could affect the final standings . Both teams won their game that week , but the Texas coach , Mack Brown , had made a public effort to lobby for his team to be moved higher in the ranking . When the human polls were released , Texas remained behind Cal , but it had closed the gap enough so that the BCS poll ( which determines placement ) placed Texas above Cal , angering both Cal and its conference , the Pac - 10 . The final poll positions had been unchanged with Cal at No. 4 AP , No. 4 coaches , and No. 6 computers polls and Texas at No. 6 AP , No. 5 coaches , and No. 4 computer polls . The AP Poll voters were caught in the middle because their vote changes were automatically made public , while the votes of the Coaches poll were kept confidential . Although there had been a more substantial shift in the votes of the Coaches Poll , the only clear targets for the ire of fanatical fans were the voters in the AP Poll . While officials from both Cal and the Pac - 10 called for the coaches ' votes to be made public , the overtures were turned down and did little to solve the problem of AP voters . Cal went on to lose to Texas Tech in the Holiday Bowl . Texas defeated Michigan in the Rose Bowl . Many members of the press who voted in the AP Poll were upset by the controversy and , at the behest of its members , the AP asked that its poll no longer be used in the BCS rankings . The 2004 season was the last season that the AP Poll was used in the BCS rankings , it was replaced in the BCS equation by the newly created Harris Interactive College Football Poll . Final AP football polls ( edit ) Main article : AP National Championship Trophy Other media football polls ( edit ) The AP Poll is not the only college football poll . The other major poll is the Coaches Poll , which has been sponsored by several organizations : the United Press ( 1950 -- 1957 ) , the United Press International ( 1958 -- 1990 ) , USA Today ( 1991 -- present ) , CNN ( 1991 -- 1996 ) , and ESPN ( 1997 -- 2005 ) . Having two major polls has led to numerous `` split '' national titles , where the two polls disagreed on the No. 1 team . This has occurred on eleven different occasions ( 1954 , 1957 , 1965 , 1970 , 1973 , 1974 , 1978 , 1990 , 1991 , 1997 , 2003 ) . College basketball ( edit ) In Division I men 's and women 's college basketball , the AP Poll is largely just a tool to compare schools throughout the season and spark debate , as it has no bearing on postseason play . Generally , all top 25 teams in the poll are invited to the men 's and women 's NCAA basketball tournament , also known as March Madness . The poll is usually released every Monday and voters ' ballots are made public . Men 's basketball ( edit ) For rankings from the most recent season , see 2017 -- 18 NCAA Division I men 's basketball rankings § AP Poll . The AP began compiling a ranking of the top 20 college men 's basketball teams during the 1948 -- 1949 season . It has issued this poll continuously since the 1950 -- 1951 season . As of January 2018 , UCLA and Duke are tied for the most appearances atop the rankings at 134 times . Women 's basketball ( edit ) For rankings from the most recent season , see 2017 -- 18 NCAA Division I women 's basketball rankings § AP Poll . The women 's basketball poll began during the 1976 -- 1977 season , and was initially compiled by Mel Greenberg and published by The Philadelphia Inquirer . At first , it was a poll of coaches conducted via telephone , where coaches identified top teams and a list of the Top 20 team was produced . The initial list of coaches did not include Pat Summitt , who asked to join the group , not to improve her rankings , but because of the lack of media coverage , Summitt believed it would be a good way to stay on top of who the top teams were outside of her own schedule . The contributors continued to be coaches until 1994 , when the AP took over administration of the poll from Greenberg , and switched to a panel of writers . In 1994 , Tennessee started out as No. 1 in the polls with Connecticut at No. 4 . After losses by the No. 2 and No. 3 teams , Tennessee and Connecticut were ranked No. 1 and No. 2 , headed into a showdown , scheduled as a special event on Martin Luther King day , the only women 's basketball game scheduled on that day . Because of the unusual circumstances , the decision was made to hold off the AP voting for one day , to ensure it would be after the game . Connecticut won the game , and moved into first place in the AP poll , published on Tuesday for the only time . ( Connecticut went on to complete an undefeated season . ) Over the history of the poll , over 255 coaches have had a team represented in polls . Nfl football ( edit ) Beginning in 2012 , the AP began issuing a weekly pro football ranking , the AP Pro32 rankings . See also ( edit ) College football portal 2016 NCAA Division I FBS football rankings Bowl Championship Series Coaches ' Poll College football national championships in NCAA Division I FBS Dickinson System Game of the Century ( college football ) Grantland Rice Award Harris Interactive College Football Poll List of college football teams by weekly appearances atop AP Poll List of NCAA college football rankings Mythical national championship NAIA Coach 's Poll References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Associated Press voters 2013 retrieved 2 January 2014 Archived 15 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` AP College Poll Voters ( Football ) '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` November 15 , 1934 AP Football Poll '' . College Poll Archive -- Historical College Football and Basketball Polls and Rankings. 1934 - 11 - 15 . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ Halberstam , David . Breaking news : how the Associated Press has covered war , peace , and everything else . Princeton Architectural Press , 2007 . p150 - 151 Jump up ^ `` 1936 Final Football Polls '' . College Poll Archive -- Historical College Football and Basketball Polls and Rankings . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ Ellis , Zac ( 2013 - 08 - 17 ) . `` AP Poll : Alabama , Ohio State headline first preseason rankings '' . Campus Union - SI.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ The official final AP poll , taken before the bowls , had Notre Dame No. 1 ( 107 first place votes ) and Michigan No. 2 ( 25 first place votes ) . Michigan won the Rose Bowl 49 -- 0 over USC while Notre Dame did not play in a bowl game . Detroit Free Press sports editor Lyall Smith arranged a post-bowl AP poll with only Michigan or Notre Dame as choices . Michigan won that poll 266 -- 119 . Kyrk , John . Natural Enemies . pp. 142 -- 7 . ISBN 1 - 58979 - 090 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : AP No. 1 vs. No. 2 games . Associated Press , August 13 , 2008 Jump up ^ AP Removes Its Poll From BCS , ncaasports.com , Dec. 22 , 2004 , Accessed June 6 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Tim Layden , Embarrassing moments in College Football ( # 10 ) , SportsIllustrated.com , Aug. 2 , 2006 , Accessed Aug. 2 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Kelly Whiteside = California bears burden of making point that it 's BCS - worthy . USA TODAY , November 29 , 2004 ^ Jump up to : * `` 2004 BCS Standings , BCS Rankings '' ( PDF ) . The National Football Foundation and College Hall of Fame , Inc . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ BCS Replaces AP Poll , ncaasports.com , July 12 , 2005 , Accessed June 6 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` AP College Poll Voters ( Men 's Basketball ) '' . College Poll Tracker . Jump up ^ http://collegepollarchive.com/mbasketball/ap/app_total.cfm?sort=num1app&from=1949&to=#.WmS4BainHIU Jump up ^ Greenberg , Mel . `` '' The stare '' may have been Summitt 's trademark , but it did not define her true personality `` . FullCourt.com . Retrieved 8 Nov 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mel Greenberg Class of 2004 / 2005 -- Sports Writer '' . Philadelphia Jewish Sports Hall of Fame . Retrieved 1 Oct 2017 . Jump up ^ Mel Greenberg , Mel . `` Guru 's College Special : How A Previous NHL Lockout Enhanced WBB To UConn 's Benefit '' . Womhoops Guru . Retrieved 8 Nov 2012 . Jump up ^ Greenberg , Mel . `` Guru 's College Report : Associated Press Preseason Poll Trivia '' . Womhoops Guru . Retrieved 8 Nov 2012 . Jump up ^ Wilner , Barry ( 31 July 2012 ) . `` Packers top first - ever AP Pro32 rankings '' . The Washington Times . Retrieved 31 July 2012 . External links ( edit ) The Associated Press Top 25 College Football Poll at The Associated Press The Associated Press Top 25 Men 's College Basketball Poll at The Associated Press Index AP Ballot Information by Voter and Team for Football / Men 's Basketball AP Football Poll voters AP Men 's Basketball Poll voters Archive of all AP weekly polls for football and men 's / women 's basketball List of all Final AP football Poll results and champions NCAA college football rankings NCAA 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 NCAA University Division 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 NCAA College Division 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 NCAA Division I 1973 1976 1977 NCAA Division I-A / FBS 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 NCAA Division I - AA / FCS 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 NCAA Division II 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Polls AP Poll Coaches Poll NCAA Division I men 's basketball rankings navbox 1948 -- 49 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 Sports rating systems Concepts Home advantage Sabermetrics Strength of schedule Win probability Methods and computer models Advanced Football Analytics Albrecht Matrix Hybrid ARGH Power Ratings Bowl Championship Series Dickinson System English Chess Federation grading Log5 Pomeroy College Basketball Ratings Pythagorean expectation Rating Percentage Index ( RPI ) Sonny Moore Power Ratings TrueSkill Elo family Chessmetrics DWZ Elo Glicko Universal Polls and opinion AP Poll FWAA - NFF Grantland Rice Super 16 Poll Harris Interactive College Football Poll Legends Poll NAIA Coaches ' Poll USA Today / Amway Coaches ' Poll People Mark Glickman John Hollinger Bill James Kenneth Massey Ken Pomeroy Jeff Sagarin Nate Silver Jeff Sonas Peter Wolfe Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AP_Poll&oldid=829094056 '' Categories : Associated Press awards Bowl Championship Series College men 's basketball rankings in the United States College football rankings Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 6 March 2018 , at 16 : 27 . 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when did vietnam become a part of the french empire			French Indochina	french indochina	French Indochina ( previously spelled as French Indo - China ) ( French : Indochine française ; Khmer : សហភាព ឥណ្ឌូចិន ; Vietnamese : Đông Dương thuộc Pháp , IPA : ( ɗə̄wŋm jɨ̄əŋ thûək fǎp ) , frequently abbreviated to Đông Pháp ; Lao : ສະຫະພັນອິນດູຈີນ ; Chinese : 法屬印度支那 ) , officially known as the Indochinese Union ( French : Union indochinoise ) after 1887 and the Indochinese Federation ( French : Fédération indochinoise ) after 1947 , was a grouping of French colonial territories in Southeast Asia .	A grouping of the three Vietnamese regions of Tonkin ( north ) , Annam ( centre ) , and Cochinchina ( south ) with Cambodia was formed in 1887 . Laos was added in 1893 and the leased Chinese territory of Guangzhouwan in 1898 . The capital was moved from Saigon ( in Cochinchina ) to Hanoi ( Tonkin ) in 1902 and again to Da Lat ( Annam ) in 1939 . In 1945 it was moved back to Hanoi . After the Fall of France during World War II , the colony was administered by the Vichy government and was under Japanese occupation until March 1945 , when the Japanese overthrew the colonial regime . Beginning in May 1941 , the Viet Minh , a communist army led by Hồ Chí Minh , began a revolt against the Japanese . In August 1945 they declared Vietnamese independence and extended the war , known as the First Indochina War , against France . In Saigon , the anti-Communist State of Vietnam , led by former Emperor Bảo Đại , was granted independence in 1949 . On 9 November 1953 , the Kingdom of Laos and the Kingdom of Cambodia became independent . Following the Geneva Accord of 1954 , the French evacuated Vietnam and French Indochina came to an end . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 First French interventions 1.2 19th century 1.3 Establishment 1.4 Vietnamese rebellions 1.5 Franco - Siamese war ( 1893 ) 1.6 Further encroachments on Siam ( 1904 -- 07 ) 1.7 Yên Bái mutiny ( 1930 ) 1.8 French - Thai War ( 1940 -- 41 ) 1.9 World War II 1.10 First Indochina War 1.11 Geneva Agreements 2 Population 3 Economy 3.1 Infrastructure 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) First French interventions ( edit ) Main articles : France -- Vietnam relations and French assistance to Nguyễn Ánh France -- Vietnam relations started in early 17th century with the mission of the Jesuit missionary Alexandre de Rhodes . At this time , Vietnam was only just beginning to occupy the Mekong Delta , former territory of the Indianised kingdom of Champa which they had defeated in 1471 . European involvement in Vietnam was confined to trade during the 18th century . In 1787 , Pierre Pigneau de Behaine , a French Catholic priest , petitioned the French government and organised French military volunteers to aid Nguyễn Ánh in retaking lands his family lost to the Tây Sơn . Pigneau died in Vietnam but his troops fought on until 1802 in the French assistance to Nguyễn Ánh . 19th century ( edit ) Main article : Cochinchina Campaign See also : French Cochinchina and French protectorate of Cambodia France was heavily involved in Vietnam in the 19th century ; protecting the work of the Paris Foreign Missions Society in the country was often presented as a justification . For its part , the Nguyễn dynasty increasingly saw Catholic missionaries as a political threat ; courtesans , for example , an influential faction in the dynastic system , feared for their status in a society influenced by an insistence on monogamy . In 1858 , the brief period of unification under the Nguyễn dynasty ended with a successful attack on Da Nang by French Admiral Charles Rigault de Genouilly under the orders of Napoleon III . Diplomat Charles de Montigny 's mission having failed , Genouilly 's mission was to stop attempts to expel Catholic missionaries . His orders were to stop the persecution of missionaries and assure the unimpeded propagation of the faith . Palace of the Governor - General ( Norodom Palace ) in Saigon , about 1875 In September 1858 , fourteen French gunships , 3,000 men and 300 Filipino troops provided by the Spanish attacked the port of Tourane ( present day Da Nang ) , causing significant damage and occupying the city . After a few months , Rigault had to leave the city due to supply issues and illnesses . Sailing south , de Genouilly then captured the poorly defended city of Saigon on 18 February 1859 . On 13 April 1862 , the Vietnamese government was forced to cede the three provinces of Biên Hòa , Gia Định and Định Tường to France . De Genouilly was criticised for his actions and was replaced by Admiral Page in November 1859 , with instructions to obtain a treaty protecting the Catholic faith in Vietnam , but refrain from territorial gains . French policy four years later saw a reversal , with the French continuing to accumulate territory . In 1862 , France obtained concessions from Emperor Tự Đức , ceding three treaty ports in Annam and Tonkin , and all of Cochinchina , the latter being formally declared a French territory in 1864 . In 1867 the provinces of Châu Đốc , Hà Tiên and Vĩnh Long were added to French - controlled territory . In 1863 , the Cambodian king Norodom had requested the establishment of a French protectorate over his country . In 1867 , Siam ( modern Thailand ) renounced suzerainty over Cambodia and officially recognised the 1863 French protectorate on Cambodia , in exchange for the control of Battambang and Siem Reap provinces which officially became part of Thailand . ( These provinces would be ceded back to Cambodia by a border treaty between France and Siam in 1906 ) . Establishment ( edit ) French marine infantrymen in Tonkin , 1884 The expansion of French Indochina ( blue ) . Main article : Tonkin campaign See also : Annam ( French protectorate ) , Tonkin ( French protectorate ) , French protectorate of Laos , and Guangzhouwan France obtained control over northern Vietnam following its victory over China in the Sino - French War ( 1884 -- 85 ) . French Indochina was formed on 17 October 1887 from Annam , Tonkin , Cochinchina ( which together form modern Vietnam ) and the Kingdom of Cambodia ; Laos was added after the Franco - Siamese War in 1893 . The federation lasted until 21 July 1954 . In the four protectorates , the French formally left the local rulers in power , who were the Emperors of Vietnam , Kings of Cambodia , and Kings of Luang Prabang , but in fact gathered all powers in their hands , the local rulers acting only as figureheads . Vietnamese rebellions ( edit ) French troops landed in Vietnam in 1858 and by the mid-1880s they had established a firm grip over the northern region . From 1885 to 1895 , Phan Đình Phùng led a rebellion against the colonising power . Nationalist sentiments intensified in Vietnam , especially during and after World War I , but all the uprisings and tentative efforts failed to obtain any concessions from the French overseers . Franco - Siamese War ( 1893 ) ( edit ) Main article : Franco - Siamese War Siamese army in the disputed territory of Laos in 1893 . Territorial conflict in the Indochinese peninsula for the expansion of French Indochina led to the Franco - Siamese War of 1893 . In 1893 the French authorities in Indochina used border disputes , followed by the Paknam naval incident , to provoke a crisis . French gunboats appeared at Bangkok , and demanded the cession of Lao territories east of the Mekong River . King Chulalongkorn appealed to the British , but the British minister told the King to settle on whatever terms he could get , and he had no choice but to comply . Britain 's only gesture was an agreement with France guaranteeing the integrity of the rest of Siam . In exchange , Siam had to give up its claim to the Thai - speaking Shan region of north - eastern Burma to the British , and cede Laos to France . Further encroachments on Siam ( 1904 -- 07 ) ( edit ) Occupation of Trat by French troops in 1904 . The French , however , continued to pressure Siam , and in 1902 they manufactured another crisis . This time Siam had to concede French control of territory on the west bank of the Mekong opposite Luang Prabang and around Champasak in southern Laos , as well as western Cambodia . France also occupied the western part of Chantaburi . In 1904 , to get back Chantaburi Siam had to give Trat and Koh Kong to French Indochina . Trat became part of Thailand again on 23 March 1907 in exchange for many areas east of the Mekong like Battambang , Siam Nakhon and Sisophon . French Indochina in 1930 . In the 1930s , Siam engaged France in a series of talks concerning the repatriation of Siamese provinces held by the French . In 1938 , under the Front Populaire administration in Paris , France had agreed to repatriate Angkor Wat , Angkor Thom , Siem Reap , Siem Pang and the associated provinces ( approximately 13 ) to Siam . Meanwhile , Siam took over control of those areas , in anticipation of the upcoming treaty . Signatories from each country were dispatched to Tokyo to sign the treaty repatriating the lost provinces . Yên Bái mutiny ( 1930 ) ( edit ) Further information : Yên Bái mutiny On 10 February 1930 , there was an uprising by Vietnamese soldiers in the French colonial army 's Yên Bái garrison . The Yên Bái mutiny was sponsored by the Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng ( VNQDĐ ) . The VNQDĐ was the Vietnamese Nationalist Party . The attack was the largest disturbance brewed up by the Cần Vương monarchist restoration movement of the late 19th century . The aim of the revolt was to inspire a wider uprising among the general populace in an attempt to overthrow the colonial authority . The VNQDĐ had previously attempted to engage in clandestine activities to undermine French rule , but increasing French scrutiny of their activities led to their leadership group taking the risk of staging a large scale military attack in the Red River Delta in northern Vietnam . French - Thai War ( 1940 -- 41 ) ( edit ) Main article : Franco - Thai War During World War II , Thailand took the opportunity of French weaknesses to reclaim previously lost territories , resulting in the Franco - Thai War between October 1940 and 9 May 1941 . The Thai forces generally did well on the ground , but Thai objectives in the war were limited . In January , Vichy French naval forces decisively defeated Thai naval forces in the Battle of Ko Chang . The war ended in May at the instigation of the Japanese , with the French forced to concede territorial gains for Thailand . World War II ( edit ) Main articles : French Indochina in World War II and 1940 -- 46 in the Vietnam War A propaganda painting in Hanoi , 1942 . In September 1940 , during World War II , the newly created regime of Vichy France granted Japan 's demands for military access to Tonkin following the Japanese occupation of French Indochina , which lasted until the end of the Pacific War . This allowed Japan better access to China in the Second Sino - Japanese War against the forces of Chiang Kai - shek , but it was also part of Japan 's strategy for dominion over the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere . Thailand took this opportunity of weakness to reclaim previously lost territories , resulting in the Franco - Thai War between October 1940 and 9 May 1941 . On 9 March 1945 , with France liberated , Germany in retreat , and the United States ascendant in the Pacific , Japan decided to take complete control of Indochina . On 8 April , the Japanese pressured Lao Crown Prince Sisavang Vatthana to declare the independence of Laos , then launched the Second French Indochina Campaign . The Japanese kept power in Indochina until the news of their government 's surrender came through in August . First Indochina War ( edit ) Main article : First Indochina War After the World War , France petitioned for the nullification of the 1938 Franco - Siamese Treaty and attempted to reassert itself in the region , but came into conflict with the Viet Minh , a coalition of Communist and Vietnamese nationalists led by Hồ Chí Minh , founder of the Indochinese Communist Party . During World War II , the United States had supported the Viet Minh in resistance against the Japanese ; the group had been in control of the countryside since the French gave way in March 1945 . American President Roosevelt and General Stilwell privately made it adamantly clear that the French were not to reacquire French Indochina after the war was over . He told Secretary of State Cordell Hull the Indochinese were worse off under the French rule of nearly 100 years than they were at the beginning . Roosevelt asked Chiang Kai - shek if he wanted Indochina , to which Chiang Kai - shek replied : `` Under no circumstances ! '' Members of the 1st Foreign Parachute Heavy Mortar Company during the Indochina War . After the war , 200,000 Chinese troops under General Lu Han sent by Chiang Kai - shek invaded northern Indochina north of the 16th parallel to accept the surrender of Japanese occupying forces , and remained there until 1946 . The Chinese used the VNQDĐ , the Vietnamese branch of the Chinese Kuomintang , to increase their influence in Indochina and put pressure on their opponents . Chiang Kai - shek threatened the French with war in response to manoeuvering by the French and Ho Chi Minh against each other , forcing them to come to a peace agreement , and in February 1946 he also forced the French to surrender all of their concessions in China and renounce their extraterritorial privileges in exchange for withdrawing from northern Indochina and allowing French troops to reoccupy the region starting in March 1946 . After persuading Emperor Bảo Đại to abdicate in his favour , on 2 September 1945 President Ho Chi Minh declared independence for the Democratic Republic of Vietnam . But before September 's end , a force of British and Free French soldiers , along with captured Japanese troops , restored French control . Bitter fighting ensued in the First Indochina War . In 1950 Ho again declared an independent Democratic Republic of Vietnam , which was recognised by the fellow Communist governments of China and the Soviet Union . Fighting lasted until May 1954 , when the Viet Minh won the decisive victory against French forces at the gruelling Battle of Điện Biên Phủ . Indochina in 1954 . Geneva Agreements ( edit ) On 27 April 1954 , the Geneva Conference produced the Geneva Agreements between North Vietnam and France . Provisions included supporting the territorial integrity and sovereignty of Indochina , granting it independence from France , declaring the cessation of hostilities and foreign involvement in internal Indochina affairs , and delineating northern and southern zones into which opposing troops were to withdraw . The Agreements mandated unification on the basis of internationally supervised free elections to be held in July 1956 . It was at this conference that France relinquished any claim to territory in the Indochinese peninsula . The United States and South Vietnam rejected the Geneva Accords and never signed . South Vietnamese leader Diem rejected the idea of nationwide election as proposed in the agreement , saying that a free election was impossible in the communist North and that his government was not bound by the Geneva Accords . France did withdraw , turning the north over to the Communists while the Bảo Đại regime , with American support , kept control of the South . The events of 1954 marked the beginnings of serious United States involvement in Vietnam and the ensuing Vietnam War . Laos and Cambodia also became independent in 1954 , but were both drawn into the Vietnam War . Population ( edit ) The Vietnamese , Lao and Khmer ethnic groups formed the majority of their respective colony 's populations . Minority groups such as the Muong , Tay , Chams , and Jarai , were collectively known as Montagnards and resided principally in the mountain regions of Indochina . Ethnic Han Chinese were largely concentrated in major cities , especially in Southern Vietnam and Cambodia , where they became heavily involved in trade and commerce . Around 95 % of French Indochina 's population was rural in a 1913 estimate , although urbanisation did slowly grow over the course of French rule . The principal religion in French Indochina was Buddhism , with Mahayana Buddhism influenced by Confucianism more dominant in Vietnam , while Theravāda Buddhism was more widespread in Laos and Cambodia . In addition , active Catholic missionaries were widespread throughout Indochina and roughly 10 % of Tonkin 's population identified as Catholic by the end of French rule . Cao Đài 's origins began during this period as well . The subdivisions of French Indochina . Unlike Algeria , French settlement in Indochina did not occur at a grand scale . By 1940 , only about 34,000 French civilians lived in French Indochina , along with a smaller number of French military personnel and government workers . The principal reasons why French settlement did not grow in a manner similar to that in French North Africa ( which had a population of over 1 million French civilians ) were because French Indochina was seen as a colonie d'exploitation économique ( economic colony ) rather than a colonie de peuplement ( settlement colony helping Metropolitan France from being overpopulated ) , and because Indochina was distant from France itself . During French colonial rule , the French language was the principal language of education , government , trade , and media and French was widely introduced to the general population . French became widespread among urban and semi-urban populations and became the principal language of the elite and educated . This was most notable in the colonies of Tonkin and Cochinchina ( Northern and Southern Vietnam respectively ) , where French influence was most heavy , while Annam , Laos and Cambodia were less influenced by French education . Despite the dominance of the French language , local populations still largely spoke their native languages . After French rule ended , the French language was still largely used among the new governments ( with the exception of North Vietnam ) but since then English , increasingly taught in schools across the country , has massively replaced French as the second language . Today , less than 0.5 % of the population of Vietnam can speak French . Economy ( edit ) French Indochina was designated as a colonie d'exploitation ( colony of economic exploitation ) by the French government . Funding for the colonial government came by means of taxes on locals and the French government established a near monopoly on the trade of opium , salt and rice alcohol . The French administration established quotas of consumption for each Vietnamese village , thereby compelling villagers to purchase and consume set amounts of these monopolised goods . The trade of those three products formed about 44 % of the colonial government 's budget in 1920 but declined to 20 % by 1930 as the colony began to economically diversify . The colony 's principal bank was the Banque de l'Indochine , established in 1875 and was responsible for minting the colony 's currency , the Indochinese piastre . Indochina was the second most invested - in French colony by 1940 after Algeria , with investments totalling up to 6.7 million francs . Beginning in the 1930s , France began to exploit the region for its natural resources and to economically diversify the colony . Cochinchina , Annam and Tonkin ( encompassing modern - day Vietnam ) became a source of tea , rice , coffee , pepper , coal , zinc and tin , while Cambodia became a centre for rice and pepper crops . Only Laos was seen initially as an economically unviable colony , although timber was harvested at a small scale from there . At the turn of the 20th century , the growing automobile industry in France resulted in the growth of the rubber industry in French Indochina , and plantations were built throughout the colony , especially in Annam and Cochinchina . France soon became a leading producer of rubber through its Indochina colony and Indochinese rubber became prized in the industrialised world . The success of rubber plantations in French Indochina resulted in an increase in investment in the colony by various firms such as Michelin . With the growing number of investments in the colony 's mines and rubber , tea and coffee plantations , French Indochina began to industrialise as factories opened in the colony . These new factories produced textiles , cigarettes , beer and cement which were then exported throughout the French Empire . Infrastructure ( edit ) Paul Doumer Bridge , now Long Biên Bridge Musée Louis Finot in Hanoi , built by Ernest Hébrard in 1932 , now National Museum of Vietnamese History When French Indochina was viewed as an economically important colony for France , the French government set a goal to improve the transport and communications networks in the colony . Saigon became a principal port in Southeast Asia and rivalled the British port of Singapore as the region 's busiest commercial centre . By 1937 Saigon was the sixth busiest port in the entire French Empire . In 1936 , the Trans - Indochinois railway linking Hanoi and Saigon opened . Further improvements in the colony 's transport infrastructures led to easier travel between France and Indochina . By 1939 , it took no more than a month by ship to travel from Marseille to Saigon and around five days by aeroplane from Paris to Saigon . Underwater telegraph cables were installed in 1921 . French settlers further added their influence on the colony by constructing buildings in the form of Beaux - Arts and added French - influenced landmarks such as the Hanoi Opera House ( modeled on the Palais Garnier ) , the Hanoi St. Joseph 's Cathedral ( resembling the Notre Dame de Paris ) and the Saigon Notre - Dame Basilica . The French colonists also built a number of cities and towns in Indochina which served various purposes from trading outposts to resort towns . The most notable examples include Đà Lạt in southern Vietnam and Pakse in Laos . See also ( edit ) East Indies French Union List of Governors - General of French Indochina Political administration of French Indochina List of French possessions and colonies Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ While both ' Indo - China ' and ' Indochina ' can be found in contemporary English - language sources , ' Indo - China ' is the most commonly used spelling ( even though ' Indochine ' , instead of ' Indo - Chine ' , was commonly used in French ) ; contemporary official publications also adopt the spelling of ' Indo - China ' . Jump up ^ Decree of 17 October 1887 . ^ Jump up to : Kahin , George McTurnin ; Lewis , John W. ( 1967 ) . The United States in Vietnam : An analysis in depth of the history of America 's involvement in Vietnam . Delta Books . ^ Jump up to : Tucker , Spencer C. ( 1999 ) . Vietnam ( Google Books ) . University Press of Kentucky . p. 29 . ISBN 0 - 8131 - 0966 - 3 . Jump up ^ Chapuis , Oscar ( 1995 ) . A History of Vietnam : From Hong Bang to Tu Duc ( Google Books ) . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 195 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 29622 - 7 . Jump up ^ Barbara Wertheim Tuchman ( 1985 ) . The march of folly : from Troy to Vietnam . Random House . p. 235 . ISBN 0 - 345 - 30823 - 9 . Retrieved 28 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Larry H. Addington ( 2000 ) . America 's war in Vietnam : a short narrative history . Indiana University Press . p. 30 . ISBN 0 - 253 - 21360 - 6 . Retrieved 28 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Peter Neville ( 2007 ) . Britain in Vietnam : prelude to disaster , 1945 -- 6 . Psychology Press . p. 119 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 35848 - 5 . Retrieved 28 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Van Nguyen Duong ( 2008 ) . The tragedy of the Vietnam War : a South Vietnamese officer 's analysis . McFarland . p. 21 . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 3285 - 3 . Retrieved 28 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Stein Tønnesson ( 2010 ) . Vietnam 1946 : how the war began . University of California Press . p. 41 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 25602 - 6 . Retrieved 28 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Jane Errington ( 1990 ) . The Vietnam War as history : edited by Elizabeth Jane Errington and B.J.C. McKercher . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 63 . ISBN 0 - 275 - 93560 - 4 . Retrieved 28 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Vietnam War Seeds of Conflict 1945 -- 1960 '' . The History Place . 1999 . Retrieved 28 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Le Vietnam compte à lui seul cinquante quatre ethnies , présentées au Musée Ethnographique de Hanoi . ^ Jump up to : Approximately 100,000 people . `` Vietnam '' . L'aménagement linguistique dans le monde ( in French ) . Jump up ^ Peters , Erica ( 2012 ) . Appetites and Aspirations in Vietnam . AltaMira Press . References ( edit ) Brocheux , Pierre , and Daniel Hemery . Indochina : An Ambiguous Colonization , 1858 -- 1954 ( University of California Press ; 2010 ) 490 pages ; a history of French Indochina . Chandler , David ( 2007 ) . A History of Cambodia ( 4th ed . ) . Boulder , Colorado : : Westview Press . ISBN 0 - 8133 - 4363 - 1 . Duiker , William ( 1976 ) . The Rise of Nationalism in Vietnam , 1900 - 1941 . Ithaca , New York : Cornell University Press . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 0951 - 9 . Edwards , Penny ( 2007 ) . Cambodge : The Cultivation of a Nation , 1860 -- 1945 . Honolulu : University of Hawaii Press . ISBN 0 - 8248 - 2923 - 9 . Evans , Grant ( 2002 ) . A Short History of Laos . Crow 's Nest , Australia : Allen and Unwin . ASIN B000MBU21O . Forbes , Andrew ; Henley , David ( 2012 ) . Vietnam Past and Present : The North ( History of French colonialism in Tonkin ) . Chiang Mai : Cognoscenti Books . ASIN B006DCCM9Q . Marr , David ( 1971 ) . Vietnamese Anticolonialism , 1885 -- 1925 . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 01813 - 3 . Marr , David ( 1982 ) . Vietnamese Tradition on Trial , 1920 -- 1945 . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 04180 - 1 . Marr , David ( 1995 ) . Vietnam 1945 : The Quest for Power . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 07833 - 0 . McLeod , Mark ( 1991 ) . The Vietnamese Response to French Intervention , 1862 -- 1874 . New York : Praeger . ISBN 0 - 275 - 93562 - 0 . Murray , Martin J. ( 1980 ) . The Development of Capitalism in Colonial Indochina ( 1870 -- 1940 ) . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 04000 - 7 . Osborne , Milton ( 1969 ) . The French Presence in Cochinchina and Cambodia : Rule and Response ( 1859 -- 1905 ) . Ithaca , New York : Cornell University Press . ASIN B000K13QGO . Perkins , Mandaley ( 2006 ) . Hanoi , Adieu : A bittersweet memoir of French Indochina . Sydney : Harper Perennial . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7322 - 8197 - 7 . Stuart - Fox , Martin ( 1997 ) . A History of Laos . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 59235 - 6 . Tarling , Nicholas ( 2001 ) . Imperialism in Southeast Asia : `` A Fleeting , Passing Phase '' . London and New York : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 23289 - 9 . Tully , John ( 2003 ) . France on the Mekong : A History of the Protectorate in Cambodia , 1863 -- 1953 . Lanham , Maryland : University Press of America . ISBN 0 - 7618 - 2431 - 6 . Woodside , Alexander ( 1976 ) . Community and Revolution in Modern Vietnam . Boston : Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 0 - 395 - 20367 - 8 . Zinoman , Peter ( 2001 ) . The Colonial Bastille : A History of Imprisonment in Vietnam , 1862 -- 1940 . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 22412 - 4 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to French Indochina . Wikisource has the text of a 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica article about French Indochina . ( in English ) ( in French ) The Colonization of Indochina , from around 1892 ( in English ) ( in French ) Indochina , a tourism book published in 1910 French Indochina Background France -- Asia relations French colonial empire France -- Vietnam relations France -- Thailand relations France -- China relations Constituent territories Cochinchina Tonkin Annam Cambodia Laos Guangzhouwan Provisional Central Government of Vietnam State of Vietnam Events French assistance to Nguyễn Ánh ( 1777 -- 1820 ) Lê Văn Khôi revolt ( 1833 -- 35 ) Bombardment of Tourane ( 1847 ) Siege of Tourane ( 1858 ) Cochinchina campaign ( 1858 -- 62 ) Tonkin Campaign ( 1883 -- 1886 ) Sino - French War ( 1884 -- 1885 ) Pacification of Tonkin Franco - Siamese War ( 1893 ) Holy Man 's Rebellion ( 1901 - 1936 ) World War I 1916 Cochinchina uprising Thái Nguyên uprising War of the Insane Bazin assassination Yên Bái mutiny World War II French -- Thai War ( 1940 -- 1941 ) Japanese invasion of French Indochina Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina August Revolution Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam First Indochina War Battle of Dien Bien Phu Partition of Vietnam Treaties Treaty of Versailles ( 1787 ) Treaty of Saigon ( 1862 ) Treaty of Huế ( 1863 ) Second Treaty of Saigon ( 1874 ) Treaty of Huế ( 1883 ) Geneva Conference ( 1954 ) French personalities Alexandre de Rhodes Pierre Pigneau de Behaine Jean - Baptiste Chaigneau Jean - Baptiste Cécille Charles de Montigny Charles Rigault de Genouilly Amédée Courbet Henri Rivière Francis Garnier Ernest Doudart de Lagrée Auguste Pavie Albert Sarraut Organisations Paris Foreign Missions Society Tirailleurs indochinois Tonkin Expeditionary Corps Tonkinese Rifles Governor - General of French Indochina French overseas empire Former Former French colonies in Africa and the Indian Ocean French North Africa Algeria Morocco Tunisia French West Africa Côte d'Ivoire Dahomey French Sudan Guinea Mauritania Arguin Island Niger Senegal Upper Volta French Togoland James Island Albreda French Equatorial Africa Chad Gabon Middle Congo Ubangi - Shari French Cameroons French Comoros Anjouan Grande Comore Mohéli French Somaliland ( Djibouti ) Madagascar Isle de France Former French colonies in the Americas New France Acadia Louisiana Canada Terre Neuve French Caribbean Dominica Grenada The Grenadines Saint - Domingue Haïti , Dominican Republic Saint Kitts & Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent Tobago Virgin Islands Equinoctial France Berbice France Antarctique Inini French colonization of the Americas French West India Company Former French colonies in Asia and Oceania French India Chandernagor Coromandel Coast Madras Mahé Pondichéry Karaikal Yanaon Indochinese Union Cambodia Laos Vietnam Cochinchina Annam Tonkin Kouang - Tchéou - Wan , China French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon State of Syria Aleppo Damascus Alawite State Greater Lebanon Jabal al - Druze Sanjak of Alexandretta Oceania New Hebrides Vanuatu Port Louis - Philippe ( Akaroa ) France -- Asia relations French East India Company Present Overseas France ( hide ) Inhabited areas Overseas departments French Guiana Guadeloupe Martinique Mayotte Réunion Overseas collectivities French Polynesia St. Barthélemy St. Martin St. Pierre and Miquelon Wallis and Futuna Sui generis collectivity New Caledonia Uninhabited areas Pacific Ocean Clipperton Island Overseas territory ( French Southern and Antarctic Lands ) Île Amsterdam Île Saint - Paul Crozet Islands Kerguelen Islands Adélie Land Scattered islands in the Indian Ocean Bassas da India Europa Island Glorioso Islands Juan de Nova Island Tromelin Island Also known as overseas regions Claimed by Comoros Claimed by Madagascar Claimed by Mauritius Vietnamese independence movement Events Bombardment of Tourane Siege of Saigon Capture of the Citadel of Saigon Conquest of Cochinchina Ba Dinh uprising / Cần Vương Pacification of Tonkin Hanoi Poison Plot World War I 1916 Cochinchina uprising Thái Nguyên uprising Bazin assassination Yên Bái mutiny Nghệ - Tĩnh Soviets World War II 1940 Cochinchina uprising Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina August Revolution Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam First Indochina War Battle of Dien Bien Phu Geneva Conference Organisations Cần Vương Đông Du Duy Tân hội Empire of Vietnam Nguyễn dynasty Tonkin Free School Việt Nam Quang Phục Hội Vietnamese Revolutionary Youth League Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng Viet Minh Communist Party of Vietnam Revolutionaries Cường Để Đinh Công Tráng Ho Chi Minh Huỳnh Thúc Kháng Lương Văn Can Ngô Đức Kế Nguyễn An Ninh Nguyễn Quang Bích Nguyễn Quyền Nguyễn Thái Học Nguyễn Thần Hiến Nguyễn Thành Nguyễn Thiện Thuật Nguyễn Thượng Hiền Nguyễn Trung Trực Nguyen Xuan On Phạm Bành Phan Bội Châu Phan Chu Trinh Phan Đình Phùng Phan Thanh Giản Phan Xích Long Tạ Thu Thâu Tôn Thất Thuyết Trần Cao Vân Trương Định Vũ Hồng Khanh Emperors Tự Đức Hàm Nghi Thành Thái Duy Tân Bảo Đại French rulers Albert Sarraut Jean Decoux French Indochina Governor - General Collaborators Hoàng Cao Khải Trần Bá Lộc States and territories in the sphere of influence of the Empire of Japan during World War II State of Burma Kingdom of Cambodia ( 1945 ) Provisional Government of China Reformed Government of China Occupied Hong Kong Shanghai Great Way Government East Hebei Autonomous Council Provisional Government of Free India Karafuto Prefecture Korea under Japanese rule South Pacific Mandate Kingdom of Laos ( 1945 ) Manchukuo Mengjiang Second Philippine Republic Taiwan under Japanese rule Kingdom of Thailand Empire of Vietnam Reorganized National Government of China Occupied Guam French Indochina ( 1941 -- 1945 ) Occupied Dutch East Indies Occupied Malaya Occupied Nauru Occupied Sarawak , Brunei , Labuan and British North Borneo Occupied Singapore Portuguese Timor Greater East Asia Conference Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere Pacific War VIAF : 141862519 LCCN : n50055276 GND : 115041 - 8 SUDOC : 027262006 BNF : cb12086315d ( data ) NDL : 00563739 Coordinates : 21 ° 02 ′ 00 '' N 105 ° 51 ′ 00 '' E / 21.0333 ° N 105.8500 ° E / 21.0333 ; 105.8500 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=French_Indochina&oldid=815670533 '' Categories : Former countries in Southeast Asia Former vassal states States and territories established in 1887 States and territories disestablished in 1949 French Indochina Former colonies in Asia French colonisation in Asia Former French colonies Former countries in Cambodian history Former countries in Vietnamese history History of Laos 19th century in Vietnam 20th century in Vietnam 19th century in Cambodia 20th century in Cambodia 19th century in Laos 20th century in Laos 1887 establishments in French Indochina 1954 disestablishments in French Indochina 1887 establishments in Cambodia 1953 disestablishments in Cambodia 1887 establishments in Laos 1954 disestablishments in Laos 1887 establishments in Vietnam 1954 disestablishments in Vietnam 1887 establishments in the French colonial empire 1954 disestablishments in the French colonial empire New Imperialism French colonial empire French Union Second French Empire French Third Republic French Fourth Republic Cambodia -- France relations France -- Laos relations France -- Vietnam relations Hidden categories : Articles containing French - language text CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) EngvarB from August 2015 Use dmy dates from August 2015 Former country articles requiring maintenance Pages using infobox former country with unknown parameters Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters Articles containing Khmer - language text Articles containing Vietnamese - language text Articles containing Lao - language text Articles containing simplified Chinese - language text Articles containing Chinese - language text Articles containing Thai - language text Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2016 Articles with French - language external links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano Basa Jawa Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių मराठी Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan پنجابی ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 December 2017 , at 08 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French%20Indochina	203
how far is vidor tx from beaumont tx	Vidor ( / ˈvaɪdər / VY - dər ) is a city in western Orange County , Texas , United States . A city of Southeast Texas , it lies at the intersection of Interstate 10 and Farm to Market Road 105 , six miles east of Beaumont . The town is mainly a bedroom community for the nearby refining complexes in Beaumont and Port Arthur and is part of the Beaumont - Port Arthur Metropolitan Statistical Area . The population was 10,579 at the 2010 census .	six miles	Vidor , Texas	vidor, texas	Vidor ( / ˈvaɪdər / VY - dər ) is a city in western Orange County , Texas , United States . A city of Southeast Texas , it lies at the intersection of Interstate 10 and Farm to Market Road 105 , six miles east of Beaumont . The town is mainly a bedroom community for the nearby refining complexes in Beaumont and Port Arthur and is part of the Beaumont - Port Arthur Metropolitan Statistical Area . The population was 10,579 at the 2010 census .	Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Geography 3 Demographics 4 Education 5 References 6 Notable people 7 External links History ( edit ) The area was heavily logged after the construction of the Texarkana and Fort Smith Railway that was later part of a line that ran from Kansas City to Port Arthur , Texas . The city was named after lumberman Charles Shelton Vidor , owner of the Miller - Vidor Lumber Company and father of director King Vidor . By 1909 the Vidor community had a post office and four years later a company tram road was built . Almost all Vidor residents worked for the company . In 1924 the Miller - Vidor Lumber Company moved to Lakeview , just north of Vidor , in search of virgin timber . A small settlement remained and the Miller - Vidor subdivision was laid out in 1929 . Vidor was known as a `` sundown town , '' where African Americans were not allowed after sunset ; it was long considered a haven for the Ku Klux Klan . In 1993 , after the U.S. federal government attempted to bring African Americans into Vidor 's public housing , the Klan held a march in the community , prompting African American families to move out within a matter of months. ( 1 ) In 2005 , 2008 , and 2017 Vidor and surrounding areas suffered extensive damage from Hurricane Rita , Ike , and Harvey . A mandatory evacuation was imposed upon its residents for about two weeks . Geography ( edit ) Vidor is located at 30 ° 7 ′ 53 '' N 93 ° 59 ′ 47 '' W / 30.13139 ° N 93.99639 ° W / 30.13139 ; - 93.99639 ( 30.131492 , - 93.996292 ) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 10.6 square miles ( 27 km ) , of which , 10.6 square miles ( 27 km ) of it is land and 0.09 % is water . Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1970 9,738 -- 1980 11,834 21.5 % 10,935 − 7.6 % 2000 11,440 4.6 % 10,579 − 7.5 % Est. 2017 10,854 2.6 % U.S. Decennial Census As of the census of 2000 , there were 11,440 people , 4,222 households , and 3,158 families residing in the city . The population density was 1,083.6 people per square mile ( 418.3 / km2 ) . There were 4,652 housing units at an average density of 440.6 per square mile ( 170.1 / km2 ) . The racial makeup of the city was 97.3 % White , 0.1 % African American , 0.5 % Native American , 0.2 % Asian , 0.03 % Pacific Islander , 0.7 % from other races , and 1.21 % from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.49 % of the population . There were 4,222 households out of which 34.7 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 56.3 % were married couples living together , 13.4 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 25.2 % were non-families. 22.0 % of all households were made up of individuals and 10.3 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.66 and the average family size was 3.09 . In the city , the population was spread out with 26.7 % under the age of 18 , 9.9 % from 18 to 24 , 27.4 % from 25 to 44 , 21.9 % from 45 to 64 , and 14.1 % who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 35 years . For every 100 females , there were 91.5 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 87.1 males . The median income for a household in the city was $31,982 , and the median income for a family was $37,572 . Males had a median income of $35,781 versus $21,054 for females . The per capita income for the city was $15,381 . About 10.7 % of families and 14.5 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 19.5 % of those under age 18 and 8.9 % of those age 65 or over . Education ( edit ) The City of Vidor is served by the Vidor Independent School District , which is the largest school district in the county . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` US Board on Geographic Names '' . United States Geological Survey . 2007 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` US Gazetteer files : 2010 , 2000 , and 1990 '' . United States Census Bureau . 2011 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` City and Town Population Totals : 2010 - 2017 '' . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Census of Population and Housing '' . Census.gov . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Notable people ( edit ) Tracy Byrd , country music artist Dean Corll , prolific 1970s Houston serial killer David Ray Harris , suspected murderer featured in the documentary The Thin Blue Line ( and later executed for a separate murder ) George Jones , country music artist Roger Mobley , former child actor , is a former police detective in Vidor ; reported living in Little Rock , Arkansas , as of 2015 . Don Rollins , songwriter , co-author of the hit country tune `` It 's Five O'Clock Somewhere '' Billie Jo Spears , country music artist Clay Walker , country music artist External links ( edit ) Texas portal City of Vidor - Official site . Miller - Vidor Logging Camp Vidor Independent School District Vidor Chamber of Commerce Vidor , Texas from the Handbook of Texas Online hide Municipalities and communities of Orange County , Texas , United States County seat : Orange Cities Bridge City Orange Pine Forest Pinehurst Port Arthur ‡ Rose City Vidor West Orange CDP Mauriceville Unincorporated communities Forest Heights Little Cypress Orangefield Ghost towns Lemonville Texla Footnotes ‡ This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties ( 2 ) BNF : cb15604735f ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vidor,_Texas&oldid=848992884 '' Categories : Cities in Orange County , Texas Cities in Texas Cities in the Beaumont -- Port Arthur metropolitan area Racism in the United States Hidden categories : Articles with short description Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Català Cebuano Español Euskara فارسی Français Hrvatski Italiano Kreyòl ayisyen Malagasy Nederlands 日本語 Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Volapük 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 July 2018 , at 19 : 07 ( UTC ) . 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where did the term friend zone come from			Friend zone	friend zone	In popular culture , the friend zone is a situation in which one member of a friendship wishes to enter into a romantic or sexual relationship , while the other does not . It is generally considered to be an undesirable situation for the rejected person .	The sense of zone is one of being stuck in an unwanted and distant relationship . The rejected person is said to have been put `` in '' the object of their affection 's `` friend zone '' , and this can be verbified , as in the sentence `` So , she 's friendzoned you . '' The concept of the friend zone has been criticized as misogynistic , because of a belief that the concept implies an expectation that women should have sex with men in whom they have no interest , simply because the men were nice to them . This is closely associated with so - called `` nice guy syndrome '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Criticism of the term 3 Popular culture 4 See also 5 References Background ( edit ) Writer Jeremy Nicholson in Psychology Today suggested that a romantic pursuer , in order to avoid being rejected up front , uses a ploy of acting friendly as a `` back door '' way into a hoped - for relationship . When this method does not work , the pursuer consequently is placed in the friend zone . The term `` friend zone '' is sometimes used in pick up artist ( PUA ) literature , where it forms part of PUA theories about female sexual attraction to males . According to some psychologists , the man in a cross-gender friendship is more likely to be attracted to his woman friend than she is to him , and he is more likely to overestimate her interest in a romantic or sexual relationship . Criticism of the term ( edit ) Feminist writers have argued that the friend zone concept is misogynistic and rooted in male narcissism . The nice guy concept has been criticized as a gender trope with an underlying message that kind acts demand a sexual or romantic reward , and that this concept implies that if a woman and a man have a platonic friendship and the man becomes romantically attracted to the woman , then the woman has an obligation to return his affection . A woman who does not return her `` nice guy '' male friend 's affection is viewed negatively or seen to be at fault . TheGuardian.com contributor Ally Fogg argues that while the friend zone does not exist in a literal sense , men who use the term `` friend zone '' are not necessarily misogynists who feel entitled to sex . He states the term 's usage reflects a genuine emotional experience for straight men with low self - esteem and self - confidence . He places blame on ingrained gender roles . Popular culture ( edit ) The term was popularized by a 1994 episode of the American sitcom Friends entitled `` The One with the Blackout '' , where the character Ross Geller , who was lovesick for Rachel Green , was described by character Joey Tribbiani as being the `` mayor of the friend zone '' . In the 2001 , episode 103 of the series Scrubs , `` My Best Friend 's Mistake '' , J.D. becomes convinced that missing a chance to finish a kiss within 48 hours puts him in Elliot 's friend zone . This manifests in a comedic sequence as a small room crammed with other men who were interested in Elliot in the past . The 2005 film Just Friends features a main character ( played by Ryan Reynolds ) reunited after ten years with his friend ( played by Amy Smart ) , who informs him that she loves him `` like a brother '' , essentially dashing any hopes of him having her as a girlfriend . MTV aired a reality show entitled FriendZone from 2011 to 2013 . Each episode is based around `` crushers '' who are friends with the `` crushees '' , but want to begin relationships with them . See also ( edit ) Sexuality portal Unrequited love Attachment in adults Sexual attraction Infatuation Bad boy ( archetype ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` friend zone '' , Oxford English Dictionary , retrieved 22 January 2014 , ... a situation in which a friendship exists between two people , one of whom has an unrequited romantic or sexual interest in the other ... Jump up ^ Binazir , Ali ( February 2011 ) . `` How to stay out of the Friend Zone '' . taoofdating.com . Retrieved 24 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Dickson , E.J. ( 12 October 2013 ) . `` 6 reasons the `` friend zone '' needs to die `` . Salon.com . Salon Media Group Inc . Retrieved 26 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Marcotte , Amanda ( 27 May 2014 ) . `` The dangerous discourse of `` the friend zone '' `` . rawstory.com . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Jeremy ( 1 March 2013 ) . `` Avoiding the Friend Zone : Becoming a Boyfriend or a Girlfriend '' . Psychology Today . Sussex Publishers : 3 . ^ Jump up to : Fogg , Ally ( 8 January 2013 ) . `` Not all men in the ' friend zone ' are bad guys '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media Group . Retrieved 29 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Bleske - Rechek , April ; Somers , Erin ; Micke , Cierra ; Erickson , Leah ; Matteson , Lindsay ; Stocco , Corey ; Schumacher , Brittany ; Ritchie , Laura ( August 2012 ) . `` Benefit or burden ? Attraction in cross-sex friendship '' . Journal of Social and Personal Relationships . Sage. 29 ( 5 ) : 569 -- 596 . doi : 10.1177 / 0265407512443611 . Pdf . Jump up ^ Moore , Tracy ( 2 November 2014 ) . `` Hey Dude , You 're Not Stuck in the Friendzone Cuz You Dress Shitty ( blog ) '' . Jezebel . Univision Communications . Retrieved 26 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Friends : The One With the Blackout Recap '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 January 2008 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friend_zone&oldid=800947035 '' Categories : Intimate relationships Interpersonal relationships Love Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Esperanto Français Italiano Lumbaart Português Română Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 18 : 23 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friend%20zone	3,217
chinese civilization occurred independently about the same time as greek civilization arose			Cradle of civilization	cradle of civilization	The term `` cradle of civilization '' refers to locations where , according to current archeological data , civilization is understood to have emerged . Current thinking is that there was no single `` cradle '' , but several civilizations that developed independently , with the Fertile Crescent ( Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt ) understood to be the earliest . Other civilizations arose in Asia among cultures situated along large river valleys , such as Indo - Gangetic Plain in India and the Yellow River in China . The extent to which there was significant influence between the early civilizations of the Near East and those of East Asia is disputed . Scholars accept that the civilizations of Mesoamerica , mainly in modern Mexico , and Norte Chico in present - day Peru emerged independently from those in Eurasia .	Scholars have defined civilization using various criteria such as the use of writing , cities , a class - based society , agriculture , animal husbandry , public buildings , metallurgy , and monumental architecture . The term cradle of civilization has frequently been applied to a variety of cultures and areas , in particular the Ancient Near Eastern Chalcolithic ( Ubaid period ) and Fertile Crescent , Ancient India and Ancient China . It has also been applied to ancient Anatolia , the Levant and Iranian plateau , and used to refer to culture predecessors -- such as Ancient Greece as the predecessor of Western civilization -- even when such sites are not understood as an independent development of civilization , as well as within national rhetoric . Contents ( hide ) 1 History of the idea 2 Rise of civilization 3 Single or multiple cradles 4 The cradles of civilization 4.1 Mesopotamia 4.2 India 4.3 China 4.4 Andes 4.5 Mesoamerica 5 Timeline 6 Cradle of Western civilization 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 9.1 Citations 9.2 Sources History of the idea The concept `` cradle of civilization '' is the subject of much debate . The figurative use of cradle to mean `` the place or region in which anything is nurtured or sheltered in its earlier stage '' is traced by the Oxford English Dictionary to Spenser ( 1590 ) . Charles Rollin 's Ancient History ( 1734 ) has `` Egypt that served at first as the cradle of the holy nation '' . The phrase `` cradle of civilization '' plays a certain role in national mysticism . It has been used in Eastern as well as Western cultures , for instance , in Hindu nationalism ( In Search of the Cradle of Civilization 1995 ) and Chinese nationalism ( Chinese ; -- The Cradle of Civilization 2002 ) . The terms also appear in esoteric pseudohistory , such as the Urantia Book , claiming the title for `` the second Eden '' , or the pseudoarchaeology related to Megalithic Britain ( Civilization One 2004 , Ancient Britain : The Cradle of Civilization 1921 ) . Rise of civilization Further information : Neolithic Revolution , Urban revolution , and Chalcolithic The earliest signs of a process leading to sedentary culture can be seen in the Levant to as early as 12,000 BC , when the Natufian culture became sedentary ; it evolved into an agricultural society by 10,000 BC . The importance of water to safeguard an abundant and stable food supply , due to favourable conditions for hunting , fishing and gathering resources including cereals , provided an initial wide spectrum economy that triggered the creation of permanent villages . The earliest proto - urban settlements with several thousand inhabitants emerged in the Neolithic . The first cities to house several tens of thousands were Memphis and Uruk , by the 31st century BC ( see Historical urban community sizes ) . Historic times are marked apart from prehistoric times when `` records of the past begin to be kept for the benefit of future generations '' ; which may be in written or oral form . If the rise of civilization is taken to coincide with the development of writing out of proto - writing , the Near Eastern Chalcolithic , the transitional period between the Neolithic and the Bronze Age during the 4th millennium BC , and the development of proto - writing in Harappa in the Indus Valley of South Asia around 3300 BC are the earliest incidences , followed by Chinese proto - writing evolving into the oracle bone script , and again by the emergence of Mesoamerican writing systems from about 900 BC . In the absence of written documents , most aspects of the rise of early civilizations are contained in archaeological assessments that document the development of formal institutions and the material culture . A `` civilized '' way of life is ultimately linked to conditions coming almost exclusively from intensive agriculture . Gordon Childe defined the development of civilization as the result of two successive revolutions : the Neolithic Revolution , triggering the development of settled communities , and the Urban Revolution , which enhanced tendencies towards dense settlements , specialized occupational groups , social classes , exploitation of surpluses , monumental public buildings and writing . Few of those conditions , however , are unchallenged by the records : dense settlements were not attested in Egypt 's Old Kingdom and were absent in the Maya area ; the Incas lacked writing altogether ; and often monumental architecture preceded any indication of village settlement . For instance , in present - day Louisiana , researchers have determined that cultures that were primarily nomadic organized over generations to build earthwork mounds at seasonal settlements as early as 3400 BC . Rather than a succession of events and preconditions , the rise of civilization could equally be hypothesized as an accelerated process that started with incipient agriculture and culminated in the Oriental Bronze Age . Single or multiple cradles A traditional theory of the spread of civilization is that it began in the Fertile Crescent and spread out from there by influence . Scholars more generally now believe that civilizations arose independently at several locations in both hemispheres . They have observed that sociocultural developments occurred along different timeframes . `` Sedentary '' and `` nomadic '' communities continued to interact considerably ; they were not strictly divided among widely different cultural groups . The concept of a cradle of civilization has a focus where the inhabitants came to build cities , to create writing systems , to experiment in techniques for making pottery and using metals , to domesticate animals , and to develop complex social structures involving class systems . Current scholarship generally identifies five sites where civilization emerged independently : the Fertile Crescent the Indo - Gangetic Plain the North China Plain the Central Andes Mesoamerica The cradles of civilization Mesopotamia Main articles : History of the Middle East , History of Mesopotamia , and Sumer Major Sumerian cities during the Ubaid period Around 10,200 BC the first fully developed Neolithic cultures belonging to the phases Pre-Pottery Neolithic A ( PPNA ) and Pre-Pottery Neolithic B ( 7600 to 6000 BC ) appeared in the fertile crescent and from there spread eastwards and westwards . One of the most notable PPNA settlements is Jericho in the Levant region , thought to be the world 's first town ( settled around 8500 BC and fortified around 6800 BC ) . In Mesopotamia , the convergence of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers produced rich fertile soil and a supply of water for irrigation . The civilizations that emerged around these rivers are among the earliest known non-nomadic agrarian societies . It is because of this that the fertile crescent region , and Mesopotamia in particular , are often referred to as the cradle of civilization . The period known as the Ubaid period ( c. 6500 to 3800 BC ) is the earliest known period on the alluvial plain , although it is likely earlier periods exist obscured under the alluvium . It was during the Ubaid period that the movement towards urbanization began . Agriculture and animal husbandry were widely practiced in sedentary communities , particularly in Northern Mesopotamia , and intensive irrigated hydraulic agriculture began to be practiced in the south . Around 6000 BC , Neolithic settlements appear all over Egypt . Studies based on morphological , genetic , and archaeological data have attributed these settlements to migrants from the Fertile Crescent in the Near East returning during the Egyptian and North African Neolithic , bringing agriculture to the region . Eridu is the oldest Sumerian site settled during this period , around 5300 BC , and the city of Ur also first dates to the end of this period . In the south , the Ubaid period had a very long duration from around 6500 to 3800 BC ; when it is replaced by the Uruk period . Sumerian civilization coalesces in the subsequent Uruk period ( 4000 to 3100 BC ) . Named after the Sumerian city of Uruk , this period saw the emergence of urban life in Mesopotamia and , during its later phase , the gradual emergence of the cuneiform script . Proto - writing in the region dates to around 3500 BC , with the earliest texts dating to 3300 BC ; early cuneiform writing emerged in 3000 BC . It was also during this period that pottery painting declined as copper started to become popular , along with cylinder seals . Sumerian cities during the Uruk period were probably theocratic and were most likely headed by a priest - king ( ensi ) , assisted by a council of elders , including both men and women . It is quite possible that the later Sumerian pantheon was modeled upon this political structure . Uruk trade networks started to expand to other parts of Mesopotamia and as far as North Caucasus , and strong signs of governmental organization and social stratification began to emerge leading to the Early Dynastic Period ( c. 2900 BC ) . The Jemdet Nasr period , which is generally dated from 3100 -- 2900 BC and succeeds the Uruk period , is known as one of the formative stages in the development of the cuneiform script . The oldest clay tablets come from Uruk and date to the late fourth millennium BC , slightly earlier than the Jemdet Nasr Period . By the time of the Jemdet Nasr Period , the script had already undergone a number of significant changes . It originally consisted of pictographs , but by the time of the Jemdet Nasr Period it was already adopting simpler and more abstract designs . It is also during this period that the script acquired its iconic wedge - shaped appearance . At the end of the Jemdet Nasr period there was a major archaeologically attested river flood in Shuruppak and other parts of Mesopotamia . Polychrome pottery from a destruction level below the flood deposit has been dated to immediately before the Early Dynastic Period around 2900 BC . After the Early Dynastic period begins , there was a shift in control of the city - states from the temple establishment headed by council of elders led by a priestly `` En '' ( a male figure when it was a temple for a goddess , or a female figure when headed by a male god ) towards a more secular Lugal ( Lu = man , Gal = great ) and includes such legendary patriarchal figures as Enmerkar , Lugalbanda and Gilgamesh -- who are supposed to have reigned shortly before the historic record opens c. 2700 BC , when the now deciphered syllabic writing started to develop from the early pictograms . The center of Sumerian culture remained in southern Mesopotamia , even though rulers soon began expanding into neighboring areas , and neighboring Semitic groups adopted much of Sumerian culture for their own . The earliest ziggurats began near the end of the Early Dynastic Period , although architectural precursors in the form of raised platforms date back to the Ubaid period , . The well - known Sumerian King List dates to the early second millennium BC . It consists of a succession of royal dynasties from different Sumerian cities , ranging back into the Early Dynastic Period . Each dynasty rises to prominence and dominates the region , only to be replaced by the next . The document was used by later Mesopotamian kings to legitimize their rule . While some of the information in the list can be checked against other texts such as economic documents , much of it is probably purely fictional , and its use as a historical document is limited . Eannatum , the Sumerian king of Lagash , established one of the first verifiable empires in history in 2500 BC . The neighboring Elam , in modern Iran , was also part of the early urbanization during the Chalcolithic period . Elamite states were among the leading political forces of the Ancient Near East . The emergence of Elamite written records from around 3000 BC also parallels Sumerian history , where slightly earlier records have been found . During the 3rd millennium BC , there developed a very intimate cultural symbiosis between the Sumerians and the Akkadians . Akkadian gradually replaced Sumerian as a spoken language somewhere between the 3rd and the 2nd millennia BC . The Semitic - speaking Akkadian empire emerged around 2350 BC under Sargon the Great . The Akkadian Empire reached its political peak between the 24th and 22nd centuries BC . Under Sargon and his successors , the Akkadian language was briefly imposed on neighboring conquered states such as Elam and Gutium . After the fall of the Akkadian Empire and the overthrow of the Gutians , there was a brief reassertion of Sumerian dominance in Mesopotamia under the Third Dynasty of Ur . After the final collapse of Sumerian hegemony in Mesopotamia around 2004 BC , the Semitic Akkadian people of Mesopotamia eventually coalesced into two major Akkadian - speaking nations : Assyria in the north , and , a few centuries later , Babylonia in the south . India Main articles : History of India , Meluhha , and Indus Valley Civilisation The Indus Valley Civilization at its greatest extent One of the earliest Neolithic sites in the Indian subcontinent is Bhirrana along the ancient Saraswati riverine system in the present day state of Haryana in India , dating to around 7600 BC . Other early sites include Lahuradewa in the Middle Ganges region and Jhusi near the confluence of Ganges and Yamuna rivers , both dating to around the 7000 BC . The aceramic Neolithic at Mehrgarh lasts from 7000 to 5500 BC , with the ceramic Neolithic at Mehrgarh lasting up to 3300 BC ; blending into the Early Bronze Age . Mehrgarh is one of the earliest sites with evidence of farming and herding in the Indian subcontinent . It is likely that the culture centered around Mehrgarh migrated into the Indus Valley and became the Indus Valley Civilisation . The earliest fortified town in the region is found at Rehman Dheri , dated 4000 BC in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa close to River Zhob Valley . Other fortified towns found to date are at Amri ( 3600 -- 3300 BC ) , Kot Diji in Sindh , and at Kalibangan ( 3000 BC ) at the Hakra River . The Indus Valley Civilisation starts around 3300 BC with what is referred to as the Early Harappan Phase ( 3300 to 2600 BC ) . The earliest examples of the Indus Script date to this period , as well as the emergence of citadels representing centralised authority and an increasingly urban quality of life . Trade networks linked this culture with related regional cultures and distant sources of raw materials , including lapis lazuli and other materials for bead - making . By this time , villagers had domesticated numerous crops , including peas , sesame seeds , dates , and cotton , as well as animals , including the water buffalo . 2600 BC marks the Mature Harappan Phase during which Early Harappan communities turned into large urban centres including Harappa , Dholavira , Mohenjo - Daro , Lothal , Rupar , and Rakhigarhi , and more than 1,000 towns and villages , often of relatively small size . Mature Harappans evolved new techniques in metallurgy and produced copper , bronze , lead , and tin and displayed advanced levels of engineering . As seen in Harappa , Mohenjo - daro and the recently partially excavated Rakhigarhi , this urban plan included the world 's first known urban sanitation systems : see hydraulic engineering of the Indus Valley Civilisation . Within the city , individual homes or groups of homes obtained water from wells . From a room that appears to have been set aside for bathing , waste water was directed to covered drains , which lined the major streets . Houses opened only to inner courtyards and smaller lanes . The house - building in some villages in the region still resembles in some respects the house - building of the Harappans . The advanced architecture of the Harappans is shown by their impressive dockyards , granaries , warehouses , brick platforms , and protective walls . The massive walls of Indus cities most likely protected the Harappans from floods and may have dissuaded military conflicts . The people of the Indus Civilisation achieved great accuracy in measuring length , mass , and time . They were among the first to develop a system of uniform weights and measures . A comparison of available objects indicates large scale variation across the Indus territories . Their smallest division , which is marked on an ivory scale found in Lothal in Gujarat , was approximately 1.704 mm , the smallest division ever recorded on a scale of the Bronze Age . Harappan engineers followed the decimal division of measurement for all practical purposes , including the measurement of mass as revealed by their hexahedron weights . These chert weights were in a ratio of 5 : 2 : 1 with weights of 0.05 , 0.1 , 0.2 , 0.5 , 1 , 2 , 5 , 10 , 20 , 50 , 100 , 200 , and 500 units , with each unit weighing approximately 28 grams , similar to the English Imperial ounce or Greek uncia , and smaller objects were weighed in similar ratios with the units of 0.871 . However , as in other cultures , actual weights were not uniform throughout the area . The weights and measures later used in Kautilya 's Arthashastra ( 4th century BC ) are the same as those used in Lothal . Around 1800 BC , signs of a gradual decline began to emerge , and by around 1700 BC most of the cities had been abandoned. Suggested contributory causes for the localisation of the IVC include changes in the course of the river , and climate change that is also signalled for the neighbouring areas of the Middle East . As of 2016 many scholars believe that drought lead to a decline in trade with Egypt and Mesopotamia contributing to the collapse of the Indus Civilisation . The Ghaggar - Hakra system was rain - fed , and water - supply depended on the monsoons . The Indus Valley climate grew significantly cooler and drier from about 1800 BC , linked to a general weakening of the monsoon at that time . The Indian monsoon declined and aridity increased , with the Ghaggar - Hakra retracting its reach towards the foothills of the Himalaya , leading to erratic and less extensive floods that made inundation agriculture less sustainable . Aridification reduced the water supply enough to cause the civilisation 's demise , and to scatter its population eastward . As the monsoons kept shifting south , the floods grew too erratic for sustainable agricultural activities . The residents then migrated towards the Ganges basin in the east , where they established smaller villages and isolated farms . However trade with the old cities did not flourish . The small surplus produced in these small communities did not allow development of trade , and the cities died out . The Indo - Aryan peoples migrated into the Indus River Valley during this period and began the Vedic age of India . The Indus Valley Civilisation did not disappear suddenly and many elements of the civilization continued in later Indian subcontinent and Vedic cultures . China Main articles : History of China , Xia dynasty , and Erlitou culture Traditional Xia sites ( black ) and Erlitou sites ( red ) Early evidence for Chinese millet agriculture is dated to around 7000 BC , with the earliest evidence of cultivated rice found at Chengtoushan near the Yangtze River , dated to 6500 BC . Chengtoushan may also be the site of the first walled city in China . This Neolithic Revolution gave rise to the Jiahu culture ( 7000 to 5800 BC ) . Some scholars have suggested that the Jiahu symbols ( 6600 BC ) are the earliest form of proto - writing in China . However , it is likely that they should not be understood as writing itself , but as features of a lengthy period of sign - use which led eventually to a fully - fledged system of writing . Excavation of a Peiligang culture site in Xinzheng county , Henan , found a community that flourished in 5500 to 4900 BC , with evidence of agriculture , constructed buildings , pottery , and burial of the dead . With agriculture came increased population , the ability to store and redistribute crops , and the potential to support specialist craftsmen and administrators . In late Neolithic times , the Yellow River valley began to establish itself as a center of Yangshao culture ( 5000 to 3000 BC ) , and the first villages were founded . Later , Yangshao culture was superseded by the Longshan culture , which was also centered on the Yellow River from about 3000 to 2000 BC . The earliest bronze artifacts have been found in the Majiayao culture site ( 3100 to 2700 BC ) . Chinese civilization begins during the second phase of the Erlitou period ( 1900 to 1500 BC ) , with Erlitou considered the first state level society of East Asia . There is considerable debate whether Erlitou sites correlate to the semi-legendary Xia dynasty . The Xia dynasty ( 2070 to 1600 BC ) is the first dynasty to be described in ancient Chinese historical records such as the Bamboo Annals , first published more than a millennium later during the Western Zhou period . Although Xia is an important element in Chinese historiography , there is to date no contemporary written evidence to corroborate the dynasty . Erlitou saw an increase in bronze metallurgy and urbanization and was a rapidly growing regional center with palatial complexes that provide evidence for social stratification . The Erlitou civilization is divided into four phases , each of roughly 50 years . During Phase I , covering 100 hectares ( 250 acres ) , Erlitou was a rapidly growing regional center with estimated population of several thousand but not yet an urban civilization or capital . Urbanization began in Phase II , expanding to 300 ha ( 740 acres ) with a population around 11,000 . A palace area of 12 ha ( 30 acres ) was demarcated by four roads . It contained the 150x50 m Palace 3 , composed of three courtyards along a 150 - meter axis , and Palace 5 . A bronze foundry was established to the south of the palatial complex that was controlled by the elite who lived in palaces . The city reached its peak in Phase III , and may have had a population of around 24,000 . The palatial complex was surrounded by a two - meter - thick rammed - earth wall , and Palaces 1 , 7 , 8 , 9 were built . The earthwork volume of rammed earth for the base of largest Palace 1 is 20,000 m3 at least . Palaces 3 and 5 were abandoned and replaced by 4,200 - square - kilometer ( 4.5 × 10 sq ft ) Palace 2 and Palace 4 . In Phase IV , the population decreased to around 20,000 , but building continued . Palace 6 was built as an extension of Palace 2 , and Palaces 10 and 11 were built . Phase IV overlaps with the Lower phase of the Erligang culture ( 1600 -- 1450 BC ) . Around 1600 to 1560 BC , about 6 km northeast of Erlitou , Eligang cultural walled city was built at Yanshi , which coincides with an increase in production of arrowheads at Erlitou . This situation might indicate that the Yanshi City was competing for power and dominance with Erlitou . Production of bronzes and other elite goods ceased at the end of Phase IV , at the same time as the Erligang city of Zhengzhou was established 85 km ( 53 mi ) to the east . There is no evidence of destruction by fire or war , but , during the Upper Erligang phase ( 1450 -- 1300 BC ) , all the palaces were abandoned , and Erlitou was reduced to a village of 30 ha ( 74 acres ) . The earliest traditional Chinese dynasty for which there is both archeological and written evidence is the Shang dynasty ( 1600 to 1046 BC ) . Shang sites have yielded the earliest known body of Chinese writing , the oracle bone script , mostly divinations inscribed on bones . These inscriptions provide critical insight into many topics from the politics , economy , and religious practices to the art and medicine of this early stage of Chinese civilization . Some historians argue that Erlitou should be considered an early phase of the Shang dynasty . The U.S. National Gallery of Art defines the Chinese Bronze Age as the period between about 2000 and 771 BC ; a period that begins with the Erlitou culture and ends abruptly with the disintegration of Western Zhou rule . The Sanxingdui culture is another Chinese Bronze Age society , contemporaneous to the Shang dynasty , however they developed a different method of bronze - making from the Shang . Andes Main articles : Ancient Peru and Norte Chico civilization Map of Norte Chico sites showing their locations in Peru The earliest evidence of agriculture in the Andean region dates to around 4700 BC at Huaca Prieta and Paredones . The oldest evidence of canal irrigation in South America dates to 4700 to 2500 BC in the Zaña Valley of northern Peru . The earliest urban settlements of the Andes , as well as North and South America , are dated to 3500 BC at Huaricanga , in the Fortaleza area , and Sechin Bajo near the Sechin River . The Norte Chico civilization proper is understood to have emerged around 3200 BC , as it is at that point that large - scale human settlement and communal construction across multiple sites becomes clearly apparent . Since the early 21st century , it has been established as the oldest known civilization in the Americas . The civilization flourished at the confluence of three rivers , the Fortaleza , the Pativilca , and the Supe . These river valleys each have large clusters of sites . Further south , there are several associated sites along the Huaura River . Notable settlements include the cities of Caral , the largest and most complex Preceramic site , and Aspero . Norte Chico sites are known for their density of large sites with immense architecture . Haas argues that the density of sites in such a small area is globally unique for a nascent civilization . During the third millennium BC , Norte Chico may have been the most densely populated area of the world ( excepting , possibly , northern China ) . The Supe , Pativilca , Fortaleza , and Huaura River valleys each have several related sites . Norte Chico is unusual in that it completely lacked ceramics and apparently had almost no visual art . Nevertheless , the civilization exhibited impressive architectural feats , including large earthwork platform mounds and sunken circular plazas , and an advanced textile industry . The platform mounds , as well as large stone warehouses , provide evidence for a stratified society and a centralized authority necessary to distribute resources such as cotton . However , there is no evidence of warfare or defensive structures during this period . Originally , it was theorized that , unlike other early civilizations , Norte Chico developed by relying on maritime food sources in place of a staple cereal . This hypothesis , the Maritime Foundation of Andean Civilization , is still hotly debated ; however , most researches now agree that agriculture played a central role in the civilization 's development while still acknowledging a strong supplemental reliance on maritime proteins . The Norte Chico chiefdoms were `` almost certainly theocratic , though not brutally so '' , according to Mann . Construction areas show possible evidence of feasting , which would have included music and likely alcohol , suggesting an elite able to both mobilize and reward the population . The degree of centralized authority is difficult to ascertain , but architectural construction patterns are indicative of an elite that , at least in certain places at certain times , wielded considerable power : while some of the monumental architecture was constructed incrementally , other buildings , such as the two main platform mounds at Caral , appear to have been constructed in one or two intense construction phases . As further evidence of centralized control , Haas points to remains of large stone warehouses found at Upaca , on the Pativilca , as emblematic of authorities able to control vital resources such as cotton . Economic authority would have rested on the control of cotton and edible plants and associated trade relationships , with power centered on the inland sites . Haas tentatively suggests that the scope of this economic power base may have extended widely : there are only two confirmed shore sites in the Norte Chico ( Aspero and Bandurria ) and possibly two more , but cotton fishing nets and domesticated plants have been found up and down the Peruvian coast . It is possible that the major inland centers of Norte Chico were at the center of a broad regional trade network centered on these resources . Discover magazine , citing Shady , suggests a rich and varied trade life : `` ( Caral ) exported its own products and those of Aspero to distant communities in exchange for exotic imports : Spondylus shells from the coast of Ecuador , rich dyes from the Andean highlands , hallucinogenic snuff from the Amazon . '' ( Given the still limited extent of Norte Chico research , such claims should be treated circumspectly . ) Other reports on Shady 's work indicate Caral traded with communities in the jungle farther inland and , possibly , with people from the mountains . Leaders ' ideological power was based on apparent access to deities and the supernatural . Evidence regarding Norte Chico religion is limited : an image of the Staff God , a leering figure with a hood and fangs , has been found on a gourd dated to 2250 BC . The Staff God is a major deity of later Andean cultures , and Winifred Creamer suggests the find points to worship of common symbols of gods . As with much other research at Norte Chico , the nature and significance of the find has been disputed by other researchers . The act of architectural construction and maintenance may also have been a spiritual or religious experience : a process of communal exaltation and ceremony . Shady has called Caral `` the sacred city '' ( la ciudad sagrada ) : socio - economic and political focus was on the temples , which were periodically remodeled , with major burnt offerings associated with the remodeling . The discovery of quipu , string - based recording devices , at Caral can be understood as a form of `` proto - writing '' at Norte Chico . However , the exact use of quipu in this and later Andean cultures has been widely debated . Additionally , the image of the Staff God has been found on a gourd dated to 2250 BC . The Staff God is a major deity of later Andean cultures . The presence of quipu and the commonality of religious symbols suggests a cultural link between Norte Chico and later Andean cultures . Circa 1800 BC , the Norte Chico civilization began to decline , with more powerful centers appearing to the south and north along the coast and to the east inside the belt of the Andes . Pottery eventually developed in the Amazon Basin and spread to the Andean culture region around 2000 BC . The next major civilization to arise in the Andes would be the Chavín culture at Chavín de Huantar , located in the Andean highlands of the present - day Ancash Region . It is believed to have been built around 900 BC and was the religious and political center of the Chavín people . Mesoamerica Main articles : Mesoamerican chronology and Olmec civilization The Olmec heartland , where the Olmec reigned The Coxcatlan caves in the Valley of Tehuacán provide evidence for agriculture in components dated between 5000 and 3400 BC . Similarly , sites such as Sipacate in Guatemala provide maize pollen samples dating to 3500 BC . It is estimated that fully domesticated maize developed in Mesoamerica around 2700 BC . Mesoamericans during this period likely divided their time between small hunting encampments and large temporary villages . Around 1900 BC , the Mokaya domesticated one of the dozen species of cacao . A Mokaya archaeological site provides evidence of cacao beverages dating to this time . The Mokaya are also thought to have been among the first cultures in Mesoamerica to develop a hierarchical society . What would become the Olmec civilization had its roots in early farming cultures of Tabasco , which began around 5100 to 4600 BC . The emergence of the Olmec civilization has traditionally been dated to around 1600 to 1500 BC . Olmec features first emerged in the city of San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán , fully coalescing around 1400 BC . The rise of civilization was assisted by the local ecology of well - watered alluvial soil , as well as by the transportation network provided by the Coatzacoalcos River basin . This environment encouraged a densely concentrated population , which in turn triggered the rise of an elite class and an associated demand for the production of the symbolic and sophisticated luxury artifacts that define Olmec culture . Many of these luxury artifacts were made from materials such as jade , obsidian , and magnetite , which came from distant locations and suggest that early Olmec elites had access to an extensive trading network in Mesoamerica . The aspect of Olmec culture perhaps most familiar today is their artwork , particularly the Olmec colossal heads . San Lorenzo was situated in the midst of a large agricultural area . San Lorenzo seems to have been largely a ceremonial site , a town without city walls , centered in the midst of a widespread medium - to - large agricultural population . The ceremonial center and attendant buildings could have housed 5,500 while the entire area , including hinterlands , could have reached 13,000 . It is thought that while San Lorenzo controlled much or all of the Coatzacoalcos basin , areas to the east ( such as the area where La Venta would rise to prominence ) and north - northwest ( such as the Tuxtla Mountains ) were home to independent polities . San Lorenzo was all but abandoned around 900 BC at about the same time that La Venta rose to prominence . A wholesale destruction of many San Lorenzo monuments occurred around 950 BC . A wholesale destruction of many San Lorenzo monuments also occurred circa 950 BCE , which may indicate an internal uprising or , less likely , an invasion . The latest thinking , however , is that environmental changes may have been responsible for this shift in Olmec centers , with certain important rivers changing course . La Venta became the cultural capital of the Olmec concentration in the region until its abandonment around 400 BC ; constructing monumental architectural achievements such as the Great Pyramid of La Venta . It contained a `` concentration of power , '' as reflected by the sheer enormity of the architecture and the extreme value of the artifacts uncovered . La Venta is perhaps the largest Olmec city and it was controlled and expanded by an extremely complex hierarchical system with a king , as the ruler and the elites below him . Priests had power and influence over life and death and likely great political sway as well . Unfortunately , not much is known about the political or social structure of the Olmec , though new dating techniques might , at some point , reveal more information about this elusive culture . It is possible that the signs of status exist in the artifacts recovered at the site such as depictions of feathered headdresses or of individuals wearing a mirror on their chest or forehead . `` High - status objects were a significant source of power in the La Venta polity political power , economic power , and ideological power . They were tools used by the elite to enhance and maintain rights to rulership . '' It has been estimated that La Venta would need to be supported by a population of at least 18,000 people during its principal occupation . To add to the mystique of La Venta , the alluvial soil did not preserve skeletal remains , so it is difficult to observe differences in burials . However , colossal heads provide proof that the elite had some control over the lower classes , as their construction would have been extremely labor - intensive . `` Other features similarly indicate that many laborers were involved . '' In addition , excavations over the years have discovered that different parts of the site were likely reserved for elites and other parts for non-elites . This segregation of the city indicates that there must have been social classes and therefore social inequality . The exact cause of the decline of the Olmec culture is uncertain . Between 400 and 350 BC , the population in the eastern half of the Olmec heartland dropped precipitously . This depopulation was probably the result of serious environmental changes that rendered the region unsuited for large groups of farmers , in particular changes to the riverine environment that the Olmec depended upon for agriculture , hunting and gathering , and transportation . These changes may have been triggered by tectonic upheavals or subsidence , or the silting up of rivers due to agricultural practices . Within a few hundred years of the abandonment of the last Olmec cities , successor cultures became firmly established . The Tres Zapotes site , on the western edge of the Olmec heartland , continued to be occupied well past 400 BC , but without the hallmarks of the Olmec culture . This post-Olmec culture , often labeled Epi - Olmec , has features similar to those found at Izapa , some 550 km ( 330 miles ) to the southeast . The Olmecs are sometimes referred to as the mother culture of Mesoamerica , as they were the first Mesoamerican civilization and laid many of the foundations for the civilizations that followed . However , the causes and degree of Olmec influences on Mesoamerican cultures has been a subject of debate over many decades . Practices introduced by the Olmec include ritual bloodletting and the Mesoamerican ballgame ; hallmarks of subsequent Mesoamerican societies such as the Maya and Aztec . Although the Mesoamerican writing system would fully develop later , early Olmec ceramics show representations that may be interpreted as codices . Timeline The following timeline shows the approximate dates of the emergence of civilization in the featured areas and the primary Neolithic cultures preceding them . It is important to note that the timeline is not indicative of the beginning of human habitation , or the start of a specific ethnic group ; which often occurred significantly earlier than the emergence of civilization proper . Cradle of Western civilization Main articles : Minoan civilization , Mycenaean Greece , Ancient Greece , Ancient Rome , and Classical antiquity The Colosseum and the Acropolis , symbols of the Graeco - Roman world . Via the Roman Empire , Greek culture spread throughout Europe . There is academic consensus that Classical Greece is the seminal culture which provided the foundation of modern Western culture , democracy , art , theatre , philosophy and science . For this reason it is known as the cradle of Western Civilization . Along with Greece , Rome has sometimes been described as a birthplace or as the cradle of Western Civilization because of the role the city had in politics , republicanism , law , architecture , warfare and Western Christianity . See also Chronology of the ancient Near East Cradle of Humankind Human history Notes Jump up ^ See Jump up ^ Jump up ^ Geological research by a group led by Peter Clift investigated how the courses of rivers have changed in this region since 8000 years ago , to test whether climate or river reorganisations caused the decline of the Harappan . Using U-Pb dating of zircon sand grains they found that sediments typical of the Beas , Sutlej and Yamuna rivers ( Himalayan tributaries of the Indus ) are actually present in former Ghaggar - Hakra channels . However , sediment contributions from these glacial - fed rivers stopped at least by 10,000 years ago , well before the development of the Indus civilisation . Jump up ^ Tripathi et al. ( 2004 ) found that the isotopes of sediments carried by the Ghaggar - Hakra system over the last 20 thousand years do not come from the glaciated Higher Himalaya but have a sub-Himalayan source , and concluded that the river system was rain - fed . They also concluded that this contradicted the idea of a Harappan - time mighty `` Sarasvati '' river . Jump up ^ Broke : `` The story in Harappan India was somewhat different ( see Figure 111.3 ) . The Bronze Age village and urban societies of the Indus Valley are some - thing of an anomaly , in that archaeologists have found little indication of local defense and regional warfare . It would seem that the bountiful monsoon rainfall of the Early to Mid-Holocene had forged a condition of plenty for all , and that competitive energies were channeled into commerce rather than conflict . Scholars have long argued that these rains shaped the origins of the urban Harappan societies , which emerged from Neolithic villages around 2600 BC . It now appears that this rainfall began to slowly taper off in the third millennium , at just the point that the Harappan cities began to develop . Thus it seems that this `` first urbanisation '' in South Asia was the initial response of the Indus Valley peoples to the beginning of Late Holocene aridification . These cities were maintained for 300 to 400 years and then gradually abandoned as the Harappan peoples resettled in scattered villages in the eastern range of their territories , into the Punjab and the Ganges Valley ... ' 17 ( footnote ) : a ) Liviu Giosan et al. , `` Fluvial Landscapes of the Harappan Civilization , '' PNAS , 102 ( 2012 ) , E1688 -- E1694 ; ( b ) Camilo Ponton , `` Holocene Aridification of India , '' GRL 39 ( 2012 ) , L03704 ; ( c ) Harunur Rashid et al. , `` Late Glacial to Holocene Indian Summer Monsoon Variability Based upon Sediment Records Taken from the Bay of Bengal , '' Terrestrial , Atmospheric , and Oceanic Sciences 22 ( 2011 ) , 215 -- 28 ; ( d ) Marco Madella and Dorian Q. Fuller , `` Paleoecology and the Harappan Civilization of South Asia : A Reconsideration , '' Quaternary Science Reviews 25 ( 2006 ) , 1283 -- 301 . Compare with the very different interpretations in Possehl , Gregory L. ( 2002 ) , The Indus Civilization : A Contemporary Perspective , Rowman Altamira , pp. 237 -- 245 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7591 - 0172 - 2 , and Michael Staubwasser et al. , `` Climate Change at the 4.2 ka BP Termination of the Indus Valley Civilization and Holocene South Asian Monsoon Variability , '' GRL 30 ( 2003 ) , 1425 . Bar - Matthews and Avner Ayalon , `` Mid-Holocene Climate Variations . '' Jump up ^ Krysztof Makowski , as reported by Mann ( 1491 ) , suggests there is little evidence that Andean civilizations worshipped an overarching deity . The figure may have been carved by a later civilization onto an ancient gourd , as it was found in strata dating between 900 and 1300 AD . References Citations Jump up ^ Charles Keith Maisels ( 1993 ) . 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The Olmecs : America 's First Civilization . London : Thames and Hudson Jump up ^ Beck , Roger B. ; Linda Black , Larry S. Krieger , Phillip C. Naylor , Dahia Ibo Shabaka , ( 1999 ) . World History : Patterns of Interaction . Evanston , IL : McDougal Littell . ISBN 0 - 395 - 87274 - X . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Pool , Christopher A. ( 2007 ) . Olmec Archaeology and Early Mesoamerica . Cambridge World Archaeology . Cambridge and New York : Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ Coe , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Lawler , p. 23 Jump up ^ Pool , p. 193 . Jump up ^ Coe ( 1967 ) , p. 72 . Alternatively , the mutilation of these monuments may be unrelated to the decline and abandonment of San Lorenzo . Some researchers believe that the mutilation had ritualistic aspects , particularly since most mutilated monuments were reburied in a row . Jump up ^ Pool , p. 135 . Diehl , pp. 58 -- 59 , 82 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez Lauck 1996 , p. 80 ^ Jump up to : Colman 2010 Jump up ^ Pohl 2005 , p. 10 Jump up ^ Heizer 1968 Jump up ^ Drucker 1961 , p. 1 Jump up ^ Nagy , Christopher ( 1997 ) . `` The Geoarchaeology of Settlement in the Grijalva Delta '' . In Barbara L. Stark ; Philip J. Arnold III . Olmec to Aztec : Settlement Patterns in the Ancient Gulf Lowlands . Tucson : University of Arizona Press . pp. 253 -- 277 Jump up ^ Coe , Michael D. ( 1968 ) . America 's First Civilization : Discovering the Olmec . New York : The Smithsonian Library . ^ Jump up to : Coe , Michael D. ; Rex Koontz ( 2002 ) . Mexico : from the Olmecs to the Aztecs ( 5th edition , revised and enlarged ed . ) . London and New York : Thames & Hudson . Jump up ^ Wilford , John Noble ; `` Mother Culture , or Only a Sister ? '' , The New York Times , March 15 , 2005 . Jump up ^ John E. Findling ; Kimberly D. Pelle ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of the Modern Olympic Movement . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 23 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 32278 - 5 . Jump up ^ Wayne C. Thompson ; Mark H. Mullin . Western Europe , 1983 . Stryker - Post Publications . p. 337 . for ancient Greece was the cradle of Western culture ... Jump up ^ Frederick Copleston ( 1 June 2003 ) . History of Philosophy Volume 1 : Greece and Rome . A&C Black . p. 13 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 6895 - 6 . PART I PRE-SOCRATIC PHILOSOPHY CHAPTER II THE CRADLE OF WESTERN THOUGHT : Jump up ^ Mario Iozzo ( 2001 ) . Art and History of Greece : And Mount Athos . Casa Editrice Bonechi . p. 7 . ISBN 978 - 88 - 8029 - 435 - 1 . The capital of Greece , one of the world 's most glorious cities and the cradle of Western culture , Jump up ^ Marxiano Melotti ( 25 May 2011 ) . The Plastic Venuses : Archaeological Tourism in Post-Modern Society . Cambridge Scholars Publishing . p. 188 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4438 - 3028 - 7 . In short , Greece , despite having been the cradle of Western culture , was then an `` other '' space separate from the West . Jump up ^ Library Journal . 97 . Bowker. April 1972 . p. 1588 . Ancient Greece : Cradle of Western Culture ( Series ) , disc . 6 strips with 3 discs , range : 44 -- 60 fr. , 17 -- 18 min Jump up ^ Stanley Mayer Burstein ( 2002 ) . Current Issues and the Study of Ancient History . Regina Books . p. 15 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 930053 - 10 - 6 . and making Egypt play the same role in African education and culture that Athens and Greece do in Western culture . Jump up ^ Murray Milner , Jr. ( 8 January 2015 ) . Elites : A General Model . John Wiley & Sons . p. 62 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7456 - 8950 - 0 . Greece has long been considered the seedbed or cradle of Western civilization . Jump up ^ Slavica viterbiensia 003 : Periodico di letterature e culture slave della Facoltà di Lingue e Letterature Straniere Moderne dell'Università della Tuscia . Gangemi Editore spa. 2011 - 11 - 10 . p. 148 . ISBN 978 - 88 - 492 - 6909 - 3 . The Special Case of Greece The ancient Greece was a cradle of the Western culture , Jump up ^ Kim Covert ( 1 July 2011 ) . Ancient Greece : Birthplace of Democracy . Capstone . p. 5 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4296 - 6831 - 6 . Ancient Greece is often called the cradle of western civilization ... Ideas from literature and science also have their roots in ancient Greece . Jump up ^ Henry Turner Inman . `` Rome : the cradle of western civilisation as illustrated by existing monuments '' . Amazon.com . ISBN 9781177738538 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Michael Ed . Grant . `` The Birth Of Western Civilisation , Greece & Rome '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ HUXLEY , George ( et al ) . `` 9780500040034 : The Birth of Western Civilization : Greece and Rome '' . AbeBooks.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Athens . Rome . Jerusalem and Vicinity . Peninsula of Mt . Sinai. : Geographicus Rare Antique Maps '' . Geographicus.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Download This PDF eBooks Free '' ( PDF ) . File104.filthbooks.org . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2016 - 01 - 07 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 04 . Sources Samuel Noah Kramer ( 1959 ) . Anchor Paperback . Doubleday Anchor Books . Samuel Noah Kramer ( 1969 ) . Cradle of Civilization . Little Brown & Co . ISBN 0 - 316 - 32617 - 8 . Georg Feuerstein ( 2001 ) . In Search of the Cradle of Civilization . Quest Books . ISBN 0 - 8356 - 0741 - 0 . Ethel Hofflund ( 2001 ) . The Cradle of Civilization ( Lifepac History & Geography Grade 6 ) . Alpha Omega Publications . ISBN 0 - 86717 - 552 - 4 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cradle_of_civilization&oldid=841050128 '' Categories : Ancient Near East Civilizations History of the Mediterranean Archaeology of the Near East Archaeological terminology Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors CS1 uses Chinese - language script ( zh ) CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . 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who sings all i want is a hippopotamus for christmas			I Want a Hippopotamus for Christmas	i want a hippopotamus for christmas	`` I Want a Hippopotamus for Christmas '' is a Christmas novelty song written by John Rox ( 1902 -- 1957 ) and performed by Gayla Peevey ( 10 years old at the time ) in 1953 . The song peaked at number 24 on Billboard magazine 's pop chart in December 1953 .	Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 B - side 3 Other releases 4 Notes 5 External links History ( edit ) Peevey was a child star ( born in Oklahoma City , Oklahoma ) , before her family moved to Ponca City , Oklahoma , when she was five . When released nationally by Columbia Records the song shot to the top of the charts , and the city zoo acquired a baby hippo named Matilda . Peevey was filmed performing the song on The Ed Sullivan Show in October 1953 , airing on November 15 , 1953 . A video of this performance is available on her website . A popular legend holds that this 1953 hit had been recorded as a fundraiser to bring the city zoo a hippo ; but in a 2007 radio interview with Detroit - based WNIC radio station , Peevey clarified that the song was not originally recorded as a fundraiser . Instead , a local promoter picked up on the popularity of the song and Peevey 's local roots , and launched a campaign to present her with an actual hippopotamus on Christmas . The campaign succeeded , and she was presented with an actual hippopotamus , which she donated to the city zoo . The hippopotamus lived for nearly 50 years . Peevey , by this point 73 years old , was again present when the Oklahoma City Zoo acquired a rare pygmy hippopotamus in 2017 . Gayla Peevey later recorded as Jamie Horton , scoring the Billboard Hot 100 - charter `` My Little Marine '' in 1960 . B - side ( edit ) The B - side of the original 78 featured the song `` Are my Ears on Straight ? '' Other releases ( edit ) It is a Dr. Demento Christmas staple , and is currently available on Dr. Demento 's The Greatest Novelty Records of All Time Vol. 6 : Christmas . A version by Vicki Dale and the Peter Pan Orchestra was released in 1953 . The Three Stooges also recorded a version in 1959 . Bob Keeshan , as Captain Kangaroo , recorded a version of the song in the 1960s . Captain & Tennille included a version on their 2007 album The Secret of Christmas , and it was released as a single the same year . The American pop band Jonas Brothers covered the song live in 2007 at the Radio Disney Jingle Jam in Katy , Texas . In the 2007 Sesame Street Christmas special `` Elmo 's Christmas Countdown '' , Big Bird sang a duet of the song with Anne Hathaway . However , in that version , they replaced hippopotamus with Snuffleupagus . Country music singer Gretchen Wilson recorded a rendition in late 2009 . It debuted at No. 54 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs charts dated for January 2 , 2010 . It is included on her album Christmas in My Heart , released in 2013 . American recording artist LeAnn Rimes released her cover of the song as a digital single for her EP , One Christmas : Chapter 1 ( 2014 ) . In 2016 , country music artist Kacey Musgraves recorded a version for her album A Very Kacey Christmas . A version was also recorded by the British entertainer Terry Hall and his puppet Lenny The Lion . Lake Street Dive recorded a version on Holidays Rule ( Vol. 2 ) released on October 13 , 2017 by Capitol Records , UMG Recordings . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Local Song Writer Dies '' , The Winterset Madisonian ( Winterset , Iowa ) , August 14 , 1957 . Jump up ^ `` Alice Pearce 's Nuptials '' , The New York Times , May 23 , 1948 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ `` John R. Rox '' ( sic ) , The New York Times , August 6 , 1957 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ `` John J. Rox , Song Writer '' , The Washington Post , August 8 , 1957 , p . B - 2 . Jump up ^ `` John Jefferson Rox '' in Notable Names in the American Theatre . James T. White & Co. , 1976 . ISBN 0 - 88371 - 018 - 8 . Jump up ^ Renewal registration RE0000084409 , February 23 , 1981 , of `` I Want a Hippopotamus for Christmas '' , by John Jefferson Rox , U.S. Copyright Office database on - line . Jump up ^ John J. Rox in : National Archives and Records Administration . U.S. World War II Army Enlistment Records , 1938 -- 1946 ( database on - line ) . Provo , UT , USA : The Generations Network , Inc. , 2005 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Christmas in the Charts ( 1920 -- 2004 ) . Wisconsin : Record Research Inc. p. 53 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 161 - 6 . Jump up ^ Gayla Peevey biography Jump up ^ `` The Ed Sullivan Show '' . The official site by Gayla Peevey . Retrieved December 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Breakfast Club '' morning show . WNIC , Detroit , MI . December 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` ' I Want a Hippopotamus for Christmas ' Singer Welcomes Hippo to Oklahoma City Zoo '' . Associated Press . December 12 , 2017 . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas Music Coundown : Day 9.5 '' , The Portland Mercury . December 15 , 2010 . Retrieved November 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dale , Vicki ; The Peter Pan Orchestra ( 1953 ) . I Want A Hippopotamus For Christmas ( FLAC , MP3 , Ogg ) format = requires url = ( help ) ( 78 rpm record ) . Peter Pan Records . Recording on the Internet Archive . Jump up ^ `` The Three Stooges -- Records '' . Retrieved May 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` I Want a Hippopotamus for Christmas - Single by LeAnn Rimes '' . Apple Inc . Retrieved October 19 , 2014 -- via iTunes Store . Jump up ^ Conaway , Alanna ( August 8 , 2014 ) . `` LeAnn Rimes Has a New Album , a New Reality TV Show and a New Attitude ( 2014 ) '' . Country Weekly . American Media , Inc . Retrieved October 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Holiday Rules ( Vol 2 ) '' . Track 11 I Want a Hippopotamus For Christmas . Apple Inc . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Want_a_Hippopotamus_for_Christmas&oldid=827595198 '' Categories : 1953 songs 2009 singles Christmas novelty songs American Christmas songs Songs about animals Columbia Records singles Hidden categories : Articles with Internet Archive links Pages using citations with format and no URL Use mdy dates from September 2012 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from August 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 25 February 2018 , at 17 : 12 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%20Want%20a%20Hippopotamus%20for%20Christmas	3,219
when is attack on titan season 2 episode 13 airing			List of Attack on Titan episodes	list of attack on titan episodes	Attack on Titan is an anime series adapted from the manga of the same title by Hajime Isayama . It is set in a world where humanity lives inside cities surrounded by enormous walls due to the Titans , gigantic humanoid beings who devour humans seemingly without reason . The story follows the adventures of Eren Yeager , his adopted friend Mikasa Ackerman , and their friend Armin Arlert , whose lives are changed forever after a Colossal Titan breaches the wall of their home town . Vowing revenge and to reclaim the world from the Titans , Eren and his friends join the Survey Corps , an elite group of soldiers who fight Titans .	Produced by IG Port 's Wit Studio and directed by Tetsurō Araki , Attack on Titan was broadcast on the Mainichi Broadcasting System from April 7 to September 29 , 2013 , and later aired on Tokyo MX , FBS , TOS , HTB , TVA and BS11 . Both Funimation and Crunchyroll have streamed the series with subtitles on their respective websites . Funimation has also licensed the anime for home video release in 2014 . Episode 1 of the English version premiered at Anime Boston , with other episodes put on Funimation 's subscription services . On television of the series has broadcast weekly on Adult Swim 's Toonami block on May 3 , 2014 , starting at 11 : 30 p.m. EST . From episode 1 to 13 , the anime 's opening theme song is `` Feuerroter Pfeil und Bogen '' ( 紅蓮の弓矢 , Guren no Yumiya , lit . `` Crimson Bow and Arrow '' ) by Linked Horizon and the ending theme song is `` Utsukushiki Zankoku na Sekai '' ( 美しき残酷な世界 , lit . `` A Beautiful Cruel World '' ) by Yōko Hikasa . From episode 14 to 25 , the anime 's opening theme song is `` Die Flügel der Freiheit '' ( 自由の翼 , Jiyū no Tsubasa , lit . `` The Wings of Freedom '' ) by Linked Horizon and the ending theme song is `` great escape '' by Cinema Staff . The opening themes were collected on Linked Horizon 's single `` Jiyū e no Shingeki '' which sold over 100 thousand copies in its first week of sales . A second season premiered on April 1 , 2017 on MBS and other television networks . Funimation and Crunchyroll are streaming the second season on their respective websites , with Adult Swim airing a dubbed version . The opening theme song is `` Opfert eure Herzen ! '' ( 心臓を捧げよ ! , Shinzō o Sasageyo ! , lit . `` Dedicate Your Hearts ! '' ) by Linked Horizon and the ending theme song is `` Yūgure no Tori '' ( 夕暮れの鳥 ) by Shinsei Kamattechan . On June 17 , 2017 , a third season was announced at the close of the second season 's final episode , with a release date slated for April 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episode list 2.1 Season 1 ( 2013 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 3 Special episodes 3.1 OVA episodes 3.2 Bonus shorts 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 25 April 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 07 ) September 29 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 29 ) 12 April 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 01 ) June 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 17 ) Episode list ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date English airdate `` To You , in 2000 Years : The Fall of Shiganshina , Part 1 '' `` Ni - sen Nen - go no Kimi e - Shiganshina Kanraku ( 1 ) - '' ( 二千年後の君へ ― シガンシナ陥落 1 ― ) Hiroyuki Tanaka Tetsurō Araki Yasuko Kobayashi April 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 07 ) May 3 , 2014 For over a century , humans have been living in settlements surrounded by three gigantic walls , which prevent the Titans , giant humanoid creatures who eat humans , from entering . Young Eren Yeager , of the town of Shiganshina , wishes to see the outside world by joining the Survey Corps , as he likens living in the cities to livestock . Despite this , his adopted sister Mikasa Ackerman and their mother Carla Yeager are against him joining the Scouts . Even after seeing the Scouts return home with large casualties , Eren expresses his interest to join which impresses his father Grisha Yeager . After Eren and Mikasa rescue their friend Armin Arlert from a group of delinquents due to his views that the walls will not protect them forever , a Titan much taller than the walls ( later named the Colossal Titan ) suddenly appears and knocks down the gate to Shiganshina , which lies in the outer edge of Wall Maria ) , allowing smaller Titans to enter . As the town erupts into mass panic , Eren and Mikasa rush to their home to find their mother pinned under their collapsed house . Carla begs them to flee , but they refuse until the city guard Hannes arrives and takes them away . Eren watches in horror as the Smiling Titan eats Carla . `` That Day : The Fall of Shiganshina , Part 2 '' `` Sono Hi - Shiganshina Kanraku ( 2 ) - '' ( その日 ― シガンシナ陥落 2 ― ) Masashi Koizuka Yasuko Kobayashi April 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 14 ) May 10 , 2014 Hannes apologizes to Eren for not saving his mother , admitting he was afraid of the Titan and that both Eren and Mikasa are still weak children . Some of the Shiganshina townsfolk escape to the inner Wall Maria while the soldiers try to hold off the Titans . The soldiers try to close the gate , but one of the Titans ( later named the Armored Titan ) rams the gate , breaching inner Wall Maria , and causing those inside to retreat even further inside Wall Rose . Some time later , Eren has a strange dream in which his grieving father forcefully gives him an injection and his key before being woken up by Mikasa . Eren grows disgusted with the people of Wall Rose as the latter do not like sharing their food or homes with the refugees . During the next year , as a food shortage becomes apparent , the government orders the refugees to either work on the farms or fight to reclaim Wall Maria . About 250,000 people , 20 % of the populace choose to fight but they are wiped out by the Titans . Eren vows revenge and joins the army along with Mikasa and Armin . `` A Dim Light Amid Despair : Humanity 's Comeback , Part 1 '' `` Zetsubō no Naka de Nibuku Hikaru - Jinrui no Saiki ( 1 ) - '' ( 絶望の中で鈍く光る ― 人類の再起 1 ― ) Kiyoshi Fukumoto Hiroshi Seko April 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 21 ) May 17 , 2014 The drill instructor Keith Shardis inspects the new recruits and provides a barrage of verbal insults . When he comes across Sasha Braus , who is eating a potato , he punishes her by having her run around the camp until sunset and not giving her any food or drink . Eren develops a rivalry with Jean Kirschtein , who desires a safe and easy position in the Military Police within the inner city walls . The recruits train on an Omni - directional Mobility Gear apparatus , where they have to balance themselves while suspended on cables . After Eren has trouble balancing , he asks Reiner Braun and Bertolt Hoover for help and discover they too are among the few who have personally encountered Titans . The next day , Eren balances on the apparatus but falls , however Keith discovers that Eren 's apparatus was defective and passes him after a retry with different equipment . `` The Night of the Closing Ceremony : Humanity 's Comeback , Part 2 '' `` Kaisan Shiki no Yoru - Jinrui no Saiki ( 2 ) - '' ( 解散式の夜 ― 人類の再起 2 ― ) Makoto Bessho Yasuko Kobayashi April 28 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 28 ) May 24 , 2014 Five years since Wall Maria fell , Keith evaluates the recruits for their strengths and weaknesses . After training in hand - to - hand combat with Reiner and Annie Leonhart , Eren learns later that night that Jean and several other recruits hope to join the Military Police to avoid having to fight Titans . On graduation day , Eren and Mikasa rank among the top ten of their class . They are eligible to join the Military Police , but Eren declines and announces that he is joining the Survey Corps on the front lines , leading Armin and Mikasa to join him . They are assigned to the Trost District , one of the cities which is at the outer edge of Wall Rose , where they discover other classmates have joined . The Colossal Titan appears and breaches the gate . Once Eren regains his composure , he takes command and orders a counterattack . 5 5 `` First Battle : The Struggle for Trost , Part 1 '' `` Uijin - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 1 ) - '' ( 初陣 ― トロスト区攻防戦 1 ― ) Shinpei Ezaki Hiroshi Seko May 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 05 ) May 31 , 2014 As Eren attacks the Colossal Titan , it destroys the wall 's cannons , revealing itself to be intelligent . As Eren prepares to attack its weak point , it inexplicably vanishes in a burst of steam . The Military Police scrambles to evacuate the people of the Trost District and set up defenses before the Titans enter the city . Eren calms Armin and Jean , who both start having nervous breakdowns due to the approaching Titans . Assigned by Commander Kitts Woerman of the Garrison to different squads , Mikasa helps with the evacuation while Eren and Armin provide backup at the front lines . Despite Mikasa 's protest of wanting to stay and protect Eren , he convinces her to do her duty after promising her he will not die . With the Titans now in the city , Eren recalls his lessons that in order to kill a Titan , they must strike the nape of its neck . As Eren and Armin 's squad attack , one by one their comrades are killed or eaten by the Titans , with Eren himself losing his left leg . Armin , paralyzed with fear upon seeing his comrades ' fates , is picked up by a bearded Titan and almost swallowed . As Eren recalls his past , where he and Armin wished to see the world outside the walls , he manages to drag and toss Armin out of the Bearded Titan 's mouth at the last moment . Eren reaches for Armin with his left arm out of the Bearded Titan 's mouth , but the bearded Titan closes its jaws , severing Eren 's arm and swallowing him . 6 6 `` The World the Girl Saw : The Struggle for Trost , Part 2 '' `` Shōjo ga Mita Sekai - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 2 ) - '' ( 少女が見た世界 ― トロスト区攻防戦 2 ― ) Tomomi Ikeda Hiroshi Seko May 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 12 ) June 7 , 2014 Armin awakens to find himself surrounded by Connie Springer , Krista Lenz and Ymir . When Armin breaks down in tears after Connie asks what happened to his squad , Ymir correctly deduces that they are all dead . As Armin heads back to the rear guard , he blames himself for being weak and not saving Eren . Meanwhile , a greedy merchant tries to force his cargo into the city 's exit gate and refuses to allow the refugees to go first . As the crowd grows impatient , an Abnormal Titan suddenly approaches but is killed by Mikasa right before it can reach the crowd . When she realizes the merchant is the cause of the holdup at the gate , she threatens him into moving his cargo for the refugees . As she is thanked by a mother and daughter , Mikasa has a flashback . In the year 844 , a year before the fall of Wall Maria , Mikasa is targeted by slave traders , who murder her parents in a struggle . After Grisha and Eren discover the dead bodies while making a visit , Grisha orders Eren to return home . Instead , Eren tracks down the slave traders to a nearby hut and kills two of them in an attempt to save Mikasa . However , the third slave trader appears and begins strangling Eren , who tells Mikasa to kill the man if she wants to live , which she does after overcoming her fear and gaining resolve . Eventually , the children are found by the Military Police . As Mikasa cries that she has no home to go back to , she is invited to live with Grisha and Eren , who gives her a red scarf to wear . Back in the present , Mikasa slays more Titans and goes to help the other squads evacuate . 7 7 `` Small Blade : The Struggle for Trost , Part 3 '' `` Chiisana Yaiba - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 3 ) - '' ( 小さな刃 ― トロスト区攻防戦 3 ― ) Yuzuru Tachikawa Hiroshi Seko May 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 19 ) June 14 , 2014 The surviving squads , unable to reach the inner walls due to their Omni - directional Mobility Gears being low on gas , lose their fighting spirit as the nearby supply depot is overrun by Titans . Mikasa learns from Armin that his entire squad perished , including Eren . Seemingly unfazed , Mikasa rallies the others to reclaim the supply depot , and they are inspired to join her in the attack . Mikasa ends up running out of gas mid-air and falls into an alleyway , leading Jean to assume command . However , he loses his nerve when he sees some of his comrades being eaten by Titans . As a blonde Titan approaches Mikasa , she at first accepts her fate but instinctively starts fighting back after remembering Eren 's words of perseverance . As she prepares to attack with her only remaining broken blade , another Titan appears behind her and brutally kills the blonde Titan , much to her confusion . Armin and Connie show up , and they are all shocked to see the Rogue Titan not only fighting other Titans , but also showing knowledge of their weak point and using hand - to - hand combat techniques , while completely ignoring the humans . Armin gives Mikasa his gas tanks and blades so that she can support the others at the supply depot . Mikasa , however , refuses to leave him behind and ponders on the Rogue Titan 's strange behavior . 8 8 `` I Can Hear His Heartbeat : The Struggle for Trost , Part 4 '' `` Shinzō no Kodō ga Kikoeru - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 4 ) - '' ( 心臓の鼓動が聞こえる ― トロスト区攻防戦 4 ― ) Satonobu Kikuchi Shinpei Ezaki Tatsuma Minamikawa Noboru Takagi May 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 26 ) June 21 , 2014 With the supply depot area swarming with Titans , Armin has the idea of using the Rogue Titan to defeat them . Mikasa and Connie agree with his plan and defeat the Titans attacking it , before rushing to the depot . Meanwhile , Jean and the others reach the supply depot despite suffering more casualties on the way , with Armin , Mikasa and Connie arriving soon after . Armin 's plan works , but while the Rogue Titan is able to attract the enemies outside , seven smaller Titans remain in the fuel storage area . With their equipment out of fuel , Armin devises another plan . The survivors draw the Titans ' attention to an elevator and shoot them in the eyes to blind them , while seven of them jump from the ceiling to finish them off . Sasha and Connie fail to kill their targets but are saved by Mikasa and Annie . Having successfully replenished their fuel , the soldiers prepare to retreat , but they see the Rogue Titan defeating all of the other Titans before collapsing , and much to their shock , watch Eren emerge from its body . Mikasa reaches Eren and cries upon confirming that he is alive , while Armin notices that his severed leg and arm have somehow regenerated as well . 9 9 `` Whereabouts of His Left Arm : The Struggle for Trost , Part 5 '' `` Hidariude no Yukue - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 5 ) - '' ( 左腕の行方 ― トロスト区攻防戦 5 ― ) Yoshiyuki Fujiwara Yasuko Kobayashi June 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 02 ) June 28 , 2014 Captain Levi of the Survey Corps and his squad successfully retake a town from the Titans until they are called to an emergency at the Trost District as the Titans have invaded the city . It is revealed that when Eren was eaten and swallowed by the bearded Titan , he found himself in its stomach along with the bodies of its victims , one of whom was still alive . His rage at the Titans caused him to burst out of the bearded Titan 's stomach by transforming into a Titan himself and going on a rampage against them . To Eren 's confusion when regaining consciousness , Kitts 's men aim their weapons at him . Although Eren 's comrades saw him emerge from the Rogue Titan , they all agreed to keep it a secret and bring him back inside Wall Rose . However , Kitts also witnessed this and has his men corner Eren , but Armin and Mikasa defend him . Kitts accuses Eren of actually being a Titan in disguise , but Eren has no memories of becoming a Titan or how his limbs grew back . Even though Eren claims he is human , Kitts fearfully orders the cannons to fire on the three of them . As they try to escape , Eren recalls hazy memories of his father giving him an injection , telling him to reclaim Wall Maria and go to their home 's basement with his key . In order to protect Mikasa and Armin from the cannons , Eren partially transforms himself into the Rogue Titan , sheltering them inside his ribs . 10 10 `` Response : The Struggle for Trost , Part 6 '' `` Kotaeru - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 6 ) - '' ( 応える ― トロスト区攻防戦 6 ― ) Hiroyuki Tanaka Hiroshi Seko June 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 09 ) July 12 , 2014 After partially transforming himself to protect Mikasa and Armin , Eren climbs out of the Titan to talk with the two regarding the basement in his former house and how he believes that it holds the secret to mankind 's preservation and the key to destroying the Titans . Kitts is still afraid and once again orders the cannon to be loaded . Eren comes up with two plans of escape . The first is for him to transform into a Titan and run away on his own , forever criminalizing himself in the eyes of humanity . The second is to have Armin convince Kitts that Eren is an asset , not a danger . Armin has several flashbacks and comes to the realization that even though he is physically weak and cowardly , he can still defend his friends , and decides to try and talk their way out of being executed . Armin tentatively convinces Kitts , only to have him be overcome by fear and give the order to fire once more . The order is halted when Commander Dot Pyxis and his men intervene , sparing their lives . In return , Pyxis asks Eren if he will transform himself to block the gap in Wall Rose to prevent more Titans from getting in . Eren agrees , regardless of whether or not he will be able to control his Titan form . 11 11 `` Idol : The Struggle for Trost , Part 7 '' `` Gūzō - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 7 ) - '' ( 偶像 ― トロスト区攻防戦 7 ― ) Kiyoshi Fukumoto Hiroshi Seko June 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 16 ) July 19 , 2014 As Armin helps Pyxis 's subordinates coordinate a plan , morale among the troops begin to drop , as some want to desert and be with their families . Pyxis silences everyone by reminding them that if they abandon this chance to finally win against the Titans , they will be subjecting their families to their terror , which convinces the troops to stay . Claiming that Eren is the result of a secret project to turn humans into Titans , Pyxis plans to have most of the troops gather at a far corner of the Trost District to lure most of the Titans away while Eren in Titan form carries the giant boulder to seal the hole . Along with Mikasa , Eren will be guarded during the mission by three of the best elites of the Garrison : Ian Dietrich , Rico Brzenska and Mitabi Jarnach . As they approach the giant boulder , Rico , who is doubtful of the mission 's success and does not completely trust Eren , reminds him that many lives are at stake . Finally reaching the boulder , Eren transforms himself into a Titan , only to suddenly attack Mikasa . 12 12 `` Wound : The Struggle for Trost , Part 8 '' `` Kizu - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 8 ) - '' ( 傷 ― トロスト区攻防戦 8 ― ) Shintaro Itoga Noboru Takagi June 23 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 23 ) July 26 , 2014 Mikasa tries to reason with Eren in Titan form , but to no avail . Eren continues his attack and accidentally incapacitates himself , slumping to the ground . The squad protecting Eren sends up a red flare to signal that the plan has failed , much to the dismay of the troops observing from the wall . As Armin heads toward Eren to investigate , the elite squadron argues and eventually agrees to protect Eren instead of abandoning him , still recognizing him as a valuable military asset . During the operation , Jean is separated from Connie and Annie after his Omni - directional Mobility Gear malfunctions , forcing him to hide from two Titans in a building . Armin reaches the unconscious Eren , but Mikasa calls to him , warning that he is in a dangerous state . Armin plunges his sword into the side of Eren 's neck , which briefly awakens him . As Armin speaks to him of the outside world and reminds him of his promise to kill all the Titans , Eren leaves his dreamlike state and regains control . 13 13 `` Primal Desire : The Struggle for Trost , Part 9 '' `` Genshoteki Yokkyū - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 9 ) - '' ( 原初的欲求 ― トロスト区攻防戦 9 ― ) Masashi Koizuka Noboru Takagi June 30 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 30 ) August 2 , 2014 Jean manages to acquire another set of Omni - directional Mobility Gear from a dead soldier and escapes , thanks to Annie , Connie and Marco Bott distracting the Titans . With Eren in Titan form now fully awake and carrying the boulder towards the gate as planned , Ian orders everyone to protect Eren from the Titans at all costs , with many of them sacrificing their lives in the process . Eren finally blocks the open gate with the boulder , and a tearful Rico , the only remaining member of the elite squad , fires a yellow flare to signal that the operation was a success . As Armin tries to pull Eren from his Titan body , they are cornered by two Titans but are then saved by the timely arrival of Levi . With the gate finally sealed , the army eliminates all of the Titans remaining in the Trost District except two , which are captured for research . As the army counts their casualties , a shocked Jean finds Marco 's dead and half - eaten body , Sasha 's group is horrified to find a pile of corpses regurgitated from a Titan , and Annie mourns one of her dead comrades . Meanwhile , Eren is chained in a cell guarded by the Military Police , where he is visited by Levi and Commander Erwin Smith of the Survey Corps . After listening to his story and reasons for wanting the Titans dead , Levi allows Eren to join his squad under his command , though Eren is warned that Levi would personally kill him if he ever betrays the squad or loses control again . 13.5 13.5 `` Since That Day '' `` Ano Hi kara '' ( あの日から ) Hiroyuki Tanaka -- July 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 07 ) -- This is a recap episode of the events during the first thirteen episodes . 14 14 `` Ca n't Look Into His Eyes Yet : Eve of the Counterattack , Part 1 '' `` Mada Me o Mirenai - Hangeki Zen'ya ( 1 ) - '' ( まだ目を見れない ― 反撃前夜 1 ― ) Keisuke Onishi Shinpei Ezaki Yasuko Kobayashi July 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 14 ) August 9 , 2014 When word spreads about a Titan siding with humankind , the populace is divided over whether Eren is their savior or their end . Eren is brought to a military tribunal to be judged by Commander - in - Chief Darius Zackly , who will decide whether Eren should be given to the Military Police or the Survey Corps , both of whom have their own reasons for wanting him . The Military Police wants Eren killed as he is seen by them as a menace , while the Survey Corps wants to use him to retake Wall Maria . As both sides get into heated arguments over Eren 's Titan powers , one of the merchants siding with the Military Police accuses Mikasa of being a Titan as well , much to Eren 's anger . When Eren calls out the Military Police and their supporters for their cowardice , one of them prepares to shoot him , only for Levi to beat Eren down . Despite being brutally beaten , he does not transform into a Titan , which Levi uses to show to the court that the Survey Corps can control Eren , and proposes that he is to be made part of his squad . In the end , Zackly gives Eren to the Survey Corps where Erwin and Hange Zoë welcome him . As Eren is getting treatment for his wounds , they discover that he grew back a tooth knocked out during Levi 's beating . 15 15 `` Special Operations Squad : Eve of the Counterattack , Part 2 '' `` Tokubetsu Sakusen - han - Hangeki Zen'ya ( 2 ) - '' ( 特別作戦班 ― 反撃前夜 2 ― ) Kiyoshi Fukumoto Hiroshi Seko July 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 21 ) August 16 , 2014 Levi and his Special Operations Squad , composed of Petra Ral , Oluo Bozado , Eld Jinn and Gunther Schultz , who are all elites chosen by him , bring Eren to the old Survey Corps headquarters where Eren will learn to control his Titan 's power under their watch . As Levi orders the castle to be cleaned , Petra assures Eren that despite his rude and harsh demeanor , Levi does care about the people under his command . Meanwhile , Erwin and Mike Zacharias discuss the new recruits joining the Survey Corps and how they must prove Eren 's usefulness to Military Command within a month . While discussing his powers with Levi 's squad , Hange arrives and asks Eren to help her in her experiments with the two Titans they have captured , which she named Sawney and Beane . Hange is revealed to have an obsession with Titans where she treats them like people despite the many times she puts herself in danger . During her all night talks with Eren , she reveals that the Titans need sunlight to survive and their bodies are disproportionately light despite their size . But the next day , the Survey Corps discover Sawney and Beane have been killed . As Hange mourns for them , the Survey Corps deduce that the culprit is a soldier who escaped using their Omni - directional Mobility Gear , which makes Eren wonder who their true enemy is . 16 16 `` What Needs to be Done Now : Eve of the Counterattack , Part 3 '' `` Ima , Nani o Subeki ka - Hangeki Zen'ya ( 3 ) - '' ( 今、何をすべきか ― 反撃前夜 3 ― ) Keisuke Onishi Yasushi Muroya Yasuko Kobayashi July 28 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 28 ) August 23 , 2014 As the recruits are investigated over Sawney and Beane 's deaths , Annie , who will be joining the Military Police later , gives advice to Armin and Connie that it is their choice to decide on which branch of the military they join . The recruits from the 104th are later greeted by Commander Erwin at the ' Decision Ceremony ' , where he tells them that the goal of the Survey Corps 's expedition the following month is to reclaim Shiganshina and find the secret hidden in Eren 's home basement . After telling the recruits of the Survey Corps 's high mortality rate during each expedition , Erwin tells the recruits that they may stay and join them or leave to join the other branches . Most recruits leave , but Jean joins the Survey Corps in honor of Marco with others joining him as well including Mikasa , Armin , Reiner , Bertolt , Connie , Sasha , Krista and Ymir , despite their fears . As the Survey Corps prepare themselves for the expedition , Eren is reunited with his friends and learns what happened to the others . Jean questions whether Eren can truly control his Titan powers as they are risking their lives for him . With everything ready , the Survey Corps begin their 57th Expedition beyond the walls . 17 17 `` Female Titan : The 57th Exterior Scouting Mission , Part 1 '' `` Megata no Kyojin - Dai Gojū - Nana Kai Hekigai Chōsa ( 1 ) - '' ( 女型の巨人 ― 第 57 回壁外調査 1 ― ) Daisuke Tokudo Masashi Koizuka Hiroshi Seko August 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 04 ) September 6 , 2014 As the expedition gets underway , the Survey Corps assemble into their ' Long - Range Scouting Formation ' wherein the Scouts spread out around the main wagon train and report by flare gun if a Titan is nearby so the group can steer to avoid them and avoid conflict if possible . After Armin 's squad manages to kill an Abnormal Titan , a Titan with a feminine body suddenly appears from the right flank at high speed . Much to Armin 's shock , the Female Titan 's body can withstand their blades and is intelligent enough to kill his seniors easily . The Female Titan captures Armin but after removing his hood and seeing his face , she leaves him alive and continues running . Armin is picked up by Reiner and Jean , who reveals that their right flank was wiped out by the Titans , which makes Armin realize it was the Female Titan 's work and she is possibly another Titan Shifter like Eren . When the three of them give conflicting sources on where Eren is in the formation , they realize the Female Titan 's target is Eren and they must stop her . Despite their failed attempts to attack , she leaves them and heads towards the centre . 18 18 `` Forest of Giant Trees : The 57th Exterior Scouting Mission , Part 2 '' `` Kyodaiju no Mori - Dai Gojū - Nana Kai Hekigai Chōsa ( 2 ) - '' ( 巨大樹の森 ― 第 57 回壁外調査 2 ― ) Hiroyuki Tanaka Shin Wakabayashi Hiroshi Seko August 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 11 ) September 13 , 2014 Armin , Reiner and Jean are left stranded after their encounter with the Female Titan leaves them with only one horse , but they are soon saved by Krista , who arrives with extra horses . They wait for the order to withdraw , but to their surprise , they discover their operation is continuing albeit heading in a different direction . Meanwhile , news reaches the center group about their right flank being annihilated by the Female Titan as the latter continues to wreak havoc within the formation . Soon , the whole formation reaches the Forest of Giant Trees with only the center row entering it while the rest defend the forest from Titans . Eren realizes something is wrong when his squad has no idea what Erwin 's orders are and what Levi is doing . As the Female Titan chases them at their heels , the squad desperately await Levi 's command to attack , but Levi instead tells his squad to cover their ears as he fires his flare gun . 19 19 `` Bite : The 57th Exterior Scouting Mission , Part 3 '' `` Kamitsuku - Dai Gojū - Nana Kai Hekigai Chōsa ( 3 ) - '' ( 噛み付く ― 第 57 回壁外調査 3 ― ) Kiyoshi Fukumoto Tomomi Ikeda Noboru Takagi August 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 18 ) September 20 , 2014 Levi fires a noise round and tells the squad to keep moving forward . With more of the rearguard getting killed by the Female Titan , Eren begs his squad to let him fight , but they tell him to trust Levi 's decision . As he considers turning himself into his Titan form , Levi tells him to choose to either rely on his own strength or believe in his squad mates . Eren starts remembering when Hange , Levi and his squad had him try to transform into a Titan for experimental purposes but was unable to . During a break when he tried to pick up a teaspoon , Eren suddenly partially transformed , much to the squad 's shock . They almost attacked him but Levi ordered them to stand down . Hange deduced that Eren is able to transform into a Titan not by solely injuring himself but also due to his desire to fulfill his goals . The squad apologized to Eren and told him they should trust each other . Remembering this , Eren decides to trust his squad 's plan . It is then revealed that Levi 's squad is bait to lure the Female Titan into an ambush where Erwin and his men fire hundreds of grappling hooks at the Female Titan , trapping her . Levi leaves his squad to meet up with Erwin to find out the identity of the Female Titan . 20 20 `` Erwin Smith : The 57th Exterior Scouting Mission , Part 4 '' `` Eruvin Sumisu - Dai Gojū - Nana Kai Hekigai Chōsa ( 4 ) '' ( エルヴィン・スミス ― 第 57 回壁外調査 4 ― ) Shintaro Itoga Yasuko Kobayashi August 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 25 ) September 27 , 2014 With the Female Titan restrained , Erwin and Levi try to figure out its identity with no success as it is able to crystallize its skin to prevent them from cutting out the human inside . Armin , Jean and the rest of Levi 's squad realize it was Erwin 's plan to use Eren as bait to draw out the mole within the army who joined them after the Walls fell and only told his real plan to those who were part of the Survey Corps before the fall . Meanwhile , the others wonder about what is happening inside the forest , and Levi taunts the Female Titan , prompting her to give a loud scream that draws all Titans in the vicinity to her . Despite the Survey Corps 's attempt to stop them , the Titans ignore the humans and eat the Female Titan 's body in a frenzy , which makes Erwin call off the expedition . However , knowing that there is no confirmation that the mole has also been eaten by the Titans , Erwin orders Levi to regroup with his squad , while the mole , disguised as a cloaked Survey Corps member , attacks Levi 's squad and kills Günther . 21 21 `` Crushing Blow : The 57th Exterior Scouting Mission , Part 5 '' `` Tettsui - Dai Gojū - Nana Kai Hekigai Chōsa ( 5 ) - '' ( 鉄槌 ― 第 57 回壁外調査 5 ― ) Hiroyuki Tanaka Yasushi Muroya Noboru Takagi September 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 01 ) October 4 , 2014 Erwin tells Hange that it was a mistake to think all humans who can transform into Titans are like Eren since the Female Titan has unique abilities far beyond that of a novice , while elsewhere the mole transforms into the Female Titan and chases after Levi 's squad . Armin theorizes the mole is someone who had seen Eren transform during the invasion of the Trost District . Eren wants to transform into his Titan form , but the squad tells him to trust in their skills and keep moving forward . Petra , Oluo and Eld manage to blind the Female Titan and attempt to cut off her arms and kill her . However , the Female Titan manages to quickly regenerate her right eye and kills the three . Seeing his comrades dead , a grieving Eren transforms into his Titan form , which gets Mikasa and Levi 's attention . Believing his comrades and squad 's death could have been avoided if he had transformed in the first place , Eren fights the Female Titan in a long battle . The Female Titan finally defeats Eren by taking off his head and swallowing his human body . Mikasa attempts to stop the Female Titan , but to no avail . She is later joined by Levi , who tells her to keep their distance , as the Female Titan is getting tired . 22 22 `` Defeated : The 57th Exterior Scouting Mission , Part 6 '' `` Haisha - tachi - Dai Gojū - Nana Kai Hekigai Chōsa ( 6 ) - '' ( 敗者達 ― 第 57 回壁外調査 6 ― ) Makoto Bessho Shinpei Ezaki Noboru Takagi September 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 08 ) October 11 , 2014 Levi , who orders Mikasa to distract the Female Titan in order to get Eren back , successfully debilitates the Female Titan at high speeds , but he injures his leg in the process when saving Mikasa from the Female Titan after leaving herself vulnerable when attempting to finish off . Mikasa then goes with Levi , who retrieves Eren from inside the mouth of the Female Titan , leaving it badly wounded and slumped against a tree . The Survey Corps mournfully retrieve the corpses of their fallen comrades , with Erwin ordering that the lost corpses be reported missing in action . However , a Scout named Dieter retrieves the corpse of his friend Ivan against this direct order , which draws the attention of two Titans to the retreating Survey Corps . Mikasa kills one of the Titans to save Dieter , who loses both Ivan 's corpse and his friend Jurgen . In order to outrun the remaining Titan , Levi reluctantly orders some of the corpses , including Petra 's , be disposed of in order to lighten the wagon 's load . Later , Eren wakes up from a dream of his past to find himself and the Survey Corps back at town , safely behind Wall Sina . He becomes angry upon hearing the townspeople berate the Survey Corps 's ineptitude , until he sees a boy who admires their bravery , which sends him into tears . All the while , a shocked Levi is questioned by Petra 's father over his daughter 's whereabouts , who reveals that Petra planned on devoting her life to Levi . The townspeople also become enraged and upset at Erwin over the failure of the mission and the casualties that were sustained . As a result of the failed expedition , Erwin and his subordinates are summoned to the capital , where the final decision of Eren 's custody will be made . 23 23 `` Smile : Assault on Stohess , Part 1 '' `` Hohoemi - Sutohesu - ku Kyūshū ( 1 ) - '' ( 微笑み ― ストヘス区急襲 1 ― ) Hirokazu Yamada Hiroshi Seko September 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 15 ) October 18 , 2014 Annie has a dream of being trained by her father before waking up . In the Stohess District of Wall Sina , the Military Police are ordered to escort the Survey Corps convoy once they enter the capital . The Military Police are shown to be lazy and corrupt ; one of Annie 's colleagues , Hitch Dreyse , reveals that she joined the police for that reason . Another colleague named Marlowe Freudenberg is disgusted , revealing he joined the Military Police so he could reform it to become a better organization , which Annie respects since he reminds her of Eren . After the convoy has entered the Stohess District , Annie is secretly called by Armin in the alleyways . Armin asks for her help , as he is helping Eren escape the capital , and the one riding in the convoy is actually Jean in disguise . Although refusing at first , she finally agrees after Armin begs again , believing she is a good person . Armin leads Eren , Mikasa and Annie to an underground tunnel . However , Annie refuses to enter as she has noticed Armin behaving strangely and hidden Scouts watching her . Armin finally reveals his suspicion that Annie is the Female Titan , noting that she used Marco 's Omni - directional Mobility Gear to kill Sawney and Beane and that the Female Titan did not kill him during the last expedition . Eren and Armin beg Annie to prove them wrong by following them , but knowing her identity is exposed , Annie laughs sadly and tries to transform . Despite the Scouts ' attempts to bind and gag her , she succeeds in transforming using the spike in her ring . 24 24 `` Mercy : Assault on Stohess , Part 2 '' `` Jihi - Sutohesu - ku Kyūshū ( 2 ) - '' ( 慈悲 ― ストヘス区急襲 2 ― ) Akitoshi Yokoyama Hiroyuki Tanaka Yasuko Kobayashi September 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 22 ) October 25 , 2014 A few days before Eren is escorted to the capital , Erwin and Armin reveal to him they have a plan to capture the person they believe is the Female Titan and is shocked when they tell him it is Annie . Back in the present , Eren , Mikasa and Armin manage to escape a tunnel collapse while being hunted by Annie in Titan form . Eren tries to transform but is unable to , and Mikasa suspects that his feelings for Annie are preventing him to do so . When Eren is trapped in another tunnel collapse , Mikasa and Armin distract Annie away from Eren . Meanwhile , Commander Nile Dok of the Military Police demands an explanation from Erwin on what is happening as his men hold him at gunpoint . Mikasa and the rest of the Survey Corps distract and try to capture Annie , while Armin and Jean attempt to free Eren from the rubble . Armin tells Eren that he has to fight Annie as anyone who refuses to sacrifice can never change anything . As Eren thinks about what Armin said , he remembers his hatred for the Smiling Titan who killed his mother . Eren finally transforms into the Rogue Titan and charges at Annie in a rage , smashing into a cathedral . 25 25 `` Wall : Assault on Stohess , Part 3 '' `` Kabe - Sutohesu - ku Kyūshū ( 3 ) - '' ( 壁 ― ストヘス区急襲 3 ― ) Daisuke Tokudo Masashi Koizuka Shintaro Itoga Tetsurō Araki Yasuko Kobayashi September 29 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 29 ) November 1 , 2014 Inside the cathedral , a group of worshipers are crushed to their deaths , leaving the surviving priest awestruck . Eren and Annie fight each other in their Titan forms throughout the Stohess District , causing destruction and civilian deaths while Hange orders her men to stand by before they capture Annie . Meanwhile , Erwin tells Nile that he will accept responsibility for the damage his plan has caused , for which Nile has Erwin arrested and orders the Military Police to help evacuate the civilians . After exchanging several blows , a berserk Eren completely overpowers Annie , who attempts to escape by climbing up Wall Sina . However , Mikasa cuts off Annie 's fingers , sending her falling . As Annie falls , she remembers her father asking for forgiveness , telling her to hate the world and asking her to promise him she will come back home . When it appears Eren is about to eat Annie , he stops once he sees her crying , and her body starts encasing itself in crystal . As Eren recuperates , he admits to Mikasa , Armin and Jean that he allowed Annie to get herself encased . As Armin and Jean wonder if sacrificing their humanity to defeat the Titans is worth the price , Erwin attends a government inquiry , where he reveals that he kept his plans secret to prevent leaks . He further explains that despite the deaths and casualties of his plan and how they can not get any information from Annie now that she is encased , she is proof there are humans that can turn into Titans living within the walls and he plans to find and use them to launch a counterattack against the Titans . In the end , Erwin 's name is cleared , Eren stays with the Survey Corps , Annie is put under the Survey Corps 's custody and the rest of the 104th Top Trainees go on their different missions . In the epilogue , a piece of Wall Sina crumbles , revealing the face of a Titan within the wall . Season 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date English airdate 26 `` Beast Titan '' `` Kemono no Kyojin '' ( 獣の巨人 ) Hiroyuki Tanaka Yasuko Kobayashi April 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 01 ) April 22 , 2017 As the encased Annie is taken into custody , Hange and her team discover the Titan sealed inside the walls . Pastor Nick of the Wall Cult appears , urging them to cover it from sunlight . After the Titan is covered with sheets , Nick refuses to tell Hange why it is there , even after she threatens to kill him . She suspects that more titans are hidden within the walls . Meanwhile , Erwin is informed that Wall Rose was breached and Titans are roaming inside . 12 hours earlier , the rest of the 104th Trainees are stationed at an outpost when Titans are seen advancing from the south . Mike Zacharias orders the soldiers and trainees to spread out and inform the nearby villages and the capital about the Titans while he stays behind to delay them . In Stohess , Eren wakes up with Mikasa at his bedside and Armin tells them the Titans have breached Wall Rose . Back at the outpost , Mike buys enough time and prepares to escape , but is captured by a mysterious ape - like Titan covered in fur that is capable of speaking . The Beast Titan inquires about his three - dimensional maneuvering equipment ( 立体機動装置 , Rittai kidō sōchi ) , but Mike does not answer , so the Titan strips Mike of his gear and leaves him to be eaten by the other Titans . 27 `` I 'm Home '' `` Tadaima '' ( ただいま ) Yoshihide Ibata Yasuko Kobayashi April 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 08 ) April 29 , 2017 Hange and Armin deduce that the Titans encased within the walls provide its strength . The Survey Corps depart from Stohess to deal with the Titans that appeared inside Wall Rose , and Hange takes Pastor Nick along intending to gain more information from him . Meanwhile , Sasha rushes to warn her father and her village . She arrives to find the entire village deserted except for a woman being eaten by a Titan , and her daughter nearby in a state of shock . Sasha takes the girl and flees but they are chased by the Titan . Sasha decides to stay and fight while urging the girl to run away . Sasha succeeds in blinding the Titan with her arrows just as a group of villagers , including her father and the girl , return to pick her up . Meanwhile , Connie arrives at his village , only to find that it had already been attacked by Titans . Upon reaching his house , Connie discovers a Titan on its back trapped inside . He and the others wonder how it got so far from the walls when its short , thin legs seem too weak to support its body . 28 `` Southwestward '' `` Nansei e '' ( 南西へ ) Kenji Imura Hiroshi Seko April 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 15 ) May 6 , 2017 Connie grieves for the death of his family while his senior Lynn tries to assure him they might be still be alive since no bodies nor blood was found despite Gelgar 's suspicions since the village horses are still at their stables . As Connie rejoins his group to find the breach in the wall , the Titan in his house speaks to him , saying `` Welcome Back . '' Elsewhere , Ymir asks her seniors Nanaba and Henning to allow her and Krista to leave their group since they do n't have their gear which the latter tells Ymir not to worry about her . Eventually , both groups meet up but are surprised to discover there were no breaches at the Walls and rest up at Castle Utgard . Meanwhile , Hange explains to Eren that she discovered the hardened crystallized skin that Annie created from her Titan form is the same material that the Walls are made of which might help them seal the breach at Shiganshina if Eren can learn to do the same thing . After witnessing the flight of the people of Wall Rose due to the Titans , Pastor Nick relents and tells Hange that a 104th Trainee can help her find the answers she seeks ; this is none other than Krista . Following this , an out - of - breath Sasha arrives and hands Hange a report . Shortly thereafter Hange and her group head to Castle Utgard . In the meantime , Titans , led by the Beast Titan , attack Castle Utgard despite it being night time , forcing Gelgar , Lynn , Nanaba and Henning to defend the 104th Trainees . 29 `` Soldier '' `` Heishi '' ( 兵士 ) Hitomi Ezoe Hiroshi Seko April 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 22 ) May 13 , 2017 Two hours before the attack by the Titans at Castle Utgard , the 104th Trainees rest as their seniors keep watch . Connie mentions the Titan he encountered at his village resembled his mother , but Ymir plays it off . Reiner becomes suspicious when Ymir is able to read the unknown language on a food can . The Titans soon appear , and Nanaba and the Senior Scouts hold them off from the outside while Connie , Reiner , Bertoldt , Ymir and Krista defend themselves against smaller Titans that have breached the castle . In the process , Reiner has his arm badly injured after it is bitten by a Titan . After clearing the area of Titans , the Beast Titan throws chunks of Wall Rose at the castle , killing the group 's horses . A second wave of Titans subsequently attack the castle , and the senior soldiers are soon overwhelmed and killed . As the Titans surround the tower the unarmed Trainees are on , Ymir , in order to save Krista 's life and honor the promise they made , jumps off the tower , and transforms into a Titan . 30 5 `` Historia '' `` Hisutoria '' ( ヒストリア ) Tetsuya Wakano Yasuko Kobayashi April 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 29 ) May 20 , 2017 During their winter training in the mountains as cadets , Krista and Ymir become lost while saving fellow cadet Daz during a blizzard . Ymir accuses of Krista of having a death wish rather than saving Daz for selfless reasons . She also reveals she knows that Krista is an unwanted illegitimate child of a nobleman 's mistress who was forced by the Wall Cult to change her name and join the army . Telling Krista that they were both given a second chance in life , Ymir makes Krista promise that should she ever reveal her true name , she should live her own life . Back in the present , Titan Ymir fights off the other Titans as Reiner and Bertholdt recognize Ymir as the Titan who ate their childhood friend in the past . Realizing Ymir is trying to help them , Krista tells Ymir to destroy the tower instead in order to crush the Titans . As the tower begins to collapse , Ymir orders Krista and the others to grab on to her . Despite this effort , the Titans overwhelm Ymir ; only the timely arrival of Hange and the other Scouts saves them . With the battle over , Krista attends a gravely injured Ymir as the rest of the 104th Trainees learn Ymir is a Titan Shifter . Just before Ymir loses consciousness , Krista reveals that her real name is Historia . 31 6 `` Warrior '' `` Senshi '' ( 戦士 ) Hiroyuki Tanaka Hiroshi Seko May 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 06 ) June 3 , 2017 After the battle , the Scouts climb the wall nearest to Castle Utgard and prepare to take the comatose Ymir to Trost for medical attention . They are surprised that there are no titans in the area , especially when a patrol led by Hannes reports that the walls were never breached . As the Scouts prepare to set off for Trost , Reiner takes Eren aside and casually reveals that he is the Armored Titan , Bertholdt is the Colossal Titan , and that their mission to destroy all of humanity can be avoided if Eren would simply come with them . The episode flashes back to 12 hours earlier in Ehrmich District where Hange explains that the scroll she received earlier from Sasha contained a background report on Annie which suggests a connection with Reiner and Bertholdt , as all three are from the same area but otherwise have little background information available . After reaching into their memories of Reiner and Bertholdt , they begin to suspect that they may have helped Annie find Eren 's location within the formation during the 57th Expedition . Hange therefore orders everyone to keep an eye on Reiner and Bertholdt without raising undue suspicion . Back in the present , Reiner and Bertholdt both shift into their respective Titan forms despite a quick intervention by Mikasa . The Armored Titan grabs Eren and heads down the wall as the Colossal Titan grabs Ymir . Feeling betrayed , an angry Eren shifts into his Titan form and begins to fight the Armored Titan . 32 7 `` Close Combat '' `` Da tō kyoku '' ( 打・投・極 ) Takayuki Hirao Hiroshi Seko May 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 13 ) June 10 , 2017 As the Armored Titan and Eren 's Titan Form engage in battle , Mikasa regrets not having succeeded at killing Bertholdt and Reiner before they shifted into Titans . Hange orders the Scouts to attack the slow - moving Colossal Titan after it `` eats '' Ymir and another Scout , but it releases an enormous amount of steam , wounding several Scouts and preventing further attacks . Meanwhile , the Armored Titan gains the upper hand in his fight against Eren , and despite the best efforts of Mikasa to help , the situation seems desperate . Fortunately , Eren remembers the hand - to - hand techniques taught to him by Annie during their training and he begins to seriously damage the Armored Titan . Armin implores Eren to fall back to the wall for his own safety , and much to everyone 's surprise , he obliges . Hannes ' patrol returns , and Hannes is shocked to see the Colossal Titan , not to mention Eren 's Titan Form as well as the Armored Titan . The latter charges at Eren once more , who again utilizes grapple techniques to overcome his strength disadvantage and regain the upper hand . With the encouragement of his comrades , he is nearly successful at beheading the Armored Titan and extracting Reiner from within , only to be foiled when the Armored Titan roars for assistance . To the Scout 's horror , the Colossal Titan begins to deteriorate and plummets towards Eren and the Armored Titan . 33 8 `` The Hunters '' `` Oumono '' ( 迫う者 ) Yūmi Kawai Yasuko Kobayashi May 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 20 ) June 17 , 2017 The Colossal Titan 's falling body hits the ground , releasing a massive amount of heat and steam and enabling the Armored Titan to free itself from Eren 's grasp and extract Eren from his Titan form . Bertholdt , carrying the still unconscious Ymir , uses stolen 3DMG to leave with the Armored Titan . The blast seriously injures many of the Scouts , including Mikasa and Hange . Several hours later in Trost District , Commander Pyxis , Erwin , Jean , and the other military forces are informed about the battle with the Colossal and Armored Titans as well as the capture of Eren and Ymir . Back at the walls , Armin watches over the unconscious Mikasa . While unconscious , Mikasa has a dream about the past , wherein she rescued Eren from the neighborhood bullies . She wakes , and is distraught to find that Eren is gone . There is nothing they can do about it in their current state , but Hannes gives a rousing speech reminding them of Eren 's steadfast resolve , and vows to help them rescue Eren . Erwin soon arrives with reinforcements . Hange , now awake , posits that Reiner and Bertholdt may seek the relative safety of a nearby Forest of Giant Trees to rest until nightfall , assuming their goal is to relocate outside of Wall Maria . Eren and Ymir are shown waking in the forest as their bodies begin to regenerate their missing and damaged limbs while Reiner and Bertholdt watch over them . The episode ends with the soldiers departing from Wall Rose to mount a rescue operation . 34 9 `` Opening '' `` Kaikō '' ( 開口 ) Yoshihide Ibata Yasuko Kobayashi May 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 27 ) June 24 , 2017 As Erwin leads the expedition away from Wall Rose , the badly injured Hange demands a horse to ride to Connie 's town to see the captured Titan who was unable to walk . Her assistant Moblit refuses and goes in her stead . Meanwhile , in the Forest of Giant Trees , Eren realizes that he has no arms , but his attempts to Titan Shift are stopped by Ymir . She points out that they are they deep within Titan territory , surrounded by Titans , weakened from their earlier battle , and only Reiner and Bertholdt possess 3DMG . When questioned , Reiner says that they are taking them to their hometown , and are waiting until nightfall , when the surrounding Titans can not move . Eren remains unconvinced , but Ymir reminds him that they are not in a position to fight until they regenerate . Reiner begins to ramble about his duty as a soldier and warrior , which Ymir figures indicates confusion between his undercover and real personas . This infuriates Eren , who confronts Reiner and Bertholdt about the death and destruction they have caused as Titans . Ymir however , is more concerned about the ape - like Titan that caused the recent Titan invasion and who may be their real enemy . Reiner then uses Ymir 's concern for Christa 's safety as leverage to drive a wedge between Ymir and Eren . The discussion is interrupted by the sound of flare guns , signalling the arrival of the Scouts , which angers Reiner and Bertholdt . 35 10 `` Children '' `` Kodomotachi '' ( 子供達 ) Kenji Imura Hiroshi Seko June 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 03 ) July 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 08 ) At Connie 's village , Moblit assumes the Titans destroyed it without killing any humans . However , when he is handed a portrait of Connie 's parents , it appears that the disabled Titan is Connie 's mother . At the Forest of Giant Trees , Reiner continues to press Ymir to join them , but she 'll only help if they agree to take Christa with them . In a flashback to Ymir 's childhood , she is taken in and worshiped by a cult , who insist she has royal blood . She lives this lie until the cult is apprehended by soldiers , who punish the cultists and Ymir by injecting them with something and throwing them off a wall , resulting in them Titan Shifting . Ymir then spends the next 60 years as a Titan , only to happen upon Reiner , Bertholdt , Annie , and their friend Marcel . Marcel saves Reiner , but is eaten by Ymir , allowing her to return to human form . She realizes the freedom she felt in accepting who she was instead of living a lie was why she developed such empathy with Christa . Returning to the present , Ymir convinces Reiner and Bertholdt to allow her to Titan Shift and take Christa with them . When the 104th Trainees enter the forest , Titan Ymir singles out Christa and envelops her in her mouth before rejoining Reiner and Bertholdt . At the edge of the forest , Reiner shifts into the Armored Titan , and with Bertholdt , Eren and Titan Ymir on his shoulders , he flees , with the Scouts in hot pursuit . 36 11 `` Charge '' `` Totsugeki '' ( 突撃 ) Hiroyuki Tanaka Yasuhiro Akamatsu Hiroshi Seko June 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 10 ) July 15 , 2017 As the Armored Titan flees , Ymir removes Christa from her mouth and exits her Titan Form in order to explain her actions to Christa . She claims she is doing this only to save herself , as she believes that by handing Christa over to those outside the Walls she will be granted amnesty , though in secret is trying to save her . Their conversation is interrupted by attacks from the Scouts , who have caught up to the Armored Titan . Christa convinces Ymir not to intervene as Mikasa desperately throws herself at Bertholdt to save Eren , only to be foiled when the Armored Titan surrounds the two with his hands . The rest of the 104th Trainees catch up with Mikasa and attempt to reason with Bertholdt to give up Eren but he refuses , distraughtly professing he and Reiner have done too much harm to let their mission be a failure . Hannes then orders them to scatter when he sees them charging straight towards a group of Titans baited by Erwin . As the Armored Titan is attacked by the arriving Titans , Erwin orders a charge but is carried away in the mouth of a Titan . Reiner , realizing he has no choice but to use his arms to defend himself , releases Eren and Bertholdt , but Mikasa is severely wounded by a Titan while trying to save Eren . Desperate , Armin distracts Bertholdt by infuriating him with the revelation that Annie was captured , allowing an opening for Erwin - now missing an arm - to cut Eren free of Bertholdt , allowing the injured Mikasa to finally rescue him . As the Scouts retreat , Connie and Sasha retrieve Christa and explain that Ymir is lying as she would never harm her . The retreat is hampered by the Armored Titan , who begins to throw Titans at the group , successfully knocking Eren and Mikasa off their horse . Helpless , they hear an approaching Titan and turn to face it , coming face - to - face with the same Titan that ate Eren 's mother . 37 12 `` Scream '' `` Sakebi '' ( 叫び ) Satonobu Kikuchi Takayuki Hirao Tetsurō Araki Yoshihide Ibata Yasuko Kobayashi June 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 17 ) July 22 , 2017 With the Scouts in a losing battle as more Titans thrown by the Armored Titan surround their position , Eren tries but fails to transform and is forced to watch Hannes get killed protecting Mikasa and him from the Smiling Titan . Despairing , Mikasa comforts Eren and thanks him for always being there for her . Rekindling his spirit by vowing to protect Mikasa , Eren throws a punch at the Smiling Titan , activating an unknown power within him that suddenly causes the non-sentient Titans to attack and kill it , avenging both his mother and Hannes . Ymir realizes Reiner and Bertholdt want Eren because he possesses the `` Coordinate '' , the ability to control other Titans . The survivors escape after Eren causes the Titans to stop the Armored Titan . Feeling guilty for them , Ymir decides to leave Historia , believing she will be safe within the Walls , and saves Reiner and Bertholdt , letting them take her back to their hometown so they wo n't come back empty - handed . A week after the Wall Rose incident , Hange gives her report to Levi , Erwin and Pyxis , revealing the Titans that appeared within Wall Rose were in fact the people of Connie 's village , shocked by her theory that all Titans were once human . Remembering how many died to rescue him , Eren vows to use his new power to help humanity , while Erwin is determined to learn more of the truth behind the Titans . Elsewhere , the Beast Titan looks out from atop Wall Maria as a mysterious blonde man with glasses emerges from its back uttering the words , `` not just yet '' . Special episodes ( edit ) Ova episodes ( edit ) For the No Regrets OVAs , see Attack on Titan : No Regrets . The following bonus original video animation episodes were released alongside select volumes of the manga . No . Title Original air date 3.5 `` Ilse 's Notebook : Memoirs of a Recon Corps Member '' `` Iruze no Techō - Aru Chōsa Heidan'in no Shuki - '' ( イルゼの手帳 ― ある調査兵団員の手記 ― ) December 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 09 ) In the year 850 , whilst Eren and the others are in training , the Recon Corps go on a mission , with Hange deciding to pursue a Titan spotted in the forest in the hopes she can capture it . Curiously , as Hange gets the Titan to chase after her , it suddenly retreats to the forest . Hange follows it to the center of the forest , where she finds it banging its head against a certain tree . The Titan turns hostile when Hange gets close to it , but Levi and the others arrive and kill it , much to Hange 's dismay . Upon inspecting the scene , they discover the decapitated body of Ilse Langnar , a soldier from the 34th Recon Corps division , resting inside of the tree , and find a notebook belonging to her lying on the ground . The notebook details Ilse 's records , as she escaped on foot after her squad was killed by Titans . She eventually became cornered by a Titan , but instead of killing her right away , it started to speak to her in the human language , calling her `` Ymir '' . Ilse attempted to communicate with the Titan , but it inevitably became hostile again and bit off her head , curiously choosing not to devour her body but instead rest it inside the tree . Having read through all of Ilse 's notes , Hange uses the notebook as leverage to convince Erwin to approve of operations to capture Titans alive and study them , before returning Ilse 's belongings to her grief - stricken family . 3.25 `` The Sudden Visitor : The Torturous Curse of Youth '' `` Totsuzen no Raihōsha - Sainamareru Seishun no Noroi - '' ( 突然の来訪者 ― 苛まれる青春の呪い ― ) April 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 09 ) In the year 849 , Jean returns home after two years in training . After Jean gets into a dispute with Sasha following a training exercise , Commander Pyxis suggests they settle things in a cooking contest . With Armin and Annie joining Jean 's team and Connie and Reiner teaming up with Sasha , the two groups head into the forest in search of a notorious giant boar to use as meat . Sasha 's group come across the boar first and engage it in battle , with Sasha managing to kill it and claim it for her group . Later , after Jean is visited by his mother , shouting at her when he feels she is embarrassing him , he concocts a plan to steal some quality beef from the office so he can beat Sasha , but Armin and Annie refuse to help him . After inevitably giving up on his plan , Jean opens a lunchbox his mother left him containing an omelette , remembering all the times his mother stood by him . The cooking contest soon takes place , with Sasha presenting a prime boar steak whilst Jean presents a humble omelette . Although wowed by the taste of the steak , Pyxis declares Jean the winner as he showed more skill in cooking . Content with his victory , Jean considers paying a visit to his mother . 3.75 `` Distress '' `` Konnan '' ( 困難 ) August 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 08 ) In the year 848 , the recruits are split into two groups for a wilderness exercise to learn how to sustain themselves in times of peace . Marco has trouble leading his group due to the arrogance of both Eren and Jean . Meanwhile , Mikasa 's group learns of the presence of a gang of thieves , who managed to steal their maneuver gear . That night , the thieves ambush Eren 's group , taking Krista hostage along with their equipment . Putting aside their petty squabbles in order to rescue her , the group discover the thieves ' hideout , using each of their talents to come up with a plan to ambush them . After Eren and Jean manage to recover the group 's maneuver equipment and put a stop to the thieves ' wagons , the thieves hold Krista at knifepoint , but she is rescued by the arrival of Mikasa and Annie after Armin had signalled for help . As the thieves are arrested , with no casualties taken , Armin wonders if the thieves ' attack was part of the exercise all along . Bonus shorts ( edit ) Chibi Theater : Fly , Cadets , Fly ! ( ちみキャラ劇場とんでけ ! 訓練兵団 , Chimi Kyara Gekijō -- Tondeke ! Kunren Heidan ) is a series of flash animated gag shorts included with the Blu - ray Disc / DVD releases , featuring the characters in chibi form based on designs by Yuupon . No . Title Original air date `` Day 01 / Day 02 '' `` Ichinichime / Futsukame '' ( 01 日目 / 02 日目 ) July 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 17 ) Eren has trouble getting to school on time , before he and Armin find themselves in the nurse 's office . `` Day 03 / Day 04 '' `` Mikkame / Yokkame '' ( 03 日目 / 04 日目 ) August 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 21 ) Eren tries to make a strong impression before his instructor , whilst Jean becomes jealous of Eren 's closeness with Mikasa . `` Day 05 / Day 06 / Day 07 '' `` Itsukame / Muikame / Nanokame '' ( 05 日目 / 06 日目 / 07 日目 ) September 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 18 ) Sasha is accused of a crime she did n't commit , whilst Armin finds a rather dubious book . Later , Eren and Mikasa try to learn about the Titan 's weakness . `` Day 08 / Day 09 / Day 10 '' `` Yōkame / Kokonokame / Tōkame '' ( 8 日目 / 9 日目 / 10 日目 ) October 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 16 ) Eren accidentally stumbles into the classroom as the girls were taking off their clothes , Mikasa competes against Ymir for Eren 's pudding , Krista and Ymir discuss who they should spend the day with . 5 `` Day 11 / Day 12 / Day 13 '' `` Jūichinichime / Jūninichime / Jūsannichime '' ( 11 日目 / 12 日目 / 13 日目 ) November 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 20 ) Eren attempts to improve his body by following Reiner 's every move , Bertolt tries to improve his confidence , Mikasa and Annie compete to see who can inflict more pain on Eren . 6 `` Day 14 / Day 15 / Day 16 '' `` Jūyokkame / Jūgonichime / Jūrokunichime '' ( 14 日目 / 15 日目 / 16 日目 ) December 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 18 ) Connie and Sasha attempt to prank Shadis , Eren decides to shave his hair , Armin tutors Eren , Sasha , and Connie when they failed their test . 7 `` Day 17 / Day 18 / Day 19 '' `` Jūshichinichime / Jūhachinichime / Jūkunichime '' ( 17 日目 / 18 日目 / 19 日目 ) January 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 15 ) Eren struggles to balance himself on the Three Dimensional Maneuver Gear , Jean gets lost during training , Marco sneaks into the Girl 's Dormitory to return a lost pink bag . 8 `` Day 20 / Day 21 / Day 22 '' `` Nijūnichime / Nijūichinichime / Nijūninichime '' ( 20 日目 / 21 日目 / 22 日目 ) February 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 19 ) Franz and Hannah try to help Eren reconcile with Mikasa after an argument , Mikasa tries to act on her feelings with Eren , and Hanji tries to communicate with a Titan . 9 `` Day 23 / Day 24 / Day 25 '' `` Nijūsannichime / Nijūyonnichime / Nijūgonichime '' ( 23 日目 / 24 日目 / 25 日目 ) March 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 19 ) Erwin tries to change his appearance to appeal to cadets , Levi analyzes himself from another 's point of view , and the graduation ceremony of the 104th Trainee Corps takes place . See also ( edit ) Anime and manga portal List of Attack on Titan chapters List of Attack on Titan light novels Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Funimation dub spells Eren 's surname as Jaeger . Jump up ^ The Funimation dub spells Mikasa 's surname as Ackermann . Jump up ^ The Funimation dub spells Armin 's surname as Arlelt . References ( edit ) Sources `` Japanese dates '' . Tokyo MX ( in Japanese ) . `` List of Attack on Titan episode titles '' . Shingeki.tv ( in Japanese ) . `` Attack of Titan Anime Episodes '' . Funimation . References ^ Jump up to : Ferreira , Mike ( January 14 , 2014 ) . `` Attack on Titan 's Netflix Debut Hit by Translation Woes '' . Anime Herald . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : 「進撃の巨人」製作委員会 . `` 放送情報 '' ( Broadcast Information ) . shingeki.tv ( in Japanese ) . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2013 . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . `` MBS 4 月 6 日より毎週土曜 25 時 58 分 ~ ※ 4 月 13 日は 26 時 10 分 ~ '' See rest of article for other broadcasting times . Jump up ^ `` Funimation Streams Attack on Titan TV Anime '' . Anime News Network . April 12 , 2013 . Retrieved April 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Crunchyroll to Stream `` Attack on Titan '' Anime `` . Crunchyroll. April 13 , 2013 . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Funimation Plans Attack on Titan on Home Video in 2014 '' . Anime News Network . May 19 , 2013 . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan English Dub Premiere at Anime Boston '' . Funimation . February 14 , 2014 . Retrieved June 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Funimation ( April 22 , 2013 ) . `` FUNimation - Thank you all for your patience ! Attack on ... '' . Facebook . Retrieved June 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan to Run on Adult Swim 's Toonami Block '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan Opening CD Sells 129,000 in 1st Week '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved December 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan 2nd Season 's New Visual , Linked Horizon Song Revealed '' . Anime News Network . February 6 , 2017 . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Toonami Premieres Attack on Titan Season 2 on April 22 '' . Anime News Network . April 3 , 2017 . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Crunchyroll Streams Attack on Titan Season 2 Anime ( Updated ) '' . Anime News Network . March 30 , 2017 . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan Season 3 coming in 2018 '' . IGN.com . IGN . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 作品情報 ( シリーズ ) -- 進撃の巨人 attack on titan '' ( Work information ( series ) -- Attack on Titan ) . Media Arts Database ( in Japanese ) . Japan : Agency for Cultural Affairs . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` July 5th Line Up - Space Dandy Season 2 Premiere ! '' . Toonami Tumblr . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Know When to Watch - Schedule - Adult Swim '' . AdultSwim.com . Turner Broadcasting System . August 9 , 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ 進撃の巨人 Season2 ( Attack on Titan Season 2 ) ( in Japanese ) . Mainichi Broadcasting System . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan Manga 's 2nd Anime DVD Bundle Listed '' . Anime News Network . November 20 , 2013 . Retrieved November 21 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Attack on Titan on Funimation Attack on Titan on Crunchyroll ( hide ) Attack on Titan by Hajime Isayama Media Chapters Episodes Before the Fall Junior High Lost Girls No Regrets Spoof on Titan Harsh Mistress of the City Films Live - action film Video games Humanity in Chains Attack on Titan Related Characters Eren Yeager `` Jiyū e no Shingeki '' by Linked Horizon Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Attack_on_Titan_episodes&oldid=799677611 '' Categories : Lists of anime episodes Attack on Titan Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from July 2017 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Use mdy dates from June 2014 Articles containing Japanese - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2014 Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Polski Português Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 9 September 2017 , at 05 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Attack%20on%20Titan%20episodes	596
the senate has rejected the president's appointment of a cabinet member			Recess appointment	recess appointment	In the United States , a recess appointment is an appointment by the President of a federal official , who would normally require Senate confirmation , while the U.S. Senate is in recess . The United States Constitution requires most senior federal officials be confirmed by the Senate before assuming office , but the President may act alone to make the appointment while the Senate is in recess . To remain in effect , a recess appointment must be approved by the Senate by the end of the next session of Congress , or the position becomes vacant again ; in current practice this means that a recess appointment must be approved by roughly the end of the next calendar year .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Constitutional basis 2 Congressional action to prevent recess appointments 2.1 Legality of intra-session appointments 2.2 Obama 's challenge to Senate obstruction 2.3 Judicial challenges 3 History 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading Constitutional basis ( edit ) The Constitutional basis of recess appointments is Article II , Section 2 , Clause 3 of the U.S. Constitution , which provides : The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate , by granting Commissions which shall expire at the End of their next Session . Congressional action to prevent recess appointments ( edit ) The Senate or House may seek to block potential recess appointments by not allowing the Senate to adjourn under Article 1 , Section 5 , Clause 4 of the Constitution , which provides that both Houses must consent to an adjournment . This tactic is especially used when either House of Congress is controlled by a different party than that of the President , the Senate or House may seek to block potential recess appointments by not allowing the Senate to adjourn for more than three days , blocking a longer adjournment that would allow recess appointments to be made . Legality of intra-session appointments ( edit ) According to Henry B. Hogue , of the Congressional Research Service 's Government and Finance Division : Recent Presidents have made both intersession ( between sessions or Congresses ) and intrasession ( during a recess within a session ) recess appointments . Intrasession recess appointments were unusual , however , prior to the 1940s . Intrasession recess appointments have sometimes provoked controversy in the Senate , and there is also an academic literature that has drawn their legitimacy into question . It has been argued that as the clause was originally understood , it was expected that if the Senate was in session when an office became vacant , the president would make a standard advice - and - consent appointment at that time . In Federalist No. 67 , Alexander Hamilton wrote : The ordinary power of appointment is confined to the President and Senate jointly , and can therefore only be exercised during the session of the Senate ; but as it would have been improper to oblige this body to be continually in session for the appointment of officers and as vacancies might happen in their recess , which it might be necessary for the public service to fill without delay ... Another argument maintains that recess appointments were to be made only during inter-session recesses , which during the early days of the country lasted between six and nine months , and were therefore required to prevent important offices from remaining unfilled for long periods . The view holds that the current interpretation allows appointments to be made during recesses too brief to justify bypassing the Senate . Historically , presidents tended to make recess appointments when the Senate was adjourned for lengthy periods . Since World War II , presidents have sometimes made recess appointments when Senate opposition appeared strong in the hope that appointees might prove themselves in office and then allow opposition to dissipate . Most recently , however , as partisanship on Capitol Hill has grown , recess appointments have tended to solidify opposition to the appointee . Obama 's challenge to Senate obstruction ( edit ) Regardless of continuing to pro forma sessions , on January 4 , 2012 , President Obama appointed Cordray and others as recess appointments . White House Counsel Kathryn Ruemmler asserted that the appointments were valid , because the pro forma sessions were designed to , `` through form , render a constitutional power of the executive obsolete '' and that the Senate was for all intents and purposes recessed . Republicans in the Senate disputed the appointments , with Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell stating that Obama had `` arrogantly circumvented the American people '' with the appointments . It was expected that there would be a legal challenge to the appointments . On January 6 , 2012 , the Department of Justice Office of Legal Counsel issued an opinion regarding recess appointments and pro forma sessions , claiming , `` The convening of periodic pro forma sessions in which no business is to be conducted does not have the legal effect of interrupting an intrasession recess otherwise long enough to qualify as a `` Recess of the Senate '' under the Recess Appointments Clause . In this context , the President therefore has discretion to conclude that the Senate is unavailable to perform its advise - and - consent function and to exercise his power to make recess appointments `` . Judicial challenges ( edit ) However , this was widely disputed . The first such challenge was announced in April 2012 , disputing a National Labor Relations Board ruling made following the Obama appointments . On January 25 , 2013 , in the first circuit case to rule on the validity of the January 4 , 2012 , appointments , Chief Judge David Sentelle , writing for a unanimous three - judge panel for the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit , wrote `` an interpretation of ' the Recess ' that permits the President to decide when the Senate is in recess would demolish the checks and balances inherent in the advice - and - consent requirement , giving the President free rein to appoint his desired nominees at any time he pleases , whether that time be a weekend , lunch , or even when the Senate is in session and he is merely displeased with its inaction . This can not be the law . '' On June 26 , 2014 , in a 9 -- 0 ruling , the United States Supreme Court validated this practice of using pro forma sessions to block the president from using the recess appointment authority . Justice Breyer also wrote in NLRB v. Noel Canning that the President could force a recess if he had enough congressional support : `` The Constitution also gives the President ( if he has enough allies in Congress ) a way to force a recess . Art . II , § 3 ( ' ( I ) n Case of Disagreement between ( the Houses ) , with Respect to the Time of Adjournment , ( the President ) may adjourn them to such Time as he shall think proper ' ) . Moreover , the President and Senators engage with each other in many different ways ( * 28 ) and have a variety of methods of encouraging each other to accept their points of view . Regardless , the Recess Appointments Clause is not designed to overcome serious institutional friction . It simply provides a subsidiary method for appointing officials when the Senate is away during a recess . '' ( On July 16 , 2013 , the U.S. Senate confirmed Cordray to a five - year term as Director . ) Prior to National Labor Relations Board v. Noel Canning , there was a split among the circuit courts on the validity of intra-session appointments and on what vacancies can be filled using the Recess Appointment authority . Following the 2003 intra-session appointment of William H. Pryor , Jr. , to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit , a small number of criminal defendants , whose appeals were denied by panels including Pryor , appealed on the basis that Pryor 's appointment was invalid . The Eleventh Circuit , in an en banc decision in Evans v. Stephens held that the Constitution permitted both intra-session recess appointments and recess appointments to fill vacancies that `` happened '' prior to rather than during the congressional recess . However , NLRB v. Noel Canning , Circuit docket 12 - 1115 in the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit , appealed a decision made by National Labor Relations Board ( NLRB ) members appointed , in what President Obama determined was an intra-session recess was decided in a three - member panel decision on January 25 , 2013 , that intra-session appointments were unconstitutional because the word `` the '' before the word `` Recess '' in the Constitution was determined to mean to limit it to only the inter-session recess , and it further limited the power by limiting it to only those vacancies that `` happen '' to occur during the inter-session break , not to vacancies that existed prior to the recess . Also , on March 16 , 2013 , the Third Circuit joined the D.C. Circuit and held that the March 2010 appointment of Craig Becker to the NLRB was invalid because he was not appointed between sessions . On June 26 , 2014 , the United States Supreme Court rejected both holdings , while also unanimously deciding that President Obama overreached his executive authority in appointing members to the NLRB while the Senate was still formally in session . Justice Stephen Breyer , in the majority opinion , wrote that the Constitution allows for the Congress itself to determine its sessions and recesses , that `` the Senate is in session when it says it is , '' and that the President does not have the unilateral right to dictate Congressional sessions and thus make recess appointments . However , the decision allows the use of recess appointments during breaks within a session for vacancies that existed prior to the break . History ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Presidents since George Washington have made recess appointments . Washington appointed South Carolina judge John Rutledge as Chief Justice of the United States during a congressional recess in 1795 . Because of Rutledge 's political views and occasional mental illness , however , the Senate rejected his nomination , and Rutledge attempted suicide and resigned . New Jersey judge William J. Brennan was appointed to the Supreme Court by President Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1956 by a recess appointment . This was done in part with an eye on the presidential campaign that year ; Eisenhower was running for reelection , and his advisors thought it would be politically advantageous to place a northeastern Catholic on the court . Brennan was promptly confirmed when the Senate came back into session . Eisenhower , in a recess appointment , designated Charles W. Yost as United States Ambassador to Syria . Eisenhower made two other recess appointments , Chief Justice Earl Warren and Associate Justice Potter Stewart . According to the Congressional Research Service , President Ronald Reagan made 240 recess appointments ( average 30 per year ) , President George H.W. Bush made 77 recess appointments ( average 19 per year ) . George H.W. Bush appointed Lawrence Eagleburger as Secretary of State during a recess in 1992 ; Eagleburger , as Deputy Secretary of State , had in effect filled that role after James Baker resigned . President Bill Clinton made 139 recess appointments ( average of 17 per year ) . President George W. Bush made 171 recess appointments ( average of 21 per year ) . During the last two years of the Bush administration , Democratic Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid sought to prevent further recess appointments . Bush promised not to make any during the August recess that year , but no agreement was reached for the two - week Thanksgiving break , in November 2007 . As a result , Reid did not allow adjournments of more than three days from then until the end of the Bush presidency by holding pro forma sessions . Prior to this , there had been speculation that James W. Holsinger would receive a recess appointment as Surgeon General of the United States . As at January 5 , 2012 , President Barack Obama had made 32 recess appointments ( average of 4.5 per year ) . Over what would have traditionally been the 2011 -- 12 winter recess of the 112th Congress , the Republican - controlled House of Representatives did not assent to recess , specifically to block Richard Cordray 's appointment as Director of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau . Both the House and Senate continued to hold pro forma sessions . See also ( edit ) Look up recess appointment in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Advice and consent References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Article 1 , Section 5 , Clause 4 : Adjournment of the Constitution says : `` Neither House ... shall , without the Consent of the other , adjourn for more than three days '' . Jump up ^ `` Obama 's Sham Constitutionalism '' . Cato.org . January 5 , 2012 . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ PDF , `` The Original Meaning of the Recess Appointments Clause '' , UCLA Law Review , Volume 52 , Number 5 ( June 2005 ) , pp. 1487 -- 1578 . Jump up ^ `` The Federalist # 67 '' . Constitution.org . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Moody , James ; Mucha , Peter J. `` Portrait of Political Party Polarization '' . Cambridge University Press . Retrieved July 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ David R. Stras ; Ryan W. Scott ( 2007 ) . `` Navigating the New Politics of Judicial Appointments '' ( PDF ) . Northwestern University Law Review . Princeton University Press . Retrieved July 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Dave & Matt Spetalnick ( 2012 - 01 - 04 ) . `` Stymied by Congress , Obama to boldly seat nominees '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Helene & John H. Cushman , Jr. ( 2012 - 01 - 04 ) . `` Defying Republicans , Obama to Name Cordray as Consumer Agency Chief '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Helene ; Steinhauer , Jennifer ( 2012 - 01 - 04 ) . `` Bucking Senate , Obama Appoints Consumer Chief '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ Savage , Charlie . `` Obama Tempts Fight Over Recess Appointments '' . Thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Analysis : Obama consumer chief decision under a legal cloud '' . Reuters.com . January 5 , 2012 . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 -- via Reuters . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2012 . Retrieved February 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 18 , 2012 . Retrieved February 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Constitution Is Clear On Recess Appointments - Ricochet '' . Ricochet.com . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The Corner The one and only . ( 2012 - 01 - 05 ) . `` Richard Cordray & the Use and Abuse of Executive Power '' . National Review . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ O'Keefe , Ed ( April 18 , 2012 ) . `` Senate GOP joining legal action against Obama recess appointments '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2012 . Retrieved April 17 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Noel Canning , A Division of the Noel Corporation , Petitioner v. National Labor Relations Board , Respondent '' ( PDF ) . Sblog.s3.amazonaws.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Bloomberg Law - Document -- NLRB v. Noel Canning , 134 S. Ct. 2550 , 189 L. Ed . 2d 538 , 199 LRRM 3685 , 82 U.S.L.W. 4599 ( 2014 ) , Court Opinionwebsite2.bloomberglaw.com '' . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2012 . Retrieved August 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Evans v. Stephens , 387 F. 3d 1220 ( 11th Cir. 2004 ) . Jump up ^ `` Re : Summary of Evans v. Stephens : Order of the Court '' ( PDF ) . Media.aclj.org . October 14 , 2004 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Re : Third Circuit Ruling Against Presidential Recess - Appointment Authority '' . CNationalreview.com . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Replacing Scalia : Could Obama make a recess appointment ? '' . Europe.newsweek.com . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Senate 9 , President 0 . '' The Wall Street Journal . Dow Jones & Company , June 26 , 2014 . Web . June 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Marine Embassy Security Guard historical archives '' . Msg-history.com . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Days in Session Calendars U.S. Senate -- 110th Congress 2nd Session '' . Thomas.loc.gov . December 31 , 2008 . Retrieved May 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Senate Calendar -- December '' . Democrats.senate.gov . Retrieved May 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Reid To Bush : No Recess Appointments Wanted '' . Cbsnews.com . November 16 , 2007 . Retrieved May 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Henry B. Hogue ; Richard S. Beth . `` Recess Appointments : Frequently Asked Questions '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` GOP Furious As Obama Recess Appoints Cordray '' . Tpmdc.talkingpointsmemo.com . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mcconnell , Michael ( January 10 , 2012 ) . `` Democrats and Executive Overreach '' . The Wall Street Journal . Further reading ( edit ) Tillman , Senate Termination of Presidential Recess Appointments , 101 Nw . U.L. Rev. Colloquy 82 ( 2007 ) . Kalt , Response , Keeping Recess Appointments in Their Place , 101 Nw . U.L. Rev. Colloquy 88 ( 2007 ) . Tillman , Terminating Presidential Recess Appointments : A Reply to Professor Brian C. Kalt , 101 Nw . U.L. Rev. Colloquy 94 ( 2007 ) . Kalt , Keeping Adjournments in Their Place , 101 Nw . U.L. Rev. Colloquy 108 ( 2007 ) . O'Keefe , Ed ( January 5 , 2012 ) , `` What is a recess appointment ? '' , The Washington Post , Federal Eye ( washingtonpost.com ) , retrieved January 5 , 2012 Recess Appointments Made by President George W. 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how many levels are there in legend of zelda			The Legend of Zelda ( video game )	the legend of zelda ( video game )		The Legend of Zelda North American box art , including a cutout in the upper - left corner with a visible gold cartridge Developer ( s ) Nintendo Research & Development 4 Publisher ( s ) Nintendo Director ( s ) Shigeru Miyamoto Takashi Tezuka Producer ( s ) Shigeru Miyamoto Designer ( s ) Takashi Tezuka Programmer ( s ) Toshihiko Nakago Yasunari Soejima I. Marui Writer ( s ) Takashi Tezuka Keiji Terui ( manual backstory ) Composer ( s ) Koji Kondo Series The Legend of Zelda Platform ( s ) Famicom Disk System Nintendo Entertainment System Release February 21 , 1986 ( show ) Family Computer Disk System JP : February 21 , 1986 Nintendo Entertainment System NA : July 1987 PAL : November 15 , 1987 JP : February 19 , 1994 Game Boy Advance JP : February 14 , 2004 NA : June 2 , 2004 PAL : July 9 , 2004 Genre ( s ) Action - adventure Mode ( s ) Single - player The Legend of Zelda is an action - adventure video game developed and published by Nintendo and designed by Shigeru Miyamoto and Takashi Tezuka . Set in the fantasy land of Hyrule , the plot centers on a boy named Link , the playable protagonist , who aims to collect the eight fragments of the Triforce of Wisdom in order to rescue Princess Zelda from the antagonist , Ganon . During the course of the game , the player sees Link from a top - down perspective and must navigate him through the overworld and several dungeons , defeating enemies and finding secrets along the way . The first game of The Legend of Zelda series , it was originally released in Japan as a launch title for the Family Computer Disk System peripheral in 1986 . More than a year later , North America and Europe received releases on the Nintendo Entertainment System in cartridge format , making the game the first home console title to include an internal battery for saving data . This version was released in Japan in 1994 under the title The Hyrule Fantasy : The Legend of Zelda 1 . The game was ported to the GameCube and Game Boy Advance , and is available in emulated form via the Virtual Console on the Wii , Nintendo 3DS and Wii U . The Legend of Zelda was a bestseller for Nintendo , selling over 6.5 million copies . It is often featured in lists of games considered the greatest or most influential . A solitary sequel , Zelda II : The Adventure of Link , was first released in Japan less than a year after its predecessor 's debut . The game spawned several prequels and a number of spin - offs , establishing a series that has become one of Nintendo 's most popular . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 2 Plot and characters 3 History 3.1 Development and Japanese release 3.2 American release 4 Reception 5 Impact and legacy 5.1 Re-releases 5.2 Sequels 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Gameplay ( edit ) Link attacking Octorok monsters with his sword in the overworld The Legend of Zelda incorporates elements of action , adventure , and role - playing games . The player controls Link from a flip - screen overhead perspective as he travels in the overworld , a large outdoor map with varied environments . Link begins the game armed only with a small shield , but a sword becomes available to Link after he ventures into a cave that is accessible from the game 's first map screen . Throughout the game , various characters aid Link by giving or selling equipment and clues . These people can be found in caves scattered throughout the overworld ; some are readily accessible , while others are hidden behind obstacles such as rocks , trees , and waterfalls . Barring Link 's progress are creatures he must battle to locate the entrances to nine underground dungeons . Each dungeon is a unique , maze - like collection of rooms connected by doors and secret passages , and guarded by monsters different from those found on the surface . Dungeons also contain useful items which Link can add to his arsenal , such as a boomerang for retrieving distant items and stunning enemies , and a recorder with magical properties . Link must successfully navigate through each of the first eight dungeons to obtain all eight pieces of the Triforce of Wisdom . Once he has completed the artifact , he can enter the ninth dungeon to rescue Zelda . Apart from this exception , the order of completing dungeons is somewhat left to the player , although they steadily increase in difficulty and some of them can only be reached or completed using items gained in a previous one . In addition , the entrances of the three highest - level dungeons are hidden . Link can freely wander the overworld , finding and buying items at any point . This flexibility enables unusual ways of playing the game . For example , it is possible to reach the final boss of the game without ever receiving the first sword . After completing the game , the player has access to a more difficult quest , officially referred to as the `` Second Quest '' ( 裏ゼルダ , Ura Zeruda , lit . `` other Zelda '' ) , with new dungeon locations / layouts , different item placements , and stronger enemies . Although this more difficult `` replay '' was not unique to Zelda , few games offered entirely different levels to complete on the second playthrough . The Second Quest can be replayed each time the game is completed and can also be accessed at any time by starting a new file with the name `` ZELDA '' . Plot and characters ( edit ) Further information : Characters in The Legend of Zelda series and Recurring enemies in The Legend of Zelda series The plot of The Legend of Zelda is described in the instruction booklet and in the short prologue after the title screen . A small kingdom in the land of Hyrule , the setting of the game , is engulfed in chaos after an army led by Ganon , the Prince of Darkness , invaded it and stole the Triforce of Power , a part of a magical artifact bestowing great strength . In an attempt to prevent Ganon from acquiring the Triforce of Wisdom , another of the pieces , Princess Zelda splits it and hides the eight fragments in secret dungeons throughout the land . Before the princess is eventually kidnapped by Ganon , she commands her nursemaid Impa to find someone courageous enough to save the kingdom . While wandering the land , the old woman is surrounded by Ganon 's henchmen , though a young boy named Link appears and rescues her . After hearing Impa 's plea , he resolves to save Zelda and sets out to reassemble the scattered fragments of the Triforce of Wisdom , to become powerful enough to defeat Ganon . During the course of the game , Link locates the eight underground labyrinths , defeats several guardian monsters , and retrieves the fragments . With the completed Triforce of Wisdom , Link is able to infiltrate Ganon 's hideout , Death Mountain , eventually confronting the pig - like enemy and destroying him with a Silver Arrow . Link picks up the Triforce of Power from Ganon 's ashes and returns both pieces of the Triforce to the rescued Princess Zelda , restoring peace to Hyrule . History ( edit ) Development and Japanese release ( edit ) The game was first released in Japan as a disk for the Famicom Disk System . It was later converted to a cartridge for the American release on the NES . The Legend of Zelda was directed and designed by Shigeru Miyamoto and Takashi Tezuka ( credited as S. Miyahon and Ten Ten respectively in the closing credits ) . Miyamoto produced the game , and Tezuka wrote the story and script . Keiji Terui , a screenwriter who worked on anime shows such as Dr. Slump and Dragon Ball , wrote the backstory for the manual , drawing inspiration from conflicts in medieval Europe . Development began in 1984 , and the game was originally intended to be a launch title for the Famicom Disk System . The development team worked on The Legend of Zelda and Super Mario Bros. concurrently , and tried to separate their ideas : Super Mario Bros. was to be linear , where the action occurred in a strict sequence , whereas The Legend of Zelda would be the opposite . In Mario , Miyamoto downplayed the importance of the high score in favor of simply completing the game . This concept was carried over to The Legend of Zelda . Miyamoto was also in charge of deciding which concepts were `` Zelda ideas '' or `` Mario ideas . '' Contrasting with Mario , Zelda was made non-linear and forced the players to think about what they should do next . In the initial game designs , the player would start the game with the sword already in their inventory . According to Miyamoto , those in Japan were confused and had trouble finding their way through the multiple path dungeons . Rather than listening to the complaints , Miyamoto took away the sword , forcing players to communicate with each other and share their ideas to find the various secrets hidden in the game . This was a new form of game communication , and in this way , `` Zelda became the inspiration for something very different : Animal Crossing . This was a game based solely on communication . '' With The Legend of Zelda , Miyamoto wanted to take the idea of a game `` world '' even further , giving players a `` miniature garden that they can put inside their drawer . '' He drew his inspiration from his experiences as a boy around Kyoto , where he explored nearby fields , woods , and caves , and through the Zelda titles he always tries to impart to players some of the sense of exploration and limitless wonder he felt . `` When I was a child , '' he said , `` I went hiking and found a lake . It was quite a surprise for me to stumble upon it . When I traveled around the country without a map , trying to find my way , stumbling on amazing things as I went , I realized how it felt to go on an adventure like this . '' The memory of being lost amid the maze of sliding doors in his family 's home in Sonobe was recreated in Zelda 's labyrinth dungeons . Link was designed by Miyamoto as a coming of age motif for players to identify with : he begins the game an ordinary boy but strengthens to triumph over the ultimate evil . The name of the princess was inspired by Zelda Fitzgerald : `` Zelda was the name of the wife of the famous novelist F. Scott Fitzgerald . She was a famous and beautiful woman from all accounts , and I liked the sound of her name . So I took the liberty of using her name for the very first Zelda title , '' Miyamoto explained . The Zelda story setting was initially supposed to include technological elements , such as a time - travelling main character and a Triforce made of electronic circuits . While the final game follows a more traditional heroic fantasy setting , subsequent games in the series have used more technology - based concepts . Koji Kondo ( credited as Konchan ) composed the game 's music . He initially planned to use Maurice Ravel 's Boléro as the game 's title theme , but was forced to change it when he learned , late in the game 's development cycle , that the copyright for the orchestral piece had not yet expired . As a result , Kondo wrote a new arrangement of the overworld theme within one day . In February 1986 , Nintendo released the game as the launch title for the Family Computer 's new Disk System peripheral . The Legend of Zelda was joined by a re-release of Super Mario Bros. , Tennis , Baseball , Golf , Soccer , and Mahjong in its introduction of the Disk System . It made full use of the Disk Card media 's advantages over traditional ROM cartridges with a disk size of 128 kilobytes , which was expensive to produce on cartridge format . Due to the still - limited amount of space on the disk , however , all the text was only in katakana . Rather than passwords , it used rewritable disks to save the game . It used the extra sound channel provided by the Disk System for certain sound effects ; most notable are the sounds of Link 's sword when his health is full , the roars and growls of dungeon bosses , and enemy death sounds . The sound effects used the Famicom 's PCM channel in the cartridge version . It also used the microphone built into the Famicom 's controller that was not included in the NES . This led to confusion in the U.S. as the instruction manual reads that Pols Voice , a rabbit - like enemy in the game , `` hates loud noise '' . Blowing or shouting into the Famicom 's microphone kills these creatures . However , they can not be killed through use of the recorder , and on the NES must be killed with weapons . The cartridge version made use of the Memory Management Controller chip , specifically the MMC1 model . The MMC could use bank - switching , allowing larger games than had been previously possible . They also allowed for battery - powered RAM , which let players save progress for the first time on any cartridge - based system or game . American release ( edit ) The gold - colored cartridge When Nintendo published the game in North America , the packaging design featured a small portion of the box cut away to reveal the unique gold - colored cartridge . In 1988 , The Legend of Zelda sold two million copies . Nintendo of America sought to keep its strong base of fans ; anyone who purchased a game and sent in a warranty card became a member of the Fun Club , whose members got a four - , eight - and eventually 32 - page newsletter . Seven hundred copies of the first issue were sent out free of charge , but the number grew as the data bank of names got larger . From the success of magazines in Japan , Nintendo knew that game tips were a valued asset . Players enjoyed the bimonthly newsletter 's crossword puzzles and jokes , but game secrets were most valued . The Fun Club drew kids in by offering tips for the more complicated games , especially Zelda , with its hidden rooms , secret keys and passageways . The mailing list grew . By early 1988 , there were over 1 million Fun Club members , which led then - Nintendo of America president Minoru Arakawa to start the Nintendo Power magazine . Since Nintendo did not have many products , it made only a few commercials a year , meaning the quality had to be phenomenal . The budget for a single commercial could reach US $5 million , easily four or five times more than most companies spent . One of the first commercials made under Bill White , director of advertising and public relations , was the market introduction for the Legend of Zelda , which received a great deal of attention in the ad industry . In it , a wiry - haired , nerdy guy ( John Kassir ) walks through the dark making goofy noises , yelling out the names of some enemies from the game , and screaming for Zelda . Reception ( edit ) Reception Review scores Publication Score AllGame GameSpot 7.2 / 10 The Legend of Zelda was a bestseller for Nintendo , selling over 6.5 million copies ; it was the first NES title to sell over 1 million . It was reissued in 1992 as part of Nintendo 's `` Classic Series '' and featured a grey cartridge . The game placed first in the player 's poll `` Top 30 '' in Nintendo Power 's first issue and continued to dominate the list into the early 1990s . The Legend of Zelda was also voted by Nintendo Power readers as the `` Best Challenge '' in the Nintendo Power Awards ' 88 . The magazine also listed it as the best Nintendo Entertainment System video game ever created , stating that it was fun despite its age and it showed them new ways to do things in the genre such as hidden dungeons and its various weapons . GamesRadar ranked it the third best NES game ever made . The staff praised its `` mix of complexity , open world design , and timeless graphics '' . Computer Gaming World in 1988 named the game as the best adventure of the year for Nintendo , stating that Zelda had been a `` sensational success '' in translating a computer RPG to consoles . In 1990 the magazine stated that the game was a killer app , causing computer CRPG players who had dismissed consoles as `` mere arcade toys '' to buy the NES . Zelda was reviewed in 1992 by Total ! # 2 where it received a 78 % rating due in great part to mediocre subscores for music and graphics . A 1993 review of the game was printed in Dragon # 198 by Sandy Petersen in the `` Eye of the Monitor '' column . Petersen gave the game 4 out of 5 stars . The Legend of Zelda is often featured in lists of games considered the greatest or most influential . It placed first in Game Informer 's list of the `` Top 100 Games of All Time '' and `` The Top 200 Games of All Time '' ( in 2001 and 2009 respectively ) , fifth in Electronic Gaming Monthly 's 200th issue listing `` The Greatest 200 Videogames of Their Time '' , seventh in Nintendo Power 's list of the 200 Best Nintendo Games Ever , 77th in Official Nintendo Magazine 's 100 greatest Nintendo games of all time and 80th among IGN readers ' `` Top 99 Games '' . Zelda was inducted into GameSpy 's Hall of Fame in August 2000 and voted by GameSpy 's editors as the tenth best game of all time . Editors of the popular Japanese magazine Weekly Famitsu voted the game among the best on the Famicom . Impact and legacy ( edit ) The Legend of Zelda is considered a spiritual forerunner of the modern role - playing video game ( RPG ) genre . Though it is often not considered part of the genre since it lacked key RPG mechanics such as experience points , it had many features in common with RPGs and served as the template for the action role - playing game genre . The game 's fantasy setting , musical style and action - adventure gameplay were adopted by many RPGs . Its commercial success helped lay the groundwork for involved , non-linear games in fantasy settings , such as those found in successful RPGs , including Crystalis , Soul Blazer , Square 's Seiken Densetsu series , Alundra , and Brave Fencer Musashi . The popularity of the game also spawned several clones trying to emulate the game . The Legend of Zelda spawned a solitary sequel , many prequels and spin - offs and is one of Nintendo 's most popular series . It established important characters and environments of the Zelda universe , including Link , Princess Zelda , Ganon , Impa , and the Triforce as the power that binds Hyrule together . The overworld theme and distinctive `` secret found '' jingle have appeared in nearly every subsequent Zelda game . The theme has also appeared in various other games featuring references to the Zelda series . An arcade system board , called the Triforce , was developed jointly by Namco , Sega , and Nintendo , with the first games appearing in 2002 . The name `` Triforce '' is a reference to Nintendo 's The Legend of Zelda series of games , and symbolized the three companies ' involvement in the project . GameSpot featured The Legend of Zelda as one of the 15 most influential games of all time , for being an early example of open world , nonlinear gameplay , and for its introduction of battery backup saving , laying the foundations for later action - adventure games like Metroid and role - playing video games like Final Fantasy , while influencing most modern games in general . In 2009 , Game Informer called The Legend of Zelda `` no less than the greatest game of all time '' on their list of `` The Top 200 Games of All Time '' , saying that it was `` ahead of its time by years if not decades '' . In 2011 , Nintendo celebrated the game 's 25th anniversary in a similar vein to the Super Mario Bros. 25th anniversary celebration the previous year . This celebration included a free mailout Club Nintendo offer of the Ocarina of Time soundtrack to owners of the 3DS version of that particular game , the first digital for Nintendo eShop release of Link 's Awakening DX , special posters that are mailed out as rewards through Club Nintendo , and a special stage inspired by the original Legend of Zelda in the video game Super Mario 3D Land for the Nintendo 3DS . In 2015 , translator , localizer , and proprietor of the website Legends of Localization Clyde Mandelin ( also known by his online username Tomato , or Mato ) released his first book , Legends of Localization Book 1 : The Legend of Zelda , which chronicles in great detail all of the differences between the Japanese and North American releases of the game , from the original releases to all of its various re-releases throughout the years . Re-releases ( edit ) The Legend of Zelda has been re-released on multiple platforms since its original domestic and international releases . The game was first re-released in cartridge format for the Famicom in 1994 . The cartridge version slightly modified the title screen of the Disk Card version of the game , such that it displayed the number 1 at the end of the title . In 2001 , the original game was re-released in the GameCube game Animal Crossing . The only way to unlock the game is by using an Action Replay . An official re-release was included in 2003 's The Legend of Zelda : Collector 's Edition for the GameCube , and the game was again re-released on the Game Boy Advance in 2004 along with its sequel , The Adventure of Link , as part of the Famicom Mini / Classic NES Series . In 2006 , another rerelease was made available to players on the Wii 's Virtual Console , and most recently a timed demo of the game was released for the 2008 Wii game Super Smash Bros. Brawl , available in the Vault section . All re-releases of the game are virtually identical to the original , though the GameCube , Game Boy Advance , and Virtual Console versions have been altered slightly to correct several instances of incorrect spelling from the original , most notably in the intro story . A tech demo called Classic Games was shown for the Nintendo 3DS at E3 2010 , showcasing more than a dozen classic games utilizing 3D effects , including The Legend of Zelda . It was announced by Reggie Fils - Aimé , president of Nintendo of America , that the titles were slated for release on the 3DS , including The Legend of Zelda , Mega Man 2 , and Super Mario World 2 : Yoshi 's Island and would possibly make use of some of the 3DS 's features , such as 3D effects , analog control , or camera support . The Legend of Zelda was released to the Nintendo 3DS Virtual Console on September 1 , 2011 as a part of the Nintendo 3DS Ambassador program , and was later released to the Nintendo 3DS eShop on December 22 , 2011 in Japan , April 12 , 2012 in Europe and July 5 , 2012 in North America . Sequels ( edit ) There have also been a few substantially altered versions of the game that have been released as pseudo-sequels , and ura - or gaiden - versions . As part of a promotional advertisement campaign for their charumera ( チャルメラ ) noodles , Myojo Foods Co. , Ltd. ( 明星食品 , Myoujou Shokuhin ) released a version of the original The Legend of Zelda in 1986 entitled Zelda no Densetsu : Teikyō Charumera ( ゼルダの伝説提供チャルメラ ) . This game is one of the rarest video games available on the second - hand collector 's market , and copies have sold for over US $1,000 . From August 6 , 1995 , to September 2 , 1995 , Nintendo , in collaboration with the St. GIGA satellite radio network , began broadcasts of a substantially different version of the original The Hyrule Fantasy : Legend of Zelda for a Super Famicom peripheral , the Satellaview -- a satellite modem add - on . The game , titled BS Zelda no Densetsu ( BS ゼルダの伝説 ) , was released for download in four episodic , weekly installments which were rebroadcast at least four times between the game 's 1995 premier and January 1997 . BS Zelda was the first Satellaview game to feature a `` SoundLink '' soundtrack -- a streaming audio track through which , every few minutes , players were cautioned to listen carefully as a voice actor narrator , broadcasting live from the St. GIGA studio , would give them plot and gameplay clues . In addition to the SoundLink elements , BS Zelda also featured updated 16 - bit graphics , a smaller overworld , and different dungeons . Link was replaced by one of the two Satellaview avatars : a boy wearing a backward baseball cap or a girl with red hair . Between December 30 , 1995 , and January 6 , 1996 , a second version of the game , BS Zelda no Densetsu MAP 2 ( BS ゼルダの伝説 MAP2 ) , was broadcast to the Satellaview as the functional equivalent of the original The Legend of Zelda 's Second Quest . MAP 2 was rebroadcast only once , in March 1996 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Reported dates for US release varies ; sources either state it was released in July 1987 or on 22 August 1987 Jump up ^ Originally released in Japan as Legend of Zelda : The Hyrule Fantasy ( ゼルダの伝説 THE HYRULE FANTASY , Zeruda no Densetsu Za Hairaru Fantajī ) Jump up ^ In Japanese : THE HYRULE FANTASY ゼルダの伝説 1 ( Zelda no Densetsu 1 ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Proto : The Legend of Zelda '' . tcrf.net . ^ Jump up to : `` 照井啓司さんのコメントコーナー '' ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Legend of Zelda - NES '' . IGN . IGN Entertainment , Inc . Retrieved 23 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' The Legend of Zelda ' '' . NinDB . Archived from the original on 2010 - 06 - 19 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` NES Games '' ( PDF ) . Nintendo . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 11 June 2014 . Retrieved 23 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Legend of Zelda '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive Inc . Retrieved 24 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shigeru Miyamoto Interview '' . Super PLAY ( in Swedish ) . Medströms Dataförlag AB ( 04 / 03 ) . March 2003 . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2006 . Retrieved 24 Sep 2006 . ^ Jump up to : The Legend of Zelda Instruction Booklet . Nintendo of America , Inc . pp. 3 -- 4 . ^ Jump up to : The Legend of Zelda Instruction Booklet . Nintendo of America , Inc. p. 18 . Jump up ^ `` 放課後のクラブ活動のように '' . 社長が訊く . Nintendo Co. , Ltd. 19 November 2009 . Retrieved 8 June 2010 . 1986 年 2 月に、ファミコンのディスクシステムと同時発売された、アクションアドベンチャーゲーム . / An action - adventure game simultaneously released with the Famicom Disk System in February 1986 . ^ Jump up to : Gerstmann , Jeff ( 22 November 2006 ) . `` The Legend of Zelda Review '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 24 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Legend of Zelda : Collector 's Edition '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive Inc . Retrieved 23 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Legend of Zelda - Wii '' . IGN . IGN Entertainment , Inc . Retrieved 23 August 2014 . Jump up ^ The Legend of Zelda Instruction Booklet . Nintendo . p. 41 . Jump up ^ The Legend of Zelda Instruction Booklet . Nintendo of America , Inc. p. 28 . Jump up ^ The Legend of Zelda Instruction Booklet . Nintendo of America , Inc . pp. 29 -- 31 . Jump up ^ The Legend of Zelda Instruction Booklet . Nintendo of America , Inc . pp. 32 -- 39 . Jump up ^ The Legend of Zelda Instruction Booklet . Nintendo . pp. 21 -- 26 . Jump up ^ deWinter , Jennifer ( 2015 ) . Shigeru Miyamoto : Super Mario Bros. , Donkey Kong , The Legend of Zelda . Bloomsbury Publishing . p. 141 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 6289 - 2386 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Andrew Long . `` The Legend of Zelda -- Retroview '' . RPGamer . Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 . Retrieved 1 October 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Zelda Handheld History '' . Iwata Asks . Nintendo. 26 January 2010 . Retrieved 8 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 『裏ゼルダ』の裏話 '' . 社長が訊く . Nintendo. 19 November 2009 . Retrieved 8 June 2010 . Jump up ^ ZELDA : The Second Quest Begins ( 1988 ) , p. 28 Jump up ^ No byline . `` IGN : The Legend of Zelda Cheats , Codes , Hints & Secrets for NES '' . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ The Legend of Zelda Instruction Booklet . Nintendo of America , Inc. p. 39 . Jump up ^ The Legend of Zelda Instruction Booklet . Nintendo . p. 10 . ^ Jump up to : Nintendo Co. , Ltd ( August 22 , 1987 ) . The Legend of Zelda . Nintendo of America , Inc . Scene : staff credits . Jump up ^ `` Classic : Zelda und Link '' . Club Nintendo ( in German ) . Nintendo : 72 . April 1996 . Jump up ^ Legend of Zelda Developer Interview with Shigeru Miyamoto , Legend of Zelda : Sound and Drama , 1994 ^ Jump up to : Vestal , Andrew ; Cliff O'Neill ; Brad Shoemaker ( 2000 - 11 - 14 ) . `` History of Zelda '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on 2006 - 07 - 01 . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ Bufton , Ben ( 2005 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Shigeru Miyamoto Interview '' . ntsc - uk . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ Miyamoto , Shigeru ( 8 March 2007 ) . Creative Visions ( Speech ) . Game Developers Conference ( in Japanese ) . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Sheff ( 1993 ) , p. 51 Jump up ^ Sheff ( 1993 ) , p. 52 Jump up ^ Mowatt , Todd . `` In the Game : Nintendo 's Shigeru Miyamoto '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ Miyamoto , Shigeru ; Trinen , Bill ( 2016 - 06 - 18 ) . `` Interview Miyamoto : `` Un équilibre difficile à trouver '' `` . Gamekult ( Interview ) ( in French ) . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ MacDonald , Mark ( May 3 , 2005 ) . `` Zelda Exposed from 1UP.com '' . 1UP.com . IGN . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2015 . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Edwards , Benj ( 2008 - 08 - 07 ) . `` Inside Nintendo 's Classic Game Console ( slide 7 ) '' . PC World . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Lucas M. ( 18 February 2011 ) . `` The Legend of Zelda 25th Anniversary '' . IGN . p. 3 . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Why Your Game Paks Never Forget '' , Nintendo Power , Nintendo ( 20 ) , pp. 28 -- 31 , January 1991 Jump up ^ Sheff ( 1993 ) , p. 172 ^ Jump up to : Sheff ( 1987 ) , p. 178 Jump up ^ Sheff ( 1993 ) , p. 178 ^ Jump up to : Sheff ( 1993 ) , p. 188 Jump up ^ Marriott , Scott Alan . `` The Legend of Zelda - Overview '' . Allgame . Retrieved December 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` March 25 , 2004 '' . The Magic Box . 2004 - 03 - 25 . Archived from the original on 2005 - 11 - 26 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Narly Nintendo -- The Duffer 's Guide to Nintendomania '' . Raze . Newsfield Publications ( 5 ) : 18 . March 1991 . Jump up ^ `` Top 30 '' , Nintendo Power , 1 , p. 102 , July -- August 1988 Jump up ^ `` Nester Awards '' , Nintendo Power , Nintendo ( 6 ) , pp. 18 -- 21 , May -- June 1989 Jump up ^ `` Nintendo Power -- The 20th Anniversary Issue ! '' ( Magazine ) . Nintendo Power . 231 ( 231 ) . San Francisco , California : Future US . August 2008 : 71 . Jump up ^ `` Best NES Games of all time '' . GamesRadar. 2012 - 04 - 16 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ Kunkel , Bill ; Worley , Joyce ; Katz , Arnie ( November 1988 ) . `` Video Gaming World '' . Computer Gaming World . p. 54 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Adams , Roe R. III ( November 1990 ) . `` Westward Ho ! ( Toward Japan , That Is ) '' . Computer Gaming World . p. 83 . Retrieved 16 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Jarratt , Steve . The Legend of Zelda . Total ! . Issue 2 . Pg. 20 - 21 . February 1992 . Jump up ^ Petersen , Sandy ( October 1993 ) . `` Eye of the Monitor '' . Dragon ( 198 ) : 57 -- 60 . Jump up ^ Cork , Jeff ( 2009 - 11 - 16 ) . `` Game Informer 's Top 100 Games of All Time ( Circa Issue 100 ) '' . Game Informer . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ Game Informer staff ( December 2009 ) . `` The Top 200 Games of All Time '' . Game Informer . No. 200 . pp. 44 -- 79 . Jump up ^ S.B. ( February 2006 ) . `` The 200 Greatest Video Games of their Time '' . Electronic Gaming Monthly . Archived from the original on 2012 - 06 - 29 . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NP Top 200 '' , Nintendo Power , 200 , pp. 58 -- 66 , February 2006 Jump up ^ `` 80 - 61 ONM '' . ONM . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2011 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Readers ' Picks Top 99 Games : 80 - 71 '' . IGN. April 11 , 2005 . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ Buecheler , Christopher ( August 2000 ) . `` The Gamespy Hall of Fame '' . GameSpy . Archived from the original on 2006 - 08 - 19 . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ GameSpy Staff ( July 2001 ) . `` GameSpy 's Top 50 Games of All Time '' . GameSpy . Archived from the original on 2008 - 03 - 20 . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ taragan ( 2006 ) . `` Famitsu Readers ' All - time Favorite Famicom Games '' . Pink Godzilla . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 17 . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` GameSpy 's 30 Most Influential People in Gaming '' . GameSpy . Archived from the original on 2007 - 06 - 27 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` 15 Most Influential Games of All Time : The Legend of Zelda '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on 2010 - 05 - 15 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ An example is a clone for the TRS - 80 Color Computer III called `` The Quest for Thelda '' , written by Eric A. Wolf and licensed to Sundog Systems . `` Quest For Thelda '' . 2003 - 10 - 06 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 14 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Namco Triforce Hardware '' . System16 . Retrieved March 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The Game Informer staff ( December 2009 ) . `` The Top 200 Games of All Time '' . Game Informer . No. 200 . pp. 44 -- 79 . ISSN 1067 - 6392 . OCLC 27315596 . Jump up ^ `` Zelda 25th anniversary will be special -- Nintendo '' . Official Nintendo Magazine . 8 March 2010 . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2011 . Retrieved 9 March 2010 . Jump up ^ IGN Staff ( 2003 - 10 - 06 ) . `` True Zelda Love '' . IGN . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ Harris , Craig ( June 15 , 2010 ) . `` E3 2010 : Classic NES in 3D ! '' . IGN . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Mike ( 21 June 2010 ) . `` News : SNES , NES classics set for 3DS return '' . ComputerAndVideoGames.com . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2012 . Retrieved 23 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Legend of Zelda '' . GameFAQs . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Legend of Zelda 3DS '' . Nintendo . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Keef . ファミコンディスクシステム . Urban Awakening DiX ( 覚醒都市 DiX ) . Yuri Sakazaki Museum . 2009 . Jump up ^ Kahf , A. ファミコン非売品リスト Archived April 29 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine ... No Enemy in Our Way ! Retrieved 22 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Day , Ashley . The Ultimate Guide To ... # 06 The Legend of Zelda : The Versions of Zelda - Zelda no Densetsu : Teikyou Charumera ( 1986 ) . Retro Gamer . Issue 90 . Pg. 62 . May 2011 . Jump up ^ The Rarest and Most Valuable NES Games Archived November 22 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... Digital Press ( via RacketBoy ) . 25 May 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Kameb ( 2008 - 02 - 12 ) . かべ新聞ニュース閲覧室 ( in Japanese ) . The Satellaview History Museum . Archived from the original on 2011 - 02 - 04 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` BS The Legend of Zelda '' . IGN . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ Kameb ( 2008 - 02 - 12 ) . サウンドリンクゲーム一覧 ( in Japanese ) . The Satellaview History Museum . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 06 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 22 . Sheff , David ( 1993 ) . Game Over : How Nintendo Zapped an American Industry , Captured Your Dollars , and Enslaved Your Children . Random House . ISBN 0 - 679 - 40469 - 4 . `` ZELDA : The Second Quest Begins '' , Nintendo Power , 1 , pp. 26 -- 36 , July -- August 1988 External links ( edit ) Official website The Legend of Zelda series Main series Console games The Legend of Zelda The Adventure of Link A Link to the Past Ocarina of Time Majora 's Mask The Wind Waker HD Four Swords Adventures Twilight Princess HD Skyward Sword Breath of the Wild Handheld games Link 's Awakening Oracle of Seasons and Oracle of Ages A Link to the Past and Four Swords The Minish Cap Phantom Hourglass Spirit Tracks Ocarina of Time 3D A Link Between Worlds Majora 's Mask 3D Tri Force Heroes Spin - offs LCD games CD - i games Faces of Evil and Wand of Gamelon Zelda 's Adventure Satellaview games Freshly - Picked Tingle 's Rosy Rupeeland Link 's Crossbow Training Irodzuki Tingle no Koi no Balloon Trip Hyrule Warriors Universe Characters Link Princess Zelda Ganon Navi Epona Tingle Midna Recurring enemies Triforce `` I am Error '' `` It 's dangerous to go alone ! '' Media Cartoon Comics Gamebooks Hyrule Historia Symphony of the Goddesses People Eiji Aonuma Hidemaro Fujibayashi Yoshiaki Koizumi Koji Kondo Yōichi Kotabe Toru Minegishi Shigeru Miyamoto Tadashi Sugiyama Kensuke Tanabe Takashi Tezuka Companies Nintendo Animation Magic Capcom DIC Entertainment Flagship Grezzo Tantalus Media Team Ninja Vanpool Book Portal Games designed and directed by Shigeru Miyamoto Director Donkey Kong ( 1981 ) Donkey Kong Jr. ( 1982 ) Mario Bros. ( 1983 ) Super Mario Bros. ( 1985 ) The Legend of Zelda ( 1986 ) Super Mario 64 ( 1996 ) Mario Artist : Paint Studio ( 1999 ) Designer Donkey Kong ( 1981 ) Donkey Kong Jr. ( 1982 ) Popeye ( 1983 ) Mario Bros. ( 1983 ) Donkey Kong 3 ( 1983 ) Baseball ( 1983 ) Tennis ( 1984 ) Golf ( 1984 ) Devil World ( 1984 ) Excitebike ( 1984 ) Super Mario Bros. ( 1985 ) The Legend of Zelda ( 1986 ) Yume Kōjō : Doki Doki Panic ( 1987 ) Super Mario Bros. 2 ( 1988 ) BS Zelda no Densetsu ( 1995 ) See also Shigeru Miyamoto gameography The Legend of Zelda portal Nintendo portal Video games portal 1980s portal Japan portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Legend_of_Zelda_(video_game)&oldid=847380187 '' Categories : Role - playing video games Action - adventure games Action role - playing video games Famicom Disk System games Game Boy Advance games The Legend of Zelda video games Nintendo Entertainment System games Nintendo Entertainment Analysis and Development games Open world video games Single - player video games Top - down video games Video games scored by Koji Kondo Video games developed in Japan Video games directed by Shigeru Miyamoto Video games directed by Takashi Tezuka Video games produced by Shigeru Miyamoto Virtual Console games Virtual Console games for Nintendo 3DS Virtual Console games for Wii Virtual Console games for Wii U 1986 video games Hidden categories : Articles containing Japanese - language text CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Webarchive template wayback links CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Articles using Video game reviews template in single platform mode Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Latina Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 吴语中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 June 2018 , at 23 : 03 ( UTC ) . 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who played rosie on we bought a zoo			Maggie Elizabeth Jones	maggie elizabeth jones	Maggie Elizabeth Jones ( born October 10 , 2003 ) is an American child actress , best known for her roles in We Bought a Zoo , the Fox sitcom Ben and Kate , and as Lea Clark in An American Girl : Lea to the Rescue .	Filmography ( edit ) Film Year Title Role Notes Most Likely to Succeed Mia Television film The Party Hannah Reece Short film 2011 Test Subject B Bethany - age 5 Short film 2011 Game Time : Tackling the Past Shayla Walker Television film 2011 Footloose Amy Warnicker Feature film 2011 We Bought a Zoo Rosie Mee Feature film 2012 The First Time Stella Hodgman Feature film 2013 Identity Thief Jessie Patterson Feature film 2014 Child of Grace Katie Television film 2015 Away and Back Frankie Hallmark Channel Movie 2016 An American Girl : Lea to the Rescue Lea Clark Direct to video Television Year Title Role Notes 2012 - 2013 Ben and Kate Maddie Fox Series regular 2014 Star - Crossed Young Emery Whitehill One episode 2014 Halt and Catch Fire Joanie Clark One episode 2015 Rosewood Bella Series regular Video Games Year Title Role Notes 2016 King 's Quest - Chapter III : Once Upon A Climb Gwendolyn References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Geoff Berkshire ( September 13 , 2012 ) . `` Maggie Elizabeth Jones : The ' Zoo ' girl '' . Variety . Retrieved December 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` American Girl 's 2016 Girl of the Year TM Stars in its First - Ever Action - Adventure Movie ! '' . www.prnewswire.com . Jump up ^ The Odd Gentlemen . King 's Quest - Chapter III : Once Upon A Climb . Sierra Entertainment . Scene : Closing credits , 1 min in , Cast . External links ( edit ) Maggie Elizabeth Jones on IMDb WorldCat Identities LCCN : no2012075420 VIAF : 250797392 This article about an American actor or actress is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maggie_Elizabeth_Jones&oldid=858362995 '' Categories : 2003 births Living people Actresses from Atlanta American child actresses American film actresses American television actresses 21st - century American actresses American actor stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Deutsch فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 6 September 2018 , at 16 : 46 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggie%20Elizabeth%20Jones	3,223
who rode the nuclear bomb in dr strangelove			Dr. Strangelove	dr. strangelove		Dr. Strangelove Theatrical release poster by Tomi Ungerer Directed by Stanley Kubrick Produced by Stanley Kubrick Screenplay by Stanley Kubrick Terry Southern Peter George Based on Red Alert by Peter George Starring Peter Sellers George C. Scott Sterling Hayden Keenan Wynn Slim Pickens Tracy Reed Music by Laurie Johnson Cinematography Gilbert Taylor Edited by Anthony Harvey Production company Hawk Films Distributed by Columbia Pictures Release date January 29 , 1964 ( 1964 - 01 - 29 ) Running time 94 minutes Country United Kingdom United States Language English Budget $1.8 million Box office $9.4 million ( North America ) Play media Dr. Strangelove , trailer Dr. Strangelove or : How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb , more commonly known as Dr. Strangelove , is a 1964 political satire black comedy film that satirizes the Cold War fears of a nuclear conflict between the Soviet Union and the United States . The film was directed , produced , and co-written by Stanley Kubrick , stars Peter Sellers and George C. Scott , and features Sterling Hayden , Keenan Wynn , and Slim Pickens . Production took place in the United Kingdom . The film is loosely based on Peter George 's thriller novel Red Alert ( 1958 ) . The story concerns an unhinged United States Air Force general who orders a first strike nuclear attack on the Soviet Union . It follows the President of the United States , his advisors , the Joint Chiefs of Staff , and a Royal Air Force ( RAF ) officer as they try to recall the bombers to prevent a nuclear apocalypse . It separately follows the crew of one B - 52 bomber as they try to deliver their payload . In 1989 , the United States Library of Congress included Dr. Strangelove in the first group of films selected for preservation in the National Film Registry . It was listed as number three on AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Laughs list . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Peter Sellers 's multiple roles 2.1. 1 Group Captain Lionel Mandrake 2.1. 2 President Merkin Muffley 2.1. 3 Dr. Strangelove 2.2 Slim Pickens as Major T.J. `` King '' Kong 2.3 George C. Scott as General Buck Turgidson 3 Production 3.1 Novel and screenplay 3.2 Sets and filming 3.3 Fail Safe 3.4 Ending 3.5 Original ending 3.6 Effects of the Kennedy assassination on the film 3.7 Rerelease in 1994 4 Themes 4.1 Satirizing the Cold War 4.2 Sexual themes 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 6 Awards and honors 7 Potential sequel 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Plot ( edit ) United States Air Force Brigadier General Jack D. Ripper is commander of Burpelson Air Force Base , which houses the Strategic Air Command 843rd Bomb Wing , flying B - 52 bombers armed with hydrogen bombs . The 843rd Wing is flying on airborne alert , two hours from their targets inside the USSR . Ripper tells Mandrake that he discovered the Communist plot to pollute all Americans ' `` precious bodily fluids '' during `` the physical act of love . '' General Ripper orders his executive officer , Group Captain Lionel Mandrake of the UK Royal Air Force , to put the base on alert . Ripper also issues `` Wing Attack Plan R '' to the patroling aircraft , one of which is commanded by Major T.J. `` King '' Kong . All of the aircraft commence an attack flight on the USSR and set their radios to allow communications only through their CRM 114 discriminators , which was designed to accept only communications preceded by a secret three - letter code known only to General Ripper . Mandrake discovers that no war order has been issued by the Pentagon and he tries to stop Ripper , who locks them both in his office . Ripper tells Mandrake that he believes the Soviets have been using fluoridation of the American water supplies to pollute the `` precious bodily fluids '' of Americans . Mandrake realizes that Ripper has gone insane . In the War Room at the Pentagon , General Buck Turgidson briefs President Merkin Muffley and other officers about how Plan R enables a senior officer to launch a strike against the Soviets if all superiors have been killed in a first strike on the United States . Turgidson reports that his men are trying every possible three - letter CRM code to issue the stand - down order , but that could take over two days and the planes are due to reach their targets in about a couple of hours . Muffley orders the U.S. Army to storm the base and arrest General Ripper . Gen. Turgidson then attempts to convince Muffley to let the attack continue , but Muffley refuses to be party to a nuclear first strike . Instead , he brings Soviet ambassador Alexei de Sadeski into the War Room , to telephone Soviet premier Dimitri Kissov on the `` hot line '' . Muffley warns the Premier of the impending attack and offers to reveal the positions of the bombers and targets so that the Soviets can protect themselves . After a heated discussion in Russian with the Premier , the ambassador informs President Muffley that the Soviet Union has created a Doomsday Machine , which consists of many buried bombs jacketed with `` cobalt - thorium G '' connected to a computer network set to detonate them automatically should any nuclear attack strike the country . Within two months after detonation , the cobalt - thorium G would encircle the earth in a radioactive `` Doomsday shroud '' , wiping out all human and animal life , rendering the surface of the Earth uninhabitable for about 93 years . The device can not be dismantled or `` untriggered '' , as it is programmed to explode if any such attempt is made . When the President 's wheelchair - bound scientific advisor , the former Nazi German Dr. Strangelove , points out that such a Doomsday Machine would only be an effective deterrent if everyone knew about it , de Sadeski replies that the Soviet Premier had planned to reveal its existence to the world the following week . Meanwhile , U.S. Army troops arrive at Burpelson , still sealed by Ripper 's order , to take over the base after an heated firefight with Air Force security policemen . Gen. Ripper then shoots himself to death , while Mandrake identifies Ripper 's CRM code from his desk blotter ( `` OPE , '' a variant of both Peace on Earth and Purity of Essence ) and relays this code to the Pentagon . Using the recall code , SAC successfully recalls all of the bombers but one . No one in the War Room knows that a Soviet surface - to - air missile has damaged the fuel tanks of that plane and destroyed its radio equipment , making it impossible to recall this particular plane even with the correct recall code . Bomber commander Major T.J. Kong riding the bomb down . Muffley discloses the plane 's target to help the Soviets find it , but Major Kong , with his fuel dwindling , has selected a nearer target . As the plane approaches the new target , the crew is unable to open the damaged bomb bay doors . Maj . Kong enters the bomb bay and repairs the broken electrical wiring , whereupon the doors open and drop the H - bomb . With Kong straddling it like a rodeo bull , the bomb falls and detonates over a Soviet ICBM site . Back in the War Room , Dr. Strangelove recommends that the President gather several hundred thousand people to live in deep underground mines where the radiation will not penetrate . He suggests a 10 : 1 female - to - male ratio for a breeding program to repopulate the Earth once the radiation has subsided . Turgidson , worried that the Soviets will do the same , warns about a `` mineshaft gap . '' Dr. Strangelove then rises from his wheelchair and announces that he can walk again . Soon , the Doomsday Machine kicks into operation , and the film ends with a montage of many nuclear explosions , accompanied by Vera Lynn 's version of the popular World War II song `` We 'll Meet Again '' . Cast ( edit ) Peter Sellers as : Group Captain Lionel Mandrake , a British RAF exchange officer President Merkin Muffley , the President of the United States Dr. Strangelove , the wheelchair - using nuclear war expert and former Nazi George C. Scott as General Buck Turgidson , the USAF Chief of Staff Sterling Hayden as Brigadier General Jack D. Ripper , a paranoid SAC commander Keenan Wynn as Colonel Bat Guano , the Army officer who finds Mandrake and the dead Ripper Slim Pickens as Major T.J. `` King '' Kong , the B - 52 Stratofortress bomber 's commander and pilot Peter Bull as Soviet Ambassador Alexei de Sadeski James Earl Jones as Lieutenant Lothar Zogg , the B - 52 's bombardier Tracy Reed as Miss Scott , General Turgidson 's secretary and mistress , the film 's only female character . Reed also appears as `` Miss Foreign Affairs , '' the centerfold in the June 1962 issue of Playboy magazine that Major Kong ( Slim Pickens ) is perusing just before he is notified of the radio message ordering `` Wing Attack -- Plan R '' by Lt. `` Goldie '' Goldberg ( Paul Tamarin ) . Shane Rimmer as Capt . Ace Owens , the co-pilot of the B - 52 Peter Sellers 's multiple roles ( edit ) Columbia Pictures agreed to finance the film if Peter Sellers played at least four major roles . The condition stemmed from the studio 's opinion that much of the success of Kubrick 's previous film Lolita ( 1962 ) was based on Sellers 's performance in which his single character assumes a number of identities . Sellers had also played three roles in The Mouse That Roared ( 1959 ) . Kubrick accepted the demand , later explaining that `` such crass and grotesque stipulations are the sine qua non of the motion - picture business '' . Peter Sellers 's roles Group Captain Mandrake sitting at an IBM 7090 console President Merkin Muffley Dr. Strangelove Sellers ended up playing three of the four roles written for him . He had been expected to play Air Force Major T.J. `` King '' Kong , the B - 52 Stratofortress aircraft commander , but from the beginning , Sellers was reluctant . He felt his workload was too heavy , and he worried he would not properly portray the character 's Texas accent . Kubrick pleaded with him , and he asked the screenwriter Terry Southern ( who had been raised in Texas ) to record a tape with Kong 's lines spoken in the correct accent . Using Southern 's tape , Sellers managed to get the accent right , and he started acting in the scenes in the aircraft , but then Sellers sprained his ankle and he could not work in the cramped cockpit set . Sellers is said to have improvised much of his dialogue , with Kubrick incorporating the ad - libs into the written screenplay so the improvised lines became part of the canonical screenplay , a practice known as retroscripting . Group Captain Lionel Mandrake ( edit ) According to film critic Alexander Walker , the author of biographies of both Sellers and Kubrick , the role of Group Captain Lionel Mandrake was the easiest of the three for Sellers to play , since he was aided by his experience of mimicking his superiors while serving in the Royal Air Force during World War II . There is also a heavy resemblance to Sellers 's friend and occasional co-star Terry - Thomas and the prosthetic - limbed RAF ace Sir Douglas Bader . President Merkin Muffley ( edit ) For his performance as President Merkin Muffley , Sellers assumed the accent of an American Midwesterner . Sellers drew inspiration for the role from Adlai Stevenson , a former Illinois governor who was the Democratic candidate for the 1952 and 1956 presidential elections and the U.N. ambassador during the Cuban Missile Crisis . In early takes , Sellers faked cold symptoms to emphasize the character 's apparent weakness . That caused frequent laughter among the film crew , ruining several takes . Kubrick ultimately found this comic portrayal inappropriate , feeling that Muffley should be a serious character . In later takes Sellers played the role straight , though the President 's cold is still evident in several scenes . In keeping with Kubrick 's satirical character names , a `` merkin '' is a pubic hair wig . The president is bald , and his last name is `` Muffley '' ; both are additional homages to a merkin . Dr. Strangelove ( edit ) Dr. Strangelove is an ex-Nazi scientist , suggesting Operation Paperclip , the US effort to recruit top German technical talent at the end of World War II . He serves as President Muffley 's scientific adviser in the War Room . When General Turgidson wonders aloud what kind of name `` Strangelove '' is , saying to Mr. Staines ( Jack Creley ) that it is not a `` Kraut name '' , Staines responds that Strangelove 's original German surname was Merkwürdigliebe ( `` Strange love '' in German ) and that `` he changed it when he became a citizen . '' Twice in the film , Strangelove accidentally addresses the president as Mein Führer . Dr. Strangelove did not appear in the book Red Alert . John von Neumann proposed the strategy of mutual assured destruction The character is an amalgamation of RAND Corporation strategist Herman Kahn , mathematician and Manhattan Project principal John von Neumann , rocket scientist Wernher von Braun ( a central figure in Nazi Germany 's rocket development program recruited to the US after the war ) , and Edward Teller , the `` father of the hydrogen bomb '' . There is a common misconception that the character was based on Henry Kissinger , but Kubrick and Sellers denied this ; Sellers said , `` Strangelove was never modeled after Kissinger -- that 's a popular misconception . It was always Wernher von Braun . '' Furthermore , Henry Kissinger points out in his memoirs that at the time of the writing of Dr. Strangelove , he was an unknown academic . The wheelchair - using Strangelove furthers a Kubrick trope of the menacing , seated antagonist , first depicted in Lolita through the character `` Dr. Zaempf '' . Strangelove 's accent was influenced by that of Austrian - American photographer Weegee , who worked for Kubrick as a special photographic effects consultant . Strangelove 's appearance echoes the mad scientist archetype as seen in the character Rotwang in Fritz Lang 's film Metropolis ( 1927 ) . Sellers 's Strangelove takes from Rotwang the single black gloved hand ( which , in Rotwang 's case is mechanical , because of a lab accident ) , the wild hair and , most importantly , his ability to avoid being controlled by political power . According to Alexander Walker , Sellers improvised Dr. Strangelove 's lapse into the Nazi salute , borrowing one of Kubrick 's black leather gloves for the uncontrollable hand that makes the gesture . Dr. Strangelove apparently suffers from alien hand syndrome . Kubrick wore the gloves on the set to avoid being burned when handling hot lights , and Sellers , recognizing the potential connection to Lang 's work , found them to be menacing . Slim Pickens as Major T.J. `` King '' Kong ( edit ) Wing Attack Plan R , fresh from the cockpit 's safe , allows a nuclear strike without the President 's authorization . Slim Pickens , an established character actor and veteran of many Western films , was eventually chosen to replace Sellers as Major Kong after Sellers 's injury . Terry Southern 's biographer , Lee Hill , said the part was originally written with John Wayne in mind , and that Wayne was offered the role after Sellers was injured , but he immediately turned it down . Dan Blocker of the Bonanza western television series was approached to play the part , but according to Southern , Blocker 's agent rejected the script as being `` too pinko '' . Kubrick then recruited Pickens , whom he knew from his brief involvement in a Marlon Brando western film project that was eventually filmed as One - Eyed Jacks . His fellow actor James Earl Jones recalls , `` He was Major Kong on and off the set -- he did n't change a thing -- his temperament , his language , his behavior . '' Pickens was not told that the movie was a black comedy , and he was only given the script for scenes he was in , to get him to play it `` straight '' . Kubrick 's biographer John Baxter explained , in the documentary Inside the Making of Dr. Strangelove : As it turns out , Slim Pickens had never left the United States . He had to hurry and get his first passport . He arrived on the set , and somebody said , `` Gosh , he 's arrived in costume ! '' , not realizing that that 's how he always dressed ... with the cowboy hat and the fringed jacket and the cowboy boots -- and that he was n't putting on the character -- that 's the way he talked . Pickens , who had previously played only supporting and character roles , said that his appearance as Maj . Kong greatly improved his career . He later commented , `` After Dr. Strangelove the roles , the dressing rooms , and the checks all started getting bigger . '' George C. Scott as General Buck Turgidson ( edit ) General Buck Turgidson imitating a low - flying B - 52 `` frying chickens in a barnyard '' Kubrick tricked Scott into playing the role of Gen. Turgidson far more ridiculously than Scott was comfortable doing . Kubrick talked Scott into doing over the top `` practice '' takes , which Kubrick told Scott would never be used , as a way to warm up for the `` real '' takes . Kubrick used these takes in the final film , causing Scott to swear never to work with Kubrick again . During the filming , Kubrick and Scott had different opinions regarding certain scenes , but Kubrick got Scott to conform largely by repeatedly beating him at chess , which they played frequently on the set . Scott , a skilled player himself , later said that while he and Kubrick may not have always seen eye to eye , he respected Kubrick immensely for his skill at chess . Production ( edit ) Novel and screenplay ( edit ) Stanley Kubrick started with nothing but a vague idea to make a thriller about a nuclear accident that built on the widespread Cold War fear for survival . While doing research , Kubrick gradually became aware of the subtle and paradoxical `` balance of terror '' between nuclear powers . At Kubrick 's request , Alastair Buchan ( the head of the Institute for Strategic Studies ) recommended the thriller novel Red Alert by Peter George . Kubrick was impressed with the book , which had also been praised by game theorist and future Nobel Prize in Economics winner Thomas Schelling in an article written for the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists and reprinted in The Observer , and immediately bought the film rights . In 2006 , Schelling wrote that conversations between Kubrick , Schelling , and George in late 1960 about a treatment of Red Alert updated with intercontinental missiles eventually led to the making of the film . In collaboration with George , Kubrick started writing a screenplay based on the book . While writing the screenplay , they benefited from some brief consultations with Schelling and , later , Herman Kahn . In following the tone of the book , Kubrick originally intended to film the story as a serious drama . However , as he later explained during interviews , he began to see comedy inherent in the idea of mutual assured destruction as he wrote the first draft . Kubrick said : My idea of doing it as a nightmare comedy came in the early weeks of working on the screenplay . I found that in trying to put meat on the bones and to imagine the scenes fully , one had to keep leaving out of it things which were either absurd or paradoxical , in order to keep it from being funny ; and these things seemed to be close to the heart of the scenes in question . Among the titles that Kubrick considered for the film were Dr. Doomsday or : How to Start World War III Without Even Trying , Dr. Strangelove 's Secret Uses of Uranus , and Wonderful Bomb . After deciding to make the film a black comedy , Kubrick brought in Terry Southern as a co-writer in late 1962 . The choice was influenced by reading Southern 's comic novel The Magic Christian , which Kubrick had received as a gift from Peter Sellers , and which itself became a Sellers film in 1969 . Southern made important contributions to the film , but his role led to a rift between Kubrick and Peter George ; after Life magazine published a photo - essay on Southern in August 1964 which implied that Southern had been the script 's principal author -- a misperception neither Kubrick nor Southern did much to dispel -- Peter George wrote an indignant letter to the magazine , published in its September 1964 issue , in which he pointed out that he had both written the film 's source novel and collaborated on various incarnations of the script over a period of ten months , whereas `` Southern was briefly employed ... to do some additional rewriting for Kubrick and myself and fittingly received a screenplay credit in third place behind Mr. Kubrick and myself '' . Sets and filming ( edit ) Dr. Strangelove was filmed at Shepperton Studios , near London , as Sellers was in the middle of a divorce at the time and unable to leave England . The sets occupied three main sound stages : the Pentagon War Room , the B - 52 Stratofortress bomber and the last one containing both the motel room and General Ripper 's office and outside corridor . The studio 's buildings were also used as the Air Force base exterior . The film 's set design was done by Ken Adam , the production designer of several James Bond films ( at the time he had already worked on Dr. No ) . The black and white cinematography was by Gilbert Taylor , and the film was edited by Anthony Harvey and Stanley Kubrick ( uncredited ) . The original musical score for the film was composed by Laurie Johnson and the special effects were by Wally Veevers . The theme of the chorus from the bomb run scene is a modification of When Johnny Comes Marching Home . Sellers and Kubrick got on famously during the film 's production and shared a love of photography . Model of the War Room constructed for the film . The War Room with the Big Board . For the War Room , Ken Adam first designed a two - level set which Kubrick initially liked , only to decide later that it was not what he wanted . Adam next began work on the design that was used in the film , an expressionist set that was compared with The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari and Fritz Lang 's Metropolis . It was an enormous concrete room ( 130 feet ( 40 m ) long and 100 feet ( 30 m ) wide , with a 35 - foot ( 11 m ) - high ceiling ) suggesting a bomb shelter , with a triangular shape ( based on Kubrick 's idea that this particular shape would prove the most resistant against an explosion ) . One side of the room was covered with gigantic strategic maps reflecting in a shiny black floor inspired by dance scenes in Fred Astaire films . In the middle of the room there was a large circular table lit from above by a circle of lamps , suggesting a poker table . Kubrick insisted that the table would be covered with green baize ( although this could not be seen in the black and white film ) to reinforce the actors ' impression that they are playing ' a game of poker for the fate of the world . ' Kubrick asked Adam to build the set ceiling in concrete to force the director of photography to use only the on - set lights from the circle of lamps . Moreover , each lamp in the circle of lights was carefully placed and tested until Kubrick was happy with the result . Lacking cooperation from the Pentagon in the making of the film , the set designers reconstructed the aircraft cockpit to the best of their ability by comparing the cockpit of a B - 29 Superfortress and a single photograph of the cockpit of a B - 52 and relating this to the geometry of the B - 52 's fuselage . The B - 52 was state - of - the - art in the 1960s , and its cockpit was off - limits to the film crew . When some United States Air Force personnel were invited to view the reconstructed B - 52 cockpit , they said that `` it was absolutely correct , even to the little black box which was the CRM . '' It was so accurate that Kubrick was concerned whether Ken Adam 's production design team had done all of their research legally , fearing a possible investigation by the FBI . In several shots of the B - 52 flying over the polar ice en route to Russia , the shadow of the actual camera plane , a Boeing B - 17 Flying Fortress , is visible on the icecap below . The B - 52 was a scale model composited into the Arctic footage , which was sped up to create a sense of jet speed . Home movie footage included in Inside the Making of Dr. Strangelove on the 2001 Special Edition DVD release of the film shows clips of the B - 17 with a cursive `` Dr. Strangelove '' painted over the rear entry hatch on the right side of the fuselage . In 1967 , some of the flying footage from Dr Strangelove was re-used in The Beatles ' television film Magical Mystery Tour . As told by editor Roy Benson in the BBC Radio Documentary `` Celluloid Beatles '' , the production team of Magical Mystery Tour lacked footage to cover the sequence for the song `` Flying '' . Benson had access to the aerial footage filmed for the B52 sequences of Dr Stranglelove , which was stored at Shepperton Studios . The use of the footage prompted Kubrick to call Benson to complain . Fail Safe ( edit ) Red Alert author Peter George collaborated on the screenplay with Kubrick and satirist Terry Southern . Red Alert was more solemn than its film version , and it did not include the character Dr. Strangelove , though the main plot and technical elements were quite similar . A novelization of the actual film , rather than a reprint of the original novel , was published by Peter George , based on an early draft in which the narrative is bookended by the account of aliens , who , having arrived at a desolated Earth , try to piece together what has happened . It was reissued in October 2015 by Candy Jar Books , featuring never - before - published material on Strangelove 's early career . During the filming of Dr. Strangelove , Stanley Kubrick learned that Fail Safe , a film with a similar theme , was being produced . Although Fail Safe was to be an ultrarealistic thriller , Kubrick feared that its plot resemblance would damage his film 's box office potential , especially if it were released first . Indeed , the novel Fail - Safe ( on which the film is based ) is so similar to Red Alert that Peter George sued on charges of plagiarism and settled out of court . What worried Kubrick the most was that Fail Safe boasted the acclaimed director Sidney Lumet and the first - rate dramatic actors Henry Fonda as the American President and Walter Matthau as the advisor to the Pentagon , Professor Groeteschele . Kubrick decided to throw a legal wrench into Fail Safe 's production gears . Lumet recalled in the documentary Inside the Making of Dr. Strangelove : `` We started casting . Fonda was already set ... which of course meant a big commitment in terms of money . I was set , Walter ( Bernstein , the screenwriter ) was set ... And suddenly , this lawsuit arrived , filed by Stanley Kubrick and Columbia Pictures . '' Kubrick argued that Fail Safe 's own source novel Fail - Safe ( 1960 ) had been plagiarized from Peter George 's Red Alert , to which Kubrick owned creative rights . He pointed out unmistakable similarities in intentions between the characters Groeteschele and Strangelove . The plan worked , and Fail Safe opened eight months after Dr. Strangelove , to critical acclaim but mediocre ticket sales . Ending ( edit ) The end of the film shows Dr. Strangelove exclaiming , `` Mein Führer , I can walk ! '' before cutting to footage of nuclear explosions , with Vera Lynn singing `` We 'll Meet Again . '' This footage comes from nuclear tests such as shot BAKER of Operation Crossroads at Bikini Atoll , the Trinity test , a test from Operation Sandstone and the hydrogen bomb tests from Operation Redwing and Operation Ivy . In some shots , old warships ( such as the German heavy cruiser Prinz Eugen ) , which were used as targets , are plainly visible . In others , the smoke trails of rockets used to create a calibration backdrop can be seen . Former Goon Show writer , and friend of Sellers , Spike Milligan , was credited with suggesting Vera Lynn 's song for the ending . Original ending ( edit ) The cream pie fight was removed from the final cut . It was originally planned for the film to end with a scene that depicted everyone in the war room involved in a pie fight . Accounts vary as to why the pie fight was cut . In a 1969 interview , Kubrick said , `` I decided it was farce and not consistent with the satiric tone of the rest of the film . '' Critic Alexander Walker observed that `` the cream pies were flying around so thickly that people lost definition , and you could n't really say whom you were looking at . '' Nile Southern , son of screenwriter Terry Southern , suggested the fight was intended to be less jovial : `` Since they were laughing , it was unusable , because instead of having that totally black , which would have been amazing , like , this blizzard , which in a sense is metaphorical for all of the missiles that are coming , as well , you just have these guys having a good old time . So , as Kubrick later said , ' it was a disaster of Homeric proportions . ' '' Effects of the Kennedy assassination on the film ( edit ) A first test screening of the film was scheduled for November 22 , 1963 , the day of the assassination of John F. Kennedy . The film was just weeks from its scheduled premiere , but because of the assassination , the release was delayed until late January 1964 , as it was felt that the public was in no mood for such a film any sooner . One line by Slim Pickens , `` a fella could have a pretty good weekend in Dallas with all that stuff '' , was dubbed to change `` Dallas '' to `` Vegas '' since Dallas was where Kennedy was killed . The original reference to Dallas survives in the English audio of the French - subtitled version of the film . The assassination also serves as another possible reason that the pie - fight scene was cut . In the scene , after Muffley takes a pie in the face , General Turgidson exclaims : `` Gentlemen ! Our gallant young president has been struck down in his prime ! '' Editor Anthony Harvey stated that the scene `` would have stayed , except that Columbia Pictures were horrified , and thought it would offend the president 's family . '' Kubrick and others have said that the scene had already been cut before preview night because it was inconsistent with the rest of the film . Rerelease in 1994 ( edit ) In 1994 , the film was rereleased . While the 1964 release used a 1.85 : 1 aspect ratio , the new print was in the slightly squarer 1.66 : 1 ( 5 : 3 ) ratio that Kubrick had originally intended . Themes ( edit ) Satirizing the Cold War ( edit ) Dr. Strangelove takes passing shots at numerous contemporary Cold War attitudes , such as the `` missile gap '' , but it primarily focuses its satire on the theory of mutual assured destruction ( MAD ) , in which each side is supposed to be deterred from a nuclear war by the prospect of a universal cataclysmic disaster regardless who `` won '' . Military strategist and former physicist Herman Kahn in the book , On Thermonuclear War ( 1960 ) used the theoretical example of a Doomsday Machine to illustrate the limitations of MAD , which was developed by John von Neumann . The concept of such a machine is consistent with MAD doctrine , when it is logically pursued to its conclusion . It thus worried Kahn that the military might like the idea of a Doomsday Machine and build one . Kahn , a leading critic of MAD and President Eisenhower administration 's doctrine of massive retaliation upon the slightest provocation by the USSR , considered MAD to be foolish bravado , and instead he urged America to plan for proportionality , and thus even a limited nuclear war . With this logical reasoning , Kahn became one of the architects of the flexible response doctrine , that while superficially resembling MAD , allowed for responding to a limited nuclear strike , with a proportional or calibrated , return of fire ( see On Escalation ) . Kahn educated Kubrick on the concept of the semirealistic `` cobalt - thorium G '' Doomsday Machine , and then Kubrick used the concept for the film . Kahn in his writings and talks would often come across as cold and calculating , for example , with his use of the term megadeaths and in his willingness to estimate how many human lives the United States could lose and still rebuild economically , but it was unfair , as he was not really advocating nuclear warfare . ( He simply meant that if it came to nuclear war , there might , in fact , be a limited one , and options should be kept open . ) Kahn 's cold analytical attitude towards millions of deaths is reflected in Turgidson 's remark to the president about the outcome of a preemptive nuclear war : `` Mr. President , I 'm not saying we would n't get our hair mussed . But I do say no more than ten to twenty million killed , tops , uh , depending on the breaks . '' Turgidson has a binder that is labelled `` World Targets in Megadeaths '' , a term coined in 1953 by Kahn and popularized in his 1960 book On Thermonuclear War . The post-hoc planning in the film , by Dr. Strangelove , done after the MAD policy has clearly broken down , to keep the human race alive and to regenerate from populations sheltered in mineshafts , is a parody of those strict adherents of the MAD doctrine who are opposed to the prior creation of fallout shelters on ideological grounds . To such adherents , talk of survival takes the `` Assured Destruction '' out of `` Mutual Assured Destruction '' , hence no preparations should be conducted for fear of `` destabilizing '' the MAD doctrine . Moreover , it is also somewhat of a parody of Nelson Rockefeller , Edward Teller , Herman Kahn , and Chet Holifield 's November 1961 popularization of a similar plan to spend billions of dollars on a nationwide network of highly protective concrete - lined underground fallout shelters , capable of holding millions of people and to be built before any such nuclear exchange began . These extensive and therefore wildly expensive preparations were the fullest conceivable implementation of President Kennedy 's , month prior , September 1961 advocacy in favor of the comparatively more modest , individual and community fallout shelters , as it appeared in Life magazine , which was in the context of shelters being on the minds of the public at the time due to the Berlin Crisis . The Kennedy administration would later go on to expand the nascent United States civil defense efforts , including the assessment of millions of homes and to create a network of thousands of well known , black and yellow plaqued , community fallout shelters . This was done , not with a massive construction effort but by the relatively cheap re-purposing of existing buildings and stocking them with CD V - 700 geiger counters etc . In 1962 the Kennedy administration would found the American Civil Defense Association to organize this , comparatively far more cost - effective , shelter effort . The fallout - shelter - network proposal , mentioned in the film , with its inherently high radiation protection characteristics , has similarities and contrasts to that of the very real and robust Swiss civil defense network . Switzerland has an overcapacity of nuclear fallout shelters for the country 's population size , and by law , new homes must still be built with a fallout shelter . If the US did that , it would violate the spirit of MAD and according to MAD adherents , allegedly destabilize the situation because the US could launch a first strike and its population would largely survive a retaliatory second strike . ( See MAD § Theory ) To refute early 1960s novels and Hollywood films like Fail - Safe and Dr. Strangelove , which raised questions about US control over nuclear weapons , the Air Force produced a documentary film , SAC Command Post , to demonstrate its responsiveness to presidential command and its tight control over nuclear weapons . However , later academic research into declassified documents showed that U.S. military commanders had been given presidentially - authorized pre-delegation for the use of nuclear weapons during the early Cold War , showing that that aspect of the film 's plot was plausible . The character of Gen. Turgidson spoofed the real - life Gen. Curtis LeMay of the Strategic Air Command . Sexual themes ( edit ) In the months following the film 's release director Stanley Kubrick received a fan letter from Legrace G. Benson of the Department of History of Art at Cornell University interpreting the film as being sexually - layered . The director wrote back to Benson and confirmed the interpretation , `` Seriously , you are the first one who seems to have noticed the sexual framework from intromission ( the planes going in ) to the last spasm ( Kong 's ride down and detonation at target ) . '' Sexual metaphors often popped up when the nuclear analysts that Kubrick consulted were discussing strategy , such as when Bernard Brodie compared his not attacking cities / withhold plan following belligerent escalation to coitus interruptus in an internally circulated memorandum at the RAND Corporation ( spoofed in the film as the ' BLAND Corporation ' ) , while he described the SAC plan of massive retaliation as `` going all the way '' . That led RAND scholar Herman Kahn , whom Kubrick consulted , to quip to an assembled group of `` massive retaliation '' SAC officers , `` Gentlemen , you do not have a war plan . You have a Wargasm ! '' . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) The film was a popular success , earning US $ 4,420,000 in rentals in North America during its initial theatrical release . Critical response ( edit ) Dr. Strangelove is Kubrick 's highest rated film on Rotten Tomatoes , holding a 99 % approval rating ( based on 76 reviews ) with an average rating of 9.1 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Stanley Kubrick 's brilliant Cold War satire remains as funny and razor - sharp today as it was in 1964 . '' The film also holds a score of 96 out of 100 on Metacritic , based on 11 reviews , indicating `` universal acclaim . '' The film is ranked number 7 in the All - Time High Scores chart of Metacritic 's Video / DVD section . It was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry . Dr. Strangelove is on Roger Ebert 's list of The Great Movies , and he described it as `` arguably the best political satire of the century '' . One of the most celebrated of all film comedies , it is the only one that made the top 10 in the 2002 Sight & Sound directors ' poll , and John Patterson of The Guardian wrote , `` There had been nothing in comedy like Dr Strangelove ever before . All the gods before whom the America of the stolid , paranoid 50s had genuflected -- the Bomb , the Pentagon , the National Security State , the President himself , Texan masculinity and the alleged Commie menace of water - fluoridation -- went into the wood - chipper and never got the same respect ever again . '' It is also listed as number 26 on Empire 's 500 Greatest Movies of All Time , and in 2010 it was listed by Time magazine as one of the 100 best films since the publication 's inception in 1923 . The Writers Guild of America ranked its screenplay the 12th best ever written . In 2000 , readers of Total Film magazine voted it the 24th greatest comedic film of all time . Awards and honors ( edit ) The film was nominated for four Academy Awards and also seven BAFTA Awards , of which it won four . Academy Awards nominations Best Actor in a Leading Role : Peter Sellers Best Adapted Screenplay : Stanley Kubrick , Peter George , Terry Southern Best Director : Stanley Kubrick Best Picture BAFTA Awards Best British Actor : Peter Sellers ( nom ) Best British Art Direction ( Black and White ) : Ken Adam ( won ) Best British Film ( won ) Best British Screenplay : Stanley Kubrick , Peter George , Terry Southern ( nom ) Best Film From Any Source ( won ) Best Foreign Actor : Sterling Hayden ( nom ) UN award In addition , the film won the best written American comedy award from the Writers Guild of America , a Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation , and the Grand Prix of the Belgian Film Critics Association . Kubrick won two awards for best director , from the New York Film Critics Circle and the Italian National Syndicate of Film Journalists , and was nominated for one by the Directors Guild of America . The film ranked # 32 on TV Guide 's list of the 50 Greatest Movies on TV ( and Video ) . American Film Institute included the film as # 26 in AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies , # 3 in AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Laughs , # 64 in AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes ( `` Gentlemen , you ca n't fight in here ! This is the War Room ! '' ) and # 39 in AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) . Potential sequel ( edit ) In 1995 , Kubrick enlisted Terry Southern to script a sequel titled Son of Strangelove . Kubrick had Terry Gilliam in mind to direct . The script was never completed , but index cards laying out the story 's basic structure were found among Southern 's papers after he died in October 1995 . It was set largely in underground bunkers , where Dr. Strangelove had taken refuge with a group of women . In 2013 , Gilliam commented , `` I was told after Kubrick died -- by someone who had been dealing with him -- that he had been interested in trying to do another Strangelove with me directing . I never knew about that until after he died but I would have loved to . '' See also ( edit ) List of American films of 1964 CRM 114 Dead Hand List of films considered the best Politics in fiction Stanley Kubrick Archive Operation Paperclip OSS program used to recruit scientists from Nazi Germany References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Dr. Strangelove '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved July 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dr. Strangelove or : How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb ( 1963 ) '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dr. Strangelove or : How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb ( 1964 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kramer , Peter ( 2014 ) . Dr. Strangelove or : How I learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 1844577798 . Retrieved February 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Who Was Dr. Strangelove ? '' . Slate ( magazine ) . March 9 , 1999 . Retrieved February 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The distinctive bikinied torso on the cover dates this as the real June 1962 issue , which features the pictorial `` A Toast to Bikinis '' ( being a play on the name of Bikini Atoll a testing site atoll for nuclear weapons ) ) ) , shown as the pinups on the inside of the B - 52 's safe 's door . Grant B. Stillman , `` Last Secrets of Strangelove Revealed '' , 2008 . Jump up ^ For the pose , Reed lay flat on her chest and had the January 1963 ( Vol. 41 , No. 2 ) issue of Foreign Affairs covering her buttocks . Despite this modest pose , her mother was furious . In the novel and advertising posters , the Playboy model is identified as `` Miss Foreign Affairs '' . Brian Siano , `` A Commentary on Dr. Strangelove '' , 1995 and `` Inside the Making of Dr. Strangelove , '' a documentary included with the 40th Anniversary Special Edition DVD of the film . ^ Jump up to : Terry Southern , `` Notes from The War Room '' , Grand Street , issue # 49 ^ Jump up to : Lee Hill , `` Interview with a Grand Guy '' : interview with Terry Southern Jump up ^ Tulsa TV Memories . U.N.C.L.E. , SAGE , SABRE , Strangelove & Tulsa : Connections Jump up ^ In the fictionalized biopic The Life and Death of Peter Sellers , it is suggested that Sellers faked the injury as a way to force Kubrick to release him from the contractual obligation to play this fourth role . ^ Jump up to : `` Inside the Making of Dr. Strangelove , '' a documentary included with the 40th Anniversary Special Edition DVD of the film Jump up ^ Dan Geddes , `` Dr. Strangelove or : How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb ( 1964 ) '' ; The Satirist , December 2011 . Jump up ^ Beverly Merrill Kelley , Reelpolitik II : Political Ideologies in ' 50s and ' 60s Films ; Oxford : Rowman & Littlefield , 2004 ; p. 263 . Jump up ^ Jeffrey Townsend , et al. , ' Red Alert ' in John Tibbetts & James Welsh ( eds ) , The Encyclopedia of Novels into Films , New York , 1999 , pp. 183 -- 186 Jump up ^ Paul Boyer , `` Dr. Strangelove '' in Mark C. Carnes ( ed . ) , Past Imperfect : History According to the Movies , New York , 1996 . Jump up ^ `` Dr Strangelove '' . moviediva.com . Jump up ^ Starr , Michael Seth ( 1991 ) . Peter Sellers : A Film History . McFarland & Company . p. 100 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89950 - 512 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` The real Dr Strangelove '' . New Scientist . Retrieved July 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lolita '' . The Criterion Collection . Jump up ^ Frayling , Christopher . Mad , Bad , and Dangerous ? : The Scientist and the Cinema . London : Reaktion , 2006 . p. 26 ^ Jump up to : Lee Hill , A Grand Guy : The Life and Art of Terry Southern ( Bloomsbury , 2001 ) , pp. 118 -- 119 Jump up ^ Biography for Dan Blocker at Internet Movie Database Jump up ^ `` Movie Night ! '' . Phenry.org . February 22 , 1999 . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2009 . Retrieved March 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Slim Pickens biography Jump up ^ James Earl Jones ( November 16 , 2004 ) . `` A Bombardier 's Reflection '' . Opinionjournal.com . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2012 . Retrieved March 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kubrick on The Shining '' Archived July 20 , 2007 , at WebCite from Michel Ciment , ' Kubrick ' , Holt , Rinehart , and Winston ; 1st American ed edition ( 1983 ) , ISBN 0 - 03 - 061687 - 5 Jump up ^ `` Celebrating Kubrick 's Dr Strangelove at 50 '' . BFI . Retrieved July 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Brian Siano , `` A Commentary on Dr. Strangelove '' , 1995 Jump up ^ Alexander Walker , `` Stanley Kubrick Directs , '' Harcourt Brace Co , 1972 , ISBN 0 - 15 - 684892 - 9 , cited in Brian Siano , `` A Commentary on Dr. Strangelove '' , 1995 Jump up ^ Phone interview with Thomas Schelling by Sharon Ghamari - Tabrizi , published in her book The Worlds of Herman Kahn ; The Intuitive Science of Thermonuclear War ( Harvard University Press , 2005 ) `` Dr. Strangelove '' ^ Jump up to : Terry Southern , `` Check - up with Dr. Strangelove '' , article written in 1963 for Esquire but unpublished at the time Jump up ^ Schelling , Thomas C. ( 2006 ) . Strategies of Commitment and Other Essays . Harvard University Press . p. 212 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 02567 - 7 . Jump up ^ Sharon Ghamari - Tabrizi , `` The Worlds of Herman Kahn ; The Intuitive Science of Thermonuclear War '' , Harvard University Press , 2005 . Jump up ^ Macmillan International Dictionary of Films and Filmmakers , vol. 1 , p. 126 Jump up ^ Usher , Shaun ( April 3 , 2012 ) . `` Dr. Strangelove '' . Lists of Note . Retrieved April 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ George Case ( 2014 ) , Calling Dr Strangelove : The Anatomy and Influence of the Kubrick Masterpiece ( McFarland & Co , Jefferson , Nth Carolina ) p. 118 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 9449 - 1 ^ Jump up to : `` An Interview with Stanley Kubrick ( 1969 ) '' , published in Joseph Gelmis , The Film Director as Superstar , 1970 , Doubleday and Company : Garden City , New York . Jump up ^ Duncan , Paul ( 2011 ) , Stanley Kubrick : The Complete Films , Taschen GmbH , p. 95 , ISBN 978 - 3 - 8365 - 2775 - 0 Jump up ^ `` A Kubrick Masterclass , '' interview with Sir Ken Adam by Sir Christopher Frayling , 2005 ; excerpts from the interview were published online at Berlinale talent capus Archived January 25 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . and the Script Factory website Archived September 29 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Interview with Ken Adam by Michel Ciment , published in Michel Ciment , `` Kubrick , '' Holt , Rinehart , and Winston ; 1st American ed edition ( 1983 ) , ISBN 0 - 03 - 061687 - 5 Jump up ^ The camera ship , a former USAAF B - 17G - 100 - VE , serial 44 - 85643 , registered F - BEEA , had been one of four Flying Fortresses purchased from salvage at Altus , Oklahoma , in December 1947 by the French Institut géographique national ( IGN ) and converted for surveying and photomapping work . It was the last active B - 17 of a total of fourteen once flown by the IGN , but it was destroyed in a takeoff accident at RAF Binbrook in 1989 during making of the film Memphis Belle. `` 1944 USAAF Serial Numbers ( 44 - 83886 to 44 - 92098 ) '' . USAAS - USAAC - USAAF - USAF Aircraft Serial Numbers -- 1908 to Present . Joseph F. Baugher . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2009 . Retrieved May 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Sugar , John ( Producer ) ( 14 September 2013 ) . `` Celluloid Beatles '' . BBC Radio 4 Documentaries . BBC . Radio 4 . Retrieved 22 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Candy Jar Publishes Classic '' . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` DR STRANGELOVE -- THE LOST STORY '' . candyjarlimited.blogspot.co.uk . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Red Alert -- Peter Bryant -- Microsoft Reader eBook '' . eBookMall , Inc . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2007 . Retrieved November 27 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Mick , , Broderick , ( 2016 - 01 - 12 ) . Reconstructing Strangelove : inside Stanley Kubrick 's ' nightmare comedy ' . New York . ISBN 9780231177092 . OCLC 966969835 . Jump up ^ Sheward , David ( 2008 ) . Rage and Glory : The Volatile Life and Career of George C. Scott . Hal Leonard Publishing . pp. 105 -- 06 . ISBN 9781557836700 . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Eric D. Snider , `` What 's the big deal ? : Dr. Strangelove ( 1964 ) '' ; Seattle Post-Intelligencer , October 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` No Fighting in the War Room Or : Dr. Strangelove and the Nuclear Threat '' , a documentary included with the 40th Anniversary Special Edition DVD of the film Jump up ^ LoBrutto , Vincent . `` Stanley Kubrick : A Biography '' . Da Capo Press , 1995 , p. 250 Jump up ^ King , Mike ( 2009 ) . The American cinema of excess : extremes of the national mind on film . McFarland . p. 46 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 3988 - 1 . Jump up ^ See On Thermonuclear War pp. 144 -- 155 Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy , Volume 1 . Simon and Schuster . 2001 . p. 471 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 80657 - 0 . Jump up ^ Craig , Nelson ( 2014 ) . The age of radiance : the epic rise and dramatic fall of the atomic era . pp. 290 , 291 . ISBN 978 - 1451660432 . OCLC 852226548 . Jump up ^ Fortune magazine November 1961 pages 112 -- 115 et al . Jump up ^ DOE.gov Jump up ^ Ball , Deborah ( June 25 , 2011 ) . `` Swiss Renew Push for Bomb Shelters '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ Foulkes , Imogen ( February 10 , 2007 ) . `` Swiss still braced for nuclear war '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ SAC Command Post Jump up ^ Gady , Franz - Stefan ( 5 January 2018 ) . `` Dr. Strangelove and the Insane Reality of Nuclear Command - and - Control '' . The Diplomat . Retrieved 5 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Fred Kaplan ( 10 October 2004 ) . `` Truth Stranger Than ' Strangelove ' '' . Nytimes.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 ... it would have been obvious to many viewers in 1964 -- that General Ripper looked a lot like Curtis LeMay , the cigar - chomping , gruff - talking general who headed the Strategic Air Command through the 1950 's and who served as the Pentagon 's Chief of Staff of the Air Force in the early 60 's . Jump up ^ Castle , Alison ( 2008 ) . The Stanley Kubrick Archives . Taschen . p. 359 . ISBN 978 - 3836508889 . Jump up ^ Kaplan , Fred The Wizards of Armageddon . Stanford , California : Stanford University Press , 1991 , 222 -- 223 Jump up ^ `` Big Rental Pictures of 1964 '' , Variety , January 6 , 1965 p 39 . Note this figure is rentals accruing to distributors , not total gross . Jump up ^ `` STANLEY KUBRICK '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Strangelove or : How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb ( 1964 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` DVD / Video : All - Time High Scores '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Roger Ebert , `` Dr. Strangelove ( 1964 ) '' , July 11 , 1999 Jump up ^ Potemra , Michael ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` Gentlemen ! You Ca n't Fight in the War Room ! '' . National Review . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sight & Sound 's directors ' poll Archived December 29 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . ( no longer available as of February 1 , 2015 ) Jump up ^ Patterson , John ( October 18 , 2010 ) . `` Dr Strangelove : No 6 best comedy film of all time '' . The Guardian . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schickel , Richard ( January 13 , 2010 ) . `` Dr. Strangelove : or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb '' . Time . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 101 Greatest Screenplays '' . Writers Guild of America , West . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 37th Academy Awards ( 1965 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved August 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The 50 Greatest Movies on TV ( and Video ) '' . TV Guide . 1998 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . 1998 . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Laughs '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . 2002 . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . 2005 . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . 2007 . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brown , Todd ( October 12 , 2013 ) . `` Stanley Kubrick Wanted Terry Gilliam To Direct SON OF STRANGELOVE '' . Twitch Film . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2013 . Retrieved October 13 , 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) Dolan , Edward F. Jr . Hollywood Goes to War . London : Bison Books , 1985 . ISBN 0 - 86124 - 229 - 7 . Hardwick , Jack and Schnepf , Ed . `` A Viewer 's Guide to Aviation Movies . '' The Making of the Great Aviation Films , General Aviation Series , Volume 2 , 1989 . Henriksen , Margot A. ( 1987 ) . Dr. Strangelove 's America : Society and Culture in the Atomic Age . University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 08310 - 3 . Oriss , Bruce . When Hollywood Ruled the Skies : The Aviation Film Classics of World War II . Hawthorne , California : Aero Associates Inc. , 1984 . ISBN 0 - 9613088 - 0 - X . Rice , Julian ( 2008 ) . Kubrick 's Hope : Discovering Optimism from 2001 to Eyes Wide Shut . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 6206 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutDr . Strangeloveat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Dr. Strangelove on IMDb Dr. Strangelove at the TCM Movie Database Dr. Strangelove at AllMovie Dr. Strangelove at the American Film Institute Catalog Dr. Strangelove at Rotten Tomatoes Checkup with Dr. Strangelove by Terry Southern Do n't Panic covers Dr. Strangelove ( archived ) Continuity transcript Commentary on Dr. Strangelove by Brian Siano Last Secrets of Strangelove Revealed by Grant B. Stillman Study Guide by Dan Lindley . See also : longer version Annotated bibliography on Dr. Strangelove from the Alsos Digital Library Stanley Kubrick Feature films Fear and Desire ( 1953 ) Killer 's Kiss ( 1955 ) The Killing ( 1956 ) Paths of Glory ( 1957 ) Spartacus ( 1960 ) Lolita ( 1962 ) Dr. Strangelove ( 1964 ) 2001 : A Space Odyssey ( 1968 ) A Clockwork Orange ( 1971 ) Barry Lyndon ( 1975 ) The Shining ( 1980 ) Full Metal Jacket ( 1987 ) Eyes Wide Shut ( 1999 ) Short films Day of the Fight ( 1951 ) Flying Padre ( 1951 ) The Seafarers ( 1953 ) Related films World Assembly of Youth ( 1952 ) Strangers Kiss ( 1983 ) A.I. Artificial Intelligence ( 2001 ) Stanley Kubrick : A Life in Pictures ( 2001 ) Dark Side of the Moon ( 2002 ) Colour Me Kubrick ( 2005 ) Stanley Kubrick 's Boxes ( 2008 ) Room 237 ( 2012 ) S Is for Stanley ( 2016 ) Related topics Archive Bibliography Filmography and awards Influence Interpretations of 2001 Personal life Political and religious beliefs Recurring cast members Unrealized projects People Alan Conway Anthony Frewin Jan Harlan Christiane Kubrick Vivian Kubrick Ruth Sobotka Terry Southern Books Flash and Filigree ( 1958 ) Candy ( 1958 ) The Magic Christian ( 1959 ) Red - Dirt Marijuana and Other Tastes ( 1967 ) Blue Movie ( 1970 ) Texas Summer ( 1992 ) Screenplays Dr. Strangelove ( 1964 ) The Loved One ( 1965 ) The Cincinnati Kid ( 1966 ) Barbarella ( 1968 ) Easy Rider ( 1969 ) The End of the Road ( 1969 ) The Magic Christian ( 1969 ) The Telephone ( 1988 ) Awards for Dr. Strangelove BAFTA Award for Best Film 1940s The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1947 ) Hamlet ( 1948 ) Bicycle Thieves ( 1949 ) 1950s All About Eve ( 1950 ) La Ronde ( 1951 ) The Sound Barrier ( 1952 ) Forbidden Games ( 1953 ) The Wages of Fear ( 1954 ) Richard III ( 1955 ) Gervaise ( 1956 ) The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) Room at the Top ( 1958 ) Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) 1960s The Apartment ( 1960 ) Ballad of a Soldier ( 1961 ) The Hustler ( 1961 ) Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) Tom Jones ( 1963 ) Dr. Strangelove or : How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb ( 1964 ) My Fair Lady ( 1965 ) Who 's Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? ( 1966 ) A Man for All Seasons ( 1967 ) The Graduate ( 1968 ) Midnight Cowboy ( 1969 ) 1970s Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid ( 1970 ) Sunday Bloody Sunday ( 1971 ) Cabaret ( 1972 ) Day for Night ( 1973 ) Lacombe , Lucien ( 1974 ) Alice Does n't Live Here Anymore ( 1975 ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1976 ) Annie Hall ( 1977 ) Julia ( 1978 ) Manhattan ( 1979 ) 1980s The Elephant Man ( 1980 ) Chariots of Fire ( 1981 ) Gandhi ( 1982 ) Educating Rita ( 1983 ) The Killing Fields ( 1984 ) The Purple Rose of Cairo ( 1985 ) A Room with a View ( 1986 ) Jean de Florette ( 1987 ) The Last Emperor ( 1988 ) Dead Poets Society ( 1989 ) 1990s Goodfellas ( 1990 ) The Commitments ( 1991 ) Howards End ( 1992 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) Four Weddings and a Funeral ( 1994 ) Sense and Sensibility ( 1995 ) The English Patient ( 1996 ) The Full Monty ( 1997 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) American Beauty ( 1999 ) 2000s Gladiator ( 2000 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Pianist ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) The Aviator ( 2004 ) Brokeback Mountain ( 2005 ) The Queen ( 2006 ) Atonement ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) The Hurt Locker ( 2009 ) 2010s The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Argo ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) Boyhood ( 2014 ) The Revenant ( 2015 ) La La Land ( 2016 ) Three Billboards Outside Ebbing , Missouri ( 2017 ) BAFTA Award for Best British Film 1947 -- 1967 Odd Man Out ( 1947 ) The Fallen Idol ( 1948 ) The Third Man ( 1949 ) The Blue Lamp ( 1950 ) The Lavender Hill Mob ( 1951 ) The Sound Barrier ( 1952 ) Genevieve ( 1953 ) Hobson 's Choice ( 1954 ) Richard III ( 1955 ) Reach for the Sky ( 1956 ) The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) Room at the Top ( 1958 ) Sapphire ( 1959 ) Saturday Night and Sunday Morning ( 1960 ) A Taste of Honey ( 1961 ) Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) Tom Jones ( 1963 ) Dr. Strangelove or : How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb ( 1964 ) The Ipcress File ( 1965 ) The Spy Who Came in from the Cold ( 1966 ) A Man for All Seasons ( 1967 ) 1992 -- present The Crying Game ( 1992 ) Shadowlands ( 1993 ) Shallow Grave ( 1994 ) The Madness of King George ( 1995 ) Secrets & Lies ( 1996 ) Nil by Mouth ( 1997 ) Elizabeth ( 1998 ) East Is East ( 1999 ) Billy Elliot ( 2000 ) Gosford Park ( 2001 ) The Warrior ( 2002 ) Touching the Void ( 2003 ) My Summer of Love ( 2004 ) Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were - Rabbit ( 2005 ) The Last King of Scotland ( 2006 ) This Is England ( 2007 ) Man on Wire ( 2008 ) Fish Tank ( 2009 ) The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy ( 2011 ) Skyfall ( 2012 ) Gravity ( 2013 ) The Theory of Everything ( 2014 ) Brooklyn ( 2015 ) I , Daniel Blake ( 2016 ) Three Billboards Outside Ebbing , Missouri ( 2017 ) Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation The Incredible Shrinking Man ( 1958 ) no award ( 1959 ) The Twilight Zone ( 1960 ) The Twilight Zone ( 1961 ) The Twilight Zone ( 1962 ) Dr. Strangelove or : How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb ( 1965 ) `` The Menagerie '' ( Star Trek ) ( 1967 ) `` The City on the Edge of Forever '' ( Star Trek ) ( 1968 ) 2001 : A Space Odyssey ( 1969 ) News coverage of Apollo 11 ( 1970 ) A Clockwork Orange ( 1972 ) Slaughterhouse - Five ( 1973 ) Sleeper ( 1974 ) Young Frankenstein ( 1975 ) A Boy and His Dog ( 1976 ) Star Wars ( 1978 ) Superman ( 1979 ) Alien ( 1980 ) The Empire Strikes Back ( 1981 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1982 ) Blade Runner ( 1983 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1984 ) 2010 ( 1985 ) Back to the Future ( 1986 ) Aliens ( 1987 ) The Princess Bride ( 1988 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1989 ) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1990 ) Edward Scissorhands ( 1991 ) Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ( 1992 ) `` The Inner Light '' ( Star Trek : The Next Generation ) ( 1993 ) Jurassic Park ( 1994 ) `` All Good Things ... '' ( Star Trek : The Next Generation ) ( 1995 ) `` The Coming of Shadows '' ( Babylon 5 ) ( 1996 ) `` Severed Dreams '' ( Babylon 5 ) ( 1997 ) Contact ( 1998 ) The Truman Show ( 1999 ) Galaxy Quest ( 2000 ) Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2002 ) BFI Sight & Sound Poll 1952 Bicycle Thieves City Lights The Gold Rush Battleship Potemkin Intolerance : Love 's Struggle Throughout the Ages Louisiana Story Greed Le Jour Se Lève The Passion of Joan of Arc Brief Encounter The Rules of the Game Le Million 1962 Citizen Kane L'Avventura The Rules of the Game Greed Ugetsu Monogatari Battleship Potemkin Bicycle Thieves Ivan the Terrible La Terra Trema L'Atalante 1972 Citizen Kane The Rules of the Game Battleship Potemkin 81⁄2 L'Avventura Persona The Passion of Joan of Arc The General The Magnificent Ambersons Ugetsu Monogatari Wild Strawberries 1982 Citizen Kane The Rules of the Game Seven Samurai Singin ' in the Rain 81⁄2 Battleship Potemkin L'Avventura The Magnificent Ambersons Vertigo The General The Searchers Critics ' Citizen Kane The Rules of the Game Tokyo Story Vertigo The Searchers L'Atalante The Passion of Joan of Arc Pather Panchali Battleship Potemkin 2001 : A Space Odyssey Directors ' Citizen Kane 81⁄2 Raging Bull La Strada L'Atalante The Godfather Modern Times Vertigo The Godfather Part II The Passion of Joan of Arc Rashomon Seven Samurai 2002 Critics ' Citizen Kane Vertigo The Rules of the Game The Godfather The Godfather Part II Tokyo Story 2001 : A Space Odyssey Battleship Potemkin Sunrise 81⁄2 Singin ' in the Rain Directors ' Citizen Kane The Godfather / The Godfather Part II 81⁄2 Lawrence of Arabia Dr. Strangelove or : How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb Bicycle Thieves Raging Bull Vertigo Rashomon The Rules of the Game Seven Samurai 2012 Critics ' Vertigo Citizen Kane Tokyo Story The Rules of the Game Sunrise 2001 : A Space Odyssey The Searchers Man with a Movie Camera The Passion of Joan of Arc 81⁄2 Directors ' Tokyo Story 2001 : A Space Odyssey Citizen Kane 81⁄2 Taxi Driver Apocalypse Now The Godfather Vertigo The Mirror Bicycle Thieves Related The Sight & Sound Top 50 Greatest Films of All Time 2014 Documentaries Man with a Movie Camera Shoah Sans Soleil Night and Fog The Thin Blue Line Chronique d'un été Nanook of the North The Gleaners and I Dont Look Back Grey Gardens Film in the United States portal United Kingdom portal 1960s portal Comedy portal BIBSYS : 12053516 BNE : XX4000709 BNF : cb164600436 ( data ) GND : 4639640 - 8 LCCN : n2014046289 SUDOC : 095760083 VIAF : 196099396 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dr._Strangelove&oldid=857037324 '' Categories : 1964 films English - language films 1960s comedy films Apocalyptic films American aviation films American black comedy films American films American political satire films Anti-nuclear films Anti-war films Best British Film BAFTA Award winners Best Film BAFTA Award winners American black - and - white films British black - and - white films British aviation films British black comedy films British films British political films British satirical films British political satire films Cold War aviation films Cold War films Columbia Pictures films Films about fictional Presidents of the United States Films about nuclear war and weapons Films based on British novels Films based on military novels Films directed by Stanley Kubrick Films produced by Stanley Kubrick Films set in the Arctic Films set in Washington , D.C. Films set on airplanes Films shot in England Films shot in Greenland Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation winning works Mad scientist films Military humor in film Screenplays by Stanley Kubrick Screenplays by Terry Southern United States Air Force in films United States National Film Registry films World War III speculative fiction 1960s political films 1960s war films Hidden categories : Webarchive template webcite links Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from September 2017 Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Aragonés বাংলা Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Occitan Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 粵語中文 38 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 04 : 35 ( UTC ) . 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who played neptune in jason and the argonauts			Jason and the Argonauts ( 1963 film )	jason and the argonauts ( 1963 film )	Jason and the Argonauts ( working title Jason and the Golden Fleece ) is a 1963 independently made Anglo - American fantasy film based upon Greek mythology , produced by Charles H. Schneer , directed by Don Chaffey , that stars Todd Armstrong , Nancy Kovack , Honor Blackman , and Gary Raymond . It was distributed by Columbia Pictures .	The film was made in collaboration with stop motion animation master Ray Harryhausen and is known for its various fantasy creatures , notably the iconic fight scene featuring multiple skeleton warriors . The film score was composed by Bernard Herrmann , who also worked with Harryhausen on the fantasy films The 7th Voyage of Sinbad ( 1958 ) , The Three Worlds of Gulliver ( 1960 ) , and Mysterious Island ( 1961 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Film score 4 Differences from classical mythology 5 Production 6 Reception 7 Legacy 8 Release 9 Comic book adaption 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Plot ( edit ) Pelias ( Douglas Wilmer ) , misinterpreting the prophecy given to him by the god Zeus ( Niall MacGinnis ) , usurps the throne of Thessaly , killing King Aristo and most of his family . The god Hermes ( Michael Gwynn ) , disguised as Pelias ' soothsayer , holds back his army long enough for the infant Jason to be spirited away by one of Aristo 's soldiers . Pelias slays one of the king 's daughters , Briseis ( Davina Taylor ) , as she seeks sanctuary in the temple of the goddess Hera ( Honor Blackman ) . Because the murder has profaned her temple , the angry Hera becomes Jason 's protector . She warns Pelias to beware `` of a man wearing one sandal '' . Twenty years later , Jason ( Todd Armstrong ) saves Pelias from drowning ( orchestrated by Hera ) , but loses his sandal in the river ; Pelias recognizes him from the prophecy . Learning that Jason intends to find the legendary Golden Fleece , he encourages him , hoping Jason will be killed in the attempt . Jason is brought to Mount Olympus to speak with Zeus and Hera . Hera tells him Zeus has decreed he can only call upon her for aid five times . She directs him to search for the Fleece in the land of Colchis . Zeus offers his direct aid , but Jason declares he can organize the voyage , build a ship , and collect a crew of the bravest men in all Greece . Men from all over Greece compete for the honor . Because their ship is named the Argo after her builder , Argus ( Laurence Naismith ) , the crew are dubbed the Argonauts . Among them are Hercules ( Nigel Green ) , Hylas ( John Cairney ) , and Acastus ( Gary Raymond ) , the son of Pelias , sent by his father to sabotage the voyage . Hera guides Jason to the Isle of Bronze , but warns him to take nothing but provisions . However , Hercules steals a brooch pin the size of a javelin from a treasure building , surmounted by a giant statue of Talos , which comes to life and attacks the Argonauts . Jason again turns to Hera , who tells him to open a large plug on Talos ' heel , to release the giant 's bronze fluid , ichor . Talos falls to the ground , crushing Hylas , hiding his body . Hercules refuses to leave until he ascertains the fate of his friend . The other Argonauts refuse to abandon Hercules , so Jason calls upon Hera again . She informs them that Hylas is dead and that Hercules will not continue on with them . The hydra battle sequence . The Argonauts next reach the realm of King Phineus ( Patrick Troughton ) , who has been blinded and is tormented by harpies for his transgressions against the gods . In return for his advice on how to reach Colchis , the Argonauts render the harpies harmless by caging them , whereupon Phineus tells them to sail between the Clashing Rocks , which destroy any ship in the narrow channel , and gives Jason an amulet . Arriving at the Clashing Rocks , the Argonauts witness another ship suffering that fate . When the Argo tries to row through , the ship appears doomed . Jason throws Phineus ' amulet into the water , and the sea god Triton rises up and holds the rocks apart so the Argo can pass them . The Argonauts rescue a survivor from the other ship , Medea ( Nancy Kovack ) , high priestess of Colchis . Challenging Jason 's authority , Acastus engages him in a duel . Disarmed , Acastus jumps into the sea and disappears . Jason and his men land in Colchis and accept an invitation from King Aeëtes ( Jack Gwillim ) to a feast . Unknown to them , Acastus has survived and warned Aeëtes of Jason 's quest for their prized Golden Fleece . Aeëtes has the unwary Argonauts imprisoned , but Medea , having fallen in love with Jason , helps him and his men escape . Meanwhile , Acastus tries to steal the Fleece , but is killed by its guardian , the Hydra . Following right behind Acastus , Jason is able to kill the beast and retrieve the gift of the gods . Aeëtes , in pursuit , sows the Hydra 's teeth while praying to the goddess Hecate , producing a band of skeletal warriors . Jason , together with Phalerus and Castor , hold off the skeletons while Medea and Argus escape back to the Argo with the Fleece . After a prolonged battle in which his companions are killed , Jason escapes by jumping into the sea , and he , Medea , and the surviving Argonauts begin their voyage home to Thessaly . In Olympus , Zeus tells Hera that in due time he will call upon Jason again . Cast ( edit ) Todd Armstrong as Jason ( dubbed by Tim Turner , uncredited ) Nancy Kovack as Medea ( dubbed by Eva Haddon , uncredited ) Gary Raymond as Acastus Laurence Naismith as Argus Niall MacGinnis as Zeus Michael Gwynn as Hermes / priest Douglas Wilmer as Pelias Jack Gwillim as King Aeëtes Honor Blackman as Hera John Cairney as Hylas Patrick Troughton as Phineus Andrew Faulds as Phalerus Nigel Green as Hercules John Crawford as Polydeuces ( uncredited ) Ferdinando Poggi as Castor ( uncredited ) Film score ( edit ) The film is one of the mythically - themed fantasy ones scored by Bernard Herrmann . Apart from being the composer 's fourth collaboration with Ray Harryhausen ( The 7th Voyage of Sinbad , The Three Worlds of Gulliver , and Mysterious Island , made in 1958 , 1960 , and 1961 respectively ) , Herrmann also scored the science fiction films The Day the Earth Stood Still ( 1951 ) and Journey to the Center of the Earth ( 1959 ) . Contrasting with Herrmann 's all - string score for Psycho , the film 's soundtrack was made without a string section . This leaves the brass and percussion to perform the heroic fanfares , and the woodwinds along with additional instruments ( such as the harp ) to dominate in the more subtle and romantic parts . In 1995 , Intrada released a re-recording of the original score . The new version was conducted by American composer / conductor Bruce Broughton , and performed by the Sinfonia of London . Differences from classical mythology ( edit ) Athena helps build the Argo , Roman moulded terracotta plaque , first century AD The film differs from the traditional telling in Greek mythology in several ways . Pelias does not kill his half - brother King Aristo ( Aeson ) but instead had him imprisoned . Eventually it is Medea , and not Jason , who kills Pelias ; she demonstrates to Pelias ' daughters that she can rejuvenate an old ram into a young one by killing , dismembering and boiling it in a pot . She promises to do the same for Pelias , so his daughters kill and dismember him . However , Medea breaks her word and Pelias remains dead . In mythology , the Argonauts encountered Talos on their return journey after they had obtained the Golden Fleece . He was defeated not by Jason , but by Medea casting a spell on Talos , causing him to remove the bronze nail from his ankle which kept the ichor inside . The mythological Talos guarded Crete , not the `` Isle of Bronze '' , and was protecting not a treasure , but Queen Europa . In the film , Hylas was killed when the crumbling remains of Talos crushed him . However , in mythology , Hylas was actually kidnapped by a naiad who fell in love with him as he took a drink from a spring . When Hercules could not find him , he believed him to still be alive , and stayed behind on the island to look for him ( as in the film ) . The harpies were not caught in a net or caged , but were chased away by the Boreads : Calaïs and Zetes ( also Zethes ) In the film , the god Triton saved the Argo from destruction passing through the Clashing Rocks : however ; according to Apollonius of Rhodes , Phineus instructed Jason to release a dove and if the bird makes it through , row with all their might and the goddess Athena provided the extra push to the ship needed to clear them ; `` the Argo darted from the rocks like a flying arrow '' . Another source is Homer 's Odyssey , in which Circe tells Odysseus , `` One ship alone , one deep - sea craft sailed clear , the Argo , sung by the world , when heading home from Aeëtes shores . And she would have crashed against those giant rocks and sunk at once if Hera , for her love of Jason , had not sped her through . '' Jason was not betrayed by Acastus in the classical tale . Jason openly told King Aeëtes that he had come for the Fleece . The king promised Jason could have it if he performed three tasks , knowing full well they were impossible . However , Jason was able to complete the tasks with the help of Medea . It was not the Hydra that protected the Fleece but rather a dragon . Jason did not slay it , but instead Medea cast a spell on it , causing it to fall asleep . Jason sowed the dragon 's teeth into the ground , not Aeëtes . Jason defeated the `` dragon 's offspring '' ( the spartoi ) by making them fight amongst themselves and destroy each other , rather than battling them with his colleagues . One of the two Argonauts killed by the skeletons is Castor , who in Greek mythology would perish much later as the result of a feud with Idas and Lynceus . The other is Phalerus , who in mythology would also survive the adventures of the Argonauts . The film ultimately omits the story of Medea killing and dismembering her own brother , Absyrtus , to help Jason and the Argonauts escape . as are the episodes with Cyzicus , the Gegeines and the Argonauts ' stay on the isle of Lemnos . Production ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( April 2017 ) The film was shot in Eastman Color . Reception ( edit ) The film received critical acclaim and is now considered a cult film classic . It currently holds a 93 % `` fresh '' rating at the film review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , based on 41 reviews , with the consensus : `` Don Chaffey 's Jason and the Argonauts is an outlandish , transportive piece of nostalgia whose real star is the masterful stop - motion animation work of Ray Harryhausen . '' In April 2004 , Empire magazine ranked Talos as the second - best film monster of all time , after King Kong . Ray Harryhausen regarded the film as his best . Previous Harryhausen films had been generally shown as part of double features in `` B '' theatres . Columbia was able to book it as a single feature in many `` A '' theatres in the United States . The skeletons ' shields are adorned with designs of other Harryhausen creatures , including an octopus and the head of the Ymir from 20 Million Miles to Earth . At the 1992 Academy Awards , in honoring Ray Harryhausen with a lifetime - achievement award , actor Tom Hanks remarked `` Some people say Casablanca or Citizen Kane . I say Jason and the Argonauts is the greatest film ever made '' . In 2008 , the American Film Institute nominated the film for its Top 10 Fantasy Films list . Legacy ( edit ) The four - issue comic book mini-series Back to Mysterious Island ( 2008 ) , released by TidalWave Productions as part of their Ray Harryhausen Signature Series , continued the story . Release ( edit ) Columbia released the film on Blu - ray ( for regions A , B , and C ) on 6 July 2010 . The disc 's special features include two new audio commentaries , one by Peter Jackson and Randall William Cook , and the other by Harryhausen in conversation with his biographer Tony Dalton . Comic book adaption ( edit ) Dell Movie Classic : Jason and the Argonauts ( August - October 1963 ) See also ( edit ) Jason and the Argonauts ( miniseries ) List of stop - motion films Sword and sandal Greek mythology in popular culture References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Jason and the Argonauts ( 1963 ) '' . Retrieved 16 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Harryhausen , Ray ( 20 December 2003 ) . `` Ray Harryhausen on making Jason and the Argonauts '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 16 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top Rental Features of 1963 '' , Variety , 8 January 1964 p 71 . Please note figures are rentals as opposed to total gross . Jump up ^ In the classic tale , Hera and Athena convince the goddess Aphrodite to persuade her unruly son Eros ( Cupid ) to release an arrow at Medea to cause her to fall in love with Jason . In exchange for a fabulous ball composed of gold , he releases the fateful arrow causing Medea 's heart to flood with sweet , painful love . Jump up ^ It took Ray Harryhausen , well over three months to animate the skeleton sequence . Jump up ^ Both shared a common mother , the beautiful Tyro ; King Aristo 's father was Kretheus , the lawful husband of Tyro and Pelias ' father was the god Poseidon . Jump up ^ In some accounts , it is King Aristo ( Aeson ) who Medea rejuvenates . Jump up ^ Argonautica , book II ; Ovid XIII , 710 ; Virgil III , 211 , 245 Jump up ^ The Odyssey , Book XII , 80 Jump up ^ In an interview with John Landis , John said `` I noticed you left out Medea '' ; Ray responded `` We had to '' Jump up ^ `` Jason and the Argonauts '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster , Inc . Retrieved 9 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` King Kong tops movie Monster poll '' . BBC . April 3 , 2004 . Jump up ^ Jason and the Argonauts . Culver City : Columbia TriStar Home Video , 1998 . Jump up ^ Ray Harryhausen bio Archived 2007 - 11 - 30 at the Wayback Machine ... rayharryhaussen.com Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 10 Top 10 Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 19 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Bluwater Productions gets `` Mysterious '' with Harryhausen sequel `` . CBR.com. 2008 - 04 - 25 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ First Details ! Jason and the Argonauts Hitting Blu - ray . dreadcentral.com Jump up ^ `` Dell Movie Classic : Jason and the Argonauts `` . comics.org External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Jason and the Argonauts ( 1963 film ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jason and the Argonauts ( 1963 film ) . Jason and the Argonauts on IMDb Jason and the Argonauts at AllMovie Jason and the Argonauts at the TCM Movie Database Jason and the Argonauts at the American Film Institute Catalog Jason and the Argonauts at Rotten Tomatoes This film on archive.org Films directed by Don Chaffey Strange Stories ( 1953 ) Skid Kids ( 1953 ) Time Is My Enemy ( 1954 ) The Secret Tent ( 1956 ) The Girl in the Picture ( 1957 ) The Flesh Is Weak ( 1957 ) A Question of Adultery ( 1958 ) The Man Upstairs ( 1958 ) Danger Within ( 1959 ) Dentist in the Chair ( 1960 ) Lies My Father Told Me ( 1960 ) Nearly a Nasty Accident ( 1961 ) A Matter of WHO ( 1961 ) Greyfriars Bobby ( 1961 ) The Webster Boy ( 1962 ) Jason and the Argonauts ( 1963 ) The Three Lives of Thomasina ( 1963 ) A Jolly Bad Fellow ( 1964 ) The Crooked Road ( 1965 ) One Million Years B.C. ( 1966 ) The Viking Queen ( 1967 ) A Twist of Sand ( 1968 ) Clinic Exclusive ( 1971 ) Creatures the World Forgot ( 1971 ) Charley One - Eye ( 1973 ) Persecution ( 1974 ) Ride a Wild Pony ( 1975 ) The Fourth Wish ( 1976 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) The Magic of Lassie ( 1978 ) C.H.O.M.P.S. ( 1979 ) Casino ( 1980 ) ( TV ) International Airport ( 1985 ) ( TV ) Jason and the Argonauts Characters Aeson ( father ) Argonauts Medea ( spouse ) Argus Aeëtes ( father - in - law ) Pelias ( uncle ) Phineus ( oracle ) Cheiron ( trainer ) Ancient sources Medea by Euripides Argonautica by Apollonius of Rhodes Argonautica ( Latin ) by Gaius Valerius Flaccus Argonautica Orphica Film / TV Jason and the Argonauts ( 1963 film ) Medea Young Hercules ( 1998 ) Jason and the Argonauts ( 2000 miniseries ) Atlantis ( 2013 ) Opera Giasone ( 1649 ) La toison d'or ( 1789 ) Other The Golden Fleecing ( comic book story ) Jason et Médée ( ballet ) Jason and Medea ( painting ) Rise of the Argonauts ( video game ) Argo Golden Fleece Related The Golden Fleece and the Heroes Who Lived Before Achilles Jason in popular culture Hercules ( Heracles ) Hercle Ercole Hercule Alcide Family Zeus ( father ) Alcmene ( mother ) Megara , Omphale , Deianira , and Hebe ( wives ) Heracleidae ( children ) Films Italian series Hercules ( 1957 ) Hercules Unchained ( 1959 ) Goliath and the Dragon ( 1960 ) The Loves of Hercules ( 1960 ) Hercules and the Conquest of Atlantis ( 1961 ) Hercules in the Haunted World ( 1961 ) Hercules in the Valley of Woe ( 1961 ) The Fury of Hercules ( 1962 ) Hercules , Samson and Ulysses ( 1963 ) Hercules vs. Moloch ( 1963 ) Hercules the Invincible ( 1964 ) Hercules Against Rome ( 1964 ) Hercules Against the Sons of the Sun ( 1964 ) The Triumph of Hercules ( 1964 ) Samson and His Mighty Challenge ( 1964 ) Hercules and the Tyrants of Babylon ( 1964 ) Hercules and the Princess of Troy ( 1965 ) Hercules the Avenger ( 1965 ) Other live - action films The Warrior 's Husband ( 1933 ) Herakles ( 1962 ) The Three Stooges Meet Hercules ( 1962 ) Jason and the Argonauts ( 1963 ) Hercules Against the Moon Men ( 1964 ) Hercules in New York ( 1970 ) Hercules ( 1983 ) The Adventures of Hercules ( 1985 ) Jason and the Argonauts ( 2000 ) Immortals ( 2011 ) The Legend of Hercules ( 2014 ) Hercules ( 2014 ) Animated films Hercules ( 1995 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) The Amazing Feats of Young Hercules ( 1997 ) Hercules : Zero to Hero ( 1998 ) Hercules and Xena -- The Animated Movie : The Battle for Mount Olympus ( 1998 ) Television The Mighty Hercules The Sons of Hercules Mole Men Against the Son of Hercules ( 1961 ) Fire Monsters Against the Son of Hercules ( 1962 ) Ulysses Against the Son of Hercules ( 1962 ) Hercules : The Legendary Journeys ( 1995 ) Hercules and the Amazon Women ( 1994 ) Hercules and the Lost Kingdom ( 1994 ) Hercules and the Circle of Fire ( 1994 ) Hercules in the Underworld ( 1994 ) Hercules in the Maze of the Minotaur ( 1994 ) Hercules : The Animated Series ( 1998 ) Young Hercules ( 1998 ) `` Hercules and the Arabian Night '' ( 1999 ) Hercules ( 2005 miniseries ) Atlantis ( 2013 ) Literature Poems Heracles Papyrus Shield of Heracles Catalogue of Women L'Atlàntida Plays Herakles Women of Trachis Other The Labours of Hercules Hercules and the Wagoner Comics Hercules ( Marvel Comics ) Hercules ( DC Comics ) Hercules ( Radical Comics ) Games The Return of Heracles ( 1983 ) Hercules ( 1984 ) Disney 's Hercules ( 1997 ) Herc 's Adventures ( 1997 ) Hercules : The Legendary Journeys ( 2000 ) Glory of Heracles ( 2008 ) Opera Ercole amante ( 1662 ) Alcide ( 1693 ) Ercole su'l Termodonte ( 1723 ) Admeto ( 1727 ) Laßt uns sorgen , laßt uns wachen , BWV 213 ( 1733 ) Hercules ( 1744 ) Le nozze d'Ercole e d'Ebe ( 1747 ) The Choice of Hercules ( 1750 ) Hercule mourant ( 1761 ) Le Rouet d'Omphale ( 1871 ) Déjanire ( 1911 ) Hercules vs. Vampires ( 2010 ) Atlántida Art Hercules and the lion of Nemea ( 5th century BCE ) Hercules of the Forum Boarium ( 2nd century BCE ) Farnese Hercules ( 216 ) The Origin of the Milky Way ( 1575 -- 1580 ) The Choice of Hercules ( 1596 ) Hercules and Omphale ( 1603 ) Hercules fighting Nemean lion ( 1634 ) Hercules separating the mounts Calpe And Abyla ( 1634 ) Hercules ' Dog Discovers Purple Dye ( 1636 ) The Origin of the Milky Way ( 1637 ) Hercules in the Garden of the Hesperides ( 1638 ) Hercules the Archer ( 1909 ) Achelous and Hercules ( 1947 ) The Labors of Herakles ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Other Hercules in popular culture Hercules ( franchise ) Labours of Hercules Pillars of Hercules Maczuga Herkulesa Hercules in ancient Rome Hercules ' Club Xena : Warrior Princess Shirt of Nessus Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jason_and_the_Argonauts_(1963_film)&oldid=843452146 '' Categories : English - language films 1963 films 1960s fantasy films 1960s adventure films American films American fantasy adventure films Fantasy adventure films Films based on the Jason - Medea myth Films scored by Bernard Herrmann Films directed by Don Chaffey Films set in ancient Greece Films set in the Mediterranean Sea Films using stop - motion animation Columbia Pictures films Epic fantasy films Films adapted into comics Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Articles needing additional references from March 2018 All articles needing additional references Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Articles to be expanded from April 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Hrvatski Italiano Lëtzebuergesch Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 07 : 37 . 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when was the last debutantes presented at court	In the United Kingdom , the last débutantes were presented at Court in 1958 , after which Queen Elizabeth II abolished the ceremony . Attempts were made to keep the tradition going by organising a series of parties for young girls who might otherwise have been presented at Court in their first season ( to which suitable young men were also invited ) by Peter Townend . However , the withdrawal of royal patronage made these occasions increasingly insignificant , and scarcely distinguishable from any other part of the social season .	1958	Débutante	debutante	A debutante or deb ( from the French débutante , `` female beginner '' ) is a girl or young woman of an aristocratic or upper - class family who has reached maturity and , as a new adult , comes out into society at a formal `` debut '' . Originally , the term meant the woman was old enough to be married , and part of the purpose of her coming out was to display her to eligible bachelors and their families with a view to marriage within a select circle .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Australia 2 United Kingdom 3 United States 3.1 American debutante balls 3.2 Debutante balls in US television and films 4 Latin America 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Australia ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Harrison Fisher illustration , from The Princess Elopes by Harold MacGrath In Australia , débutante balls ( or colloquially `` deb balls '' ) are usually organised by high schools , church groups or service clubs , such as Lions or Rotary . The girls who take part are in either Year 10 , 11 or 12 at high school ( i.e. aged between 15 and 18 ) . The event is often used as a fund - raiser for local charities . The Australian debutante wears a white gown similar to a wedding dress . However , the dress does not come with a train on the skirt , and the debutante does not wear a veil . The boy wears black tie or another formal dress suit . It is customary for the female to ask a male to the débutante ball , with males not being able to `` do the deb '' unless they are asked . The débutantes and their partners must learn how to ballroom dance . Débutante balls are almost always held in a reception centre , school hall , the function room of a sporting or other community organisation venue e.g. RSL club , or ballroom . Usually they are held late in the year and consist of dinner , dancing , and speeches . United Kingdom ( edit ) In the United Kingdom , the last débutantes were presented at Court in 1958 , after which Queen Elizabeth II abolished the ceremony . Attempts were made to keep the tradition going by organising a series of parties for young girls who might otherwise have been presented at Court in their first season ( to which suitable young men were also invited ) by Peter Townend . However , the withdrawal of royal patronage made these occasions increasingly insignificant , and scarcely distinguishable from any other part of the social season . The expression `` débutante '' , or `` deb '' for short , has continued to be used , especially in the press , to refer to young girls of marriageable age who participate in a semi-public upper class social scene . The expression `` deb 's delight '' is applied to good looking unmarried young men from similar backgrounds . The presentation of débutantes to the Sovereign at Court marked the start of the British social season . Applications for young women to be presented at court were required to be made by ladies who themselves had been presented to the Sovereign ; the young woman 's mother , for example , or someone known to the family . A mother - in - law who herself had been presented might , for example , present her new daughter - in - law . The presentation of debutantes at court was also a way for young girls of marriageable age to be presented to suitable bachelors and their families in the hopes of finding a suitable husband . Bachelors , in turn , used the court presentation as a chance to find a suitable wife . Those who wanted to be presented at court were required to apply for permission to do so ; if the application was accepted , they would be sent a royal summons from the Lord Chamberlain to attend the Presentation on a certain day . According to Debrett 's , the proceedings on that day always started at 10 am . As well as débutantes , older women , and married women who had not previously been presented could be presented at Court . An 1890s - era débutante gown On the day of the court presentation , the débutante and her sponsor would be announced , the debutante would curtsy to the Sovereign , and then she would leave without turning her back . The court dress has traditionally been a white evening dress , but shades of ivory and pink were acceptable . The white dress featured short sleeves and white gloves , a veil attached to the hair with three white ostrich feathers , and a train , which the débutante would hold on her arm until she was ready to be presented . Débutantes would also wear pearls but many would also wear jewellery that belonged to the family . After the débutantes were presented to the monarch , they would attend the social season . The season consisted of events such as afternoon tea parties , polo matches , races at Royal Ascot , and balls . Many débutantes would also have their own `` coming - out party '' or , alternatively , a party shared with a sister or other member of family . United States ( edit ) American débutante balls ( edit ) 58th International Debutante Ball , 2012 , New York City ( Waldorf - Astoria Hotel ) A cotillion or débutante ball in the United States is a formal presentation of young ladies , débutantes , to `` polite society , '' typically hosted by a charity or society . The ladies introduced can vary from the ages of 16 to 18 ( younger ages are more typical of Southern regions , while older are more common place in the North ) in some areas 15 - and 16 - year - olds are called `` junior débutantes . '' One of the most prestigious , the most exclusive and the most expensive debutante balls in the world is the invitation - only International Debutante Ball held at the Waldorf Astoria Hotel in New York City , where girls from prominent world families are presented to high society . The International Debutante Ball has presented princesses , countesses , baronesses and many European royalty and aristocrats as debutantes to high society , including Princess Katarina of Yugoslavia , Vanessa von Bismarck ( great - great - granddaughter of Otto von Bismarck ) , Princess Natalya Elisabeth Davidovna Obolensky ( granddaughter of the Prince Ivan Obolensky , who is the Chairman of the International Debutante Ball and himself the grandson of John Jacob Astor IV - founder of the Waldorf Astoria Hotel ) , Princess Ines de Bourbon Parme , Countess Magdalena Habsburg - Lothringen ( great - great - granddaughter of Empress Elisabeth ' Sisi ' of Austria ) and Lady Henrietta Seymour ( daughter of the Duke and Duchess of Somerset Daughters and granddaughters of billionaire businessmen , American politicians , senators , congressmen , ambassadors and even many United States Presidents have also been presented at the International Debutante Ball ; for example , Tricia Nixon , Julie Nixon , Jennie Eisenhower , Ashley Walker Bush ( granddaughter of President George H.W. Bush and niece of President George W. Bush ) , Lucinda Robb ( granddaughter of President Lyndon B. Johnson ) , Christine Colby ( daughter of CIA director William Colby ) , Hollister Knowlton ( future wife of CIA director David Petraeus ) , Charlotte and Catherine Forbes ( granddaughters of Malcolm Forbes ) and Christina Huffington ( daughter of Arianna Huffington of the Huffington Post ) . Ivanka Trump ( daughter of President Donald Trump ) and Sasha and Malia Obama ( daughters of President Barack Obama ) have also been invited to be presented as debutantes at the International Debutante Ball in New York City . To gain entrance to a debutante ball , débutantes must usually be recommended by a distinguished committee or sponsored by an established member of élite society , typically their mothers or other female relatives . Wearing white gowns and satin or kid gloves , the débutantes stand in a receiving line , and then are introduced individually to the audience . The débutante is announced and then is walked around the stage , guided by her father who then presents her . Her younger male escort then joins her and escorts her away . Each débutante brings at least one escort , sometimes two . Many débutante balls select escorts and then pair them with the debs to promote good social pairings . Cotillions may be elaborate formal affairs and involve not only `` debs '' but junior débutantes , escorts and ushers , flower girls and pages as well . Every débutante must perform a curtsy also known as the St. James Bow or a full court bow , with the exception of Texas débutantes who are presented at the International Debutante Ball at New York City 's Waldorf Astoria Hotel , who perform the `` Texas Dip '' . This gesture is made as the young woman is formally presented . Débutante balls exist in nearly every major city in the United States but are more common and larger affairs in the American South . The Christmas Cotillion in Savannah , Georgia , first held in 1817 , is the oldest débutante ball in the United States . Many cities such as Dallas and Atlanta have several balls in a season . Dallas , for example , is home of the traditional Idlewild organisation , as well as more modern organisations such as the Dallas Symphony Orchestra Presentation Ball and La Fiesta de las Seis Banderas , both of which benefit charities . The National Cotillion and Thanksgiving Ball of Washington , DC. , hosted by Mary - Stuart Montague Price , has met every November for over 60 years with proceeds going to Children 's Hospital . In New Orleans , Louisiana , a débutante is usually presented during the Carnival season . In New York City , there are still several deb balls . One that draws from all over the world is the International Debutante Ball . Also , there are other charity and social balls such as the Infirmary ( benefits the local hospital ) , the Society of Mayflower Descendants Ball , and the Saint Nicholas Society of the City of New York Ball ( founded 1835 ) . As an alternative to a ball , and more commonly in the old North , a young woman might have her own `` coming - out party , '' given by her parents . Unlike a collective ball , which would be only held at a certain time of the year , such a party could be at any time of the year , but might well be scheduled around the débutante 's birthday or graduation from high school or university . In theory , the only women who could be invited would be those who had already made their débuts , thus affording a sort of rank - order to the débutante season . `` Old - money '' families often send their preteen sons and daughters to dancing classes , called cotillion , and etiquette lessons in preparation for these parties , which launch their children into society and act as major networking events . Even less grand débutante balls typically require debs to attend a few lessons in social dance , comportment , and in executing their curtsy . The African American community has a long tradition of charitable events and activities since the early 20th century . A large portion of these activities happened during social events and formal activities , namely , cotillions and debutante balls . It was at these events that those African Americans who had the means to expand their wealth were able to meet with other successful African Americans , and make social and political and economic connections . These formal cotillion and debutante balls still thrive as a viable outlet for those seeking success to participate in one of the most traditional vestiges of the African American upper - class . Various Ukrainian émigré organisations in the United States such as the Ukrainian American Medical Association of North America , the Ukrainian Engineers ' Society of America , Plast Ukrainian Scouting Organization , and the Ukrainian American Youth Association have hosted annual black - tie debutante balls since the Second World War as fundraisers and introduce young Ukrainian ladies between the ages of 16 and 18 to their local Ukrainian communities . Ukrainian American debutante balls take place in many American cities such as Chicago , Philadelphia , Newark , Washington D.C. , and Detroit . Besides the traditional waltz of the debutantes , one of the highlights of these balls is the Kolomyjka which usually takes place past midnight wherein every guest has the opportunity to spontaneously demonstrate their Ukrainian dance skills such as the Hopak or Arkan . Kolomyjka dances tend to last upwards of a half - hour of nonstop folk dancing , ultimately returning to the traditional black - tie ball atmosphere . In most areas of the United States , the debutante ball and coming out party has largely been replaced with a combination of the senior prom and the graduation party ( see Academic graduation by country , ) which extend the ' coming out ' to include young adult males . The senior prom is a black - tie dance hosted by the school for high schoolers in their last year , seen as a teenage rite of passage . Prom season tends to last from April until May . Upon their child 's graduation from high school , parents may throw him or her a high school graduation party to celebrate the achievement and the child 's ascension into ' adulthood . ' Graduation party season may last from May until June of each year , with multiple parties held each weekend , and the parent 's coworkers , extended family , and members of the community are invited for networking , rather than solely the honoree 's friends . Instead of a ball , these parties usually follow an informal open house ( common school event ) reception model or may be a garden party , with guests coming and going as they please . Cash gifts and advice for the honoree are expected in most communities and it is considered insulting to decline attendance . Débutante balls in us television and films ( edit ) Several television series focused on young people from wealthy families include episodes with débutante events . `` The Debut , '' an episode of The O.C. ( a drama about upper middle class Californians ) , featured a representation of an American débutante ball . `` Hi , Society , '' ( season 1 episode 10 ) , `` They Shoot Humphreys , Do n't They ? , '' ( season 3 episode 9 ) , `` Riding in Town Cars with Boys ( season 5 , episode 10 ) , and `` Monstrous Ball '' ( season 6 , episode 5 ) of Gossip Girl , also from The O.C. creator Josh Schwartz , features a débutante ball in New York City . `` Presenting Lorelai Gilmore '' , an episode of Gilmore Girls shows Rory Gilmore as a débutante . She makes her debut at a Daughters of the American Revolution ( DAR ) débutante ball that her grandmother helped put together . In The Critic , Jay Sherman 's younger sister Margo is persuaded to reluctantly attend her débutante ball . Crime dramas also have investigated début - related murders . `` Zoo York , '' an episode of CSI : NY , featured the CSI team investigating the murder of a débutante . Medical examiner Evan Zao comments that he attended a débutante ball . `` Debut '' , an episode of Cold Case , tells the story of a young girl who is murdered the night of her débutante ball . In an episode of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit , entitled `` Streetwise '' , detectives investigated the rape and murder of a débutante . Films with débutante themes include Metropolitan , Whit Stillman 's début feature film , a comedy of manners set during the deb season in Manhattan , and What a Girl Wants , a 2003 film in which Amanda Bynes plays an American teen whose estranged father is a British Lord , and who is presented at a coming out party after being reunited with her mother . In another movie featuring Bynes , She 's The Man , the main character attends a debutantes preparation program throughout the movie which ends with the Debutante 's ball . Something New , a romantic comedy has a cotillion scene of upper class African Americans on the west coast . The Debut , a film considered to be an accurate snapshot of contemporary Filipino American life , touches upon a wide variety of cultural themes within the plot of an informal débutante event . The 1992 film The Addams Family is centred around the reconciliation of Gomez and Fester Addams , who had had a falling out as teenagers when Gomez had wooed both his date and Fester 's ( Flora and Fauna Amore , the siamese twins ) at the débutante ball . In the 1994 film Little Women , a ' coming - out ' party is thrown , Aunt March is also seen talking to Marmee about when Meg will be introduced into society . In the premiere of The City , Whitney Port 's reality show , her co-worker Olivia Palermo describes her first pair of Manolo Blahnik shoes that she wore to her `` Deb '' back when she was 18 years of age . In the Disney Channel made - for - TV movie Cow Belles , starring Aly & AJ , one of their characters gets kicked out of the ball for not having enough money . In an episode of the Nickelodeon television series CatDog , there is an entire story based on the debutante of the character Shriek , a member of a gang called the Greaser Dogs who happens to come from a wealthy family . In season 4 , episode 11 , `` Time 's Arrow '' of the Netflix original series BoJack Horseman , Bojack 's elderly mother with dementia , Beatrice Sugarman , recalls the time she met Bojack 's father , Butterscotch Horseman , after he crashed her debutante ball . Latin America ( edit ) See also : Quinceañera In Mexico , Dominican Republic , Panama , Puerto Rico and Paraguay , débutantes are young girls who take part in a Festival de Debutantes , or a `` Quince Años '' upon their fifteenth birthday . In Brazil and Mexico , such events are called Baile de Debutante ( Spanish and Portuguese ) or Festa de Debutante ( only Portuguese ) , or Quince Años ( Spanish ) or Quinze Anos ( Portuguese ) . See also ( edit ) Azalea Trail Maids Bachelor and Spinster Balls Celebutante Cotillion Débutante dress High society ( social class ) List of débutante balls Philippine Debut Quinceañera . ceremony for 15 - year - old Hispanics Season ( society ) Social Register Socialite Bon viveur Southern belle Veiled Prophet Ball References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Obituary : Peter Townend '' . The Daily Telegraph . 18 July 2001 . Retrieved 14 August 2012 . Jump up ^ The semi-autobiographical novel Past Imperfect by Julian Fellowes 2008 is an informative description of partaking in ' The Season ' in these final years compared to its height . Jump up ^ `` In vogue on NYSD '' . NYSD . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Christine M. Colby to Marry '' . New York Times . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hollister Knowlton Betrothed To David H. Petraeus , a Cadet '' . New York Times . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` In vogue on NYSD '' . NYSD . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Debutantes make their bows to society at NY gala '' . AP News . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . Jump up ^ However , in the case of Helen Barney , the term `` débutante ball '' was applied to the `` coming - out party '' given her by her uncle , William Collins Whitney , at his home at 871 Fifth Avenue in New York City on 5 January 1901 . Cleveland Amory , Who Killed Society ? , pp. 502 -- 503 . New York : Harper & Brothers , 1960 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Adrienne . `` About Cotillions of Color '' . Cotillions of Color . Archived from the original on 8 March 2014 . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Hann , Christopher ( 15 November 2010 ) . `` The Lost History of Black Cotillions '' . Drew News . Drew University . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Casimir , Leslie ( 18 July 2004 ) . `` COTILLIONS MAKE A COMEBACK Courtly Tradition Updated By African - Americans '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . Further reading ( edit ) Alvarez , Julia . Once upon a Quinceañera : Coming of Age in the USA ( Penguin , 2007 ) , the Hispanic version Chenier , Elise . `` Class , Gender , and the Social Standard : The Montreal Junior League , 1912 -- 1939 . '' Canadian Historical Review 90 # 4 ( 2009 ) : 671 -- 710 . in Canada Jabour , Anya . Scarlett 's Sisters ( Univ of North Carolina Press , 2007 ) on upper class Southern belles Lewis , Cynthia , and Susan Harbage Page . `` Secret Sharing : Debutantes Coming Out in the American South . '' Southern Cultures 18 # 4 ( 2012 ) : 6 -- 25 . Marling , Karal Ann . Debutante : Rites and Regalia of American Debdom ( 2004 ) excerpt Neeland , Elizabeth C. `` The Woman in White : An Analysis of Women 's Meaning - making Experiences in Debut '' ( MA thesis . University of Georgia , 2006 ) online , a case study of the 2005 Blue Gray Colonel 's Ball in Montgomery , Alabama , to study Southern debutante culture External links ( edit ) Look up débutante in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . The Débutante , Chapter XVIII of Emily Post 's Etiquette ( 1922 ) , at Bartleby.com The Debutante , a short story by Leonora Carrington The British Court Presentation The Economist -- Débutante scene in Houston Debretts Social Season and Debutantes Protocol Dresses Debutantes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Debutante&oldid=842027537 '' Categories : Women by social class Beginners and newcomers High society Debutantes Hidden categories : EngvarB from December 2016 Use dmy dates from December 2016 Articles needing cleanup from August 2009 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles without a reason field from August 2009 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from August 2009 Articles needing additional references from June 2011 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Articles needing additional references from December 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch 한국어 日本語 Português Simple English Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 19 May 2018 , at 18 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debutante	3,226
which horse is the fastest triple crown winner			Secretariat ( Horse )	secretariat ( horse )		Secretariat Secretariat as an older stallion Sire Bold Ruler Grandsire Nasrullah Dam Somethingroyal Damsire Princequillo Sex Stallion Foaled March 30 , 1970 The Meadow , Caroline County , Virginia October 4 , 1989 ( 1989 - 10 - 04 ) ( aged 19 ) Claiborne Farm Paris , Kentucky Country United States Color Chestnut Breeder Meadow Stud ( Christopher Chenery ) Owner Meadow Stable ( Christopher Chenery , Penny Chenery ) Racing colors Blue , white blocks , white stripes on sleeves , blue cap Trainer Lucien Laurin Record 21 : 16 -- 3 -- 1 Earnings $1,316,808 Major wins Sanford Stakes ( 1972 ) Hopeful Stakes ( 1972 ) Futurity Stakes ( 1972 ) Laurel Futurity ( 1972 ) Garden State Futurity ( 1972 ) Bay Shore Stakes ( 1973 ) Gotham Stakes ( 1973 ) Arlington Invitational ( 1973 ) Marlboro Cup ( 1973 ) Man o ' War Stakes ( 1973 ) Canadian International ( 1973 ) Triple Crown race wins : Kentucky Derby ( 1973 ) Preakness Stakes ( 1973 ) Belmont Stakes ( 1973 ) Awards 9th U.S. Triple Crown Champion ( 1973 ) American Champion Two - Year - Old Colt ( 1972 ) American Champion Three - Year - Old Male Horse ( 1973 ) American Champion Male Turf Horse ( 1973 ) American Horse of the Year ( 1972 , 1973 ) Leading broodmare sire in North America ( 1992 ) Honors U.S. Racing Hall of Fame ( 1974 ) Kentucky Athletic Hall of Fame ( 2007 ) Canadian Horse Racing Hall of Fame ( 2013 ) U.S. Postage Stamp ( 1999 ) # 2 -- Top 100 U.S. Racehorses of the 20th Century Secretariat ( March 30 , 1970 -- October 4 , 1989 ) , nicknamed Big Red , was an American Thoroughbred racehorse who , in 1973 , became the first Triple Crown winner in 25 years . His record - breaking victory in the Belmont Stakes , which he won by 31 lengths , is widely regarded as one of the greatest races of all time . During his racing career , he won five Eclipse Awards , including Horse of the Year honors at ages two and three . He was elected to the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame in 1974 . In the List of the Top 100 U.S. Racehorses of the 20th Century , Secretariat is second only to Man o ' War ( racing career 1919 -- 1920 ) , who also was a large chestnut colt given the nickname `` Big Red '' . At age two , Secretariat finished fourth in his 1972 debut in a maiden race , but then won seven of his remaining eight starts , including five stakes victories . His only loss during this period was in the Champagne Stakes , where he finished first but was disqualified to second for interference . He received the Eclipse Award for champion two - year - old colt , and also was the 1972 Horse of the Year , a rare honor for a horse so young . At age three , Secretariat not only won the Triple Crown , he set speed records in all three races . His time in the Kentucky Derby still stands as the Churchill Downs track record for 1 ⁄ miles , and his time in the Belmont Stakes stands as the American record for 1 ⁄ miles on the dirt . His controversial time in the Preakness Stakes was eventually recognized as a stakes record in 2012 . Secretariat 's win in the Gotham Stakes tied the track record for 1 mile , he set a world record in the Marlboro Cup at 1 ⁄ miles , and further proved his versatility by winning two major stakes races on turf . He lost three times that year : in the Wood Memorial , Whitney , and Woodward Stakes , but the brilliance of his nine wins made him an American icon . He won his second Horse of the Year title , plus Eclipse Awards for champion three - year - old colt and champion turf horse . At the beginning of his three - year - old year , Secretariat was syndicated for a record - breaking $6.08 million on condition that he be retired from racing by the end of the year . Although he sired several successful racehorses , he ultimately was most influential through his daughters ' offspring , becoming the leading broodmare sire in North America in 1992 . His daughters produced several notable sires , including Storm Cat , A.P. Indy , Gone West , Dehere and Chief 's Crown , and through them Secretariat appears in the pedigree of many modern champions . Secretariat died in 1989 due to laminitis . He is recognized as one of the greatest horses in American racing history . Contents 1 Background 1.1 Early years 2 Appearance and conformation 3 Racing career 3.1 1972 : Two - year - old season 3.2 1973 : Three - year - old season 3.2. 1 Kentucky Derby 3.2. 2 Preakness Stakes 3.2. 3 Belmont Stakes 3.2. 4 Arlington Invitational 3.2. 5 Whitney Stakes 3.2. 6 Marlboro Cup 3.2. 7 Woodward Stakes 3.2. 8 Man o ' War Stakes 3.2. 9 Canadian International Stakes 4 Retirement 4.1 Stud career 4.2 Death 5 Honors and recognition 6 Racing statistics 7 Pedigree 8 Notes 9 References 10 Sources 11 External links Background ( edit ) Secretariat was officially bred by Christopher Chenery 's Meadow Stud , but the breeding was actually arranged by Penny Chenery ( then known as Penny Tweedy ) , who had taken over the running of the stable in 1968 when her father became ill . Secretariat was sired by Bold Ruler and his dam was Somethingroyal , a daughter of Princequillo . Bold Ruler was the leading sire in North America from 1963 to 1969 and again in 1973 . Owned by the Phipps family , Bold Ruler possessed both speed and stamina , having won the Preakness Stakes and Horse of the Year honors in 1957 , and American Champion Sprint Horse honors in 1958 . Bold Ruler was retired to stud at Claiborne Farm , but the Phippses owned most of the mares to which Bold Ruler was bred , and few of his offspring were sold at public auction . To bring new blood into their breeding program , the Phippses sometimes negotiated a foal - sharing agreement with other mare owners : Instead of charging a stud fee for Bold Ruler , they would arrange for multiple matings with Bold Ruler , either with two mares in one year or one mare over a two - year period . Assuming two foals were produced , the Phipps family would keep one and the mare 's owner would keep the other , with a coin toss determining who received first pick . Under such an arrangement , Chenery sent two mares to be bred to Bold Ruler in 1968 , Hasty Matelda and Somethingroyal . She then sent Cicada and Somethingroyal in 1969 . The foal - sharing agreement stated that the winner of the coin toss would get first pick of the foals produced in 1969 , while the loser of the toss would get first pick of the foals due in 1970 . In the spring of 1969 , a colt and filly were produced . In the 1969 breeding season , Cicada did not conceive , leaving only one foal due in the spring of 1970 . Thus , the winner of the coin toss would get only one foal ( the first pick from 1969 ) , and the loser would get two ( the second pick from 1969 and the only foal from 1970 ) . Chenery later said that both owners hoped they would lose the coin toss , which was held in the fall of 1969 in the office of New York Racing Association Chairman Alfred G. Vanderbilt II , with Arthur `` Bull '' Hancock of Claiborne Farm as witness . Ogden Phipps won the toss and took the 1969 weanling filly out of Somethingroyal . The filly was named The Bride and never won a race , though she did later become a stakes producer . Chenery received the Hasty Matelda colt in 1969 and the as - yet - unborn 1970 foal of Somethingroyal , which turned out to be Secretariat . Early years ( edit ) ' A foal is born at midnight And in the frosty morn The horseman eyes him fondly , And a secret hope is born . But breathe it not , nor whisper For fear of a neighbor 's scorn . He 's a chestnut colt , and he 's got a star . He may be another Man o ' War . Nay , say it aloud -- be shameless . Dream and hope and yearn , For there 's never a man among you But waits for his return . -- from `` Big Red '' , by J.A. Estes On March 30 , 1970 , at 12 : 10 a.m. at the Meadow Stud in Caroline County , Virginia , Somethingroyal foaled a bright - red chestnut colt with three white socks and a star with a narrow stripe . The foal stood when he was 45 minutes old and nursed 30 minutes later . Howard Gentry , the manager of Meadow Stud , was at the foaling and later said , `` He was a very well - made foal . He was as perfect a foal that I ever delivered . '' The colt soon distinguished himself from the others . `` He was always the leader in the crowd '' , said Gentry 's nephew , Robert , who also worked at the farm . `` To us , he was Big Red , and he had a personality . He was a clown and was always cutting up , always into some devilment . '' Some time later , Chenery got her first look at the foal and made a one word entry in her notebook : `` Wow ! '' That fall , Chenery and Elizabeth Ham , the Meadow 's longtime secretary , worked together to name the newly weaned colt . The first set of names submitted to the Jockey Club ( Sceptre , Royal Line and Something Special ) played on the names of his sire and dam , but were rejected . The second set , submitted in January 1971 , were Games of Chance , Deo Volonti ( God Willing ) and Secretariat , the last suggested by Ham based on her previous job associated with the secretariat of the League of Nations ( the predecessor of the United Nations ) . Appearance and conformation ( edit ) Equine anatomy Secretariat grew into a massive , powerful horse said to resemble his sire 's maternal grandsire , Discovery . He stood 16.2 hands ( 66 inches , 168 cm ) when fully grown . He was noted for being exceptionally well - balanced , a big , powerful horse described as having `` nearly perfect '' conformation and stride biomechanics . His chest was so large that he required a custom - made girth , and he was noted for his large , powerful , well - muscled hindquarters . An Australian trainer said of him , `` He is incredible , an absolutely perfect horse . I never saw anything like him . '' Secretariat 's absence of major conformation flaws was important , as horses with well made limbs and feet are less likely to become injured . Secretariat 's hindquarters were the main source of his power , with a sloped croup that extended the length of his femur . When in full stride , his hind legs were able to reach far under himself , increasing his drive . His ample girth , long back and well - made neck all contributed to his heart - lung efficiency . The manner in which Secretariat 's body parts fit together determined the efficiency of his stride , which affected his acceleration and endurance . Even very small differences in the length and angles of bones can have a major effect on performance . Secretariat was well put together even as a two - year - old , and by the time he was three , he had further matured in body and smoothed out his gait . The New York Racing Association 's Dr. M.A. Gilman , a veterinarian who routinely measured leading Thoroughbreds with a goal of applying science to create better ways to breed and evaluate racehorses , measured Secretariat 's development from two to three as follows : Measurement October aged 2 October aged 3 Height ( at withers ) 16 ⁄ hands ( 64.75 inches , 164 cm ) 16.1 ⁄ hands ( 65.5 inches , 166 cm ) Point of shoulder to point of shoulder ( chest width ) 16 inches ( 41 cm ) 16.5 inches ( 42 cm ) Girth ( around center of gravity ) 74 inches ( 188 cm ) 76 inches ( 193 cm ) Withers to point of shoulder 28 inches ( 71 cm ) 28.5 inches ( 72 cm ) Elbow to ground ( length of leg ) 37.5 inches ( 95 cm ) 38.5 inches ( 98 cm ) Point of shoulder to point of hip 46 inches ( 117 cm ) 49 inches ( 124 cm ) Point of hip to point of hip 25 inches ( 64 cm ) 26 inches ( 66 cm ) Point of hip to hock 40 inches ( 100 cm ) 40 inches ( 100 cm ) Point of hip to buttock 24 inches ( 61 cm ) 24 inches ( 61 cm ) Poll to withers ( neck length ) 40 inches ( 100 cm ) 40 inches ( 100 cm ) Buttock ( croup ) to ground ( height in rear ) 53.5 inches ( 136 cm ) 55.5 inches ( 141 cm ) Point of shoulder to point of buttock ( body length ) 68 inches ( 173 cm ) 69.5 inches ( 177 cm ) Circumference of cannon under knee 8.25 inches ( 21.0 cm ) 8.5 inches ( 22 cm ) Secretariat 's length of stride was considered large even after taking into account his large frame and strong build . While training for the Preakness Stakes , his stride was measured as 24 feet , 11 inches . His powerful hindquarters allowed him to unleash `` devastating '' speed and because he was so well - muscled and had significant cardiac capacity , he could simply out - gallop competitors at nearly any point in a race . His weight before the Gotham Stakes in April 1973 was 1,155 pounds ( 524 kg ) . After completing the grueling Triple Crown , his weight on June 15 had dropped only 24 pounds , to 1,131 pounds ( 513 kg ) . Secretariat was known for his appetite -- during his three - year - old campaign , he ate 15 quarts of oats a day -- and to keep the muscle from turning to fat , he needed fast workouts that could have won many a stakes race . Seth Hancock of Claiborne Farm once said , You want to know who Secretariat is in human terms ? Just imagine the greatest athlete in the world . The greatest . Now make him six - foot - three , the perfect height . Make him real intelligent and kind . And on top of that , make him the best - lookin ' guy ever to come down the pike . He was all those things as a horse . Racing career ( edit ) Racing colors of Meadow Stable Secretariat raced in Meadow Stables ' blue - and - white - checkered colors . He never raced in track bandages , but typically wore a blinker hood , mostly to help him focus , but also because he had a tendency to run in towards the rail during races . In January 1972 , he joined trainer Lucien Laurin 's winter stable at Hialeah . Secretariat gained a reputation as a kind horse , likeable and unruffled in crowds or by the bumping that occurs between young horses . He had the physique of a runner , but at first was awkward and clumsy . He was frequently outpaced by more precocious stable mates , running a quarter - mile in 26 seconds compared to 23 seconds by his peers . His regular exercise riders were Jim Gaffney and Charlie Davis . Davis was not initially impressed . `` He was a big fat sucker '' , Davis said . `` I mean , he was big . He was n't in a hurry to do nothin ' . He took his time . The quality was there , but he did n't show it until he wanted to . '' Gaffney though recalled his first ride on Secretariat in early 1972 as `` having this big red machine under me , and from that very first day I knew he had a power of strength that I have never felt before ... '' Groom Eddie Sweat was another important member of the Secretariat team , providing most of the daily hands - on care . Sweat once told a reporter , `` I guess a groom gets closer to a horse than anyone . The owner , the trainer , they maybe see him once a day . But I lived with him , worked with him . '' Laurin sent Chenery regular updates on Secretariat 's progress , saying that the colt was still learning to run , or that he still needed to lose his baby fat . Chenery recalled that when Secretariat was in training , Lucien once said : `` Your big Bold Ruler colt do n't show me nothin ' . He ca n't outrun a fat man . '' But Secretariat made steady progress over the spring . On June 6 , he wore blinkers for the first time to keep his attention focused and responded with a half - mile workout in a solid 47 ⁄ seconds . On June 24 , he ran a `` bullet '' , the fastest workout of the day , at 6 furlongs in 1 : 12 ⁄ on a sloppy track . Laurin called Chenery at her Colorado home and advised her that Secretariat was ready to race . 1972 : two - year - old season ( edit ) For his first start on July 4 , 1972 at Aqueduct Racetrack , Secretariat was made the lukewarm favorite at 3 -- 1 . At the start , a horse named Quebec cut in front of the field , causing a chain reaction that resulted in Secretariat being bumped hard . According to jockey Paul Feliciano , he would have fallen if he had n't been so strong . Secretariat recovered , only to run into traffic on the backstretch . In tenth position at the top of the stretch , he closed ground rapidly and finished fourth , beaten by only 1 ⁄ lengths . In many of his subsequent races , Secretariat hung back at the start , which Laurin later attributed to the bumping he received in his debut . With Feliciano again up , Secretariat returned to the track on July 15 as the 6 -- 5 favorite . He broke poorly , but then rushed past the field on the turn to win by six lengths . On July 31 in an allowance race at Saratoga , Feliciano was replaced by Ron Turcotte , the regular jockey for Meadow Stables . Turcotte had ridden the colt in several morning workouts , but had missed his first two starts while recovering from a fall . Secretariat 's commanding win as the 2 -- 5 favorite caught the attention of veteran sportswriter , Charles Hatton . He later reported , `` You carry an ideal around in your head , and boy , I thought , ' This is it . ' I never saw perfection before . I absolutely could not fault him in any way . And neither could the rest of them and that was the amazing thing about it . The body and the head and the eye and the general attitude . It was just incredible . I could n't believe my eyes , frankly . '' In August , Secretariat entered the Sanford Stakes , facing off with highly regarded Linda 's Chief . Entering the stretch , Secretariat was blocked by the horses in front of him but then made his way through `` like a hawk scattering a barnyard of chickens '' on his way to a three - length win . Sportswriter Andrew Beyer covered the race for the Washington Star and later wrote , `` Never have I watched a lightly raced 2 - year - old stamp himself so definitively as a potential great . '' Ten days later in the Hopeful Stakes , Secretariat made a `` dazzling '' move , passing eight horses within ⁄ mile to take the lead then drawing off to win by five lengths . His time of 1 : 16 ⁄ for 6 ⁄ furlongs was only ⁄ of a second off the track record . Returning to Belmont Park on September 16 , he won the Belmont Futurity by a length and a half after starting his move on the turn . He then ran in the Champagne Stakes at Belmont on October 14 as the 7 -- 10 favorite . As had become his custom , he started slowly and then made a big move around the turn , blowing past his rivals to win by two lengths . However , following an inquiry by the racecourse stewards , Secretariat was disqualified and placed second for bearing in and interfering with Stop the Music , who was declared the winner . Secretariat then took the Laurel Futurity on October 28 , winning by eight lengths over Stop the Music . His time on a sloppy track was just ⁄ of a second off the track record . He completed his season in the Garden State Futurity on November 18 , dropping back early and making a powerful move around the turn to win by 3 ⁄ lengths at 1 -- 10 odds . Laurin said , `` In all his races , he has taken the worst of it by coming from behind , usually circling his field . A colt has to be a real runner to do this consistently and get away with it . '' Secretariat won the Eclipse Award for American Champion Two - Year - Old Male Horse and , in a rare occurrence , two two - year - olds topped the balloting for 1972 American Horse of the Year honors , with Secretariat edging out the undefeated filly , La Prevoyante . Secretariat received the votes of the Thoroughbred Racing Associations of North America and the Daily Racing Form , while La Prevoyante was chosen by the National Turf Writers Association . Only one horse since then , Favorite Trick in 1997 , has won that award as a two - year - old . 1973 : three - year - old season ( edit ) In January 1973 , Christopher Chenery , the founder of Meadow Stables , died and the taxes on his estate forced his daughter Penny to consider selling Secretariat . Together with Seth Hancock of Claiborne Farm , she instead managed to syndicate the horse , selling 32 shares worth $190,000 each for a total of $6.08 million , a world syndication record at the time , surpassing the previous record for Nijinsky who was syndicated for $5.44 million in 1970 . Hancock said the sale was easy , citing Secretariat 's two - year - old performance , breeding , and appearance . `` He 's , well , he 's a hell of a horse . '' Chenery retained four shares in the horse and would have complete control over his three - year - old racing campaign , but agreed that he would be retired at the end of the year . Secretariat wintered in Florida but did not race until March 17 , 1973 in the Bay Shore Stakes at Aqueduct , where he went off as the heavy favorite . As the trainer of one of his opponents put it , `` The only chance we have is if he falls down . '' Racing boxed in by horses on each side , Turcotte decided to go through a narrow gap between horses rather than try to circle the field . Secretariat broke free and won easily , but one of the other jockeys claimed that Secretariat had committed a foul going through the hole . The stewards reviewed photos from the race and determined that Secretariat was actually on the receiving end of a bump , so let the result stand . The Bay Shore established that Secretariat had improved over the winter and that he could also handle adversity . In the Gotham Stakes on April 7 , Laurin decided to experiment with Secretariat 's running style . With no speed horses entered in the race , Secretariat would be allowed to set his own pace . Accordingly , Turcotte hustled Secretariat from the starting gate and they led easily . Down the stretch though , Champagne Charlie came running and at the eighth pole was almost even . Turcotte tapped Secretariat once on each side with the whip and Secretariat drew away to win by three lengths . He ran the first 3 / 4 mile in 1 : 08 ⁄ and finished the one - mile race in 1 : 33 ⁄ , matching the track record . His final preparatory race for the Kentucky Derby was the Wood Memorial , where he finished a surprising third to Angle Light and Santa Anita Derby winner Sham . Laurin was crushed , even though he had trained the winner , Angle Light , who set a slow pace and `` stole '' the race . Secretariat 's loss was later attributed to a large abscess in his mouth , which made him sensitive to the bit . Before and after the race , there was some ill feeling between Laurin and the trainer of Sham , Pancho Martin , fanned by comments in the press . The dispute centered around the use of coupled entries as Martin had entered two horses in addition to Sham , all with the same owner . There was fear that an entry could be used tactically to gang up on another horse . Stung by such insinuations , Martin wound up scratching the two horses that he had originally entered with Sham , and asked Lauren to do the same , but Laurin could not follow suit as Secretariat and Angle Light had different owners . Because of the Wood Memorial results , Secretariat 's chances in the Kentucky Derby became the subject of much speculation in the media . Some questioned his stamina : in part because of his `` blocky '' build , more typical of a sprinter , and in part because of Bold Ruler 's reputation as a sire of precocious sprinters . Rumors circulated that Secretariat was unsound . Kentucky Derby ( edit ) The 1973 Kentucky Derby on May 5 attracted a crowd of 134,476 to Churchill Downs , then the largest crowd in North American racing history . The bettors made the entry of Secretariat and Angle Light the 3 -- 2 favorite , with Sham the second choice at 5 -- 2 . The start was marred when Twice a Prince reared in his stall , hitting Our Native , positioned next to him , and causing Sham to bang his head against the gate , loosening two teeth . Sham then broke poorly and cut himself , also bumping into Navajo . Secretariat avoided problems by breaking last from post position 10 , then cut over to the rail . Early leader Shecky Greene set a reasonable pace , then gave way to Sham around the far turn . Secretariat came charging as they entered the stretch and battled with Sham down the stretch , finally pulling away to win by 2 ⁄ lengths . Our Native finished eight lengths further back in third . Secretariat at the Derby On his way to a still - standing track record of 1 : 59 ⁄ , Secretariat ran each quarter - mile segment faster than the one before it . The successive quarter - mile times were : 25 ⁄ , : 24 , : 23 ⁄ , : 23 ⁄ , and : 23 . This means he was still accelerating as of the final quarter - mile of the race . No other horse had won the Derby in less than 2 minutes before , and it would not be accomplished again until Monarchos ran the race in 1 : 59.97 in 2001 . Sportswriter Mike Sullivan later said : I was at Secretariat 's Derby , in ' 73 ... That was ... just beauty , you know ? He started in last place , which he tended to do . I was covering the second - place horse , which wound up being Sham . It looked like Sham 's race going into the last turn , I think . The thing you have to understand is that Sham was fast , a beautiful horse . He would have had the Triple Crown in another year . And it just did n't seem like there could be anything faster than that . Everybody was watching him . It was over , more or less . And all of a sudden there was this , like , just a disruption in the corner of your eye , in your peripheral vision . And then before you could make out what it was , here Secretariat came . And then Secretariat had passed him . No one had ever seen anything run like that -- a lot of the old guys said the same thing . It was like he was some other animal out there . Preakness Stakes ( edit ) Secretariat in the winner 's circle after the Preakness , with Ron Turcotte , Lucien Lauren , Eddie Sweat and Penny Chenery ( then Tweedy ) In the 1973 Preakness Stakes on May 19 , Secretariat broke last , but then made a huge , last - to - first move on the first turn . Raymond Woolfe , a photographer for the Daily Racing Form , captured Secretariat launching the move with a leaping stride in the air . This was later used as the basis for the statue by John Skeaping that stands in the Belmont Park paddock . Turcotte later said that he was proudest of this win because of the split - second decision he made going into the turn : `` I let my horse drop back , when I went to drop in , they started backing up into me . I said , ' I do n't want to get trapped here . ' So I just breezed by them . '' Secretariat completed the second quarter mile of the race in under 22 seconds . After reaching the lead with 5 ⁄ furlongs to go , Secretariat was never challenged , and won by 2 ⁄ lengths , with Sham again finishing second and Our Native in third , a further eight lengths back . It was the first time in history that the top three finishers in the Derby and Preakness were the same ; the distance between each of the horses was also the same . The time of the race was disputed . The infield teletimer displayed a time of 1 : 55 but it had malfunctioned because of damage caused by people crossing the track to reach the infield . The Pimlico Race Course clocker E.T. McLean Jr. announced a hand time of 1 : 54 ⁄ , but two Daily Racing Form clockers claimed the time was 1 : 53 ⁄ , which would have broken the track record of 1 : 54 set by Cañonero II . Tapes of Secretariat and Cañonero II were played side by side by CBS , and Secretariat got to the finish line first on tape , though this was not a reliable method of timing a horse race at the time . The Maryland Jockey Club , which managed the Pimlico racetrack and is responsible for maintaining Preakness records , discarded both the electronic and Daily Racing Form times and recognized the clocker 's 1 : 54 ⁄ as the official time ; however , the Daily Racing Form , for the first time in history , printed its own clocking of 1 : 53 ⁄ underneath the official time in the chart of the race . On June 19 , 2012 , a special meeting of the Maryland Racing Commission was convened at Laurel Park at the request of Penny Chenery , who hired companies to conduct a forensic review of the videotapes of the race . After over two hours of testimony , the commission unanimously voted to change the time of Secretariat 's win from 1 : 54 ⁄ to 1 : 53 , establishing a new stakes record . The Daily Racing Form announced that it would honor the commission 's ruling with regard to the running time . With the revised time , Sham also would have broken the old stakes record . As Secretariat prepared for the Belmont Stakes , he appeared on the covers of three national magazines : Time , Newsweek , and Sports Illustrated . He had become a national celebrity . William Nack wrote : `` Secretariat suddenly transcended horse racing and became a cultural phenomenon , a sort of undeclared national holiday from the tortures of Watergate and the Vietnam War . '' Chenery needed a secretary to handle all the fan mail and hired the William Morris Agency to manage public engagements . Secretariat responded to his fame by learning to pose for the camera . Belmont Stakes ( edit ) Only four horses ran against Secretariat for the June 9 Belmont Stakes , including Sham and three other horses thought to have little chance by the bettors : Twice A Prince , My Gallant , and Private Smiles . With so few horses in the race , and Secretariat expected to win , no `` show '' bets were taken . Secretariat was sent off as a 1 -- 10 favorite before a crowd of 69,138 , then the second largest attendance in Belmont history . The race was televised by CBS and was watched by over 15 million households , an audience share of 52 % . His only point of reference is himself . -- Charles Hatton On race day , the track was fast , and the weather was warm and sunny . Secretariat broke well on the rail and Sham rushed up beside him . The two ran the first quarter in a quick : 23 ⁄ and the next quarter in a swift : 22 ⁄ , completing the fastest opening half mile in the history of the race and opening ten lengths on the rest of the field . After the six - furlong mark , Sham began to tire , ultimately finishing last . Secretariat continued the fast pace and opened up a larger and larger margin on the field . His time for the mile was 1 : 34 ⁄ , over a second faster than the next fastest Belmont mile fraction in history , set by his sire Bold Ruler , who had eventually tired and finished third . Secretariat , however , did not falter . Turcotte said , `` This horse really paced himself . He is smart : I think he knew he was going 1 ⁄ miles , I never pushed him . '' In the stretch , Secretariat opened a lead of almost ⁄ of a mile on the rest of the field . At the finish , he won by 31 lengths , breaking the margin - of - victory record set by Triple Crown winner Count Fleet in 1943 of 25 lengths . CBS Television announcer Chic Anderson described the horse 's pace in a famous commentary : Secretariat is widening now ! He is moving like a tremendous machine ! The time for the race was not only a record , it was the fastest 1 ⁄ miles on dirt in history , 2 : 24 flat , breaking the stakes record by more than two seconds . Secretariat 's record still stands as an American record on the dirt . If the Beyer Speed Figure calculation had been developed during that time , Andrew Beyer calculated that Secretariat would have earned a figure of 139 , the highest he has ever assigned . A large crowd had started gathering around the paddock hours before the Belmont , many missing the races run earlier in the day for a chance to see the horses up close . Secretariat and Chenery were greeted with an enthusiasm that Chenery responded to with a wave or smile ; Secretariat was imperturbable . A large cheer went up at the break , but as the race went on , the two most commonly reported reactions were disbelief and fear that Secretariat had gone too fast . When it was clear that Secretariat would win , the sound reached a crescendo that reportedly made the grandstand shake . Blood - Horse magazine editor Kent Hollingsworth described the impact : `` Two twenty - four flat ! I do n't believe it . Impossible . But I saw it . I ca n't breathe . He won by a sixteenth of a mile ! I saw it . I have to believe it . '' The race is widely considered the greatest performance of the twentieth century by a North American racehorse . Secretariat became the ninth Triple Crown winner in history , and the first since Citation in 1948 , a gap of 25 years . Bettors holding 5,427 winning parimutuel tickets on Secretariat never redeemed them , presumably keeping them as souvenirs ( and because the tickets would have paid only $2.20 on a $2 bet ) . Arlington Invitational ( edit ) Three weeks after his win at Belmont , Secretariat was shipped to Arlington Park for the Arlington Invitational . Laurin explained : `` Even before the Belmont , you remember , I said I really did n't know how I could give this horse a rest . He 's so strong and full of energy . Well , this is only a week and a half after the Belmont , and believe me when I tell you , if I do n't run this horse he 's going to hurt himself in his stall . So we decided it would be nice to race him in Chicago to let the people in the Midwest have a chance to see him run . '' The race was run at 1 ⁄ miles with a purse of $125,000 . The challengers were grouped as a single betting entry at 6 -- 1 : Secretariat was 1 -- 20 ( the legal minimum ) and created a minus pool of $17,941 . Mayor Richard Daley of Chicago declared that the Saturday of the race was Secretariat Day . A crowd of 41,223 ( the largest at Arlington in three decades ) greeted his arrival on the track with sustained applause . Secretariat broke poorly but soon went to the lead , setting slow early fractions . He gathered momentum on the final turn and eventually won by nine lengths in 1 : 47 flat , just ⁄ off the track record set by Damascus . George Plimpton commented , `` With a better start , a horse to press him and less bow to his turns , Secretariat might have posted a time that would have stood a century . '' Whitney Stakes ( edit ) Secretariat next went to Saratoga , popularly nicknamed `` the graveyard of champions '' , in preparation for the Whitney Stakes on August 4 , where he would face older horses the first time . On July 27 , he put in a stunning workout of 1 : 34 for a mile on a sloppy track , a time that would have broken Saratoga 's track record . On race day though , he was beaten by the Allen Jerkens - trained Onion , a four - year - old gelding who had set a track record at 6 ⁄ furlongs in his previous start . The track condition for the Whitney was labelled fast but was running slow , especially along the inside rail . Secretariat broke poorly and Onion led from the start , setting a slow pace running well off the rail . Down the backstretch , Turcotte chose to make his move along the rail rather than sweeping wide . Secretariat responded more sluggishly than usual and Turcotte went to the whip . Secretariat closed to within a head on the final turn before Onion pulled ahead in the straight to win by a length . A record crowd of more than 30,000 witnessed what was described as an `` astonishing '' upset . Despite Jerkens 's reputation as the `` Giant Killer , '' Secretariat 's stunning loss can possibly be attributed to a viral infection , which caused a low - grade fever and diarrhea . `` I was learning then that anything could happen in horse racing '' , said Chenery . `` We knew he had a low - grade infection . But we decided he was strong enough to win anyway , and we were wrong . '' Secretariat lost his appetite and acted sluggishly for several days . Charles Hatton wrote : `` He seemed distressingly ill walking off , and he missed the Travers . Returned to Belmont to point for the $250,000 Marlboro , the sport 's pin - up horse looked bloody awful , rather like one of those sick paintings which betoken an inner theatre of the macabre . It required supernatural recuperative powers to recover as he did . He was subjected to four severe preps in two weeks . Astonishingly , he gained weight and blossomed with every trial . '' Marlboro Cup ( edit ) On September 15 , Secretariat returned to Belmont Park in the inaugural Marlboro Cup , which was originally intended to be a match race with stablemate Riva Ridge , the 1972 Derby and Belmont Stakes winner . After Secretariat 's loss in the Whitney , the field was expanded to invite top horses from across the country . Entries included 1972 turf champion and top California stakes winner Cougar II , Canadian champion Kennedy Road , 1972 American champion three - year - old colt Key to the Mint , Travers winner Annihilate ' Em ( the only other three - year - old in the race ) , and Onion . Riva Ridge was assigned top weight of 127 pounds ( one pound over the weight - for - age scale ) , Key to the Mint and Cougar II were at 126 pounds , scale weight , while Secretariat was at 124 , three pounds over scale for his age . The field included five champions , and the seven starters had won 63 stakes races between them . It rained the night before , but the track dried out by race time . Secretariat stalked a fast pace in fifth , while Riva Ridge rated just behind Onion and Kennedy Road . Around the turn , Secretariat raced wide and started to make up ground . Coming into the stretch , Secretariat overtook Riva Ridge , while the other early leaders dropped back . Secretariat drew away to win , completing 1 ⁄ miles in 1 : 45 ⁄ , then a world record on the dirt for the distance . Riva Ridge ran second with Cougar II in third and Onion in fourth . Turcotte said , `` Today he was the old Secretariat and he did it on his own . '' The purse for the Marlboro Cup was $250,000 , then the highest prize money offered : the win made Secretariat the 13th Thoroughbred millionaire in history . Woodward Stakes ( edit ) After the Marlboro Cup , the original plan was to enter Riva Ridge in the 1 ⁄ mile Woodward Stakes , just two weeks later , while Secretariat put in some slow workouts on the turf in preparation for the Man o ' War Stakes in October . It rained before the Woodward and the track was sloppy , which Riva Ridge could not handle , so Secretariat was entered in his place . Secretariat led into the straight but was overtaken by the Allen Jerkens - trained four - year - old Prove Out , who pulled clear to win by 4 ⁄ lengths despite carrying five more pounds than Secretariat under the weight - for - age conditions of the race . Prove Out ran the race of his life that day : his time was the second - fastest mile - and - a-half on the dirt in Belmont Park 's history despite the sloppy conditions . Prove Out went on to beat Riva Ridge in that year 's Jockey Club Gold Cup . Man o ' War Stakes ( edit ) On October 8 , just nine days after the Woodward , Secretariat was moved to turf for the Man O ' War Stakes at a distance of 1 ⁄ miles . He faced Tentam , who had set a world record for 1 ⁄ miles on the turf earlier that summer , and five others . Secretariat went to the lead early , followed by Tentam , who gradually closed the gap down the backstretch . Tentam got to within a half - length before Secretariat responded , pulling away by three lengths . Tentam made another run around the far turn , but Secretariat again drew away eventually winning by five lengths over Tentam , with Big Spruce seven and a half lengths further back in third . Secretariat set a course record time of 2 : 24 ⁄ . After the race , Ron Turcotte explained that `` when Tentam came up to him in the backstretch I just chirped to him and he pulled away '' . Canadian International Stakes ( edit ) The syndication deal for Secretariat precluded the horse racing past age three . Accordingly , Secretariat 's last race was against older horses in the Canadian International Stakes over one and five - eighths miles on the turf at Woodbine Racetrack in Toronto , Ontario , Canada on October 28 , 1973 . The race was chosen in part because of long - time ties between E.P. Taylor and the Chenery family , and partly to honor Secretariat 's Canadian connections , Laurin and Turcotte . Unfortunately , Turcotte missed the race with a five - day suspension : Eddie Maple got the mount . The day of the race was cold , windy and wet , but the Marshall turf course was firm . Despite the weather , some 35,000 people turned out to greet Secretariat in a `` virtual hysteria '' that Secretariat seemed not to notice . His biggest opponents were Kennedy Road , who he had already beaten in the Marlboro Cup , and Big Spruce , who had finished third in the Man o ' War . Kennedy Road went to the early lead , while Secretariat moved to second after breaking from an outside post . On the backstretch , Secretariat made his move and forged to the lead . `` Snorting steam in the raw twilight '' , he rounded the far turn with a 12 - length lead before gearing down in the final furlong , ultimately winning by 6 ⁄ lengths . Big Spruce , finishing second , carried 126 . Once again , many winning tickets went uncashed by souvenir hunters . After the race , Secretariat was brought to Aqueduct Racetrack where he was paraded with Turcotte dressed in the Meadow silks before a crowd of 32,990 in his final public appearance . `` It 's a sad day , and yet it 's a great day '' , said Laurin . `` I certainly wish he could run as a 4 - year - old . He 's a great horse and he loves to run . '' Altogether , Secretariat won 16 of his 21 career races , with three seconds and one third , and total earnings of $1,316,808 . For 1973 , Secretariat was again named Horse of the Year , and won Eclipse Awards as the American Champion Three - Year - Old Male Horse and the American Champion Male Turf Horse . Retirement ( edit ) Stud career ( edit ) When Secretariat first retired to Claiborne Farm , his sperm showed some signs of immaturity , so he was bred to three non-Thoroughbred mares in December 1973 to test his fertility . One of these , an Appaloosa named Leola , produced Secretariat 's first foal in November 1974 . Named First Secretary , the foal was a chestnut like his sire , but spotted like his dam . Secretariat 's first official foal crop , arriving in 1975 , consisted of 28 foals , the best of which was Dactylographer , who won the William Hill Futurity in October 1977 . The first crop also included Canadian Bound , who at the 1976 Keeneland July sale was the first yearling to break the $1 million barrier , selling for $1.5 million . Canadian Bound , however , was a complete failure in racing , and for several years , the value of Secretariat 's offspring declined considerably , especially given the rising popularity of Northern Dancer 's offspring in the sales ring . Secretariat eventually sired a number of major stakes winners , including : General Assembly , winner of the 1979 Travers Stakes , setting a track record of 2 : 00 flat that stood for 37 years . Lady 's Secret , 1986 Horse of the Year . Risen Star , 1988 Preakness and Belmont Stakes winner . Kingston Rule , 1990 Melbourne Cup winner , breaking the course record . Tinners Way , born in 1990 to Secretariat 's last crop , winner of the 1994 and 1995 Pacific Classic . Ultimately , Secretariat officially sired 663 named foals , including 341 winners ( 51.4 % ) and 54 stakes winners ( 8.1 % ) . There has been some criticism of Secretariat as a stallion , mainly because he did not produce male offspring of his own ability and did not leave a leading sire son behind , but his legacy is assured though the quality of his daughters , several of whom were excellent racers and even more of whom were excellent producers . In 1992 , Secretariat was the leading broodmare sire in North America . Overall , Secretariat 's daughters produced 24 Grade / Group 1 winners . As a broodmare sire , Secretariat 's most notable progeny were : Weekend Surprise , a stakes winner and the 1992 Kentucky Broodmare of the Year . Her sons include 1990 Preakness winner Summer Squall and 1992 Horse of the Year A.P. Indy . Terlingua , a stakes winner and dam of leading sire Storm Cat . Secrettame , a stakes winner and dam of important sire Gone West , whose descendants include Kentucky Derby winner Smarty Jones . Six Crowns , dam of champion two - year - old and sire Chief 's Crown . Sister Dot , dam of champion two - year - old and sire Dehere . Celtic Assembly , dam of Volksraad , leading sire in New Zealand . Betty 's Secret , dam of Secreto , winner of The Derby , and Istabraq , three - time winner of the Champion Hurdle . Through Weekend Surprise and Terlingua alone , Secretariat appears in the pedigree of numerous champions . Weekend Surprises 's son A.P. Indy was the leading sire in North America in 2003 and 2006 , and is the sire of 2003 Horse of the Year Mineshaft and 2007 Belmont Stakes winner Rags to Riches . He has also established a successful sire - line that leads to Kentucky Derby winners Orb and California Chrome . A.P. Indy 's leading sire - line descendant is Tapit , who led the sire list in 2014 -- 2015 and is the sire of Belmont Stakes winners Tonalist and Creator . Terlingua 's son Storm Cat is also a two time leading sire , whose offspring include Giant 's Causeway , three - time leading sire in North America . Storm Cat also sired Yankee Gentleman , who is the broodmare sire of 2015 Triple Crown winner American Pharoah . Inbreeding to Secretariat has also proven successful , as exemplified by numerous graded stakes winners , including two - time Horse of the Year Wise Dan , as well as sprint champion Speightstown . Secretariat 's paddock at Claiborne Farm bordered three other stallions : Drone , Sir Ivor , and Hall of Fame inductee Spectacular Bid . Secretariat did not pay much attention to Drone or Sir Ivor , but he and Spectacular Bid became friendly and occasionally raced each other along the fence line between their paddocks . Death ( edit ) In the fall of 1989 , Secretariat became afflicted with laminitis -- a painful and debilitating hoof condition . When his condition failed to improve after a month of treatment , he was euthanized on October 4 at the age of 19 . Secretariat was buried at Claiborne Farm , given the rare honor of being buried whole ( traditionally only the head , heart , and hooves of a winning race horse are buried ) . At the time of Secretariat 's death , the veterinarian who performed the necropsy , Dr. Thomas Swerczek , head pathologist at the University of Kentucky , did not weigh Secretariat 's heart , but stated , `` We just stood there in stunned silence . We could n't believe it . The heart was perfect . There were no problems with it . It was just this huge engine . '' Later , Swerczek also performed a necropsy on Sham , who died in 1993 . Swerczek did weigh Sham 's heart , and it was 18 pounds ( 8.2 kg ) . Based on Sham 's measurement , and having necropsied both horses , he estimated Secretariat 's heart probably weighed 22 pounds ( 10.0 kg ) , or about 2.5 times that of the average horse ( 8.5 pounds ( 3.9 kg ) ) . An extremely large heart is a trait that occasionally occurs in Thoroughbreds , hypothesized to be linked to a genetic condition , called the `` x-factor '' , passed down in specific inheritance patterns . The x-factor can be traced to the historic racehorse Eclipse , who was necropsied after his death in 1789 . Because Eclipse 's heart appeared to be much larger than the hearts of other horses , it was weighed , and found to be 14 pounds ( 6.4 kg ) , almost twice the normal weight . Eclipse is believed to have passed the trait on via his daughters , and pedigree research verified that Secretariat traces his dam line to a daughter of Eclipse . Secretariat 's success as a broodmare sire has been linked by some to this large heart theory . However , it has not been proven whether the x-factor exists , let alone its contributions to athletic ability . Honors and recognition ( edit ) The Secretariat statue at Belmont Park is modeled after Secretariat 's leaping stride during the Preakness . Secretariat was inducted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame in 1974 , the year following his Triple Crown victory . Also in 1974 , Paul Mellon commissioned a bronze statue , sometimes known as Secretariat in Full Stride , from John Skeaping . The life - size statue remained in the center of the walking ring at Belmont Park until 1988 when it was replaced by a replica . The original is now located at the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame . The Kentucky Horse Park has two other life - sized statues of Secretariat . The first , created by Jim Reno in 1992 , shows Secretariat as an older sire , while the second , completed by Edwin Bogucki in 2004 , shows him being led into the winner 's circle after the Kentucky Derby . In 2015 , a new statue of Secretariat and Ron Turcotte crossing the finish line at the Belmont Stakes was unveiled in Grand Falls , New Brunswick , Turcotte 's hometown . In 1994 , Sports Illustrated ranked Secretariat # 17 in their list of the 40 greatest sports figures of the past 40 years . In 1999 , ESPN listed him 35th of the 100 greatest North American athletes of the 20th century , the highest of three non-humans on the list ( the other two were also racehorses : Man o ' War at 84th and Citation at 97th ) . Secretariat ranked second behind Man o ' War in The Blood - Horse 's List of the Top 100 U.S. Racehorses of the 20th Century . He was also ranked second behind Man o ' War by both a six - member panel of experts assembled by the Associated Press , and a Sports Illustrated panel of seven experts . On October 16 , 1999 in a ceremony conducted in the winner 's circle at Keeneland Race Course in Lexington , the U.S. Postal Service honored Secretariat with a 33 - cent postage stamp bearing his image . In 2005 , Secretariat was featured in ESPN Classic 's show `` Who 's No. 1 ? '' in the episode `` Greatest Sports Performances '' . He was the only nonhuman on the list , with his run at Belmont ranking second behind Wilt Chamberlain 's 100 - point game . On May 2 , 2007 , Secretariat was inducted into the Kentucky Athletic Hall of Fame , marking the first time an animal received this honor . In 2013 , Secretariat was inducted into the Canadian Horse Racing Hall of Fame in honor of his victory in the Canadian International 40 years earlier . Secretariat was also the focus of a 2013 segment of 60 Minutes Sports . In March 2016 , Secretariat 's Triple Crown victory was rated # 13 in the Sports Illustrated listing of the 100 Greatest Moments in Sports History . Due to Secretariat 's enduring popularity , Chenery remained a prominent figure in racing and a powerful advocate for Thoroughbred aftercare and veterinary research until her death in 2017 . In 2004 , the Maker 's Mark Secretariat Center , dedicated to reschooling former racehorses and matching them to new homes , opened at the Kentucky Horse Park . In 2010 , Chenery developed the Secretariat Vox Populi ( `` voice of the people '' ) Award , which is voted for by racing fans . It is intended to acknowledge `` the horse whose popularity and racing excellence best resounded with the American public and gained recognition for Thoroughbred racing . '' The consideration of the racing fan 's engagement is what distinguishes the Vox Populi award from others . The first honoree in 2010 was Zenyatta , that year 's Horse of the Year , while the second award went to Rapid Redux , a former claimer who went on to win 22 consecutive races at smaller racetracks . Paynter received the 2012 award for his battle with laminitis , the same condition that led to Secretariat 's death . `` Paynter 's popularity stems from his ability to battle and exceed expectations , making him the perfect choice as the recipient of this year 's Vox Populi Award '' , said Chenery . `` After seeing firsthand the devastating effects of this disease , I am even more convinced that the industry must continue to diligently fight laminitis . The progress we have made to date clearly benefited Paynter -- a beautiful colt with a tremendous spirit . '' The Secretariat Stakes was created in 1974 to honor his appearance at Arlington Park in 1973 . The Meadow , the farm at which he was born , was listed on the National Register of Historic Places . It is now known as The Meadow Historic District . Secretariat , a Disney live - action film about the racing career of Secretariat , written by Mike Rich and directed by Randall Wallace , was released on October 8 , 2010 . Racing statistics ( edit ) Date Age Distance * Race Track Odds Field Finish Time Margin Jockey Ref Jul 4 , 1972 5 ⁄ furlongs Maiden Special Weight Aqueduct 3.10 12 1 : 05 2999850000000000000 ♠ ( 1 ⁄ ) lengths Paul Feliciano Jul 15 , 1972 6 furlongs Maiden Special Weight Aqueduct 1.30 11 1 : 10 ⁄ 6 lengths Paul Feliciano Jul 31 , 1972 6 furlongs Allowance Saratoga 0.40 7 1 : 10 ⁄ 1 ⁄ lengths Ron Turcotte Aug 16 , 1972 6 furlongs Sanford Stakes Saratoga 1.50 5 1 : 10 3 lengths Ron Turcotte Aug 26 , 1972 6 ⁄ furlongs Hopeful Stakes Saratoga 0.30 9 1 : 16 ⁄ 5 lengths Ron Turcotte Sep 16 , 1972 6 ⁄ furlongs Futurity Stakes Belmont 0.20 7 1 : 16 ⁄ 1 ⁄ lengths Ron Turcotte Oct 14 , 1972 1 mile Champagne Stakes Belmont 0.70 12 1 : 35 2 lengths Ron Turcotte Oct 28 , 1972 1 ⁄ mile Laurel Futurity Laurel 0.10 6 1 : 42 ⁄ 8 lengths Ron Turcotte Nov 18 , 1972 1 ⁄ mile Garden State Garden State 0.10 6 1 : 44 ⁄ 3 ⁄ lengths Ron Turcotte Mar 17 , 1973 7 furlongs Bay Shore Stakes Aqueduct 0.20 6 1 : 23 ⁄ 4 ⁄ lengths Ron Turcotte Apr 7 , 1973 1 mile Gotham Stakes Aqueduct 0.10 6 1 : 33 ⁄ 3 lengths Ron Turcotte Apr 21 , 1973 1 ⁄ miles Wood Memorial Aqueduct 0.30 8 1 : 49 ⁄ 2999600000000000000 ♠ ( 4 ) lengths Ron Turcotte May 5 , 1973 1 ⁄ miles Kentucky Derby Churchill Downs 1.50 13 1 : 59 ⁄ 2 ⁄ lengths Ron Turcotte May 19 , 1973 1 ⁄ miles Preakness Stakes Pimlico 0.30 6 1 : 54 ⁄ 2 ⁄ lengths Ron Turcotte June 9 , 1973 1 ⁄ miles Belmont Stakes Belmont 0.10 5 2 : 24 31 lengths Ron Turcotte June 30 , 1973 1 ⁄ miles Arlington Invitational Arlington 0.05 1 : 47 9 lengths Ron Turcotte Aug 4 , 1973 1 ⁄ miles Whitney Stakes Saratoga 0.10 5 1 : 49 ⁄ 2999900000000000000 ♠ ( 1 ) lengths Ron Turcotte Sep 15 , 1973 1 ⁄ miles Marlboro Cup Belmont 0.40 7 1 : 45 ⁄ 3 ⁄ lengths Ron Turcotte Sep 29 , 1973 1 ⁄ miles Woodward Stakes Belmont 0.30 5 2 : 25 ⁄ 2999550000000000000 ♠ ( 4 ⁄ ) lengths Ron Turcotte Oct 8 , 1973 1 ⁄ miles ( turf ) Man o ' War Stakes Belmont 0.50 7 2 : 24 ⁄ 5 lengths Ron Turcotte Oct 28 , 1973 1 ⁄ miles ( turf ) Canadian International Woodbine 0.20 12 2 : 41 ⁄ 6 ⁄ lengths Eddie Maple * Conversion of race distances Furlongs Miles Meters 5 ⁄ ⁄ 1,106 6 ⁄ 1,207 6 ⁄ ⁄ 1,308 7 ⁄ 1,408 8 1,609 8 ⁄ 1 ⁄ 1,710 9 1 ⁄ 1,811 9 ⁄ 1 ⁄ 1,911 10 1 ⁄ 2,012 12 1 ⁄ 2,414 13 1 ⁄ 2,615 Year Age Starts Win ( 1st ) Place ( 2nd ) Show ( 3rd ) Earnings ( $ ) 1972 9 7 -- 456,404 1973 12 9 860,404 Total 21 16 1,316,808 Secretariat 's earnings in 1973 were , at the time , a single - season record . Pedigree ( edit ) Secretariat was sired by Bold Ruler , who led the North America sire list eight times , more than any other stallion in the 20th century . He also led the juvenile ( two - year - old ) sire list a record six times . Before Secretariat 's Triple Crown run , Bold Ruler was often categorized as a sire of precocious juveniles that lacked stamina or did not train on past age two . However , even before Secretariat , Bold Ruler actually had sired 11 stakes winners of races at 10 furlongs or more . Ultimately , seven of the ten Kentucky Derby winners in the 1970s can be traced directly to Bold Ruler in their tail male lines , including Secretariat and fellow Triple Crown winner Seattle Slew . Secretariat 's dam was Somethingroyal , the 1973 Kentucky Broodmare of the Year . Although Somethingroyal was unplaced in her only start , she had an excellent pedigree . Her sire Princequillo was the leading broodmare sire from 1966 to 1970 and was noted as a source of stamina and soundness . Her dam Imperatrice was a stakes winner who was purchased by Christopher Chenery at a dispersal sale in 1947 for $30,000 . Imperatrice produced several stakes winners and stakes producers for the Meadow . Prior to foaling Secretariat at age 18 , Somethingroyal had already produced Sir Gaylord , a stakes winner who became an important sire , whose offspring included Epsom Derby winner Sir Ivor . Somethingroyal 's other stakes winners were First Family , Sir Gaylord and Syrian Sea . Breeders speak of a ' nick '' occurring when a sire or grandsire produces significantly better offspring from the daughters of one particular sire than with mares from other bloodlines . The breeding of Bold Ruler with Somethingroyal is an example of a famous nick between Bold Ruler 's sire Nasrullah and daughters of Princequillo . The goal was to balance the speed , precocity , and fiery temperament provided by the Nasrullah side of the pedigree with Princequillo 's stamina , soundness , and sensible temperament . Pedigree of Secretariat , chestnut colt , 1970 Sire Bold Ruler dkb / br. 1954 Nasrullah b . 1940 Nearco b . 1932 Pharos Nogara Mumtaz Begum Blenheim Mumtaz Mahal Miss Disco b . 1944 Discovery Display Ariadne Outdone Pompey Sweep Out Dam Somethingroyal b . 1952 Princequillo b . 1940 Prince Rose Rose Prince Indolence Cosquilla Papyrus Quick Thought Imperatrice dkb / br. 1938 Caruso Polymelian Sweet Music Cinquepace Brown Bud Assignation ( Family 2 - s ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Man o ' War , like Secretariat , was known as `` Big Red . '' The poem was quoted by Edward L. Bowen in `` Joining the Giants '' , an article in The Blood - Horse magazine about Secretariat 's Belmont win . The article 's author added a footer to the poem , `` Perhaps the wait has ended , '' in reference to Secretariat . The author of the poem , Joe Estes , joined The Blood - Horse in 1930 and became its editor - in - chief . Jump up ^ An `` entry '' or `` coupled entry '' is when multiple horses with the same owner or trainer are grouped together for betting purposes . A bet on the entry cashes in if either horse wins . Jump up ^ The Sanford was the only race in his career in which Secretariat was not the betting favorite Jump up ^ Finished first , disqualified to second Jump up ^ Equaled track record Jump up ^ New track record Jump up ^ This was the official time until revisited in 2012 when it was adjusted to 1 : 53 , a stakes record ( see section above for details ) Jump up ^ New track record . American record on the dirt , though this was not noted on the chart Jump up ^ Then a world record on dirt . Still stands as the track record Jump up ^ Then a course record References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Profile -- Secretariat '' . Equibase . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Duke , p. 14 ^ Jump up to : Christine , Bill ( September 30 , 2010 ) . `` Penny Chenery 's life , unscripted '' . Daily Racing Form . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Peters , Anne ; Erigero , Patricia . `` Leading Sires of the U.S.A '' . Thoroughbred Heritage . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Peters , Anne ( March 28 , 2014 ) . `` The Influence of Bold Ruler '' . Blood - Horse . Retrieved June 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tower , Whitney ( February 22 , 1965 ) . `` Bold is the Badge of Champions '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hall , Tom ( February 1 , 1998 ) . `` Foal Sharing '' . The Horse . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nack , p. 41 Jump up ^ Woolfe , p. 10 Jump up ^ Woolfe , pp. 9 -- 12 ^ Jump up to : `` Chenery , Christopher T. ( 1886 -- 1973 ) '' . Encyclopedia Virginia . Retrieved July 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Bride '' . Pedigree Online Thoroughbred Database . Retrieved June 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Look Back '' , Blood - Horse , p. 39 Jump up ^ Schwartz , Larry . `` Man o ' War came close to perfection '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bowen , Edward ( February 20 , 2016 ) . `` BH 100 : Instant Classic '' . Blood - Horse . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Glauber , Bill ( May 2 , 1993 ) . `` ' It Was Like He Was Flying ' : In Five Weeks in 1973 , Secretariat Went From a Potentially Great Horse to a Racing Legend '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gentry Shares Life on Farm with Secretariat '' . bluefield.edu . February 18 , 2011 . Retrieved July 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Woolfe , p. 25 Jump up ^ Nack , p. 49 Jump up ^ Lusky , Leonard . `` Ask Penny '' . secretariat.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hunter , Avalyn . `` Secretariat ( horse ) '' . American Classic Pedigrees . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Mitchell , p. 93 -- 94 ^ Jump up to : Illman , Dan ( September 23 , 2010 ) . `` Secretariat , Charles Hatton , HandiGambling pp 's '' . Daily Racing Form . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tate , James ( July 10 , 2008 ) . `` Is Conformation Relevant ? '' . Trainer Magazine . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Secretariat : Horsegears conformation analysis '' . Horsegears . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hatton , Charles ( March 8 , 2012 ) . `` Secretariat : Hatton on the 1972 season ( from the 1972 American Racing Manual ) '' . Daily Racing Form . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Horsegears Racehorse Conformation Gears Theory '' . Horsegears . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , pp. 83 -- 84 Jump up ^ `` A Look Back '' , Blood - Horse , p. 28 ^ Jump up to : `` A Look Back '' , Blood - Horse , p. 5 ^ Jump up to : Nack , William ( September 19 , 1994 ) . `` 17 Secretariat '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved July 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nack , William ( June 4 , 1990 ) . `` Pure Heart '' . Sports Illustrated Longform . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nack , pp. 66 - 7 Jump up ^ Hiers , Fred ( June 4 , 2010 ) . `` Secretariat 's exercise rider reflects on champion horse '' . Ocala StarBanner . Retrieved July 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jeansonne , John ( June 3 , 2010 ) . `` Jim Gaffney , exercise rider for Secretariat , dead at 75 '' . Newsday . Retrieved July 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scanlan , Lawrence ( 2008 ) . `` Prologue '' . The horse God built : the untold story of Secretariat , the world 's greatest racehorse ( 1st U.S. ed . ) . New York , NY : St. Martin 's Griffin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 38225 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Wirth , Jennifer ( September 22 , 2010 ) . `` Secretariat : the beauty of being everything '' . Blood - Horse . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Moss , Josh ( April 2007 ) . `` Stride for Stride with Big Red '' . Louisville Magazine . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nack , pp. 77 -- 78 Jump up ^ Woolfe , pp. 41 -- 45 ^ Jump up to : Putnam , Pat ( March 26 , 1973 ) . `` Oh Lord , He 's Perfect '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved June 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Woolfe , front end papers Jump up ^ Woolfe , pp. 47 -- 48 ^ Jump up to : Beyer , Andrew ( October 7 , 2010 ) . `` ' Secretariat ' introduces extraordinary horse to a new generation '' . Washington Post . Retrieved June 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Keane , Patrick J. ( September 6 , 2015 ) . `` Secretariat : A Personal Memoir '' . Numéro Cinq . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Woolfe , p. 51 Jump up ^ Canadian Press ( October 16 , 1972 ) . `` Stop the Music wins disqualification '' . Calgary Herald . p. 27 . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Woolfe , p. 59 Jump up ^ Tower , Whitney ( November 27 , 1972 ) . `` Thorns among the roses '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved July 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` La Prevoyante or Secretariat , Horse of the Year 1972 '' . Colin 's Ghost : Thoroughbred Horse Racing History . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cady , Steve ( December 27 , 1972 ) . `` Secretariat Is Horse of Year , Topping La Prevoyante in Poll '' . New York Times . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Alan . `` Trick 's Pic Reinforces Nick '' . Blood - Horse . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Secretariat Is Syndicated For Record $6.08 ‐ Million '' . New York Times . February 27 , 1973 . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Look Back '' , Blood - Horse , p. 3 ^ Jump up to : Haskin , Steve ( January 21 , 2013 ) . `` Big Red and the Winter of ' 73 '' . Blood - Horse . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Industry Glossary '' . Equibase . Retrieved August 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Look Back '' , Blood - Horse , p. 6 Jump up ^ Capps , Timothy T. ( 2003 ) . Secretariat ( 1st ed . ) . Lexington , KY : Eclipse Press . p. 121 . ISBN 1 - 58150 - 091 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` A Look Back '' , Blood - Horse , p. 14 Jump up ^ Tower , Whitney ( May 14 , 1973 ) . `` It was murder '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Look Back '' , Blood - Horse , pp. 12 , 14 Jump up ^ `` Secretariat charges past Sham in Kentucky Derby win '' . Herald - Journal . Associated Press . May 6 , 1973 . p . B1 . Retrieved June 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Track Records -- Churchill Downs '' . Churchill Downs . Retrieved July 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Drape , Joe ( May 6 , 2001 ) . `` Monarchos Makes His Point and Roars to Victory in the Derby '' . New York Times . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , John Jeremiah ( 2004 ) . Blood horses : notes of a sportswriter 's son . New York , NY : Picador . pp. 19 -- 20 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 42376 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Haskin , Steve ( June 20 , 2012 ) . `` Viva Big Red ! '' . Blood - Horse . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jerardi , Dick ( June 5 , 2008 ) . `` Jockey looks back at Secretariat 's 1973 Triple Crown '' . Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Look Back '' , Blood - Horse , p. 32 ^ Jump up to : Hegarty , Matt ( June 19 , 2012 ) . `` Secretariat awarded Preakness record at 1 : 53 after review '' . Daily Racing Form . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Woolfe , p. 192 ^ Jump up to : Haskin , Steve ( June 4 , 2012 ) . `` Remembering Big Red '' . Blood - Horse . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Christine , Bill ( October 5 , 1989 ) . `` Secretariat Was Champion of the People , Both Young and Old '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Secretariat : A Triple Terror '' . Ocala Star - Banner . Associated Press . June 10 , 1973 . p . D1 . Retrieved June 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Nichols , Joe ( June 9 , 1973 ) . `` This Day In Sports -- A Horse for the Ages '' . New York Times . Retrieved August 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Roundtable Discussion of the Jockey Club ( 1973 ) '' ( PDF ) . Jockey Club . p. 16 . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Flatter , Ron . `` Secretariat remains No. 1 name in racing '' . ESPN . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Look Back '' , Blood - Horse , p. 40 Jump up ^ `` This day in history : June 9 , 1973 '' . Vancouver Sun . June 11 , 2012 . Retrieved June 6 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` North American Records '' . Equibase . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Daily Racing Form : Beyer Numbers '' . Daily Racing Form . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2016 . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hollingsworth , Kent ( June 18 , 1973 ) . `` Triple Crown Heroes : Secretariat '' . Blood - Horse . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Tower , Whitney ( June 18 , 1973 ) . `` History in the Making '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved July 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Woolfe , pp. 121 -- 122 ^ Jump up to : Cohen , Andrew ( June 7 , 2013 ) . `` Secretariat 's Jockey on Winning the Triple Crown at Belmont , 40 Years Ago '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved August 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cherwa , John ( June 5 , 2015 ) . `` Ranking the Triple Crown winners '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Triple Crown Winners '' . Blood - Horse . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Souvenir hunters failing to cash in on triple crown winner '' . Observer - Reporter . July 11 , 1973 . p . B3 . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Look Back '' , Blood - Horse , p. 47 Jump up ^ Plimpton , George ( July 9 , 1973 ) . `` Crunch went the Big Red Apple '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Look Back '' , Blood - Horse , pp. 49 -- 50 Jump up ^ `` Secretariat beaten ! '' . Daytona Beach Morning Journal . August 5 , 1973 . p . B1 . Retrieved June 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hovdey , Jay ( August 2 , 2013 ) . `` The day Onion slayed Secretariat '' . Daily Racing Form . Retrieved March 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Haskin , Steve ( August 4 , 2008 ) . `` The Unbeatable Horse '' . Blood - Horse . Retrieved June 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Look Back '' , Blood - Horse , p. 51 Jump up ^ `` A Look Back '' , Blood - Horse , pp. 52 -- 53 Jump up ^ Tower , Whitney ( September 24 , 1973 ) . `` They made pigeons of the field '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Look Back '' , Blood - Horse , p. 55 Jump up ^ Sekulic , Mike ( September 23 , 2013 ) . `` Marlboro Cup of Champions '' . Blood - Horse . Retrieved June 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Prove Out beats Secretariat '' . Pittsburgh Press . September 30 , 1973 . p . D14 . Retrieved June 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A Look Back '' , Blood - Horse , p. 62 Jump up ^ `` Another purse to Secretariat '' . Calgary Herald . October 9 , 1973 . p. 17 . Retrieved June 20 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Secretariat -- Canadian Horse Racing Hall of Fame '' . Canadian Horse Racing Hall of Fame . Retrieved July 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Perkins , Dave ( October 15 , 2010 ) . `` Secretariat one of a kind '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Look Back '' , Blood - Horse , p. 63 Jump up ^ Deford , Frank . `` Adieu , Adieu , Kind Friends '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved July 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Look Back '' , Blood - Horse , p. 64 Jump up ^ Nichols , Joe ( November 7 , 1973 ) . `` A Ceremonial Windup for Secretariat '' . New York Times . p. 35 . Retrieved November 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Triple Crown winner Secretariat sweeps Horse of the Year ballotting '' . Montreal Gazette . Associated Press . December 19 , 1973 . p. 29 . Retrieved June 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Illman , Dan ( February 7 , 2011 ) . `` Top Beyers , Secretariat 's First Foal , Arlington Pars '' . Daily Racing Form . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Secretariat -- great sire or a dud at stud ? '' . Sporting Post . April 25 , 2012 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Memorable Date : First Seven - Figure Yearling Sold '' . Blood - Horse . July 20 , 2006 . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schmitz , David ( July 15 , 2001 ) . `` Era Ends With Mr. Prospector 's Last Foal Crop '' . Blood - Horse . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Beyer , Andrew ( August 19 , 1979 ) . `` General Assembly Shows His Heels '' . Washington Post . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Baffert Reflects on Arrogate 's Travers Romp '' . Blood - Horse . August 28 , 2016 . Retrieved August 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Oakford , Glenye Cain ( September 17 , 2011 ) . `` Lady 's Secret dead at age 21 '' . Daily Racing Form . Retrieved July 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Crist , Steven ( June 12 , 1988 ) . `` Risen Star Runs Away with the Belmont '' . New York Times . Retrieved July 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Melbourne Cup Winner Kingston Rule Dies '' . Blood - Horse . December 8 , 2011 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schmitz , David ( September 14 , 2010 ) . `` Tinners Way Retired to Old Friends '' . Blood - Horse . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hunter , Avalyn . `` Secretariat ( horse ) '' . American Classic Pedigrees . Retrieved July 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kentucky Broodmare of the Year Weekend Surprise Dead '' . Blood - Horse . March 4 , 2011 . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Terlingua , Storm Cat 's Dam , Dead '' . Blood - Horse . April 29 , 2008 . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Peters , Anne ( January 30 , 2015 ) . `` The Legacy of Gone West '' . Blood - Horse . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Six Crowns , Dam of Champion Chief 's Crown , Dies at Age 26 '' . Blood - Horse . February 15 , 2002 . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hammonds , Evan ( May 16 , 2014 ) . `` Champion Dehere Dead at 23 in Turkey '' . Blood - Horse . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Volksraad Wins Third New Zealand Sire Title '' . Blood - Horse . August 26 , 2004 . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Oppenheim , Bill ( February 27 , 2003 ) . `` The Royal Ascot of Jumping '' ( PDF ) . Thoroughbred Daily News . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Reed , Patrick ( August 22 , 2013 ) . `` Hot Sire : A.P. Indy '' . Daily Racing Form . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Russo , Nicole ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` Tapit in familiar spot atop sires list '' . Daily Racing Form . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hunter , Avalyn . `` Giant 's Causeway ( horse ) '' . American Classic Pedigrees . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hunter , Avalyn ( June 26 , 2015 ) . `` Triple Crown Connections '' . Blood - Horse . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hunter , Avalyn ( November 1 , 2013 ) . `` Inbreeding to Secretariat : Not a Passing Fad '' . Blood - Horse . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Crist , Steven ( April 17 , 1984 ) . `` Secretariat , at 14 , is still a star '' . New York Times . Retrieved July 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Toepfer , Susan ; Shaw , Bill ( June 13 , 1988 ) . `` After 15 Years of Foaling Around , Superhorse Secretariat Fathers a Big Winner '' . People . Retrieved July 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Embry , Mike ( October 5 , 1989 ) . `` Secretariat , Suffering From Incurable Condition , Destroyed '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Haun , Marianna ( January 25 , 2012 ) . `` The X Factor : The Heart of the Matter '' . HorsesOnly.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Haun , Marianna ( 1996 ) . The x factor : what it is & how to find it : the relationship between inherited heart size and racing performance . Neenah , WI : Russell Meerdink Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 929346 - 46 - 5 . Jump up ^ Lowitt , Bruce ( December 19 , 1999 ) . `` Secretariat proves he 's a unique breed '' . St. Petersburg Times . Retrieved June 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Porter , Alan ( September 11 , 2009 ) . `` Q & A -- Can the ' X-Factor ' be Incorporated in TrueNicks Pedigrees ? '' . True Nicks . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The X-Factor Theory '' . Sophia Stallions . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Secretariat -- National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame '' . National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Paul ; Taylor , Isabelle ; Weatherly , Laurence ( January 4 , 2015 ) . `` The stamp of greatness : Thoroughbred legends in sculpture '' . Thoroughbred Racing Commentary . Retrieved May 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' Secretariat '' by John Skeaping -- National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame `` . National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame . Retrieved May 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Equestrian Sculpture -- Horse Sculptures -- Kentucky Horse Park '' . Kentucky Horse Park . Retrieved May 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Secretariat 's jockey touched by hometown tribute '' . CBC . July 20 , 2015 . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top North American athletes of the century '' . ESPN . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ross , Scott ( April 18 , 2013 ) . `` Horse of the Century : Man o ' War vs. Secretariat '' . NBC Bay Area . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Man o'War voted best of 20th Century '' . ESPN . The Associated Press . December 22 , 1999 . Retrieved October 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Reed , William ( October 27 , 1992 ) . `` Then & Now 30 Years Ago ' the Best I Ever Rode ' '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ United States Postal Service ( October 16 , 1999 ) . `` Regal Thoroughbred Rides Into History When U.S Postal Service Commemorates Secretariat '' . PR Newswire . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1999 Stamp Program '' . USPS.com . October 7 , 2008 . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2008 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hengler , Greg ( October 5 , 2010 ) . `` Secretariat : Why He 's One Of ESPN 's Greatest Athletes Of All Time '' . townhall.com . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McAninch , Kelly ( March 29 , 2007 ) . `` Secretariat first equine to enter Kentucky Athletic Hall of Fame '' . Thoroughbred Times . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 Greatest Moments in Sports History -- Triple Triumph '' . Sports Illustrated 's 100 Greatest Moments . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bowen , Edward L. ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` BH 100 : A Mighty Pair '' . Blood - Horse . Retrieved August 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Richard . `` Penny Chenery , Owner of the Triple Crown Winner Secretariat , Dies at 95 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Eblen , Tom ( April 28 , 2014 ) . `` Retired racehorses given new life at Maker 's Mark Secretariat Center '' . Lexington Herald - Leader . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Novak , Claire ( December 26 , 2012 ) . `` Paynter to Rejoin Baffert , Wins Vox Populi '' . Blood - Horse . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Haskin , Steve ( December 7 , 2012 ) . `` Vox Populi Gets It Right '' . Blood - Horse . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stakes Histories -- Secretariat Stakes '' ( PDF ) . arlingtonpark.com . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Shulleeta , Brandon ( May 28 , 2015 ) . `` Secretariat birthplace makes National Register of Historic Places '' . Richmond Times - Dispatch . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anderson , John ( October 1 , 2010 ) . `` In ' Secretariat , ' Horse 's Owner Is the Underdog '' . New York Times . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Past Performances at Secretariat.com '' . secretariat.com . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Woolfe , back end papers Jump up ^ `` A Look Back '' , Blood - Horse , p. 16 Jump up ^ `` A Look Back '' , Blood - Horse , p. 34 Jump up ^ `` A Look Back '' , Blood - Horse , p. 44 Jump up ^ `` Belmont Track Records '' . NYRA . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2016 . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Harris , Russ ( October 5 , 1989 ) . `` Few Dispute That Secretariat Was The Best Ever '' . The Inquirer . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hunter , Avalyn . `` Bold Ruler '' . American Classic Pedigrees . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Look Back '' , Blood - Horse , p. 21 Jump up ^ `` The Great Bold Ruler '' . KZN Breeders . September 13 , 2015 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Princequillo '' . American Classic Pedigrees . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Progeny of Somethingroyal '' . Pedigree Online Thoroughbred Database . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Somethingroyal '' . American Classic Pedigrees . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nicking ( American Classic Pedigrees ) '' . American Classic Pedigrees . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pedigree -- Secretariat '' . Equineline . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Secretariat '' . Pedigree Online Thoroughbred Database . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Sources ( edit ) Blood - Horse , Inc ( 1999 ) . Duke , Jacqueline , ed . Thoroughbred champions : top 100 racehorses of the 20th century ( 1st ed . ) . Lexington , KY : The Blood - Horse , Inc . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58150 - 024 - 0 . Mitchell , Frank J. ; Roman , Steven A. ( 2004 ) . Mitchell , Frank J. , ed . Racehorse breeding theories ( New 1st ed . ) . Neenah , WI : Russell Meerdink Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 929346 - 75 - 5 . Nack , William ( 1975 ) . Big Red of Meadow Stables : Secretariat , the Making of a Champion ( 1st ed . ) . New York , NY : A. Fields Books . ISBN 0 - 525 - 63012 - 0 . Various ( 1973 ) . `` From the pages of The Blood - Horse : A Look Back at Secretariat 's Triple Crown Season '' . Blood - Horse . Retrieved July 1 , 2016 . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Woolfe , Jr , Raymond G. ( 1974 ) . Secretariat ( 1st ed . ) . Radnor , PA : Chilton Book Co . ISBN 0 - 8019 - 6156 - 4 . External links ( edit ) The official Secretariat website Sports Illustrated Top 100 Moments in Sports -- short video on Secretariat 's Triple Crown ( # 13 on list ) Classic Photos of Secretariat from Sports Illustrated ESPN Sports Century -- # 35 -- Secretariat Kentucky Derby.com -- Secretariat -- 1973 ' ' Pure Heart : The Thrilling Life and Emotional Death of Secretariat ' ' ESPN Classic -- ESPN Classic story on 1973 Belmont -- November 19 , 2003 Secretariat at Find a Grave Kentucky Derby winners 1875 Aristides 1876 Vagrant 1877 Baden - Baden 1878 Day Star 1879 Lord Murphy 1880 Fonso 1881 Hindoo 1882 Apollo 1883 Leonatus 1884 Buchanan 1885 Joe Cotton 1886 Ben Ali 1887 Montrose 1888 Macbeth II 1889 Spokane 1890 Riley 1891 Kingman 1892 Azra 1893 Lookout 1894 Chant 1895 Halma 1896 Ben Brush 1897 Typhoon II 1898 Plaudit 1899 Manuel 1900 Lieut . Gibson 1901 His Eminence 1902 Alan - a-Dale 1903 Judge Himes 1904 Elwood 1905 Agile 1906 Sir Huon 1907 Pink Star 1908 Stone Street 1909 Wintergreen 1910 Donau 1911 Meridian 1912 Worth 1913 Donerail 1914 Old Rosebud 1915 Regret ♥ 1916 George Smith 1917 Omar Khayyam 1918 Exterminator 1919 Sir Barton ₩ 1920 Paul Jones 1921 Behave Yourself 1922 Morvich 1923 Zev 1924 Black Gold 1925 Flying Ebony 1926 Bubbling Over 1927 Whiskery 1928 Reigh Count 1929 Clyde Van Dusen 1930 Gallant Fox ₩ 1931 Twenty Grand 1932 Burgoo King 1933 Brokers Tip 1934 Cavalcade 1935 Omaha ₩ 1936 Bold Venture 1937 War Admiral ₩ 1938 Lawrin 1939 Johnstown 1940 Gallahadion 1941 Whirlaway ₩ 1942 Shut Out 1943 Count Fleet ₩ 1944 Pensive 1945 Hoop Jr . 1946 Assault ₩ 1947 Jet Pilot 1948 Citation ₩ 1949 Ponder 1950 Middleground 1951 Count Turf 1952 Hill Gail 1953 Dark Star 1954 Determine 1955 Swaps 1956 Needles 1957 Iron Liege 1958 Tim Tam 1959 Tomy Lee 1960 Venetian Way 1961 Carry Back 1962 Decidedly 1963 Chateaugay 1964 Northern Dancer 1965 Lucky Debonair 1966 Kauai King 1967 Proud Clarion 1968 Forward Pass ( Dancer 's Image disqualified ) 1969 Majestic Prince 1970 Dust Commander 1971 Canonero II 1972 Riva Ridge 1973 Secretariat ₩ 1974 Cannonade 1975 Foolish Pleasure 1976 Bold Forbes 1977 Seattle Slew ₩ 1978 Affirmed ₩ 1979 Spectacular Bid 1980 Genuine Risk ♥ 1981 Pleasant Colony 1982 Gato Del Sol 1983 Sunny 's Halo 1984 Swale 1985 Spend A Buck 1986 Ferdinand 1987 Alysheba 1988 Winning Colors ♥ 1989 Sunday Silence 1990 Unbridled 1991 Strike the Gold 1992 Lil E. Tee 1993 Sea Hero 1994 Go for Gin 1995 Thunder Gulch 1996 Grindstone 1997 Silver Charm 1998 Real Quiet 1999 Charismatic 2000 Fusaichi Pegasus 2001 Monarchos 2002 War Emblem 2003 Funny Cide 2004 Smarty Jones 2005 Giacomo 2006 Barbaro 2007 Street Sense 2008 Big Brown 2009 Mine That Bird 2010 Super Saver 2011 Animal Kingdom 2012 I 'll Have Another 2013 Orb 2014 California Chrome 2015 American Pharoah ₩ 2016 Nyquist 2017 Always Dreaming 2018 Justify ₩ Legend -- ₩ = Triple Crown winners , ♥ = Filly Preakness Stakes winners 1873 Survivor 1874 Culpepper 1875 Tom Ochiltree 1876 Shirley 1877 Cloverbrook 1878 Duke of Magenta 1879 Harold 1880 Grenada 1881 Saunterer 1882 Vanguard 1883 Jacobus 1884 Knight of Ellerslie 1885 Tecumseh 1886 The Bard 1887 Dunboyne 1888 Refund 1889 Buddhist 1890 Montague 1894 Assignee 1895 Belmar 1896 Margrave 1897 Paul Kauvar 1898 Sly Fox 1899 Half Time 1900 Hindus 1901 The Parader 1902 Old England 1903 Flocarline ♥ 1904 Bryn Mawr 1905 Cairngorm 1906 Whimsical ♥ 1907 Don Enrique 1908 Royal Tourist 1909 Effendi 1910 Layminster 1911 Watervale 1912 Colonel Holloway 1913 Buskin 1914 Holiday 1915 Rhine Maiden ♥ 1916 Damrosch 1917 Kalitan 1918 War Cloud 1918 Jack Hare , Jr . 1919 Sir Barton ₩ 1920 Man o ' War 1921 Broomspun 1922 Pillory 1923 Vigil 1924 Nellie Morse ♥ 1925 Coventry 1926 Display 1927 Bostonian 1928 Victorian 1929 Dr. Freeland 1930 Gallant Fox ₩ 1931 Mate 1932 Burgoo King 1933 Head Play 1934 High Quest 1935 Omaha ₩ 1936 Bold Venture 1937 War Admiral ₩ 1938 Dauber 1939 Challedon 1940 Bimelech 1941 Whirlaway ₩ 1942 Alsab 1943 Count Fleet ₩ 1944 Pensive 1945 Polynesian 1946 Assault ₩ 1947 Faultless 1948 Citation ₩ 1949 Capot 1950 Hill Prince 1951 Bold 1952 Blue Man 1953 Native Dancer 1954 Hasty Road 1955 Nashua 1956 Fabius 1957 Bold Ruler 1958 Tim Tam 1959 Royal Orbit 1960 Bally Ache 1961 Carry Back 1962 Greek Money 1963 Candy Spots 1964 Northern Dancer 1965 Tom Rolfe 1966 Kauai King 1967 Damascus 1968 Forward Pass 1969 Majestic Prince 1970 Personality 1971 Canonero II 1972 Bee Bee Bee 1973 Secretariat ₩ 1974 Little Current 1975 Master Derby 1976 Elocutionist 1977 Seattle Slew ₩ 1978 Affirmed ₩ 1979 Spectacular Bid 1980 Codex 1981 Pleasant Colony 1982 Aloma 's Ruler 1983 Deputed Testamony 1984 Gate Dancer 1985 Tank 's Prospect 1986 Snow Chief 1987 Alysheba 1988 Risen Star 1989 Sunday Silence 1990 Summer Squall 1991 Hansel 1992 Pine Bluff 1993 Prairie Bayou 1994 Tabasco Cat 1995 Timber Country 1996 Louis Quatorze 1997 Silver Charm 1998 Real Quiet 1999 Charismatic 2000 Red Bullet 2001 Point Given 2002 War Emblem 2003 Funny Cide 2004 Smarty Jones 2005 Afleet Alex 2006 Bernardini 2007 Curlin 2008 Big Brown 2009 Rachel Alexandra ♥ 2010 Lookin At Lucky 2011 Shackleford 2012 I 'll Have Another 2013 Oxbow 2014 California Chrome 2015 American Pharoah ₩ 2016 Exaggerator 2017 Cloud Computing 2018 Justify ₩ Legend -- ₩ = Triple Crown Winners , ♥ = Filly Belmont Stakes winners 1867 Ruthless ♥ 1868 General Duke 1869 Fenian 1870 Kingfisher 1871 Harry Bassett 1872 Joe Daniels 1873 Springbok 1874 Saxon 1875 Calvin 1876 Algerine 1877 Cloverbrook 1878 Duke Of Magenta 1879 Spendthrift 1880 Grenada 1881 Saunterer 1882 Forester 1883 George Kinney 1884 Panique 1885 Tyrant 1886 Inspector B 1887 Hanover 1888 Sir Dixon 1889 Eric 1890 Burlington 1891 Foxford 1892 Patron 1893 Commanche 1894 Henry of Navarre 1895 Belmar 1896 Hastings 1897 Scottish Chieftain 1898 Bowling Brook 1899 Jean Bereaud 1900 Ildrim 1901 Commando 1902 Masterman 1903 Africander 1904 Delhi 1905 Tanya ♥ 1906 Burgomaster 1907 Peter Pan 1908 Colin 1909 Joe Madden 1910 Sweep 1913 Prince Eugene 1914 Luke McLuke 1915 The Finn 1916 Friar Rock 1917 Hourless 1918 Johren 1919 Sir Barton ₩ 1920 Man o ' War 1921 Grey Lag 1922 Pillory 1923 Zev 1924 Mad Play 1925 American Flag 1926 Crusader 1927 Chance Shot 1928 Vito 1929 Blue Larkspur 1930 Gallant Fox ₩ 1931 Twenty Grand 1932 Faireno 1933 Hurryoff 1934 Peace Chance 1935 Omaha ₩ 1936 Granville 1937 War Admiral ₩ 1938 Pasteurized 1939 Johnstown 1940 Bimelech 1941 Whirlaway ₩ 1942 Shut Out 1943 Count Fleet ₩ 1944 Bounding Home 1945 Pavot 1946 Assault ₩ 1947 Phalanx 1948 Citation ₩ 1949 Capot 1950 Middleground 1951 Counterpoint 1952 One Count 1953 Native Dancer 1954 High Gun 1955 Nashua 1956 Needles 1957 Gallant Man 1958 Cavan 1959 Sword Dancer 1960 Celtic Ash 1961 Sherluck 1962 Jaipur 1963 Chateaugay 1964 Quadrangle 1965 Hail To All 1966 Amberoid 1967 Damascus 1968 Stage Door Johnny 1969 Arts and Letters 1970 High Echelon 1971 Pass Catcher 1972 Riva Ridge 1973 Secretariat ₩ 1974 Little Current 1975 Avatar 1976 Bold Forbes 1977 Seattle Slew ₩ 1978 Affirmed ₩ 1979 Coastal 1980 Temperence Hill 1981 Summing 1982 Conquistador Cielo 1983 Caveat 1984 Swale 1985 Creme Fraiche 1986 Danzig Connection 1987 Bet Twice 1988 Risen Star 1989 Easy Goer 1990 Go and Go 1991 Hansel 1992 A.P. Indy 1993 Colonial Affair 1994 Tabasco Cat 1995 Thunder Gulch 1996 Editor 's Note 1997 Touch Gold 1998 Victory Gallop 1999 Lemon Drop Kid 2000 Commendable 2001 Point Given 2002 Sarava 2003 Empire Maker 2004 Birdstone 2005 Afleet Alex 2006 Jazil 2007 Rags to Riches ♥ 2008 Da ' Tara 2009 Summer Bird 2010 Drosselmeyer 2011 Ruler on Ice 2012 Union Rags 2013 Palace Malice 2014 Tonalist 2015 American Pharoah ₩ 2016 Creator 2017 Tapwrit 2018 Justify ₩ Legend - ₩ = Triple Crown Winners , ♥ = Filly Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Secretariat_(horse)&oldid=851489753 '' Categories : 1970 racehorse births 1989 racehorse deaths American Champion Thoroughbred broodmare sires American Grade 1 Stakes winners American Thoroughbred Horse of the Year Horse monuments Belmont Stakes winners Chefs - de-Race Eclipse Award winners Kentucky Derby winners Preakness Stakes winners Racehorses bred in Virginia Racehorses trained in the United States Thoroughbred family 2 - s Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing winners United States Champion Thoroughbred Sires United States Thoroughbred Racing Hall of Fame inductees Hidden categories : Featured articles Use mdy dates from June 2016 Pages with login required references or sources Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Íslenska Italiano Latviešu Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Scots Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 July 2018 , at 17 : 22 ( UTC ) . 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what day of the week is the sabbath day according to the bible			Biblical Sabbath	biblical sabbath	Biblical Sabbath is a weekly day of rest or time of worship given in the Bible as the seventh day . It is observed differently in Judaism and Christianity and informs a similar occasion in several other faiths . Though many viewpoints and definitions have arisen over the millennia , most originate in the same textual tradition of `` Remember the sabbath day , to keep it holy '' .	Observation and remembrance of Sabbath is one of the Ten Commandments ( the fourth in the original Jewish , the Eastern Orthodox , and most Protestant traditions , the third in Roman Catholic and Lutheran traditions ) , sometimes referred to individually as the Sabbath Commandment . Most people who observe Biblical Sabbath regard it as having been made for man ( Mark . 2 : 27 ) at Creation ( Ex. 20 : 8 -- 11 ) , and instituted as a perpetual covenant for the people of Israel ( Ex. 31 : 13 - 17 , Ex. 23 : 12 , Deut. 5 : 13 - 14 ) , a rule that also applies to proselytes , and a sign respecting two events : the seventh day , during which God rested after having completed Creation in six days ( Gen. 2 : 2 - 3 , Ex. 20 : 8 - 11 ) , and God 's deliverance of the Israelites from Egypt ( Deut. 5 : 12 - 15 ) . Part of a series on the Bible Canons and books ( show ) Tanakh Torah Nevi'im Ketuvim Christian biblical canons Old Testament ( OT ) New Testament ( NT ) Deuterocanon Antilegomena Chapters and verses Apocrypha Jewish OT NT Authorship and development ( show ) Authorship Dating Hebrew canon Old Testament canon New Testament canon Documentary hypothesis Mosaic authorship Pauline epistles Petrine epistles Johannine works Translations and manuscripts ( show ) Samaritan Torah Dead Sea scrolls Masoretic Text Targumim Peshitta Septuagint Vulgate Gothic Bible Vetus Latina Luther Bible English Bibles Biblical studies ( show ) Archeology Artifacts Dating Historicity Internal consistency People Places Names Novum Testamentum Graece Documentary hypothesis Synoptic problem NT textual categories Biblical criticism Historical Textual Source Form Redaction Canonical Interpretation ( show ) Hermeneutics Pesher Midrash Pardes Allegorical interpretation Literalism Prophecy Inspiration Humor Violence Alcohol Ethics Slavery Women Muhammad Homosexuality Death penalty Perspectives ( show ) Gnostic Islamic Qur'anic Inerrancy Infallibility Criticism of the Bible Outline of Bible - related topics Bible book Bible portal Contents 1 Etymology 1.1 Sabbath 1.2 Shmita 2 Tanakh 2.1 Torah 2.2 Prophets 2.3 Writings 3 New Testament 3.1 Gospels 3.2 Epistles 4 Apocrypha 5 Religious books from no Biblical canon 6 Frameworks 6.1 Seventh day 6.1. 1 Seventh - day Sabbatarians 6.1. 1.1 Sunday law 6.2 First day 6.2. 1 Assemblies 6.3 Both days 6.4 Unspecified day 7 Interpretations 7.1 Genesis 2 7.2 Matthew 5 7.3 Colossians 2 7.4 Hebrews 4 7.5 Hebrews 8 8 See also 9 References Etymology ( edit ) Sabbath ( edit ) The Anglicized term `` Sabbath '' is in Hebrew Shabbath meaning `` day of rest '' . It derives from the verb shavath of same Hebrew spelling but different pointing ( שָׁבַת , Strong 's 7673 as šāvat , often shavat ) , defined as `` repose , i.e. desist from exertion '' ( often `` rest '' or `` cease '' ) . ( Another noun form of this root , shebeth ( `` cessation '' , 7674 ) , is identical to the infinitive ( 7675 ) of the common word `` to sit '' ( yashav , 3427 ) . ) Shabbath is the intensified form and is used only for a weekly cessation , 107 times in the Tanakh . Sabbatai Zevi in 1665 . The name form is `` Shabbethai '' a name appearing three times in the Tanakh . The Talmud also contains a pun on shebeth , where it secondarily means `` dill '' , a spice . Another related word is modern Hebrew shevita , a labor strike , with the same focus on active cessation of labor . And in over thirty languages other than English , the common name for Saturday is a cognate of `` Sabbath '' . A cognate Babylonian Sapattu or Sabattu is reconstructed from the lost fifth Enûma Eliš creation account , which is read as : `` ( Sa ) bbatu shalt thou then encounter , mid ( month ) ly '' . It is regarded as a form of Sumerian sa - bat ( `` mid-rest '' ) , rendered in Akkadian as um nuh libbi ( `` day of mid-repose '' ) . The dependent Greek cognate is Sabbaton , used in the New Testament 68 times . Two inflections , Hebrew Shabbathown and Greek `` σαββατισμός '' ( Sabbatismós , ) , are both translated `` sabbatism '' in Strong 's ( a `` special holiday '' or `` the repose of Christianity '' ) . The Hebrew form refers to High Sabbaths . The Greek form is cognate to the Septuagint verb sabbatizo ( e.g. , Ex. 16 : 30 ; Lev. 23 : 32 ; 26 : 34 ; 2 Chr. 36 : 21 ) . In English , the concept of `` Sabbatical '' is cognate to these two forms . The King James Bible uses the English form `` sabbath ( s ) '' 172 times . In the Old Testament , `` sabbath ( s ) '' translates Shabbath all 107 times ( including 35 plurals ) , plus shebeth three times , shabath once , and the related mishbath once ( plural ) . In the New Testament , `` sabbath '' translates Sabbaton 59 times and prosabbaton once ( the day before Sabbath ) ; Sabbaton is also translated as `` week '' nine times , by synecdoche . Shmita ( edit ) Further information : Shmita Sabbath Year or Shmita ( Hebrew : שמטה ‎ , Sh mittah , Strong 's 8059 , literally `` release '' ) , also called Sabbatical Year , is the seventh ( שביעי , sh biy'iy , 7637 ) year of the seven - year agricultural cycle mandated by Torah for the Land of Israel , relatively little observed in Biblical tradition , but still observed in contemporary Judaism . During Shmita , the land is left to lie fallow and all agricultural activity -- including plowing , planting , pruning and harvesting -- is forbidden by Torah and Jewish law . By tradition , other cultivation techniques ( such as watering , fertilizing , weeding , spraying , trimming and mowing ) may be performed as preventative measures only , not to improve the growth of trees or plants ; additionally , whatever fruits grow of their own accord during that year are deemed hefker ( ownerless ) , not for the landowner but for the poor , the stranger , and the beasts of the field ; these fruits may be picked by anyone . A variety of laws also apply to the sale , consumption and disposal of Shmita produce . When the year ended , all debts , except those of foreigners , were to be remitted ( Deut. 15 : 1 - 11 ) ; in similar fashion , Torah requires a slave who had worked for six years to go free in the seventh year . Leviticus 25 promises bountiful harvests to those who observe Shmita , and describes its observance as a test of religious faith . The term Shmita is translated `` release '' five times in the Book of Deuteronomy ( from the root שמט , shamat , `` desist , remit '' , 8058 ) . Tanakh ( edit ) Torah ( edit ) Book of Genesis : In 1 : 1 - 2 : 4 , God creates the heavens and earth in six days ( each day is defined as evening and morning ) and rests on the seventh day , which he thus confers with special status . So God blessed the seventh day and made it holy , because on it God rested from all his work that he had done in Creation . -- Gen. 2 : 3 This passage uses root form shabath , rather than intensified form Shabbath ; neither the noun form nor a positive Sabbath command appears in Genesis . In 8 : 4 , Noah 's ark comes to `` rest '' in the seventh month ( later revealed as the month of Shabbathown ) ; here the word for `` rest '' is not shabath but its synonym nuwach , the root of Noah 's name . Book of Exodus : In 16 : 23 - 30 , immediately after the Exodus from Egypt , Sabbath is revealed as the day upon which manna and manna gathering is to cease weekly ; the first of many Sabbath commands is given , in both positive and negative forms . Six days you shall gather it , but on the seventh day , which is a Sabbath , there will be none ... Remain each of you in his place ; let no one go out of his place on the seventh day . -- Ex. 16 : 26 , 16 : 29 In 20 : 8 - 11 , one month later , it is enjoined to be remembered as a memorial of Creation , as one of the Ten Commandments , the covenant revealed after God liberated Israel from Egyptian bondage . Remember the Sabbath day , to keep it holy . Six days you shall labor , and do all your work , but the seventh day is a Sabbath to the LORD your God . On it you shall not do any work ... For in six days the LORD made heaven and earth , the sea , and all that is in them , and rested on the seventh day . Therefore the LORD blessed the Sabbath day and made it holy . -- Ex. 20 : 8 - 11 In 31 : 12 - 17 , Sabbath is affirmed as a perpetual sign and covenant , and Sabbath - breakers are officially to be cut off from the assembly or potentially killed . Summarized again in 35 : 2 - 3 , verse 3 also forbids lighting a fire on the Sabbath . Part of a series on The Ten Commandments I am the LORD thy God No other gods before me No graven images or likenesses Not take the LORD 's name in vain Remember the sabbath day Honour thy father and thy mother Thou shalt not kill Thou shalt not commit adultery Thou shalt not steal Thou shalt not bear false witness Thou shalt not covet Related articles Tablets of Stone Ritual Decalogue Finger of God Moses Ark of the Covenant Catholic theology Book of Leviticus : In 16 : 31 , Yom Kippur is stated to be `` Sabbath of Sabbaths '' . In 19 , many of the Ten Commandments are repeated , including Sabbath ( 19 : 3 , 19 : 30 ) . In 23 , Moses defines weekly Sabbath , along with seven annual High Sabbaths , which do not necessarily occur on weekly Sabbath and are additional to the weekly `` LORD 's Sabbaths '' . One High Sabbath , Day of Atonement , is specifically defined as occurring from the evening of the prior day until the following evening . In 24 : 8 , the showbread is to be laid out in the tabernacle every Sabbath . In 25 : 2 - 6 , Shmita is given as a year of rest for land every seven years . In 26 : 2 , 26 : 34 - 35 , 26 : 43 , Sabbath is again enjoined , and Moses warns of the curse that if Israel disobeys , it will go into exile while the land enjoys Sabbaths denied to it during the time of rebellion . Book of Numbers : In 15 : 32 - 36 , a man gathering firewood on Sabbath is put to death ; the potential punishment for desecrating Sabbath ( stoning ) is the most severe in Jewish law . In 28 - 29 , the offerings for Sabbath , new moon , and High Sabbaths are enjoined . Book of Deuteronomy : In 5 : 12 - 15 , the Ten Commandments are restated ; instead of referring again to Creation , Sabbath is enjoined to be observed as a memorial or sign of The Exodus and Redemption of Israel from Egypt under God 's protection . Yemenite Jew blowing the shofar ( ram 's - horn trumpet ) for Sabbath in the 1930s . Prophets ( edit ) 2 Kings : In 4 : 23 , when Elisha 's patroness goes away suddenly to seek him , her husband questions why , since it was neither new moon nor Sabbath . In 11 : 5 - 9 , Joash becomes king , protected from usurper Athaliah by the additional troops present for changing of duty on Sabbath . In 16 , the colonnade built for Sabbath use and its royal entranceway are removed from the temple by King Ahaz . Book of Isaiah : Isaiah mentions Sabbath repeatedly , including in its first and last chapters . In 1 : 13 , he describes corrupted Sabbath tradition , called by God `` your '' assembly ( as opposed to his own ) . In 56 : 1 - 8 and 58 : 13 - 14 , Isaiah commends honoring the holiness of Sabbath , rather than using it to go one 's own way or to do idly as one pleases . Because of this passage , it is customary , in Judaism , to avoid talk about money or business matters on Sabbath ; and , among Latter - day Saints , to give full attention to spiritual matters , to perform only righteous activities , and to prepare only simple foods on Sabbath . In 66 : 22 - 23 , he foresees what is understood as the Messianic Kingdom , in which new moons and Sabbaths are occasions for the righteous to worship in God 's presence , and to meditate on the unquenched fire consuming the wicked . Book of Jeremiah : In 17 : 19 - 27 , Jeremiah declaims against carrying burdens out of houses or out of the city gates on Sabbath , as was commonly done by merchants in his day . Jeremiah also prophesies that Israel will be a desolation for seventy years ( 25 : 11 ) , interpreted later as land Sabbaths as also prophesied by Moses . Book of Ezekiel : In 20 : 12 - 26 , Ezekiel records God 's giving of laws , precepts , and Sabbaths , and Israel 's rejecting them ; Sabbaths are explicitly called a sign between God and Israel . In 22 : 8 , 22 : 23 - 31 , 23 : 38 , he states that Israel has profaned and hidden its eyes from Sabbath . In 44 : 24 , Ezekiel foresees a Messianic Temple , in which the priests keep Sabbath as truly holy . In 45 : 17 , 46 : 1 - 12 , he sees the east gate shut on the `` six working days '' and open on Sabbath and new moon , and a prince making burnt offerings on those festivals as well . Book of Hosea : In 2 : 11 , casting Israel as an adulterous wife , God vows to end `` her '' festivals , new moons , and Sabbaths . Book of Amos : In 8 : 5 , Amos objects to those who inquire when Sabbath or new moon will be over so that marketing can begin again , classifying this practice as comparable to that of dishonest weights . `` Der Samstug ( Sabbath ) '' , Frederich Campe , 1800 : German Jews , wearing baretta hats , gather outside a synagogue on Sabbath . Writings ( edit ) Book of Psalms : 92 is a song specifically for Sabbath . Book of Lamentations : In 1 : 7 , Israel 's enemies gloat over its `` cessation '' ( mishbath ) , after the destruction of the first temple . In 2 : 6 , this destruction and Israel 's rejection is linked to Israel forgetting its appointed times and Sabbaths . Book of Nehemiah : In 9 : 14 , the Levites , who have called a public fast , thank God for Sabbath , the mitzvoth ( commandments ) , and the Torah . In 10 : 31 - 33 , the people respond by swearing not to buy on Sabbath or holy day . In 13 : 15 - 22 , Nehemiah observes many kinds of business transacted on Sabbath , rejects it as profanation , locks the city gates for the whole of Sabbath and has them guarded , and threatens force against merchants who spend the night outside . Sabbath begins after evening shadows fall on the gates . 1 Chronicles : In 9 : 32 , the task of preparing Sabbath showbread is shown to have been assigned to kinsmen of Korah from the clan of Kohath . In 23 : 31 , King David assigns Levites to stand and sing thanks and praise whenever the burnt offerings are given for Sabbath , new moon , and the other designated days . 2 Chronicles : In 2 : 4 ( 2 : 3 , Hebrew ) and 8 : 12 - 13 , Solomon dedicates the first temple for daily , weekly , monthly , and annual offerings . In 23 : 4 - 8 , Joash becomes king , protected from usurper Athaliah by the additional troops present for changing of duty on Sabbath . In 31 : 3 , Hezekiah rededicates the same offerings as Solomon . In the last chapter of the Tanakh in Hebrew order ( at 36 : 21 ) , the prophecies of Moses and Jeremiah are combined as having been fulfilled in seventy years of captivity in Babylon , during which the land kept its Sabbaths . Oldest Sabbatarian Meeting House in America ( Seventh Day Baptist ) , built in 1729 in Newport , Rhode Island , now owned by Newport Historical Society . New Testament ( edit ) Gospels ( edit ) Matthew , Mark , and Luke contain several synoptic accounts , which John occasionally concurs in . Exorcism in Capernaum ( Mk. 1 : 21 - 39 , Lk. 4 : 31 - 43 ) : Jesus makes a practice of teaching in the Capernaum synagogue on Sabbath . One Sabbath he exorcises an unclean spirit , and also heals Peter 's wife 's mother . After sundown that day , he heals many people , and early in the morning of the first day , he goes out to pray alone . Lord of the Sabbath ( Mt. 12 : 1 - 8 , Mk. 2 : 23 - 28 , Lk. 6 : 1 - 5 ) : When his disciples pick heads of wheat and eat them , Jesus tells objectors that , because Sabbath was made for man , the Son of Man is Lord of Sabbath . Sabbatarians believe that Sabbath - keeping is central to following Christ , and that he highly regarded Sabbath ; some non-Sabbatarian Protestants and Catholics believe that Christ has power to abrogate Sabbath via a `` better dispensation '' , and that he did so as with all ceremonial law . The doctrine that Christ `` made '' all Creation ( Jn. 1 : 3 - 10 , Col. 1 : 16 ) implies that `` Sabbath was made '' , and observed , by Christ ( Mk. 2 : 27 ) , during Creation ; this is taken as earning him the identification `` Lord of Sabbath '' . Healing of the Withered Hand ( Mt. 12 : 9 - 21 , Mk. 3 : 1 - 6 , Lk. 6 : 6 - 11 ) : Knowing he is being watched , Jesus heals a man who had a withered hand , arguing that doing good and saving life is permitted and right on Sabbath . This passage follows his proclamation as Lord of Sabbath in Mark and Luke , but in Matthew follows his quotation of Jer. 6 : 16 that he would give rest for his disciples ' souls ; this is taken as indicating Matthew intended to teach that Sabbath 's true or spiritual fulfillment is found in coming to Jesus . Rejection of Jesus ( Mk. 6 : 1 - 6 , Lk. 4 : 16 - 30 ) : As is his custom , Jesus attends the Nazareth synagogue on Sabbath and stands to read . He preaches against skeptical demands for miracles and states that he is rejected there in his hometown . Events unique to John : In 5 : 9 - 18 , Jesus heals a paralytic at the Pool of Bethesda and tells him to carry his mat , spurring accusations of Sabbath - breaking . In 7 : 22 - 23 , Jesus argues that healing in general is equivalent to permitted Sabbath activity of circumcision , regarded as a cleansing ritual . In 9 , Jesus makes clay with spittle on Sabbath and heals a man born blind , and is investigated by Pharisees . Events unique to Luke : In 13 : 10 - 17 , Jesus heals a woman who had been bent over double for 18 years , arguing that setting her free is equivalent to permitted Sabbath activity of loosing one 's animals to water them . In 14 : 1 - 6 , Jesus heals a man with dropsy ( swollen with fluid ) , arguing that this is equivalent to permitted Sabbath activity of rescuing an animal from a well . In 18 : 9 - 14 , Jesus ' parable of the Pharisee and the Publican , the Pharisee fasts twice a week , literally twice per Sabbath ( the word Sabbaton means `` week '' by synecdoche ) . Olivet Discourse , unique to Matthew : In 24 , describing then - future apocalypses such as the Second Coming , Jesus requests prayer ( at 24 : 20 ) that the coming time , when Judah must escape to the hills , not occur in winter or on Sabbath . Sabbatarians believe that Jesus based on this text expected Sabbath to be kept long after his death ; others believe Jesus foresaw a non-Sabbatarian future community hampered by surrounding Sabbatarianism . Crucifixion of Jesus ( Mt. 27 , Mk. 15 , Lk. 23 , Jn. 19 ) : Jesus is crucified on Preparation Day , the day before Sabbath ; differing chronologies interpret this either as Friday ( before weekly Sabbath ) or Nisan 14 ( before High Sabbath ) or both . Joseph of Arimathaea buries him before this Sabbath begins . The women who wished to prepare his body keep Sabbath rest according to the commandment , intending to finish their work on the first day of the week ( the day after weekly Sabbath ) ; one reading of the text permits `` they rested '' to include a hint that the body of Jesus rests on Sabbath as well . Seventh - day Sabbatarians see no change in God 's law , regarding it as in force and affirmed by the evangelists after Jesus died on the cross . Others regard Sabbath as changed by the cross , either to Lord 's Day or to spiritual Sabbath . Resurrection of Jesus ( Mt. 28 , Mk. 16 , Lk. 24 , Jn. 20 ) : Jesus is raised from the dead by God and appears publicly on the first day of the week to several women . Jesus appears to Peter and again on the evening beginning the second day ( i.e. , after two disciples traveled seven miles from Emmaus , having begun when it was almost evening and getting dark , Lk. 24 : 28 - 36 ) . The text stating that `` Jesus rose early on the first day of the week '' ( Mk. 16 : 9 ) is often inferred as speaking indirectly of Sabbath change ; this conclusion is not direct in any Scripture , and the verse is not found in the two most ancient manuscripts ( the Sinaiticus and Vaticanus ) and some other ancient manuscripts , though it appears in Irenaeus and Hippolytus in the second or third century . Epistles ( edit ) Book of Acts 1 - 18 : In 1 : 12 , the distance from the Mount of Olives to Jerusalem is called a `` Sabbath journey '' , the distance Jewish law permitted one to walk on the Sabbath . In 2 , the Spirit of God is given to the disciples of Christ on Pentecost , who baptize 3,000 people into the apostolic fellowship ; though the weekday is not mentioned , this is usually calculated as falling on the day after Sabbath . In 13 : 13 - 45 , 16 : 13 , 17 : 2 , and 18 : 4 , as is his custom , Paul preaches on Sabbath to communal gatherings of Jewish and Gentile Christians , usually in synagogue , in Pisidian Antioch , Philippi , Thessalonica , and Corinth ( the meeting of Philippians was a riverside women 's prayer group , in Gentile territory ) . Seventh - day Sabbatarians believe that Luke 's recording Paul 's sitting down in the synagogue indicates they kept a rest day and affirmed the seventh day as Sabbath , while others believe that Paul merely preached on days that the Jewish portion of his audience would be available . In 15 : 19 - 29 , the Apostolic Decree , James proposes four limited rules for Gentile proselytes in response to the question of whether Gentiles should be directed to follow the Mosaic Law ; the apostles then write that no greater burden is laid on the Gentiles . James also states that Moses is read every Sabbath , which can be construed either as discounting Moses as too unnecessary to promote ( the Law being split into parts with Gentiles ordered to follow only Noachide Laws ) , or as supporting Moses as too ubiquitous to promote ( the Law being a unity to grow into ) . Acts 20 : When the Christians meet to break bread , during an all - night worship service in Troas , Paul preaches and raises Eutychus from the dead , the night after Sabbath ( i.e. , Saturday night and Sunday morning ) ; the first day had begun at sundown ( cf . Judg. 14 : 17 - 18 ) . Though Paul 's special farewell service , this event is otherwise considered a regular Christian Eucharistic observance . Paul then immediately walks eighteen miles from Troas to Assos , boards a boat , and continues to Mitylene . Seventh - day Sabbatarians state that Paul ( as a lifelong Sabbath keeper ) would not have done so on Sunday , if he had regarded Sunday as Sabbath . Non-Sabbatarians state that Paul did not keep any day of the week as Sabbath ( citing his later passages ) and that the early church met on the first day of the week but without rigor . First - day Sabbatarians state that he did not extend the travel prohibition to the first day . Book of Romans : In 14 : 5 - 6 , without mentioning Sabbath , Paul emphasizes being fully convinced of one 's practice , whether esteeming one day above another , or esteeming every day alike . Each interpretative framework regards this passage as demonstrating that ritual observance of others ' Sabbaths is not required , but is optional according to the conscience of each individual Christian . 1 Corinthians : In 11 : 1 , Paul exhorts readers to follow his example in religious practice as he follows Christ 's . In 16 : 1 - 2 , Paul encourages the setting aside of money on the day after Sabbath for a collection for the Christians in Jerusalem ; it is not stated whether this is in conjunction with a first - day group meeting . As in Acts 20 , the word `` week '' translates Sabbaton in `` the first day of the week '' . Galatians : In 4 : 10 - 11 , spiritual enslavement to special days , months , seasons , and years is rejected . In context , Paul speaks of enslavement to `` the elemental things of the world '' and `` those weak and miserable principles '' ( 4 : 3 , 4 : 9 ) , and allegorizes the Israelites as `` children who are to be slaves '' ( 4 : 24 ) . The theme of 5 is freedom . Seventh - day Sabbatarians believe Paul was promoting freedom in Sabbath observance and rejecting either observance of non-Levitical Gnostic practices , or else legalistic observance of Biblical festivals ( cf . Col. 2 : 9 - 17 ) ; others believe Paul spoke about Judaizers and was rejecting seventh - day Sabbath as not prescribed in the New Covenant , represented by Mount Zion above and by freedom . Colossians : In 2 : 9 - 17 , the rule is laid down that no one should pass judgment on anyone else in regard to High Sabbaths , new moon , and Sabbath . Paul states that these yet remain as a shadow of Messianic events that are still coming as of his writing . The withholding of judgment has been interpreted variously as indicating either maintenance , transference , or abolition of Sabbath . First - day Sabbatarians and non-Sabbatarians often regard the Mosaic law as being the `` record of debt '' ( ESV ) nailed to the cross . Some seventh - day Sabbatarians regard only High Sabbaths as abolished due to their foreshadowing the cross , holding it impossible for weekly Sabbath ( which preceded sin ) to foreshadow deliverance from sin in the cross . Others regard Sabbath , new moon , and High Sabbaths not as nailed to the cross but as foreshadowing the eternal plan of God . Book of Hebrews : In 4 : 1 - 11 , Sabbath texts are analyzed with the conclusion that some form of Sabbath - keeping ( sabbatismos ) remains for God 's people ; the term generically means any literal or spiritual Sabbath - keeping . Revelation : In 1 : 10 , John the Beloved states that he was `` in Spirit '' in the `` Lord 's Day '' , a term apparently familiar to his readers , without mentioning Sabbath . First - day Sabbatarians hold that this means he was worshipping on Sunday , the day of Christ 's resurrection ( cf . Acts 20 : 7 , 1 Cor. 16 : 2 , later patristic writings ) . Seventh - day Sabbatarians hold that this means he was brought by the Spirit into a vision of the Day of the Lord ( cf . Is . 58 : 13 - 14 , etc . ) . Both lay claim to the name `` Lord 's Day '' for Sabbath . In 20 : 1 - 10 , the millennial reign of Christ is described , which is often interpreted as a seventh ( Sabbatical ) millennium . Apocrypha ( edit ) 1 Esdras : 1 : 58 quotes 2 Chr. 36 : 21 , relying on the prophecies of Jer. 25 and of Lev. 26 . In 5 : 52 , Joshua the High Priest and Zerubbabel lead the rededication of the altar for Sabbath , new moon , and ( annual ) holy feasts . 1 Maccabees : In 1 : 39 - 45 , under Antiochus IV Epiphanes , Jerusalem 's Sabbaths become a reproach and profanation . In 2 : 32 - 41 , he wars against the Maccabees and followers on Sabbath , one thousand of whom are killed after refusing to come out ; Mattathias and his friends decree they will battle on Sabbath in self - defense . In 9 : 34 - 49 , Bacchides prepares to attack on Sabbath but is defeated by Jonathan Maccabeus . In 10 : 34 , Demetrius I Soter declares that Jews will be free to celebrate feasts , Sabbaths , new moons , and solemn days , but is not received . 2 Maccabees : In 5 : 25 - 26 , a Mysian captain named Apollonius attacks all those celebrating Sabbath . In 6 : 6 - 11 , Antiochus criminalizes Sabbath and ancient fasts , and those keeping Sabbath secretly in caves are burned to death . In 8 : 26 - 28 , after defeating Nicanor 's army , the men of Judas Maccabeus leave off pursuit on Preparation Day , instead gathering spoil , occupying themselves about Sabbath , and praising and thanking God ; after Sabbath they distribute the spoil to the maimed , widows , and orphans , and then themselves and their servants . In 12 : 38 - 39 , Judas 's men reach Adullam and purify themselves when the seventh day comes , according to custom , and keep Sabbath there , burying those dead in battle on the day after , according to custom ( i.e. , the first day ) . In 15 : 1 - 4 , Nicanor resolves to attack Judas in Samaria on Sabbath but is entreated to forbear by the Jews accompanying him , who argue that the living Lord commanded the seventh day to be kept in holiness . Judith : In 8 : 6 , Judith fasts and lives in a tent for three years and four months , except for Sabbath eve , Sabbath , new moon eve , new moon , and feasts and solemn days . In 10 : 2 , it is repeated that she only dwelt in her house for Sabbath and feast days . Religious books from no Biblical canon ( edit ) Infancy Gospel of Thomas 2.1 - 5 : The five - year - old Jesus forms twelve sparrows out of clay on Sabbath , which then fly away , chirping ; he also gathers together flowing water into pure pools by his word at the same time , and pronounces an efficaceous curse on the child who disperses the pools . Jews object to Joseph about these things . Gospel of Thomas 27 : Jesus warns , `` Fast as regards the world ... Observe the Sabbath as a Sabbath . '' Gospel of Peter 2.5 , 7.27 : Herod commends the swift burial of Jesus because it is the day before Sabbath and the Feast of Unleavened Bread . That day , after the ninth hour ( 3 : 00 p.m. ) , the disciples mourn and weep `` night and day until the Sabbath '' ( sunset or 6 : 00 p.m. ; the idiom `` night and day '' can import a portion of a day ) . Gospel of Nicodemus ( Acts of Pilate ) 1.1 , 2.6 , 4.2 , 6.1 , 12.1 - 2 , 15.6 , 16.1 - 2 : Annas , Caiaphas , and others accuse Jesus of polluting Sabbath and wanting to destroy Torah , because he healed on Sabbath . Joseph of Arimathea is arrested and sealed up in a room on the day of Jesus ' death , the day before Sabbath ; he is ordered by a council to be dishonored on the day after Sabbath , but is not found when the door is opened . Joseph later testifies ( on the day before another Sabbath ) that he had remained locked up all Sabbath but , on midnight the day after , beheld a lightning flash and was led outside by the risen Jesus . Acts of Paul , in the latter half of the second century : Paul prays `` on the Sabbath as the Lord 's Day ( kyriake ) drew near . '' Damascus Document , known from the Dead Sea Scrolls monastic community , as well as a previously found copy , contains some of the most detailed Sabbath regulations anywhere : Sabbath is said to begin from when the setting sun `` is above the horizon by its diameter '' ; any discussion of business or commerce on Sabbath is specifically forbidden , as is housecleaning , opening a container , or taking anything in or out of one 's house ; and the limit for walking outside one 's city is set at 1000 cubits , or 2000 cubits if following a herd animal . One may bathe and drink water directly from the river on Sabbath , but not fill a container with water . Also , it is permitted to rescue a human being who falls into a well on the Sabbath , but significantly , not permitted to rescue an animal from a well on the Sabbath . Frameworks ( edit ) Table set for Shabbat eve . Three primary interpretative frameworks exist , with many subcategories . Interpretation is complicated by the differing meanings attributed to unambiguous seventh - day Sabbath prior to the resurrection of Jesus ; the ambiguity of events after the resurrection , including first - day and seventh - day events ( Acts 20 : 7 , 1 Cor. 16 : 2 , perhaps Rev. 1 : 10 ; Acts 1 : 12 , 13 : 13 - 45 , 15 : 19 - 29 , 16 : 13 , 17 : 2 , and 18 : 4 ) ; and several early Christian observances being attested as daily or on nonspecific days ( Mk. 2 : 1 - 2 , Lk. 19 : 47 - 20 : 1 , Acts 2 : 42 - 47 ) . Early Christians also observed Jewish practices as a sect of Judaism ( Acts 3 : 1 , 5 : 27 - 42 , 21 : 18 - 26 , 24 : 5 , 24 : 14 , 28 : 22 ) , and observed Tanakh feasts ( Passover , Acts 12 : 3 - 4 , 20 : 6 , 1 Cor. 5 : 7 - 8 , 15 : 20 , Jude 12 ; Pentecost , Acts 2 : 1 , 18 : 21 , 20 : 16 , 1 Cor. 16 : 8 ; Atonement , Acts 27 : 9 ) . Interpreters of each framework consider the high regard for the New Covenant described in Jer. 31 : 31 ( cf . Heb. 8 : 1 - 13 ) as supporting their Sabbath positions . Seventh day ( edit ) Main articles : Shabbat and Sabbath in seventh - day churches Observing the Sabbath - closing havdalah ritual in 14th - century Spain . At least two branches of Christianity keep a seventh - day Sabbath , though historically they are not derived one from the other : the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Seventh - day Sabbatarians . Of different outlooks in some respects , they share others . Just as in the Jewish calendar , the Orthodox begin and end every ecclesial day at sunset , including the Sabbath . Both branches thus observe the Sabbath from what the civil calendar identifies as Friday sunset until Saturday sunset . Both identify the Sabbath with the day of rest established by God as stated in Genesis 2 , a day to be kept holy . Both identify Jesus Christ as the Lord of the Sabbath , and acknowledge that he faithfully kept the Sabbath throughout his life on earth . Both accept the admonitions of St. Ignatius on the keeping of the Sabbath . Seventh - day Sabbatarians ( edit ) Seventh - day Sabbatarians rest on the seventh Hebrew day . Jewish Shabbat is observed from sundown on Friday until the appearance of three stars in the sky on Saturday night ; it is also observed by a minority of Christians . Thirty - nine activities prohibited on Shabbat are listed in Tractate Shabbat ( Talmud ) . Customarily , Shabbat is ushered in by lighting candles shortly before sunset , at halakhically calculated times that change from week to week and from place to place . Observance in Hebrew Scriptures was universally from sixth - day evening to seventh - day evening ( Neh. 13 : 19 , cf . Lev. 23 : 32 ) on a seven - day week ; Shabbat ends approximately one hour after sunset by rabbinical ordinance to extend the Tanakh 's sunset - to - sunset Sabbath into the first day of the week . The Jewish interpretation usually states that the New Covenant ( Jer. 31 : 31 ) refers to the future Messianic Kingdom . Several Christian denominations ( such as Seventh Day Baptist , Seventh - day Adventist , Sabbath Rest Advent Church , Church of God ( Seventh Day ) , and other Churches of God ) observe Sabbath similarly to or less rigorously than Judaism , but observance ends at Saturday sunset instead of Saturday nightfall . Like the Jews with Shabbat , they believe that keeping seventh - day Sabbath is a moral responsibility , equal to that of any of the Ten Commandments , that honors God as Creator and Deliverer . The Christian seventh - day interpretation usually states that Sabbath belongs inherently to all nations ( Ex. 20 : 10 , Is . 56 : 6 - 7 , 66 : 22 - 23 ) and remains part of the New Covenant after the crucifixion of Jesus ( Lk. 23 : 56 , Mt. 24 : 20 , Acts 16 : 13 , Heb. 8 : 10 ) . Many seventh - day Sabbatarians also use `` Lord 's Day '' to mean the seventh day , based on Scriptures in which God calls the day `` my Sabbath '' ( Ex. 31 : 13 ) and `` to the LORD '' ( 16 : 23 ) ; some count Sunday separately as Lord 's Day and many consider it appropriate for communal worship ( but not for first - day rest , which would be considered breaking the Ten Commandments ) . In this way , St. Ignatius saw believers `` no longer observing the ( Jewish ) Sabbath , but living in the observance of the Lord 's Day '' , and amplified this point as follows : `` Let us therefore no longer keep the Sabbath after the Jewish manner , and rejoice in days of idleness ... But let every one of you keep the Sabbath after a spiritual manner , rejoicing in meditation on the law , not in relaxation of the body , admiring the workmanship of God , and not eating things prepared the day before , nor using lukewarm drinks , and walking within a prescribed space , nor finding delight in dancing and plaudits which have no sense in them . And after the observance of the Sabbath , let every friend of Christ keep the Lord 's Day as a festival , the resurrection - day , the queen and chief of all the days . '' The Seventh - day Adventist official 28 fundamental beliefs ( at 20 ) state : The beneficent Creator , after the six days of Creation , rested on the seventh day and instituted the Sabbath for all people as a memorial of Creation . The fourth commandment of God 's unchangeable law requires the observance of this seventh - day Sabbath as the day of rest , worship , and ministry in harmony with the teaching and practice of Jesus , the Lord of the Sabbath . The Sabbath is a day of delightful communion with God and one another . It is a symbol of our redemption in Christ , a sign of our sanctification , a token of our allegiance , and a foretaste of our eternal future in God 's kingdom . The Sabbath is God 's perpetual sign of His eternal covenant between Him and His people . Joyful observance of this holy time from evening to evening , sunset to sunset , is a celebration of God 's creative and redemptive acts . ( Gen. 2 : 1 - 3 ; Ex. 20 : 8 - 11 ; Luke 4 : 16 ; Isa. 56 : 5 , 6 ; 58 : 13 , 14 ; Matt . 12 : 1 - 12 ; Ex. 31 : 13 - 17 ; Eze. 20 : 12 , 20 ; Deut. 5 : 12 - 15 ; Heb. 4 : 1 - 11 ; Lev. 23 : 32 ; Mark 1 : 32 . ) The Doctrinal Points of the Church of God ( 7th day ) ( Salem Conference , at 17 ) state : We should observe the seventh day of the week ( Saturday ) , from even to even , as the Sabbath of the Lord our God . Evening is at sunset when day ends and another day begins . No other day has ever been sanctified as the day of rest . The Sabbath Day begins at sundown on Friday and ends at sundown on Saturday . Genesis 2 : 1 - 3 ; Exodus 20 : 8 - 11 ; Isaiah 58 : 13 - 14 ; 56 : 1 - 8 ; Acts 17 : 2 ; Acts 18 : 4 , 11 ; Luke 4 : 16 ; Mark 2 : 27 - 28 ; Matthew 12 : 10 - 12 ; Hebrews 4 : 1 - 11 ; Genesis 1 : 5 , 13 - 14 ; Nehemiah 13 : 19 . Both Jewish and Christian seventh - day interpretation usually state that Jesus ' teachings relate to the Pharisaic position on Sabbath observance , and that Jesus kept seventh - day Sabbath throughout his life on earth . Sunday law ( edit ) Main article : Seventh - day Adventist eschatology Noticing the rise of blue laws , the Seventh - day Adventist church in particular has traditionally taught that in the end time a coalition of religious and secular authorities will enforce an international Sunday law ; church pioneers saw observance of seventh - day Sabbath as a `` mark '' or `` seal '' or test of God 's people that seals them , even as those who do not observe Sunday rest will be persecuted and killed . Ellen G. White interpreted Dan . 7 : 25 , Rev. 13 : 15 , Rev. 7 , Ezek. 20 : 12 - 20 , and Ex. 31 : 13 in this way , describing the subject of persecution in prophecy as being about Sabbath commandments . First day ( edit ) Main articles : Sabbath in Christianity and Sabbatarianism § Sunday Sabbatarians Most Christians worship communally on the first ( Hebrew or Roman ) day . In most Christian denominations ( Roman Catholic , some Eastern Orthodox , and most Protestant ) , the `` Lord 's Day '' ( Sunday ) is the fulfillment of the `` Sabbath '' ( Catholic Catechism 2175 ) , which is kept in commemoration of the resurrection of Christ , and often celebrated with the Eucharist ( Catholic Catechism 2177 ) . It is often also the day of rest . Lord 's Day is considered both the first day and the `` eighth day '' of the seven - day week , symbolizing both first creation and new creation ( 2174 ) . ( Alternatively , in some calendars , Sunday is designated the seventh day of the week . ) Relatively few Christians regard first - day observance as entailing all of the ordinances of Shabbat . This interpretation usually states that the Holy Spirit through the Apostles instituted the worship celebration of the first day to commemorate Jesus ' resurrection , and that the New Covenant transfers Sabbath - keeping ( whether defined as rest or communal worship or both ) to the first day by implication . In Roman Catholicism , the transfer is described as based on their church 's authority and papal infallibility . Roman Catholics ( and many Protestants ) view the first day as a day for assembly for worship ( 2178 , Heb. 10 : 25 ) , but consider a day of rigorous rest not obligatory on Christians ( Rom. 14 : 5 , Col. 2 : 16 ) . Catholics count the prohibition of servile work as transferred from seventh - day Sabbath to Sunday ( 2175 - 6 ) , but do not hinder participation in `` ordinary and innocent occupations '' . Similarly , second - century father Justin Martyr believed in keeping perpetual Sabbath by repentance , holding that Gentile Christians need not rest as Jews were commanded ; but he accepted extant non-Judaizing seventh - day Sabbatarian Christians `` in all things as kinsmen and brethren '' . In other Protestant denominations , Lord 's Day is kept as a rest day with similar rigor as Jewish Sabbath . The Westminster Confession of Faith 21 : 7 - 8 , a Reformed Sabbatarian creed , states : As it is the law of nature , that , in general , a due proportion of time be set apart for the worship of God ; so , in His Word , by a positive , moral , and perpetual commandment binding all men in all ages , He has particularly appointed one day in seven , for a Sabbath , to be kept holy unto him ( Ex. 20 : 8 , 20 : 10 - 11 , Is . 56 : 2 , 56 : 4 , 56 : 6 - 7 ) : which , from the beginning of the world to the resurrection of Christ , was the last day of the week : and , from the resurrection of Christ , was changed into the first day of the week ( Ge. 2 : 2 - 3 , 1 Cor. 16 : 1 - 2 , Ac. 20 : 7 ) , which , in Scripture , is called the Lord 's Day ( Rev. 1 : 10 ) , and is to be continued to the end of the world , as the Christian Sabbath ( Ex. 20 : 8 , 20 : 10 , Mt. 5 : 17 ) . This Sabbath is to be kept holy unto the Lord when men , after a due preparing of their hearts , and ordering of their common affairs beforehand , do not only observe an holy rest all the day from their own works , words , and thoughts about their worldly employments and recreations ( Ex. 20 : 8 , 16 : 23 , 16 : 25 - 26 , 16 : 29 - 30 , 31 : 15 - 17 , Is . 58 : 13 , Neh. 13 : 15 - 19 , 13 : 21 - 22 ) , but also are taken up the whole time in the public and private exercises of His worship , and in the duties of necessity and mercy ( Is . 58 : 13 ) . Likewise , the General Rules of the Methodist Church required `` attending upon all the ordinances of God '' including `` the public worship of God '' and prohibited `` profaning the day of the Lord , either by doing ordinary work therein or by buying or selling '' . Assemblies ( edit ) Main article : Lord 's Day The following textual evidence for first - day assembly is usually combined with the notion that the rest day should follow the assembly day to support first - day Sabbatarianism . On the first day of the week ( usually considered the day of Firstfruits ) , after Jesus has been raised from the dead ( Mk. 16 : 9 ) , he appears to Mary Magdalene , Peter , Cleopas , and others . `` On the evening of that first day of the week '' ( Roman time ) , or the evening beginning the second day ( Hebrew time ) , the resurrected Jesus appears at a meeting of ten apostles and other disciples ( Jn. 20 : 19 ) . The same time of the week `` a week later '' ( NIV ) or , more literally , `` after eight days again '' inclusive ( KJV ) , Jesus appears to the eleven apostles and others ( Jn. 20 : 26 ) . After Jesus ascends ( Acts 1 : 9 ) , on the feast of Pentecost or Shavuot ( the 50th day from Firstfruits and thus usually calculated as the first day of the week ) , the Spirit of God is given to the disciples , who baptize 3,000 people into the apostolic fellowship . Later , on one occasion in Troas , the early Christians meet on the first day ( Hebrew ) to break bread and to listen to Christian preaching ( Acts 20 : 7 ) . Paul also states that the churches of Corinth and Galatia should set aside donations on the first day for collection ( 1 Cor. 16 : 2 ) . Didache 14 : 1 ( AD 70 - 120 ? ) contains an ambiguous text , translated by Roberts as , `` But every Lord 's day gather yourselves together , and break bread , and give thanksgiving '' ; the first clause in Greek , `` κατά κυριακήν δέ κυρίου '' , literally means `` On the Lord 's of the Lord '' , and translators supply the elided noun ( e.g. , `` day '' , `` commandment '' ( from 13 : 7 ) , or `` doctrine '' ) . Gleason Archer regards this as clearly referring to Sunday . Breaking bread may refer to Christian fellowship , agape feasts , or Eucharist ( cf . Acts 2 : 42 , 20 : 7 ) . Other interpreters believe these references do not support the concept of transfer of the seventh - day rest , and some add that they do not sufficiently prove that Sunday observance was an established practice in the primitive New Testament church . By the second century , Justin Martyr stated , `` We all gather on the day of the sun '' ( recalling both the creation of light and the resurrection ) ; and the Epistle of Barnabas on Is . 1 : 13 stated the eighth - day assembly marks the resurrection and the new creation : `` He is saying there : ' It is not these sabbaths of the present age that I find acceptable , but the one of my own appointment : the one that , after I have set all things at rest , is to usher in the Eighth Day , the commencement of a new world . ' ( And we too rejoice in celebrating the Eighth Day ; because that was when Jesus rose from the dead , and showed Himself again , and ascended into heaven . ) '' Both days ( edit ) Ethiopian Orthodox and Eritrean Orthodox Christians ( both of which are branches of Oriental Orthodoxy ) distinguish between the Sabbath ( seventh day ) and Lord 's Day ( first day ) and observe both . Seventh - day Adventists in several islands of the Pacific ( Tonga ; Western Samoa ; Tokelau ; Wallis & Futuna ; Phoenix & Line Islands ) observe Sunday as the practice on ships in the Pacific had been to change days at the 180 ° meridian . The islands were well to the east of this line , so the missionaries observed the Sabbath on the day sequence of the Western Hemisphere . However , the Tonga islands used the same days as New Zealand and Australia , so the missionaries were observing the seventh - day Sabbath on the day the secular authorities called Sunday . The International Date Line ( IDL ) was placed east of Tonga to align its weekdays with New Zealand and Fiji . Consequently , Tonga 's time zone is UTC + 13 rather than UTC − 12 : 00 , as it would be if the Date Line ran along the 180 ° meridian . However , the SDA church observes the Sabbath as though the IDL followed the 180 ° meridian . When the International Date Line was moved , islanders who had been worshiping on Sabbath were suddenly worshiping on Sunday because of a man made international treaty . After much discussion within the church , it was decided that the islanders would continue to worship on the same day as they always had , even though the name of the day had been changed from Saturday to Sunday by decree . However this situation is not without conflict . Note : Jump up ^ Governments are free to select the time zone of their choice . Unspecified day ( edit ) Main article : Non-Sabbatarianism Non-Sabbatarians affirm human liberty not to observe a weekly rest or worship day . While keepers of weekly days usually believe in religious liberty , non-Sabbatarians are particularly free to uphold Sabbath principles , or not , without limiting observance to either Saturday or Sunday . Some advocate Sabbath rest on any chosen day of the week , and some advocate Sabbath as a symbolic metaphor for rest in Christ ; the concept of `` Lord 's Day '' is usually treated as synonymous with `` Sabbath '' . The non-Sabbatarian interpretation usually states that Jesus ' obedience and the New Covenant fulfilled the laws of Sabbath , which are thus often considered abolished or abrogated . Some of Jesus ' teachings are considered as redefining the Sabbath laws of the Pharisees ( Lk. 13 : 10 - 17 , Jn. 5 : 16 - 18 , 9 : 13 - 16 ) . Since Jesus is understood to have fulfilled Torah ( Mk. 2 : 28 , Mt. 5 : 17 ) , non-Sabbatarian Christians believe that they are not bound by Sabbath as legalists consider themselves to be . Non-Sabbatarians can thus exhibit either Christian liberty or antinomianism . On principles of religious liberty , non-Sabbatarian Jews similarly affirm their freedom not to observe Shabbat as Orthodox Jews do . Non-Sabbatarian Christians also cite 2 Cor. 3 : 2 - 3 , in which believers are compared to `` a letter from Christ , the result of our ministry , written ... not on tablets of stone but on tablets of human hearts '' ; this interpretation states that Christians accordingly no longer follow the Ten Commandments with dead orthodoxy ( `` tablets of stone '' ) , but follow a new law written upon `` tablets of human hearts '' . 3 : 7 - 11 adds that `` if the ministry that brought death , which was engraved in letters on stone , came with glory ... , will not the ministry of the Spirit be even more glorious ? ... And if what was fading away came with glory , how much greater is the glory of that which lasts ! '' This is interpreted as teaching that new - covenant Christians are not under the Mosaic law , and that Sabbath - keeping is not required . Further , because `` love is the fulfillment of the law '' ( Rom. 13 : 10 ) , the new - covenant `` law '' is considered to be based entirely upon love and to rescind Sabbath requirements . Non-Sabbatarians who affirm that Sabbath - keeping remains for God 's people ( as in Heb. 4 : 9 ) often regard this as present spiritual rest and / or future heavenly rest rather than as physical weekly rest . For instance , Irenaeus saw Sabbath rest from secular affairs for one day each week as a sign of the way that Christians were called to permanently devote themselves to God and an eschatological symbol . Interpretations ( edit ) Genesis 2 ( edit ) Based on Genesis 2 : 1 - 4 , Sabbath is considered by seventh - day Sabbatarians to be the first holy day mentioned in the Bible , with God , Adam , and Eve being the first to observe it . In order to reconcile an omnipotent God with a resting on the seventh day of Creation , the notion of active cessation from labor , rather than passive rest , has been regarded as a more consistent reading of God 's activity in this passage . Non-Sabbatarians and many first - day Sabbatarians consider this passage not to have instituted observance of Sabbath , which they place as beginning with Moses and the manna . Walter Brueggemann emphasizes Sabbath is rooted in the history of the Book of Exodus . Matthew 5 ( edit ) Jesus ' statement , `` Do not think that I have come to abolish the Law or the Prophets ; I have not come to abolish them but to fulfill them , '' is highly debated . Some non-Sabbatarians and others such as Anabaptists believe Jesus greatly reformed the Law and thus that Sabbath could only be justified if it were reaffirmed by Jesus . Antinomianism , generally regarded as a heresy , holds that , because Jesus accomplished all that was required by the law , thus `` fulfilling '' it , he made it unnecessary for anyone to do anything further . Strict Sabbatarians follow or expand Augustine 's statement in Reply to Faustus that Jesus empowered his people to obey the law and gave additional commands that furthered its true intentions . This passage is often related to Colossians 2 , from which maintenance , transference , or abolition of Sabbath are variously taught . Colossians 2 ( edit ) The English Standard Version at Col. 2 : 16 - 7 ( `` Therefore let no one pass judgment on you in questions of food and drink , or with regard to a festival or a new moon or a Sabbath . These are a shadow of the things to come , but the substance belongs to Christ . '' ) is taken as affirming non-Sabbatarian freedom from obligations to Sabbath , whether this means only annual Sabbaths ( Lev. 23 : 4 -- 44 ) or specifically weekly Sabbath ( Lev. 23 : 1 -- 3 ) . This passage 's threefold categorization of events is parallel to Num. 28 - 29 , 1 Chr. 23 : 31 , 2 Chr. 2 : 4 , Is . 1 : 13 , Ezek. 45 : 17 ( Lev. 23 mentions Sabbaths and festivals but not new moons ) . Accordingly , non-Sabbatarians and some first - day Sabbatarians believe this passage indicates Sabbath - keeping is part of an Old Covenant that is not mandatory ( cf . Heb. 8 : 13 ) . Seventh - day Sabbatarians and strict first - day Sabbatarians believe this passage indicates that weekly Sabbath remains to be kept as a shadow of things future to Paul 's day and / or a memorial of creation past . Additionally , Col. 2 : 13 - 5 states , `` And you , who were dead in your trespasses and the uncircumcision of your flesh , God made alive together with him , having forgiven us all our trespasses , by canceling the record of debt that stood against us with its legal demands . This he set aside , nailing it to the cross . He disarmed the rulers and authorities and put them to open shame , by triumphing over them in him . '' The ESV footnote regards `` in it ( that is , the cross ) '' as equivalent to the closing in him ( Christ ) . First - day Sabbatarians and non-Sabbatarians often regard Sabbath as changed , either to Lord 's Day or to spiritual Sabbath , by the Mosaic law being the `` record of debt '' ( ESV ) nailed to the cross . Some seventh - day Sabbatarians regard only High Sabbaths as abolished due to their foreshadowing the cross , holding it impossible for weekly Sabbath ( which preceded sin ) to foreshadow deliverance from sin in the cross . Others see the `` record of debt '' ( accusations ) as distinct from God 's unchanging law , believing it to be in force and affirmed by the evangelists after Jesus died on the cross , regarding Sabbath , new moon , and High Sabbaths not as nailed to the cross but as foreshadowing the eternal plan of God . Hebrews 4 ( edit ) The unique word sabbatismos in Hebrews 4 : 9 is translated `` rest '' in the Authorized Version and others ; `` Sabbath rest '' in the New International Version and other modern translations ; `` Sabbatism '' ( a transliteration ) in the Darby Bible ; `` Sabbath observance '' in the Scriptures 98 Edition ; and `` Sabbath keeping '' in the Bible in Basic English . The word also appears in Plutarch , De Superstitione 3 ( Moralia 166A ) ; Justin , Dialogue with Trypho 23 : 3 ; Epiphanius , Adversus Haereses 30 : 2 : 2 ; Martyrium Petri et Pauli 1 ; and Apostolic Constitutions 2 : 36 : 2 . Andrew Lincoln states , `` In each of these places the term denotes the observance or celebration of the Sabbath ... Thus the writer to the Hebrews is saying that since the time of Joshua an observance of the Sabbath rest has been outstanding . '' Sabbatarians believe the primary abiding Christian duty intended is weekly Sabbath - keeping , while non-Sabbatarians believe it is spiritual or eschatological Sabbath - keeping ; both meanings may be intended . Justin uses sabbatismos in Trypho 23 : 3 to mean weekly Sabbath - keeping . However , Justin does not speak of Hebrews 4 , instead holding that there is no longer any need for weekly Sabbath - keeping for anyone . Hippolytus of Rome , in the early third century , interpreted the term in Hebrews 4 to have special reference to a millennial Sabbath kingdom after six millennia of labor . St. Chrysostom interpreted the term as having reference to three rests : God 's rest from His labor on the seventh day , the rest of the Israelites in arriving in Canaan , and the heavenly ( eschatological ) rest for the faithful . He argued that the `` rest '' that `` has been outstanding '' is the heavenly rest , since the first two rests had already been going on . He also interpreted weekly Sabbath as a symbol of this heavenly rest : `` And well did he conclude the argument . For he said not rest but ' Sabbath - keeping ' ; calling the kingdom ' Sabbath - keeping , ' by the appropriate name , and that which they rejoiced in and were attracted by . For as , on the Sabbath He commands to abstain from all evil things ; and that those things only which relate to the Service of God should be done , which things the Priests were wont to accomplish , and whatsoever profits the soul , and nothing else ; so also ( will it be ) then . '' Matthew Henry calls this `` a rest of grace , and comfort , and holiness , in the gospel state . And a rest in glory , where the people of God shall enjoy the end of their faith , and the object of all their desires ... undoubtedly the heavenly rest , which remains to the people of God , and is opposed to a state of labour and trouble in this world . It is the rest they shall obtain when the Lord Jesus shall appear from heaven ... God has always declared man 's rest to be in him , and his love to be the only real happiness of the soul . '' This is taken to support the belief that Sabbath - keeping is a metaphor for the eternal `` rest '' that Christians enjoy in Christ , prefigured by the promised land of Canaan . Hebrews 8 ( edit ) Non-Sabbatarians and some first - day Sabbatarians believe Hebrews 8 indicates Sabbath - keeping is not mandatory , because `` in that he saith , a new covenant , he hath made the first old '' ( Heb. 8 : 13 KJV ; or `` obsolete '' NIV ) . Seventh - day Sabbatarians and strict first - day Sabbatarians believe Hebrews 8 indicates the Law of God ( including Sabbath ) remains on the hearts of God 's people to be kept , but not fallibly as in the older covenant ( Heb. 8 : 9 -- 10 ) . See also ( edit ) Remember the sabbath day , to keep it holy References ( edit ) Jump up ^ שַׁבָּת , Strong 's Concordance number 7676 as šabbāt , now usually Shabbat Jump up ^ Shabb thay , `` restful '' , 7678 Jump up ^ Pinches , T.G. ( 2003 ) . `` Sabbath ( Babylonian ) '' . In Hastings , James . Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics. 20 . Selbie , John A. , contrib . Kessinger Publishing . pp. 889 -- 891 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7661 - 3698 - 4 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 17 . It has been argued that the association of the number seven with creation itself derives from the circumstance that the Enuma Elish was recorded on seven tablets . `` emphasized by Professor Barton , who says : ' Each account is arranged in a series of sevens , the Babylonian in seven tablets , the Hebrew in seven days . Each of them places the creation of man in the sixth division of its series . '' Albert T. Clay , The Origin of Biblical Traditions : Hebrew Legends in Babylonia and Israel , 1923 , p. 74 . Jump up ^ 4521 Jump up ^ 7677 Jump up ^ 4520 Jump up ^ `` Sabbatical Year : every seventh year , during which the land , according to the law of Moses , had to remain uncultivated ( Lev. 25 : 2 - 7 ; comp . Ex. 23 : 10 , 11 , 12 ; Lev. 26 : 34 , 35 ) . Whatever grew of itself during that year was not for the owner of the land , but for the poor and the stranger and the beasts of the field . '' Easton 's Bible Dictionary , 1897 . Jump up ^ Dabney , Robert L. `` The Christian Sabbath : Its Nature , Design and Proper Observance '' . Discussions of Robert L. Dabney. 1 . Center for Reformed Theology and Apologetics . pp. 497 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Lincoln , Prof. Andrew T. ( 1982 ) . `` Sabbath , rest and eschatology in the New Testament '' . In Carson , D.A. From Sabbath to Lord 's Day . Zondervan . pp. 197 -- 220 . Jump up ^ Edwards , Jonathan . First Sermon : The Perpetuity of the Sabbath . After the Christian dispensation was fully set up ... even then Christians were bound to a strict observation of the sabbath . Jump up ^ `` The Sabbath and the Gospels '' . Sabbath in the Bible . World 's Last Chance. 2004 -- 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Wohlberg , Steve . `` Sabbath Basics '' . `` Ten Reasons why the Sabbath is not Jewish '' . Truth Left Behind . Jump up ^ `` Mark 16 : 9 '' . Oxford NIV Scofield Study Bible . Scofield , C.I. , ed. ; English , E. Schuyler , chmn . New York City : Oxford University Press . 1984 ( 1909 ) . p. 1047 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday '' . The Catholic Encyclopedia . 1913 . The practice of meeting together on the first day of the week for the celebration of the Eucharistic Sacrifice is indicated . Jump up ^ Richards , H.M.S. ( 1940 ) . Hard Nuts Cracked . p. 6 . After all there is nothing in the Scriptures to show that the celebration of the Lord 's Supper was confined to any particular day of the week . Cf . Acts 2 : 46 . Jump up ^ Stern , David H. ( 1992 ) . `` Notes on Gal. 4 : 8 - 10 '' . Jewish New Testament Commentary . Clarksville , Maryland : Jewish New Testament Publications , Inc. p. 557 . ISBN 965 - 359 - 008 - 1 . When Gentiles observe these Jewish holidays ... out of fear induced by Judaizers who have convinced them that unless they do these things , God will not accept them , then they are not obeying the Torah but subjugating themselves to legalism ... An alternative interpretation , however , is that the ' days , months , seasons and years ' of this passage do not refer to the Jewish holidays at all but to pagan Gentile feasts , naturally and directly reflecting ' those weak and miserable elemental spirits . ' According to this understanding Sha'ul was worried that his ex-pagan converts might be returning to these pagan festivals . ^ Jump up to : `` 6 . Does n't Colossians 2 : 14 - 17 do away with the seventh - day Sabbath ? '' . The Lost Day Of History . Amazing Facts. 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Howard , Kevin ( 1997 ) . The Feasts of the Lord . Zion 's Hope . p. 224 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7852 - 7518 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : St. Ignatius . `` Epistle to the Magnesians '' . 9 . Jump up ^ `` 8 . But was n't the Sabbath changed to Sunday at Christ 's death or resurrection ? '' . The Lost Day Of History . Amazing Facts. 2010 . Jump up ^ Wohlberg , Steve . `` Anti-Sabbath Arguments : Are They Really Right ? '' . Truth Left Behind . Jump up ^ `` Fundamental Beliefs '' . 20 . Jump up ^ `` Doctrinal Points of the Church of God ( 7th Day ) '' ( PDF ) . Salem , West Virginia : The Church of God Publishing House . p. 18 . ^ Jump up to : United States Catholic Conference , Inc. ( 1997 ) . `` You Shall Love the Lord Your God with All Your Heart , and with All Your Soul , and with All Your Mind , Article 3 , The Third Commandment ( 2168 - 2195 ) '' . Catechism of the Catholic Church ( 2d ed . ) . New York City : Doubleday . pp. 580 -- 6 . Jump up ^ James Cardinal Gibbons , The Faith of Our Fathers ( 1917 edition ) , p. 72 - 73 ( 16th Edition , p. 111 ; 88th Edition , p. 89 ) . `` You may read the Bible from Genesis to Revelation , and you will not find a single line authorizing the sanctification of Sunday . The Scriptures enforce the religious observance of Saturday , a day which we never sanctify . '' Jump up ^ Catholic Virginian , October 3 , 1947 , p. 9 , article `` To Tell You the Truth . '' `` For example , nowhere in the Bible do we find that Christ or the Apostles ordered that the Sabbath be changed from Saturday to Sunday . We have the commandment of God given to Moses to keep holy the Sabbath day , that is the 7th day of the week , Saturday . Today most Christians keep Sunday because it has been revealed to us by the ( Roman Catholic ) church outside the Bible . '' Jump up ^ `` Sabbath '' . The Catholic Encyclopedia . 1913 . Jump up ^ `` Ten Commandments '' . The Catholic Encyclopedia . 1913 . Jump up ^ `` Sabbatarians '' . The Catholic Encyclopedia . 1913 . Jump up ^ Justin Martyr . `` Dialogue with Trypho '' . 12 . Jump up ^ Justin Martyr . `` Dialogue with Trypho '' . 23 . Jump up ^ Justin Martyr . `` Dialogue with Trypho '' . 47 . Jump up ^ `` Westminster Confession of Faith '' . 21.7 - 8 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Karen B. Westerfield ( 27 April 2011 ) . American Methodist Worship . Oxford University Press . p. 46 . ISBN 9780199774159 . Jump up ^ `` 14 : 1 '' . Didache . Roberts , trans . Early Christian Writings . Jump up ^ Holmes , M. The Apostolic Fathers : Greek Texts and English Translations . Jump up ^ Strand , Kenneth A. ( 1982 ) . The Sabbath in Scripture and History . Washington , D.C. : Review and Herald Publishing Association . pp. 347 -- 8 . In Morgan , Kevin ( 2002 ) . Sabbath Rest . TEACH Services , Inc . pp. 37 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Archer , Gleason L. An Encyclopedia of Bible Difficulties ( PDF ) . p. 114 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ Justin Martyr . `` First Apology '' . 67 . Jump up ^ `` Epistle of Barnabas '' . 15 . Staniforth , Maxwell , trans . Jump up ^ Hay 1990 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Greene 2002 , p. 80 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Berkowitz , Richard & Michele ( 1991 ) . Shabbat . Baltimore : Lederer Publications . pp. 11 -- 2 . ISBN 1 - 880226 - 00 - 6 . We have a remembrance -- a physical Sabbath day -- to remind us anew of our spiritual freedom in him ... Observance paints a sacred picture of what it is like to be united in faith with Messiah Yeshua . One other reason to observe Shabbat is God has a blessing for us . Jump up ^ `` Against Heresies '' . 3.16. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Against Heresies '' . 4.33. 2 . Jump up ^ Brueggemann , Walter ( 2002 ) . The Land : Place as Gift , Promise , and Challenge in Biblical Faith . Overtures to Biblical Theology ( 2d ed . ) . Fortress Press . pp. 60 , 225 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8006 - 3462 - 9 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 28 . The tradition of Deuteronomy appeals for Sabbath on more historical grounds . Sabbath is rooted in the history of Exodus , which led to the land of fulfillment . ^ Jump up to : Walker , Allen . `` Please explain Colossians 2 : 14 '' . The Law and the Sabbath . pp. 113 -- 116 . Jump up ^ `` Notes on Col. 2 : 16 - 7 '' . Holy Bible , English Standard Version . The false teacher ( s ) were advocating a number of Jewish observances , arguing that they were essential for spiritual advancement ... The old covenant observances pointed to a future reality that was fulfilled in the Lord Jesus Christ ( cf . Heb. 10 : 1 ) . Hence , Christians are no longer under the Mosaic covenant ( cf . Rom. 6 : 14 -- 15 ; 7 : 1 -- 6 ; 2 Cor. 3 : 4 -- 18 ; Gal. 3 : 15 -- 4 : 7 ) . Christians are no longer obligated to observe OT dietary laws ( ' food and drink ' ) or festivals , holidays , and special days ( ' a festival ... new moon ... Sabbath , ' Col. 2 : 16 ) , for what these things foreshadowed has been fulfilled in Christ . It is debated whether the Sabbaths in question included the regular seventh - day rest of the fourth commandment , or were only the special Sabbaths of the Jewish festal calendar . Jump up ^ Stern , David H. ( 1992 ) . `` Notes on Col. 2 : 17 '' . Jewish New Testament Commentary . Clarksville , Maryland : Jewish New Testament Publications , Inc. p. 611 . ISBN 965 - 359 - 008 - 1 . These are a shadow of things that are coming , meaning the good things that will happen when Yeshua returns . Both verbs in 17a are present tense . Jump up ^ Lincoln , Prof. Andrew T. `` From Sabbath to Lord 's Day ( symposium ) '' . p. 213 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ John Chrysostom . `` 6th Homily on the Epistle to the Hebrews '' . Jump up ^ Henry , Matthew . Concise Commentary on the Whole Bible . Shabbat ( שבת ) Prayers Rituals Jewish prayer Yedid Nefesh Lekhah Dodi Shalom Aleichem Kiddush Zemirot Baqashot Torah reading ( Weekly Torah portion Shnayim mikra ve - echad targum ) Maftir Haftarah Seudah Shlishit Triennial cycle Torah study Food Kosher wine Challah Chopped liver Gefilte fish Vorschmack Cholent Kugel Objects Crock pot Hot water urn Shabbat candles Blech Challah cover Kiddush cup Laws Biblical mile Biblical Sabbath Driving Electricity Eruv Eruv tavshilin Eruv techumin Food preparation Muktzeh Chai Nosei Et Atzmo Prohibited activities rabbinically prohibited Shabbos goy Shomer Shabbat Innovations KosherSwitch Zomet Institute Shabbat elevator Shabbat lamp Shabbat microphone Sabbath mode Shabbat pedestrian crossing Special Shabbat Shabbaton Eve of Passover on Shabbat Motza'ei Shabbat Kiddush levana Havdalah Melaveh Malkah List of Shabbat topics Ten Commandments Tablets of Stone Finger of God Ritual Decalogue Commandments I am the Lord thy God Thou shalt have no other gods before me Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain Remember the sabbath day , to keep it holy Honour thy father and thy mother Thou shalt not kill Thou shalt not commit adultery Thou shalt not steal Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbour Thou shalt not covet Related Moses Biblical Mount Sinai Ark of the Covenant In Catholic theology Tabot Alternatives 613 commandments Seven Laws of Noah In art Descent from Mount Sinai ( Sistine Chapel , 1481 - 82 painting ) Moses ( c. 1513 -- 1515 sculpture ) Moses Breaking the Tablets of the Law ( 1659 painting ) Moses ( 1962 sculpture ) Media The Ten Commandments ( 1923 film ) The Ten Commandments ( 1956 film ) Les Dix Commandements ( 2000 musical ) K10C : Kids ' Ten Commandments ( 2003 videos ) The Ten Commandments ( 2004 musical ) The Ten Commandments ( 2006 miniseries ) The Ten ( 2007 film ) The Ten Commandments ( 2007 film ) I Am ( 2010 film ) The Ten Commandments ( 2016 film ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biblical_Sabbath&oldid=834312618 '' Categories : Sabbath Ancient Christian controversies Bible - related controversies Christian terminology Commandments Early Christianity and Judaism Mosaic law in Christian theology Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Articles containing Hebrew - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 01 : 25 ( UTC ) . 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who dies in private practice season 3 episode 1			Private Practice ( season 3 )	private practice ( season 3 )	The third season of Private Practice premiered on October 1 , 2009 and concluded on May 13 , 2010 . The season consisted of 23 episodes .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Also starring 2.3 Recurring cast 2.4 Special guest stars 3 Episode list 4 Ratings 4.1 U.S. 4.2 United Kingdom 5 DVD Release 6 References Plot ( edit ) In the third season , Violet survives from the cliffhanger from season two thanks to Pete , Naomi and Addison . She gives Pete their baby , Lucas , while she recovers from the ordeal . Addison and Sam get even closer and develop feelings for each other , but decide not to become a couple because they do n't want to hurt Naomi . Charlotte and Cooper break up , and Dell loses Heather in an explosion which nearly kills Betsey also . Sam and Naomi 's daughter , Maya , gets pregnant and marries the father of her baby , Dink . Addison and Pete become a couple , which causes Addison to get close to Lucas until Violet wants him back , even going as far as taking Pete to court to get joint custody . Sheldon starts to fall for Charlotte after they start to sleep together . In the season finale , Addison and Sam finally get together while Charlotte and Cooper get engaged much to Sheldon 's dismay . Pete and Violet work over their issues , while Dell and Maya get involved in a car accident and the severity of Dell 's condition is overlooked . Dr. Amelia Shepherd , younger sister of Derek Shepherd ( Addison 's ex-husband ) operated on him , having just arrived in town . She was unable to resuscitate him following heart failure . Maya survived her operation to save her spinal cord and prevent paralysis while at the same time she gives birth to a girl , who also survives the ordeal . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) Kate Walsh as Addison Montgomery Tim Daly as Peter Wilder Audra McDonald as Naomi Bennett Paul Adelstein as Cooper Freedman KaDee Strickland as Charlotte King Chris Lowell as William `` Dell '' Parker Taye Diggs as Sam Bennett Amy Brenneman as Violet Turner Also starring ( edit ) Brian Benben as Sheldon Wallace Recurring cast ( edit ) Geffri Maya as Maya Bennett Hailey Sole as Betsey Parker James Morrison as William White , Ryan Leitsch Amanda Detmer as Morgan Barnes Agnes Bruckner as Heather Amanda Foreman as Katie Kent Michael Patrick Thornton as Gabriel Fife Christina Chang as Vanessa Hoyt Stephen Lunsford as Filmore `` Dink '' Davis Stephen Collins as `` The Captain '' Montgomery Caterina Scorsone as Amelia Shepherd Sean Bridgers as Frank Special guest stars ( edit ) Chandra Wilson as Miranda Bailey Eric Dane as Mark Sloan JoBeth Williams as Bizzy Montgomery Rosanna Arquette as Corinne , Dink 's mother Episode list ( edit ) See also : List of Private Practice episodes No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 32 `` A Death in the Family '' Mark Tinker Shonda Rhimes , Jon Cowan & Robert Rovner October 1 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 01 ) 11.58 Pete comes home to find Violet on the floor bleeding to death , from Katie attacking her , and that the baby is gone , moments later Naomi arrives and they both call and ambulance and race to save her life . At the hospital everyone begins wondering where the baby is , as Cooper begins getting paged to pediatrics for a newborn baby . Addison begins surgery on Violet , only to find that the only way to save her life might be to perform a hysterectomy making it impossible for her to have a child . As all of the doctors at Oceanside Wellness worry for Violet , Cooper goes to pediatrics only to find that Katie has come to the hospital with Violet 's baby , immediately getting the baby away from her making sure that the baby is safe . When Cooper presents the baby to Addison she finds that he also needs surgery , and has to leave Naomi in surgery with Violet in order to save both of their lives ; Violet and the baby make it through their surgeries after Addison and Naomi are able save their lives . 33 `` The Way We Were '' Donna Deitch Patti Carr & Lara Olsen October 8 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 08 ) 9.50 Violet is physically recovering from her violent attack at home , but the emotional trauma she suffers from is n't going away , despite the best efforts of Pete and her other friends to help . Addison and Naomi try to mend their tension - filled relationship . 34 `` Right Here , Right Now '' Rob Corn Dana Baratta October 15 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 15 ) 10.36 Miranda Bailey ( Grey 's Anatomy 's Chandra Wilson ) brings a kidney transplant patient to Los Angeles , and Addison is n't the only Oceanside Wellness doctor pleased to see her . Meanwhile the consequences of Addison 's emotional affair with Noah catch up with her , and Sheldon and Pete finally discover who the father of Violet 's baby is . 35 `` Pushing the Limits '' Allison Liddi - Brown Ayanna A. Floyd October 22 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 22 ) 9.93 Addison , Sam and Cooper treat the sick child of a homeless teen mother they met while volunteering . Violet has trouble relating to her baby when her feelings about her attack resurface during counseling of a rape victim who is now pregnant . Cooper 's financial woes catch up with him when he 's asked to help buy out Naomi 's share of the practice . 36 5 `` Strange Bedfellows '' Steve Gomer Kathy McCormick October 29 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 29 ) 9.16 Katie Kent is apprehended and on trial . Violet is asked to testify against her attacker , but she struggles with whether or not she can face her attacker in court . Meanwhile a serious complication threatens the fetuses of two of Naomi 's former patients and Charlotte is determined to convince Addison , Sam and Cooper to let her join Oceanside Wellness Group . 37 6 `` Slip Slidin ' Away '' Helen Shaver Fred Einesman November 5 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 05 ) 9.11 The doctors venture into controversial territory when an unexpected new hire at Pacific Wellcare causes Naomi to struggle with the idea of genetically designing babies and Violet makes a sudden decision to try electric shock therapy on a patient . Addison somehow finds herself alone and with a cat . 38 7 `` The Hard Part '' Mark Tinker Steve Blackman November 12 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 12 ) 10.25 Addison and Sam go for a hike in Malibu , and must perform urgent field care when they stumble upon an expecting couple , trapped in their car after an accident . After the terrifying ordeal the two share an intimate moment . Meanwhile at Oceanside Wellness , Charlotte , Cooper and Violet treat a newlywed who , out of nervousness for his wedding night , has taken too much Viagra . Pete and Sheldon hit the bar scene together but fall for the same girl . 39 8 `` Sins of the Father '' Tom Verica Elizabeth J.B. Klaviter November 19 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 19 ) 8.93 Addison is shaken by the unwelcome arrival of her father ( Stephen Collins ) to Los Angeles , Cooper is arrested when he refuses to cooperate in a case involving a longtime patient , and Pete fights to keep a terminally ill patient alive long enough for him to meet his new daughter . 40 9 `` The Parent Trap '' Donna Deitch Craig Turk December 3 , 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 03 ) 9.21 Part one of a two - hour episode . Addison performs a complex in utero surgery , proving not only her talents to her father but also finally giving them some common ground . Sam and Naomi deal with their own family crisis when they discover their daughter is growing up way too fast , and Violet does something which draws her into the difficult dynamics of Addison 's family . 41 10 `` Blowups '' Mark Tinker Sonay Washington December 3 , 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 03 ) 9.21 Part two of a two - hour episode . A terrible explosion at Dell 's house lands Betsey and Heather in the hospital , and everyone is pushed to the limit trying to save their lives . Tensions rise even higher between Addison and the Captain when her mother , Bizzy ( JoBeth Williams ) , shows up . Addison walks in on Bizzy kissing a woman , Susan , who 's been Bizzy 's personal assistant for 20 years . Addison struggles to come to terms with both her mother 's lesbianism and the realization that the Captain is not quite the scoundrel Addison assumed him to be . 42 11 `` Another Second Chance '' Michael Zinberg Krista Vernoff & Kathy McCormick January 14 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 14 ) 10.96 Desperate to help his pregnant daughter ( Leven Rambin ) , Mark ( Eric Dane ) follows Addison back to Oceanside Wellness , and old feelings between the two begin to resurface . Dell and Naomi struggle to raise their children under the same roof , and Violet and Cooper heatedly disagree on how to treat a patient . This episode concludes a crossover with Grey 's Anatomy that begins on `` Blink '' . 43 12 `` Best Laid Plans '' Bethany Rooney Patti Carr & Lara Olsen January 21 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 21 ) 9.64 Sam and Naomi are stunned by a shocking announcement from Maya , and Naomi 's irrational response leaves Sam to pick up the pieces . Pete challenges Fife on the best course of treatment for a patient with a cutting - edge bionic arm . Dell tries his best to accommodate a single mom who 's determined to have a natural childbirth in spite of a multiple - day course of labor . Violet reaches out with compassion to a man at St. Ambrose who has just lost his wife . The hostility between Charlotte and Cooper continues to make life uncomfortable for both of them as they clean up the loose ends of their failed relationship . 44 13 `` Shotgun '' Karen Gaviola Jon Cowan & Robert Rovner February 4 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 04 ) 9.25 Addison and Cooper counsel a couple who must make an unthinkable choice : deciding which one of their ailing daughters to save with their newborn 's cord blood . Sam meets Dink 's mother , Corrine ( Rosanna Arquette ) , and is dealt another blow when he finds out Dink 's intent to marry Maya . Some of the doctors get together for an intervention to try and draw in a still - devastated and distant Naomi . Things heat up between Addison and Sam as they develop true feelings for each other , but Addison is determined not to hurt Naomi . 45 14 `` Love Bites '' Matthew Penn Dana Baratta February 11 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 11 ) 9.04 Sam convinces Violet to help plan Maya 's wedding when Naomi refuses to take part . As tensions between Addison and Sam rise even as they work together to treat a suicidal patient , she turns to Pete for comfort . Cooper and Pete treat a teenage girl with a mysterious bite mark on her neck . William White expresses a romantic interest in Naomi . Cooper and Charlotte continue to be snarky with each other . 46 15 `` Til Death Do Us Part '' Kenny Leon Craig Turk February 18 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 18 ) 7.59 As Violet continues to help Sam with Maya 's wedding , Naomi refuses to take part as she works with Addison and Pete to save the life of a 25 - week - old premature baby . Meanwhile , Cooper suspects that Charlotte 's new boyfriend is abusing pills . Meanwhile , Pete and Addison decide to become a couple , despite Addison being in love with Sam , and Pete still in love with Violet . They decide to keep it a secret from them , but Sam ends up finding out . 47 16 `` Fear of Flying '' Mark Tinker Ayanna A. Floyd March 4 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 04 ) 7.57 Things get too close for comfort when Addison , Pete and Sam must come together on a complicated case involving a dad - to - be who comes down with tuberculosis and threatens the future of his new family . Addison meets Sam 's new girlfriend , Vanessa . Meanwhile , with Violet still gone on her Costa Rican escape with Cooper , Sheldon takes over helping one of her patients , Natasha , to get over her crippling fear of flying , and he asks Charlotte for advice . Cooper comes back from the Costa Rican trip early and finds himself in a `` zen '' state , but his zen soon disappears after walking in on Charlotte and Sheldon kissing . Naomi finds herself in a bit of a love triangle of her own . 48 17 `` Triangles '' Tom Verica Steve Blackman March 11 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 11 ) 7.66 When Addison 's patient and the life of the three unborn babies she is carrying as a surrogate hang in the balance , Sam 's new girlfriend , Vanessa , and Addison are sharply divided on the course of treatment . Cooper seeks Sheldon 's help with a young patient , but their personal quarrels over Charlotte get in the way , and Naomi has a dilemma of her own between William and an unexpectedly charming Dr. Fife . 49 18 `` Pulling the Plug '' Ann Kindberg Kathy McCormick March 25 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 25 ) 8.71 A husband 's decision to pull the plug on his pregnant wife is overruled by a judge , forcing the hospital to keep her on life support until the fetuses she is carrying as a surrogate are able to survive . Naomi feels betrayed after learning of Sam and Addison 's feelings for one another , and she turns to Dr. Fife for support while William is away on business . And unable to cope with the tension , Addison takes the day off with Pete and Lucas . 50 19 `` Eyes Wide Open '' Eric Stoltz Jesse Zigelstein April 1 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 01 ) 7.82 When famed neurosurgeon Dr. Ginsberg and her team pay a visit to St. Ambrose to wake Kayla from her coma , Addison is shocked to see Amelia Shepherd - Derek 's younger sister - on the team . After Dr. Ginsberg declares nothing can be done , Amelia causes strife among Addison , Sam and Pete when she claims she can save Kayla 's life . Charlotte seeks Cooper 's help with a sex education seminar for the elderly that only leads to more tension between the two , as they try to figure out how to work together . 51 20 `` Second Choices '' Jeff Bleckner Patti Carr & Lara Olsen April 22 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 22 ) 7.49 After her open - ended escape to Costa Rica , Violet has finally returned home and to the practice . Everyone treads a little lightly around her , especially Pete and Addison who have mixed feelings about Violet 's desire to reconnect with Lucas . Amelia butts into Sam 's personal life , pointing out that he can mend hearts in the OR but ca n't seem to do that for himself ; and Sheldon encourages Charlotte to reconcile with Cooper , while Cooper deals with a young patient who eats everything in sight . 52 21 `` War '' Eric Stoltz Elizabeth J.B. Klaviter & Sonay Washington April 29 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 29 ) 7.78 After Violet files for joint custody of Lucas , an embittered Pete voraciously fights back by hiring a tough attorney for the trial , forcing their friends and co-workers to choose sides and have their personal lives dragged onto the stand and into the public eye . 53 22 `` In the Name of Love '' Mark Tinker Fred Einesman May 6 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 06 ) 8.15 Naomi puts Fife in a conflicted position when she begs him to help William 's advanced ALS with his still experimental treatment . Violet and Amelia treat a woman with a brain tumor who has to choose between life or quality of life , and Sheldon decides to officially throw his hat into the ring for Charlotte 's affections . 54 23 `` The End of a Beautiful Friendship '' Jeannot Szwarc Debora Cahn May 13 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 13 ) 9.28 Maya and her unborn baby are fighting for their lives on the operating table , and Addison , Amelia and Fife try everything humanly possible to save them . Meanwhile , Sam operates on an incoming crash victim and later makes a grim discovery ; Cooper makes an ill - timed but valiant effort with Charlotte , and the staff 's world gets rocked by an unexpected death . Addison decides to end things with Pete , saying he needs to be with Violet . After some advice from Sheldon , Addison decides to follow her heart and be with Sam . Ratings ( edit ) U.S. ( edit ) # Episode Air Date Timeslot ( EST ) Rating Share 18 - 49 ( Rating / Share ) Viewers ( m ) Weekly Rank ( # ) `` A Death in the Family '' October 1 , 2009 Thursday 10 : 00 P.M. 7.6 13 4.6 / 13 11.58 20 `` The Way We Were '' October 8 , 2009 6.2 11 3.6 / 10 9.50 25 `` Right Here , Right Now '' October 15 , 2009 6.8 12 3.8 / 11 10.36 21 `` Pushing the Limits '' October 22 , 2009 6.7 11 3.7 / 10 9.928 28 5 `` Strange Bedfellows '' October 29 , 2009 6.1 10 3.6 / 9 9.155 29 6 `` Slip Slidin ' Away '' November 5 , 2009 6.0 10 3.4 / 10 9.11 27 7 `` The Hard Part '' November 12 , 2009 6.7 11 3.9 / 11 10.249 TBA 8 `` Sins of the Father '' November 19 , 2009 6.0 10 3.1 / 9 8.926 TBA 9 `` The Parent Trap '' December 3 , 2009 6.3 10 3.2 / 8 9.211 24 10 `` Blowups '' December 3 , 2009 6.3 10 3.2 / 8 9.211 24 11 `` Another Second Chance '' January 14 , 2010 7.1 12 4.2 / 12 10.963 TBA 12 `` Best Laid Plans '' January 21 , 2010 6.6 11 3.6 / 10 9.637 TBA 13 `` Shotgun '' February 4 , 2010 6.2 11 3.3 / 10 9.254 TBA 14 `` Love Bites '' February 11 , 2010 6.1 10 3.1 / 9 9.036 26 15 `` ' Til Death Do Us Part '' February 18 , 2010 5.1 8 2.8 / 7 7.593 32 16 `` Fear of Flying '' March 4 , 2010 5.2 9 2.7 / 8 7.572 36 17 `` Triangles '' March 11 , 2010 5.3 9 2.8 / 8 7.656 TBA 18 `` Pulling the Plug '' March 25 , 2010 5.8 10 2.9 / 8 8.705 TBA 19 `` Eyes Wide Open '' April 1 , 2010 5.3 9 2.6 / 8 7.822 TBA 20 `` Second Choices '' April 22 , 2010 Thursday 9 : 00 P.M. 5.1 9 2.3 / 6 7.491 TBA 21 `` War '' April 29 , 2010 Thursday 10 : 00 P.M. 5.4 9 2.9 / 9 7.775 TBA 22 `` In the Name of Love '' May 6 , 2010 5.7 10 2.8 / 8 8.152 TBA 23 `` The End of A Beautiful Friendship '' May 13 , 2010 6.3 11 3.2 / 9 9.299 TBA United kingdom ( edit ) In the third season , Private Practice aired on Thursdays at 10pm on Living , with the episode airing again ( which aired that night ) on Living + 1 an hour later . The season averaged 251,000 viewers , 29 % less than the second season . # Title Timeslot Air date LIVING LIVING + 1 Total ( 000s ) Viewers Rank Viewers Rank 3 - 01 ( 32 ) A Death in the Family Thursday 10.00 P.M. June 17 , 2010 276 # 7 N / A N / A 276 3 - 02 ( 33 ) The Way We Were June 24 , 2010 260 # 7 N / A N / A 260 3 - 03 ( 34 ) Right Here , Right Now July 1 , 2010 270 # 5 N / A N / A 270 3 - 04 ( 35 ) Pushing the Limits July 8 , 2010 218 # 6 93 # 8 309 3 - 05 ( 36 ) Strange Bedfellows July 15 , 2010 224 # 5 127 # 6 351 3 - 06 ( 37 ) Slip Slidin ' Away July 22 , 2010 206 # 7 125 # 4 331 3 - 07 ( 38 ) The Hard Part July 29 , 2010 234 # 4 93 # 8 327 3 - 08 ( 39 ) Sins of the Father August 5 , 2010 260 # 4 88 # 10 348 3 - 09 ( 40 ) The Parent Trap August 12 , 2010 229 # 6 111 # 3 340 3 - 10 ( 41 ) Blowups August 19 , 2010 279 # 4 N / A N / A 279 3 - 11 ( 42 ) Another Second Chance Thursday 8.00 P.M. August 26 , 2010 182 # 4 N / A N / A 182 3 - 12 ( 43 ) Best Laid Plans September 2 , 2010 235 # 5 N / A N / A 235 3 - 13 ( 44 ) Shotgun September 9 , 2010 166 # 5 90 # 5 256 3 - 14 ( 45 ) Love Bites September 16 , 2010 246 # 3 70 # 8 316 3 - 15 ( 46 ) ' Til Death Do Us Part September 23 , 2010 177 # 7 N / A N / A 177 3 - 16 ( 47 ) Fear of Flying September 30 , 2010 203 # 5 N / A N / A 203 3 - 17 ( 48 ) Triangles Thursday 7.00 P.M. October 7 , 2010 129 # 10 N / A N / A 129 3 - 18 ( 49 ) Pulling the Plug October 14 , 2010 N / A N / A 88 # 10 88 3 - 19 ( 50 ) Eyes Wide Open October 21 , 2010 219 # 7 N / A N / A 219 3 - 20 ( 51 ) Second Choices October 28 , 2010 211 # 5 N / A N / A 211 3 - 21 ( 52 ) War November 4 , 2010 168 # 7 N / A N / A 168 3 - 22 ( 53 ) In the Name of Love November 11 , 2010 197 # 7 79 # 7 276 3 - 23 ( 54 ) The End of a Beautiful Friendship November 18 , 2010 218 # 6 N / A N / A 218 Viewers in thousands . Ranks for specific channel only . DVD Release ( edit ) Private Practice : The Complete Third Season Set Details Special Features 23 Episodes 5 - Disc Set English ( Dolby Digital 5.1 Surround ) Audio Commentaries Bloopers Deleted Scenes Kate 's Top Eight Release Dates Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 September 14 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 14 ) March 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 21 ) November 3 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 03 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 2 , 2009 ) . `` ' Greys ' , ' Practice ' , ' CSI ' , ' Mentalist ' all a tick up in broadcast finals , ' Leno Show ' down a tick '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 9 , 2009 ) . `` Thursday broadcast finals : ' The Office ' , ' Bones ' , ' Grey 's ' , ' Supernatural ' up ; ' Community ' , ' Private Practice ' down a tick '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 16 , 2009 ) . `` Broadcast Finals : ' Bones ' , ' The Office ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' The Mentalist ' up , ' Private Practice ' down a tick '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 23 , 2010 ) . `` TV Ratings Thursday : ' Community ' , ' FlashForward ' , ' Leno ' Down ; ' Survivor ' , ' Grey 's ' Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 30 , 2009 ) . `` Thursday finals : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' The Mentalist ' , ' 30 Rock ' tick up , ' Parks & Recreation ' , ' The Jay Leno Show ' down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 6 , 2009 ) . `` Broadcast Finals : ' Grey 's ' , ' CSI ' , ' The Office ' , ' 30 Rock ' , ' The Mentalist ' , ' Bones ' up in finals '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 13 , 2009 ) . `` Broadcast Finals : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' 30 Rock ' , ' The Office ' , ' CSI ' , ' The Mentalist ' up ; ' The Vampire Diaries ' down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 20 , 2009 ) . `` Thursday broadcast finals : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' up ; ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' 30 Rock ' down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 13 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( 2009 - 12 - 04 ) . `` Thursday broadcast & cable finals : Flash Forward Down ; Other Broadcast shows unchanged '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( January 15 , 2010 ) . `` TV Ratings : ' Private Practice ' Crossover Boost ; ' Bones High ' ; ' Grey 's ' , ' CSI ' , ' 30 Rock ' , ' Leno ' Hit Lows '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( January 22 , 2010 ) . `` TV Ratings Thursday : ' Deep End ' Underwater ; ' Bones ' High ; ' CSI ' , ' Mentalist ' , ' Grey 's ' Series Lows '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( February 5 , 2010 ) . `` Thursday Broadcast Final Ratings ; ' Vampire Diaries ' , ' Community ' Tick Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , bill ( February 12 , 2010 ) . `` Thursday Broadcast Finals : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' The Mentalist ' Tick Up , ' Private Practice ' , ' 30 Rock ' Tick Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved February 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 19 , 2010 ) . `` TV Ratings : Against Olympics ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Hits Lows ; ' Survivor ' Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( March 5 , 2010 ) . `` Thursday Broadcast Finals Plus ' Marriage Ref ' 15 Minute Ratings Breakdown '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( March 12 , 2010 ) . `` TV Ratings : ' American Idol ' Leads Fox Win ; ' Marriage Ref ' Loses Yardage '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 25 , 2010 ) . `` Broadcast Finals : ' The Middle ' , ' Modern Family ' , ' Idol ' , ' Survivor ' , ' ANTM ' Rise '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( April 3 , 2010 ) . `` Thursday Finals : ' FlashForward ' , ' Marriage Ref ' Inch Up ; ' The Mentalist ' Inches Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( 2010 - 04 - 23 ) . `` Thursday Broadcast Finals : Vampire Diaries , Supernatural Adjusted Up ; Community , Office Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Thursday Finals FlashForward , Survivor , Bones Adjusted Up ; Community , Parks & Rec , Private Practice Adjusted Down '' . TV By The Numbers. April 30 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( May 7 , 2010 ) . `` Thursday Finals : `` Survivor , '' `` Bones , '' Adjusted Up ; `` 30 Rock '' Adjusted Down `` . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved May 7 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( May 14 , 2010 ) . `` Thursday Finals : Survivor , Grey 's Anatomy , CSI , Mentalist , Community Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved May 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Most Popular E-mail Newsletter '' . USA Today . March 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( April 9 , 2010 ) . `` ABC Experimenting With Thursday Dramas Too ? Flips Grey 's , Practice Timeslots On April 22 '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved April 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ http://tvbythenumbers.com/2010/04/23/thursday-broadcast-finals-vampire-diaries-supernatural-adjusted-up-community-office-adjusted-down/49562 Jump up ^ `` Private Practice - The Complete 3rd Season '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Retrieved December 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Private Practice - Season 3 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved December 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Private Practice - The Complete 3rd Season ( 6 Disc Set ) '' . EzyDVD.com . Retrieved December 12 , 2012 . ( hide ) Private Practice Episodes Season 1 `` Did You Hear What Happened to Charlotte King ? '' 5 6 Characters Addison Montgomery Pete Wilder Naomi Bennett Cooper Freedman Charlotte King Dell Parker Sheldon Wallace Amelia Shepherd Sam Bennett Violet Turner See also Grey 's Anatomy Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Private_Practice_(season_3)&oldid=819551175 '' Categories : 2009 American television seasons 2010 American television seasons Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 10 January 2018 , at 00 : 11 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private%20Practice%20%28season%203%29	3,227
what did australia do in the vietnam war			Military History of Australia during the Vietnam War	military history of australia during the vietnam war		Australian involvement in the Vietnam War Part of the Vietnam War Australian soldiers from 7 RAR waiting to be picked up by US Army helicopters following a cordon and search operation near Phước Hải on 26 August 1967 . This image is etched on the Vietnam Forces National Memorial , Canberra . Location Republic of Vietnam Objective To support South Vietnam against Communist attacks Date 3 August 1962 -- 2 December 1972 Executed by Approximately 61,000 military personnel Casualties 521 killed , ~ 3,000 wounded Australia 's involvement in the Vietnam War began with a small commitment of 30 military advisors in 1962 , and increased over the following decade to a peak of 7,672 Australian personnel following the Menzies Government 's April 1965 decision to upgrade its military commitment to South Vietnam 's security . By the time the last Australian personnel were withdrawn in 1972 , the Vietnam War had become Australia 's longest war , and was only recently surpassed by Australia 's long term commitment of combat forces to the War in Afghanistan . It remains Australia 's largest force contribution to a foreign conflict since the Second World War and was also the most controversial in Australian society since the conscription controversy during the First World War . Although initially enjoying broad support due to concerns about the spread of communism in Southeast Asia , a vocal anti-war movement developed in response to Australia 's programme of conscription . The withdrawal of Australia 's forces from South Vietnam began in November 1970 , under the Gorton Government , when 8 RAR completed its tour of duty and was not replaced . A phased withdrawal followed , and by 11 January 1973 Australian involvement in hostilities in Vietnam had ceased . Nevertheless , Australian troops from the Australian Embassy Platoon remained deployed in the country until 1 July 1973 , and Australian forces were deployed briefly in April 1975 , during the Fall of Saigon , to evacuate personnel from the Australian embassy . Approximately 60,000 Australians served in the war ; 521 were killed and more than 3,000 were wounded . Contents 1 Background 2 Australia 's military involvement 2.1 Australian advisors , 1962 -- 1965 2.2 Increased Australian commitment , 1965 -- 1970 2.3 Australian counter-insurgency tactics and civic action 2.4 Withdrawal of Australian forces , 1970 -- 1973 3 Protests against the war 4 Social attitudes and treatment of veterans 5 Effect on Australian foreign and defence policy 6 Timeline 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Background ( edit ) Main article : Vietnam War See also : Ngô Đình Diệm presidential visit to Australia and Ngô Đình Diệm presidential visit to the United States Australia 's involvement in the Vietnam War was driven largely by the rise of communism in Southeast Asia after the Second World War , and the fear of its spread which developed in Australia during the 1950s and early 1960s . Following the end of the Second World War the French had sought to reassert control over French Indochina , which had been occupied by Japan . In 1950 , as the communist - backed Việt Minh , led by Ho Chi Minh , began to gain the ascendency in the First Indochina War , the Vietnamese nation had two parallel administrations ; the Democratic Republic of Vietnam ( DRV ) ( recognised by the Soviet Union and the People 's Republic of China ) and the State of Vietnam ( SoV ) , an associated state in the French Union ( recognised by the non-communist world ) . In 1954 , after the defeat of the French at the Battle of Dien Bien Phu , the Geneva Accords of 1954 split the country geographically , with the DRV to the north of the 17th parallel and the SoV in the south . The Geneva Accords imposed a deadline of July 1956 for the governments of the two Vietnams to hold elections , with a view to uniting the country under one government . In 1955 , Ngô Đình Diệm , the prime minister of the State of Vietnam , deposed the head of state Bảo Đại in a fraudulent referendum and declared himself President of the newly proclaimed Republic of Vietnam . He then refused to take part in the elections , claiming that the communist north would engage in election fraud and that as a result they would win because they had more people . After the election deadline passed , the military commanders in the North began preparing an invasion of the South . Over the course of the late 1950s and early 1960s this invasion took root in a campaign of insurgency , subversion and sabotage in the South employing guerrilla warfare tactics . In September 1957 , Diem visited Australia and was given strong support by both the ruling Liberal Party of Australia of Prime Minister Robert Menzies and the opposition Australian Labor Party ( ALP ) . Diem was particularly feted by the Catholic community , as he pursued policies that discriminated in favour of the Catholic minority in his country and gave special powers to the Catholic Church . By 1962 the situation in South Vietnam had become bad enough that Diem submitted a request for assistance to the United States and its allies in order to counter the growing insurgency and the threat that it posed to South Vietnam 's security . Following this the US began to send advisors to provide tactical and logistical advice to the South Vietnamese . At the same time , the US sought to increase the legitimacy of the South Vietnamese government by instituting the Many Flags program , hoping to counter the communist propaganda that South Vietnam was merely a US puppet state and to involve as many nations as possible . Thus Australia , as an ally of the United States with obligations under the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization ( SEATO ) and ANZUS Pacts , and in the hope of shoring up its alliance with the US , became involved in the Vietnam War . Between 1962 and 1972 it would send almost 60,000 personnel to Vietnam , including ground troops , naval forces and air assets , and would contribute large amounts of material to the war effort . Australia 's military Involvement ( edit ) Australian advisors , 1962 -- 1965 ( edit ) Personnel and aircraft of RAAF Transport Flight Vietnam arrive in South Vietnam in August 1964 While assisting the British during the Malayan Emergency , Australian and New Zealand military forces had gained valuable experience in jungle warfare and counter-insurgency . According to historian Paul Ham , the US Secretary of State , Dean Rusk , `` freely admitted to the ANZUS meeting in Canberra in May 1962 , that the US armed forces knew little about jungle warfare '' . Given the experience that Australian forces had gained in Malaya it was felt that initially Australia could contribute to the situation by providing advisors who were experts in the tactics of jungle warfare . In this regard the Australian government 's initial response was to send 30 military advisers , dispatched as the Australian Army Training Team Vietnam ( AATTV ) , also known as `` the Team '' . The Australian military assistance was to be in jungle warfare training , and the Team comprised highly qualified and experienced officers and NCOs , led by Colonel Ted Serong , many with previous experience from the Malayan Emergency . Their arrival in South Vietnam during July and August 1962 was the beginning of Australia 's involvement in the war in Vietnam . Relationships between the AATTV and US advisors were generally very cordial , but there were sometimes significant differences of opinion on the training and tactics that should be employed . For example , when Serong expressed doubt about the value of the Strategic Hamlet Program at a US counter Insurgency Group meeting in Washington on 23 May 1963 , he drew a `` violent challenge '' from US Marine General Victor `` Brute '' Krulak . Captain Barry Petersen 's work with raising an anti-communist Montagnard force in the central highlands between 1963 and 1965 highlighted another problem -- South Vietnamese officials sometimes found sustained success by a foreigner difficult to accept . Warrant Officer Class Two Kevin Conway of the AATTV , was killed on 6 July 1964 , side by side with Master Sergeant Gabriel Alamo of the USSF , during a sustained Viet Cong attack on Nam Dong Special Forces Camp , becoming Australia 's first battle casualty . Increased Australian commitment , 1965 -- 1970 ( edit ) HMAS Hobart refueling from a United States Navy tanker while operating off Vietnam in 1967 In August 1964 the Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) sent a flight of Caribou transports to the port town of Vũng Tàu . By the end of 1964 , there were almost 200 Australian military personnel in the Republic of Vietnam , including an engineer and surgical team as well as a larger AATTV team . In order to boost the size of the Army by providing a greater pool for infantrymen , the Australian Government had introduced conscription for compulsory military service for 20 - year - olds , in November 1964 , despite opposition from within the Army and many sections of the broader community . Thereafter , battalions serving with 1 ATF all contained National Servicemen . With the war escalating the AATTV increased to approximately 100 men by December . On 29 April 1965 , Australian Prime Minister Robert Menzies announced that the government had received a request for further military assistance from South Vietnam . `` We have decided ... in close consultation with the Government of the United States -- to provide an infantry battalion for service in Vietnam . '' He argued that a communist victory in South Vietnam would be a direct military threat to Australia . `` It must be seen as part of a thrust by Communist China between the Indian and Pacific Oceans '' he added . The issue of whether a formal request was made by the South Vietnamese government at this time has been disputed , however . Although the South Vietnamese Prime Minister , Trần Văn Hương , made a request in December 1964 , Hương 's replacement , Phan Huy Quát , had to be `` coerced into accepting an Australian battalion '' and stopped short of formally requesting the commitment in writing , simply sending an acceptance of the offer to Canberra the day before Menzies announced it to the Australian parliament . In this regard it has been argued that the decision was made by Australian politicians against advice of the Department of Defence , to coincide with the commitment of US combat troops earlier in the year , and that the decision would have been made regardless of the wishes of the South Vietnamese government . As a result of the announcement , the 1st Battalion , Royal Australian Regiment ( 1 RAR ) was deployed . Advanced elements of the battalion departed Australia on 27 May 1965 . Accompanied by a troop of armoured personnel carriers from the 4th / 19th Prince of Wales 's Light Horse as well as logistics personnel , they embarked upon HMAS Sydney and following their arrival in Vietnam in June , they were attached to the US 173rd Airborne Brigade along with a New Zealand artillery battery . Throughout 1965 they undertook several operations in Biên Hòa Province and subsequently fought a number of significant actions , including Gang Toi , Operation Crimp and Suoi Bong Trang . Meanwhile , 1 RAR 's attachment to US forces had highlighted the differences between Australian and American operational methods and Australian and US military leaders subsequently agreed to the future deployment of Australian combat forces in a discrete province . This would allow the Australian Army to `` fight their own tactical war '' , independently of the US . In April 1966 1st Australian Task Force ( 1 ATF ) was established in Phước Tuy Province , based at Nui Dat. 1 ATF consisted of two ( and after 1967 three ) infantry battalions , a troop and later a squadron of armoured personnel carriers from the 1st Armoured Personnel Carrier Squadron and a detachment of the Special Air Service Regiment ( SASR ) as well as various support services under the command of the 1st Australian Logistic Support Group ( 1 ALSG ) based in Vũng Tàu . A squadron of Centurion tanks was added in December 1967 . 1 ATF 's responsibility was the security of Phước Tuy Province , excluding larger towns . Australian soldiers shortly after arriving at Tan Son Nhut Airport The RAAF contingent was also expanded , growing to include three squadrons -- No. 35 Squadron , flying Caribou STOL transports , No. 9 Squadron flying UH - 1 Iroquois battlefield helicopters and No. 2 Squadron flying Canberra bombers . Based at Phan Rang Air Base in Ninh Thuận Province the Canberras flew many bombing sorties , and two were lost , while the Caribou transport aircraft supported anti-communist ground forces and the Iroquois helicopters were used in troop - lift , medical evacuation and as gunships from their base at Vũng Tàu in support of 1 ATF . At its peak it included over 750 personnel . During the war RAAF CAC - 27 Sabre fighters from No. 79 Squadron were also deployed to Ubon Air Base in Thailand as part of Australia 's SEATO commitments . However , the Sabres took no part in direct hostilities against North Vietnam , and were withdrawn in 1968 . The Royal Australian Navy ( RAN ) also made a significant contribution , which consisted of a destroyer on six - month rotations deployed on the gun - line in a shore bombardment role , the RAN Helicopter Flight Vietnam , and a RAN Clearance Diving Team . The ageing aircraft carrier HMAS Sydney , after being converted to a troop - ship , was used to convey the bulk of Australian ground forces to South Vietnam . Female members of the Army and RAAF nursing services also served in Vietnam from the outset , and as the force grew the medical capability was also expanded with the 1st Australian Field Hospital established at Vũng Tàu on 1 April 1968 . From an Australian perspective , one of the most famous engagements in the war was the Battle of Long Tan which took place on 18 and 19 August 1966 . During the battle a company from 6 RAR , despite being heavily outnumbered , fought off a large enemy assault of regimental strength . 18 Australians were killed and 24 wounded , while at least 245 Viet Cong were killed . It was a decisive Australian victory and is often cited as an example of the importance of combining and coordinating infantry , artillery , armour and military aviation . The battle had considerable tactical implications as well , being significant in allowing the Australians to gain dominance over Phước Tuy Province , and although there were other large - scale encounters in later years , 1 ATF was not fundamentally challenged again . Regardless , during February 1967 1 ATF sustained its heaviest casualties in the war to that point , losing 16 men killed and 55 wounded in a single week , the bulk of them during Operation Bribie. 1 ATF appeared to have lost the initiative and for the first time in nine months of operations the number of Australians killed in battle , or from friendly fire , mines or booby traps , had reversed the task force 's kill ratio . Such losses underscored the need for a third battalion and the requirement for tanks to support the infantry ; a realisation which challenged the conventional wisdom of Australian counter-revolutionary warfare doctrine which had previously allotted only a minor role to armour . Yet , it would be nearly a year before additional Australian forces would finally arrive in Vietnam . To Brigadier Stuart Graham , the 1 ATF commander , Operation Bribie confirmed the need to establish a physical barrier to deny the Viet Cong freedom of movement and thereby regain the initiative , and the subsequent decision to establish an 11 - kilometre ( 6.8 mi ) barrier minefield from Đất Đỏ to the coast increasingly came to dominate task force planning . Yet ultimately this would prove both controversial and costly for the Australians , and despite initial success , the minefield would become a source of munitions for the Viet Cong to use against 1 ATF and later the decision would be made to remove it in 1969 . Meanwhile , with the war continuing to escalate following further American troop increases , 1 ATF was heavily reinforced in late 1967 . A third infantry battalion arrived in December 1967 , while a squadron of Centurion tanks and additional Iroquois helicopters would also be added in early 1968 . In all a further 1,200 men were deployed , taking the total Australian troop strength to over 8,000 men , its highest level during the war . This increase effectively doubled the combat power available to the task force commander . Although primarily operating out of Phước Tuy , the 1 ATF was also available for deployment elsewhere in the III Corps Tactical Zone . Indeed , with the province progressively coming under control , 1968 saw the Australians spending a significant period of time conducting operations further afield . The communist Tet offensive began on 30 January 1968 with the aim of inciting a general uprising , simultaneously engulfing population centres across South Vietnam . In response , 1 ATF was deployed along likely infiltration routes in order to defend the vital Biên Hòa -- Long Binh complex near Saigon , as part of Operation Coburg between January and March . Heavy fighting resulted in 17 Australians killed and 61 wounded , while communist casualties included at least 145 killed , 110 wounded and 5 captured , with many more removed from the battlefield . Meanwhile , Tet also affected Phước Tuy Province , and although stretched thin the remaining Australian forces there successfully repelled an attack on Ba Ria , as well as spoiling a harassing attack on Long Dien and conducting a sweep of Hỏa Lòng , killing 50 Viet Cong and wounding 25 for the loss of five Australians killed and 24 wounded . In late February the communist offensive collapsed , suffering more than 45,000 killed -- against South Vietnamese and allied losses of only 6,000 men . Regardless , Tet proved to be a turning point in the war , and although it had been a tactical disaster for the communists it proved a strategic victory for Hanoi as confidence in the American military and political leadership collapsed , as did public support for the war in the United States . Tet had a similar effect on Australian public opinion , and caused growing uncertainty in the government about the determination of the United States to remain militarily involved in Southeast Asia . Amid the initial shock , Prime Minister John Gorton unexpectedly declared for the first time that Australia would not increase its military commitment in Vietnam . The war continued without respite however , and between May and June 1968 1 ATF was again deployed away from Phước Tuy in response to intelligence reports of another impending offensive . In May 1968 1 RAR and 3 RAR with armour and artillery support fought off large - scale attacks during the Battle of Coral -- Balmoral . Twenty - five Australians were killed and nearly 100 wounded , while the North Vietnamese lost in excess of 300 killed . A No. 2 Squadron Canberra bomber operating over South Vietnam in 1970 Later , from December 1968 to February 1969 two battalions from 1 ATF again deployed away from their base in Phước Tuy province , operating against suspected communist bases in the Hat Dich area , in western Phước Tuy , south - eastern Biên Hòa and south - western Long Khan provinces during Operation Goodwood . The fighting lasted 78 days and was one of the longest out of province operations mounted by the Australians during the war . From May 1969 the main effort of the task force returned to Phước Tuy Province . Later in June 1969 , 5 RAR fought one of the last large - scale actions of the Australian war , during the Battle of Binh Ba , 5 kilometres ( 3.1 mi ) north of Nui Dat in Phước Tuy Province . The battle was unusual in the Australian experience , involving infantry and armour in close - quarter house - to - house fighting through the village of Binh Ba against a combined force of Viet Cong and North Vietnamese Army . For the loss of one Australian killed at the communists lost 107 killed , six wounded and eight captured in a hard - fought but one - sided engagement . Due to the losses suffered at Binh Ba forced the NVA to move out of Phước Tuy into adjoining provinces and although the Australians did encounter main force units in the years to come , the Battle of Binh Ba marked the end of such clashes . Yet while the Viet Cong had largely been forced to withdraw to the borders of the province by 1968 -- 69 , the situation in Phước Tuy was challenged on several occasions in the following years , including during the 1968 Tet Offensive , as well as in mid-1969 following the incursion of the North Vietnamese 33rd Regiment , again in mid-1971 with further incursions by the 33rd Regiment and several Viet Cong main force units , and finally during the Easter Offensive in 1972 . Attacks on RF outposts and incursions into the villages had also continued . Such large - scale battles were not the norm in Phước Tuy Province . More typical of the Australian war was company - level patrolling and cordon and search operations which were designed to put pressure on enemy units and disrupt their access to the local population . To the end of Australian operations in Phước Tuy this remained the focus of Australian efforts and was this approach arguably allowed the restoration of government control in the province . Australia 's peak commitment at any one time was 7,672 combat troops and New Zealand 's , 552 , in 1969 . New Zealand first committed a detachment of engineers and an artillery battery . New Zealand infantry units were also deployed in 1967 and were integrated into Australian battalions serving with 1 ATF after March 1968 . These combined battalions being designated `` ANZAC Battalions '' . Special forces from the New Zealand Special Air Service were also attached to each Australian SASR squadron from late 1968 . During this time the AATTV had continued to operate in support of the South Vietnamese forces , with an area of operations stretching from the far south to the Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone ( DMZ ) forming the border between North Vietnam and South Vietnam . Members of the team were involved in many combat operations , often commanding formations of Vietnamese soldiers . Some advisors worked with regular ARVN units and formations , while others worked with the Montagnard hill tribes in conjunction with US Special Forces . A few were involved in the controversial Phoenix Program run by the US Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) , which was designed to target the Viet Cong infrastructure through infiltration , arrest and assassination . The AATTV became Australia 's most decorated unit of the war , including all four Victoria Crosses awarded during the conflict . Australian counter-insurgency tactics and civic action ( edit ) Historian Albert Palazzo comments that when the Australians entered the Vietnam War , it was with their own `` well considered ... concept of war '' , and this was often contradictory or in conflict with US concepts . The 1 ATF light infantry tactics such as patrolling , searching villages without destroying them ( with a view to eventually converting them ) , and ambush and counter ambush drew criticism from some US commanders . General William Westmoreland is reported to have complained to Major General Tim Vincent that 1 ATF was `` not being aggressive enough '' . By comparison , US forces sought to flush out the enemy and achieve rapid and decisive victory through `` brazen scrub bashing '' and the use of `` massive firepower . '' Australians acknowledged they had much to learn from the US forces about heliborne assault and joint armour and infantry assaults . Yet the US measure of success -- the body count -- was apparently held in contempt by many 1 ATF battalion commanders . In 1966 journalist Gerald Stone described tactics then being used by Australian soldiers newly arrived in Vietnam : The Australian battalion has been described ... as the safest combat force in Vietnam ... It is widely felt that the Australians have shown themselves able to give chase to the guerrillas without exposing themselves to the lethal ambushes that have claimed so many American dead ... Australian patrols shun jungle tracks and clearings ... picking their way carefully and quietly through bamboo thickets and tangled foliage ... It is a frustrating experience to trek through the jungle with Australians . Patrols have taken as much as nine hours to sweep a mile of terrain . They move forward a few steps at a time , stop , listen , then proceed again . An Australian soldier armed with an M60 machine gun Looking back on ten years of reporting the war in Vietnam and Cambodia , journalist Neil Davis said in 1983 : `` I was very proud of the Australian troops . They were very professional , very well trained and they fought the people they were sent to fight -- the Viet Cong . They tried not to involve civilians and generally there were fewer casualties inflicted by the Australians . '' Another perspective on Australian operations was provided by David Hackworth , Vietnam 's most decorated US soldier . `` The Aussies used squads to make contact ... and brought in reinforcements to do the killing ; they planned in the belief that a platoon on the battlefield could do anything . '' For some Viet Cong leaders there was no doubt the Australian jungle warfare approach was effective . One former Viet Cong leader is quoted as saying : `` worse than the Americans were the Australians . The Americans style was to hit us , then call for planes and artillery . Our response was to break contact and disappear if we could ... The Australians were more patient than the Americans , better guerrilla fighters , better at ambushes . They liked to stay with us instead of calling in the planes . We were more afraid of their style . '' According to Albert Palazzo , as a junior partner , the Australians had little opportunity to influence US strategy in the war : `` the American concept ( of how the war should be fought ) remained unchallenged and it prevailed almost by default . '' Overall , the tactics used by the Australian Army in Vietnam were not successful . Like the Americans , Australian tactics were focused on seeking to engage the Communist forces in battle and ultimately failed as the Communists were generally able to evade Australian forces when conditions were not favourable . Moreover , the Australians did not devote sufficient resources to disrupting the logistical infrastructure which supported the Communist forces in Phước Tuy Province and popular support for the Communists remained strong . After 1 ATF was withdrawn in 1971 the insurgency in Phước Tuy rapidly expanded . Meanwhile , although the bulk of Australian military resources in Vietnam were devoted to operations against the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese forces , a civic action program was also undertaken to assist the local population and government authorities in Phước Tuy . This included various projects aimed at winning the support of the people and was seen as an essential element of Australian counter-revolutionary doctrine . Australian forces had first undertaken some civic action projects in 1965 while 1 RAR was operating in Biên Hòa , and similar work was started in Phước Tuy following the deployment of 1 ATF in 1966 . However , in June 1967 the 40 - man 1st Australian Civil Affairs Unit ( 1 ACAU ) was established to undertake the program . By 1970 this unit had grown to 55 men , with detachments specialising in engineering , medical , education and agriculture . During the first three years of the Australian presence civic action was mainly an adjunct to military operations , with the unit involved in the cordon and search of villages and resettlement programs , as well as occasionally in directly aiding and reconstructing villages that had been damaged in major actions . In the final years of the Australian presence it became more involved in assistance to villages and to the provincial administration . While 1 ACAU was the main agency involved in such tasks , at times other task force units were also involved in civic action programs . Activities included construction and public works , medical and dental treatment , education , agriculture development and youth and sports programs . Although extensive , these programs were often undertaken without reference to the local population and it was not until 1969 that villagers were involved in determining what projects would be undertaken and in their construction . Equally , ongoing staff and material support was usually not provided , while maintenance and sustainment was the responsibility of the provincial government which often lacked the capacity or the will to provide it , limiting the benefit provided to the local population . The program continued until 1 ATF 's withdrawal in 1971 , and although it may have succeeded in generating goodwill towards Australian forces , it largely failed to increase support for the South Vietnamese government in the province . Equally , while the program made some useful contributions to the civil facilities and infrastructure in Phước Tuy which remained following the Australian departure , it had little impact on the course of the conflict . Withdrawal of Australian forces , 1970 -- 1973 ( edit ) The Australian withdrawal effectively commenced in November 1970 . As a consequence of the overall US strategy of Vietnamization and with the Australian government keen to reduce its own commitment to the war , 8 RAR was not replaced at the end of its tour of duty . 1 ATF was again reduced to just two infantry battalions , albeit with significant armour , artillery and aviation support remaining . The Australian area of operations remained the same however , with the reduction in forces only adding further to the burden on the remaining battalions . Regardless , following a sustained effort by 1 ATF in Phước Tuy Province between September 1969 and April 1970 , the bulk of communist forces had become inactive and had left the province to recuperate . By 1971 the province had been largely cleared of local VC forces , who were now increasingly reliant on reinforcements from North Vietnam . As a measure of some success , Highway 15 , the main route running through Phước Tuy between Saigon and Vũng Tàu , was open to unescorted traffic . Regardless , the Viet Cong maintained the ability to conduct local operations . Meanwhile , the AATTV had been further expanded , and a Jungle Warfare Training Centre was established in Phước Tuy Province first at Nui Dat then relocated to Van Kiep . In November 1970 , the unit 's strength peaked at 227 advisors . Members of an Australian civic action team confer with Vietnamese village officials on plans for local improvements Australian combat forces were further reduced during 1971 . The Battle of Long Khánh on 6 -- 7 June 1971 took place during one of the last major joint US - Australian operations , and resulted in three Australians killed and six wounded during heavy fighting in which an RAAF UH - 1H Iroqouis was shot down . On 18 August 1971 , Australia and New Zealand decided to withdraw their troops from Vietnam , with the Australian prime minister , William McMahon , announcing that 1 ATF would cease operations in October , commencing a phased withdrawal . The Battle of Nui Le on 21 September proved to be the last major battle fought by Australian forces in the war , and resulted in five Australians killed and 30 wounded . Finally , on 16 October Australian forces handed over control of the base at Nui Dat to South Vietnamese forces , while the main body from 4 RAR -- the last Australian infantry battalion in South Vietnam -- sailed for Australia on board HMAS Sydney on 9 December 1971 . Meanwhile , D Company , 4 RAR with an assault pioneer and mortar section and a detachment of APCs remained in Vũng Tàu to protect the task force headquarters and 1 ALSG until the final withdrawal of stores and equipment could be completed , finally returning to Australia on 12 March 1972 . Australian advisors continued to train Vietnamese troops however , until the announcement by the newly elected Australian Labor government of Gough Whitlam that the remaining advisors would be withdrawn by 18 December 1972 . It was only on 11 January 1973 that the Governor - General of Australia , Paul Hasluck , announced the cessation of combat operations against the communists . Whitlam recognised North Vietnam , which welcomed his electoral success . However , Australian troops remained in Saigon guarding the Australian embassy until 1 July 1973 . The withdrawal from Vietnam meant that 1973 was the first time since the beginning of World War II in 1939 that Australia 's armed forces were not involved in a conflict somewhere in the world . In total approximately 60,000 Australians -- ground troops , air - force and naval personnel -- served in Vietnam between 1962 and 1972 . 521 died as a result of the war and over 3,000 were wounded . 15,381 conscripted national servicemen served from 1965 to 1972 , sustaining 202 killed and 1,279 wounded . In addition there were six Australians listed as missing in action , although these men are included in the list of Australians killed in action and the last of their remains were finally located and returned to Australia in 2009 . Between 1962 and March 1972 the estimated cost of Australia 's involvement to the war in Vietnam was $218.4 million . In March 1975 the Australian Government dispatched RAAF transport aircraft to South Vietnam to provide humanitarian assistance to refugees fleeing the North Vietnamese Ho Chi Minh Campaign . The first Australian C - 130 Hercules arrived at Tan Son Nhat Airport on 30 March and the force , which was designated ' Detachment S ' , reached a strength of eight Hercules by the second week of April . The aircraft of detachment S transported refugees from cities near the front line and evacuated Australians and several hundred Vietnamese orphans from Saigon to Malaysia . In addition , they regularly flew supplies to a large refugee camp at An Thoi on the island of Phú Quốc . The deteriorating security situation forced the Australian aircraft to be withdrawn to Bangkok in mid-April , from where they flew into South Vietnam each day . The last three RAAF flights into Saigon took place on 25 April , when the Australian embassy was evacuated . While all Australians were evacuated , 130 Vietnamese who had worked at the embassy and had been promised evacuation were left behind . Whitlam later refused to accept South Vietnamese refugees following the fall of Saigon to the communists in April 1975 , including Australian embassy staff who were later sent to reeducation camps by the communists . The Liberals -- led by Malcolm Fraser -- condemned Whitlam , and after defeating Labor in the 1975 federal election , allowed South Vietnamese refugees to settle in Australia in large numbers . Protests against the War ( edit ) In Australia , resistance to the war was at first very limited . Initially public opinion was strongly in support of government policy in Vietnam and when the leader of the ALP ( in opposition for most of the period ) , Arthur Calwell announced that the 1966 federal election would be fought specifically on the issue of Vietnam the party suffered their biggest political defeat in decades . However , anti-war sentiment escalated rapidly from 1967 , although it never gained support from the majority of the Australian community . The centre - left ALP became more sympathetic to the communists and Calwell stridently denounced South Vietnamese Prime Minister Nguyễn Cao Kỳ as a `` fascist dictator '' and a `` butcher '' ahead of his 1967 visit -- at the time Ky was the chief of the Republic of Vietnam Air Force and headed a military junta . Despite the controversy leading up to the visit , Ky 's trip was a success . He dealt with the media effectively , despite hostile sentiment from some sections of the press and public . The introduction of conscription by the Australian government in response to a worsening regional strategic outlook during the war was consistently opposed by the ALP and by many sections of society , and some groups resisted the call to military service by burning the letters notifying them of their conscription , which was punishable by a monetary fine , or incited young men to deliberately not register for the draft , which was punishable by imprisonment . Growing public uneasiness about the death toll was fuelled by a series of highly publicised arrests of conscientious objectors , and exacerbated by revelations of atrocities committed against Vietnamese civilians , leading to a rapid increase in domestic opposition to the war between 1967 and 1970 . Following the 1969 federal election , which Labor lost again but with a much reduced margin , public debate about Vietnam was increasingly dominated by those opposed to government policy . On 8 May 1970 , moratorium marches were held in major Australian cities to coincide with the marches in the US . The demonstration in Melbourne , led by future deputy prime minister Jim Cairns , was supported by an estimated 100,000 people . Across Australia , it was estimated that 200,000 people were involved . Nevertheless , opinion polls taken at the time demonstrated that the moratorium failed to achieve its goals and had only a very limited impact upon public opinion , with over half respondents saying that they still supported national service and slightly less stating that they did not want Australia to pull out of the war . Additionally , the numbers that resisted the draft remained low . Indeed , by 1970 it was estimated that 99.8 per cent of those issued with call up papers complied with them . Further moratoria were undertaken on 18 September 1970 and again on 30 June 1971 . Arguably , however , the peace movement had lost its original spirit , as the political debate degenerated , according to author Paul Ham , towards `` menace and violence '' . Dominated by elements Ham identifies as `` left - wing extremists '' , the organisers of the events extended invitations to members of the North Vietnamese government to attend , although this was prevented due to a refusal by the Australian government to grant them visas . Attendance at the subsequent marches was lower than that of May 1970 , and as a result of several factors including confusion over the rules regarding what the protesters were allowed to do , aggressive police tactics , and agitation from protesters , the second march became violent . In Sydney , 173 people were arrested , while in Melbourne the police attempted to control the crowd with a baton - charge . Social attitudes and treatment of veterans ( edit ) The Vietnam Forces National Memorial , Canberra Initially there was considerable support for Australia 's involvement in Vietnam , and all Australian battalions returning from Vietnam participated in well attended welcome home parades through either Sydney , Adelaide , Brisbane or Townsville , even during the early 1970s . Regardless , as opposition to the war increased service in Vietnam came to be seen by sections of the Australian community in less than sympathetic terms and opposition to it generated negative views of veterans in some quarters . In the years following the war , some Vietnam veterans experienced social exclusion and problems readjusting to society . Nevertheless , as the tour of duty of each soldier during the Vietnam War was limited to one year ( although some soldiers chose to sign up for a second or even a third tour of duty ) , the number of soldiers suffering from combat stress was probably more limited than it might otherwise have been . In addition to the negative sentiments towards returned soldiers from some sections of the anti-war movement , some Second World War veterans also held negative views and attitudes toward the Vietnam War veterans . As a result , many Australian Vietnam veterans were excluded from joining the Returned Servicemen 's League ( RSL ) during the 1960s and 1970s on the grounds that the Vietnam War veterans did not fight a `` real war '' . The response of the RSL varied across the country , and while some rejected Vietnam veterans , other branches , particularly those in rural areas , were said to be very supportive . Nevertheless , many Vietnam veterans were excluded from marching in Anzac Day parades during the 1970s because some soldiers of earlier wars saw the Vietnam veterans as unworthy heirs to the ANZAC title and tradition , a view which hurt many Vietnam veterans and resulted in continued resentment towards the RSL . Regardless , in 1972 the RSL decided that Vietnam veterans should lead the march , which attracted large crowds throughout the country . Australian Vietnam veterans were honoured at a `` Welcome Home '' parade in Sydney on 3 October 1987 , and it was then that a campaign for the construction of the Vietnam War Memorial began . This memorial , known as the Vietnam Forces National Memorial , was established on Anzac Parade in Canberra , and was dedicated on 3 October 1992 . Effect on Australian foreign and Defence policy ( edit ) In the aftermath of the Vietnam War the withdrawal of the US from South - East Asia forced Australia to adopt a more independent foreign policy , moving away from forward defence and reliance on powerful allies to a greater emphasis on the defence of continental Australia and military self - reliance , albeit in the context of a continued alliance with the United States . This later had important implications for the military 's force structure in the 1980s and 1990s . The experience in Vietnam also caused an intolerance for casualties which resulted in successive Australian governments becoming more cautious towards the deployment of military forces overseas . Regardless , the `` imperative to deploy forces overseas '' remained a feature of Australian strategic behavior in the post-Vietnam era , while the US alliance has continued to be a fundamental aspect of its foreign policy into the early 21st century . Timeline ( edit ) 1950 The Democratic Republic of Vietnam led by Ho Chi Minh is recognised by the People 's Republic of China and the Soviet Union , but Australia supports the French - backed State of Vietnam of Emperor Bảo Đại . 1957 September -- South Vietnamese President Ngô Đình Diệm visits Australia and Australian Prime Minister Robert Menzies reaffirms support . 1962 24 May -- The Minister for Defence , Athol Townley , announces the intention to send 30 Army advisers to South Vietnam ( SVN ) . 3 August -- The first members of the Australian Army Training Team Vietnam arrive in Vietnam . 1963 1 June -- Advisor , Sergeant William Hacking becomes the first Australian to die in Vietnam when his weapon accidentally discharges after being caught in vegetation . 2 November -- Ngô Đình Diệm , South Vietnam 's first President ( 1955 -- 63 ) , and his brother , Ngô Đình Nhu , are assassinated in a successful CIA - backed coup d'état led by General Dương Văn Minh of the Army of the Republic of Vietnam ( ARVN ) . 22 November -- Lyndon B. Johnson becomes US president after the assassination of John F. Kennedy . Johnson announces that the US will continue support of South Vietnam . By the end of 1963 , 15,000 US advisors are serving in Vietnam ; the US gives $500 m in aid to Vietnam that year . 1964 8 June -- Minister for Defence announces that the Australian Army Training Team Vietnam will be increased to 83 advisers and their role will be expanded . 6 July -- Warrant Officer Class Two Kevin Conway , an AATV advisor , is killed in action , the first Australian battle casualty of the war . 14 August -- Six Caribou aircraft are provided by the Royal Australian Air Force ; RAAF Transport Flight Vietnam is later renamed No. 35 Squadron RAAF . 10 November -- Selective conscription is introduced for 20 - year - old males by ballot under the National Service Act ( 1964 ) . 18 December -- In response to requests from the US President and South Vietnam Prime Minister for 200 additional advisers , the Australian Government offers to send ground troops to South Vietnam . 1965 29 April -- The Prime Minister announces the dispatch of an infantry battalion to South Vietnam , with an armoured personnel carrier ( APC ) troop , a signals troop and a logistic support company . 27 May -- The 1st Battalion , Royal Australian Regiment leaves for Vietnam on HMAS Sydney . 8 June -- HMAS Sydney arrives at Vũng Tàu , South Vietnam , carrying the bulk of the Australian force . 8 November -- 1 RAR fights one of the first set - piece engagements of the war between Australian forces and the Viet Cong at the Battle of Gang Toi . Two servicemen , Private Richard Parker and Private Peter Gillson , are posted missing believed killed during the fighting . Their bodies are recovered more than forty years later , and returned to Australia for burial . 13 November -- Warrant Officer Class Two Kevin Arthur Wheatley dies while defending a wounded comrade . He is posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross for his gallantry . 1966 8 -- 14 January -- 1 RAR participates in Operation Crimp in the Ho Bo Woods as part of the first divisional - sized operation of the war , targeting an underground Viet Cong headquarters . 23 -- 24 February -- 1 RAR is involved in the Battle of Suoi Bong Trang , while providing protection to US engineers building a tactically important road in the vicinity of Tan Binh , in central Bình Dương Province . June -- Prime Minister , Harold Holt visits the United States to discuss the war with US President Lyndon B. Johnson . Holt confirms the Australian government 's full support for the United States ' Vietnam policy , and in a speech on 30 June adopts the slogan ' All the way with LBJ ' . 18 August -- Battle of Long Tan , a decisive Australian victory is fought by D Company of the 6th Battalion , Royal Australian Regiment . The Company earns a US Presidential Unit Citation ( Vietnam ) . October -- US President Johnson visits Australia . Large crowds welcome him in Sydney and Melbourne , although some demonstrations take place ; images of protesters throwing eggs at Johnson 's car are later sent worldwide . 1967 7 April -- Major Peter Badcoe dies leading his company against more powerful opposition . He is posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross for bravery , conspicuous gallantry and leadership on more than one occasion . 6 August -- A Company , 7 RAR was involved in heavy fighting in the eastern Hat Dich area during the Battle of Suoi Chau Pha . Australian casualties were heavy with five killed , one died of wounds and 19 wounded . A sweep of the area resulted in the recovery of only five dead Viet Cong , however drag marks and extensive blood trails indicated that they had suffered heavily , with perhaps another 33 killed or wounded in the contact , while a further 200 casualties were estimated from artillery and mortar fire , as well as airstrikes . 1968 30 January -- Tet Offensive is launched by the National Front for the Liberation of Vietnam , more commonly known as the Viet Cong . The offensive lasts until 8 June 1969 . 12 February -- Prime Minister , John Gorton , announces that Australia will not increase its commitment to Vietnam . May -- The National Service Act is amended to impose a two - year civil gaol term for draft resisters . 13 May -- Battle of Coral -- Balmoral takes place and becomes the bloodiest engagement for Australians in Vietnam when 25 Australians are killed and nearly 100 wounded during 26 days of fighting in AO Surfers , north - east of Saigon . The operation lasts till 6 June 1968 . 14 October -- John Zarb is the first person to be found guilty of having failed to comply with his call up notice during the Vietnam War . He is convicted in Melbourne and sentenced to two years gaol . He loses his appeal to the full High Court on 25 November 1968 . He is released on compassionate grounds in August 1969 after serving 10 months and seven days in Pentridge Prison . 1969 6 May -- In Kon Tum Province , Vietnam , Warrant Officer Class Two Rayene Stewart Simpson rescues a wounded fellow warrant officer and carries out an unsuccessful attack on a strong enemy position . On 11 May , he fights alone against heavy odds to cover the evacuation of casualties . Simpson is later awarded the Victoria Cross for his gallantry in the face of the enemy . 24 May -- At Ben Het , Kon Tum Province in Vietnam , Warrant Officer Class Two Keith Payne shows outstanding courage and leadership in saving the lives of many of the soldiers under his command , leading his men to safety under most difficult circumstances after an attack by the enemy in superior strength . He is awarded the Victoria Cross . 6 -- 8 June -- Australian forces destroy a large communist force in heavy house - to - house fighting during the Battle of Binh Ba . 20 July -- At a United States Marine non-commissioned officer 's club , 7 km ( 4 mi ) from Da Nang , a civilian pop entertainer , Cathy Wayne , becomes the first Australian woman killed during the Vietnam War . US Marine Sergeant J.W. Killen is found guilty of her unpremeditated murder , having shot her accidentally while attempting to kill his commanding officer . 1970 8 May -- First of the moratorium demonstrations : 200,000 march in Australian cities to call for an end to Australian involvement in the war . The largest turnout was in Melbourne where 70,000 people marched down Bourke Street , Melbourne . 18 September -- Second moratorium : 100,000 march in Australian cities ; over 300 people were arrested . 1971 7 June -- Battle of Long Khánh takes place when 3rd Battalion , Royal Australian Regiment with Centurion tanks in support attack a heavily fortified base camp during Operation Overlord . Although the Australians capture the bunker system , and a second system located to the south , the bulk of the communist forces successfully withdraw . 30 June -- Third and final large anti-war rally in Australia ; 110,000 demonstrate in Australian cities . 18 August 1971 -- Prime Minister William McMahon announces that 1 ATF would cease operations in South Vietnam in October , and would begin commencing a phased withdrawal after that . 21 September -- the Battle of Nui Le takes place in Phước Tuy Province . A tactically inconclusive encounter between troops from the 4th Battalion , Royal Australian Regiment and the NVA 33rd Regiment north of Nui Dat , it proved to be the last major battle fought by Australian forces in the war . Five Australians are killed and 30 wounded . 16 October -- Australian forces hand over control of the Australian base at Nui Dat to South Vietnamese forces . 9 December -- 4 RAR , the last Australian infantry battalion in South Vietnam , sails for Australia on board HMAS Sydney . 1972 24 April -- `` The Michael Matteson Handcuff Incident '' ; about a thousand students at Sydney University free the draft resister , Michael Matteson , from the law . 2 December -- Whitlam Labor Government elected and within weeks releases the last imprisoned resisters including Robert Martin . Australia begins to finalise the withdrawal of its forces from Vietnam . See also ( edit ) Australians Missing in Action in the Vietnam War History of the Australian Army Military History of Australia New Zealand in the Vietnam War Role of United States in the Vietnam War The Official History of Australia 's Involvement in Southeast Asian Conflicts 1948 -- 1975 Australian Army battle honours of the Vietnam War Order of battle of Australian forces during the Vietnam War Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` About this Nominal Roll '' . Nominal Roll of Vietnam Veterans . Department of Veterans ' Affairs . Retrieved 18 July 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Vietnam War 1962 -- 1972 '' . Website . Army History Unit . Archived from the original on 5 September 2006 . Retrieved 20 September 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Vietnam War 1962 -- 1972 '' . Encyclopaedia . Australian War Memorial . Retrieved 1 July 2006 . Jump up ^ Ham 2007 , pp. 48 -- 49 . Jump up ^ Ham 2007 , p. 42 . ^ Jump up to : Ham 2007 , p. 59 . Jump up ^ Nalty 1998 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Ham 2007 , pp. 59 -- 71 . Jump up ^ Ham 2007 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ McNeill 1984 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Grey 2008 , p. 236 . Jump up ^ Ham 2007 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ McNeill 1984 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ As a point of comparison , there were 16,000 US advisors in Vietnam at the same time . Jump up ^ Ham 2007 , pp. 93 -- 94 . Jump up ^ McNeill 1984 , p. 67 . Jump up ^ `` Vietnam -- Australia 's Longest War : A Calendar of Military and Political Events '' . Vietnam Veterans Association of Australia . 2006 . Retrieved 1 July 2006 . Jump up ^ Harpur 1990 , p. 98 . Jump up ^ Ham 2007 , pp. 166 -- 172 . Jump up ^ Grey 2008 , p. 238 . Jump up ^ Ham 2007 , p. 175 . ^ Jump up to : Dennis et al 2008 , p. 59 . Jump up ^ Menzies cited in Ham 2007 , pp. 118 -- 119 Jump up ^ Grey 2008 , p. 237 . ^ Jump up to : Ham 2007 , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Ham 2007 , p. 123 . Jump up ^ Ham 2007 , pp. 119 -- 120 . Jump up ^ Andrew 1975 , pp. 172 -- 173 . ^ Jump up to : Ham 2007 , p. 128 . Jump up ^ Ham 2007 , p. 131 . Jump up ^ Dennis et al 2008 , p. 555 . 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Jump up ^ Jupp 2001 , pp. 723 -- 724 , 732 -- 733 . Jump up ^ Dennis et al 2008 , p. 557 . Jump up ^ Edwards 2014 , p. 162 Jump up ^ Grey 2008 , p. 248 . Jump up ^ Edwards 1997 , pp. 141 -- 142 . Jump up ^ Edwards 1997 , pp. 143 -- 146 . Jump up ^ Ham 2007 , pp. 271 , 335 , 458 & 528 . Jump up ^ Ham 2007 , pp. 449 -- 461 . Jump up ^ Dennis et al 2008 , p. 558 . Jump up ^ The Australian , 9 May 1970 , estimated the crowd as 100,000 . Also Strangio , Paul ( 13 October 2003 ) . `` Farewell to a conscience of the nation '' . The Age . Retrieved 1 July 2006 . Jump up ^ Ham 2007 , p. 526 . Jump up ^ Ham 2007 , p. 527 . Jump up ^ Ham 2007 , p. 528 . ^ Jump up to : Ham 2007 , p. 529 . Jump up ^ Woodruff 1999 , p. 230 . Jump up ^ Pols , Hans . `` War , Trauma , and Psychiatry '' . HPS ( History and Philosophy of Science ) in the Science Alliance Newsletter . The University of Sydney -- History and Philosophy of Science . Archived from the original on 22 November 2005 . Retrieved 1 July 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Ham 2007 , p. 565 . Jump up ^ Edwards 1997 , p. 307 . Jump up ^ Ham 2007 , p. 650 . Jump up ^ Fontana , Shane ( 1995 ) . `` Dedication of the Australian Vietnam Forces National Memorial in Canberra '' . Vietnam Veterans . Bill McBride . Archived from the original on 16 June 2006 . Retrieved 2 July 2006 . Jump up ^ Edwards 2014 , pp. 261 -- 264 . Jump up ^ Blaxland 2014 , pp. 1 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Blaxland 2014 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Edwards 2014 , pp. 265 -- 268 . Jump up ^ Edwards 1991 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Hartley 2002 , p. 240 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Army Training Team Vietnam '' . Australian military units . Australian War Memorial . Archived from the original on 11 December 2008 . Retrieved 3 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Caufield 2007 , p. 80 . Jump up ^ Hartley 2002 , p. 242 . Jump up ^ `` Chronology '' ( pdf ) . Impressions : Australians in Vietnam . Australian War Memorial . 1997 . Retrieved 3 July 2006 . Jump up ^ `` In for the long haul : 40th Anniversary of the First Air Force Deployment to Vietnam '' . Air Force News . Royal Australian Air Force . 2004 . Retrieved 3 July 2006 . Jump up ^ Caufield 2007 , p. 101 . Jump up ^ Caufield 2007 , p. 87 . Jump up ^ Caufield 2007 , p. 89 . Jump up ^ Caufield 2007 , pp. 357 -- 358 . Jump up ^ Coulhard - Clark 2001 , p. 286 . Jump up ^ McAulay 1988 , p. 338 . ^ Jump up to : Rayner , Michelle ( 2002 ) . `` Warnes , Catherine Anne ( 1949 -- 1969 ) '' . Australian Dictionary of Biography . Melbourne , Victoria : Melbourne University Press . p. 496 . Retrieved 21 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Ham 2007 , p. 525 . Jump up ^ Markey , Ray ( 1998 ) . `` In Praise of Protest : The Vietnam Moratorium '' ( PDF ) . Illawarra Unity . Illawarra Branch of the Australian Society for the Study of Labour History ; University of Wollongong . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on 26 August 2006 . Retrieved 3 July 2006 . Jump up ^ Freudenberg 2009 , p. 247 . Jump up ^ ' History maker turns historian ' Adelaide Advertiser , 16 January 1988 , p. 2 Jump up ^ Interview with Robert Martin ( sound recording ) , Peter Donovan , 1989 Adelaide Gaol Oral History Project State Library of South Australia References ( edit ) Andrews , E.M ( 1975 ) . A History of Australian Foreign Policy . Melbourne : Longman Cheshire . ISBN 0582682533 . Blaxland , John ( 2014 ) . The Australian Army from Whitlam to Howard . Port Melbourne : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9781107043657 . Bowden , Tim ( 1987 ) . One Crowded Hour . Sydney : Collins Australia . ISBN 0 - 00 - 217496 - 0 . Caufield , Michael ( 2007 ) . The Vietnam Years : From the Jungle to the Australian Suburbs . Sydney , New South Wales : Hachette Australia . ISBN 9780733619854 . Chanoff , David ; Doan Van Toai ( 1996 ) . Vietnam , A Portrait of its People at War . London : Taurus & Co . ISBN 1 - 86064 - 076 - 1 . Coulthard - Clark , Chris ( 1995 ) . The RAAF in Vietnam . Australian Air Involvement in the Vietnam War 1962 -- 1975 . The Official History of Australia 's Involvement in Southeast Asian Conflicts 1948 -- 1975 . Volume Four . Sydney : Allen & Unwin in association with the Australian War Memorial . ISBN 1 - 86373 - 305 - 1 . Coulthard - Clark , Chris ( 1998 ) . Where Australians Fought : The Encyclopaedia of Australia 's Battles ( First ed . ) . St Leonards : Allen & Unwin . ISBN 1 - 86448 - 611 - 2 . Coulthard - Clark , Chris ( 2001 ) . The Encyclopaedia of Australia 's Battles ( Second ed . ) . Crows Nest : Allen & Unwin . ISBN 1 - 86508 - 634 - 7 . Crosby , Ron ( 2009 ) . NZSAS : The First Fifty Years . Auckland : Viking . ISBN 978 - 0 - 67 - 007424 - 2 . Dennis , Peter ; Grey , Jeffrey ; Morris , Ewan ; Prior , Robin ( 1995 ) . The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History ( First ed . ) . Melbourne : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 553227 - 9 . Dennis , Peter ; Grey , Jeffrey ; Morris , Ewan ; Prior , Robin ; Bou , Jean ( 2008 ) . The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History ( Second ed . ) . Melbourne : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 551784 - 2 . Edwards , Peter . `` Australian Government and the Involvement in the Vietnam War '' . Vietnam Generation. 3 ( 2 ) : 16 -- 25 . Edwards , Peter ( 1992 ) . Crises and Commitments : The Politics and Diplomacy of Australia 's Involvement in Southeast Asian Conflicts 1948 -- 1965 . The Official History of Australia 's Involvement in Southeast Asian Conflicts 1948 -- 1975 . Volume One . St Leonards : Allen & Unwin . ISBN 1 - 86373 - 184 - 9 . Edwards , Peter ( 1997 ) . A Nation at War : Australian Politics , Society and Diplomacy During the Vietnam War 1965 -- 1975 . The Official History of Australia 's Involvement in Southeast Asian Conflicts 1948 -- 1975 . Volume Six . Allen & Unwin . ISBN 1 - 86448 - 282 - 6 . Edwards , Peter ( 2014 ) . Australia and the Vietnam War : The Essential History . Sydney : NewSouth Publishing . ISBN 9781742232744 . Ekins , Ashley ; McNeill , Ian ( 2012 ) . Fighting to the Finish : The Australian Army and the Vietnam War 1968 -- 1975 . The Official History of Australia 's Involvement in Southeast Asian Conflicts 1948 -- 1975 . Volume Nine . St Leonards , New South Wales : Allen & Unwin . ISBN 9781865088242 . Freudenberg , Graham ( 2009 ) . A Certain Grandeur : Gough Whitlam 's Life in Politics ( revised ed . ) . Viking . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 07375 - 7 . Frost , Frank ( 1987 ) . Australia 's War in Vietnam . North Sydney : Allen & Unwin . ISBN 004355024X . Grey , Jeffrey ( 2008 ) . A Military History of Australia ( 3rd ed . ) . Melbourne : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 69791 - 0 . Hackworth , David ; Sherman , Julie ( 1989 ) . About Face , the Odyssey of an American Warrior . Melbourne : MacMillan . ISBN 0 - 671 - 52692 - 8 . Ham , Paul ( 2007 ) . Vietnam : The Australian War . Sydney : Harper Collins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7322 - 8237 - 0 . Harper , James ( 1990 ) . War Without End . Longman Cheshire . ISBN 0 - 582 - 86826 - 2 . Hartley , John ( 2002 ) . `` The Australian Army Training Team Vietnam '' . In Dennis , Peter ; Grey , Jeffrey . The 2002 Chief of Army 's Military History Conference : The Australian Army and the Vietnam War 1962 -- 1972 . Canberra , Australian Capital Territory : Army History Unit . pp. 240 -- 247 . ISBN 0 - 642 - 50267 - 6 . Archived from the original on 12 May 2015 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Horner , David , ed. ( 1990 ) . Duty First : The Royal Australian Regiment in War and Peace ( First ed . ) . North Sydney : Allen & Unwin . ISBN 0 - 04 - 442227 - X . Horner , David ; ed ( 2008 ) . Duty First : A History of the Royal Australian Regiment ( Second ed . ) . Crows Nest : Allen & Unwin . ISBN 978 - 1 - 74175 - 374 - 5 . Jupp , James ( 2001 ) . The Australian People : An Encyclopedia of the Nation , its People , and Their Origins . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 80789 - 1 . Kuring , Ian ( 2004 ) . Redcoats to Cams : A History of Australian Infantry 1788 -- 2001 . Loftus , New South Wales : Australian Military Historical Publications . ISBN 1876439998 . Lyles , Kevin ( 2004 ) . Vietnam ANZACs -- Australian & New Zealand Troops in Vietnam 1962 -- 72 . Elite Series 103 . Oxford : Osprey . ISBN 1 - 84176 - 702 - 6 . McAulay , Lex ( 1988 ) . The Battle of Coral : Vietnam Fire Support Bases Coral and Balmoral , May 1968 . London : Arrow Books . ISBN 0 - 09 - 169091 - 9 . McKay , Gary ; Graeme Nicholas ( 2001 ) . Jungle Tracks : Australian Armour in Vietnam . Crows Nest : Allen & Unwin . ISBN 1 - 86508 - 449 - 2 . McNeill , Ian ( 1984 ) . The Team . Australian Army Advisors in Vietnam 1962 -- 1972 . Canberra : Australian War Memorial . ISBN 0 - 642 - 87702 - 5 . McNeill , Ian ; Ekins , Ashley ( 2003 ) . On the Offensive : The Australian Army and the Vietnam War 1967 -- 1968 . St Leonards : Allen & Unwin . ISBN 1 - 86373 - 304 - 3 . Nalty , Bernard C. ( 1998 ) . The Vietnam War . Salamander Books . ISBN 0 - 7607 - 1697 - 8 . Odgers , George ( 1988 ) . Army Australia : An Illustrated History . Frenchs Forest : Child & Associates . ISBN 0 - 86777 - 061 - 9 . O'Keefe , Brendan ( 1994 ) . Medicine at War : Medical Aspects of Australia 's Involvement in Southeast Asian Conflicts 1950 -- 1972 . The Official History of Australia 's Involvement in Southeast Asian Conflicts 1948 -- 1975 . Volume Three . St Leonards : Allen & Unwin . ISBN 1 - 863733 - 01 - 9 . Palazzo , Albert ( 2006 ) . Australian Military Operations in Vietnam . Canberra : Army History Unit , Australian War Memorial . ISBN 1 - 876439 - 10 - 6 . Stephens , Alan ( 2006 ) . The Royal Australian Air Force : A History ( Paperback ed . ) . South Melbourne : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 555541 - 7 . Stone , Gerald ( 1966 ) . War Without Honour . Brisbane : Jacaranda Press . OCLC 3491668 . Woodruff , Mark ( 1999 ) . Unheralded Victory : Who Won the Vietnam War ? . London : Harper Collins . ISBN 0004725409 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Australia in the Vietnam War . Vietnam War Bibliography : Australia and New Zealand `` Australia 's Vietnam War : Exploring the Combat Actions of the 1st Australian Task Force '' . Australian Defence Force Academy . `` Australia and the Vietnam War '' . Department of Veterans ' Affairs . Military history of Australia History of the branches of the Australian Defence Force History of the Royal Australian Navy History of the Australian Army History of the Royal Australian Air Force Military history of Australia by conflict Frontier wars Boer War World War I Russian Civil War World War II Korean War Malayan Emergency Indonesia -- Malaysia confrontation Vietnam War Gulf War War in Afghanistan Iraq War Military intervention against ISIL Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Australia_during_the_Vietnam_War&oldid=856285854 '' Categories : Foreign relations of Australia Political history of Australia Military history of Australia during the Vietnam War Wars involving Australia History of Australia since 1945 Cold War history of Australia Australia -- Vietnam military relations Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from September 2011 Use Australian English from September 2011 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Edit links This page was last edited on 24 August 2018 , at 04 : 18 ( UTC ) . 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number of hemoglobin molecules in a red blood cell	The blood 's red color is due to the spectral properties of the hemic iron ions in hemoglobin . Each human red blood cell contains approximately 270 million of these hemoglobin molecules . Each hemoglobin molecule carries four heme groups ; hemoglobin constitutes about a third of the total cell volume . Hemoglobin is responsible for the transport of more than 98 % of the oxygen in the body ( the remaining oxygen is carried dissolved in the blood plasma ) . The red blood cells of an average adult human male store collectively about 2.5 grams of iron , representing about 65 % of the total iron contained in the body .	approximately 270 million	Red blood cell	red blood cell	Red blood cells -- also known as RBCs , red cells , red blood corpuscles , haematids , erythroid cells or erythrocytes ( from Greek erythros for `` red '' and kytos for `` hollow vessel '' , with - cyte translated as `` cell '' in modern usage ) , are the most common type of blood cell and the vertebrate 's principal means of delivering oxygen ( O ) to the body tissues -- via blood flow through the circulatory system . RBCs take up oxygen in the lungs , or gills of fish , and release it into tissues while squeezing through the body 's capillaries .	The cytoplasm of erythrocytes is rich in hemoglobin , an iron - containing biomolecule that can bind oxygen and is responsible for the red color of the cells and the blood . The cell membrane is composed of proteins and lipids , and this structure provides properties essential for physiological cell function such as deformability and stability while traversing the circulatory system and specifically the capillary network . In humans , mature red blood cells are flexible and oval biconcave disks . They lack a cell nucleus and most organelles , in order to accommodate maximum space for hemoglobin ; they can be viewed as sacks of hemoglobin , with a plasma membrane as the sack . Approximately 2.4 million new erythrocytes are produced per second in human adults . The cells develop in the bone marrow and circulate for about 100 -- 120 days in the body before their components are recycled by macrophages . Each circulation takes about 60 seconds ( one minute ) . Approximately a quarter of the cells in the human body are red blood cells . Nearly half of the blood 's volume ( 40 % to 45 % ) is red blood cells . Packed red blood cells ( pRBC ) are red blood cells that have been donated , processed , and stored in a blood bank for blood transfusion . Contents 1 Structure 1.1 Vertebrates 1.2 Mammals 1.3 Human 2 Microstructure 2.1 Nucleus 2.2 Membrane composition 2.2. 1 Membrane lipids 2.2. 2 Membrane proteins 2.3 Surface electrostatic potential 3 Function 3.1 Secondary functions 3.2 Cellular processes 4 Life cycle 4.1 Creation 4.2 Functional lifetime 4.3 Senescence 5 Clinical significance 5.1 Disease 5.2 Transfusion 5.3 Tests 5.4 Separation and blood doping 6 History 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Structure Vertebrates There is an immense size variation in vertebrate red blood cells , as well as a correlation between cell and nucleus size . Mammalian red blood cells , which do not contain nuclei , are considerably smaller than those of most other vertebrates . Mature red blood cells of birds have a nucleus , however in the blood of adult females of penguin Pygoscelis papua enucleated red blood cells ( B ) have been observed , but with very low frequency . Almost all vertebrates , including all mammals and humans , have red blood cells . Red blood cells are cells present in blood in order to transport oxygen . The only known vertebrates without red blood cells are the crocodile icefish ( family Channichthyidae ) ; they live in very oxygen - rich cold water and transport oxygen freely dissolved in their blood . While they no longer use hemoglobin , remnants of hemoglobin genes can be found in their genome . Vertebrate red blood cells consist mainly of hemoglobin , a complex metalloprotein containing heme groups whose iron atoms temporarily bind to oxygen molecules ( O ) in the lungs or gills and release them throughout the body . Oxygen can easily diffuse through the red blood cell 's cell membrane . Hemoglobin in the red blood cells also carries some of the waste product carbon dioxide back from the tissues ; most waste carbon dioxide , however , is transported back to the pulmonary capillaries of the lungs as bicarbonate ( HCO ) dissolved in the blood plasma . Myoglobin , a compound related to hemoglobin , acts to store oxygen in muscle cells . The color of red blood cells is due to the heme group of hemoglobin . The blood plasma alone is straw - colored , but the red blood cells change color depending on the state of the hemoglobin : when combined with oxygen the resulting oxyhemoglobin is scarlet , and when oxygen has been released the resulting deoxyhemoglobin is of a dark red burgundy color . However , blood can appear bluish when seen through the vessel wall and skin . Pulse oximetry takes advantage of the hemoglobin color change to directly measure the arterial blood oxygen saturation using colorimetric techniques . Hemoglobin also has a very high affinity for carbon monoxide , forming carboxyhemoglobin which is a very bright red in color . Flushed , confused patients with a saturation reading of 100 % on pulse oximetry are sometimes found to be suffering from carbon monoxide poisoning . Having oxygen - carrying proteins inside specialized cells ( as opposed to oxygen carriers being dissolved in body fluid ) was an important step in the evolution of vertebrates as it allows for less viscous blood , higher concentrations of oxygen , and better diffusion of oxygen from the blood to the tissues . The size of red blood cells varies widely among vertebrate species ; red blood cell width is on average about 25 % larger than capillary diameter , and it has been hypothesized that this improves the oxygen transfer from red blood cells to tissues . Mammals Typical mammalian red blood cells : ( a ) seen from surface ; ( b ) in profile , forming rouleaux ; ( c ) rendered spherical by water ; ( d ) rendered crenate ( shrunken and spiky ) by salt . ( c ) and ( d ) do not normally occur in the body . The last two shapes are due to water being transported into , and out of , the cells , by osmosis . The red blood cells of mammal s are typically shaped as biconcave disks : flattened and depressed in the center , with a dumbbell - shaped cross section , and a torus - shaped rim on the edge of the disk . This distinctive biconcave shape optimises the flow properties of blood in the large vessels , such as maximization of laminar flow and minimization of platelet scatter , which suppresses their atherogenic activity in those large vessels . Moreover , this shape allows for a high surface - area - to - volume ( SA / V ) ratio to facilitate diffusion of gases . However , there are some exceptions concerning shape in the artiodactyl order ( even - toed ungulates including cattle , deer , and their relatives ) , which displays a wide variety of bizarre red blood cell morphologies : small and highly ovaloid cells in llamas and camels ( family Camelidae ) , tiny spherical cells in mouse deer ( family Tragulidae ) , and cells which assume fusiform , lanceolate , crescentic , and irregularly polygonal and other angular forms in red deer and wapiti ( family Cervidae ) . Members of this order have clearly evolved a mode of red blood cell development substantially different from the mammalian norm . Overall , mammalian red blood cells are remarkably flexible and deformable so as to squeeze through tiny capillaries , as well as to maximize their apposing surface by assuming a cigar shape , where they efficiently release their oxygen load . Red blood cells in mammals are unique amongst vertebrates as they do not have nuclei when mature . Red blood cells of mammals cells have nuclei during early phases of erythropoiesis , but extrude them during development as they mature in order to provide more space for hemoglobin . The red blood cells without nuclei , called reticulocytes , go on to lose all other cellular organelles such as their mitochondria , Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum . The spleen acts as a reservoir of red blood cells , but this effect is somewhat limited in humans . In some other mammals such as dogs and horses , the spleen sequesters large numbers of red blood cells which are dumped into the blood during times of exertion stress , yielding a higher oxygen transport capacity . Scanning electron micrograph of blood cells . From left to right : human red blood cell , thrombocyte ( platelet ) , leukocyte . Human Two drops of blood are shown with a bright red oxygenated drop on the left and a deoxygenated drop on the right . Animation of a typical human red blood cell cycle in the circulatory system . This animation occurs at a faster rate ( ~ 20 seconds of the average 60 - second cycle ) and shows the red blood cell deforming as it enters capillaries , as well as the bars changing color as the cell alternates in states of oxygenation along the circulatory system . A typical human red blood cell has a disk diameter of approximately 6.2 -- 8.2 μm and a thickness at the thickest point of 2 -- 2.5 μm and a minimum thickness in the centre of 0.8 -- 1 μm , being much smaller than most other human cells . These cells have an average volume of about 90 fL with a surface of about 136 μm , and can swell up to a sphere shape containing 150 fL , without membrane distension . Adult humans have roughly 20 -- 30 trillion red blood cells at any given time , constituting approximately 70 % of all cells by number . Women have about 4 -- 5 million red blood cells per microliter ( cubic millimeter ) of blood and men about 5 -- 6 million ; people living at high altitudes with low oxygen tension will have more . Red blood cells are thus much more common than the other blood particles : there are about 4,000 -- 11,000 white blood cells and about 150,000 -- 400,000 platelets per microliter . Human red blood cells take on average 60 seconds to complete one cycle of circulation . The blood 's red color is due to the spectral properties of the hemic iron ions in hemoglobin . Each human red blood cell contains approximately 270 million of these hemoglobin molecules . Each hemoglobin molecule carries four heme groups ; hemoglobin constitutes about a third of the total cell volume . Hemoglobin is responsible for the transport of more than 98 % of the oxygen in the body ( the remaining oxygen is carried dissolved in the blood plasma ) . The red blood cells of an average adult human male store collectively about 2.5 grams of iron , representing about 65 % of the total iron contained in the body . Microstructure Nucleus Red blood cells in mammals anucleate when mature , meaning that they lack a cell nucleus . In comparison , the red blood cells of other vertebrates have nuclei ; the only known exceptions are salamanders of the genus Batrachoseps and fish of the genus Maurolicus . The elimination of the nucleus in vertebrate red blood cells has been offered as an explanation for the subsequent accumulation of non-coding DNA in the genome . The argument runs as follows : Efficient gas transport requires red blood cells to pass through very narrow capillaries , and this constrains their size . In the absence of nuclear elimination , the accumulation of repeat sequences is constrained by the volume occupied by the nucleus , which increases with genome size . Nucleated red blood cells in mammals consist of two forms : normoblasts , which are normal erythropoietic precursors to mature red blood cells , and megaloblasts , which are abnormally large precursors that occur in megaloblastic anemias . Membrane composition Red blood cells are deformable , flexible , are able to adhere to other cells , and are able to interface with immune cells . Their membrane plays many roles in this . These functions are highly dependent on the membrane composition . The red blood cell membrane is composed of 3 layers : the glycocalyx on the exterior , which is rich in carbohydrates ; the lipid bilayer which contains many transmembrane proteins , besides its lipidic main constituents ; and the membrane skeleton , a structural network of proteins located on the inner surface of the lipid bilayer . Half of the membrane mass in human and most mammalian red blood cells are proteins . The other half are lipids , namely phospholipids and cholesterol . Membrane lipids The most common red blood cell cell membrane lipids , schematically disposed as they are distributed on the bilayer . Relative abundances are not at scale . The red blood cell cell membrane comprises a typical lipid bilayer , similar to what can be found in virtually all human cells . Simply put , this lipid bilayer is composed of cholesterol and phospholipids in equal proportions by weight . The lipid composition is important as it defines many physical properties such as membrane permeability and fluidity . Additionally , the activity of many membrane proteins is regulated by interactions with lipids in the bilayer . Unlike cholesterol , which is evenly distributed between the inner and outer leaflets , the 5 major phospholipids are asymmetrically disposed , as shown below : Outer monolayer Phosphatidylcholine ( PC ) ; Sphingomyelin ( SM ) . Inner monolayer Phosphatidylethanolamine ( PE ) ; Phosphoinositol ( PI ) ( small amounts ) . Phosphatidylserine ( PS ) ; This asymmetric phospholipid distribution among the bilayer is the result of the function of several energy - dependent and energy - independent phospholipid transport proteins . Proteins called `` Flippases '' move phospholipids from the outer to the inner monolayer , while others called `` floppases '' do the opposite operation , against a concentration gradient in an energy dependent manner . Additionally , there are also `` scramblase '' proteins that move phospholipids in both directions at the same time , down their concentration gradients in an energy independent manner . There is still considerable debate ongoing regarding the identity of these membrane maintenance proteins in the red cell membrane . The maintenance of an asymmetric phospholipid distribution in the bilayer ( such as an exclusive localization of PS and PIs in the inner monolayer ) is critical for the cell integrity and function due to several reasons : Macrophages recognize and phagocytose red cells that expose PS at their outer surface . Thus the confinement of PS in the inner monolayer is essential if the cell is to survive its frequent encounters with macrophages of the reticuloendothelial system , especially in the spleen . Premature destruction of thallassemic and sickle red cells has been linked to disruptions of lipid asymmetry leading to exposure of PS on the outer monolayer . An exposure of PS can potentiate adhesion of red cells to vascular endothelial cells , effectively preventing normal transit through the microvasculature . Thus it is important that PS is maintained only in the inner leaflet of the bilayer to ensure normal blood flow in microcirculation . Both PS and phosphatidylinositol - 4 , 5 - bisphosphate ( PIP2 ) can regulate membrane mechanical function , due to their interactions with skeletal proteins such as spectrin and protein 4.1 R. Recent studies have shown that binding of spectrin to PS promotes membrane mechanical stability . PIP2 enhances the binding of protein band 4.1 R to glycophorin C but decreases its interaction with protein band 3 , and thereby may modulate the linkage of the bilayer to the membrane skeleton . The presence of specialized structures named `` lipid rafts '' in the red blood cell membrane have been described by recent studies . These are structures enriched in cholesterol and sphingolipids associated with specific membrane proteins , namely flotillins , stomatins ( band 7 ) , G - proteins , and β - adrenergic receptors . Lipid rafts that have been implicated in cell signaling events in nonerythroid cells have been shown in erythroid cells to mediate β2 - adregenic receptor signaling and increase cAMP levels , and thus regulating entry of malarial parasites into normal red cells . Membrane proteins Red blood cell membrane proteins separated by SDS - PAGE and silverstained The proteins of the membrane skeleton are responsible for the deformability , flexibility and durability of the red blood cell , enabling it to squeeze through capillaries less than half the diameter of the red blood cell ( 7 -- 8 μm ) and recovering the discoid shape as soon as these cells stop receiving compressive forces , in a similar fashion to an object made of rubber . There are currently more than 50 known membrane proteins , which can exist in a few hundred up to a million copies per red blood cell . Approximately 25 of these membrane proteins carry the various blood group antigens , such as the A , B and Rh antigens , among many others . These membrane proteins can perform a wide diversity of functions , such as transporting ions and molecules across the red cell membrane , adhesion and interaction with other cells such as endothelial cells , as signaling receptors , as well as other currently unknown functions . The blood types of humans are due to variations in surface glycoproteins of red blood cells . Disorders of the proteins in these membranes are associated with many disorders , such as hereditary spherocytosis , hereditary elliptocytosis , hereditary stomatocytosis , and paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria . The red blood cell membrane proteins organized according to their function : Red blood cell membrane major proteins Transport Band 3 -- Anion transporter , also an important structural component of the red blood cell cell membrane , makes up to 25 % of the cell membrane surface , each red cell contains approximately one million copies . Defines the Diego Blood Group ; Aquaporin 1 -- water transporter , defines the Colton Blood Group ; Glut1 -- glucose and L - dehydroascorbic acid transporter ; Kidd antigen protein -- urea transporter ; RhAG -- gas transporter , probably of carbon dioxide , defines Rh Blood Group and the associated unusual blood group phenotype Rh ; Na / K -- ATPase ; Ca -- ATPase ; Na K 2Cl -- cotransporter ; Na - Cl -- cotransporter ; Na - H exchanger ; K - Cl -- cotransporter ; Gardos Channel . Cell adhesion ICAM - 4 -- interacts with integrins ; BCAM -- a glycoprotein that defines the Lutheran blood group and also known as Lu or laminin - binding protein . Structural role -- The following membrane proteins establish linkages with skeletal proteins and may play an important role in regulating cohesion between the lipid bilayer and membrane skeleton , likely enabling the red cell to maintain its favorable membrane surface area by preventing the membrane from collapsing ( vesiculating ) . Ankyrin - based macromolecular complex -- proteins linking the bilayer to the membrane skeleton through the interaction of their cytoplasmic domains with Ankyrin . Band 3 -- also assembles various glycolytic enzymes , the presumptive CO transporter , and carbonic anhydrase into a macromolecular complex termed a `` metabolon , '' which may play a key role in regulating red cell metabolism and ion and gas transport function ) ; RhAG -- also involved in transport , defines associated unusual blood group phenotype Rh . Protein 4.1 R - based macromolecular complex -- proteins interacting with Protein 4.1 R . Protein 4.1 R -- weak expression of Gerbich antigens ; Glycophorin C and D -- glycoprotein , defines Gerbich Blood Group ; XK -- defines the Kell Blood Group and the Mcleod unusual phenotype ( lack of Kx antigen and greatly reduced expression of Kell antigens ) ; RhD / RhCE -- defines Rh Blood Group and the associated unusual blood group phenotype Rh ; Duffy protein -- has been proposed to be associated with chemokine clearance ; Adducin -- interaction with band 3 ; Dematin - interaction with the Glut1 glucose transporter . Surface electrostatic potential The zeta potential is an electrochemical property of cell surfaces that is determined by the net electrical charge of molecules exposed at the surface of cell membranes of the cell . The normal zeta potential of the red blood cell is − 15.7 milli volts ( mV ) . Much of this potential appears to be contributed by the exposed sialic acid residues in the membrane : their removal results in zeta potential of − 6.06 mV . Function Secondary functions When red blood cells undergo shear stress in constricted vessels , they release ATP , which causes the vessel walls to relax and dilate so as to promote normal blood flow . When their hemoglobin molecules are deoxygenated , red blood cells release S - nitrosothiols , which also act to dilate blood vessels , thus directing more blood to areas of the body depleted of oxygen . Red blood cells can also synthesize nitric oxide enzymatically , using L - arginine as substrate , as do endothelial cells . Exposure of red blood cells to physiological levels of shear stress activates nitric oxide synthase and export of nitric oxide , which may contribute to the regulation of vascular tonus . Red blood cells can also produce hydrogen sulfide , a signalling gas that acts to relax vessel walls . It is believed that the cardioprotective effects of garlic are due to red blood cells converting its sulfur compounds into hydrogen sulfide . Red blood cells also play a part in the body 's immune response : when lysed by pathogens such as bacteria , their hemoglobin releases free radicals , which break down the pathogen 's cell wall and membrane , killing it . Cellular processes As a result of not containing mitochondria , red blood cells use none of the oxygen they transport ; instead they produce the energy carrier ATP by the glycolysis of glucose and lactic acid fermentation on the resulting pyruvate . Furthermore , the pentose phosphate pathway plays an important role in red blood cells ; see glucose - 6 - phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency for more . As red blood cells contain no nucleus , protein biosynthesis is currently assumed to be absent in these cells . Because of the lack of nuclei and organelles , mature red blood cells do not contain DNA and can not synthesize any RNA , and consequently can not divide and have limited repair capabilities . The inability to carry out protein synthesis means that no virus can evolve to target mammalian red blood cells . However , infection with parvoviruses ( such as human parvovirus B19 ) can affect erythroid precursors , as recognized by the presence of giant pronormoblasts with viral particles and inclusion bodies , thus temporarily depleting the blood of reticulocytes and causing anemia . Life cycle Human red blood cells are produced through a process named erythropoiesis , developing from committed stem cells to mature red blood cells in about 7 days . When matured , in a healthy individual these cells live in blood circulation for about 100 to 120 days ( and 80 to 90 days in a full term infant ) . At the end of their lifespan , they are removed from circulation . In many chronic diseases , the lifespan of the red blood cells is reduced . Creation Erythropoiesis is the process by which new red blood cells are produced ; it lasts about 7 days . Through this process red blood cells are continuously produced in the red bone marrow of large bones . ( In the embryo , the liver is the main site of red blood cell production . ) The production can be stimulated by the hormone erythropoietin ( EPO ) , synthesised by the kidney . Just before and after leaving the bone marrow , the developing cells are known as reticulocytes ; these constitute about 1 % of circulating red blood cells . Functional lifetime The functional lifetime of a red blood cell is about 100 -- 120 days , during which time the red blood cells are continually moved by the blood flow push ( in arteries ) , pull ( in veins ) and a combination of the two as they squeeze through microvessels such as capillaries . They are also recycled in the bone marrow . Senescence The aging red blood cell undergoes changes in its plasma membrane , making it susceptible to selective recognition by macrophages and subsequent phagocytosis in the mononuclear phagocyte system ( spleen , liver and lymph nodes ) , thus removing old and defective cells and continually purging the blood . This process is termed eryptosis , red blood cell programmed cell death . This process normally occurs at the same rate of production by erythropoiesis , balancing the total circulating red blood cell count . Eryptosis is increased in a wide variety of diseases including sepsis , haemolytic uremic syndrome , malaria , sickle cell anemia , beta - thalassemia , glucose - 6 - phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency , phosphate depletion , iron deficiency and Wilson 's disease . Eryptosis can be elicited by osmotic shock , oxidative stress , energy depletion as well as a wide variety of endogenous mediators and xenobiotics . Excessive eryptosis is observed in red blood cells lacking the cGMP - dependent protein kinase type I or the AMP - activated protein kinase AMPK . Inhibitors of eryptosis include erythropoietin , nitric oxide , catecholamines and high concentrations of urea . Much of the resulting breakdown products are recirculated in the body . The heme constituent of hemoglobin are broken down into iron ( Fe ) and biliverdin . The biliverdin is reduced to bilirubin , which is released into the plasma and recirculated to the liver bound to albumin . The iron is released into the plasma to be recirculated by a carrier protein called transferrin . Almost all red blood cells are removed in this manner from the circulation before they are old enough to hemolyze . Hemolyzed hemoglobin is bound to a protein in plasma called haptoglobin , which is not excreted by the kidney . Clinical significance Disease Affected by Sickle - cell disease , red blood cells alter shape and threaten to damage internal organs . Blood diseases involving the red blood cells include : Anemias ( or anaemias ) are diseases characterized by low oxygen transport capacity of the blood , because of low red cell count or some abnormality of the red blood cells or the hemoglobin . Iron deficiency anemia is the most common anemia ; it occurs when the dietary intake or absorption of iron is insufficient , and hemoglobin , which contains iron , can not be formed Sickle - cell disease is a genetic disease that results in abnormal hemoglobin molecules . When these release their oxygen load in the tissues , they become insoluble , leading to mis - shaped red blood cells . These sickle shaped red cells are less deformable and viscoelastic meaning that they have become rigid and can cause blood vessel blockage , pain , strokes , and other tissue damage . Thalassemia is a genetic disease that results in the production of an abnormal ratio of hemoglobin subunits . Hereditary spherocytosis syndromes are a group of inherited disorders characterized by defects in the red blood cell 's cell membrane , causing the cells to be small , sphere - shaped , and fragile instead of donut - shaped and flexible . These abnormal red blood cells are destroyed by the spleen . Several other hereditary disorders of the red blood cell membrane are known . Pernicious anemia is an autoimmune disease wherein the body lacks intrinsic factor , required to absorb vitamin B from food . Vitamin B is needed for the production of hemoglobin . Aplastic anemia is caused by the inability of the bone marrow to produce blood cells . Pure red cell aplasia is caused by the inability of the bone marrow to produce only red blood cells . Effect of osmotic pressure on blood cells Micrographs of the effects of osmotic pressure Hemolysis is the general term for excessive breakdown of red blood cells . It can have several causes and can result in hemolytic anemia . The malaria parasite spends part of its life - cycle in red blood cells , feeds on their hemoglobin and then breaks them apart , causing fever . Both sickle - cell disease and thalassemia are more common in malaria areas , because these mutations convey some protection against the parasite . Polycythemias ( or erythrocytoses ) are diseases characterized by a surplus of red blood cells . The increased viscosity of the blood can cause a number of symptoms . In polycythemia vera the increased number of red blood cells results from an abnormality in the bone marrow . Several microangiopathic diseases , including disseminated intravascular coagulation and thrombotic microangiopathies , present with pathognomonic ( diagnostic ) red blood cell fragments called schistocytes . These pathologies generate fibrin strands that sever red blood cells as they try to move past a thrombus . Transfusion Main article : Blood transfusion Red blood cells may be given as part of a blood transfusion . Blood may be donated from another person , or stored by the recipient at an earlier date . Donated blood usually requires screening to ensure that donors do not contain risk factors for the presence of blood - borne diseases , or will not suffer themselves by giving blood . Blood is usually collected and tested for common or serious Blood - borne diseases including Hepatitis B , Hepatitis C and HIV . The blood type ( A , B , AB , or O ) or the blood product is identified . This relates to the presence of antigens on the cell 's surface . After this process , the blood is stored , and within a short duration is used . Blood can be given as a whole product or the red blood cells separated as packed red blood cells . Blood is often transfused when there is known anaemia , active bleeding , or when there is an expectation of serious blood loss , such as prior to an operation . Before blood is given , a small sample of the recipient 's blood is tested with the transfusion in a process known as cross-matching . In addition to the transmission of infection , certain types of transfusion reaction . In 2008 it was reported that human embryonic stem cells had been successfully coaxed into becoming red blood cells in the lab . The difficult step was to induce the cells to eject their nucleus ; this was achieved by growing the cells on stromal cells from the bone marrow . It is hoped that these artificial red blood cells can eventually be used for blood transfusions . Tests Several blood tests involve red blood cells . These include a RBC count ( the number of red blood cells per volume of blood ) , calculation of the hematocrit ( percentage of blood volume occupied by red blood cells ) , and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate . The blood type needs to be determined to prepare for a blood transfusion or an organ transplantation . Many diseases involving red blood cells are diagnosed with a blood film ( or peripheral blood smear ) , where a thin layer of blood is smeared on a microscope slide . This may reveal abnormalities of red blood cell shape and form . When red blood cells sometimes occur as a stack , flat side next to flat side . This is known as rouleaux formation , and it occurs more often if the levels of certain serum proteins are elevated , as for instance during inflammation . Separation and blood doping Red blood cells can be obtained from whole blood by centrifugation , which separates the cells from the blood plasma in a process known as blood fractionation . Packed red blood cells , which are made in this way from whole blood with the plasma removed , are used in transfusion medicine . During plasma donation , the red blood cells are pumped back into the body right away and only the plasma is collected . Some athletes have tried to improve their performance by blood doping : first about 1 litre of their blood is extracted , then the red blood cells are isolated , frozen and stored , to be reinjected shortly before the competition . ( Red blood cells can be conserved for 5 weeks at − 79 ° C or − 110 ° F ) This practice is hard to detect but may endanger the human cardiovascular system which is not equipped to deal with blood of the resulting higher viscosity . Another method of blood doping involves injection with erythropoietin in order to stimulate production of red blood cells . Both practices are banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency . History The first person to describe red blood cells was the young Dutch biologist Jan Swammerdam , who had used an early microscope in 1658 to study the blood of a frog . Unaware of this work , Anton van Leeuwenhoek provided another microscopic description in 1674 , this time providing a more precise description of red blood cells , even approximating their size , `` 25,000 times smaller than a fine grain of sand '' . In 1901 , Karl Landsteiner published his discovery of the three main blood groups -- A , B , and C ( which he later renamed to O ) . Landsteiner described the regular patterns in which reactions occurred when serum was mixed with red blood cells , thus identifying compatible and conflicting combinations between these blood groups . A year later Alfred von Decastello and Adriano Sturli , two colleagues of Landsteiner , identified a fourth blood group -- AB . In 1959 , by use of X-ray crystallography , Dr. Max Perutz was able to unravel the structure of hemoglobin , the red blood cell protein that carries oxygen . The oldest intact red blood cells ever discovered were found in Ötzi the Iceman , a natural mummy of a man who died around 3255 BCE . These cells were discovered in May 2012 . See also Altitude training Erythrocyte deformability Erythrocyte fragility Blood substitute Packed red blood cells Red blood cell indices Serum ( blood ) References Jump up ^ Vinay Kumar ; Abul K. Abbas ; Nelson Fausto ; Richard N. Mitchell ( 2007 ) . Robbins Basic Pathology ( 8th ed . ) . Saunders . Jump up ^ `` Blood Cells '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ Erich Sackmann , Biological Membranes Architecture and Function. , Handbook of Biological Physics , ( ed . R. Lipowsky and E. Sackmann , vol. 1 , Elsevier , 1995 ^ Jump up to : J.A. Blom ( 15 December 2003 ) . Monitoring of Respiration and Circulation . CRC Press . p. 27 . 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Reviews in Clinical and Experimental Hematology. 7 ( 1 ) : 22 -- 56 . PMID 14692233 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Denomme GA ( July 2004 ) . `` The structure and function of the molecules that carry human red blood cell and platelet antigens '' . Transfusion Medicine Reviews . 18 ( 3 ) : 203 -- 31 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tmrv. 2004.03. 006 . PMID 15248170 . Jump up ^ Tokumasu F , Ostera GR , Amaratunga C , Fairhurst RM ( 2012 ) Modifications in erythrocyte membrane zeta potential by Plasmodium falciparum infection . Exp Parasitol Jump up ^ Wan J , Ristenpart WD , Stone HA ( October 2008 ) . `` Dynamics of shear - induced ATP release from red blood cells '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 105 ( 43 ) : 16432 -- 7 . Bibcode : 2008PNAS ... 10516432W . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0805779105 . PMC 2575437 . PMID 18922780 . 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CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Benavides , Gloria A ; Victor M Darley - Usmar ; Mills , R.W. ; Patel , H.D. ; Isbell , T.S. ; Patel , R.P. ; Darley - Usmar , V.M. ; Doeller , J.E. ; Kraus , D.W. ( 2007 - 11 - 13 ) . `` Hydrogen sulfide mediates the vasoactivity of garlic '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 104 ( 46 ) : 17977 -- 17982 . Bibcode : 2007PNAS ... 10417977B . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0705710104 . PMC 2084282 . PMID 17951430 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ Kesava , Shobana ( 2007 - 09 - 01 ) . `` Red blood cells do more than just carry oxygen ; New findings by NUS team show they aggressively attack bacteria too '' ( PDF ) . The Straits Times . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Jiang N , Tan NS , Ho B , Ding JL ( October 2007 ) . `` Respiratory protein - generated reactive oxygen species as an antimicrobial strategy '' . Nature Immunology. 8 ( 10 ) : 1114 -- 22 . doi : 10.1038 / ni1501 . 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IUBMB Life . 60 ( 10 ) : 661 -- 8 . doi : 10.1002 / iub. 106 . PMID 18720418 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ An X , Mohandas N ( May 2008 ) . `` Disorders of red cell membrane '' . British Journal of Haematology. 141 ( 3 ) : 367 -- 75 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2141.2008. 07091. x . PMID 18341630 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ First red blood cells grown in the lab , New Scientist News , 19 August 2008 Jump up ^ `` Circular of Information for Blood and Blood Products '' ( PDF ) . American Association of Blood Banks , American Red Cross , America 's Blood Centers . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on 2011 - 10 - 30 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Swammerdam , Jan ( 1637 -- 1680 ) '' , McGraw Hill AccessScience , 2007 . Accessed 27 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Max F. Perutz - Biographical '' . NobelPrize.org . Retrieved 23 October 2018 . Jump up ^ Stephanie Pappas ( May 2 , 2012 ) . `` ' Iceman ' mummy holds world 's oldest blood cells '' . Fox News . Retrieved May 2 , 2012 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Red blood cells . Blood Groups and Red Cell Antigens by Laura Dean . Searchable and downloadable online textbook in the public domain . Database of vertebrate erythrocyte sizes . Red Gold , PBS site containing facts and history Transfusion medicine General concepts Apheresis ( plasmapheresis , plateletpheresis , leukapheresis ) Blood transfusion Coombs test ( direct and indirect ) Cross-matching Exchange transfusion International Society of Blood Transfusion Intraoperative blood salvage ISBT 128 Transfusion reactions Blood group systems / blood types ABO Chido - Rodgers Colton Cromer Diego Dombrock Duffy Er FORS Gerbich GIL GLOB Hh Ii Indian JR JMH Kell ( Xk ) Kidd Knops Lan Lewis Lutheran LW MNS OK Raph Rh and RHAG Scianna T - Tn Vel Xg Yt Other Blood products / blood donation Whole blood Platelets Red blood cells Plasma / Fresh frozen plasma / PF24 ( Cryoprecipitate + Cryosupernatant ) Blood substitutes Main cell types in blood Myeloid Granulocytes CFU - G Band cell Neutrophil Basophil CFU - Baso Eosinophil CFU - Eos Mast cell CFU - Mast Monocytes Macrophages Histiocytes Kupffer cells Alveolar macrophage Microglia Osteoclasts Epithelioid cells giant cells Langhans giant cells , Foreign - body giant cell Touton giant cells Other Antigen presenting cells Dendritic cells Langerhans cell CFU - DL CFU - M MPS Platelets CFU - Meg Megakaryoblast Promegakaryocyte Megakaryocyte Red blood cells Reticulocyte Normoblast CFU - E Other Precursor cells CFU - GM Megakaryocyte -- erythroid progenitor cell CFU - GEMM Myelomonocyte Other Plasma Hematopoietic stem cell GND : 4070945 - 0 NDL : 00570626 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_blood_cell&oldid=865418431 '' Categories : Human cells Blood cells Respiration 1658 in science Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Pages with DOIs inactive since 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پښتو Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Sardu Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語中文 83 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2018 , at 20 : 36 ( UTC ) . 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ministry of information and broadcasting government of pakistan			Ministry of information , broadcasting and National Heritage ( Pakistan )	ministry of information, broadcasting and national heritage ( pakistan )	The Ministry of Information , Broadcasting & National Heritage ( Urdu : وزارت اطلاعات و نشریات ‎ ; abbreviated as MoIB ) , is a Cabinet - level ministry of Government of Pakistan , responsible to release government information , media galleries , public domain and government unclassified non-scientific data to the public and international communities . The MoIB has jurisdiction for administrating the rules and regulations and laws relating to information , broadcasting and the press media in Pakistan .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Autonomous / Semi-Autonomous Bodies 1.1 National Council of Arts 1.2 National Institute of Folk & Traditional Heritage 1.3 Pakistan Academy of Letters 1.4 Shalimar Recording & Broadcasting Company Ltd 1.5 Institute of Regional Studies 1.6 Press Council of Pakistan 1.7 Iqbal Academy Pakistan 1.8 Quaid - e-Azam Mazar Management Board 2 Statutory Bodies 2.1 Federal Land Commission 3 Organizations 3.1 Aiwan - i - Iqbal Lahore 3.2 Quaid - i - Azam Academy 4 Corporations 4.1 Associated Press of Pakistan 4.2 Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation 4.3 Pakistan Television Corporation 5 Attached Departments 5.1 Press Information Department 5.2 Directorate of Electronic Media and Publications 5.3 Department of Archaeology and Museums 5.4 National Language Promotion Department 5.5 Implementation Tribunal for Newspaper Employees 6 Sub-Ordinate Offices 6.1 Information Service Academy 6.2 Urdu Science Board 6.3 Urdu Dictionary Board 7 Authorities 7.1 Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority 8 Other Offices 8.1 National Press Trust 8.2 Nazriya Pakistan Council Trust 8.3 Quaid - i - Azam Papers Wing 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Autonomous / semi-autonomous bodies ( edit ) National Council of arts ( edit ) Main article : Pakistan National Council of the Arts PNCA is an autonomous body in the orbit of the Ministry . It was created by an Act of Parliament in 1973 . PNCA is the Apex Cultural body functioning on a national level . The activities of PNCA are performed on the basis of policies framed by its Board of Governors headed by the Minister for National Heritage & Integration with 28 members . National Institute of folk & traditional Heritage ( edit ) Main article : Lok Virsa Museum Lok Virsa ( The National Institute of Folk & Traditional Heritage ) works towards creating an awareness of cultural legacy by collecting , documenting , disseminating and projecting folk & traditional heritage . Surveys and documentation of traditional culture is central to the objectives of the institute . Pakistan Academy of Letters ( edit ) Main article : Pakistan Academy of Letters Pakistan Academy of Letters was established as an autonomous organization in July , 1976 . Its main focus on Pakistani literature and related fields. ( 1 ) ( 2 ) It is the largest and the most prestigious learned society of its kind in Pakistan , with activities throughout the nation . Shalimar recording & broadcasting company Ltd ( edit ) Shalimar Recording & Broadcasting Company Ltd . ( SRBC ) , is an unlisted public limited Company , incorporated in 1974 . Currently it is a recording and broadcasting company with 20 ATV stations in the urban centers of Pakistan . It was originally perceived and formed as a recording company in 1974 with an objective to protect the interest of the Artists , poets , composers and others who were being deprived of their legitimate earnings and with the aim to release the recordings on cassettes and other mediums , which were in the national interest but not viable from the commercial point of view . It started the business with recording and manufacturing of the gramophone records in 1976 . Institute of Regional studies ( edit ) Main article : Institute of Regional Studies The Institute of Regional Studies ( IRS ) is an independent , non-profit research centre devoted to the study of the region around Pakistan : South Asia , Southwest Asia ( Iran , Afghanistan and the Gulf ) , China , Central Asia as well as the Indian Ocean region . It also studies and analyses policies of major power centers towards South Asia . The Institute was set up in March 1982 . It is considered one of Pakistan 's leading think tanks . The Institute covers a wide spectrum of research in foreign and internal affairs , economy and industry , science and technology , socio - cultural and security related issues and thus provides an in - depth understanding and objective analyses of regional and global issueshttp://www.irs.org.pk/aboutirs.htm Press Council of Pakistan ( edit ) Main article : Press Council of Pakistan The Press Council of Pakistan is an autonomous and independent apex body which issue and monitor good standards of media practice . Iqbal Academy Pakistan ( edit ) Main article : Iqbal Academy Pakistan Iqbal Academy Pakistan is a statutory body of the Government of Pakistan , established and a centre of excellence for Iqbal Studies . The aims and objectives of the Academy are to promote and disseminate the study and understanding of the works and teachings of Allama Iqbal . Quaid - e-Azam Mazar Management Board ( edit ) Main article : Mazar - e-Quaid Quaid - e-Azam Mazar Management Board is responsible for the ppkeep and maintenance of Quaid 's Mazar and take decisions for Quaid 's Mausoleum . Statutory bodies ( edit ) Federal Land Commission ( edit ) Main article : Federal Land Commission Federal Land Commission ( FLC ) is a statutory body of the Federal Government created in 1972 . Federal Land Commission has been committed to the introduction and implementation of Land Reforms in the country . Federal Land Commission is performing its judicial functions as a Tribunal , sitting severally , provided with concurrent and revisionary powers . Organizations ( edit ) Aiwan - i - Iqbal Lahore ( edit ) Main article : Aiwan - e-Iqbal Aiwan - e-Iqbal ` Complex is a monumental building constructed in Lahore to portray a semblance of Iqbal ` s philosophical thought and message for Muslim Ummah by providing sustained financial resources for the Activating and the Projects of the Iqbal Academy Pakistan . Quaid - i - Azam Academy ( edit ) Main article : Quaid - i - Azam Academy The Quaid - i - Azam Academy is an institution of the Pakistan Government to promote the study and understanding of the personality and work of Quaid - i - Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah , his associates , the Pakistan Movement and of the various aspects of Pakistan . Corporations ( edit ) Associated Press of Pakistan ( edit ) Main article : Associated Press of Pakistan Associated Press of Pakistan ( APP ) is a government - operated national news agency of Pakistan . It is not associated with the Associated Press agency ( AP ) . 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The Board was renamed as `` Urdu Science Board '' in 1984 . The Board has published more than 800 books on different science subjects , dictionaries and educational charts . Urdu Science Board has developed Urdu Science Encyclopedia consisting ten volumes . It has been printed on fine art mate paper and contains colour pictures , diagrams and visuals . It is very useful for the students of secondary and higher secondary classes , teachers and researchers as well as general readers . A quarterly `` Urdu Science Magazine '' is being published regularly by Urdu Science Board since 2002 . Urdu Dictionary Board ( edit ) Main article : Urdu Dictionary Board Urdu Dictionary Board ( Formerly Urdu Development Board ) was established in 1958 . It was created through a resolution which stated that Urdu Development Board would compile and publish a comprehensive dictionary of Urdu on historical principles , on the pattern of Greater Oxford Dictionary . The Board was also asked to undertake a number of other tasks for the development of Urdu . Founded by Baba - e-Urdu Maulvi Abdul Haq who was first Chief Editor of the organization . Authorities ( edit ) Pakistan electronic media regulatory authority ( edit ) Main article : Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority PEMRA was established in 2002 to facilitate and regulate the private electronic media . It has mandate to improve the standards of information , education and entertainment and to enlarge the choice available to the people of Pakistan Including news , current affairs , religious knowledge , art and culture as well as science and technology . Other offices ( edit ) National Press Trust ( edit ) Main article : National Press Trust Nazriya Pakistan Council trust ( edit ) Main article : Nazaria - i - Pakistan Trust Nazriya Pakistan Council ( NPC ) is a trust and a non commercial organization . Its advisory body is a board of trustees comprising eminent personalities of the country . NPC is also managing the affairs of the Aiwan - i - Quaid an institution which provides a platform to organize seminars , symposia and conferences on important issues regarding Pakistan and Islamic ideology in order to achieve the NPC objectives . Quaid - i - Azam papers Wing ( edit ) Main article : Quaid - i - Azam Papers Wing Quaid - i - Azam Papers Wing was established in 1990 to publish papers of Muhammad Ali Jinnah . See also ( edit ) Government of Pakistan PEMRA References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://nationalheritage.gov.pk/pnca.html Jump up ^ http://lokvirsa.org.pk/index.php Jump up ^ http://nationalheritage.gov.pk/pal.html Jump up ^ http://www.srbc.com.pk/srbc_in_brief.asp Jump up ^ http://www.presscouncil.org.pk/ Jump up ^ http://www.iap.gov.pk/intro.html Jump up ^ http://nationalheritage.gov.pk/flc.html Jump up ^ http://nationalheritage.gov.pk/aiwaniiqbal.html Jump up ^ Tanveer , Rana . `` Aiwan - i - Iqbal 's finances under scrutiny -- The Express Tribune '' . Tribune.com.pk . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ Quaid - i - Azam -- M.A. Harris -- Google Books . Books.google.com. 2006 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ Quaid - i - Azam Jinnah : studies in interpretation -- Sharif Mujahid -- Google Books . Books.google.com . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ http://www.isa.edu.pk/About%20ISA.aspx Jump up ^ http://nationalheritage.gov.pk/urduscienceboard.html Jump up ^ http://www.udb.gov.pk/about_us.html Jump up ^ http://www.pemra.gov.pk/pemra/ Jump up ^ http://nationalheritage.gov.pk/npc.html Jump up ^ http://nationalheritage.gov.pk/qaapaperswing.html External links ( edit ) Ministry of Information and Broadcasting 's official website Ministry of Information , Broadcasting and National Heritage Minister : Marriyum Aurangzeb Departments Aiwan - e-Iqbal Associated Press of Pakistan Department of Archeology and Museums Federal Land Commission Institute of Regional Studies Iqbal Academy National Institute of Folk and Traditional Heritage National Language Promotion Department National Museum of Pakistan Pakistan Academy of Letters Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority Pakistan National Council of the Arts Pakistan Television Corporation PTV Academy Press Council of Pakistan Quaid - e-Azam Academy Federal government ministries of Pakistan Cabinet of the Government of Pakistan Office of the Prime Minister of Pakistan Office of the President of Pakistan Ministries / Cabinet equivalent departments Cabinet Secretariat Ministry of Climate Change Ministry of Commerce and Textile Industry Ministry of Communications Ministry of Defence Ministry of Defence Production Ministry of Energy Ministry of Federal Education and Professional Training Ministry of Finance , Revenue and Economic Affairs Ministry of Foreign Affairs Ministry of Housing and Works Ministry of Human Rights Ministry of Industries and Production Ministry of Information Technology and Telecommunication Ministry of Information , Broadcasting and National Heritage Ministry of Inter Provincial Coordination Ministry of Interior Ministry of Kashmir Affairs and Gilgit Baltistan Ministry of Law and Justice Ministry of Narcotics Control Ministry of National Food Security and Research Ministry of National Health Services Regulation and Coordination Ministry of Overseas Pakistanis and Human Resource Development Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Resources Ministry of Planning and Development Ministry of Ports and Shipping Ministry of Postal Services Ministry of Privatisation Ministry of Railways Ministry of Religious Affairs and Inter-faith Harmony Ministry of Science and Technology Ministry of States and Frontier Regions Ministry of Statistics Ministry of Water Resources Inactive / vacant portfolios Office of the Deputy Prime Minister of Pakistan Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Information,_Broadcasting_and_National_Heritage_(Pakistan)&oldid=803391330 '' Categories : Federal government ministries of Pakistan Media in Pakistan Information ministries Information Ministers of Pakistan Hidden categories : Articles containing Urdu - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 2 October 2017 , at 07 : 10 . 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report on visit to a cooperative society or other cooperative organization			Cooperative	cooperative	A cooperative ( also known as co-operative , co-op , or coop ) is `` an autonomous association of persons united voluntarily to meet their common economic , social , and cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly - owned and democratically - controlled enterprise '' . Cooperatives may include :	non-profit community organizations businesses owned and managed by the people who use their services ( a consumer cooperative ) organisations managed by the people who work there ( worker cooperatives ) organisations managed by the people to whom they provide accommodation ( housing cooperatives ) hybrids such as worker cooperatives that are also consumer cooperatives or credit unions multi-stakeholder cooperatives such as those that bring together civil society and local actors to deliver community needs second - and third - tier cooperatives whose members are other cooperatives Research published by the Worldwatch Institute found that in 2012 approximately one billion people in 96 countries had become members of at least one cooperative . The turnover of the largest three hundred cooperatives in the world reached $2.2 trillion -- which , if they were to be a country , it would make them the seventh largest . One dictionary defines a cooperative as `` a jointly owned enterprise engaging in the production or distribution of goods or the supplying of services , operated by its members for their mutual benefit , typically organized by consumers or farmers '' . Cooperative businesses are typically more economically resilient than many other forms of enterprise , with twice the number of co-operatives ( 80 % ) surviving their first five years compared with other business ownership models ( 41 % ) . Cooperatives frequently have social goals which they aim to accomplish by investing a proportion of trading profits back into their communities . As an example of this , in 2013 , retail co-operatives in the UK invested 6.9 % of their pre-tax profits in the communities in which they trade as compared with 2.4 % for other rival supermarkets . The International Co-operative Alliance was the first international association formed ( 1895 ) by the cooperative movement . It includes the World Council of Credit Unions . A second organization formed later in Germany : the International Raiffeisen Union . In the United States , the National Cooperative Business Association ( NCBA ) serves as the sector 's oldest national membership association . It is dedicated to ensuring that cooperative businesses have the same opportunities as other businesses operating in the country and that consumers have access to cooperatives in the marketplace . A U.S. National Cooperative Bank formed in the 1970s . By 2004 a new association focused on worker co-ops was founded , the United States Federation of Worker Cooperatives . Since 2002 cooperatives and credit unions could be distinguished on the Internet by use of a . coop domain . Since 2014 , following International Cooperative Alliance 's introduction of the Cooperative Marque , ICA cooperatives and WOCCU credit unions can also be identified by a coop ethical consumerism label . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 2 Social economy 3 Organizational and ideological roots 4 Meaning 4.1 Cooperatives as legal entities 4.2 Identity 4.2. 1 Coop Marque and domain 4.2. 2 Coop principles and values 4.2. 3 Legal 5 Economic stability 5.1 In the United Kingdom 5.2 Other countries in Europe 5.3 In Canada 5.4 In the United States of America 6 Types of cooperatives 6.1 Non-monetary cooperative 6.2 Retailers ' cooperative 6.3 Worker cooperative 6.4 Volunteer cooperative 6.5 Social cooperative 6.6 Consumers ' cooperative 6.7 Business and employment cooperative 6.8 New generation cooperative 7 Types and number of cooperatives 7.1 Housing cooperative 7.2 Utility cooperative 7.3 Agricultural cooperative 7.4 Credit unions , cooperative banking and co-operative insurance 7.5 Federal or secondary cooperatives 7.5. 1 Cooperative wholesale society 7.5. 2 Cooperative union 7.5. 3 Cooperative political movements 7.5. 3.1 UK 7.5. 3.2 Philippines 8 Women in cooperatives 9 Cooperatives in popular culture 10 See also 11 References 12 Bibliography 13 External links Origins ( edit ) Main article : History of the cooperative movement Cooperation dates back as far as human beings have been organizing for mutual benefit . Tribes were organized as cooperative structures , allocating jobs and resources among each other , only trading with the external communities . In alpine environments , trade could only be maintained in organized cooperatives to achieve a useful condition of artificial roads such as Viamala in 1472 . Pre-industrial Europe is home to the first cooperatives from an industrial context . Robert Owen ( 1771 -- 1858 ) was a social reformer and a pioneer of the cooperative movement . In 1761 , the Fenwick Weavers ' Society was formed in Fenwick , East Ayrshire , Scotland to sell discounted oatmeal to local workers . Its services expanded to include assistance with savings and loans , emigration and education . In 1810 , Welsh social reformer Robert Owen , from Newtown in mid-Wales , and his partners purchased New Lanark mill from Owen 's father - in - law David Dale and proceeded to introduce better labour standards including discounted retail shops where profits were passed on to his employees . Owen left New Lanark to pursue other forms of cooperative organization and develop coop ideas through writing and lecture . Cooperative communities were set up in Glasgow , Indiana and Hampshire , although ultimately unsuccessful . In 1828 , William King set up a newspaper , The Cooperator , to promote Owen 's thinking , having already set up a cooperative store in Brighton . The Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers , ( RCEP ) founded in 1844 , is usually considered the first successful cooperative enterprise , used as a model for modern coops , following the ' Rochdale Principles ' . A group of 28 weavers and other artisans in Rochdale , England set up the society to open their own store selling food items they could not otherwise afford . Within ten years there were over a thousand cooperative societies in the United Kingdom . Other events such as the founding of a friendly society by the Tolpuddle Martyrs in 1832 were key occasions in the creation of organized labor and consumer movements . Social economy ( edit ) Cooperatives traditionally combine social benefit interests with capitalistic property - right interests . Cooperatives achieve a mix of social and capital purposes by democratically governing distribution questions by and between equal by not controlling members . Democratic oversight of decisions to equitably distribute assets and other benefits means capital ownership is arranged in a way for social benefit inside the organization . External societal benefit is also encouraged by incorporating the operating - principle of cooperation between co-operatives . In the final year of the 20th century , cooperatives banded together to establish a number of social enterprise agencies which have moved to adopt the multi-stakeholder cooperative model . In the years 1994 -- 2009 the EU and its member nations gradually revised national accounting systems to `` make visible '' the increasing contribution of social economy organizations . Organizational and ideological roots ( edit ) The roots of the cooperative movement can be traced to multiple influences and extend worldwide . In the English - speaking world , post-feudal forms of cooperation between workers and owners that are expressed today as `` profit - sharing '' and `` surplus sharing '' arrangements , existed as far back as 1795 . The key ideological influence on the Anglosphere branch of the cooperative movement , however , was a rejection of the charity principles that underpinned welfare reforms when the British government radically revised its Poor Laws in 1834 . As both state and church institutions began to routinely distinguish between the ' deserving ' and ' undeserving ' poor , a movement of friendly societies grew throughout the British Empire based on the principle of mutuality , committed to self - help in the welfare of working people . Friendly Societies established forums through which one member , one vote was practiced in organisation decision - making . The principles challenged the idea that a person should be an owner of property before being granted a political voice . Throughout the second half of the nineteenth century ( and then repeatedly every twenty years or so ) there was a surge in the number of cooperative organisations , both in commercial practice and civil society , operating to advance democracy and universal suffrage as a political principle . Friendly Societies and consumer cooperatives became the dominant form of organization amongst working people in Anglosphere industrial societies prior to the rise of trade unions and industrial factories . Weinbren reports that by the end of the 19th century , over 80 % of British working age men and 90 % of Australian working age men were members of one or more Friendly Society . From the mid-nineteenth century , mutual organisations embraced these ideas in economic enterprises , firstly amongst tradespeople , and later in cooperative stores , educational institutes , financial institutions and industrial enterprises . The common thread ( enacted in different ways , and subject to the constraints of various systems of national law ) is the principle that an enterprise or association should be owned and controlled by the people it serves , and share any surpluses on the basis of each member 's cooperative contribution ( as a producer , labourer or consumer ) rather than their capacity to invest financial capital . The cooperative movement has been fueled globally by ideas of economic democracy . Economic democracy is a socioeconomic philosophy that suggests an expansion of decision - making power from a small minority of corporate shareholders to a larger majority of public stakeholders . There are many different approaches to thinking about and building economic democracy . Anarchists are committed to libertarian socialism and have focused on local organization , including locally managed cooperatives , linked through confederations of unions , cooperatives and communities . Marxists , who as socialists have likewise held and worked for the goal of democratizing productive and reproductive relationships , often placed a greater strategic emphasis on confronting the larger scales of human organization . As they viewed the capitalist class to be politically , militarily and culturally mobilized for the purpose of maintaining an exploitable working class , they fought in the early 20th century to appropriate from the capitalist class the society 's collective political capacity in the form of the state , either through democratic socialism , or through what came to be known as Leninism . Though they regard the state as an unnecessarily oppressive institution , Marxists considered appropriating national and international - scale capitalist institutions and resources ( such as the state ) to be an important first pillar in creating conditions favorable to solidaristic economies . With the declining influence of the USSR after the 1960s , socialist strategies pluralized , though economic democratizers have not as yet established a fundamental challenge to the hegemony of global neoliberal capitalism . Meaning ( edit ) Cooperatives as legal entities ( edit ) A cooperative is a legal entity owned and democratically controlled by its members . Members often have a close association with the enterprise as producers or consumers of its products or services , or as its employees . There are specific forms of incorporation for cooperatives in some countries , e.g. Finland and Australia . Cooperatives may take the form of companies limited by shares or by guarantee , partnerships or unincorporated associations . In the UK they may also use the industrial and provident society structure . In the US , cooperatives are often organized as non-capital stock corporations under state - specific cooperative laws . However , they may also be unincorporated associations or business corporations such as limited liability companies or partnerships ; such forms are useful when the members want to allow : some members to have a greater share of the control , or some investors to have a return on their capital that exceeds fixed interest , neither of which may be allowed under local laws for cooperatives . Cooperatives often share their earnings with the membership as dividends , which are divided among the members according to their participation in the enterprise , such as patronage , instead of according to the value of their capital shareholdings ( as is done by a joint stock company ) . Identity ( edit ) Coop Marque and domain ( edit ) Since 2002 , ICA cooperatives and WOCCU credit unions could be distinguished by use of a . coop domain . In 2014 , ICA introduced the Global Cooperative Marque for use by ICA 's Cooperative members and by WOCCU 's Credit Union members so they can be further identified by their coop ethical consumerism label . The marque is used today by thousands of cooperatives in more than a hundred countries . The . coop domain and Co-operative Marque were designed as a new symbol of the global cooperative movement and its collective identity in the digital age . The domain and coop marque differentiates coop products and e-services offerings of the Movement from all other forms of business , both investor - owned and privately owned businesses . It specifically recognises its rapidly changing role in society , marked by the emergence of the digital cooperative . The . coop ( dot coop ) domain and a global Co-operative Marque are open for use within all types of ICA cooperatives and WOCCU credit unions on their products or digital services , in combination with individual cooperative 's own labels . The Co-operative Marque and domain is reserved just for co-operatives , credit unions and organisations that support co-operatives ; is distinguished by its ethical badge that subscribes to the seven ICA Cooperative Principles and Co-op Values . Co-ops can be identified on the Internet through the use of the . coop suffix of internet addresses . Organizations using . coop domain names must adhere to the basic co-op values . Coop principles and values ( edit ) Cooperative principles are the seven guidelines by which coops put their values into practice , often called the seven Rochdale Principles : Voluntary and open membership Democratic member control Economic participation by members Autonomy and independence Education , training and information Cooperation among cooperatives Concern for community Cooperatives values , in the tradition of its founders , are based on `` self - help , self - responsibility , democracy , equality , equity and solidarity . '' Co-operative members believe in the ethical values of honesty , openness , social responsibility and caring for others . Legal ( edit ) Such legal entities have a range of social characteristics . Membership is open , meaning that anyone who satisfies certain non-discriminatory conditions may join . Economic benefits are distributed proportionally to each member 's level of participation in the cooperative , for instance , by a dividend on sales or purchases , rather than according to capital invested . Cooperatives may be classified as either worker , consumer , producer , purchasing or housing cooperatives . They are distinguished from other forms of incorporation in that profit - making or economic stability are balanced by the interests of the community . The United Nations declared 2012 to be the International Year of Cooperatives ( IYC ) . Economic stability ( edit ) Main article : Economic stability Capital and the Debt Trap reports that `` cooperatives tend to have a longer life than other types of enterprise , and thus a higher level of entrepreneurial sustainability '' . This resilience has been attributed to how cooperatives share risks and rewards between members , how they harness the ideas of many and how members have a tangible ownership stake in the business . Additionally , `` cooperative banks build up counter-cyclical buffers that function well in case of a crisis , '' and are less likely to lead members and clients towards a debt trap ( p. 216 ) . This is explained by their more democratic governance that reduces perverse incentives and subsequent contributions to economic bubbles . In the United Kingdom ( edit ) A 2013 report published by the UK Office for National Statistics showed that in the UK the rate of survival of cooperatives after five years was 80 percent compared with only 41 percent for all other enterprises . A further study found that after ten years 44 percent of cooperatives were still in operation , compared with only 20 percent for all enterprises '' ( p. 109 ) . Other countries in Europe ( edit ) A 2012 report published by The European Confederation of cooperatives and worker - owned enterprises active in industry and services showed that in France and Spain , worker cooperatives and social cooperatives `` have been more resilient than conventional enterprises during the economic crisis '' . In Canada ( edit ) A 2010 report by the Ministry of Economic Development , Innovation and Export in Québec found that the five year survival rate and 10 year survival rate of cooperatives in Québec to be 62 % and 44 % respectively compared to 35 % and 20 % for conventional firms . Another report by the BC - Alberta Social economy Research Alliance found that the three year survival rate of cooperatives in Alberta to be 81.5 % in comparison to 48 % for traditional firms . Another report by the aforementioned Research Alliance found that in British - Columbia , the 5 year survival rates for cooperatives between 2000 and 2010 to be 66.6 % in comparison to conventional businesses that had 43 % and 39 % in the years 1984 and 1993 respectively In the United States of America ( edit ) In a 2007 study by the World Council of Credit Unions , the 5 year survival rate of cooperatives in the United States was found to be 90 % in comparison to 3 - 5 % for traditional businesses . Types of cooperatives ( edit ) Non-monetary cooperative ( edit ) A non-monetary cooperative provides a service based on entirely voluntary labour in the maintenance and provision of a particular service or good , working in the identical manner of a library . These co-ops are locally owned and operated and provides the free rental of equipments of all kinds ( bicycles , sports , gear ) . This idea has been said to reduce general human consumption of goods , a key subject in sustainable development . Retailers ' cooperative ( edit ) Main article : Retailers ' cooperative A retailers ' cooperative ( known as a secondary or marketing cooperative in some countries ) is an organization which employs economies of scale on behalf of its members to receive discounts from manufacturers and to pool marketing . It is common for locally owned grocery stores , hardware stores and pharmacies . In this case , the members of the cooperative are businesses rather than individuals . The Best Western international hotel chain is actually a retailers ' cooperative , whose members are hotel operators , although it refers to itself as a `` nonprofit membership association . '' It gave up on the `` cooperative '' label after some courts insisted on enforcing regulatory requirements for franchisors despite its member - controlled status . Worker cooperative ( edit ) Main article : Worker cooperative A worker cooperative or producer cooperative is a cooperative , that is owned and democratically controlled by its `` worker - owners '' . There are no outside owners in a `` pure '' workers ' cooperative , only the workers own shares of the business , though hybrid forms exist in which consumers , community members or capitalist investors also own some shares . In practice , control by worker - owners may be exercised through individual , collective or majority ownership by the workforce , or the retention of individual , collective or majority voting rights ( exercised on a one - member one - vote basis ) . A worker cooperative , therefore , has the characteristic that the majority of its workforce owns shares , and the majority of shares are owned by the workforce . Membership is not always compulsory for employees , but generally only employees can become members either directly ( as shareholders ) or indirectly through membership of a trust that owns the company . The impact of political ideology on practice constrains the development of cooperatives in different countries . In India , there is a form of workers ' cooperative which insists on compulsory membership for all employees and compulsory employment for all members . That is the form of the Indian Coffee Houses . This system was advocated by the Indian communist leader A.K. Gopalan . In places like the UK , common ownership ( indivisible collective ownership ) was popular in the 1970s . Cooperative Societies only became legal in Britain after the passing of Slaney 's Act in 1852 . In 1865 there were 651 registered societies with a total membership of well over 200,000 . There are now more than 400 worker cooperatives in the UK , Suma Wholefoods being the largest example with a turnover of £ 24 million . Volunteer cooperative ( edit ) A volunteer cooperative is a cooperative that is run by and for a network of volunteers , for the benefit of a defined membership or the general public , to achieve some goal . Depending on the structure , it may be a collective or mutual organization , which is operated according to the principles of cooperative governance . The most basic form of volunteer - run cooperative is a voluntary association . A lodge or social club may be organized on this basis . A volunteer - run co-op is distinguished from a worker cooperative in that the latter is by definition employee - owned , whereas the volunteer cooperative is typically a non-stock corporation , volunteer - run consumer co-op or service organization , in which workers and beneficiaries jointly participate in management decisions and receive discounts on the basis of sweat equity . Social cooperative ( edit ) Main article : Social cooperative A particularly successful form of multi-stakeholder cooperative is the Italian `` social cooperative '' , of which some 11,000 exist . `` Type A '' social cooperatives bring together providers and beneficiaries of a social service as members . `` Type B '' social cooperatives bring together permanent workers and previously unemployed people who wish to integrate into the labor market . They are legally defined as follows : no more than 80 % of profits may be distributed , interest is limited to the bond rate and dissolution is altruistic ( assets may not be distributed ) the cooperative has legal personality and limited liability the objective is the general benefit of the community and the social integration of citizens those of type B integrate disadvantaged people into the labour market . The categories of disadvantage they target may include physical and mental disability , drug and alcohol addiction , developmental disorders and problems with the law . They do not include other factors of disadvantage such as unemployment , race , sexual orientation or abuse . type A cooperatives provide health , social or educational services various categories of stakeholder may become members , including paid employees , beneficiaries , volunteers ( up to 50 % of members ) , financial investors and public institutions . In type B cooperatives at least 30 % of the members must be from the disadvantaged target groups voting is one person one vote Consumers ' cooperative ( edit ) Main article : Consumers ' cooperative A consumers ' cooperative is a business owned by its customers . Employees can also generally become members . Members vote on major decisions and elect the board of directors from among their own number . The first of these was set up in 1844 in the North - West of England by 28 weavers who wanted to sell food at a lower price than the local shops . The world 's largest consumers ' cooperative is the Co-operative Group in the United Kingdom , which offers a variety of retail and financial services . The UK also has a number of autonomous consumers ' cooperative societies , such as the East of England Co-operative Society and Midcounties Co-operative . In fact , the Co-operative Group is something of a hybrid , having both corporate members ( mostly other consumers ' cooperatives , as a result of its origins as a wholesale society ) , and individual retail consumer members . Business and employment cooperative ( edit ) Main article : Business and employment co-operative Business and employment cooperatives ( BECs ) are a subset of worker cooperatives that represent a new approach to providing support to the creation of new businesses . Like other business creation support schemes , BEC 's enable budding entrepreneurs to experiment with their business idea while benefiting from a secure income . The innovation BECs introduce is that once the business is established the entrepreneur is not forced to leave and set up independently , but can stay and become a full member of the cooperative . The micro-enterprises then combine to form one multi-activity enterprise whose members provide a mutually supportive environment for each other . BECs thus provide budding business people with an easy transition from inactivity to self - employment , but in a collective framework . They open up new horizons for people who have ambition but who lack the skills or confidence needed to set off entirely on their own -- or who simply want to carry on an independent economic activity but within a supportive group context . New generation cooperative ( edit ) New generation cooperatives ( NGCs ) are an adaptation of traditional cooperative structures to modern , capital intensive industries . They are sometimes described as a hybrid between traditional co-ops and limited liability companies or public benefit corporations . They were first developed in California and spread and flourished in the US Mid-West in the 1990s . They are now common in Canada where they operate primarily in agriculture and food services , where their primary purpose is to add value to primary products . For example , producing ethanol from corn , pasta from durum wheat , or gourmet cheese from goat 's milk . A representative example of an operating NGC is the Fourth Estate ( association ) , a multi-stakeholder NGC journalism association . Types and number of cooperatives ( edit ) Co-op City in The Bronx , New York City is the largest cooperative housing development in the world , with 55,000 people . The two largest supermarkets chains in Switzerland , Migros and Coop , are cooperatives . The third largest bank , Raiffeisen , is a cooperative as well . The top 300 largest cooperatives were listed in 2007 by the International Co-operative Alliance . 80 % were involved in either agriculture , finance , or retail and more than half were in the United States , Italy , or France . In the United States , cooperatives , particularly those in the Midwest , are analyzed at the University of Wisconsin Center for Cooperatives . Housing cooperative ( edit ) Main articles : Housing cooperative and Building cooperative A housing cooperative is a legal mechanism for ownership of housing where residents either own shares ( share capital co-op ) reflecting their equity in the cooperative 's real estate , or have membership and occupancy rights in a not - for - profit cooperative ( non-share capital co-op ) , and they underwrite their housing through paying subscriptions or rent . Housing cooperatives come in three basic equity structures In market - rate housing cooperatives , members may sell their shares in the cooperative whenever they like for whatever price the market will bear , much like any other residential property . Market - rate co-ops are very common in New York City . Limited equity housing cooperatives , which are often used by affordable housing developers , allow members to own some equity in their home , but limit the sale price of their membership share to that which they paid . Group equity or zero - equity housing cooperatives do not allow members to own equity in their residences and often have rental agreements well below market rates . Members of a building cooperative ( in Britain known as a self - build housing cooperative ) pool resources to build housing , normally using a high proportion of their own labor . When the building is finished , each member is the sole owner of a homestead , and the cooperative may be dissolved . This collective effort was at the origin of many of Britain 's building societies , which however , developed into `` permanent '' mutual savings and loan organisations , a term which persisted in some of their names ( such as the former Leeds Permanent ) . Nowadays such self - building may be financed using a step - by - step mortgage which is released in stages as the building is completed . The term may also refer to worker cooperatives in the building trade . Utility cooperative ( edit ) Main article : Utility cooperative A utility cooperative is a type of consumers ' cooperative that is tasked with the delivery of a public utility such as electricity , water or telecommunications services to its members . Profits are either reinvested into infrastructure or distributed to members in the form of `` patronage '' or `` capital credits '' , which are essentially dividends paid on a member 's investment into the cooperative . In the United States , many cooperatives were formed to provide rural electrical and telephone service as part of the New Deal . See Rural Utilities Service . In the case of electricity , cooperatives are generally either generation and transmission ( G&T ) co-ops that create and send power via the transmission grid or local distribution co-ops that gather electricity from a variety of sources and send it along to homes and businesses . In Tanzania , it has been proven that the cooperative method is helpful in water distribution . When the people are involved with their own water , they care more because the quality of their work has a direct effect on the quality of their water . Agricultural cooperative ( edit ) Grain elevators are used by agricultural cooperatives in the storage and shipping of grains . Main article : Agricultural cooperative Agricultural cooperatives or farmers ' cooperatives are cooperatives where farmers pool their resources for mutual economic benefit . Agricultural cooperatives are broadly divided into agricultural service cooperatives , which provide various services to their individual farming members , and agricultural production cooperatives , where production resources such as land or machinery are pooled and members farm jointly . Known examples of agricultural production cooperatives are the cranberry - and - grapefruit cooperative Ocean Spray , collective farms in socialist states and the kibbutzim in Israel . Agricultural supply cooperatives aggregate purchases , storage , and distribution of farm inputs for their members . By taking advantage of volume discounts and utilizing other economies of scale , supply cooperatives bring down members ' costs . Supply cooperatives may provide seeds , fertilizers , chemicals , fuel , and farm machinery . Some supply cooperatives also operate machinery pools that provide mechanical field services ( e.g. , plowing , harvesting ) to their members . Agricultural marketing cooperatives provide the services involved in moving a product from the point of production to the point of consumption . Agricultural marketing includes a series of interconnected activities involving planning production , growing and harvesting , grading , packing , transport , storage , food processing , distribution and sale . Agricultural marketing cooperatives are often formed to promote specific commodities . Commercially successful cooperatives include India 's Amul ( dairy products ) , Dairy Farmers of America ( dairy products ) in the United States , and Malaysia 's FELDA ( palm oil ) . Credit unions , cooperative banking and cooperative insurance ( edit ) Main articles : Cooperative banking and Credit union The Co-operative Bank 's head office in Manchester . The statue in front is of Robert Owen , a pioneer in the cooperative movement . Credit unions are cooperative financial institutions that are owned and controlled by their members . Credit unions provide the same financial services as banks but are considered not - for - profit organizations and adhere to cooperative principles . Credit unions originated in mid-19th - century Germany through the efforts of pioneers Franz Herman Schulze'Delitzsch and Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen . The concept of financial cooperatives crossed the Atlantic at the turn of the 20th century , when the caisse populaire movement was started by Alphonse Desjardins in Quebec , Canada . In 1900 , from his home in Lévis , he opened North America 's first credit union , marking the beginning of the Mouvement Desjardins . Eight years later , Desjardins provided guidance for the first credit union in the United States , where there are now about 7,950 active status federally insured credit unions , with almost 90 million members and more than $679 billion on deposit . Cooperative banking networks , which were nationalized in Eastern Europe , work now as real cooperative institutions . In Poland , the SKOK ( Spółdzielcze Kasy Oszczędnościowo - Kredytowe ) network has grown to serve over 1 million members via 13,000 branches , and is larger than the country 's largest conventional bank . In Scandinavia , there is a clear distinction between mutual savings banks ( Sparbank ) and true credit unions ( Andelsbank ) . The oldest cooperative banks in Europe , based on the ideas of Friedrich Raiffeisen , are joined together in the ' Urgenossen ' . Federal or secondary cooperatives ( edit ) Main article : Cooperative Federation In some cases , cooperative societies find it advantageous to form cooperative federations in which all of the members are themselves cooperatives . Historically , these have predominantly come in the form of cooperative wholesale societies , and cooperative unions . Cooperative federations are a means through which cooperative societies can fulfill the sixth Rochdale Principle , cooperation among cooperatives , with the ICA noting that `` Cooperatives serve their members most effectively and strengthen the cooperative movement by working together through local , regional and international structures . '' See also : List of Co-operative Federations Cooperative wholesale society ( edit ) Main article : Cooperative wholesale society According to cooperative economist Charles Gide , the aim of a cooperative wholesale society is to arrange `` bulk purchases , and , if possible , organise production . '' The best historical example of this was the English CWS and the Scottish CWS , which were the forerunners to the modern Co-operative Group . Today , its national buying programme , the Co-operative Retail Trading Group performs a similar function . Cooperative Union ( edit ) A second common form of cooperative federation is a cooperative union , whose objective ( according to Gide ) is `` to develop the spirit of solidarity among societies and ... in a word , to exercise the functions of a government whose authority , it is needless to say , is purely moral . '' Co-operatives UK and the International Cooperative Alliance are examples of such arrangements . Cooperative political movements ( edit ) In some countries with a strong cooperative sector , such as the UK , cooperatives may find it advantageous to form political groupings to represent their interests . The British Cooperative Party , the Canadian Cooperative Commonwealth Federation and United Farmers of Alberta are prime examples of such arrangements . UK ( edit ) The British cooperative movement formed the Cooperative Party in the early 20th century to represent members of consumers ' cooperatives in Parliament , which was the first of its kind . The Cooperative Party now has a permanent electoral pact with the Labour Party meaning someone can not be a member if they support a party other than Labour . Plaid Cymru also run a credit union that is constituted as a co-operative , called the ' Plaid Cymru Credit Union . ' UK cooperatives retain a strong market share in food retail , insurance , banking , funeral services , and the travel industry in many parts of the country , although this is still significantly lower than other business models . Philippines ( edit ) The Cooperative NATCCO Party ( Coop - NATCCO ) is a party - list in the Philippines which serves as the electoral wing of the National Confederation of Cooperatives ( NATCCO ) . Coop - NATCCO has represented the Philippine co-operative sector in the Philippine 11th Congress since 1998 . Women in cooperatives ( edit ) Main article : Women in cooperatives Since cooperatives are based on values like self - help , democracy , equality , equity , and solidarity , they can play a particularly strong role in empowering women , especially in developing countries . Cooperatives allow women who might have been isolated and working individually to band together and create economies of scale as well as increase their own bargaining power in the market . In statements in advance of International Women 's Day in early 2013 , President of the International Cooperative Alliance , Dame Pauline Green , said , `` Cooperative businesses have done so much to help women onto the ladder of economic activity . With that comes community respect , political legitimacy and influence . '' However , despite the supposed democratic structure of cooperatives and the values and benefits shared by members , due to gender norms on the traditional role of women , and other instilled cultural practices that sidestep attempted legal protections , women suffer a disproportionately low representation in cooperative membership around the world . Representation of women through active membership ( showing up to meetings and voting ) , as well as in leadership and managerial positions is even lower . Cooperatives in popular culture ( edit ) As of 2012 , the number of memberships in cooperatives reached one billion , and so the organizational structure and movement has seeped into popular culture . In the HBO drama television series The Wire , several drug dealers create a democratic alliance called the New Day Co-Op with the interests of cutting back on violence and increasing business . Co-opoly : The Game of Cooperatives is a popular board game played around the world that challenges players to work together to start and run a cooperative and overcome major hurdles . My So - Called Housing Cooperative is a web series focusing on the humorous side of living in a housing co-op . U.S. co-ops provide over 850 thousand jobs and create more than $74 billion in annual wages with revenue of nearly $500 billion . See also ( edit ) Artist cooperative Cooperative economics Co-operative living arrangements Collective Collective ownership Common ownership Commune ( intentional community ) Corporatism Cost the limit of price Danish cooperative movement Democratic socialism Employee - owned corporation Employee stock ownership plan FC Barcelona ( the world 's first cooperative - based football club ) Friendly society History of the cooperative movement Industrial and provident society List of co-operative federations List of cooperatives Microfinance / microcredit Mondragón Cooperative Corporation Mutual aid Mutual organization Mutual Ownership Defense Housing Division Mutualism ( economic theory ) Neo-capitalism Online media cooperative Participatory democracy Participatory economics Polytechnic University of the Philippines College of Cooperatives and Social Development Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen Rochdale Principles Social corporatism Social economy Social enterprise Social ownership Syndicalism Socialism References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Statement on the Cooperative Identity . Archived 4 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine . International Cooperative Alliance . Jump up ^ `` Membership in Co-operative Businesses Reaches 1 Billion - Worldwatch Institute '' . Membership in co-operative businesses has grown to 1 billion people across 96 countries , according to new research published by the Worldwatch Institute for its Vital Signs Online publication . Jump up ^ `` The World Co-operative Monitor '' . monitor.coop . Jump up ^ `` Dictionary.com - Find the Meanings and Definitions of Words at Dictionary.com '' . Dictionary.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.uk.coop/sites/default/files/uploads/attachments/co-op_economy_2015.pdf Jump up ^ `` Community investment index : giving back to neighbourhoods '' . thenews.coop . Archived from the original on 26 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Community Impact - National Cooperative Bank '' . National Cooperative Bank , N.A. 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 11 . Chartered by Congress in 1978 and privatized in 1981 as a cooperatively owned financial institution , NCB was created to address the financial needs of an underserved market : cooperative owned organizations that operate for the benefit of their members , not outside investors . Jump up ^ `` 1473 letter of intent to build a road , in ( old ) german '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 6 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Europe , CICOPA . `` About Us '' . Jump up ^ Carrell , Severin . Strike Rochdale from the record books . The Co-op began in Scotland. , The Guardian , 7 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Full text of `` Dr. William King and the Co-operator , 1828 - 1830 '' `` . archive.org . Jump up ^ `` Dr. William King and the Co-operator , 1828 - 1830 , T.W. MERCER , OL6459685M Jump up ^ Marlow , Joyce , The Tolpuddle Martyrs , London : History Book Club , ( 1971 ) & Grafton Books , ( 1985 ) ISBN 0 - 586 - 03832 - 9 Jump up ^ Monzon , J.L. & Chaves , R. ( 2008 ) `` The European Social Economy : Concept and Dimensions of the Third Sector '' , Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics , 79 ( 3 / 4 ) : 549 - 577 . Jump up ^ Gates , J. ( 1998 ) The Ownership Solution , London : Penguin . Jump up ^ Rothschild , J. , Allen - Whitt , J. ( 1986 ) The Cooperative Workplace , Cambridge University Press Jump up ^ Weinbren , D. & James , B. ( 2005 ) `` Getting a Grip : the Roles of Friendly Societies in Australia and Britain Reappraised '' , Labour History , Vol. 88 . Jump up ^ Ridley - Duff , R.J. ( 2008 ) `` Social Enterprise as a Socially Rational Business '' , International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research , 14 ( 5 ) : 291 - 312 . Jump up ^ Rothschild , J. , Allen - Whitt , J. ( 1986 ) The cooperative workplace , Cambridge University Press , Chapter 1 . Jump up ^ Cliff , T. , Cluckstein , D. ( 1988 ) The Labour Party : A Marxist History , London : Bookmarks . Jump up ^ `` What is a co-operative - Co-operatives UK '' . Jump up ^ Osuuskuntalaki ( 421 / 2013 , Cooperatives act ). § 2 : `` Osuuskunta on jäsenistään erillinen oikeushenkilö , joka syntyy rekisteröimisellä . '' This translates as , `` A cooperative is a legal person separate from its persons , born by registration . '' Finlex database . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 04 . ( in Finnish ) Jump up ^ `` Australian Co-operative Glossary '' . Jump up ^ `` Coop Marque '' . Coop Identity . International Cooperative Alliance . Jump up ^ `` Co-operatives , adopt the Co-operative Marque '' . Co-op Marque . International Co-operative Alliance . Jump up ^ `` Coop Identity '' . Coop Marque . International Cooperative Alliance . Jump up ^ `` Coop Marque Register '' . Domains.Coop . International Cooperative Alliance . Jump up ^ `` Co-operative identity , values & principles '' . ICA . International Cooperative Alliance . ^ Jump up to : International Cooperative Alliance. Statement on the Cooperative Identity Archived 4 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved on : 2011 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ Andrew McLeod ( December 2006 ) . Types of Cooperatives . Northwest Cooperative Development Centre . Retrieved on : 2011 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` UN 's official website '' . Retrieved 25 February 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.cecop.coop/IMG/pdf/report_cecop_2012_en_web.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.ontario.coop/cms/documents/212/2008_Quebec_Co-op_Survival_Report_Summary.pdf ^ Jump up to : `` A11 Report - Alberta Co-op Survival ( PDF ) '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` 10 Facts About Cooperative Enterprise - Grassroots Economic Organizing '' . www.geo.coop . Jump up ^ In 2011 the official total was 11,264 : ISTAT , 9 ° Censimento dell'industria e dei servizi ( Roma , 2011 ) Jump up ^ `` New Generation Cooperatives - 10 Things You Need to Know '' . Government of Alberta : Agriculture and Rural Development . Retrieved 25 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Whitsett , Ross . Urban Mass : A Look at Co-op City . The Cooperator . December 2006 . Jump up ^ Cobia , David , editor , Cooperatives in Agriculture , Prentice - Hall , Englewood Cliffs , NJ ( 1989 ) , p. 50 . Jump up ^ `` Plaid Cymru Credit Union website '' . ucpccu.org . Jump up ^ Ian Clarke , ( 2000 ) `` Retail power , competition and local consumer choice in the UK grocery sector '' , European Journal of Marketing , Vol. 34 Iss : 8 , pp. 975 - 1002 Jump up ^ `` What is a Cooperative ? '' . un.org . Jump up ^ Nippierd , A. ( 2002 ) . `` Gender issues in cooperatives . '' Geneva , Switzerland : International Labour Organization Jump up ^ `` Membership in Co-operative Businesses Reaches 1 Billion , '' WorldWatch Institute Jump up ^ `` Co-opoly : The Game of Co-operatives '' . The Toolbox for Education and Social Action . Jump up ^ `` Teach Your Children Well : Do n't Play Monopoly '' , Truthout.org Jump up ^ My So - Called Housing Cooperative . youtube.com . Jump up ^ admin ( 6 April 2012 ) . `` Co-op FAQs and Facts '' . Bibliography ( edit ) Neoliberal Co-optation of Leading Co-op Organizations , and a Socialist Counter-Politics of Cooperation ( February 2015 ) , Carl Ratner , Monthly Review , Volume 66 , Number 9 Cooperatives On the Path to Socialism ? ( February 2015 ) , Peter Marcuse , Monthly Review , Volume 66 , Number 9 Japanese Consumers ' Co-operative Union ( 2003 ) . `` co. op , 2003 Facts and Figures '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 15 May 2005 . Isao Takamura ( 1995 ) . `` Japan : Consumer Co-op Movement in Japan '' . Armitage , S. ( 1991 ) ' Consequences of Mutual Ownership for Building Societies ' , The Service Industries Journal , October , Vol. 11 ( 4 ) : pp. 458 -- 480 ( p. 471 ) . Birchall , Johnston . `` The International Co-operative Movement '' , 1997 Brazda , Johann and Schediwy , Robert ( eds . ) `` Consumer Co-operatives in a Changing World '' ( ICA ) , 1989 Bernardi A. , Monni S. , eds. , ( 2016 ) , `` The Co-operative firm -- Keywords , Roma : RomaTrE - Press . '' Cooperative League of America . Co-operation 1921 - 1947 Cornforth , C.J. et al. Developing Successful Worker Co-ops , London : Sage Publications , 1988 . Curl , John . `` For All The People : Uncovering the Hidden History of Cooperation , Cooperative Movements , and Communalism in America , '' PM Press , 2009 Dana , Leo Paul 2010 , `` Nunavik , Arctic Quebec : Where Co-operatives Supplement Entrepreneurship , '' Global Business and Economics Review 12 ( 1 / 2 ) , January 2010 , pp. 42 -- 71 . Derr , Jascha . The cooperative movement of Brazil and South Africa , 2013 Emerson , John . `` Consider the Collective : More than business as usual '' 2005 . Article on graphic design and printing cooperatives . Gide , Charles . Consumers ' Co-operative Societies , 1922 Holyoake , George Jacob . The History of Co-operation , 1908 Llewellyn , D. and Holmes , M. ( 1991 ) ' In Defence of Mutuality : A Redress to an Emerging Conventional Wisdom ' , Annals of Public and Co-operative Economics , Vol. 62 ( 3 ) : pp. 319 -- 354 ( p. 327 ) . Masulis , R. ( 1987 ) ' Changes in Ownership Structure : Conversions of Mutual Savings and Loans to Stock Charter ' , Journal of Financial economics , Vol. 18 : pp. 29 -- 59 ( p. 32 ) . Paton , R. Reluctant Entrepreneurs , Open University Press , 1989 . Rasmusen , E. ( 1988 ) ' Mutual banks and stock banks ' , Journal of Law and Economics , October , Vol. 31 : pp. 395 -- 421 ( p. 412 ) . Van Deusen , David . ( 2006 ) Co-ops : The Changing Face of Employment in the Green Mountains , Z Magazine . Vicari S. , ( 2015 ) , `` 2014 Annual Report on FAO 's projects and activities in support of producer organizations and cooperatives '' Vieta , Marco ( ed . ) `` The New Cooperativism '' in Affinities : A Journal of Radical Theory , Culture , and Action , Vol. 4 , Issue 1 , 2010 Warbasse , James Peter . Cooperative Peace , 1950 Warbasse , James Peter . Problems Of Cooperation , 1941 Whyte , W.F. and Whyte , K.K. Making Mondragon , New York : ILR Press / Itchaca , 1991 . Zeuli , Kimebrly A. and Cropp , Robert . Cooperatives : Principles and practices in the 21st century , 2004 Understanding Cooperatives , a curriculum on cooperative business for secondary school students . India : Re-inventing cooperatives by increasing youth involvement External links ( edit ) Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Co-operation . Media related to Cooperatives at Wikimedia Commons Venezuela 's Cooperative Revolution from Dollars & Sense magazine United Nations 2012 International Year of Cooperatives ( IYC ) official website ( hide ) Cooperatives and mutual organizations Types of cooperatives By governance Consumer Cooperative federation list Cooperative wholesale society Worker ( list ) Employee ownership Workers ' self - management Workers ' control Workplace democracy Business and employment co-operative Purchasing Retailers ' cooperative Other Social cooperative Agent - owned company By purpose Banking Credit union Mutual savings bank Savings and loan association Building society Housing Building Cohousing Student housing Housing society ( egalitarian ) Intentional community Agricultural Collective farming Reforestation Winemaking Wheat pool Utility ( list ) Community wind energy Electric Telephone Mutual education Anarchistic free school Homeschool Democratic education Learning by teaching Mutual insurance Health insurance cooperative Other Food list Recycling Topics Identity Rochdale Principles ICA Statement on the Cooperative Identity Political and economic theories Co-operative economics Cooperative federalism Distributism Economic democracy Mutualism Neo-Capitalism Owenism Social enterprise Socialism Socially responsible investing Solidarity economy Key theorists G.D.H. Cole Charles Gide David Griffiths William King Robert Owen Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen David Schweickart Rochdale Pioneers Beatrice Webb By region Canada Ukraine United Kingdom United States Organizations List of cooperatives worker energy federations International Co-operative Alliance Co-operative Party History of the cooperative movement . coop Socialism Variants Agrarian socialism Communism Democratic socialism Eco-socialism Ethical socialism Guild socialism Liberal socialism Libertarian socialism Market socialism Mutualism Marxist socialism Revolutionary socialism Scientific socialism Social democracy Socialist feminism Socialism of the 21st century Social anarchism State socialism Syndicalism Utopian socialism Key topics and issues Types of socialism History of socialism Economics State Criticism Concepts Economic planning Free association Equal opportunity Direct democracy Adhocracy Technocracy Self - management Industrial democracy Economic democracy Public ownership Common ownership Cooperative ownership Social dividend Basic income Production for use Calculation in kind Labour voucher Workplace democracy People Charles Hall Henri de Saint - Simon François - Noël Babeuf Robert Owen Charles Fourier William Thompson Thomas Hodgskin Pierre - Joseph Proudhon Louis Blanc Mikhail Bakunin Karl Marx Friedrich Engels Ferdinand Lassalle William Morris Mary Harris Jones Peter Kropotkin Eduard Bernstein Errico Malatesta Fred M. 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is the sum of two independent random variables independent			Sum of normally distributed random variables	sum of normally distributed random variables	In probability theory , calculation of the sum of normally distributed random variables is an instance of the arithmetic of random variables , which can be quite complex based on the probability distributions of the random variables involved and their relationships .	This is not to be confused with the sum of normal distributions which forms a Mixture distribution . Contents ( hide ) 1 Independent random variables 1.1 Proofs 1.1. 1 Proof using characteristic functions 1.1. 2 Proof using convolutions 1.1. 2.1 Using the convolution theorem 1.1. 3 Geometric proof 2 Correlated random variables 2.1 Proof 3 References 4 See also Independent random variables ( edit ) If X and Y are independent random variables that are normally distributed ( and therefore also jointly so ) , then their sum is also normally distributed . i.e. , if X ∼ N ( μ X , σ X 2 ) ( \ displaystyle X \ sim N ( \ mu _ ( X ) , \ sigma _ ( X ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) Y ∼ N ( μ Y , σ Y 2 ) ( \ displaystyle Y \ sim N ( \ mu _ ( Y ) , \ sigma _ ( Y ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) Z = X + Y , ( \ displaystyle Z = X + Y , ) then Z ∼ N ( μ X + μ Y , σ X 2 + σ Y 2 ) . ( \ displaystyle Z \ sim N ( \ mu _ ( X ) + \ mu _ ( Y ) , \ sigma _ ( X ) ^ ( 2 ) + \ sigma _ ( Y ) ^ ( 2 ) ) . ) This means that the sum of two independent normally distributed random variables is normal , with its mean being the sum of the two means , and its variance being the sum of the two variances ( i.e. , the square of the standard deviation is the sum of the squares of the standard deviations ) . This is assuming there are no coefficients in front of the two independent variables ( i.e. if A , B are independent variables , Z = 2A + 2B , the variance of Z has a formula that 's a little more complicated ) . Note that the result that the sum is normally distributed requires the assumption of independence , not just uncorrelatedness ; two separately ( not jointly ) normally distributed random variables can be uncorrelated without being independent , in which case their sum can be non-normally distributed ( see Normally distributed and uncorrelated does not imply independent # A symmetric example ) . The result about the mean holds in all cases , while the result for the variance requires uncorrelatedness , but not independence . Proofs ( edit ) Proof using characteristic functions ( edit ) The characteristic function φ X + Y ( t ) = E ⁡ ( e i t ( X + Y ) ) ( \ displaystyle \ varphi _ ( X + Y ) ( t ) = \ operatorname ( E ) \ left ( e ^ ( it ( X + Y ) ) \ right ) ) of the sum of two independent random variables X and Y is just the product of the two separate characteristic functions : φ X ( t ) = E ⁡ ( e i t X ) , φ Y ( t ) = E ⁡ ( e i t Y ) ( \ displaystyle \ varphi _ ( X ) ( t ) = \ operatorname ( E ) \ left ( e ^ ( itX ) \ right ) , \ qquad \ varphi _ ( Y ) ( t ) = \ operatorname ( E ) \ left ( e ^ ( itY ) \ right ) ) of X and Y . The characteristic function of the normal distribution with expected value μ and variance σ is φ ( t ) = exp ⁡ ( i t μ + σ 2 i 2 t 2 2 ) . ( \ displaystyle \ varphi ( t ) = \ exp \ left ( it \ mu + ( \ sigma ^ ( 2 ) i ^ ( 2 ) t ^ ( 2 ) \ over 2 ) \ right ) . ) So φ X + Y ( t ) = φ X ( t ) φ Y ( t ) = exp ⁡ ( i t μ X + σ X 2 i 2 t 2 2 ) exp ⁡ ( i t μ Y + σ Y 2 i 2 t 2 2 ) = exp ⁡ ( i t ( μ X + μ Y ) + ( σ X 2 + σ Y 2 ) i 2 t 2 2 ) . ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) \ varphi _ ( X + Y ) ( t ) = \ varphi _ ( X ) ( t ) \ varphi _ ( Y ) ( t ) & = \ exp \ left ( it \ mu _ ( X ) + ( \ sigma _ ( X ) ^ ( 2 ) i ^ ( 2 ) t ^ ( 2 ) \ over 2 ) \ right ) \ exp \ left ( it \ mu _ ( Y ) + ( \ sigma _ ( Y ) ^ ( 2 ) i ^ ( 2 ) t ^ ( 2 ) \ over 2 ) \ right ) \ \ ( 6pt ) & = \ exp \ left ( it ( \ mu _ ( X ) + \ mu _ ( Y ) ) + ( ( \ sigma _ ( X ) ^ ( 2 ) + \ sigma _ ( Y ) ^ ( 2 ) ) i ^ ( 2 ) t ^ ( 2 ) \ over 2 ) \ right ). \ end ( aligned ) ) ) This is the characteristic function of the normal distribution with expected value μ X + μ Y ( \ displaystyle \ mu _ ( X ) + \ mu _ ( Y ) ) and variance σ X 2 + σ Y 2 ( \ displaystyle \ sigma _ ( X ) ^ ( 2 ) + \ sigma _ ( Y ) ^ ( 2 ) ) Finally , recall that no two distinct distributions can both have the same characteristic function , so the distribution of X + Y must be just this normal distribution . Proof using convolutions ( edit ) For independent random variables X and Y , the distribution f of Z = X + Y equals the convolution of f and f : f Z ( z ) = ∫ − ∞ ∞ f Y ( z − x ) f X ( x ) d x ( \ displaystyle f_ ( Z ) ( z ) = \ int _ ( - \ infty ) ^ ( \ infty ) f_ ( Y ) ( z-x ) f_ ( X ) ( x ) \ , dx ) Given that f and f are normal densities , f X ( x ) = N ( x ; μ X , σ X 2 ) = 1 2 π σ X e − ( x − μ X ) 2 2 σ X 2 ( \ displaystyle f_ ( X ) ( x ) = ( \ mathcal ( N ) ) ( x ; \ mu _ ( X ) , \ sigma _ ( X ) ^ ( 2 ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( ( \ sqrt ( 2 \ pi ) ) \ sigma _ ( X ) ) ) e ^ ( - ( \ tfrac ( ( x - \ mu _ ( X ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2 \ sigma _ ( X ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ) f Y ( y ) = N ( y ; μ Y , σ Y 2 ) = 1 2 π σ Y e − ( y − μ Y ) 2 2 σ Y 2 ( \ displaystyle f_ ( Y ) ( y ) = ( \ mathcal ( N ) ) ( y ; \ mu _ ( Y ) , \ sigma _ ( Y ) ^ ( 2 ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( ( \ sqrt ( 2 \ pi ) ) \ sigma _ ( Y ) ) ) e ^ ( - ( \ tfrac ( ( y - \ mu _ ( Y ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2 \ sigma _ ( Y ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ) Substituting into the convolution : f Z ( z ) = ∫ − ∞ ∞ 1 2 π σ Y exp ⁡ ( − ( z − x − μ Y ) 2 2 σ Y 2 ) 1 2 π σ X exp ⁡ ( − ( x − μ X ) 2 2 σ X 2 ) d x = ∫ − ∞ ∞ 1 2 π 2 π σ X σ Y exp ⁡ ( − σ X 2 ( z − x − μ Y ) 2 + σ Y 2 ( x − μ X ) 2 2 σ X 2 σ Y 2 ) d x = ∫ − ∞ ∞ 1 2 π 2 π σ X σ Y exp ⁡ ( − σ X 2 ( z 2 + x 2 + μ Y 2 − 2 x z − 2 z μ Y + 2 x μ Y ) + σ Y 2 ( x 2 + μ X 2 − 2 x μ X ) 2 σ Y 2 σ X 2 ) d x = ∫ − ∞ ∞ 1 2 π 2 π σ X σ Y exp ⁡ ( − x 2 ( σ X 2 + σ Y 2 ) − 2 x ( σ X 2 ( z − μ Y ) + σ Y 2 μ X ) + σ X 2 ( z 2 + μ Y 2 − 2 z μ Y ) + σ Y 2 μ X 2 2 σ Y 2 σ X 2 ) d x ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) f_ ( Z ) ( z ) & = \ int _ ( - \ infty ) ^ ( \ infty ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( ( \ sqrt ( 2 \ pi ) ) \ sigma _ ( Y ) ) ) \ exp \ left ( - ( ( z-x - \ mu _ ( Y ) ) ^ ( 2 ) \ over 2 \ sigma _ ( Y ) ^ ( 2 ) ) \ right ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( ( \ sqrt ( 2 \ pi ) ) \ sigma _ ( X ) ) ) \ exp \ left ( - ( ( x - \ mu _ ( X ) ) ^ ( 2 ) \ over 2 \ sigma _ ( X ) ^ ( 2 ) ) \ right ) \ , dx \ \ ( 6pt ) & = \ int _ ( - \ infty ) ^ ( \ infty ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( ( \ sqrt ( 2 \ pi ) ) ( \ sqrt ( 2 \ pi ) ) \ sigma _ ( X ) \ sigma _ ( Y ) ) ) \ exp \ left ( - ( \ frac ( \ sigma _ ( X ) ^ ( 2 ) ( z-x - \ mu _ ( Y ) ) ^ ( 2 ) + \ sigma _ ( Y ) ^ ( 2 ) ( x - \ mu _ ( X ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2 \ sigma _ ( X ) ^ ( 2 ) \ sigma _ ( Y ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ right ) \ , dx \ \ ( 6pt ) & = \ int _ ( - \ infty ) ^ ( \ infty ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( ( \ sqrt ( 2 \ pi ) ) ( \ sqrt ( 2 \ pi ) ) \ sigma _ ( X ) \ sigma _ ( Y ) ) ) \ exp \ left ( - ( \ frac ( \ sigma _ ( X ) ^ ( 2 ) ( z ^ ( 2 ) + x ^ ( 2 ) + \ mu _ ( Y ) ^ ( 2 ) - 2xz - 2z \ mu _ ( Y ) + 2x \ mu _ ( Y ) ) + \ sigma _ ( Y ) ^ ( 2 ) ( x ^ ( 2 ) + \ mu _ ( X ) ^ ( 2 ) - 2x \ mu _ ( X ) ) ) ( 2 \ sigma _ ( Y ) ^ ( 2 ) \ sigma _ ( X ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ right ) \ , dx \ \ ( 6pt ) & = \ int _ ( - \ infty ) ^ ( \ infty ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( ( \ sqrt ( 2 \ pi ) ) ( \ sqrt ( 2 \ pi ) ) \ sigma _ ( X ) \ sigma _ ( Y ) ) ) \ exp \ left ( - ( \ frac ( x ^ ( 2 ) ( \ sigma _ ( X ) ^ ( 2 ) + \ sigma _ ( Y ) ^ ( 2 ) ) - 2x ( \ sigma _ ( X ) ^ ( 2 ) ( z - \ mu _ ( Y ) ) + \ sigma _ ( Y ) ^ ( 2 ) \ mu _ ( X ) ) + \ sigma _ ( X ) ^ ( 2 ) ( z ^ ( 2 ) + \ mu _ ( Y ) ^ ( 2 ) - 2z \ mu _ ( Y ) ) + \ sigma _ ( Y ) ^ ( 2 ) \ mu _ ( X ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2 \ sigma _ ( Y ) ^ ( 2 ) \ sigma _ ( X ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ right ) \ , dx \ \ ( 6pt ) \ end ( aligned ) ) ) Defining σ Z = σ X 2 + σ Y 2 ( \ displaystyle \ sigma _ ( Z ) = ( \ sqrt ( \ sigma _ ( X ) ^ ( 2 ) + \ sigma _ ( Y ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) , and completing the square : f Z ( z ) = ∫ − ∞ ∞ 1 2 π σ Z 1 2 π σ X σ Y σ Z exp ⁡ ( − x 2 − 2 x σ X 2 ( z − μ Y ) + σ Y 2 μ X σ Z 2 + σ X 2 ( z 2 + μ Y 2 − 2 z μ Y ) + σ Y 2 μ X 2 σ Z 2 2 ( σ X σ Y σ Z ) 2 ) d x = ∫ − ∞ ∞ 1 2 π σ Z 1 2 π σ X σ Y σ Z exp ⁡ ( − ( x − σ X 2 ( z − μ Y ) + σ Y 2 μ X σ Z 2 ) 2 − ( σ X 2 ( z − μ Y ) + σ Y 2 μ X σ Z 2 ) 2 + σ X 2 ( z − μ Y ) 2 + σ Y 2 μ X 2 σ Z 2 2 ( σ X σ Y σ Z ) 2 ) d x = ∫ − ∞ ∞ 1 2 π σ Z exp ⁡ ( − σ Z 2 ( σ X 2 ( z − μ Y ) 2 + σ Y 2 μ X 2 ) − ( σ X 2 ( z − μ Y ) + σ Y 2 μ X ) 2 2 σ Z 2 ( σ X σ Y ) 2 ) 1 2 π σ X σ Y σ Z exp ⁡ ( − ( x − σ X 2 ( z − μ Y ) + σ Y 2 μ X σ Z 2 ) 2 2 ( σ X σ Y σ Z ) 2 ) d x = 1 2 π σ Z exp ⁡ ( − ( z − ( μ X + μ Y ) ) 2 2 σ Z 2 ) ∫ − ∞ ∞ 1 2 π σ X σ Y σ Z exp ⁡ ( − ( x − σ X 2 ( z − μ Y ) + σ Y 2 μ X σ Z 2 ) 2 2 ( σ X σ Y σ Z ) 2 ) d x ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) f_ ( Z ) ( z ) & = \ int _ ( - \ infty ) ^ ( \ infty ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( ( \ sqrt ( 2 \ pi ) ) \ sigma _ ( Z ) ) ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( ( \ sqrt ( 2 \ pi ) ) ( \ frac ( \ sigma _ ( X ) \ sigma _ ( Y ) ) ( \ sigma _ ( Z ) ) ) ) ) \ exp \ left ( - ( \ frac ( x ^ ( 2 ) - 2x ( \ frac ( \ sigma _ ( X ) ^ ( 2 ) ( z - \ mu _ ( Y ) ) + \ sigma _ ( Y ) ^ ( 2 ) \ mu _ ( X ) ) ( \ sigma _ ( Z ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) + ( \ frac ( \ sigma _ ( X ) ^ ( 2 ) ( z ^ ( 2 ) + \ mu _ ( Y ) ^ ( 2 ) - 2z \ mu _ ( Y ) ) + \ sigma _ ( Y ) ^ ( 2 ) \ mu _ ( X ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( \ sigma _ ( Z ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ( 2 \ left ( ( \ frac ( \ sigma _ ( X ) \ sigma _ ( Y ) ) ( \ sigma _ ( Z ) ) ) \ right ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ right ) \ , dx \ \ ( 6pt ) & = \ int _ ( - \ infty ) ^ ( \ infty ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( ( \ sqrt ( 2 \ pi ) ) \ sigma _ ( Z ) ) ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( ( \ sqrt ( 2 \ pi ) ) ( \ frac ( \ sigma _ ( X ) \ sigma _ ( Y ) ) ( \ sigma _ ( Z ) ) ) ) ) \ exp \ left ( - ( \ frac ( \ left ( x - ( \ frac ( \ sigma _ ( X ) ^ ( 2 ) ( z - \ mu _ ( Y ) ) + \ sigma _ ( Y ) ^ ( 2 ) \ mu _ ( X ) ) ( \ sigma _ ( Z ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ right ) ^ ( 2 ) - \ left ( ( \ frac ( \ sigma _ ( X ) ^ ( 2 ) ( z - \ mu _ ( Y ) ) + \ sigma _ ( Y ) ^ ( 2 ) \ mu _ ( X ) ) ( \ sigma _ ( Z ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ right ) ^ ( 2 ) + ( \ frac ( \ sigma _ ( X ) ^ ( 2 ) ( z - \ mu _ ( Y ) ) ^ ( 2 ) + \ sigma _ ( Y ) ^ ( 2 ) \ mu _ ( X ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( \ sigma _ ( Z ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ( 2 \ left ( ( \ frac ( \ sigma _ ( X ) \ sigma _ ( Y ) ) ( \ sigma _ ( Z ) ) ) \ right ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ right ) \ , dx \ \ ( 6pt ) & = \ int _ ( - \ infty ) ^ ( \ infty ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( ( \ sqrt ( 2 \ pi ) ) \ sigma _ ( Z ) ) ) \ exp \ left ( - ( \ frac ( \ sigma _ ( Z ) ^ ( 2 ) \ left ( \ sigma _ ( X ) ^ ( 2 ) ( z - \ mu _ ( Y ) ) ^ ( 2 ) + \ sigma _ ( Y ) ^ ( 2 ) \ mu _ ( X ) ^ ( 2 ) \ right ) - \ left ( \ sigma _ ( X ) ^ ( 2 ) ( z - \ mu _ ( Y ) ) + \ sigma _ ( Y ) ^ ( 2 ) \ mu _ ( X ) \ right ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2 \ sigma _ ( Z ) ^ ( 2 ) \ left ( \ sigma _ ( X ) \ sigma _ ( Y ) \ right ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ right ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( ( \ sqrt ( 2 \ pi ) ) ( \ frac ( \ sigma _ ( X ) \ sigma _ ( Y ) ) ( \ sigma _ ( Z ) ) ) ) ) \ exp \ left ( - ( \ frac ( \ left ( x - ( \ frac ( \ sigma _ ( X ) ^ ( 2 ) ( z - \ mu _ ( Y ) ) + \ sigma _ ( Y ) ^ ( 2 ) \ mu _ ( X ) ) ( \ sigma _ ( Z ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ right ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2 \ left ( ( \ frac ( \ sigma _ ( X ) \ sigma _ ( Y ) ) ( \ sigma _ ( Z ) ) ) \ right ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ right ) \ , dx \ \ ( 6pt ) & = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( ( \ sqrt ( 2 \ pi ) ) \ sigma _ ( Z ) ) ) \ exp \ left ( - ( ( z - ( \ mu _ ( X ) + \ mu _ ( Y ) ) ) ^ ( 2 ) \ over 2 \ sigma _ ( Z ) ^ ( 2 ) ) \ right ) \ int _ ( - \ infty ) ^ ( \ infty ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( ( \ sqrt ( 2 \ pi ) ) ( \ frac ( \ sigma _ ( X ) \ sigma _ ( Y ) ) ( \ sigma _ ( Z ) ) ) ) ) \ exp \ left ( - ( \ frac ( \ left ( x - ( \ frac ( \ sigma _ ( X ) ^ ( 2 ) ( z - \ mu _ ( Y ) ) + \ sigma _ ( Y ) ^ ( 2 ) \ mu _ ( X ) ) ( \ sigma _ ( Z ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ right ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2 \ left ( ( \ frac ( \ sigma _ ( X ) \ sigma _ ( Y ) ) ( \ sigma _ ( Z ) ) ) \ right ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ right ) \ , dx \ end ( aligned ) ) ) The expression in the integral is a normal density distribution on x , and so the integral evaluates to 1 . The desired result follows : f Z ( z ) = 1 2 π σ Z exp ⁡ ( − ( z − ( μ X + μ Y ) ) 2 2 σ Z 2 ) ( \ displaystyle f_ ( Z ) ( z ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( ( \ sqrt ( 2 \ pi ) ) \ sigma _ ( Z ) ) ) \ exp \ left ( - ( ( z - ( \ mu _ ( X ) + \ mu _ ( Y ) ) ) ^ ( 2 ) \ over 2 \ sigma _ ( Z ) ^ ( 2 ) ) \ right ) ) Using the convolution theorem ( edit ) It can be shown that the fourier transform of a gaussian , f X ( x ) = N ( x ; μ X , σ X 2 ) ( \ displaystyle f_ ( X ) ( x ) = ( \ mathcal ( N ) ) ( x ; \ mu _ ( X ) , \ sigma _ ( X ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) , is F ( f X ) = F X ( ω ) = exp ⁡ ( − j ω μ X ) exp ⁡ ( − σ X 2 ω 2 2 ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ mathcal ( F ) ) \ ( f_ ( X ) \ ) = F_ ( X ) ( \ omega ) = \ exp \ left ( - j \ omega \ mu _ ( X ) \ right ) \ exp \ left ( - ( \ tfrac ( \ sigma _ ( X ) ^ ( 2 ) \ omega ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2 ) ) \ right ) ) By the convolution theorem : f Z = f X ∗ f Y = F − 1 ( F ( f X ) ⋅ F ( f Y ) ) = F − 1 ( exp ⁡ ( − j ω μ X ) exp ⁡ ( − σ X 2 ω 2 2 ) exp ⁡ ( − j ω μ Y ) exp ⁡ ( − σ Y 2 ω 2 2 ) ) = F − 1 ( exp ⁡ ( − j ω ( μ X + μ Y ) ) exp ⁡ ( − ( σ X 2 + σ Y 2 ) ω 2 2 ) ) = N ( z ; μ X + μ Y , σ X 2 + σ Y 2 ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) f_ ( Z ) & = f_ ( X ) * f_ ( Y ) \ \ & = ( \ mathcal ( F ) ) ^ ( - 1 ) ( \ big \ ( ) ( \ mathcal ( F ) ) \ ( f_ ( X ) \ ) \ cdot ( \ mathcal ( F ) ) \ ( f_ ( Y ) \ ) ( \ big \ ) ) \ \ & = ( \ mathcal ( F ) ) ^ ( - 1 ) ( \ big \ ( ) \ exp \ left ( - j \ omega \ mu _ ( X ) \ right ) \ exp \ left ( - ( \ tfrac ( \ sigma _ ( X ) ^ ( 2 ) \ omega ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2 ) ) \ right ) \ exp \ left ( - j \ omega \ mu _ ( Y ) \ right ) \ exp \ left ( - ( \ tfrac ( \ sigma _ ( Y ) ^ ( 2 ) \ omega ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2 ) ) \ right ) ( \ big \ ) ) \ \ & = ( \ mathcal ( F ) ) ^ ( - 1 ) ( \ big \ ( ) \ exp \ left ( - j \ omega ( \ mu _ ( X ) + \ mu _ ( Y ) ) \ right ) \ exp \ left ( - ( \ tfrac ( ( \ sigma _ ( X ) ^ ( 2 ) \ + \ sigma _ ( Y ) ^ ( 2 ) ) \ omega ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2 ) ) \ right ) ( \ big \ ) ) \ \ & = ( \ mathcal ( N ) ) ( z ; \ mu _ ( X ) + \ mu _ ( Y ) , \ sigma _ ( X ) ^ ( 2 ) + \ sigma _ ( Y ) ^ ( 2 ) ) \ end ( aligned ) ) ) Geometric proof ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) First consider the normalized case when X , Y ~ N ( 0 , 1 ) , so that their PDFs are f ( x ) = 1 / 2 π e − x 2 / 2 ( \ displaystyle f ( x ) = ( \ sqrt ( 1 / 2 \ pi \ , ) ) e ^ ( - x ^ ( 2 ) / 2 ) ) and g ( y ) = 1 / 2 π e − y 2 / 2 . ( \ displaystyle g ( y ) = ( \ sqrt ( 1 / 2 \ pi \ , ) ) e ^ ( - y ^ ( 2 ) / 2 ) . ) Let Z = X+Y . Then the CDF for Z will be z ↦ ∫ x + y ≤ z f ( x ) g ( y ) d x d y . ( \ displaystyle z \ mapsto \ int _ ( x + y \ leq z ) f ( x ) g ( y ) \ , dx \ , dy . ) This integral is over the half - plane which lies under the line x+y = z . The key observation is that the function f ( x ) g ( y ) = ( 1 / 2 π ) e − ( x 2 + y 2 ) / 2 ( \ displaystyle f ( x ) g ( y ) = ( 1 / 2 \ pi ) e ^ ( - ( x ^ ( 2 ) + y ^ ( 2 ) ) / 2 ) \ , ) is radially symmetric . So we rotate the coordinate plane about the origin , choosing new coordinates x ′ , y ′ ( \ displaystyle x ' , y ' ) such that the line x+y = z is described by the equation x ′ = c ( \ displaystyle x ' = c ) where c = c ( z ) ( \ displaystyle c = c ( z ) ) is determined geometrically . Because of the radial symmetry , we have f ( x ) g ( y ) = f ( x ′ ) g ( y ′ ) ( \ displaystyle f ( x ) g ( y ) = f ( x ' ) g ( y ' ) ) , and the CDF for Z is ∫ x ′ ≤ c , y ′ ∈ R f ( x ′ ) g ( y ′ ) d x ′ d y ′ . ( \ displaystyle \ int _ ( x ' \ leq c , y ' \ in \ mathbb ( R ) ) f ( x ' ) g ( y ' ) \ , dx ' \ , dy ' . ) This is easy to integrate ; we find that the CDF for Z is ∫ − ∞ c ( z ) f ( x ′ ) d x ′ = Φ ( c ( z ) ) . ( \ displaystyle \ int _ ( - \ infty ) ^ ( c ( z ) ) f ( x ' ) \ , dx ' = \ Phi ( c ( z ) ) . ) To determine the value c ( z ) ( \ displaystyle c ( z ) ) , note that we rotated the plane so that the line x+y = z now runs vertically with x-intercept equal to c . So c is just the distance from the origin to the line x+y = z along the perpendicular bisector , which meets the line at its nearest point to the origin , in this case ( z / 2 , z / 2 ) ( \ displaystyle ( z / 2 , z / 2 ) \ , ) . So the distance is c = ( z / 2 ) 2 + ( z / 2 ) 2 = z / 2 ( \ displaystyle c = ( \ sqrt ( ( z / 2 ) ^ ( 2 ) + ( z / 2 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) = z / ( \ sqrt ( 2 ) ) \ , ) , and the CDF for Z is Φ ( z / 2 ) ( \ displaystyle \ Phi ( z / ( \ sqrt ( 2 ) ) ) ) , i.e. , Z = X + Y ∼ N ( 0 , 2 ) . ( \ displaystyle Z = X + Y \ sim N ( 0 , 2 ) . ) Now , if a , b are any real constants ( not both zero ! ) then the probability that a X + b Y ≤ z ( \ displaystyle aX + bY \ leq z ) is found by the same integral as above , but with the bounding line a x + b y = z ( \ displaystyle ax + by = z ) . The same rotation method works , and in this more general case we find that the closest point on the line to the origin is located a ( signed ) distance z a 2 + b 2 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( z ) ( \ sqrt ( a ^ ( 2 ) + b ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ) away , so that a X + b Y ∼ N ( 0 , a 2 + b 2 ) . ( \ displaystyle aX + bY \ sim N ( 0 , a ^ ( 2 ) + b ^ ( 2 ) ) . ) The same argument in higher dimensions shows that if X i ∼ N ( 0 , σ i 2 ) , i = 1 , ... , n , ( \ displaystyle X_ ( i ) \ sim N ( 0 , \ sigma _ ( i ) ^ ( 2 ) ) , \ qquad i = 1 , \ dots , n , ) then X 1 + ⋯ + X n ∼ N ( 0 , σ 1 2 + ⋯ + σ n 2 ) . ( \ displaystyle X_ ( 1 ) + \ cdots + X_ ( n ) \ sim N ( 0 , \ sigma _ ( 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) + \ cdots + \ sigma _ ( n ) ^ ( 2 ) ) . ) Now we are essentially done , because X ∼ N ( μ , σ 2 ) ⇔ 1 σ ( X − μ ) ∼ N ( 0 , 1 ) . ( \ displaystyle X \ sim N ( \ mu , \ sigma ^ ( 2 ) ) \ Leftrightarrow ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( \ sigma ) ) ( X - \ mu ) \ sim N ( 0 , 1 ) . ) So in general , if X i ∼ N ( μ i , σ i 2 ) , i = 1 , ... , n , ( \ displaystyle X_ ( i ) \ sim N ( \ mu _ ( i ) , \ sigma _ ( i ) ^ ( 2 ) ) , \ qquad i = 1 , \ dots , n , ) then ∑ i = 1 n a i X i ∼ N ( ∑ i = 1 n a i μ i , ∑ i = 1 n ( a i σ i ) 2 ) . ( \ displaystyle \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( n ) a_ ( i ) X_ ( i ) \ sim N \ left ( \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( n ) a_ ( i ) \ mu _ ( i ) , \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( n ) ( a_ ( i ) \ sigma _ ( i ) ) ^ ( 2 ) \ right ) . ) Correlated random variables ( edit ) In the event that the variables X and Y are jointly normally distributed random variables , then X + Y is still normally distributed ( see Multivariate normal distribution ) and the mean is the sum of the means . However , the variances are not additive due to the correlation . Indeed , σ X + Y = σ X 2 + σ Y 2 + 2 ρ σ X σ Y , ( \ displaystyle \ sigma _ ( X + Y ) = ( \ sqrt ( \ sigma _ ( X ) ^ ( 2 ) + \ sigma _ ( Y ) ^ ( 2 ) + 2 \ rho \ sigma _ ( X ) \ sigma _ ( Y ) ) ) , ) where ρ is the correlation . In particular , whenever ρ < 0 , then the variance is less than the sum of the variances of X and Y . Extensions of this result can be made for more than two random variables , using the covariance matrix . Proof ( edit ) In this case , one needs to consider 1 2 π σ x σ y 1 − ρ 2 ∫∫ x y exp ⁡ ( − 1 2 ( 1 − ρ 2 ) ( x 2 σ x 2 + y 2 σ y 2 − 2 ρ x y σ x σ y ) ) δ ( z − ( x + y ) ) d x d y . ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 \ pi \ sigma _ ( x ) \ sigma _ ( y ) ( \ sqrt ( 1 - \ rho ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ) \ iint _ ( x \ , y ) \ exp \ left ( - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ( 1 - \ rho ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( x ^ ( 2 ) ) ( \ sigma _ ( x ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) + ( \ frac ( y ^ ( 2 ) ) ( \ sigma _ ( y ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) - ( \ frac ( 2 \ rho xy ) ( \ sigma _ ( x ) \ sigma _ ( y ) ) ) \ right ) \ right ) \ delta ( z - ( x + y ) ) \ , \ mathrm ( d ) x \ , \ mathrm ( d ) y . ) As above , one makes the substitution y → z − x ( \ displaystyle y \ rightarrow z-x ) This integral is more complicated to simplify analytically , but can be done easily using a symbolic mathematics program . The probability distribution f ( z ) is given in this case by f Z ( z ) = 1 2 π σ + exp ⁡ ( − z 2 2 σ + 2 ) ( \ displaystyle f_ ( Z ) ( z ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( ( \ sqrt ( 2 \ pi ) ) \ sigma _ ( + ) ) ) \ exp \ left ( - ( \ frac ( z ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2 \ sigma _ ( + ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ right ) ) where σ + = σ x 2 + σ y 2 + 2 ρ σ x σ y . ( \ displaystyle \ sigma _ ( + ) = ( \ sqrt ( \ sigma _ ( x ) ^ ( 2 ) + \ sigma _ ( y ) ^ ( 2 ) + 2 \ rho \ sigma _ ( x ) \ sigma _ ( y ) ) ) . ) If one considers instead Z = X − Y , then one obtains f Z ( z ) = 1 2 π ( σ x 2 + σ y 2 − 2 ρ σ x σ y ) exp ⁡ ( − z 2 2 ( σ x 2 + σ y 2 − 2 ρ σ x σ y ) ) ( \ displaystyle f_ ( Z ) ( z ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( \ sqrt ( 2 \ pi ( \ sigma _ ( x ) ^ ( 2 ) + \ sigma _ ( y ) ^ ( 2 ) - 2 \ rho \ sigma _ ( x ) \ sigma _ ( y ) ) ) ) ) \ exp \ left ( - ( \ frac ( z ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2 ( \ sigma _ ( x ) ^ ( 2 ) + \ sigma _ ( y ) ^ ( 2 ) - 2 \ rho \ sigma _ ( x ) \ sigma _ ( y ) ) ) ) \ right ) ) which also can be rewritten with σ − = σ x 2 + σ y 2 − 2 ρ σ x σ y . ( \ displaystyle \ sigma _ ( - ) = ( \ sqrt ( \ sigma _ ( x ) ^ ( 2 ) + \ sigma _ ( y ) ^ ( 2 ) - 2 \ rho \ sigma _ ( x ) \ sigma _ ( y ) ) ) . ) The standard deviations of each distribution are obvious by comparison with the standard normal distribution . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Derpanis , Konstantinos G. ( October 20 , 2005 ) . `` Fourier Transform of the Gaussian '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Bennett Eisenberg and Rosemary Sullivan , Why is the Sum of Independent Normal Random Variables Normal , Math . Magazine , 2008 , Vol. 81 , p 362 - 366 . See also ( edit ) Algebra of random variables Stable distribution Standard error ( statistics ) Ratio distribution Product distribution Slash distribution List of convolutions of probability distributions Not to be confused with : Mixture distribution Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sum_of_normally_distributed_random_variables&oldid=837617210 '' Categories : Continuous distributions Normal distribution Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from May 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2011 Articles needing additional references from May 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 21 April 2018 , at 23 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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i must let the show go on lyrics			The Show Must Go on ( Leo Sayer song )	the show must go on ( leo sayer song )	`` The Show Must Go On '' is a song co-written by Leo Sayer and David Courtney and first recorded by Sayer . It was released in the United Kingdom in 1973 , becoming Sayer 's first hit record ( reaching its chart peak of # 2 in early 1974 in the UK ) . The song reached # 3 on the Irish Singles Chart in January 1974 , and was included on Sayer 's debut album Silverbird .	The song was covered by Three Dog Night , whose version was released in 1974 , becoming a hit in the United States , peaking at # 4 on the Billboard Hot 100 and sung by vocalist Chuck Negron . The record reached # 1 on the Cashbox pop chart , # 2 on the Canadian RPM Magazine charts , and became their seventh and final Gold Record . It uses a circus theme as a metaphor for dealing with the difficulties and wrong choices of life . Early in Sayer 's career , he performed it dressed and made up as a pierrot clown . The opening motif quotes Julius Fučík 's `` Entrance of the Gladiators '' which is commonly associated with circus clowns . In Sayer 's version , the last line of the chorus is `` I wo n't let the show go on '' . Three Dog Night sang it as `` I must let the show go on '' , which Sayer was reportedly not happy about . Contents ( hide ) 1 Chart performance 1.1 Leo Sayer version 1.2 Three Dog Night version 1.3 Weekly charts 1.4 Year - end charts 2 References 3 Bibliography Chart performance ( edit ) Leo Sayer version ( edit ) Chart ( 1974 ) Peak position UK Singles Chart Ireland Year - end chart ( 1974 ) Rank UK 31 Three Dog Night version ( edit ) Three Dog Night 's cover of `` The Show Must Go On '' became their last Top 10 hit in the U.S. , where it reached number four on the Billboard Hot 100 and number one on the Cash Box Top 100 , as well as in Canada , where it reached number two . It also reached # 11 in the Netherlands and # 12 in Germany . Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1974 ) Peak position Canadian RPM Top Singles Germany 12 Netherlands 6 New Zealand ( Listener ) 9 US Billboard Hot 100 US Cash Box Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1974 ) Rank US Billboard Hot 100 42 US Cash Box 63 Canada 43 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 483 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 50 Official Charts Company '' . Officialcharts.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ The Irish Charts , January 3 , 1974 Jump up ^ `` Top 100 1974 - UK Music Charts '' . Uk-charts.top-source.info . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Flavour of New Zealand - search listener '' . Flavourofnz.co.nz . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Lyrics : The Show Must Go On by Three Dog Night '' . Top40db.net. 1974 - 03 - 16 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 08 - 10 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1974 / Top 100 Songs of 1974 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2014 . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` RPM - Library and Archives Canada RPM - Bibliothèque et Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Archived from the original on 2016 - 08 - 01 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 10 . Bibliography ( edit ) Gogan , Larry ( 1987 ) . The Larry Gogan Book of Irish Chart Hits ( Maxwell Publications ) ISBN 9781870846004 Whitburn , Joel ( 1996 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits , 6th Edition ( Billboard Publications ) , ISBN 978 - 0823076321 Leo Sayer Studio albums Silverbird Just a Boy Another Year Endless Flight Thunder in My Heart Leo Sayer Here Living in a Fantasy World Radio Have You Ever Been in Love Cool Touch Compilation albums The Very Best of Leo Sayer All the Best Soundtrack albums All This and World War II Lake Freeze -- The Raccoons Songtrack Singles `` The Show Must Go On '' `` One Man Band '' `` Moonlighting '' `` You Make Me Feel Like Dancing '' `` When I Need You '' `` How Much Love '' `` Thunder in My Heart '' `` I Ca n't Stop Loving You ( Though I Try ) '' `` Raining in My Heart '' `` More Than I Can Say '' `` Orchard Road '' `` Till You Come Back to Me '' `` Unchained Melody '' Related topics Le Chaînon manquant The Raccoons on Ice Book Three Dog Night Danny Hutton Michael Allsup Paul Kingery Pat Bautz Eddie Reasoner David Morgan Cory Wells Chuck Negron Jimmy Greenspoon Floyd Sneed Joe Schermie Skip Konte Al Ciner Gary Moon Richard Campbell Studio albums Three Dog Night ( 1968 ) Suitable for Framing ( 1969 ) It Ai n't Easy ( 1970 ) Naturally ( 1970 ) Harmony ( 1971 ) Seven Separate Fools ( 1972 ) Cyan ( 1973 ) Hard Labor ( 1974 ) Coming Down Your Way ( 1975 ) American Pastime ( 1976 ) It 's a Jungle ( 1983 ) Live albums Captured Live at the Forum ( 1969 ) Around the World with Three Dog Night ( 1973 ) Compilations Golden Bisquits ( 1971 ) Joy to the World : Their Greatest Hits ( 1975 ) The Best of 3 Dog Night ( 1982 ) Celebrate : The Three Dog Night Story , 1965 -- 1975 ( 1993 ) 20th Century Masters -- The Millennium Collection : The Best of Three Dog Night ( 1999 ) Singles `` Nobody '' `` Try a Little Tenderness '' `` One '' `` Easy to Be Hard '' `` Eli 's Coming '' `` Celebrate '' `` Mama Told Me ( Not to Come ) '' `` Out in the Country '' `` One Man Band '' `` Joy to the World '' `` Liar '' `` An Old Fashioned Love Song '' `` Never Been to Spain '' `` The Family of Man '' `` Black & White '' `` Pieces of April '' `` Shambala '' `` Let Me Serenade You '' `` The Show Must Go On '' `` Sure As I 'm Sittin ' Here '' `` Play Something Sweet ( Brickyard Blues ) '' `` Til the World Ends '' `` Everybody Is a Masterpiece '' `` It 's a Jungle Out There '' Discography Book This 1970s single -- related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Show_Must_Go_On_(Leo_Sayer_song)&oldid=820856800 '' Categories : 1974 singles 1973 songs Three Dog Night songs Leo Sayer songs Songs written by Leo Sayer Songs written by David Courtney Chrysalis Records singles Dunhill Records singles 1970s single stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 17 January 2018 , at 00 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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who plays dj's boyfriend on fuller house			Scott Weinger	scott weinger	Scott Weinger ( born October 5 , 1975 ) is an American actor , voice actor , writer and producer , best known as the voice of the title character in Disney 's Aladdin . Weinger reprised the role in the two direct - to - video sequels , the television series of the same name , and the Kingdom Hearts and Disney Infinity video game series . He is also known for playing Steve Hale on the ABC sitcom Full House and its Netflix sequel Fuller House . He is also a writer and producer for television , including for ABC 's Galavant and Black - ish . He was a co-executive producer of ABC 's The Muppets .	Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Video games 4.4 Theme park attractions 5 Production Credits 5.1 Writer 5.2 Producer 6 References 7 External links Early Life ( edit ) Weinger was born in Manhattan , New York City , the son of Barbara and Elliott Weinger , an orthopedist , brother of Todd Weinger , a film producer and brother of Lauren Weinger , an actress . He graduated from Harvard University in 1998 with a magna cum laude degree in English and American Literature . He is Jewish . Career ( edit ) Weinger 's first professional acting work was a national commercial for Ideal Toys . His first acting role was in Police Academy 5 : Assignment : Miami Beach . After guest starring on ABC 's Life Goes On , Weinger became a series regular on the situation comedy The Family Man on CBS . His next regular role in a series came as Steve Hale on the sitcom Full House from 1991 to 1995 after he had guest - starred on one episode during its fifth season . During the run of Full House , Weinger made his motion - picture debut as the voice of the title character in Disney 's 1992 animated feature Aladdin . Weinger went on to several small roles in television programs , starred in a horror comedy film , 2003 's Shredder , and provided his voice for Osamu Tezuka 's Metropolis and the 3 - D Disney film Mickey 's PhilharMagic . He had a guest appearance on the NBC 's Scrubs for the season 6 episode `` My Coffee '' as Dr. Kershnar . He played Officer Rubin on What I Like About You . In 2016 , Weinger reprised his role of Steve Hale on the Full House spin - off series , Fuller House . Weinger was cast as Aladdin , the street urchin in Walt Disney Pictures ' animated feature film Aladdin . He reprised his role multiple times off the big screen including the CBS Aladdin series and direct - to - video sequels , the most notable being The Return of Jafar and Aladdin and the King of Thieves . His voice would also be used for several video games including the Kingdom Hearts series , Kinect Disneyland Adventures , and Disney Infinity series . Weinger has written and produced for television , receiving his first writing credit on the WB television show Like Family . Other writing credits include What I Like About You and Privileged . From 2009 to 2013 , he was a writer - producer for 90210 , penning the series ' 100th episode . After the series ended , he returned to comedy , becoming a writer - producer for The Neighbors , Galavant , Black - ish , and The Muppets . Personal Life ( edit ) Weinger has been married to television writer and producer Rina Mimoun since 2008 ; together they have a son , Mischa , who was born in 2009 . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1988 Police Academy 5 : Assignment Miami Beach Shark Attack Kid Aladdin Aladdin ( voice ) 1994 The Return of Jafar Aladdin ( voice ) Direct - to - video Aladdin and the King of Thieves Aladdin ( voice ) Direct - to - video 1998 Aladdin 's Arabian Adventures : Creatures of Invention Aladdin ( voice ) Direct - to - video 1998 Aladdin 's Arabian Adventures : Fearless Friends Aladdin ( voice ) Direct - to - video 1998 Aladdin 's Arabian Adventures : Magic Makers Aladdin ( voice ) Direct - to - video 1998 Aladdin 's Arabian Adventures : Team Genie Aladdin ( voice ) Direct - to - video 2001 Mickey 's House of Villains Aladdin ( voice ) Direct - to - video 2001 Metropolis Atlas ( voice ) 2003 Shredder Cole Davidson 2005 Jasmine 's Enchanted Tales : Journey of a Princess Aladdin ( voice ) Direct - to - video 2006 Farce of the Penguins Horny penguin ( voice ) Direct - to - video 2012 Roulette Mike Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1988 Hemingway Patrick Hemingway TV Miniseries 1989 -- 1990 Life Goes On Steve Smith 2 episodes 1990 -- 1991 The Family Man Steve Taylor 22 episodes 1991 Eerie , Indiana Eddie Episode : `` ATM with a Heart of Gold '' Where in the World Is Carmen Sandiego ? Himself Episode : `` The Pied Pirates of Petra '' 1994 The Shaggy Dog Wilbert `` Wilby '' Daniels TV Movie 1991 -- 1995 Full House Steve Hale 50 episodes 1994 -- 1995 Aladdin Aladdin / Evil Aladdin ( voice ) 86 episodes 1995 Aladdin on Ice Aladdin ( voice ) TV Movie 1999 Hercules Aladdin ( voice ) 1 episode 1999 Walker , Texas Ranger Bradley Roberts Episode : `` Full Recovery '' 2001 -- 2002 Disney 's House of Mouse Aladdin ( voice ) 3 episodes 2006 What I Like About You Officer Rubin 4 episodes 2006 Scrubs Dr. Kershnar Episode : `` My Coffee '' 2013 The Mistresses Father Episode : `` I Choose You '' 2014 The Neighbors Man Episode : `` There Goes The Neighbors ' Hood '' 2016 -- present Fuller House Dr. Steve Hale Season 1 ( Recurring Role ) Season 2 -- Present ( Main Cast ) 24 episodes Video games ( edit ) Year Title Role Aladdin 's MathQuest Aladdin 2001 Aladdin in Nasira 's Revenge 2002 Kingdom Hearts 2005 Kingdom Hearts II Aladdin ( English version ) 2007 Kingdom Hearts II Final Mix 2011 Kinect Disneyland Adventures Aladdin 2014 Disney Infinity 2.0 2015 Disney Infinity 3.0 Theme park attractions ( edit ) Year Title Role 2003 Mickey 's PhilharMagic Aladdin Production Credits ( edit ) Writer ( edit ) Year Title Notes 2003 Like Family 2005 What I Like About You 3 episodes 2008 -- 2009 Privileged 2 episodes 2010 -- 2013 90210 8 episodes 2013 -- 2014 The Neighbors 3 episodes 2014 -- 2015 Black - ish 1 episode 2015 -- 2016 Galavant 2 episodes 2016 The Muppets 1 episode Producer ( edit ) Year Title Position Notes 2002 The Cricket Player 2011 -- 2012 90210 Co-producer 45 episodes 2013 -- 2014 The Neighbors 22 episodes 2014 -- 2015 Black - ish Supervising producer 15 episodes 2015 -- 2016 Galavant Supervising producer 12 episodes 2016 The Muppets Co-executive producer 5 episodes References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Scott Weinger Biography ( 1975 - ) '' . FilmReference.com . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Etkin , Jaimie ( 2012 - 09 - 22 ) . `` ' Full House ' Cast : Where Are They Now ; Interviews With Dave Coulier , Jodie Sweetin , Lori Loughlin And More '' . Huffingtonpost.com . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2017 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ http://jewishjournal.com/wandering_jew/12053/celebs-stick-to-their-tzedakah-box-job/ Jump up ^ Commodore Amiga TV Ad -- Celebrities on YouTube Jump up ^ Elizabeth Wagmeister ( 2015 - 07 - 17 ) . `` ' Fuller House ' Brings Back Steve : Scott Weinger Joining Netflix Series '' . variety.com . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ Samantha Rullo ( 2014 - 06 - 12 ) . `` Whatever Happened to Steve from ' Full House ? ' The Ivy League Grad Is Still Working in TV '' . bustle.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ http://www.etonline.com/news/172968_exclusive_what_happened_when_the_voice_of_aladdin_took_his_kid_saw_the_movie/ Jump up ^ http://www.mtv.com/news/2283869/scott-weinger-aladdin-blu-ray/ External links ( edit ) Scott Weinger on IMDb Scott Weinger at TV.com Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor Noah Hathaway ( 1984 ) Barret Oliver ( 1985 ) Carrie Henn ( 1986 ) Kirk Cameron ( 1987 ) Fred Savage ( 1988 ) Adan Jodorowsky ( 1989 / 90 ) Edward Furlong ( 1991 ) Scott Weinger ( 1992 ) Elijah Wood ( 1993 ) Kirsten Dunst ( 1994 ) Christina Ricci ( 1995 ) Lucas Black ( 1996 ) Jena Malone ( 1997 ) Tobey Maguire ( 1998 ) Haley Joel Osment ( 1999 ) Devon Sawa ( 2000 ) Haley Joel Osment ( 2001 ) Tyler Hoechlin ( 2002 ) Jeremy Sumpter ( 2003 ) Emmy Rossum ( 2004 ) Dakota Fanning ( 2005 ) Ivana Baquero ( 2006 ) Freddie Highmore ( 2007 ) Jaden Smith ( 2008 ) Saoirse Ronan ( 2009 ) Chloë Grace Moretz ( 2010 ) Joel Courtney ( 2011 ) Suraj Sharma ( 2012 ) Chloë Grace Moretz ( 2013 ) Mackenzie Foy ( 2014 ) Ty Simpkins ( 2015 ) Tom Holland ( 2016 ) Tom Holland ( 2017 ) WorldCat Identities GND : 173802893 ISNI : 0000 0000 5371 3734 LCCN : no2005079410 VIAF : 267361247 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scott_Weinger&oldid=866396541 '' Categories : American male child actors American male film actors American male television actors Television producers from New York City American television writers 1975 births Male actors from New York City Male television writers American male voice actors American male video game actors Jewish American male actors Harvard University alumni Living people 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors Screenwriters from New York ( state ) Hidden categories : Infobox person using alma mater Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu تۆرکجه Български Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Italiano עברית Norsk Português Русский Simple English Svenska 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 02 : 15 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott%20Weinger	3,234
in the state constitutions that formed during or after the revolution was everyone allowed to vote			Voting rights in the United States	voting rights in the united states	The issue of voting rights in the United States , specifically the enfranchisement and disenfranchisement of different groups , has been contested throughout United States history .	Eligibility to vote in the United States is established both through the federal constitution and by state law . Several constitutional amendments ( the 15th , 19th , and 26th specifically ) require that voting rights can not be abridged on account of race , color , previous condition of servitude , sex , or age for those above 18 ; the constitution as originally written did not establish any such rights during 1787 -- 1870 . In the absence of a specific federal law or constitutional provision , each state is given considerable discretion to establish qualifications for suffrage and candidacy within its own respective jurisdiction ; in addition , states and lower level jurisdictions establish election systems , such as at - large or single member district elections for county councils or school boards . Beyond qualifications for suffrage , rules and regulations concerning voting ( such as the poll tax ) have been contested since the advent of Jim Crow laws and related provisions that indirectly disenfranchised racial minorities . Since the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , the 24th Amendment to the Constitution , and related laws , voting rights have been legally considered an issue related to election systems . The Supreme Court ruled in 1964 that both houses of all state legislatures had to be based on election districts that were relatively equal in population size , under the `` one man , one vote '' principle . In 1972 , the Court ruled that state legislatures had to redistrict every ten years based on census results ; at that point , many had not redistricted for decades , often leading to a rural bias . In other cases , particularly for county or municipal elections , at - large voting has been repeatedly challenged when found to dilute the voting power of significant minorities in violation of the Voting Rights Act . In the early 20th century , numerous cities established small commission forms of government in the belief that `` better government '' could result from the suppression of ward politics . Commissioners were elected by the majority of voters , excluding candidates who could not afford large campaigns or who appealed to a minority . Generally the solution to such violations has been to adopt single - member districts ( SMDs ) but alternative election systems , such as limited voting or cumulative voting , have also been used since the late 20th century to correct for dilution of voting power and enable minorities to elect candidates of their choice . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Milestones of national franchise changes 3 Removal of exclusions 3.1 Native American people 3.2 Religious test 3.3 Poor whites and free African Americans 3.3. 1 Legal challenges to disfranchisement 3.4 Women 3.5 Washington , D.C. 3.6 Young people 3.7 Prisoners 3.8 Durational residency 3.9 Homelessness 3.9. 1 Obstacles homeless citizens face during voter registration 3.9. 2 Court cases involving homeless voting 3.9. 3 Special interest elections 4 Current status 4.1 By region 4.1. 1 District of Columbia 4.1. 2 Overseas and nonresident citizens 4.1. 3 Puerto Rico 4.2 Accessibility 4.3 Candidacy requirements 4.4 Noncitizen voting 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Background ( edit ) The United States Constitution did not originally define who was eligible to vote , allowing each state to determine who was eligible . In the early history of the U.S. , most states allowed only white male adult property owners to vote . Freed slaves could vote in four states . Women were largely prohibited from voting , as were men without property . Women could vote in New Jersey until 1807 ( provided they could meet the property requirement ) and in some local jurisdictions in other northern states . Non-white Americans could also vote in these jurisdictions , provided they could meet the property requirement . By 1856 , white men were allowed to vote in all states regardless of property ownership , although requirements for paying tax remained in five states . On the other hand , several states , including Pennsylvania and New Jersey stripped the free black males of the right to vote in the same period . Four of the fifteen post-Civil War constitutional amendments were ratified to extend voting rights to different groups of citizens . These extensions state that voting rights can not be denied or abridged based on the following : `` Race , color , or previous condition of servitude '' ( 15th Amendment , 1870 ) `` On account of sex '' ( 19th Amendment , 1920 ) `` By reason of failure to pay any poll tax or other tax '' for federal elections ( 24th Amendment , 1964 ) `` Who are eighteen years of age or older , to vote , shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of age '' ( 26th Amendment , 1971 ) Following the Reconstruction Era until the culmination of the Civil Rights Movement , Jim Crow laws such as literacy tests , poll taxes , and religious tests were some of the state and local laws used in various parts of the United States to deny immigrants ( including legal ones and newly naturalized citizens ) , non-white citizens , Native Americans , and any other locally `` undesirable '' groups from exercising voting rights granted under the constitution . Because of such state and local discriminatory practices , over time , the federal role in elections has increased , through amendments to the Constitution and enacted legislation ( e.g. , the Voting Rights Act of 1965 ) . The `` right to vote '' is not explicitly stated in the U.S. Constitution except in the above referenced amendments , and only in reference to the fact that the franchise can not be denied or abridged based solely on the aforementioned qualifications . In other words , the `` right to vote '' is perhaps better understood , in layman 's terms , as only prohibiting certain forms of legal discrimination in establishing qualifications for suffrage . States may deny the `` right to vote '' for other reasons . For example , many states require eligible citizens to register to vote a set number of days prior to the election in order to vote . More controversial restrictions include those laws that prohibit convicted felons from voting , even those who have served their sentences . Another example , seen in Bush v. Gore , are disputes as to what rules should apply in counting or recounting ballots . A state may choose to fill an office by means other than an election . For example , upon death or resignation of a legislator , the state may allow the affiliated political party to choose a replacement to hold office until the next scheduled election . Such an appointment is often affirmed by the governor . The Constitution , in Article VI , clause ( paragraph ) 3 , states that `` no religious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United States '' . However , as described in the sections below , voting rights reforms in the 19th and 20th centuries extended the franchise to non-whites , those who do not own property , women , and those 18 -- 21 years old . Milestones of national franchise changes ( edit ) Further information : Timeline of voting rights in the United States 1789 : The Constitution grants the states the power to set voting requirements . Generally , states limited this right to property - owning or tax - paying white males . 1790 : The Naturalization Act of 1790 allows white men born outside of the United States to become citizens with the right to vote . 1792 : Beginning of the abolition of property qualifications for white men , from 1792 ( Kentucky ) to 1856 ( North Carolina ) during the periods of Jeffersonian and Jacksonian democracy . 1792 - 1838 : Free black males lose the right to vote in several Northern states including Pennsylvania and New Jersey 1868 : Citizenship is guaranteed to all persons born or naturalized in the United States , setting the stage for future expansions to voting rights . 1870 : Non-white men and freed male slaves are guaranteed the right to vote by the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution . However , for many years , some states were very successful at suppressing this vote ( see Jim Crow Laws ) . 1887 : Citizenship is granted to Native Americans who are willing to disassociate themselves from their tribe by the Dawes Act , making the men technically eligible to vote . 1913 : Direct election of Senators , established by the Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution , gave voters rather than state legislatures the right to elect senators . 1920 : Women are guaranteed the right to vote by the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution . In practice , the same restrictions that hindered the ability of non-white men to vote now also applied to non-white women . 1924 : All Native Americans are granted citizenship and the right to vote , regardless of tribal affiliation . By this point , approximately two thirds of Native Americans were already citizens . 1943 : Chinese immigrants given the right to citizenship and the right to vote by the Magnuson Act . 1961 : Residents of Washington , D.C. are granted the right to vote in U.S. Presidential Elections by the Twenty - third Amendment to the United States Constitution . 1964 : Tax payment prohibited from being used as a condition for voting in federal elections by the Twenty - fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution . 1965 : Protection of voter registration and voting for racial minorities , later applied to language minorities , is established by the Voting Rights Act of 1965 . This has also been applied to correcting discriminatory election systems and districting . 1966 : Tax payment and property requirements for voting are prohibited in all U.S. elections by the Supreme Court in Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections . 1971 : Adults aged 18 through 21 are granted the right to vote by the Twenty - sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution . This was enacted in response to Vietnam War protests , which argued that soldiers who were old enough to fight for their country should be granted the right to vote . 1986 : United States Military and Uniformed Services , Merchant Marine , other citizens overseas , living on bases in the United States , abroad , or aboard ship are granted the right to vote by the Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act . Removal of exclusions ( edit ) Each extension of voting rights has been a product of , and also brought about , social change . Extension of voting rights happened through movements and a need for the US to adapt to its growing population . Native American people ( edit ) From 1778 to 1871 , the government tried to resolve its relationship with the various native tribes by negotiating treaties . These treaties formed agreements between two sovereign nations , stating that Native American people were citizens of their tribe , living within the boundaries of the United States . The treaties were negotiated by the executive branch and ratified by the U.S. Senate . It said that native tribes would give up their rights to hunt and live on huge parcels of land that they had inhabited in exchange for trade goods , yearly cash annuity payments , and assurances that no further demands would be made on them . Most often , part of the land would be `` reserved '' exclusively for the tribe 's use . Throughout the 1800s , many native tribes gradually lost claim to the lands they had inhabited for centuries through the federal government 's Indian Removal policy to relocate tribes from the Southeast and Northwest to west of the Mississippi River . European - American settlers continued to encroach on western lands . Only in 1879 , in the Standing Bear trial , were American Indians recognized as persons in the eyes of the United States government . Judge Elmer Scipio Dundy of Nebraska declared that Indians were people within the meaning of the laws , and they had the rights associated with a writ of habeas corpus . However , Judge Dundy left unsettled the question as to whether Native Americans were guaranteed US citizenship . Although Native Americans were born within the national boundaries of the United States , those on reservations were considered citizens of their own tribes , rather than of the United States . They were denied the right to vote because they were not considered citizens by law and were thus ineligible . Many Native Americans were told that they would become citizens if they gave up their tribal affiliations in 1887 under the Dawes Act , which allocated communal lands to individual households and was intended to aid in the assimilation of Native Americans into majority culture . This still did not guarantee their right to vote . In 1924 the remaining Native Americans , estimated at about one - third , became United States citizens . But , many western states continued to restrict Native American ability to vote through property requirements , economic pressures , hiding the polls , and condoning of physical violence against those who voted . Since the late 20th century , they have been protected under provisions of the Voting Rights Act as a racial minority , and in some areas , language minority , gaining election materials in their native languages . Religious test ( edit ) In several British North American colonies , before and after the 1776 Declaration of Independence , Jews , Quakers and / or Catholics were excluded from the franchise and / or from running for elections . The Delaware Constitution of 1776 stated that `` Every person who shall be chosen a member of either house , or appointed to any office or place of trust , before taking his seat , or entering upon the execution of his office , shall ( ... ) also make and subscribe the following declaration , to wit : I , A B. do profess faith in God the Father , and in Jesus Christ His only Son , and in the Holy Ghost , one God , blessed for evermore ; and I do acknowledge the holy scriptures of the Old and New Testament to be given by divine inspiration . '' . This was repealed by Article I , Section II. of the 1792 Constitution : `` No religious test shall be required as a qualification to any office , or public trust , under this State '' . The 1778 Constitution of the State of South Carolina stated , `` No person shall be eligible to sit in the house of representatives unless he be of the Protestant religion '' , the 1777 Constitution of the State of Georgia ( art . VI ) that `` The representatives shall be chosen out of the residents in each county ( ... ) and they shall be of the Protestant religion '' . With the growth in the number of Baptists in Virginia before the Revolution , who challenged the established Anglican Church , the issues of religious freedom became important to rising leaders such as James Madison . As a young lawyer , he defended Baptist preachers who were not licensed by ( and were opposed by ) the established state Anglican Church . He carried developing ideas about religious freedom to be incorporated into the constitutional convention of the United States . In 1787 , Article One of the United States Constitution stated that `` the Electors in each State shall have the Qualifications requisite for Electors of the most numerous Branch of the State Legislature '' . More significantly , Article Six disavowed the religious test requirements of several states , saying : `` ( N ) o religious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United States . '' But , in Maryland , Jewish Americans were excluded from State office until the law requiring candidates to affirm a belief in an afterlife was repealed in 1828 . Poor whites and free African Americans ( edit ) See also : Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Disfranchisement after Reconstruction era At the time of ratification of the Constitution in the late 18th century , most states had property qualifications which restricted the franchise ; the exact amount varied by state , but by some estimates , more than half of white men were disenfranchised . Several states granted suffrage to free men of color after the Revolution , including North Carolina . This fact was noted by Justice Benjamin Robbins Curtis ' dissent in Dred Scott v. Sandford ( 1857 ) , as he emphasized that blacks had been considered citizens at the time the Constitution was ratified : Of this there can be no doubt . At the time of the ratification of the Articles of Confederation , all free native - born inhabitants of the States of New Hampshire , Massachusetts , New York , New Jersey , and North Carolina , though descended from African slaves , were not only citizens of those States , but such of them as had the other necessary qualifications possessed the franchise of electors , on equal terms with other citizens . In the 1820s , New York State enlarged its franchise to white men by dropping the property qualification , but maintained it for free blacks . The Supreme Court of North Carolina had upheld the ability of free African Americans to vote in that state . In 1835 , because of fears of the role of free blacks after Nat Turner 's Slave Rebellion of 1831 , they were disenfranchised by decision of the North Carolina Constitutional Convention . At the same time , convention delegates relaxed religious and property qualifications for whites , thus expanding the franchise for them . Alabama entered the union in 1819 with universal white suffrage provided in its constitution . When the Fourteenth Amendment was ratified in 1868 after the Civil War , it granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to its jurisdiction . In 1869 , the Fifteenth Amendment prohibited the government from denying a citizen the right to vote based on that citizen 's `` race , color , or previous condition of servitude '' . The major effect of these amendments was to enfranchise African American men , the overwhelming majority of whom were freedmen in the South . After the war , some southern states passed `` Black Codes '' , state laws to restrict the new freedoms of African Americans . They attempted to control their movement , assembly , working conditions and other civil rights . Some states also prohibited them from voting . The Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution , one of three ratified after the American Civil War to grant freedmen full rights of citizenship , prevented any state from denying the right to vote to any citizen based on race . This was primarily related to protecting the franchise of freedmen , but it also applied to non-white minorities , such as Mexican Americans in Texas . The state governments under Reconstruction adopted new state constitutions or amendments designed to protect the ability of freedmen to vote . The white resistance to black suffrage after the war regularly erupted into violence as white groups tried to protect their power . Particularly in the South , in the aftermath of the Civil War whites made efforts to suppress freedmen 's voting . In the 1860s , secret vigilante groups such as the Ku Klux Klan ( KKK ) used violence and intimidation to keep freedmen in a controlled role and reestablish white supremacy . But , black freedmen registered and voted in high numbers , and many were elected to local offices through the 1880s . In the mid-1870s , the insurgencies continued with a rise in more powerful white paramilitary groups , such as the White League , originating in Louisiana in 1874 after a disputed gubernatorial election ; and the Red Shirts , originating in Mississippi in 1875 and developing numerous chapters in North and South Carolina ; as well as other `` White Line '' rifle clubs . They operated openly , were more organized than the KKK , and directed their efforts at political goals : to disrupt Republican organizing , turn Republicans out of office , and intimidate or kill blacks to suppress black voting . They worked as `` the military arm of the Democratic Party '' . For instance , estimates were that 150 blacks were killed in North Carolina before the 1876 elections . Economic tactics such as eviction from rental housing or termination of employment were also used to suppress the black vote . White Democrats regained power in state legislatures across the South by the late 1870s , and the federal government withdrew its troops as a result of a national compromise related to the presidency , officially ending Reconstruction . African Americans were a majority in three southern states following the Civil War , and represented over 40 % of the population in four other states . While they did not elect a majority of African Americans to office in any state legislature during Reconstruction , whites still feared and resented the political power exercised by freedmen . After ousting the Republicans , whites worked to restore white supremacy . Although elections were often surrounded by violence , blacks continued to vote and gained many local offices in the late 19th century . In the late 19th century , a Populist - Republican coalition in several states gained governorships and some congressional seats in 1894 . To prevent such a coalition from forming again and reduce election violence , the Democratic Party , dominant in all southern state legislatures , took action to disfranchise most blacks and many poor whites outright . From 1890 to 1908 , ten of the eleven former Confederate states completed political suppression and exclusion of these groups by ratifying new constitutions or amendments which incorporated provisions to make voter registration more difficult . These included such requirements as payment of poll taxes , complicated record keeping , complicated timing of registration and length of residency in relation to elections , with related record - keeping requirements ; felony disenfranchisement focusing on crimes thought to be committed by African Americans , and a literacy test or comprehension test . Prospective voters had to prove the ability to read and write the English language to white voter registrars , who in practice applied subjective requirements . Blacks were often denied the right to vote on this basis . Even well - educated blacks were often told they had `` failed '' such a test , if in fact , it had been administered . On the other hand , illiterate whites were sometimes allowed to vote through a `` grandfather clause , '' which waived literacy requirements if one 's grandfather had been a qualified voter before 1866 , or had served as a soldier , or was from a foreign country . As most blacks had grandfathers who were slaves before 1866 and could not have fulfilled any of those conditions , they could not use the grandfather clause exemption . Selective enforcement of the poll tax was frequently also used to disqualify black and poor white voters . As a result of these measures , at the turn of the century voter rolls dropped markedly across the South . Most blacks and many poor whites were excluded from the political system for decades . Unable to vote , they were also excluded from juries or running for any office . In Alabama , for example , its 1901 constitution restricted the franchise for poor whites as well as blacks . It contained requirements for payment of cumulative poll taxes , completion of literacy tests , and increased residency at state , county and precinct levels , effectively disenfranchised tens of thousands of poor whites as well as most blacks . Historian J. Morgan Kousser found , `` They disfranchised these whites as willingly as they deprived blacks of the vote . '' By 1941 , more whites than blacks in total had been disenfranchised . Legal challenges to disfranchisement ( edit ) Although African Americans quickly began legal challenges to such provisions in the 19th century , it was years before any were successful before the U.S. Supreme Court . Booker T. Washington , better known for his public stance of trying to work within societal constraints of the period at Tuskegee University , secretly helped fund and arrange representation for numerous legal challenges to disfranchisement . He called upon wealthy Northern allies and philanthropists to raise funds for the cause . The Supreme Court 's upholding of Mississippi 's new constitution , in Williams v. Mississippi ( 1898 ) , encouraged other states to follow the Mississippi plan of disfranchisement . African Americans brought other legal challenges , as in Giles v. Harris ( 1903 ) and Giles v. Teasley ( 1904 ) , but the Supreme Court upheld Alabama constitutional provisions . In 1915 Oklahoma was the last state to append a grandfather clause to its literacy requirement due to Supreme Court cases . From early in the 20th century , the newly established National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) took the lead in organizing or supporting legal challenges to segregation and disfranchisement . Gradually they planned the strategy of which cases to take forward . In Guinn v. United States ( 1915 ) , the first case in which the NAACP filed a brief , the Supreme Court struck down the grandfather clause in Oklahoma and Maryland . Other states in which it was used had to retract their legislation as well . The challenge was successful . But , nearly as rapidly as the Supreme Court determined a specific provision was unconstitutional , state legislatures developed new statutes to continue disenfranchisement . For instance , in Smith v. Allwright ( 1944 ) , the Supreme Court struck down the use of state - sanctioned all - white primaries by the Democratic Party in the South . States developed new restrictions on black voting ; Alabama passed a law giving county registrars more authority as to which questions they asked applicants in comprehension or literacy tests . The NAACP continued with steady progress in legal challenges to disenfranchisement and segregation . In 1957 , Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 to implement the Fifteenth Amendment . It established the United States Civil Rights Commission ; among its duties is to investigate voter discrimination . As late as 1962 , programs such as Operation Eagle Eye in Arizona attempted to stymie minority voting through literacy tests . The 24th Amendment was ratified in 1964 to prohibit poll taxes as a condition of voter registration and voting in federal elections . Many states continued to use them in state elections as a means of reducing the number of voters . The American Civil Rights Movement , through such events as the Selma to Montgomery marches and Freedom Summer in Mississippi , gained passage by the United States Congress of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , which authorized federal oversight of voter registration and election practices and other enforcement of voting rights . Congress passed the legislation because it found `` case by case litigation was inadequate to combat widespread and persistent discrimination in voting '' . Activism by African Americans helped secure an expanded and protected franchise that has benefited all Americans , including racial and language minorities . The bill provided for federal oversight , if necessary , to ensure just voter registration and election procedures . The rate of African - American registration and voting in Southern states climbed dramatically and quickly , but it has taken years of federal oversight to work out the processes and overcome local resistance . In addition , it was not until the U.S. Supreme Court ruled 6 - 3 in Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections ( 1966 ) that all state poll taxes ( for both state and federal elections ) were officially declared unconstitutional as violating the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment . This removed a burden on the poor . Legal challenges have continued under the Voting Rights Act , primarily in areas of redistricting and election systems , for instance , challenging at - large election systems that effectively reduce the ability of minority groups to elect candidates of their choice . Such challenges have particularly occurred at the county and municipal level , including for school boards , where exclusion of minority groups and candidates at such levels has been persistent in some areas of the country . This reduces the ability of women and minorities to participate in the political system and gain entry - level experience . Women ( edit ) See also : History of women 's suffrage in the United States A parallel , yet separate , movement was that for women 's suffrage . Leaders of the suffrage movement included Susan B. Anthony , Elizabeth Cady Stanton , and Alice Paul . In some ways this , too , could be said to have grown out of the American Civil War , as women had been strong leaders of the abolition movement . Middle - and upper - class women generally became more politically active in the northern tier during and after the war . In 1848 , the Seneca Falls Convention , the first women 's rights convention , was held in Seneca Falls , New York . Of the 300 present , 68 women and 32 men signed the Declaration of Sentiments which defined the women 's rights movement . The first National Women 's Rights Convention took place in 1850 in Worcester , Massachusetts , attracting more than 1,000 participants . This national convention was held yearly through 1860 . When Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton formed the National Women Suffrage Association , their goal was to help women gain voting rights through reliance on the Constitution . Also , in 1869 Lucy Stone and Henry Blackwell formed the American Woman Suffrage Association ( AWSA ) . However , AWSA focused on gaining voting rights for women through the amendment process . Although these two organization were fighting for the same cause , it was not until 1890 that they merged to form the National American Woman Suffrage Association ( NAWSA ) . After the merger of the two organizations , the ( NAWSA ) waged a state - by - state campaign to obtain voting rights for women . Wyoming was the first state in which women were able to vote , although it was a condition of the transition to statehood . Utah was the second territory to allow women to vote , but the federal Edmunds -- Tucker Act of 1887 repealed woman 's suffrage in Utah . Colorado was the first established state to allow women to vote on the same basis as men . Some other states also extended the franchise to women before the Constitution was amended to this purpose . During the 1910s Alice Paul , assisted by Lucy Burns and many others , organized such events and organizations as the 1913 Women 's Suffrage Parade , the National Woman 's Party , and the Silent Sentinels . At the culmination of the suffragists ' requests and protests , ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment gave women the right to vote in time to participate in the Presidential election of 1920 . Another political movement that was largely driven by women in the same era was the anti-alcohol Temperance movement , which led to the Eighteenth Amendment and Prohibition . Washington , D.C. ( edit ) Washington , D.C. , was created from a portion of the states of Maryland and Virginia in 1801 . The Virginia portion was retroceded ( returned ) to Virginia upon request of the residents , by an Act of Congress in 1846 to protect slavery , and restore state and federal voting rights in that portion of Virginia . When Maryland delegated a portion of its land to Congress so that it could be used as the Nation 's capital , Congress did not continue Maryland Voting Laws . It canceled all state and federal elections starting with 1802 . Local elections limped on in some neighborhoods , until 1871 , when local elections were also forbidden by the U.S. Congress . The U.S. Congress is the National Legislature . Under Article I , Section 8 , Clause 17 , Congress has the sole authority to exercise `` Exclusive Legislature in all cases whatsoever '' over the nation 's capital and over federal military bases . Active disfranchisement is typically a States Rights Legislative issue , where the removal of voting rights is permitted . At the national level , the federal government typically ignored voting rights issues , or affirmed that they were extended . Congress , when exercising `` exclusive legislation '' over U.S. Military Bases in the United States , and Washington , D.C. , viewed its power as strong enough to remove all voting rights . All state and federal elections were canceled by Congress in D.C. and all of Maryland 's voting Rights laws no longer applied to D.C. when Maryland gave up that land . Congress did not pass laws to establish local voting processes in the District of Columbia . This omission of law strategy to disfranchise is contained in the Congressional debates in Annals of Congress in 1800 and 1801 . In 1986 , the US Congress voted to restore voting rights on U.S. Military bases for all state and federal elections . D.C. , citizens were granted the right to vote in Presidential elections in 1961 , after the ratification of the twenty - third amendment . Amendment 23 is the only known limit to U.S. Congressional powers , forcing Congress to enforce Amendments 14 , 15 , 19 , 24 , and 26 for the first time in Presidential elections . The Maryland citizens and territory converted in Washington , D.C. , in 1801 were represented in 1801 by U.S. Rep. John Chew Thomas from Maryland 's 2nd , and U.S. Rep. William Craik from Maryland 's 3rd Congressional Districts . These Maryland U.S. Congressional Districts were redrawn and removed from Washington , D.C. No full Congressional elections have been held since in D.C. , a gap continuing since 1801 . Congress created a non-voting substitute for a U.S. Congressman , a Delegate , between 1871 -- 1875 , but then abolished that post as well . Congress permitted restoration of local elections and home rule for the District on December 24 , 1973 . In 1971 , Congress still opposed restoring the position of a full U.S. Congressman for Washington , D.C. That year it re-established the position of non-voting Delegate to the U.S. Congress . Young people ( edit ) See also : Twenty - sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution States ( shown in blue ) allow 17 - year - olds to vote in primaries / caucuses if their 18th birthday is before the general election . A third voting rights movement was won in the 1960s to lower the voting age from twenty - one to eighteen . Activists noted that most of the young men who were being drafted to fight in the Vietnam War were too young to have any voice in the selection of the leaders who were sending them to fight . Some states had already lowered the voting age : notably Georgia , Kentucky , and Hawaii , had already permitted voting by persons younger than twenty - one . The Twenty - sixth Amendment , ratified in 1971 , prohibits federal and state laws which set a minimum voting age higher than 18 years . As of 2008 , no state has opted for an earlier age , although some state governments have discussed it . California has , since the 1980s , allowed persons who are 17 to register to vote for an election where the election itself will occur on or after their 18th birthday , and several states including Indiana allow 17 - year - olds to vote in a primary election provided they will be 18 by the general election . Prisoners ( edit ) See also : Felony disenfranchisement Prisoner voting rights are defined by individual states , and the laws are different from state to state . Some states allow only individuals on probation to vote . Others allow individuals on parole and probation . As of 2012 , only three states , Florida , Kentucky and Virginia , continue to impose a lifelong denial of the right to vote to all citizens with a felony record , absent a restoration of rights granted by the Governor or state legislature . However , in Kentucky , a felon 's rights can be restored after the completion of a restoration process to regain civil rights . In 2007 , Florida legislature restored voting rights to convicted felons who had served their sentences . In March 2011 , however , Governor Rick Scott reversed the 2007 reforms . He signed legislation that permanently disenfranchises citizens with past felony convictions . In July 2005 , Iowa Governor Tom Vilsack issued an executive order restoring the right to vote for all persons who have completed supervision . On October 31 , 2005 , Iowa 's Supreme Court upheld mass reenfranchisement of convicted felons . Nine other states disenfranchise felons for various lengths of time following the completion of their probation or parole . Other than Maine and Vermont , all U.S. states prohibit felons from voting while they are in prison . In Puerto Rico , felons in prison are allowed to vote in elections . Practices in the United States are in contrast to some European nations , such as Norway . Some nations allow prisoners to vote . Prisoners have been allowed to vote in Canada since 2002 . The United States has a higher proportion of its population in prison than any other Western nation , and more than Russia or China . The dramatic rise in the rate of incarceration in the United States , a 500 % increase from the 1970s to the 1990s , has vastly increased the number of people disenfranchised because of the felon provisions . According to the Sentencing Project , as of 2010 an estimated 5.9 million Americans are denied the right to vote because of a felony conviction , a number equivalent to 2.5 % of the U.S. voting - age population and a sharp increase from the 1.2 million people affected by felony disenfranchisement in 1976 . Given the prison populations , the effects have been most disadvantageous for minority and poor communities . Durational residency ( edit ) The Supreme Court of the United States struck down one - year residency requirements to vote in Dunn v. Blumstein 405 U.S. 330 ( 1972 ) . The Court ruled that limits on voter registration of up to 30 to 50 days prior to an election were permissible for logistical reasons , but that residency requirements in excess of that violated the equal protection clause , as granted under the Fourteenth Amendment , according to strict scrutiny . Homelessness ( edit ) Obstacles homeless citizens face during voter registration ( edit ) In the 1980s homelessness was recognized as an increasing national problem . By the early 21st century , there have been numerous court cases to help protect the voting rights of persons without a fixed address . Low income and homeless citizens face some obstacles in registering to vote . These obstacles include establishing residency , providing a mailing address , and showing proof of identification . A residency requirement varies from state to state . States can not require citizens to show residency of more than 30 days before Election Day . The states of Idaho , Maine , Minnesota , Wisconsin , and Wyoming allow voters to register on Election Day . North Dakota does not require voters to register . In the 21st century , homeless persons in all states have the right to register and vote if they satisfy other conditions . In most states , when registering to vote , homeless voters may designate any place of residence , including a street corner , a park , a shelter , or any other location where an individual stays at night . A citizen may only have one residency during registration , but they may switch their registration each time they change locations . Designating residency is needed to prove that the citizen lives within the district where he or she wishes to vote . Some states also require a mailing address in order to send out the voter ID card , which the individual must show on Election Day . Some states allow individuals to use PO Boxes as mailing addresses ; other states allow the address to be that of a local shelter , advocacy organization , outreach center , or anywhere else that accepts mail on behalf of a person registering to vote . States such as Arizona and Nebraska allow homeless citizens to use county court houses or county clerks ' offices as mailing address . States that do not require a mailing address include Alaska , Connecticut , Delaware , Florida , Georgia , Idaho , Montana , New Jersey , Vermont , West Virginia , Wisconsin , and Wyoming . All potential voters face new requirements since 2002 , when President Bush signed the Help America Vote Act ( HAVA ) . It requires voters to provide their driver 's license numbers , or the last four digits of their Social Security Number on their voter registration form . This has been enforced . The National Coalition for the Homeless ( NCH ) assists nonprofit organizations , in getting lower income and homeless citizens registered to vote . In 1992 , the NCH created a campaign called `` You do n't need a home to vote '' . This campaign provided useful resources and guidelines for nonprofit organizations to follow when assisting citizens to register . Nonprofits , like homeless shelters and food banks , set up a voter registration party to help homeless citizens to register . The nonprofit workers must remain nonpartisan when assisting in the registration process . Court cases involving homeless voting ( edit ) Voting rights of the American homeless is an issue that has been addressed in the courts since the 1980s . Each state is responsible for voting regulations in their area ; however , many states throughout America have adopted similar laws regarding homeless citizen voting . Disenfranchising the homeless is considered a violation of their rights under the Fourteenth Amendment 's Equal Protection Clause . Many arguments have been made against homeless people being able to vote . Their status of true citizenship has been called into question because of their lack of residency . However , the courts have ruled on more than one occasion in favor of the homeless voting . One of the first court cases regarding homeless voting was Pitts v. Black in New York . The US district court ruled that disenfranchising homeless citizens is a direct violation of the Equal Protection clause found in the Fourteenth Amendment . Pitts v. Black ( 1984 ) : This case heard by the US District Court of Southern New York case involved the New York Election Board and homeless individuals assisted by the Coalition for the Homeless , among others . The Election Board denied the individuals the right to vote because they resided on the street or in shelters . The Election Board contended that residency required some claim ( such as rent ) or ownership of the area that they resided on . Before the court decision was made , the Election Board relented slightly and allowed those living in shelters the right to vote . The District Court defined the meaning of `` residence '' as any fixed location which the individual intends to inhabit regularly . This ruling encompassed all homeless , including those residing on streets and in parks . Two California court rulings , Collier v. Menzel , and Walters v. Weed , also addressed the residency question of homeless voters : Collier v. Menzel ( 1985 ) : The Santa Barbara District Court case established that a residence could be a certain location rather than a specific address . Howard Menzel , the county clerk , rejected three voter registration applications on the grounds that proper addresses were not provided . The applications simply stated a public park as the applicants ' residence . The court overruled the clerk 's decision and defined a residence as any fixed location where a person habitually sleeps and where living quarters are set up . In their final decisions , the court stated that denying a citizen the right to vote due to residence in a public park , is a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment 's Equal Protection clause . Walters v. Weed ( 1988 ) : In 1988 , the California Supreme Court judged a case concerning voter precincts of those who are between residences . The court ruled that when a person leaves his former place of residence and has not yet settled in another permanent living place , then the individual may vote in the precinct of his former residence . Special interest elections ( edit ) Several locales retained restrictions for specialized local elections , such as for school boards , special districts , or bond issues . Property restrictions , duration of residency restrictions , and , for school boards , restrictions of the franchise to voters with children , remained in force . In a series of rulings from 1969 to 1973 , the Court ruled that the franchise could be restricted in some cases to those `` primarily interested '' or `` primarily affected '' by the outcome of a specialized election , but not in the case of school boards or bond issues , which affected taxation to be paid by all residents . In Ball v. James 451 U.S. 335 ( 1981 ) , the Court further upheld a system of plural voting , by which votes for the board of directors of a water reclamation district were allocated on the basis of a person 's proportion of land owned in the district . The Court has overseen operation of political party primaries to ensure open voting . While states were permitted to require voters to register for a political party 30 days before an election , or to require them to vote in only one party primary , the state could not prevent a voter from voting in a party primary if the voter has voted in another party 's primary in the last 23 months . The Court also ruled that a state may not mandate a `` closed primary '' system and bar independents from voting in a party 's primary against the wishes of the party . ( Tashijan v. Republican Party of Connecticut 479 U.S. 208 ( 1986 ) ) The Office of Hawaiian Affairs of the state of Hawaii , created in 1978 , limited voting eligibility and candidate eligibility to native Hawaiians on whose behalf it manages 1,800,000 acres ( 7,300 km ) of ceded land . The Supreme Court of the United States struck down the franchise restriction under the Fifteenth Amendment in Rice v. Cayetano 528 U.S. 495 ( 2000 ) , following by eliminating the candidate restriction in Arakaki v. State of Hawai'i a few months later . Current status ( edit ) By region ( edit ) District of Columbia ( edit ) Main article : District of Columbia voting rights Citizens of the nation 's capital , Washington , D.C. , have not been apportioned a representative or US senator in Congress . This is because D.C. is a federal district and not a state and under the Constitution , only states are apportioned congresspersons . District of Columbia citizens had voting rights removed in 1801 by Congress , when Maryland delegated that portion of its land to Congress . Congress incrementally removed effective local control or home rule by 1871 . It restored some home rule in 1971 , but maintained the authority to override any local laws . Washington , D.C. , does not have full representation in the U.S. House or Senate . The Twenty - third Amendment , restoring U.S. Presidential Election after a 164 - year - gap , is the only known limit to Congressional `` exclusive legislature '' from Article I - 8 - 17 , forcing Congress to enforce for the first time Amendments 14 , 15 , 19 , 24 , and 26 . Amendment 23 gave the District of Columbia three electors and hence the right to vote for President , but not full U.S. Congresspersons nor U.S. Senators . In 1978 , Congress proposed a constitutional amendment that would have restored to the District a full seat for representation in the Congress as well . This amendment failed to receive ratification by sufficient number of states within the seven years required . As of 2013 , a bill is pending in Congress that would treat the District of Columbia as `` a congressional district for purposes of representation in the House of Representatives '' , and permit United States citizens residing in the capital to vote for a member to represent them in the House of Representatives . The District of Columbia House Voting Rights Act , S. 160 , 111th Cong . was passed by the U.S. Senate on February 26 , 2009 , by a vote of 61 - 37 . On April 1 , 1993 , the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights of the Organization of American States received a petition from Timothy Cooper on behalf of the Statehood Solidarity Committee ( the `` Petitioners '' ) against the government of the United States ( the `` State '' or `` United States '' ) . The petition indicated that it was presented on behalf of the members of the Statehood Solidarity Committee and all other U.S. citizens resident in the District of Columbia . The petition alleged that the United States was responsible for violations of Articles II ( right to equality before law ) and XX ( right to vote and to participate in government ) of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man in connection with the inability of citizens of the District of Columbia to vote for and elect a representative to the U.S. Congress . On December 29 , 2003 , The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights having examined the information and arguments provided by the parties on the question of admissibility . Without prejudging the merits of the matter , the Commission decided to admit the present petition in respect of Articles II and XX of the American Declaration . In addition , the Commission concluded that the United States violates the Petitioners ' rights under Articles II and XX of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man by denying District of Columbia citizens an effective opportunity to participate in their federal legislature . Overseas and nonresident citizens ( edit ) U.S. citizens residing overseas who would otherwise have the right to vote are guaranteed the right to vote in federal elections by the Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act ( UOCAVA ) of 1986 . As a practical matter , individual states implement UOCAVA . U.S. citizens who reside in Puerto Rico , Guam , Northern Mariana Islands , or the United States Virgin Islands are not allowed to vote in U.S. national and presidential elections , as these U.S. territories belong to the United States but are not part of the United States . The U.S. Constitution requires a voter to be resident in one of the 50 states or in the District of Columbia to vote in federal elections . To say that the Constitution does not require extension of federal voting rights to U.S. territories residents does not , however , exclude the possibility that the Constitution may permit their enfranchisement under another source of law . A citizen who has never resided in the United States can vote if a parent is eligible to vote in certain states . In some of these states the citizen can vote in local , state and federal elections , in others in federal elections only . Puerto Rico ( edit ) Main article : Voting rights in Puerto Rico Puerto Rico is an insular area -- a United States territory that is neither a part of one of the fifty states nor a part of the District of Columbia , the nation 's federal district . Insular areas , such as Puerto Rico , the U.S. Virgin Islands and Guam , are not allowed to choose electors in U.S. presidential elections or elect voting members to the U.S. Congress . This grows out of Article I and Article II of the United States Constitution , which specifically mandate that electors are to be chosen by `` the People of the several States '' . In 1961 , the 23rd amendment to the constitution extended the right to choose electors to the District of Columbia . Any U.S. citizen who resides in Puerto Rico ( whether a Puerto Rican or not ) is effectively disenfranchised at the national level . Although the Republican Party and Democratic Party chapters in Puerto Rico have selected voting delegates to the national nominating conventions participating in U.S. presidential primaries or caucuses , U.S. citizens not residing in one of the 50 states or in the District of Columbia may not vote in federal elections . Various scholars ( including a prominent U.S. judge in the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit ) conclude that the U.S. national - electoral process is not fully democratic due to U.S. government disenfranchisement of U.S. citizens residing in Puerto Rico . As of 2010 , under Igartúa v. United States , the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ( ICCPR ) is judicially considered not to be self - executing , and therefore requires further legislative action to put it into effect domestically . Judge Kermit Lipez wrote in a concurring opinion , however , that the en banc majority 's conclusion that the ICCPR is non-self - executing is ripe for reconsideration in a new en banc proceeding , and that if issues highlighted in a partial dissent by Judge Juan R. Torruella were to be decided in favor of the plaintiffs , United States citizens residing in Puerto Rico would have a viable claim to equal voting rights . Congress has in fact acted in partial compliance with its obligations under the ICCPR when , in 1961 , just a few years after the United Nations first ratified the ICCPR , it amended our fundamental charter to allow the United States citizens who reside in the District of Columbia to vote for the Executive offices . See U.S. Constitutional Amendment XXIII. 51 . Indeed , a bill is now pending in Congress that would treat the District of Columbia as `` a congressional district for purposes of representation in the House of Representatives '' , and permit United States citizens residing in the capitol to vote for members of the House of Representatives . See District of Columbia House Voting Rights Act , S. 160 , 111th Congress ( passed by the Senate , February 26 , 2009 ) ( 2009 ). 52 However , the United States has not taken similar `` steps '' with regard to the five million United States citizens who reside in the other U.S. territories , of which close to four million are residents of Puerto Rico . This inaction is in clear violation of the United States ' obligations under the ICCPR `` . Accessibility ( edit ) Federal legislation such as the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 ( ADA ) , the National Voter Registration Act of 1993 ( NVRA , or `` Motor - Voter Act '' ) and the Help America Vote Act of 2001 ( HAVA ) help to address some of the concerns of disabled and non-English speaking voters in the United States . Some studies have shown that polling places are inaccessible to disabled voters . The Federal Election Commission reported that , in violation of state and federal laws , more than 20,000 polling places across the nation are inaccessible , depriving people with disabilities of their fundamental right to vote . In 1999 , the Attorney General of the State of New York ran a check of polling places around the state to see if they were accessible to voters with disabilities and found many problems . A study of three upstate counties of New York found fewer than 10 percent of polling places fully compliant with state and federal laws . Many polling booths are set in church basements or in upstairs meeting halls where there are no ramps or elevators . This means problems not just for people who use wheelchairs , but for people using canes or walkers too . And in most states people who are blind do not have access to Braille ballot to vote ; they have to bring someone along to vote for them . Studies have shown that people with disabilities are more interested in government and public affairs than most and are more eager to participate in the democratic process . Many election officials urge people with disabilities to vote absentee , however some disabled individuals see this as an inferior form of participation . Voter turnout is lower among the disabled . In the 2012 United States presidential election 56.8 % of people with disabilities reported voting , compared to the 62.5 % of eligible citizens without disabilities . Candidacy requirements ( edit ) Jurisprudence concerning candidacy rights and the rights of citizens to create a political party are less clear than voting rights . Different courts have reached different conclusions regarding what sort of restrictions , often in terms of ballot access , public debate inclusion , filing fees , and residency requirements , may be imposed . In Williams v. Rhodes ( 1968 ) , the United States Supreme Court struck down Ohio ballot access laws on First and Fourteenth Amendment grounds . However , it subsequently upheld such laws in several other cases . States can require an independent or minor party candidate to collect signatures as high as five percent of the total votes cast in a particular preceding election before the court will intervene . The Supreme Court has also upheld a state ban on cross-party endorsements ( also known as electoral fusion ) and primary write - in votes . Noncitizen voting ( edit ) Main article : Right of foreigners to vote in the United States More than 40 states or territories , including colonies before the Declaration of Independence , have at some time allowed noncitizens who satisfied residential requirements to vote in some or all elections . This in part reflected the strong continuing immigration to the United States . Some cities like Chicago , towns or villages ( in Maryland ) today allow noncitizen residents to vote in school or local elections . In 1875 , the Supreme Court in Minor v. Happersett noted that `` citizenship has not in all cases been made a condition precedent to the enjoyment of the right of suffrage . Thus , in Missouri , persons of foreign birth , who have declared their intention to become citizens of the United States , may under certain circumstances vote '' . Federal law prohibits noncitizens from voting in federal elections . See also ( edit ) United States Public Policy portal Law portal Civil Rights Act of 1960 List of suffragists and suffragettes Lodge Bill Timeline of women 's suffrage Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ For state elections : Taxes ( 14th Amendment ; Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections , 383 U.S. 663 ( 1966 ) ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Expansion of Rights and Liberties -- The Right of Suffrage '' . Online Exhibit : The Charters of Freedom . National Archives . Retrieved 21 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Voting Rights '' . Infoplease . Retrieved 21 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Voting in Early America '' . Colonial Williamsburg . Spring 2007 . Retrieved 21 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Murrin , John M. ; Johnson , Paul E. ; McPherson , James M. ; Fahs , Alice ; Gerstle , Gary ( 2012 ) . Liberty , Equality , Power : A History of the American People ( 6th ed . ) . Wadsworth , Cengage Learning . p. 296 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 495 - 90499 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Stanley L. Engerman , University of Rochester and NBER ; Kenneth L. Sokoloff , University of California , Los Angeles and NBER ( February 2005 ) . `` The Evolution of Suffrage Institutions in the New World '' ( PDF ) : 16 , 35 . By 1840 , only three states retained a property qualification , North Carolina ( for some state - wide offices only ) , Rhode Island , and Virginia . In 1856 North Carolina was the last state to end the practice . Tax - paying qualifications were also gone in all but a few states by the Civil War , but they survived into the 20th century in Pennsylvania and Rhode Island . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Janda , Kenneth ; Berry , Jeffrey M. ; Goldman , Jerry ( 2008 ) . The challenge of democracy : government in America ( 9 . ed. , update ed . ) . Houghton Mifflin . p. 207 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 99094 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Voting Guide : How To Cast Your Vote , Participate In Government And Have Your Voice Heard '' . Congress Base . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ George W. Bush , et al. , Petitioners v. Albert Gore , Jr. , et al. , Supreme Court of the United States , December 12 , 2000 , retrieved 2008 - 02 - 22 ^ Jump up to : U.S. Constitution Annotated , Justia , archived from the original on 2006 - 10 - 31 , retrieved 2008 - 04 - 18 ^ Jump up to : `` AP Tests : AP Test Prep : The Expansion of Suffrage '' . CliffsNotes. 10 January 2010 . Archived from the original on 10 January 2010 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Madsen , Deborah L. , ed. ( 2015 ) . The Routledge Companion to Native American Literature . Routledge . p. 168 . ISBN 1 - 317 - 69319 - 1 . Jump up ^ The American Indian Vote : Celebrating 80 Years of U.S. Citizenship , Democratic Policy Committee , October 7 , 2004 , archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 27 , retrieved 2007 - 10 - 15 Jump up ^ Rhodes , Jesse ( 2017 ) . Ballot Blocked : The Political Erosion of the Voting Rights Act . http://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=26493 : Stanford University Press . 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From Property to Democracy , Princeton University Press Jump up ^ Constitution of Delaware , 1776 , The Avalon Project at Yale Law School , archived from the original on 2007 - 11 - 30 , retrieved 2007 - 12 - 07 Jump up ^ State Constitution ( Religious Sections ) -- Delaware , The Constitutional Principle : Separation of Church and State , retrieved 2007 - 12 - 07 Jump up ^ An Act for establishing the Constitution of the State of South Carolina , March 19 , 1778 , The Avalon Project at Yale Law School , archived from the original on December 13 , 2007 , retrieved 2007 - 12 - 05 Jump up ^ Constitution of Georgia ; February 5 , 1777 , The Avalon Project at Yale Law School , archived from the original on December 13 , 2007 , retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 Jump up ^ An Act for the relief of Jews in Maryland , passed February 26 , 1825 , Archives of Maryland , Volume 3183 , Page 1670 , February 26 , 1825 , retrieved 2007 - 12 - 05 Jump up ^ Francis Newton Thorpe ( 1898 ) , The Constitutional History of the United States , 1765 -- 1895 , Harper & Brothers , retrieved 2008 - 04 - 16 Jump up ^ Curtis , Benjamin Robbins ( Justice ) . `` Dred Scott v. Sandford , Curtis dissent '' . Legal Information Institute at Cornell Law School . Archived from the original on 8 July 2012 . Retrieved 16 April 2008 . Jump up ^ The Constitution of North Carolina , State Library of North Carolina , archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 18 , retrieved 2008 - 04 - 16 ^ Jump up to : Alio , Nur . `` African American Men Get the Vote '' . Cobb - LaMarche . Archived from the original on 2006 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ Rable , George C. ( 2007 ) . But There Was No Peace : The Role of Violence in the Politics of Reconstruction . Athens , GA : University of Georgia Press . p. 132 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8203 - 3011 - 2 . Jump up ^ Gabriel J. Chin & Randy Wagner , `` The Tyranny of the Minority : Jim Crow and the Counter-Majoritarian Difficulty '' , 43 Harvard Civil Rights - Civil Liberties Law Review 65 ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Gabriel J. Chin , `` Reconstruction , Felon Disenfranchisement and the Right to Vote : Did the Fifteenth Amendment Repeal Section 2 of the Fourteenth ? '' , 92 Georgetown Law Journal 259 ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ J. Morgan Kousser. The Shaping of Southern Politics : Suffrage Restriction and the Establishment of the One - Party South , New Haven : Yale University Press , 1974 Jump up ^ Glenn Feldman , The Disfranchisement Myth : Poor Whites and Suffrage Restriction in Alabama , Athens : University of Georgia Press , 2004 , pp. 135 -- 136 Jump up ^ Richard H. Pildes , `` Democracy , Anti-Democracy , and the Canon '' , Constitutional Commentary 17 ( 2000 ) : 13 - 14 , accessed Mar 10 , 2008 Jump up ^ alio , nur . `` women '' . Women 's Rights Movement in the U.S . Retrieved 20 October 2011 . Jump up ^ James , Randy ( 2009 - 02 - 26 ) . `` A Brief History of Washington , D.C '' . Time . ISSN 0040 - 781X . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Carl Weiser ( April 18 , 2004 ) , Should voting age fall to 16 ? Several states ponder measure. , The Enquirer , retrieved 2008 - 01 - 05 ^ Jump up to : `` Felony Disenfranchisement Laws in the United States '' ( PDF ) . The Sentencing Project . March 2011 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ Gonchar , Michael . `` Should Felons Be Allowed to Vote After They Have Served Their Time ? '' . Jump up ^ `` State toughens policy of restoring rights to freed felons '' , Tampa Bay Times , August 8 , 2011 Jump up ^ Gramlich , John ( 2008 - 09 - 23 ) . `` Groups push to expand ex-felon voting '' . Stateline.org . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Jon ( 2011 - 02 - 10 ) . `` Would prisoners use their right to vote ? '' . BBC News Magazine . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Can prisoners vote or not ? '' , Canadian Broadcasting Corporation , 19 September 2008 , accessed Oct 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ U.S. : 700.23 per 100,000 inhabitants ( 2002 ) ; versus , for example , Belarus ( 516.25 per 100,000 inhabitants ) ; South Africa ( 401.24 per 100,000 inhabitants ) ; Latvia ( 362.83 per 100,000 inhabitants ) Eighth United Nations Survey of Crime Trends and Operations of Criminal Justice Systems , covering the period 2001 -- 2002 ( PDF ) , United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime , retrieved 2008 - 10 - 02 ( Table 15.1 , Total persons incarcerated , with incarceration rates for some nations ( e.g. , Russia and China ) unreported ) Jump up ^ `` ICPS : School of Law : King 's College London : World Prison Brief : King 's College London '' . 26 January 2009 . Archived from the original on 26 January 2009 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Pilkington , Ed ( July 13 , 2012 ) . `` Felon voting laws to disenfranchise historic number of Americans in 2012 '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ Jeff Manza , Christopher Ugger , and Marcus Britton , `` The Truly Disenfranchised : Felon Voting Rights and American Politics '' , Northwestern University Institute for Policy Research , January 3 , 2001 . Jump up ^ Oyez : Dunn v. Blumstein , 405 U.S. 330 , Oyez , retrieved 2008 - 04 - 18 Jump up ^ Barder ( 2011 -- 2012 ) . American Government and Politics Today . Suzanne Jeans . p. 313 . Jump up ^ `` Voting Residency Guidelines '' , Federal Voting Assistance Program Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Help America Vote Act of 2002 , HAVA The U.S. Election Assistance Commission ( EAC ) '' . Election Assistance Commission . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Help America Vote Act '' . OpenCongress Wiki . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 25 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Protect Homeless and their Right to Vote '' ^ Jump up to : `` Marthaann E. Pitts , et al. , Plaintiffs , v. Robert S. Black , et al. , Defendants No. 84 Civ. 5270 ( MJL ) '' . court case . United States District Court for the Southern District of New York . Archived from the original on 18 February 2009 . Retrieved 4 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Other Coalition for the Homeless Legal Victories '' . Coalition for the Homeless . Retrieved 4 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Court Decisions on Homeless People 's Voting Rights '' . National Coalition for the Homeless . Retrieved 4 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Collier v. Menzel , 176 Cal . App . 3d 24 -- Cal : Court of Appeal , 2nd Appellate Dist. , 6th Div. 1985 '' . court case . Court of Appeals of California , Second District , Division Six . Retrieved 4 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Walters v. Weed , 752 P. 2d 443 -- Cal : Supreme Court 1988 '' . court case . Supreme Court of California . Retrieved 4 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Tashjian v. Republican Party of Connecticut , Justia , retrieved 2008 - 04 - 18 Jump up ^ Warren , Timothy ( February 26 , 2009 ) . `` Senate votes to give D.C. full House vote '' . The Washington Times . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 26 . The Senate roll call is here ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ Inter-American Commission on Human Rights ( Organization of American States ) REPORT No 98 / 03 * Archived 2011 - 10 - 01 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` FindLaw 's United States First Circuit case and opinions - Gregoria Igartúa et al. v. United States of America et al. ( Igartúa IV ) '' . Jump up ^ Federal Voting Assistance Program , FVAP , archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 23 , retrieved 2008 - 09 - 30 Jump up ^ Torruella , Juan R. ( 1985 ) . Torruella , Juan R. ( 1985 ) , The Supreme Court and Puerto Rico : The Doctrine of Separate and Unequal , University of Puerto Rico Press , ISBN 0 - 8477 - 3031 - X Jump up ^ José D. Román . `` Puerto Rico and a Constitutional Right to vote '' . University of Dayton . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 02 . ( excerpted from : José D. Román , `` Trying to Fit an Oval Shaped Island into a Square Constitution : Arguments for Puerto Rican Statehood '' , 29 Fordham Urban Law Journal 1681 -- 1713 , 1697 -- 1713 ( April 2002 ) ( 316 Footnotes Omitted ) ) ^ Jump up to : alio , nur . `` People with Disabilities and Voting '' . The Center for an Accessible Society . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Polling Places Found Inaccessible To Disabled '' . New York State Attorney General . 1999 - 11 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Encyclopedia of Disability '' . SAGE Reference. 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Disability and Voting Survey Report 2012 Election '' . Rutgers University . Jump up ^ Raskin , Jamin B. ( April 1993 ) , `` Legal aliens , local citizens : The historical , constitutional and theoretical meanings of Alien suffrage '' , University of Pennsylvania Law Review , Southern Oregon University , 141 ( 4 ) : 1391 -- 1470 , doi : 10.2307 / 3312345 , JSTOR 3312345 , archived from the original ( ) on 2008 - 11 - 03 , retrieved 2007 - 12 - 03 Jump up ^ Hayduk , Ronald ( 2006 ) , Democracy For All : Restoring Immigrant Voting Rights In The United States , Routledge , ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 95073 - 2 Jump up ^ see also Droit de vote des étrangers aux États - Unis Jump up ^ U.S. Supreme Court , Minor v. Happersett 88 U.S. 162 ( 1874 ) , retrieved 2007 - 12 - 08 Jump up ^ 18 U.S.C. § 611 - Voting by aliens . alio , nur . `` History of Voting Rights in America '' . Cobb - LaMarche . External links ( edit ) Right to Vote Initiative -- resources page at FairVote , regarding effort to ensure that the right of every U.S. citizen to vote is firmly entrenched in the U.S. Constitution National Voting Rights Museum and Institute , Selma , Alabama Voting Rights History Two Centuries of Struggle ~ Civil Rights Movement Veterans Voting rights in the United States Constitutional provisions Article I Voter Qualifications Clause Elections Clause 1st Amendment 14th Amendment Equal Protection Clause 15th Amendment 17th Amendment 19th Amendment 23rd Amendment 24th Amendment 26th Amendment Federal laws Voting Rights Act of 1965 Amendments List of covered jurisdictions Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act Military and Overseas Voter Empowerment Act National Voter Registration Act of 1993 Help America Vote Act of 2002 State laws Voter access Absentee ballot Early voting Postal voting Provisional ballot Voter registration in the U.S. Initiatives and referendums Recall election Vote denial Electoral fraud Grandfather clause Literacy test Poll tax Voter caging Voter ID laws Vote dilution Gerrymandering Plurality - at - large voting One man , one vote By group Women Youth Felons Foreigners Transgender people District of Columbia residents Puerto Rico residents Guam residents History Timeline Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era Selma to Montgomery marches Timeline of women 's suffrage Woman Suffrage Parade of 1913 Silent Sentinels U.S. suffragists publications History of direct democracy Related Ballot access Campaign finance Citizenship Disfranchisement Election Election law Elections Electoral reform Electoral College Redistricting Secret ballot Suffrage Voting Voting system Voter registration National Voting Rights Museum Suffrage Basic topics Universal suffrage Women Black Youth Resident foreigners Expatriates in country of origin Voting age Demeny voting Suffragette Compulsory voting Disfranchisement Women 's liberation movement By country Australia 1902 Commonwealth Franchise Act aboriginal women Japan Hong Kong Kuwait New Zealand Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom women Wales laws 1832 1918 1928 United States women Native Americans foreigners District of Columbia Puerto Rico amendments 15th 19th 26th 1965 Voting Rights Act Events International Woman Suffrage Alliance conferences 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th Black Friday 1 July marches 2014 protests US Seneca Falls Convention Declaration of Sentiments Rochester Convention Ohio Women 's Convention National Women 's Rights Convention 1907 Mud March Suffrage Hikes 1913 Woman Suffrage Procession Silent Sentinels Night of Terror `` Give Us the Ballot '' Selma to Montgomery marches Related Age of candidacy US Voting Rights Museum Umbrella Movement Women Suffragists Timeline of women 's suffrage US in majority - Muslim countries Women 's suffrage organizations and publications Women 's rights activists Suffragette Memorial Pankhurst Centre Pankhurst Memorial Belmont - Paul Monument International Women 's Day Justice Bell 1920 US presidential election Leser v. Garnett Popular culture `` The March of the Women '' ( 1910 song ) The Mother of Us All ( 1947 opera ) `` Sister Suffragette '' ( 1964 song ) Shoulder to Shoulder ( 1974 series ) Not for Ourselves Alone ( 1999 documentary ) Iron Jawed Angels ( 2004 film ) Great Petition ( 2008 sculpture ) Selma ( 2014 film ) Suffragette ( 2015 film ) Susan B. Anthony dollar 2020 US ten - dollar bill Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Voting_rights_in_the_United_States&oldid=815471330 '' Categories : African - American history Constitutional law History of voting rights in the United States United States nationality law Voting Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Webarchive template wayback links All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from June 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 15 December 2017 , at 01 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voting%20rights%20in%20the%20United%20States	992
when is the big 10 mens basketball tournament	The 2017 Tournament was held at Verizon Center in Washington , D.C. The 2018 Tournament was held at Madison Square Garden in New York and held a week earlier than usual due to the Big East Tournament , ending on March 4 , 2018 , one week before Selection Sunday . The 2019 through 2022 Tournaments will return to alternating between United Center in Chicago and Bankers Life Fieldhouse in Indianapolis .	2019	Big Ten Conference Men 's basketball tournament	big ten conference men's basketball tournament	The Big Ten Conference men 's basketball tournament is held annually at the end of the men 's college basketball regular season . The tournament has been played each year since 1998 . The winner of the tournament is designated the Big Ten Tournament Champion , and receives the conference 's automatic bid to the NCAA Tournament . The Big Ten was one of the last NCAA Division I college basketball conferences to start a tournament . The finals of the tournament are typically held immediately before the field for the NCAA Tournament is announced , although in 2018 it was held the week before Selection Sunday .	On six occasions , the champion of the tournament has gone on to reach the Final Four of the NCAA Tournament ( Michigan State in 1999 and 2000 , Illinois in 2005 , Ohio State in 2007 , Wisconsin in 2015 , and Michigan in 2018 ) . In 2000 , champion Michigan State won the NCAA Tournament . The No. 1 seed has won the tournament eight times , the most of any seed . The lowest seed to win the tournament was Michigan as a No. 8 seed in 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Host 2 Vacated results 3 Results and records 3.1 Results by year 3.2 Most conference tournament championships 3.3 Most consecutive championships 3.4 Records all - time by team 3.5 Records all - time by seed 3.6 Records by coaches 3.7 Notes 4 Television coverage 5 See also 6 References Host ( edit ) The Big Ten Men 's Basketball tournaments have been held at neutral sites every year . The first four tournaments were held at United Center in Chicago , Illinois . Beginning in 2002 , the tournament alternated between United Center and Conseco Fieldhouse ( later known as Bankers Life Fieldhouse ) in Indianapolis , Indiana . In 2008 , the tournament began a five - year residence in Indianapolis . On June 5 , 2011 , the Big Ten announced that the tournament would revert to alternating between Indianapolis and Chicago . The 2013 and 2015 tournaments were played at United Center in Chicago and the 2014 and 2016 tournaments were played at Bankers Life Fieldhouse in Indianapolis . The 2017 Tournament was held at Verizon Center in Washington , D.C. The 2018 Tournament was held at Madison Square Garden in New York and held a week earlier than usual due to the Big East Tournament , ending on March 4 , 2018 , one week before Selection Sunday . The 2019 through 2022 Tournaments will return to alternating between United Center in Chicago and Bankers Life Fieldhouse in Indianapolis . Vacated results ( edit ) Due to various rulings against participating programs , some of the results of the Big Ten Tournament have been vacated or voided . Here is a compiled list of sanctions imposed that have affected the results and records of the tournament since its inception . The information in this article does not include results of the teams in which records were vacated . Because of the Minnesota academic scandal , the NCAA has vacated the postseason tournament records for the Minnesota basketball team from the 1993 -- 94 season through the 1998 -- 99 season . Minnesota had a record of 2 -- 1 in the 1998 Tournament and went 0 -- 1 in 1999 . Because of the Michigan basketball scandal , the NCAA vacated the records for the Michigan basketball team from the 1995 -- 96 season through the 1998 -- 99 season , including the 1998 and 1999 Big Ten Tournaments . Michigan had won the Tournament championship in 1998 with a 3 -- 0 record , and had a record of 1 -- 1 in 1999 . The NCAA has vacated the NCAA records for the Ohio State basketball team from the 1998 -- 99 season through the 2001 -- 02 season . Ohio State had a record of 1 -- 1 in the 1999 Tournament , went 0 -- 1 in 2000 and 2001 , and had won the championship in 2002 . Results and records ( edit ) Results by year ( edit ) Year Champion Seed Score Runner - up Seed Most Valuable Player Site 1998 Michigan ( vacated ) 76 -- 67 Purdue Robert Traylor , Michigan United Center , Chicago 1999 Michigan State 67 -- 50 Illinois 11 Mateen Cleaves , Michigan State United Center , Chicago 2000 Michigan State 76 -- 61 Illinois Morris Peterson , Michigan State United Center , Chicago 2001 Iowa 6 63 -- 61 Indiana Reggie Evans , Iowa United Center , Chicago 2002 Ohio State ( vacated ) 81 -- 64 Iowa 9 Boban Savovic , Ohio State Conseco Fieldhouse , Indianapolis 2003 Illinois 72 -- 59 Ohio State 8 Brian Cook , Illinois United Center , Chicago Wisconsin 70 -- 53 Illinois Devin Harris , Wisconsin Conseco Fieldhouse , Indianapolis 2005 Illinois 54 -- 43 Wisconsin James Augustine , Illinois United Center , Chicago 2006 Iowa 67 -- 60 Ohio State Jeff Horner , Iowa Conseco Fieldhouse , Indianapolis 2007 Ohio State 66 -- 49 Wisconsin Mike Conley Jr. , Ohio State United Center , Chicago 2008 Wisconsin 61 -- 48 Illinois 10 Marcus Landry , Wisconsin Conseco Fieldhouse , Indianapolis 2009 Purdue 65 -- 61 Ohio State 5 Robbie Hummel , Purdue Conseco Fieldhouse , Indianapolis Ohio State 90 -- 61 Minnesota 6 Evan Turner , Ohio State Conseco Fieldhouse , Indianapolis 2011 Ohio State 71 -- 60 Penn State 6 Jared Sullinger , Ohio State Conseco Fieldhouse , Indianapolis 2012 Michigan State 68 -- 64 Ohio State Draymond Green , Michigan State Conseco Fieldhouse , Indianapolis 2013 Ohio State 50 -- 43 Wisconsin Aaron Craft , Ohio State United Center , Chicago 2014 Michigan State 69 -- 55 Michigan Branden Dawson , Michigan State Bankers Life Fieldhouse , Indianapolis 2015 Wisconsin 80 -- 69 Michigan State Frank Kaminsky , Wisconsin United Center , Chicago 2016 Michigan State 66 -- 62 Purdue Denzel Valentine , Michigan State Bankers Life Fieldhouse , Indianapolis 2017 Michigan 8 71 -- 56 Wisconsin Derrick Walton , Michigan Verizon Center , Washington , D.C. 2018 Michigan 5 75 -- 66 Purdue Moritz Wagner , Michigan Madison Square Garden , New York City 2019 United Center , Chicago 2020 Bankers Life Fieldhouse , Indianapolis 2021 United Center , Chicago 2022 Bankers Life Fieldhouse , Indianapolis Most conference tournament championships ( edit ) School Titles Years Michigan State 5 1999 , 2000 , 2012 , 2014 , 2016 Ohio State ^ 2007 , 2010 , 2011 , 2013 Wisconsin 2004 , 2008 , 2015 Illinois 2003 , 2005 Iowa 2001 , 2006 Michigan * 2017 , 2018 Purdue 2009 Minnesota 0 Indiana 0 Penn State 0 Northwestern 0 Nebraska 0 Maryland 0 Rutgers 0 * 1998 championship vacated by Michigan . ^ 2002 championship vacated by Ohio State . Most consecutive championships ( edit ) 2 -- Michigan State ( 1999 , 2000 ) , Ohio State ( 2010 , 2011 ) , Michigan ( 2017 , 2018 ) Records all - time by team ( edit ) through 2018 tournament School Record Winning pct Championships Runners - up Ohio State 26 -- 14 . 650 Michigan State 29 -- 16 . 644 5 Illinois 27 -- 19 . 587 Wisconsin 24 -- 18 . 571 Michigan 22 -- 17 . 564 Iowa 16 -- 19 . 457 Rutgers 3 -- 4 . 429 0 0 Minnesota 14 -- 19 . 424 0 Purdue 14 -- 20 . 412 Penn State 14 -- 21 . 400 0 Indiana 12 -- 21 . 364 0 Maryland 2 -- 4 . 333 0 0 Nebraska 3 -- 7 . 300 0 0 Northwestern 9 -- 21 . 300 0 0 Records all - time by seed ( edit ) through 2018 tournament Seed Record Winning pct Championships Runners - up 34 -- 12 . 739 8 26 -- 12 . 684 5 * 20 -- 17 . 541 14 -- 19 . 424 0 * 5 15 -- 19 . 441 6 28 -- 18 . 609 7 15 -- 20 . 429 0 0 8 15 -- 19 . 441 9 9 -- 20 . 310 0 10 10 -- 19 . 345 0 11 7 -- 20 . 259 0 12 3 -- 6 . 333 0 0 13 2 -- 3 . 400 0 0 14 3 -- 4 . 429 0 0 * Does not include vacated wins by Michigan ( 1998 ) and Ohio State ( 2002 ) Records by coaches ( edit ) Through 2018 tournament Coach School Record Winning pct . Championships Thad Matta Ohio State 23 -- 9 . 719 Bill Self Illinois 5 -- 2 . 714 Steve Alford Iowa 13 -- 6 . 684 John Beilein Michigan 19 -- 9 . 679 Lon Kruger Illinois 6 -- 3 . 667 0 Tom Izzo Michigan State 29 -- 16 . 644 5 Bo Ryan Wisconsin 17 -- 11 . 607 Bruce Weber Illinois 12 -- 8 . 600 Mike Davis Indiana 7 -- 6 . 538 0 Tubby Smith Minnesota 7 -- 6 . 538 0 Matt Painter Purdue 11 -- 12 . 478 Pat Chambers Penn State 5 -- 7 . 417 0 Ed DeChellis Penn State 5 -- 8 . 385 0 Bill Carmody Northwestern 5 -- 13 . 278 0 Note : Current coaches at school in bold . Minimum of five wins . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Due to NCAA sanctions , Michigan has vacated the records from the 1992 Final Four , the 1992 -- 93 , 1995 -- 96 , 1996 -- 97 , 1997 -- 98 , and 1998 -- 99 seasons . See above section Vacated results ^ Jump up to : Due to NCAA sanctions , Ohio State has vacated the records of 34 games in 1998 -- 99 , 16 games in 1999 -- 00 and the entire 2000 -- 01 and 2001 -- 02 seasons . See above section Vacated results ^ Jump up to : Due to NCAA sanctions , Minnesota has vacated the records from the 1993 -- 94 , 1994 -- 95 , 1995 -- 96 , 1996 -- 97 , 1997 -- 98 , and 1998 -- 99 seasons . See above section Vacated results Television coverage ( edit ) Main article : List of Big Ten Conference Men 's Basketball Tournament Finals broadcasters See also ( edit ) College basketball portal Big Ten Conference Women 's Basketball Tournament References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Big Ten Announces Five - Year Extension to Host Men 's and Women 's Basketball Tournaments in Indianapolis '' . June 5 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Big Ten Announces Future Sites for Football Championship Games and Basketball Tournaments '' . June 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Big Ten Men 's Basketball Tournament Heads East with Verizon Center Set to Host in 2017 Big Ten Conference Official Site '' . www.bigten.org . Retrieved March 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Big Ten tournament moving to D.C. in 2017 '' . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Madison Square Garden Partnership Big Ten Conference Official Site '' . www.bigten.org . Retrieved March 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Thamel , Pete . `` Madison Square Garden to host Big Ten Conference Tournament in 2018 '' . www.si.com . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Big Ten tourney to MSG in ' 18 , a week earlier '' . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Big Ten tournament returning to United Center in 2019 and 2021 '' . Crain 's Chicago Business . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Stripped Of Conference Championship '' . CBS . Associated Press . November 11 , 2000 . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : http://grfx.cstv.com/photos/schools/big10/sports/m-baskbl/auto_pdf/2016-17/misc_non_event/bttrecords.pdf Jump up ^ Guerrieri , Vince ( March 10 , 2006 ) . `` NCAA slaps Ohio State with severe probation '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ 2015 Big Ten Tournament Guide Big Ten Conference Men 's Basketball Tournament 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Broadcasters Big Ten Conference men 's basketball Teams Illinois Fighting Illini Indiana Hoosiers Iowa Hawkeyes Maryland Terrapins Michigan Wolverines Michigan State Spartans Minnesota Golden Gophers Nebraska Cornhuskers Northwestern Wildcats Ohio State Buckeyes Penn State Nittany Lions Purdue Boilermakers Rutgers Scarlet Knights Wisconsin Badgers Championships & awards Regular season champions Big Ten Conference Men 's Basketball Tournament Player of the Year Chicago Tribune Silver Basketball ( defunct ) Seasons 1904 -- 05 1905 -- 06 1906 -- 07 1907 -- 08 1908 -- 09 1909 -- 10 1910 -- 11 1911 -- 12 1912 -- 13 1913 -- 14 1914 -- 15 1915 -- 16 1916 -- 17 1917 -- 18 1918 -- 19 1919 -- 20 1920 -- 21 1921 -- 22 1922 -- 23 1923 -- 24 1924 -- 25 1925 -- 26 1926 -- 27 1927 -- 28 1928 -- 29 1929 -- 30 1930 -- 31 1931 -- 32 1932 -- 33 1933 -- 34 1934 -- 35 1935 -- 36 1936 -- 37 1937 -- 38 1938 -- 39 1939 -- 40 1940 -- 41 1941 -- 42 1942 -- 43 1943 -- 44 1944 -- 45 1945 -- 46 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 Big Ten Conference championships Baseball Men 's Basketball Women 's Basketball Football Men 's Ice Hockey Men 's Lacrosse Women 's Lacrosse Men 's Soccer Women 's Soccer Softball NCAA men 's college basketball tournaments Division I Pre-season 2K Sports Classic Puerto Rico Tip - Off Charleston Classic The Islands of the Bahamas Showcase Paradise Jam Hall of Fame Tip Off Legends Classic CBE Hall of Fame Classic Maui Invitational MGM Resorts Main Event Cayman Islands Classic Gulf Coast Showcase Cancún Challenge Battle 4 Atlantis Savannah Invitational NIT Season Tip - Off Las Vegas Invitational AdvoCare Invitational Phil Knight Invitational Wooden Legacy Emerald Coast Classic Barclays Center Classic Jimmy V Classic Las Vegas Classic Diamond Head Classic Vancouver Showcase Conference postseason ACC America East The American American South American West Atlantic 10 Atlantic Sun Big 12 Big East Big Eight Big Sky Big South Big Ten Big West CAA Conference USA East Coast Great Midwest Great West Horizon Ivy League MAAC MEAC Metro Mid-American Missouri Valley Mountain West Northeast Ohio Valley Pac - 12 Patriot SEC Southern Southland Southwest SWAC Sun Belt Summit WAC West Coast Postseason NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament National Invitation Tournament Vegas 16 College Basketball Invitational CollegeInsider.com Postseason Tournament National Commissioners Invitational Tournament 1922 National Intercollegiate Basketball Tournament Division II Conference postseason CCAA CACC Carolinas East Coast GLIAC GLVC G - MAC Great Northwest Gulf South Heartland Lone Star Mountain East Northeast - 10 Northern Sun Pacific West Peach Belt PSAC RMAC South Atlantic Sunshine State Postseason NCAA Division II Men 's Basketball Tournament Division III Conference postseason Allegheny Mountain American Southwest Capital Centennial CCIW CSAC HCAC Landmark Little East Middle Atlantic NEWMAC NJAC Northwest OAC ODAC SAA SCIAC SCAC USA South WIAC Postseason NCAA Division III Men 's Basketball Tournament ECAC Tournaments Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big_Ten_Conference_Men%27s_Basketball_Tournament&oldid=836423069 '' Categories : Big Ten Conference Men 's Basketball Tournament Basketball in Chicago Basketball in Indianapolis Recurring sporting events established in 1998 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 14 April 2018 , at 18 : 46 . 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where is the distance measured in ski jumping	The distance is measured between the front and the rear foot , if the jumper performs a telemark - landing . If the jumper lands with his feet side - by - side , the distance is measured directly under his feet . McGuffy ( talk ) -- Preceding undated comment added 14 : 21 , 21 March 2009 ( UTC ) .		Talk : ski jumping	talk : ski jumping		Contents ( hide ) 1 Notability 2 A FEW OF QUESTIONS ... 3 Normal Hill K95 4 An older technique 5 training 6 Proposed merge 7 Unreferenced article 8 Calculation line ? 9 Wrong ski jumping record 10 Added hoax tag 11 How is distance measured ? 12 Images 13 Bavaria = Germany 14 question regarding numbers per discipline for women 's skiing 15 Youtube link 16 K point 17 Women 's ski jumping 18 other records 19 Propose : total World Cups / Four Hills in infobox 20 Propose : not a sport 21 Jury downgraded sportsmen who used the V - style technique in 80th 22 Removed text that violates copyright 23 Copyright problem removed 24 Iraschko ( - Stolz ) mentioned twice 25 Statistics 26 `` Men / ladies '' 27 Before another bot reverts my changes 28 Original research 29 List of major competition winners in ski jumping 30 History needs more 31 Scoring Notability ( edit ) Should n't a notable ski jumper have won an individual medal at a major competition , or contributed significantly to the development of the sport ? A number of guys on the list do not meet either criteria . It 's becoming an encyclopedia of everyone who 's ever competed pro . Can we have some standards here ? Brmull ( talk ) 02 : 24 , 14 February 2010 ( UTC ) More questions : What seems to be missing from this discussion is a description of the ski jump ramp itself . Are all ski jump ramps created equal ? If so , what is the length , height , grade , etc . If not , what is the variation between ramps ? What are the specifications for ramps used in competition ? Given the olympic competitions underway , what are the IOC rules for ski jump venutes ? this would seem to be pertinent information for the rules section of the description of ski jumping . thanks ... Unklklf ( talk ) 04 : 42 , 20 February 2010 ( UTC ) A few of questions ... ( edit ) Someone already asked this first one but I will ask again ... 1 ) How do they measure the distance in both Ski Jumping and Ski Flying ? Is there electronic assistance ? 2 ) I was watch Ski Flying on TV and they super impose a blue and red line on the snow . They mention that the blue line is the longest jump of ... the day , the round , the event ? ? ? but there is no mention of what the red line is . Is it the world record ? 3 ) It is mentioned that Ski Jumpers are suppose to land in a telemark position . Is this a rule ? Is the jump nullified or do they just lose some style points if they do n't land that way ? 4 ) Do Ski Flyers have to land in a telemark position too ? I watched the world record Ski Flying jump and he landed parallel ... but I do n't see anything refering to rules for Ski Flying . 5 ) What is all that crap on the ski jump landing area ? It looks like small branches or little tiny trees but I see no mention of it any where . Or is it just some black colouring under the show ? I assume it is to help the jumper / flier see the ground better but I have never read or heard any mention of it . 6 ) During a recent Ski Flying competition on TV there was a brief mention that the officials might move the platform that the skiers sit on prior to standing up to start their jump . I assume this is done for safety if people are jumping too far for the landing area but am not sure . What causes them to move it , how far do they usually move it and do they do it in mid round or do they wait for the next round of jumping ? If they move it in mid round how do they compare the pre and post move jumps to keep things equitable ? 7 ) What are factors which affect how far a ski jumper can jump ? -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.96. 132.77 ( talk ) 16 : 22 , 6 March 2015 ( UTC ) If someone has some answers I would be more than happy to add it to the article . I am also emailing the official Ski Flying organization but figured I would post the questions here too . -- Preceding unsigned comment added by Hgray14 ( talk contribs ) 23 : 44 , 7 February 2009 ( UTC ) thanks , Houston Some information on how high / far a ski jumper can go would be nice . The world record is apparently 194 m . I 'm trying to find how high . I edited the article to say maximum distances of around 140m are reached on the large hill ( K120 ) . Distances of over 130m are commonplace and Malysz actually jumped 151.5 m at Willingen ( a K120 hill ) . The world record is held by Bjørn Einar Romøren and its 239m , not sure how it would fit into the article but it 's definitely correct information . Maybe a bullet point after K90 and K120 to include ski - flying ( around K170 - K185 ) is appropriate . The 239m record is in ski flying , not ski jumping . They are different events , and ski flying hills are much larger . -- Ifrit 22 : 11 , 25 March 2006 ( UTC ) That distinction is in name only . Ski flying is really a subclass of ski jumping . Same athletes compete in both events , using same equipment and under the same rules . In FIS official webpage http://www.fis-ski.com/ all ski flying competitions are listed under the ski jumping section . -- Alatopi 15 : 48 , 3 January 2007 ( UTC ) Alatopi is right . They are classified as the same event by the International Ski Jump Association . 218.224. 120.56 ( talk ) 07 : 45 , 20 October 2008 ( UTC ) Answer : The ski jumper is never any higher than at the take - off point in the jump . So , depending on the structure , heights vary from very low to as high as 9m . As for distance , again , depending on the hill , the jumpers are only allowed to jump to the `` critical point '' which is defined as the point the hill goes from a downward slope to a transition point where the hill starts the outrun . Actually the high point of jumper 's trajectory is somewhat after the take - off . After all they do _jump_ from the take - off ramp . I do n't have any reliable figures of how high they go from the ground but I have heard that nowadays it 's only about four meters off the ground even on the ski flying hills . During the 80s - before the V - style - the hills were different . The take - off ramps were pointed more upwards and the jumper could be flung as high as ten meters from the ground on the largest ski flying hills . But this is really only a hearsay . -- Alatopi 16 : 08 , 3 January 2007 ( UTC ) Could someone please add a section flight time ( time in the air ) and the standing record . -- Preceding unsigned comment added by Tavernsenses ( talk contribs ) 15 : 58 , 24 February 2014 ( UTC ) b shit Normal hill K95 ( edit ) I notice that in this year 's Olympic games , the Normal hill is K95 and not K90 . Is the main article a typo , or is it a different standard for Olympic jumps ? Normal hill is actually any hill with a critical point between 80 and 105 metres . K90 is by far the most common though . Bogfjellmo 22 : 31 , 16 February 2006 ( UTC ) An older technique ( edit ) The article states `` Previous techniques first included the Kongsberger technique '' but it seems an earlier one existed in the 1920s -- see this clip from Switzerland I put on YouTube : http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T4IM0NrRR2Y training ( edit ) How do ski jumpers learn ? Do they just throw you down the ramp and expect you to pull it off ? Night Gyr ( talk / Oy ) 03 : 16 , 26 December 2006 ( UTC ) They start in much smaller hills than what they use in top level competition . When I started jumping at about 12 years of age I started in a k - 21 hill . These hills arent very scary at all , and it doesnt really require any skill to be able to jump from one , even if your performance might be low . Wims ( talk ) 23 : 13 , 26 August 2009 ( UTC ) Proposed merge ( edit ) Ca n't see anyplace else this is discussed . If we 're collecting opinions to sound a consensus : Oppose the merge . The article will grow , and a ski flying section in the ski jumping article will most likely grow and link into a ( ( main ... in the end anyway . MURGH 23 : 48 , 15 January 2007 ( UTC ) Merge by all means . It may never outgrow the need of just one article . MURGH 01 : 35 , 10 March 2007 ( UTC ) Merge . Ski flying is not a sport of its own , `` ski flying '' is marketing talk for ski jumping in hills larger than the traditional K90 and K120 hills . Having the subject of ski jumping separated into two different articles gives a false impression of there being a distinction other than hill size between ski jumping and ski jumping , which there in reality is not. -- Gosub 14 : 09 , 28 January 2007 ( UTC ) I support this view . There will never be a fixed distinction between ski flying and `` ordinary '' ski jumping . The Norwegian - language article fully integrates the two . -- EvenT 23 : 06 , 9 March 2007 ( UTC ) oppose merge allthough ski flying is a form of ski jumping one can say there are two disciplines because every two years a ski flying worldchampionship is organised . In the other years there is a ski jumping worldchampionship ( element of the Nordic Ski Worldchampionships ) Miho NL 13 : 30 , 15 March 2007 ( UTC ) Merge Same sport , different hill size . We have articles for Ski - flying World Championships , so I believe there 's no need for an article on the `` sport '' . -- Pudeo ( Talk ) 21 : 05 , 8 April 2007 ( UTC ) Merge since ski flying only refers to the largest hill size . But the mainarticle does need content on other hill sizes ( small , normal , large , flight ) for the merge be seamles . The Merciful 14 : 53 , 17 June 2007 ( UTC ) Done Reywas92 20 : 21 , 17 June 2007 ( UTC ) Undone . After almost eight years without seeing much progress in the ski jumping article , I 've single - handedly written enough content and collected a number of sources in order to warrant ski flying its own article ( although User : Sportomanokin originally got things going on the sly ) . It should now be clear as to how ski jumping and ski flying are distinct from each other -- way different hills , distances , some rules , and its own notable history . Mac Dreamstate ( talk ) 16 : 48 , 22 May 2015 ( UTC ) Unreferenced article ( edit ) The article is fairly good , but it could do with some references . Andjam 03 : 47 , 29 July 2007 ( UTC ) I agree . I went ahead and tagged it as such . Also , the citations present do n't really account for much of the article 's content . -- Jt ( talk ) 05 : 28 , 30 April 2008 ( UTC ) Calculation line ? ( edit ) What 's a calculation line ? 72.74. 210.228 ( talk ) 01 : 20 , 27 February 2008 ( UTC ) Also , what 's a `` K - spot '' ? 72.74. 210.228 ( talk ) 01 : 23 , 27 February 2008 ( UTC ) K - Spot is the Construction point ( probably shortened with a K because of Germans / Austrians ) which is the mathematical Inflection point of the landing hill . Judith Sunrise ( talk ) 02 : 21 , 4 February 2015 ( UTC ) Wrong ski jumping record ( edit ) The Romanian record is 152 meters , Mihai Damian . AlwaysOnion ( talk ) 16 : 39 , 20 July 2008 ( UTC ) Added hoax tag ( edit ) I dont belive that the the National Records from Georgia and down is right . Sources , please otherwise i will remove them . Zoggoemila80calgary ( talk ) 10 : 28 , 5 December 2008 ( UTC ) Now , i gon na remove them because of no sources and hard to belive its true anyway . Zoggoemila80calgary ( talk ) 09 : 34 , 15 December 2008 ( UTC ) How is distance measured ? ( edit ) When watching ski jumping on television , I have difficulty in seeing what distance has been achieved , because I do not know how it is measured . If the measurement is similar to the athletics long jump , the distance is that completely cleared , which would be the tail of the rearmost ski , giving the shortest measurement . Is that it ? Or is it distance measured to the rearmost ( or foremost ) foot ? This could make a difference of half a metre , which seems to be the order of accuracy of the measurement . And how is is measured anyhow - is there some electronic assistance , or is it purely visual ? I can not find this anywhere I have looked to date . Thanks for any reply . Patche99z ( talk ) 14 : 57 , 30 December 2008 ( UTC ) The distance is measured between the front and the rear foot , if the jumper performs a telemark - landing . If the jumper lands with his feet side - by - side , the distance is measured directly under his feet . McGuffy ( talk ) -- Preceding undated comment added 14 : 21 , 21 March 2009 ( UTC ) . Images ( edit ) That 's strange : Five of the eight images are of ski jump facilities in the summer . Just one of an actual ski jumper . Astronaut ( talk ) 02 : 02 , 7 March 2009 ( UTC ) People seem to prefer taking pictures of ski jumping hills in the summer , rather than in the winter . We need more and better pictures of ski jumpers in action . Blue Elf ( talk ) 21 : 37 , 14 October 2009 ( UTC ) Done Added two images of actual ski jumpers , from Commons . Mac Dreamstate ( talk ) 01 : 05 , 13 May 2015 ( UTC ) Bavaria = Germany ( edit ) `` The Four Hills Tournament , held annually at four sites in Bavaria , Germany and Austria around New Year , is very popular and draws huge crowds . '' Bavaria is a state in Germany , even if some Bavarian would like to be independent ;-) 71.59. 225.186 ( talk ) 02 : 31 , 29 May 2009 ( UTC ) Question regarding numbers per discipline for women 's Skiing ( edit ) I 've been cleaning up the cites in the women 's ski jump section , and I noticed that there seems to be a possible issue with the cites used for comparing the number of ski cross competitors to the number of ski jumpers . The link used for ski jumpers is the `` biography '' section of the website , as below . The only issue is that I 'm not sure what the basis is for inclusion in this section . http://www.fis-ski.com/uk/disciplines/skijumping/competitorbiographies.html?listid=&lastname=&gender=L&firstname=&nation=&status=OE&fiscode=&Search=Search&rec_start=0&limit=100 In contrast , the link used for the ski cross section is the FIS points table , as below . http://www.fis-ski.com/uk/604/607.html?sector=FS&listid=10049&lastname=&gender=L&firstname=&nation=&order=SX&fiscode=&birthyear=&Search=Search&rec_start=0&limit=100 Is this comparing like for like , or is this apples and oranges ? Unfortunately , the `` biography '' section does n't allow for the idenfication of skiers who are Freestyle / Ski Cross , only Freestyle as a whole . Part of me is inclined to wonder if including the links at all counts as OR . Thoughts ? -- Preceding unsigned comment added by Random name ( talk contribs ) 14 : 01 , 14 November 2009 ( UTC ) You are right . `` There are more women ski jumpers than women who have earned points in ski cross '' . Kahkonen ( talk ) 18 : 49 , 18 January 2010 ( UTC ) Original research and Wikipedia : Avoid weasel words too . Kahkonen ( talk ) 18 : 52 , 18 January 2010 ( UTC ) Youtube link ( edit ) Is it appropriate to link to the YouTube video ? ( I suspect it 's an unauthorized upload from a TV program . ) - Mike Rosoft ( talk ) 17 : 25 , 2 January 2011 ( UTC ) K point ( edit ) I found the discussion of K point very unclear on several points . First , it says `` For K - 90 and K - 120 competitions , the K line is at 90 metres ( 300 ft ) and 120 metres ( 390 ft ) respectively . '' 90 meters from what ? The top of the ski run ? The take off point ? Second , I do n't understand `` The K point is the point on the hill where the slope begins to flatten as measured from the take off '' . What does `` slope begins to flatten out '' mean ? And what does `` measured from the take off point '' mean ? I understand `` slope '' to mean rise over run , and the slope of a point does n't have different values depending on where it 's measured from . Finally , `` The value of a metre is determined from the size of the hill . '' What ? This ca n't be saying what it seems to say , that a nonstandard meter length is used in these measurements . Mnudelman ( talk ) 22 : 58 , 20 June 2012 ( UTC ) K - Spot is the the mathematical Inflection point of the landing hill . I have an idea what could be meant with the different meters . You can either measure the horizontal distance , or let a measuring tape follow the slope of the hill . The latter would give a bigger distance . I still do n't know which one the sentence above describes. Judith Sunrise ( talk ) 02 : 21 , 4 February 2015 ( UTC ) Women 's ski jumping ( edit ) I can not find a announcement for a women 's event at the web - page of the Sochi Olympics . http://www.olympic.org/ski-jumping Does this mean they are out again ? ! Then we should fix the footnote and correct the article here . http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_jumping#cite_note-11 -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.130. 170.118 ( talk ) 10 : 58 , 29 December 2012 ( UTC ) other records ( edit ) other records under `` 1st ever mixed team event '' link to Mostec , Ljubljana , Slovenia . however link to mostec is wrong . the mostec where the ski jumps were held is part of Ljubljana . the link points to Mostec that it on the other side of the country . 89.212. 30.107 ( talk ) 20 : 43 , 16 March 2013 ( UTC ) Propose : total World Cups / Four Hills in infobox ( edit ) The current ( ( Infobox ski jumper ) ) sorely needs a field which lists the total amount of both World Cups and Four Hills tournaments a jumper has won . Just now I had a quick look at Gregor Schlierenzauer 's article , but nowhere does it clearly state his World Cup tally -- not even within the lead section -- whilst only a brief mention is made of his Four Hills tally somewhere at the bottom . Not good enough . On the other hand , take a look at ( ( Infobox Champ Car driver ) ) and ( ( Infobox F1 driver ) ) , in that how it is immediately stated as to how many World Championships a driver has won . Nice and informative for casual skim - readers , or those looking for quick statistics . Mac Dreamstate ( talk ) 06 : 18 , 27 November 2013 ( UTC ) Done * ... and done talking to self * Mac Dreamstate ( talk ) 00 : 48 , 13 May 2015 ( UTC ) Propose : not a sport ( edit ) Requires judges of `` style '' so should be downgraded like diving , sloppystyle ski boarding , gymnastics , dancing and dressage 80.1. 254.149 ( talk ) 23 : 23 , 9 February 2014 ( UTC ) Jury downgraded sportsmen who used the V - style technique in 80th ( edit ) It looks like a spit on olympic motto Citius , Altius , Fortius ( faster , higher , stronger ) . How the hell subjective judgment survived such a fail and ski jumps wins are still depends on judges marks. 91.77. 244.67 ( talk ) 21 : 19 , 13 February 2014 ( UTC ) Removed text that violates copyright ( edit ) Copyright problem removed ( edit ) Prior content in this article duplicated one or more previously published sources . The material was copied from : http://www.usaskijumping.org/news-section/scoring . Copied or closely paraphrased material has been rewritten or removed and must not be restored , unless it is duly released under a compatible license . ( For more information , please see `` using copyrighted works from others '' if you are not the copyright holder of this material , or `` donating copyrighted materials '' if you are . ) For legal reasons , we can not accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or published material ; such additions will be deleted . Contributors may use copyrighted publications as a source of information , and according to fair use may copy sentences and phrases , provided they are included in quotation marks and referenced properly . The material may also be rewritten , but only if it does not infringe on the copyright of the original or plagiarize from that source . Therefore such paraphrased portions must provide their source . Please see our guideline on non-free text for how to properly implement limited quotations of copyrighted text . Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously , and persistent violators will be blocked from editing . While we appreciate contributions , we must require all contributors to understand and comply with these policies . Thank you . Marchino61 ( talk ) 01 : 20 , 22 December 2014 ( UTC ) The offending text was added in revision as of 00 : 47 , 12 March 2014 by 24.183. 128.62 I have not deleted the entire edit , just the offending paragraph . Marchino61 ( talk ) 01 : 20 , 22 December 2014 ( UTC ) Iraschko ( - Stolz ) mentioned twice ( edit ) In the list of injured female ski - jumpers Daniela Iraschko - Stolz is mentioned twice ( once with her pre-civil - union - name Daniela Iraschko ). Judith Sunrise ( talk ) 02 : 04 , 4 February 2015 ( UTC ) Statistics ( edit ) The amount of statistics on this article is way too large . I propose that most of them be shunted to a separate article dealing with all the facts and figures , similar to the List of Formula One records or Lists of tennis records and statistics . Since there is rarely any feedback on ski jumping articles , I will simply perform the split myself very soon . Mac Dreamstate ( talk ) 02 : 10 , 13 May 2015 ( UTC ) `` Men / ladies '' ( edit ) Although the word `` women '' is used 10 times in this article , they are referred to 19 times as `` ladies '' - whereas the men are invariably referred to as `` men '' , never as `` gentlemen '' . Can we finally get rid of this outmoded usage - particularly in an article that addresses the whole issue of equal gender rights in sport ? It reminds you of such phrases as `` lady writer ''. 188.230. 248.85 ( talk ) 20 : 29 , 8 January 2017 ( UTC ) Before another bot reverts my changes ( edit ) Yes , I ended up removing 40 % of the article , but that 40 % was mostly non-contributing figures and ever - incomplete lists that would only have crapped up the article further in the future . The information is not lost ! If someone with an account wants to break it out into list - like subarticles , click the History link , grab the information from an older copy , and go hog wild . 180.15. 182.119 ( talk ) 12 : 40 , 9 March 2017 ( UTC ) Like I stated after reverting you , it 's best to create a `` List of '' article for the content , not simply delete all of the content because you do n't want it in the article . Flyer22 Reborn ( talk ) 12 : 51 , 9 March 2017 ( UTC ) The IP reverted me . I 've alerted WP : WikiProject Skiing and Snowboarding to this issue . That project is n't too active , though . Flyer22 Reborn ( talk ) 12 : 59 , 9 March 2017 ( UTC ) I do n't have an account and ca n't create a page . Feel free to make a start and I 'll move content over later on . 180.15. 182.119 ( talk ) 13 : 01 , 9 March 2017 ( UTC ) Original research ( edit ) All - time ranking table ( previously named `` the greatest ever '' ) is nothing more than an original research , who counts the points like that ? The source is for the alpine skiing and not ski jumping , someone just `` stole '' the system used for alpine skiing and converted it into the ski jumping table , with everything calculated manually , there is nowhere a source for tables like that , it needs to be deleted . Snowflake91 ( talk ) 15 : 13 , 12 March 2017 ( UTC ) Actually by further checking the article , it has so many flaws that it would the best to Wikipedia : Blow it up and start over and completely re-write the article ... look at the Portuguese article , which has `` featured article '' status ( link ) , this is how the article should look like , only prose in several separated sections ( and not detailed season - by - season `` history '' section with 50 sub-sections ) , and ALL statistics are basically not - notable here , they can be mentioned on the World Cup article ( with a source ) and not here ( this is article about sport itself , not some World Cup statistics galore ) ; not to mention the POV list of `` notable ski jumpers '' without any inclusion criteria and that user - made all - time table which I already mentioned above , and `` Highest single day attendance '' section is entirely unsourced as well ( another original research ) , and pictures -- 39 pictures in the article , seriously ? Snowflake91 ( talk ) 17 : 17 , 13 March 2017 ( UTC ) List of major competition winners in ski jumping ( edit ) Major competition winners in ski jumping have been listed here. -- Eman1982 ( talk ) 17 : 47 , 21 June 2017 ( UTC ) History needs more ( edit ) It 's clear from film that the sport in 2018 is not the same as the one from several decades ago . There are now tracks instead of snow and scoring that takes into account things like the wind . Can somebody fill in these details ? - Eponymous - Archon ( talk ) 00 : 00 , 12 February 2018 ( UTC ) Scoring ( edit ) This sentence from the scoring section discussing adjustments for gate factor needs clarification or correction : `` Points are added when the starting gate is moved up , and withdrawn when the gate is lowered . '' It would be more accurate to say that points are added when the athlete starts from a lower starting gate ( closer to the takeoff ) and deducted when starting from a higher gate ( higher on the hill , and therefore further away from the takeoff ) . Points are added for a lower starting gate ( closer to the takeoff ) because there is less distance for the jumper to pick up speed . Points are deducted when starting higher on the hill ( further away from the takeoff ) because the increased distance from the takeoff allows the jumper to gain higher speed , aiding in the distance traveled from the takeoff point . -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601 : 141 : 300 : A7D7 : 21E : C2FF : FE9F : 4C2 ( talk ) 22 : 12 , 17 February 2018 ( UTC ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Ski_jumping&oldid=826217993 '' Categories : Wikipedia level - 4 vital articles in Life Wikipedia Start - Class vital articles in Life Wikipedia Start - Class level - 4 vital articles Start - Class Skiing and Snowboarding articles High - importance Skiing and Snowboarding articles WikiProject Skiing and Snowboarding articles Version 0.7 Nominees Hidden categories : All Wikipedia vital articles All Wikipedia level - 4 vital articles All Wikipedia vital articles in Life All Wikipedia Start - Class vital articles Talk New section Contents About Wikipedia This page was last edited on 17 February 2018 , at 22 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk%3ASki%20jumping	3,236
who won the women's world cup in 2015	2015 FIFA Women 's World Cup Final United States players celebrate after captain Carli Lloyd 's 2nd - minute goal Event 2015 FIFA Women 's World Cup United States Japan 5 Date 5 July 2015 Venue BC Place , Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada Player of the Match Carli Lloyd ( United States ) Referee Kateryna Monzul ( Ukraine ) Attendance 53,341 Weather Sunny 25 ° C ( 77 ° F ) ← 2011 2019 →	United States	2015 FIFA Women 's World Cup final	2015 fifa women's world cup final		2015 FIFA Women 's World Cup Final United States players celebrate after captain Carli Lloyd 's 2nd - minute goal Event 2015 FIFA Women 's World Cup United States Japan 5 Date 5 July 2015 Venue BC Place , Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada Player of the Match Carli Lloyd ( United States ) Referee Kateryna Monzul ( Ukraine ) Attendance 53,341 Weather Sunny 25 ° C ( 77 ° F ) ← 2011 2019 → The 2015 FIFA Women 's World Cup Final was a professional women 's soccer match that took place on 5 July 2015 at BC Place , in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada , to determine the winner of the 2015 FIFA Women 's World Cup . It was played between Japan and the United States , in a rematch of the 2011 final . The stakes were high for both sides : if the United States won the match , it would be the only country to have won in three Women 's World Cup finals ; if Japan had won instead , then it would be the first soccer team , men 's or women 's , to win twice under the same coach ( Norio Sasaki for Japan ) since Vittorio Pozzo lead Italy to victory in the 1934 World Cup and the 1938 World Cup 77 years ago . Ultimately , the United States won 5 -- 2 , winning its first title in sixteen years and becoming the first team to win three Women 's World Cup finals . Because of the expanded competition format , it was the first time the finalists had played a seventh game in the tournament . The United States had previously reached the final game three times , winning twice ( in 1991 and 1999 ) and placing as runners up in 2011 . This was Japan 's second successive final appearance and was their attempt to be the first country to successfully defend a title since Germany in the 2007 World Cup . Both teams were undefeated throughout the tournament , with the United States only conceding one goal in the six matches leading up to the final and Japan winning all of their matches in regular time . Contents 1 Background 2 Route to the final 3 Match 3.1 Summary 3.2 Details 3.3 Statistics 4 Outcome 5 References 6 External links Background ( edit ) Before this tournament , the two finalists had met each other three times in World Cup play . The United States beat Japan 3 -- 0 in the group stage in 1991 and won 4 -- 0 in a 1995 quarter - final match , while Japan bettered the United States 3 -- 1 in a penalty shoot - out in the 2011 World Cup final after the match was tied 2 -- 2 after extra time . The United States won the final 2 -- 1 in the gold medal match at the 2012 Summer Olympics . The last meeting between the two teams was at the 2014 Algarve Cup , which ended in 0 -- 0 draw , after the previous Algarve Cup between the two teams was won by Japan 1 -- 0 . Both the United States and Japan began the 2015 Women 's World Cup as favorites to win the tournament . The United States was ranked second in the FIFA Women 's World Rankings , while Japan was ranked fourth . The United States entered the 2015 final as two - time World champions , having won the first and third installments of the Women 's World Cup . The United States were the first crowned champions at the inaugural 1991 edition of the Women 's World Cup , held in China . They beat Norway 2 -- 1 in the final , with two goals from Michelle Akers . In the 1999 final , host nation United States and China played to a scoreless draw . After extra time , the United States won the match with a 5 -- 4 penalties victory . The 2015 final was Japan 's second consecutive time contesting a World Cup final . Their first and only win was at the expense of the United States in the 2011 Women 's World Cup , held in Germany . It was also the third consecutive time that a major women 's football tournament final featured Japan and the United States , after the 2011 World Cup and 2012 Olympics . On 30 June 2015 , FIFA President Sepp Blatter announced that he would not travel to Vancouver to attend the final , leaving FIFA vice-president Issa Hayatou to present the trophy at the final to the champion . Route to the final ( edit ) Further information : 2015 FIFA Women 's World Cup Japan 's quarter - final match against Australia at the Commonwealth Stadium The United States reached the final undefeated and only conceded one goal in the six matches leading up to the final . The squad was drawn into Group D of the Women 's World Cup , along with Australia , Sweden and Nigeria . The United States ' first match against Australia was played at Winnipeg Stadium . After Megan Rapinoe scored an early goal , Australia managed to equalize . Two goals in the second half saw the United States take all three points in their first match . The United States played their second match against Sweden in Winnipeg . After a goalless 90 minutes , both teams walked away with a point apiece . In their final group match , the United States played Nigeria at a sold out BC Place . A single goal from captain Abby Wambach in the 45th minute was enough for the United States to progress to the round of 16 stage as group winners to face Group F third - placed team Colombia . A 53rd - minute goal by Alex Morgan and penalty converted by Carli Lloyd in the 66th minute saw the end the game 2 -- 0 . In the quarter - final , the United States took on China in Lansdowne Stadium . A goal by Carli Lloyd saw the game end 1 -- 0 . The United States were matched up against number one ranked Germany in the semi-finals . Goals by Carli Lloyd and Kelley O'Hara in the Olympic Stadium ended the match 2 -- 0 , with the United States progressing to the 2015 final . Japan reached the final undefeated and conceded only three goals . They were drawn into Group C along with Switzerland , Cameroon and Ecuador . Japan 's World Cup run started in the opening match of the tournament against Switzerland in Vancouver . A 29th - minute penalty from captain Aya Miyama secured all three points for Japan . In their second match , Japan played Cameroon . Goals from Aya Sameshima and Yuika Sugasawa gave Japan a 2 -- 1 win . Japan 's final group stage match was against Ecuador in Winnipeg ended in 1 -- 0 , thanks to a fifth - minute goal by Yūki Ōgimi . After winning their group , Japan next faced Group A third - placed team Netherlands in the round of 16 . Goals at either side of the break , by Saori Ariyoshi and Mizuho Sakaguchi , saw the match end 2 -- 1 . In the quarter - finals , Japan faced 2014 AFC Women 's Asian Cup Final opponents Australia in Commonwealth Stadium . An 87th - minute goal by Mana Iwabuchi was enough to ensure Japan reached the next round . In the semi-finals , Japan faced England in Edmonton . Two penalties in the first half and an own goal by Laura Bassett in the 92nd minute ended the match at 2 -- 1 to send Japan into their second consecutive World Cup final . United States Round Japan Opponent Result Group stage Opponent Result Australia 3 -- 1 Match 1 Switzerland 1 -- 0 Sweden 0 -- 0 Match 2 Cameroon 2 -- 1 Nigeria 1 -- 0 Match 3 Ecuador 1 -- 0 Group D Pos Team Pld Pts United States 7 Australia Sweden Nigeria Source : FIFA Final standing Group C Pos Team Pld Pts Japan 9 Cameroon 6 Switzerland Ecuador 0 Source : FIFA Opponent Result Knockout stage Opponent Result Colombia 2 -- 0 Round of 16 Netherlands 2 -- 1 China PR 1 -- 0 Quarter - finals Australia 1 -- 0 Germany 2 -- 0 Semi-finals England 2 -- 1 Match ( edit ) Summary ( edit ) Carli Lloyd during the final The United States struck early , scoring four goals in the first 16 minutes . Three of those goals were scored by midfielder Carli Lloyd , giving her the fastest hat - trick in World Cup history . Lloyd 's first goal at the 3rd minute was the fastest in a Women 's World Cup final , as she drove in a corner kick from Megan Rapinoe . Her goal also marked the first time Japan had trailed throughout the tournament . Lloyd again scored in the 5th minute off of a free kick from Lauren Holiday . Holiday scored in the 14th minute after Japan defender Azusa Iwashimizu failed to clear the ball on a header and turned over possession . Lloyd 's goal at the 16th minute , which Reuters called `` one of the most remarkable goals ever witnessed in a Women 's World Cup '' , was struck from the halfway line , catching Japan goalkeeper Ayumi Kaihori out of position . The stunning goal meant Lloyd became the first woman to score a hat trick in a World Cup final and the first player , male or female , to do so since Geoff Hurst did so for England against West Germany in the 1966 final at Wembley . Striker Yūki Ōgimi scored with a left - footed shot to give Japan 's first goal in the 27th minute , outmaneuvering United States defender Julie Johnston . Japan coach Norio Sasaki then responded tactically by introducing two first half substitutes , introducing midfielder Homare Sawa on for Iwashimizu and replacing winger Nahomi Kawasumi for striker Yuika Sugasawa . An own goal off the head of Johnston from an Aya Miyama free kick added to Japan 's scoreline in the second half , at the 52nd minute . Midfielder Tobin Heath scored the final goal of the game off of a pass from Morgan Brian for the United States two minutes later . The combined seven goals were the most in Women 's World Cup final history , and ties the record for most goals in any men 's or women 's World Cup final with the men 's 1958 FIFA World Cup Final , in which Brazil defeated Sweden 5 -- 2 . Details ( edit ) 5 July 2015 16 : 00 PDT ( UTC − 7 ) United States 5 -- 2 Japan Lloyd 3 ' , 5 ' , 16 ' Holiday 14 ' Heath 54 ' Report Ōgimi 27 ' Johnston 52 ' ( o.g. ) BC Place , Vancouver Attendance : 53,341 Referee : Kateryna Monzul ( Ukraine ) United States Japan GK Hope Solo RB 11 Ali Krieger CB 19 Julie Johnston CB Becky Sauerbrunn LB 22 Meghan Klingenberg RM 17 Tobin Heath 79 ' CM 12 Lauren Holiday CM 14 Morgan Brian LM 15 Megan Rapinoe 61 ' CF 13 Alex Morgan 86 ' CF 10 Carli Lloyd ( c ) Substitutions : DF 5 Kelley O'Hara 61 ' FW 20 Abby Wambach 79 ' DF Christie Rampone 86 ' Manager : Jill Ellis GK 18 Ayumi Kaihori RB 19 Saori Ariyoshi CB Azusa Iwashimizu 33 ' CB Saki Kumagai LB 5 Aya Sameshima RM 9 Nahomi Kawasumi 39 ' CM 6 Mizuho Sakaguchi CM 13 Rumi Utsugi LM 8 Aya Miyama ( c ) CF 11 Shinobu Ohno 60 ' CF 17 Yūki Ōgimi Substitutions : MF 10 Homare Sawa 82 ' 33 ' FW 15 Yuika Sugasawa 39 ' FW 16 Mana Iwabuchi 85 ' 60 ' Manager : Norio Sasaki Player of the Match : Carli Lloyd ( United States ) Assistant referees : Nataliya Rachynska ( Ukraine ) Yolanda Parga ( Spain ) Fourth official : Claudia Umpierrez ( Uruguay ) Fifth official : Loreto Toloza ( Chile ) Match rules : 90 minutes . 30 minutes of extra time if necessary . Penalty shoot - out if scores still tied . Twelve named eligible substitutes . Maximum of three substitutions . Statistics ( edit ) First half Statistic United States Japan Goals scored Total shots 9 Shots on target 5 Ball possession 49 % 51 % Corner kicks 0 Fouls committed 7 Offsides 0 Yellow cards 0 0 Red cards 0 0 Second half Statistic United States Japan Goals scored Total shots 6 9 Shots on target Ball possession 47 % 53 % Corner kicks Fouls committed 7 7 Offsides 0 Yellow cards 0 Red cards 0 0 Overall Statistic United States Japan Goals scored 5 Total shots 15 12 Shots on target 7 Ball possession 48 % 52 % Corner kicks 7 Fouls committed 14 10 Offsides Yellow cards 0 Red cards 0 0 Outcome ( edit ) Carli Lloyd broke multiple goal scoring records in the final United States ticker - tape parade in New York City The final broke multiple records . The goals by Carli Lloyd in the 3rd , 5th and 16th minutes made her the first player to score a hat trick in a Women 's World Cup 's Final , second in either men 's or women 's final and the fastest from kickoff in either men 's or women 's World Cup tournament . Yūki Ōgimi 's goal in the twenty - seventh minute ended a United States streak at 540 minutes of not conceding a goal , tying a World Cup record of Germany in 2007 . Homare Sawa , a member of the Japanese 2011 winning team , was introduced in the first half of the game . Christie Rampone , the only player remaining from the United States 1999 winning team , and Abby Wambach came on as subs late in the game . This is expected to have been the final World Cup appearance for all three . Rampone also became the oldest player to ever play in a Women 's World Cup match , at the age of 40 years . It also marked the first time since 1999 the United States held two major trophies in women 's football ( the Olympics medal and the World Cup ) . The United States also overtook Germany as the highest - scoring team in women 's World Cup history . The 5 -- 2 scoreline set a record for the highest number of goals scored in a Women 's World Cup final , and equaled the score of a match played between the United States and Japan at the 1988 FIFA Women 's Invitation Tournament . On U.S. television , the 2015 FIFA Women 's World Cup shattered viewing records for soccer -- played by men or women . With the Fox Network reporting 25.4 million viewers and Spanish - language Telemundo reporting 1.3 million viewers , the combined 26.7 million viewers made the final the most - watched soccer game in American history . As prize money for their victory , the US team was awarded $2 million . This paled in comparison to the 2014 men 's champion , Germany , who received $35 million . On 11 July , the World Cup win was celebrated with ticker - tape parade in New York City . It was the first time a team of female athletes were honored with a ticker - tape parade in the Canyon of Heroes in Lower Manhattan , and the first ticker - tape parade in New York City to honor female athletes since Olympic Athletes in 1984 . At the parade , Mayor Bill de Blasio handed the team keys to the city at a ceremony at City Hall . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` FIFA Women 's World Cup Canada 2015 -- Matches -- USA - Japan : Match Facts '' . FIFA.com. 5 July 2015 . Retrieved 6 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Women 's World Cup , USA vs. Japan : Know your opponent '' . sportingnews.com . Retrieved 3 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Women 's World Cup predictions : U.S. , Germany , Japan are favorites '' . usatoday.com . Retrieved 2 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Women 's Ranking ( 27 March 2015 ) '' . FIFA.com. 27 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Previous Tournaments '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 8 August 2012 . Retrieved 2 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Women 's World Cup : Japan beats England to reach final after Laura Bassett 's own goal at the death '' . abc.net.au . Retrieved 3 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sepp Blatter : Fifa president to miss Women 's World Cup final '' . bbc.com . Retrieved 2 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` USA -- Australia '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 3 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` USA -- Sweden '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 3 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nigeria -- USA '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 3 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Colombia -- USA '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 3 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` China -- USA '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 3 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` USA -- Germany '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 3 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Japan -- Switzerland '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 3 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Japan -- Camaroon '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 3 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ecuador -- Japan '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 3 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Japan -- Netherlands '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 3 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Australia -- Japan '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 3 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Japan -- England '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 3 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( 5 July 2015 ) . `` Watch U.S. Soccer Player Carli Lloyd Make World Cup History with Record - Breaking Hat Trick '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved 5 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Oshan , Jeremiah ( 5 July 2015 ) . `` Some fun facts about Carli Lloyd 's 16 - minute hat trick '' . Sounder At Heart . Retrieved 5 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. captain Lloyd hits hat - trick in 16 minutes into World Cup final '' . Reuters. 5 July 2015 . Retrieved 5 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Watch : Carli Lloyd scores hat trick 16 minutes into World Cup final '' . Sports Illustrated . 5 July 2015 . Retrieved 5 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Women 's World Cup final : U.S. defeats Japan , 5 -- 2 '' . Los Angeles Times . 5 July 2015 . Retrieved 5 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. dominates Japan in Women 's World Cup final '' . The Japan Times . 5 July 2015 . Retrieved 5 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lloyd - inspired USA crowned in style '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 6 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Booth , Tim ( 5 July 2015 ) . `` The Latest : Tobin Heath 's goal in 54th minute restores 3 - goal lead for United States '' . Newser . Retrieved 5 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tactical Line - up -- United States - Japan '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 5 July 2015 . Retrieved 5 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Final match report -- Half time '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . Retrieved 6 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Final match report '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . Retrieved 6 July 2015 . Jump up ^ sportswriter , ANNE M. PETERSON AP . `` Star goalkeepers Hope Solo and Nadine Angerer in the spotlight as U.S. , Germany clash in Women 's World Cup semifinals '' . The Advocate . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ Hays , Graham ( 5 July 2015 ) . `` Carli Lloyd Hat Trick Leads U.S. Women To First World Cup Title In 16 Years '' . ESPN . Retrieved 5 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Christie Rampone Is Now The Oldest Player To Appear In The Women 's World Cup '' . huffingtonpost.com . Retrieved 6 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Bieler , Des ( 5 July 2015 ) . `` Women 's World Cup : U.S. defeats Japan , 5 -- 2 , wins tournament for first time since 1999 '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 6 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Michael ( 6 June 2015 ) . `` Hand - me - downs , Snickers and warm Pepsi : the early years of US women 's soccer '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 6 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Sandomir , Richard ( 6 July 2015 ) . `` Women 's World Cup Final Was Most - Watched Soccer Game in United States History '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 6 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Harwell , Drew . `` Why hardly anyone sponsored the most - watched soccer match in U.S. history '' . Washington Post . Washington Post . Retrieved 9 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` U.S.A. Women 's World Cup Parade -- Highlights '' . nytimes.com . Retrieved 15 July 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to FIFA Women 's World Cup 2015 Final . Official website 2015 FIFA Women 's World Cup Stages Group stage Group A Group B Group C Group D Group E Group F Knockout stage Final General information Qualification Squads Statistics Official song FIFA Women 's World Cup Tournaments China 1991 Sweden 1995 United States 1999 United States 2003 China 2007 Germany 2011 Canada 2015 France 2019 TBD 2023 Qualification 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 Finals 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 Squads 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 Miscellaneous Hosts Team appearances Player appearances Goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Multiple winners Records Awards Broadcasters Mascots Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2015_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup_Final&oldid=864266521 '' Categories : 2015 FIFA Women 's World Cup FIFA Women 's World Cup Finals United States women 's national soccer team matches United States at the 2015 FIFA Women 's World Cup Japan women 's national football team matches Japan at the 2015 FIFA Women 's World Cup Sports competitions in Vancouver Japan -- United States relations 2010s in Vancouver Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from January 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Simple English Svenska ไทย Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 16 October 2018 , at 05 : 06 ( UTC ) . 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why we are using pivot table in excel			Pivot table	pivot table	A pivot table is a table that summarizes data in another table , and is made by applying an operation such as sorting , averaging , or summing to data in the first table , typically including grouping of the data . A trivial example is a column of numbers as the first table , and the column average as a pivot table with only one row and column . A slightly less trivial example is a table with columns sex and height , each row giving the sex and height of a person , and a pivot table made from it with the same two columns but only two rows , with `` male '' and `` female '' in the sex column and the average height of each sex in the height column . A third more complex and more typical example adds another dimension to the pivot table : a data table has columns month , salesman , product , and sales , each row giving the total sales of some product by some salesman in a certain month , and a pivot table made from it has a first column salesman of salesmen names and the remaining column names are product names and contain the total sales by that salesman of that product over all months .	Pivot tables are used in data processing and are found in data visualization programs such as spreadsheets or business intelligence software . Such programs can automatically sort , count , total or average the data stored in one table or spreadsheet , displaying the results in a second table -- the pivot table -- showing the summarized data . The user often sets up and changes the summary 's structure by dragging and dropping fields graphically . This `` rotation '' or pivoting of the summary table gives the concept its name . Count - based pivot tables are equally weighted cross tabulations . The term pivot table is a generic phrase used by multiple vendors . In the United States , Microsoft Corporation has trademarked the specific compound word form , PivotTable . Pivot tables can be seen as a simplification of the more complete and complex OLAP ( online analytical processing ) concepts . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Mechanics 3 Implementation 3.1 Report filter 3.2 Column labels 3.3 Row labels 3.4 Summation values 4 Application support 5 Online analytical processing 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading History ( edit ) In their book Pivot Table Data Crunching , Bill Jelen and Mike Alexander refer to Pito Salas as the `` father of pivot tables '' . While working on a concept for a new program that would eventually become Lotus Improv , Salas noted that spreadsheets have patterns of data . A tool that could help the user recognize these patterns would help to build advanced data models quickly . With Improv , users could define and store sets of categories , then change views by dragging category names with the mouse . This core functionality would provide the model for pivot tables . Lotus Development released Improv in 1991 on the NeXT platform . A few months after the release of Improv , Brio Technology published a standalone Macintosh implementation , called DataPivot ( with technology eventually patented in 1999 ) . Borland purchased the DataPivot technology in 1992 and implemented it in their own spreadsheet application , Quattro Pro . In 1993 the Microsoft Windows version of Improv appeared . Early in 1994 Microsoft Excel 5 brought a new functionality called a `` PivotTable '' to market . Microsoft further improved this feature in later versions of Excel : Excel 97 included a new and improved PivotTable Wizard , the ability to create calculated fields , and new pivot cache objects that allow developers to write Visual Basic for Applications macros to create and modify pivot tables Excel 2000 introduced `` Pivot Charts '' to represent pivot - table data graphically In 2007 Oracle Corporation made PIVOT and UNPIVOT operators available in Oracle Database 11g . Mechanics ( edit ) For typical data entry and storage , data usually appear in flat tables , meaning that they consist of only columns and rows , as in the following portion of a sample spreadsheet showing data on shirt types : While tables such as these can contain many data items , it can be difficult to get summarized information from them . A pivot table can help quickly summarize the data and highlight the desired information . The usage of a pivot table is extremely broad and depends on the situation . The first question to ask is , `` What am I seeking ? '' In the example here , let us ask , `` How many Units did we sell in each Region for every Ship Date ? '' : A pivot table usually consists of row , column and data ( or fact ) fields . In this case , the column is Ship Date , the row is Region and the data we would like to see is ( sum of ) Units . These fields allow several kinds of aggregations , including : sum , average , standard deviation , count , etc . In this case , the total number of units shipped is displayed here using a sum aggregation . Implementation ( edit ) Using the example above , software will find all distinct values for Region . In this case , they are : North , South , East , West . Furthermore , it will find all distinct values for Ship Date . Based on the aggregation type , sum , it will summarize the fact , the quantities of Unit , and display them in a multidimensional chart . In the example above , the first datum is 66 . This number was obtained by finding all records where both Region was East and Ship Date was 1 / 31 / 2005 , and adding the Units of that collection of records ( i.e. , cells E2 to E7 ) together to get a final result . Pivot tables are not created automatically . For example , in Microsoft Excel one must first select the entire data in the original table and then go to the Insert tab and select `` Pivot Table '' ( or `` Pivot Chart '' ) . The user then has the option of either inserting the pivot table into an existing sheet or creating a new sheet to house the pivot table . A pivot table field list is provided to the user which lists all the column headers present in the data . For instance , if a table represents sales data of a company , it might include Date of sale , Sales person , Item sold , Color of item , Units sold , Per unit price , and Total price . This makes the data more readily accessible . Date of sale Sales person Item sold Color of item Units sold Per unit price Total price 10 / 01 / 13 Jones Notebook Black 8 25000 200000 10 / 02 / 13 Prince Laptop Red 35000 140000 10 / 03 / 13 George Mouse Red 6 850 5100 10 / 04 / 13 Larry Notebook White 10 27000 270000 10 / 05 / 13 Jones Mouse Black 700 3200 The fields that would be created will be visible on the right hand side of the worksheet . By default , the pivot table layout design will appear below this list . Each of the fields from the list can be dragged on to this layout , which has four options : Report filter Column labels Row labels Summation values Report filter ( edit ) Report filter is used to apply a filter to an entire table . For example , if the `` Color of Item '' field is dragged to this area , then the table constructed will have a report filter inserted above the table . This report filter will have drop - down options ( Black , Red , and White in the example above ) . When an option is chosen from this drop - down list ( `` Black '' in this example ) , then the table that would be visible will contain only the data from those rows that have the `` Color of Item = Black '' . Column labels ( edit ) Column labels are used to apply a filter to one or more columns that have to be shown in the pivot table . For instance if the `` Sales person '' field is dragged to this area , then the table constructed will have values from the column `` Sales Person '' , i.e. , one will have number of columns equal to the number of `` Sales person '' . There will also be one added column of Total . In the example above , this instruction will create five columns in the table -- one for each sales person , and Grand Total . There will be a filter above the data -- column labels -- from which one can select or deselect a particular sales person for the pivot table . This table will not have any numerical values as no numerical field is selected but when it is selected , the values will automatically get updated in the column of `` Grand total '' . Row labels ( edit ) Row labels are used to apply a filter to one or more rows that have to be shown in the pivot table . For instance if the `` Sales person '' field is dragged on this area then the other output table constructed will have values from the column `` Sales person '' , i.e. , one will have number of rows equal to the number of `` Sales Person '' . There will also be one added row of `` Grand Total '' . In the example above , this instruction will create five rows in the table -- one for each sales person , and Grand Total . There will be a filter above the data -- row labels -- from which one can select or deselect a particular sales person for the Pivot table . This table will not have any numerical values , as no numerical field is selected , but when it is selected , the values will automatically get updated in the Row of `` Grand Total '' . Summation values ( edit ) This usually takes a field that has numerical values that can be used for different types of calculations . However , using text values would also not be wrong ; instead of Sum it will give a count . So , in the example above , if the `` Units sold '' field is dragged to this area along with row label of `` Sales person '' , then the instruction will add a new column , `` Sum of units sold '' , which will have values against each sales person . Row labels Sum of units sold Jones 12 Prince George 6 Larry 10 Grand total 32 Application support ( edit ) Pivot tables or pivot functionality are an integral part of many spreadsheet applications and some database software , as well as being found in other data visualization tools and business intelligence packages . Spreadsheets In addition to Microsoft Excel , competing software programs such as Apache OpenOffice Calc provide similar functionality ; the implementation in Apache OpenOffice and LibreOffice up to release 3.3 is called DataPilot . In version 3.4 of both LibreOffice and OpenOffice , DataPilot is renamed `` Pivot Table '' . Google Docs initially allowed the creation of basic pivot tables via the pivot table gadget from Panorama called Panorama Analytics , but as of 2011 this gadget provided limited functionality and was extremely slow with large data sets . In May 2011 , Google announced the roll - out of a natively hosted pivot table feature in the Google spreadsheets editor . Database support PostgreSQL , an object - relational database management system , allows the creation of pivot tables using the tablefunc module . MariaDB , a MySQL fork , allows pivot tables using the CONNECT storage engine . Microsoft Access supports pivot queries under the name `` crosstab '' query . Oracle database supports the PIVOT operation . Some popular databases that do not directly support pivot functionality , such as Microsoft SQL server and SQLite can usually simulate pivot functionality using embedded functions , dynamic SQL , and / or subqueries . The issue with pivoting in such cases is usually that the number of output columns must be known at the time the query starts to execute ; for pivoting this is not possible as the number of columns is based on the data itself . Therefore the names must be hard coded or the query to be executed must itself be created dynamically ( meaning , prior to each use ) based upon the data . Web applications ZK , an Ajax framework , also allows the embedding of pivot tables in Web applications . Programming languages and libraries Programming languages and libraries suited to work with tabular data contain functions that allow the creation and manipulation of pivot tables . Python data analysis toolkit pandas has the function pivot_table , and the xs method useful to obtain sections of pivot tables . Online analytical processing ( edit ) Excel pivot tables include the feature to directly query an OLAP server for retrieving data instead of getting the data from an Excel spreadsheet . On this configuration a pivot table is a simple client of an OLAP server . Excel 's PivotTable not only allows for connecting to Microsoft 's Analysis Service , but to any XML for Analysis ( XMLA ) OLAP standard - compliant server . Other OLAP clients are JPivot , Dundas , IcCube ( Client Library ) . See also ( edit ) Aggregate function Business reporting Comparison of office suites Comparison of OLAP Servers Contingency table Data drilling Data mining Data warehouse Drill down Extract , transform , load Fold ( higher - order function ) Group by ( SQL ) OLAP cube Relational algebra References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` United States Trademark Serial Number 74472929 '' . 1994 - 12 - 27 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ Jelen , Bill ; Alexander , Michael ( 2006 ) . Pivot table data crunching . Indianapolis : Que . p. 274 . ISBN 0 - 7897 - 3435 - 4 . Jump up ^ Gartung , Daniel L. ; Edholm , Yorgen H. ; Edholm , Kay - Martin ; McNall , Kristen N. ; Lew , Karl M. , Patent # 5915257 , retrieved 2010 - 02 - 16 Jump up ^ Darlington , Keith ( 2012 - 08 - 06 ) . VBA For Excel Made Simple . Routledge ( published 2012 ) . p. 19 . ISBN 9781136349775 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 10 . ( ... ) Excel 5 , released in early 1994 , included the first version of VBA . Jump up ^ Shah , Sharanam ; Shah , Vaishali ( 2008 ) . Oracle for Professionals - Covers Oracle 9i , 10g and 11g . Shroff Publishing Series . Navi Mumbai : Shroff Publishers ( published July 2008 ) . p. 549 . ISBN 9788184045260 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 10 . One of the most useful new features of the Oracle Database 11g from the SQL perspective is the introduction of Pivot and Unpivot operators . Jump up ^ `` Make an Excel Pivot Table in 2 Steps '' . The Desktop School . Retrieved 27 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Docs Blog : Summarize your data with pivot tables Jump up ^ `` PostgreSQL : Documentation : 9.2 : tablefunc '' . postgresql.org . Jump up ^ `` CONNECT Table Types - PIVOT Table Type '' . mariadb.com . Jump up ^ `` Pandas pivot_table '' . Further reading ( edit ) A Complete Guide to PivotTables : A Visual Approach ( ISBN 1 - 59059 - 432 - 0 ) ( in - depth review at slashdot.org ) Excel 2007 PivotTables and PivotCharts : Visual blueprint ( ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 13231 - 9 ) Pivot Table Data Crunching ( Business Solutions ) ( ISBN 0 - 7897 - 3435 - 4 ) Beginning Pivot Tables in Excel 2007 ( ISBN 1 - 59059 - 890 - 3 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pivot_table&oldid=819630081 '' Categories : Microsoft Office Spreadsheet software Data analysis Infographics Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011 All articles containing potentially dated statements All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from October 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Polski Русский Simple English 粵語 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 January 2018 , at 12 : 26 . 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what are the names of the body cavities and which organs are in them			Body cavity	body cavity	A body cavity is any fluid - filled space in a multicellular organism other than those of vessels ( such as blood vessels and lymph vessels ) . The human body cavity normally refers to the ventral body cavity , because it is by far the largest .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Coelom 2 Human body cavities 3 Development 4 References 5 External links Coelom ( edit ) Main article : Coelom A coelom is a cavity lined by an epithelium derived from mesoderm . Organs formed inside a coelom can freely move , grow , and develop independently of the body wall while fluid cushions and protects them from shocks . Arthropods and most mollusks have a reduced ( but still true ) coelom , usually the pericardial cavity and the gonocoel . Their principal body cavity is the hemocoel or haeomocoel of an open circulatory system , often derived from the blastocoel . Mammalian embryos develop two cavities : the intraembryonic coelom and the extraembryonic coelom ( or chorionic cavity ) . The intraembryonic coelom is lined by somatic and splanchnic lateral plate mesoderm , while the extraembryonic coelom is lined by extraembryonic mesoderm . The intraembryonic coelom is the only cavity that persists in the mammal at term , which is why its name is often contracted to simply coelomic cavity . Subdividing the coelomic cavity into compartments , for example , the pericardial cavity / pericardium , where the heart develops , simplifies discussion of the anatomies of complex animals . Organisms can be also classified according to the type of body cavity they possess . Human body cavities ( edit ) Picture of human body cavities -- dorsal body cavity to the left and ventral body cavity to the right . Anatomical structures are often described in terms of the cavity in which they reside . The body maintains its internal organization by means of membranes , sheaths , and other structures that separate compartments . The dorsal ( posterior ) cavity and the ventral ( anterior ) cavity are the largest body compartments . These cavities contain and protect delicate internal organs , and the ventral cavity allows for significant changes in the size and shape of the organs as they perform their functions . The lungs , heart , stomach , and intestines , for example , can expand and contract without distorting other tissues or disrupting the activity of nearby organs . The ventral cavity includes the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities and their subdivisions . The dorsal cavity includes the cranial and spinal cavities . The cranial cavity is a large , bean - shaped cavity filling most of the upper skull where the brain is located . The vertebral cavity is a very narrow , thread - like cavity running from the cranial cavity down the entire length of the spinal cord . Together the cranial cavity and vertebral cavity can be referred to as the dorsal body cavity . In the posterior ( dorsal ) cavity , the cranial cavity houses the brain , and the spinal cavity ( or vertebral cavity ) encloses the spinal cord . Just as the brain and spinal cord make up a continuous , uninterrupted structure , the cranial and spinal cavities that house them are also continuous . The brain and spinal cord are protected by the bones of the skull and vertebral column and by cerebrospinal fluid , a colorless fluid produced by the brain , which cushions the brain and spinal cord within the posterior ( dorsal ) cavity . The thoracic cavity consists of three cavities that fill the interior area of the chest . The two pleural cavities are situated on both sides of the body , anterior to the spine and lateral to the breastbone . The superior mediastinum is a wedge - shaped cavity located between the superior regions of the two thoracic cavities . The pericardial cavity within the mediastinum is located at the center of the chest below the superior mediastinum . The pericardial cavity roughly outlines the shape of the heart . The diaphragm divides the thoracic and the abdominal cavities . The abdominal cavity occupies the entire lower half of the trunk , anterior to the spine . Just under the abdominal cavity , anterior to the buttocks , is the pelvic cavity . The pelvic cavity is funnel shaped and is located inferior and anterior to the abdominal cavity . Together the abdominal and pelvic cavity can be referred to as the abdominopelvic cavity while the thoracic , abdominal , and pelvic cavities together can be referred to as the ventral body cavity . Subdivisions of the Posterior ( Dorsal ) and Anterior ( Ventral ) Cavities The anterior ( ventral ) cavity has two main subdivisions : the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity . The thoracic cavity is the more superior subdivision of the anterior cavity , and it is enclosed by the rib cage . The thoracic cavity contains the lungs and the heart , which is located in the mediastinum . The diaphragm forms the floor of the thoracic cavity and separates it from the more inferior abdominopelvic cavity . The abdominopelvic cavity is the largest cavity in the body . Although no membrane physically divides the abdominopelvic cavity , it can be useful to distinguish between the abdominal cavity , the division that houses the digestive organs , and the pelvic cavity , the division that houses the organs of reproduction . The cavities include : Dorsal body cavity cranial cavity , enclosed by the skull and contains the brain spinal canal , enclosed by the spine and contains the spinal cord . Ventral body cavity thoracic cavity , enclosed by the ribcage and contains the lungs and heart . abdominopelvic cavity abdominal cavity , enclosed by the ribcage and pelvis and contains the kidneys , ureters , stomach , intestines , liver , gallbladder , and pancreas . pelvic cavity , enclosed by the pelvis and contains bladder , anus and reproductive system . Human body cavities and membranes Name of cavity Principal contents Membranous lining Dorsal body cavity Cranial cavity Brain Meninges Vertebral canal Spinal cord Meninges Ventral body cavity Thoracic cavity Heart , Lungs Pericardium Pleural cavity Abdominopelvic cavity Abdominal cavity Digestive organs , spleen , kidneys Peritoneum Pelvic cavity Bladder , reproductive organs Peritoneum Development ( edit ) At the end of the third week , the neural tube , which is a fold of one of the layers of the trilaminar germ disc , called the ectoderm , appears . This layer elevates and closes dorsally , while the gut tube rolls up and closes ventrally to create a `` tube on top of a tube . '' The mesoderm , which is another layer of the trilaminar germ disc , holds the tubes together and the lateral plate mesoderm , the middle layer of the germ disc , splits to form a visceral layer associated with the gut and a parietal layer , which along with the overlying ectoderm , forms the lateral body wall . The space between the visceral and parietal layers of lateral plate mesoderm is the primitive body cavity . When the lateral body wall folds , it moves ventrally and fuses at the midline . The body cavity closes , except in the region of the connecting stalk . Here , the gut tube maintains an attachment to the yolk sac . The yolk sac is a membranous sac attached to the embryo , which provides nutrients and functions as the circulatory system of the very early embryo . The lateral body wall folds , pulling the amnion in with it so that the amnion surrounds the embryo and extends over the connecting stalk , which becomes the umbilical cord , which connects the fetus with the placenta . If the ventral body wall fails to close , ventral body wall defects can resulst , such as ectopia cordis , a congenital malformation in which the heart is abnormally located outside the thorax . Another defect is gastroschisis , a congenital defect in the anterior abdominal wall through which the abdominal contents freely protrude . Another possibility is bladder exstrophy , in which part of the urinary bladder is present outside the body . In normal circumstances , the parietal mesoderm will form the parietal layer of serous membranes lining the outside ( walls ) of the peritoneal , pleural , and pericardial cavities . The visceral layer will form the visceral layer of the serous membranes covering the lungs , heart , and abdominal organs . These layers are continuous at the root of each organ as the organs lie in their respective cavities . The peritoneum , a serum membrane that forms the lining of the abdominal cavity , forms in the gut layers and in places mesenteries extend from the gut as double layers of peritoneum . Mesenteries provide a pathway for vessels , nerves , and lymphatics to the organs . Initially , the gut tube from the caudal end of the foregut to the end of the hindgut is suspended from the dorsal body wall by dorsal mesentery . Ventral mesentery , derived from the septum transversum , exists only in the region of the terminal part of the esophagus , the stomach , and the upper portion of the duodenum . References ( edit ) This Wikipedia entry incorporates text from the freely licensed Connexions ( 1 ) edition of Anatomy & Physiology ( 2 ) text - book by OpenStax College Jump up ^ `` Animals III -- Pseudocoelomates and Protostome Coelomates '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` Anatomy & Physiology '' . Openstax college at Connexions . Retrieved November 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ehrlich , A. ; Schroeder , C.L. ( 2009 ) , `` The Human Body in Health and Disease '' , Introduction to Medical Terminology ( Second ed . ) , Independence , KY : Delmar Cengage Learning , pp. 21 -- 36 Jump up ^ Sadler ( 2012 ) . LANGMAN Embriología médica . I ( 12 ed . ) . Philadelphia , PA : The Point . Jump up ^ Tortora , Gerard ; Derrickson , Bryan ( 2008 ) . Principios de anatomía y fisiología . I ( 11 ed . ) . Buenos Aires : Panamericana . External links ( edit ) Further discussion `` coelom . '' The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia , Sixth Edition . Columbia University Press. , 2003 . Answers.com 02 . 2006 . http://www.answers.com/topic/body-cavity Zoolab - BioWeb at University of Wisconsin System Glasgow University Science Museum Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Body_cavity&oldid=801540213 '' Categories : Animal anatomy Developmental biology Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Français Nederlands 日本語 Polski Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Tagalog తెలుగు Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 September 2017 , at 08 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body%20cavity	3,239
who narrated the original 1966 how the grinch stole christmas	How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( also known as Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ) is a 1966 Christmas animated television special directed and co-produced by Chuck Jones . It is based on the eponymous children 's book by Dr. Seuss , the story of the Grinch trying to take away Christmas from the townsfolk of Whoville below his mountain hideaway . Originally telecast in the United States on CBS on December 18 , 1966 , it went on to become a perennial holiday special . The special also features the voice of Boris Karloff as the Grinch and the narrator .	Boris Karloff	How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( TV special )	how the grinch stole christmas! ( tv special )	How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( also known as Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ) is a 1966 Christmas animated television special directed and co-produced by Chuck Jones . It is based on the eponymous children 's book by Dr. Seuss , the story of the Grinch trying to take away Christmas from the townsfolk of Whoville below his mountain hideaway . Originally telecast in the United States on CBS on December 18 , 1966 , it went on to become a perennial holiday special . The special also features the voice of Boris Karloff as the Grinch and the narrator .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Production 3 Reception 4 Home video releases 5 Soundtrack 6 Sequels 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) The Grinch ( voiced by Boris Karloff ) is the film 's main character . He lives in a cave atop Mt . Crumpit , located above the village of Whoville . The Grinch is a surly character with a heart `` two sizes too small '' who has especially hated Christmas for 53 years . On Christmas Eve , he finally becomes fed up with seeing the decorations and hearing all the music and caroling in the village and wishes he could stop Christmas Day from coming to Whoville . When he sees his dog , Max , with snow all over his face in the shape of a beard , he decides to disguise himself as Santa Claus and steal Christmas . The Grinch makes himself a Santa coat and hat and disguises the innocent Max as a reindeer . He loads empty bags onto a sleigh and travels to Whoville with some difficulty . In the first house he is almost caught by Cindy Lou Who ( voiced by an uncredited June Foray ) , a small Who girl who wakes up and sees him taking the Christmas tree . Pretending to be Santa , the Grinch tells Cindy Lou that he is merely taking the tree to his workshop for repairs , and then gets her a drink before sending her back to bed . He empties the first house of all the food and Christmas - related items , namely presents , trees , mistletoes , and even the stockings on the chimney , then repeats the process at the other houses in Whoville , while also taking the village decorations . With the Whos ' stolen Christmas goods , the Grinch and Max travel back up Mt . Crumpit . Before dropping the loaded sleigh off the mountain , the Grinch waits to hear a sad cry from the Whos . However , down in the village , the Whos joyously begin to sing Christmas carols , proving that the spirit of Christmas does not depend on material things . The Grinch begins to understand the true meaning of Christmas , though he barely does so in time to prevent the stolen treats from going over the cliff and while he tries to stop the sleigh from falling off , his heart grows three sizes -- granting him `` the strength of ten Grinches , plus two ! '' , which he needs to lift up the sleigh . He brings everything back to the Whos and participates in the holiday feast . He is given the honor of carving the roast beast , while Max gets the first slice for himself for all his troubles . Production ( edit ) Director Chuck Jones and children 's - book author Ted Geisel ( Dr. Seuss ) had worked together on the Private Snafu training cartoons at Warner Bros. Cartoons during World War II . How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! was produced by The Cat in the Hat Productions in association with the television and animation divisions of Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Studios . The half - hour ( with commercials ) short was originally telecast in the United States on CBS on December 18 , 1966 . CBS repeated it annually during the Christmas season until 1988 . It was then aired on various other networks multiple times a season . In the 1990s and 2000s , it was primarily seen on Turner - owned properties ( TBS , TNT , and Cartoon Network ) , and later ABC and ABC Family . On August 13 , 2015 , NBC announced that the special would move to that network , which would air it twice during the Christmas season under a three - year licensing deal with Warner Bros. Domestic Television Distribution . Reception ( edit ) The special was released in the midst of a wave of animated holiday specials , many of which ( such as 1964 's Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer and 1965 's A Charlie Brown Christmas ) went on to become regarded as classics . It received modestly positive reviews at the time it was released . Critic Rick Du Brow said it was `` probably as good as most of the other holiday cartoons . '' It has since been recognized as a classic , with Rotten Tomatoes giving it a 100 % `` fresh '' rating on its website ; the critical consensus reads , `` How the Grinch Stole Christmas brings an impressive array of talent to bear on an adaptation that honors a classic holiday story -- and has rightfully become a yuletide tradition of its own . '' The special continues to be popular in Nielsen Ratings , with its 2010 airing ( the last of many times it had aired that year ) winning its time slot among persons 18 to 49 and finishing second in overall viewers . TV Guide ranked the special No. 1 on its 10 Best Family Holiday Specials list . Home Video releases ( edit ) How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! was released to VHS and Betamax by MGM / UA Home Video in 1986 , and was reissued several times . The special was first released to the VHS and DVD formats in 1999 and 2000 by Warner Home Video , which acquired the rights to the MGM library in the late 1990s . The DVD release featured another Seuss - based special , Horton Hears a Who ! , and contained an audio commentary by Phil Roman and June Foray , interviews with Albert Hague and Thurl Ravenscroft , and the `` Special Edition '' documentary which aired alongside the special on TNT in 1994 . The DVD was well - received for these bonus features , but also criticized for its sub-par picture quality ; many critics pointed out that the Grinch looked yellow , not green , in this release . The special was re-released on DVD in 2006 and labeled as a `` 50th Birthday Deluxe Edition '' . That labeling refers to the 1957 date of the book 's publication rather than to the date of the 1966 TV special . This DVD release featured a new retrospective featurette and contained all the bonus features from the previous release , except for the audio commentary , and the Grinch was restored to his original green color . This edition is also available as part of the four - disc Classic Christmas Favorites box set . The special was again re-released on DVD with Phil Roman 's and June Foray 's audio commentary replacing the Horton Hears a Who ! bonus special . The special was released on high definition Blu - ray Disc in 2009 with the title changed to Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! It contained all the bonus features from the 2000 DVD , except for Horton Hears a Who ! , and also included a DVD of the special and a Digital Copy . Soundtrack ( edit ) The special includes , nearly verbatim , the entire text of the original book , with a few embellishments . To pad the special to a full time slot , several animated sequences and musical numbers were added . As all the major networks had flipped to full color schedules by 1966 , the special was likewise produced in color , establishing the Grinch 's color ( white in the two - tone illustrations of the original book ) as green , a convention used in later television specials as well as the 2000 live - action film The Grinch . Three songs with lyrics were among the additions : `` Welcome Christmas , '' `` Trim up the Tree '' and `` You 're a Mean One , Mr. Grinch . '' The last of these was performed by Thurl Ravenscroft ; the other two were performed by a chorus representing the voices of the Whos . None of the vocalists were credited at the time . On December 18 , 1966 , MGM released a soundtrack LP in conjunction with the television special . CD releases include albums produced by Island ( 1995 ) and Mercury Records . In the recorded version , Boris Karloff does all voices including Cindy Lou Who . The song `` You 're a Mean One , Mr. Grinch '' , which comically describes the level of the Grinch 's despicable nature , includes all verses with their original rhyming lyrics and the isolated song tracks have different durations due to being re-recorded . On October 5 , 1999 , Rhino Entertainment released a new CD soundtrack ( which included the soundtrack for another Dr. Seuss cartoon , Horton Hears a Who ) . Both story collections contain selected dialogue and music numbers . The `` isolated music tracks '' in this edition are taken directly from the television soundtrack and are not the re-recorded tracks from earlier versions . The dialogues are the originals , being voiced by Boris Karloff for `` Grinch '' and Hans Conried for `` Horton . '' Because Thurl Ravenscroft was not credited in the closing credits of the 1966 television special as singing the song `` You 're a Mean One , Mr. Grinch '' , it is sometimes attributed to Boris Karloff . After becoming aware of this oversight , Seuss himself called Ravenscroft and apologized profusely and later wrote letters to columnists nationwide telling them that it was Ravenscroft who provided vocals for the musical number . Karloff received a Grammy Award in the Spoken Word category -- the only major performing award of his career -- for the album . Sequels ( edit ) A television special called Halloween Is Grinch Night , created by DePatie - Freleng Enterprises , aired on ABC in 1977 , eleven years after the Christmas special . This special involved a tale of the Grinch coming down to scare the Whos every Halloween . Though less successful than the original , it was awarded an Emmy . A later cartoon , The Grinch Grinches the Cat in the Hat ( alternately titled The Cat in the Hat Gets Grinched ) , aired on ABC in 1982 . Though credited to DePatie - Freleng , it was produced by Marvel Productions , which had taken over DePatie - Freleng in 1981 . See also ( edit ) Grammy Award for Best Album for Children List of films with a 100 % rating on Rotten Tomatoes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stephen Jacobs , Boris Karloff : More Than a Monster , Tomohawk Press 2011 p. 478 ^ Jump up to : McCracken , Elizabeth ( December 25 , 2005 ) . `` Our Cereal Hero '' . New York Times . Retrieved December 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Grinch at Don Markstein 's Toonopedia . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATE / Lee Margulies '' . latimes.com . November 27 , 2016 . Retrieved November 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' How The Grinch Stole Christmas ' Animated Special Moves To NBC -- TCA '' . Deadline.com . August 13 , 2015 . Retrieved August 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rick Du Brow ( December 19 , 1966 ) . `` Christmas ' Theft ' A Charming Hour '' . Beaver County Times . Retrieved December 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` How the Grinch Stole Christmas '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved December 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ TV ratings : CBS reruns dominate , ABC 's double - ' Grinch ' wins demo . Zap2It . Retrieved December 26 , 2010 Jump up ^ TV Guide Guide to TV . Barnes and Noble. 2004 . p. 574 . ISBN 0 - 7607 - 5634 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` DVD Movie Guide : Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas / Horton Hears A Who ! : Special Edition ( 1966 ) review '' . Dvdmg.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` DVD Movie Guide : Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas / Horton Hears A Who ! : 50th Birthday Deluxe Edition ( 1966 ) review '' . Dvdmg.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` WHV Press Release : Seasonal Family Classics Combo Packs ( Blu - ray ) '' . Hometheaterforum.com . July 14 , 2009 . Retrieved December 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Boris Karloff ( British actor ) -- Encyclopædia Britannica '' . Britannica.com . March 18 , 2014 . Retrieved August 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Primetime Emmy ® Award Database Emmys.com '' . Cdn.emmys.tv . Retrieved December 15 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( TV special ) How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! on IMDb How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! at The Big Cartoon DataBase How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! at Rotten Tomatoes Dr. Seuss Characters The Cat in the Hat The Grinch Horton the Elephant Bartholomew Cubbins Bibliography And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street The 500 Hats of Bartholomew Cubbins The King 's Stilts The Seven Lady Godivas Horton Hatches the Egg McElligot 's Pool Thidwick the Big - Hearted Moose Bartholomew and the Oobleck If I Ran the Zoo Scrambled Eggs Super ! Horton Hears a Who ! On Beyond Zebra ! If I Ran the Circus How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! The Cat in the Hat The Cat in the Hat Comes Back Yertle the Turtle and Other Stories Happy Birthday to You ! Green Eggs and Ham One Fish , Two Fish , Red Fish , Blue Fish The Sneetches and Other Stories Dr. Seuss 's Sleep Book Dr. Seuss 's ABC Fox in Socks Hop on Pop I Had Trouble in Getting to Solla Sollew Come over to My House The Foot Book I Can Lick 30 Tigers Today ! and Other Stories My Book about ME Mr. Brown Can Moo ! Can You ? : Dr. Seuss 's Book of Wonderful Noises ! The Lorax Marvin K. Mooney Will You Please Go Now ! Did I Ever Tell You How Lucky You Are ? The Shape of Me and Other Stuff Wacky Wednesday Great Day for Up ! Oh , the Thinks You Can Think ! The Cat 's Quizzer I Can Read with My Eyes Shut ! Oh Say Can You Say ? Hunches in Bunches The Butter Battle Book You 're Only Old Once ! I Am Not Going to Get Up Today ! Oh , the Places You 'll Go ! There 's a Wocket in My Pocket I Wish That I Had Duck Feet Daisy - Head Mayzie My Many Colored Days Hooray for Diffendoofer Day ! The Bippolo Seed and Other Lost Stories Horton and the Kwuggerbug and More Lost Stories What Pet Should I Get ? Adaptations Television The Gerald McBoing - Boing Show ( 1956 -- 57 ) Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( 1966 ) Horton Hears a Who ! ( 1970 ) The Cat in the Hat ( 1971 ) The Lorax ( 1972 ) Dr. Seuss on the Loose ( 1973 ) The Hoober - Bloob Highway ( 1975 ) Halloween Is Grinch Night ( 1977 ) Pontoffel Pock , Where Are You ? ( 1980 ) The Grinch Grinches the Cat in the Hat ( 1982 ) The Butter Battle Book ( 1989 ) In Search of Dr. Seuss ( 1994 ) Daisy - Head Mayzie ( 1995 ) The Wubbulous World of Dr. Seuss ( 1996 -- 98 ) ( episodes ) Gerald McBoing - Boing ( 2005 -- 07 ) The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That ! ( 2010 -- present ) ( episodes ) Green Eggs and Ham ( 2018 ) Film Horton Hatches the Egg ( short ; 1942 ) Gerald McBoing - Boing ( short ; 1950 ) How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 ) The Cat in the Hat ( 2003 ) Horton Hears a Who ! ( 2008 ) The Lorax ( 2012 ) The Grinch ( 2018 ) The Cat in the Hat ( TBA ) Other media Welcome ( Russian short film ) Seussical ( musical ) Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! The Musical The Grinch ( video game ) Dr. Seuss : How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( video game ) `` You 're a Mean One , Mr. Grinch '' ( song ) The Lorax ( play ) Other works Private Snafu The Pocket Book of Boners Your Job in Germany Our Job in Japan Design for Death The 5,000 Fingers of Dr. T . Hejji Society of Red Tape Cutters Flit Related A Fish out of Water Amazing World of Dr. Seuss Museum Beginner Books Dr. Seuss Goes to War The Secret Art of Dr. Seuss Dr. Seuss National Memorial Geisel Award Geisel Library Geisel School of Medicine Helen Palmer PM Political messages of Dr. Seuss Read Across America Seuss Landing as `` Theo . LeSieg '' . Posthumous . Dr. Seuss 's How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! Characters Grinch Book How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( 1957 ) Music `` You 're a Mean One , Mr. Grinch '' ( 1966 ) Adaptations Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( 1966 , TV special ) Halloween Is Grinch Night ( 1977 , TV special ) The Grinch Grinches the Cat in the Hat ( 1982 , TV special ) Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! The Musical ( 1994 ) Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 live action film ) Dr. Seuss ' The Grinch ( 2018 animated film ) Related Dr. Seuss Memorial Chuck Jones Short subjects The Night Watchman ( 1938 ) Dog Gone Modern ( 1939 ) Robin Hood Makes Good ( 1939 ) Prest - O Change - O ( 1939 ) Daffy Duck and the Dinosaur ( 1939 ) Naughty but Mice ( 1939 ) Old Glory ( 1939 ) Snowman 's Land ( 1939 ) Little Brother Rat ( 1939 ) The Little Lion Hunter ( 1939 ) The Good Egg ( 1939 ) Sniffles and the Bookworm ( 1939 ) The Curious Puppy ( 1939 ) Mighty Hunters ( 1940 ) Elmer 's Candid Camera ( 1940 ) Sniffles Takes a Trip ( 1940 ) Tom Thumb in Trouble ( 1940 ) The Egg Collector ( 1940 ) Ghost Wanted ( 1940 ) Stage Fright ( 1940 ) Good Night , Elmer ( 1940 ) Bedtime for Sniffles ( 1940 ) Elmer 's Pet Rabbit ( 1941 ) Sniffles Bells the Cat ( 1941 ) Joe Glow , the Firefly ( 1941 ) Porky 's Ant ( 1941 ) Toy Trouble ( 1941 ) Porky 's Prize Pony ( 1941 ) Inki and the Lion ( 1941 ) Snow Time for Comedy ( 1941 ) The Brave Little Bat ( 1941 ) Saddle Silly ( 1941 ) Porky 's Midnight Matinee ( 1941 ) The Bird Came C.O.D. ( 1942 ) Porky 's Cafe ( 1942 ) Conrad the Sailor ( 1942 ) Dog Tired ( 1942 ) The Draft Horse ( 1942 ) Hold the Lion , Please ( 1942 ) The Squawkin ' Hawk ( 1942 ) Fox Pop ( 1942 ) The Dover Boys ( 1942 ) My Favorite Duck ( 1942 ) Case of the Missing Hare ( 1942 ) Point Rationing of Foods ( 1943 ) To Duck or Not to Duck ( 1943 ) Flop Goes the Weasel ( 1943 ) Super-Rabbit ( 1943 ) The Unbearable Bear ( 1943 ) The Aristo - Cat ( 1943 ) Coming Snafu ( 1943 ) Wackiki Wabbit ( 1943 ) Spies ( 1943 ) The Infantry Blues ( 1943 ) Fin'n Catty ( 1943 ) Inki and the Minah Bird ( 1943 ) Tom Turk and Daffy ( 1944 ) Bugs Bunny and the 3 Bears ( 1944 ) Private Snafu vs. Malaria Mike ( 1944 ) The Weakly Reporter ( 1944 ) A Lecture on Camouflage ( 1944 ) Going Home ( 1944 , unreleased ) Gas ( 1944 ) Angel Puss ( 1944 ) Outpost ( 1944 ) From Hand to Mouse ( 1944 ) Lost and Foundling ( 1944 ) Hell - Bent for Election ( 1944 ) Odor - able Kitty ( 1945 ) In the Aleutians - Isles of Enchantment ( 1945 ) Trap Happy Porky ( 1945 ) It 's Murder She Says ( 1945 ) Hare Conditioned ( 1945 ) Fresh Airedale ( 1945 ) No Buddy Atoll ( 1945 ) Hare Tonic ( 1945 ) Secrets of the Caribbean ( 1945 ) Quentin Quail ( 1946 ) Hush My Mouse ( 1946 ) Hair - Raising Hare ( 1946 ) Fair and Worm - er ( 1946 ) Roughly Squeaking ( 1946 ) Scent - imental Over You ( 1947 ) Inki at the Circus ( 1947 ) A Pest in the House ( 1947 ) Little Orphan Airedale ( 1947 ) House Hunting Mice ( 1948 ) A Feather in His Hare ( 1948 ) What 's Brewin ' , Bruin ? ( 1948 ) Rabbit Punch ( 1948 ) Haredevil Hare ( 1948 ) You Were Never Duckier ( 1948 ) Daffy Dilly ( 1948 ) My Bunny Lies over the Sea ( 1948 ) Scaredy Cat ( 1948 ) So Much for So Little ( 1949 ) Awful Orphan ( 1949 ) Mississippi Hare ( 1949 ) Mouse Wreckers ( 1949 ) The Bee - Deviled Bruin ( 1949 ) Long - Haired Hare ( 1949 ) Often an Orphan ( 1949 ) Fast and Furry - ous ( 1949 ) Frigid Hare ( 1949 ) For Scent - imental Reasons ( 1949 ) Bear Feat ( 1949 ) Rabbit Hood ( 1949 ) The Scarlet Pumpernickel ( 1950 ) The Ducksters ( 1950 ) Dog Gone South ( 1950 ) 8 Ball Bunny ( 1950 ) The Hypo - Chondri - Cat ( 1950 ) Homeless Hare ( 1950 ) Caveman Inki ( 1950 ) Rabbit of Seville ( 1950 ) Two 's A Crowd ( 1950 ) Bunny Hugged ( 1951 ) Scentimental Romeo ( 1951 ) A Hound for Trouble ( 1951 ) Rabbit Fire ( 1951 ) Chow Hound ( 1951 ) The Wearing of the Grin ( 1951 ) Cheese Chasers ( 1951 ) A Bear for Punishment ( 1951 ) Drip - Along Daffy ( 1951 ) Operation : Rabbit ( 1952 ) Feed the Kitty ( 1952 ) Little Beau Pepé ( 1952 ) Water , Water Every Hare ( 1952 ) Orange Blossoms for Violet ( 1952 ) Beep , Beep ( 1952 ) The Hasty Hare ( 1952 ) Going ! Going ! Gosh ! ( 1952 ) Mouse Warming ( 1952 ) Rabbit Seasoning ( 1952 ) Terrier Stricken ( 1952 ) Do n't Give Up the Sheep ( 1953 ) Forward March Hare ( 1953 ) Kiss Me Cat ( 1953 ) Duck Amuck ( 1953 ) Much Ado About Nutting ( 1953 ) Wild Over You ( 1953 ) Duck Dodgers in the 241⁄2th Century ( 1953 ) Bully for Bugs ( 1953 ) Zipping Along ( 1953 ) Lumber Jack - Rabbit ( 1953 ) Duck ! Rabbit , Duck ! ( 1953 ) Punch Trunk ( 1953 ) Feline Frame - Up ( 1954 ) No Barking ( 1954 ) The Cat 's Bah ( 1954 ) Claws for Alarm ( 1954 ) Bewitched Bunny ( 1954 ) Stop ! Look ! And Hasten ! ( 1954 ) From A to Z-Z-Z-Z ( 1954 ) My Little Duckaroo ( 1954 ) Sheep Ahoy ( 1954 ) Baby Buggy Bunny ( 1954 ) Beanstalk Bunny ( 1955 ) Ready , Set , Zoom ! ( 1955 ) Past Perfumance ( 1955 ) Rabbit Rampage ( 1955 ) Double or Mutton ( 1955 ) Jumpin ' Jupiter ( 1955 ) Knight - mare Hare ( 1955 ) Two Scent 's Worth ( 1955 ) Guided Muscle ( 1955 ) One Froggy Evening ( 1955 ) A Hitch in Time ( 1955 ) 90 Days Wondering ( 1956 ) Bugs ' Bonnets ( 1956 ) Broom - Stick Bunny ( 1956 ) Rocket Squad ( 1956 ) Heaven Scent ( 1956 ) Gee Whiz - z-z-z-z-z-z ( 1956 ) Barbary Coast Bunny ( 1956 ) Rocket - bye Baby ( 1956 ) Deduce , You Say ! ( 1956 ) There They Go - Go - Go ! ( 1956 ) To Hare Is Human ( 1956 ) Scrambled Aches ( 1957 ) Ali Baba Bunny ( 1957 ) Go Fly a Kit ( 1957 ) Boyhood Daze ( 1957 ) Steal Wool ( 1957 ) What 's Opera , Doc ? ( 1957 ) Zoom and Bored ( 1957 ) Touché and Go ( 1957 ) Drafty , Is n't It ? ( 1957 ) Robin Hood Daffy ( 1958 ) Hare - Way to the Stars ( 1958 ) Whoa , Be-Gone ! ( 1958 ) To Itch His Own ( 1958 ) Hook , Line and Stinker ( 1958 ) Hip Hip - Hurry ! ( 1958 ) Cat Feud ( 1958 ) Baton Bunny ( 1959 ) Hot - Rod and Reel ! ( 1959 ) Wild About Hurry ( 1959 ) Fastest with the Mostest ( 1960 ) Hopalong Casualty ( 1960 ) Who Scent You ? ( 1960 ) Rabbit 's Feat ( 1960 ) Ready , Woolen and Able ( 1960 ) High Note ( 1960 ) Zip ' N Snort ( 1961 ) The Mouse on 57th Street ( 1961 ) The Abominable Snow Rabbit ( 1961 ) Lickety - Splat ( 1961 ) A Scent of the Matterhorn ( 1961 ) Compressed Hare ( 1961 ) Beep Prepared ( 1961 ) Nelly 's Folly ( 1961 ) A Sheep in the Deep ( 1962 ) Zoom at the Top ( 1962 ) Louvre Come Back to Me ! ( 1962 ) Martian Through Georgia ( 1962 ) I Was a Teenage Thumb ( 1963 ) Now Hear This ( 1963 ) Hare - Breadth Hurry ( 1963 ) Mad as a Mars Hare ( 1963 ) Transylvania 6 - 5000 ( 1963 ) To Beep or Not to Beep ( 1963 ) Tom and Jerry ( cartoon shorts , 1963 -- 1967 ) War and Pieces ( 1964 ) The Dot and the Line ( 1965 ) The Bear That Was n't ( 1967 ) Man : The Polluter ( 1973 ) Chariots of Fur ( 1994 ) Another Froggy Evening ( 1995 ) Superior Duck ( 1996 ) From Hare to Eternity ( 1997 ) Television specials How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( 1966 ) The Pogo Special Birthday Special ( 1969 ) Horton Hears a Who ! ( 1970 ) The Cat in the Hat ( 1971 , producer ) The Cricket in Times Square ( 1973 ) A Very Merry Cricket ( 1973 ) Yankee Doodle Cricket ( 1975 ) The White Seal ( 1975 ) Rikki - Tikki - Tavi ( 1975 ) Mowgli 's Brothers ( 1976 ) Bugs and Daffy 's Carnival of the Animals ( 1976 ) A Connecticut Rabbit in King Arthur 's Court ( 1978 ) Raggedy Ann and Andy in The Great Santa Claus Caper ( 1978 ) Raggedy Ann and Andy in The Pumpkin Who Could n't Smile ( 1979 ) Bugs Bunny 's Looney Christmas Tales ( 1979 ) Daffy Duck 's Thanks - for - Giving Special ( 1980 ) Bugs Bunny 's Bustin ' Out All Over ( 1980 ) A Chipmunk Christmas ( 1981 ) Peter and the Wolf ( 1995 ) Feature films Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 , layout artist ) Gay Purr - ee ( 1962 , screenplay ) The Phantom Tollbooth ( 1970 ) The Bugs Bunny / Road Runner Movie ( 1979 ) Bugs Bunny 's 3rd Movie : 1001 Rabbit Tales ( 1982 ) Daffy Duck 's Fantastic Island ( 1983 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 , animation consultant ) Gremlins 2 : The New Batch ( 1990 , animation sequences ) Stay Tuned ( 1992 , animation sequence ) Mrs. Doubtfire ( 1993 , animation supervisor ) Four Rooms ( 1995 , animation sequences ) Books Daffy Duck for President ( 1997 ) Comics Crawford ( 1977 -- 1978 ) Characters Bugs Bunny Charlie Dog Claude Cat Daffy Duck Elmer Fudd Gossamer Hubie and Bertie Marc Antony and Pussyfoot Marvin the Martian Michigan J. Frog Penelope Pussycat Pepé Le Pew Porky Pig Ralph Wolf and Sam Sheepdog Sniffles The Three Bears Wile E. Coyote and the Road Runner Witch Hazel Other works Chuck Amuck : The Movie Chuck Jones : Extremes & Inbetweens -- A Life in Animation Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=How_the_Grinch_Stole_Christmas!_(TV_special)&oldid=830684536 '' Categories : 1966 television films CBS television specials 1966 television specials Animated television specials Christmas television specials Musical television specials Screenplays by Dr. Seuss Television programs based on works by Dr. Seuss American television specials Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from December 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Español فارسی Français Hrvatski Italiano Nederlands Polski Русский Українська 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 March 2018 , at 10 : 10 . 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who sings the theme song for three's company	As a vocalist , Charles , along with Julia Rinker Miller , sang the theme song to the television series Three 's Company ( `` Come and Knock on Our Door '' ) . As a songwriter , Charles was best known for the choral anthem `` Fifty Nifty United States '' in which he set the names of the states to music in alphabetical order . It was originally written for The Perry Como Show . He is also known for `` Letters , We Get Letters '' , also originally written for Como 's show and later used on the Late Show with David Letterman .	Charles\|Julia Rinker Miller	Ray Charles ( musician , born 1918 )	ray charles ( musician, born 1918 )	Ray Charles ( born Charles Raymond Offenberg ; September 13 , 1918 -- April 6 , 2015 ) was an American musician , singer , songwriter , vocal arranger and conductor who was best known as organizer and leader of the Ray Charles Singers who were featured on Perry Como 's records and television shows for 35 years and were also known for a series of 30 choral record albums produced in the 1950s and 1960s for the Essex , MGM , Decca and Command labels .	As a vocalist , Charles , along with Julia Rinker Miller , sang the theme song to the television series Three 's Company ( `` Come and Knock on Our Door '' ) . As a songwriter , Charles was best known for the choral anthem `` Fifty Nifty United States '' in which he set the names of the states to music in alphabetical order . It was originally written for The Perry Como Show . He is also known for `` Letters , We Get Letters '' , also originally written for Como 's show and later used on the Late Show with David Letterman . In his later years , he continued to serve as a musical consultant to television programs , most notably for 31 years on the Kennedy Center Honors . Charles was acknowledged as an authority on American popular music . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biography 1.1 Early television 1.2 The Ray Charles Singers 1.3 Films 1.4 West Coast television 1.5 The Muppets and Kennedy Center 2 Death 3 Awards 4 Discography 4.1 Singles 4.2 Albums as the Ray Charles Singers 4.3 Singles 5 References 6 External links Biography ( edit ) At the age of 13 , Chuck Offenberg ( as he was known then ) won a contest to sing on the radio in Chicago . At 16 , while still at Hyde Park High School , he had his own 15 minute radio program on WENR and won a vocal scholarship to the Chicago Musical College . After graduation , he attended Central YMCA College , where he met fellow future choral director Norman Luboff , who was to become a lifelong friend . In 1936 , Offenberg joined the Federal Theater show O Say Can You Sing , sharing a dressing room with the young Buddy Rich . In 1942 , Offenberg , with his wife , Bernice and son , Michael , came to New York City and he started getting work , singing on the radio for Lyn Murray , Ray Bloch and other choral directors . By 1944 , he was doing 10 radio shows a week . In May 1944 , Offenberg changed his name to Ray Charles . It would be 10 more years until the `` other '' Ray Charles changed his name from `` Ray Charles Robinson '' to Ray Charles . Close harmony was all the rage and Charles became the arranger and tenor for the Double Daters , a quartet featured on Million Dollar Band . Drafted into the Navy in 1944 , Charles was assigned to Hunter College , where he created an entire new music library for the WAVE choruses and trained the `` Singing Platoons '' , three choruses of 80 WAVES each , on six - week training cycles that sang on the radio , bond rallies and at local veterans hospitals . He also conducted the band on their two CBS weekly shows . Discharged in 1946 , Charles sang on New York radio ( `` Um Um Good '' for Campbell 's soups among other gigs ) and on many record dates . In 1947 , he was the conductor for the Broadway hit Finian 's Rainbow , and conducted the original cast recording . Charles initially became associated with Perry Como in 1948 through his arrangements for the vocal group the Satisfiers . The group performed on Como 's The Chesterfield Supper Club . From 1949 to 1951 , he was choral arranger - conductor on The Big Show , the last big radio variety show with Tallulah Bankhead and Meredith Willson . Charles was also a soloist and sang in the choir on Manhattan Merry - Go - Round , Tuesday on Broadway , The Prudential Family Hour , The Celenese Hour , The Schafer Beer Program and The American Melody Hour , and he wrote the theme for Danny Kaye 's 7 - Up Radio Show . Early television ( edit ) Before it moved to Los Angeles , Charles did some singing on the Your Hit Parade radio show . In 1950 , when the show came back to New York , he became the arranger and conductor of the Hit Paraders , the choral group on the show , first on radio and later when it went to television , for seven years . Charles never got screen credit for his work as arranger and choral director of the Hit Paraders because the sponsor of Your Hit Parade was Lucky Strike and he was already getting a choral - director credit on The Perry Como Chesterfield Show . Lucky Strike and Chesterfield were competitors and Como 's Chesterfield show aired three times a week on CBS . For the next 35 years the Ray Charles Singers became a fixture on the Perry Como television show . It was a busy time with television 's top variety shows , records and commercial jingles . In 1955 , the 15 - minute Perry Como Show moved back to NBC and became an hour - long program ; Charles had an opportunity to work with and write special material for some of the great entertainers of the age : Ethel Merman , Kay Thompson , Lena Horne , Tony Bennett , Ella Fitzgerald , Bing Crosby , Judy Garland , as well as composers Richard Rodgers , Harold Arlen , Harry Warren and others . Charles also worked with Nick Vanoff , Gary Smith , Dwight Hemion , Peter Matz , and Peter Gennaro . The talent that worked on The Perry Como Show at one time or another in its long history is remarkable . It was here where he met the `` other '' Ray Charles . The Screen Actors Guild normally does not allow two members to have the same name , but Charles the performer was registered as Ray Robinson though he performed as Ray Charles . Charles the composer also wrote special material and did the choral work on Caesar 's Hour with Sid Caesar , the successor to Your Show of Shows . In 1959 , Charles produced the summer replacement for The Perry Como Show . Allan Sherman ( `` Hello Muddah , Hello Fadduh '' ) , a friend of Charles ' , was the head writer . Also on the staff was Andy Rooney . The stars were Tony Bennett ( his first series ) , Teresa Brewer and the Four Lads . The Ray Charles Singers ( edit ) In June 1959 , the Ray Charles Singers , a name bestowed on them by Perry Como , began recording a series of albums . Due to advances in recording technology , they were able to create a softer sound than had been heard before and this was the birth of what has been called `` easy listening '' . Record producer Jack Hansen used some of the singers to provide backing vocals for Buddy Holly 's last songs , which Holly had composed and recorded shortly before his death in February 1959 . The singers ' close harmonies behind Holly 's lead vocals simulated the sound of Holly 's hit records with the Crickets . Six songs resulted from the Hansen sessions , led by the 45 - rpm single `` Peggy Sue Got Married '' / `` Crying , Waiting , Hoping '' . On a cruise in 1964 , Charles heard a Mexican song called `` Cuando Calienta el Sol '' . He liked it , recorded it , under the English title `` Love Me with All Your Heart '' , and his recording became a hit , riding to # 3 on Billboard Magazine , # 2 on Cashbox Magazine . This was followed by `` Al Di La '' , also a very popular recording . The Ray Charles Singers were not one group of vocalists . They were different combinations of singers on records , tours and TV shows . What made them the Ray Charles Singers was the conducting and arranging of Ray Charles . He generally recorded with 20 singers ( 12 men and 8 women ; and these vocalists appeared on Perry Como 's television show . The Ray Charles Singers also were the voices behind many commercial jingles . Charles decided to produce a `` live '' performing group to send on the road with Perry Como . The group of 12 singers opened in Las Vegas at the International Hotel and also opened the show for Como at Harrah 's in South Lake Tahoe . Charles wrote the music and lyrics for an album produced by the Continental Insurance Company for the New York World 's Fair in 1964 , titled Cinema ' 76 . It was a companion piece to a 30 - minute show about unsung heroes of the American Revolution . Films ( edit ) Charles had also worked on film projects : Funny Lady and Racing With the Moon . West Coast television ( edit ) After years working in television and writing hundreds of jingles , Charles started making trips to the West Coast to seek new employment opportunities . The television industry was changing and migrating to Los Angeles . After a couple of years commuting , in 1968 Charles and his family relocated to Los Angeles , where he produced a Bing Crosby special and worked on The Hollywood Palace . By 1968 , The Perry Como Show was doing specials , so Charles could continue working with Como while residing in California . Then Charles wrote and arranged for two seasons of the Glen Campbell Goodtime Hour . In 1971 he suggested to the other Ray Charles that he perform `` America the Beautiful '' when a guest on the Campbell show . Also that year Charles wrote special material for the first Julie Andrews TV special , with Andrews and Gene Kelly . Charles became the musical guru to Sha Na Na and guided that show through three seasons . His son , Jonathan , and daughter , Wendy , also worked on the show with their father . Charles , duetting with Julia Rinker , sang the title theme song for the long - running situation comedy Three 's Company . The muppets and Kennedy Center ( edit ) 2013 Charles eventually went to London to help on The Muppet Show . Writing special material for Carol Burnett and Brooke Shields , among others and working with Miss Piggy and Kermit the Frog , Charles shared an office with Jim Henson , whom Charles considered `` a genius '' . For thirty - two years , 1982 through 2014 , Charles was the musical consultant of the Kennedy Center Honors and for 14 years performed the same function for the `` Fourth of July '' and `` Memorial Day '' concerts on PBS . Ray Charles won two Emmy Awards for special musical material , music and lyrics for two comedy specials : The Funny Side of Marriage and The First Nine Months . His choral anthem , `` Fifty Nifty United States '' , in which he set the names of the states to music in alphabetical order , is now a staple of school choirs . He self - deprecatingly billed himself as `` the other Ray Charles '' in a humorous tribute to the blues singer with whom he worked on several occasions . For his 90th birthday , Ray gave a concert at the L.A. Jazz Bakery . With the help of female singer Lynn Roberts and an instrumental combo , Ray demonstrated his vocal longevity to a full house by singing his way through the songs of World War II . Death ( edit ) Charles died of cancer at the age of 96 on April 6 , 2015 , in Beverly Hills , California . He was survived by two sons , Michael ( born 1941 ) and Jonathan ( born 1946 ) . His wife Bernice ( 1916 -- 2002 ) and daughter Wendy ( 1950 -- 2004 ) predeceased him . Charles donated a collection of his personal papers , including his scripts and musical arrangements for the Kennedy Center Honors galas , to the Great American Songbook Foundation shortly before his death . Awards ( edit ) 1970 -- 71 Television Academy Award Lyrics and Special Material `` The First Nine Months are the Hardest '' 1971 -- 72 Television Academy Award Lyrics and Special Material `` The Funny Side of Marriage '' 2004 Irwin Kostal Tribute Award from ASMAC . 2012 Honored as a Broadcasting Legend by the Pacific Pioneers . 2013 Foundation Life in Music Award from ASCAP . Discography ( edit ) Singles ( edit ) Year Single Chart positions Hot 100 AC 1955 `` Autumn Leaves '' 55 - 1964 `` Love Me With All Your Heart '' `` Al - Di - La '' 29 `` Till the End of Time '' 83 18 `` One More Time '' 32 7 1965 `` This Is My Prayer '' 72 15 `` My Love , Forgive Me '' 124 17 1966 `` One of Those Songs '' 134 13 `` Promises '' - 39 1967 `` Step By Step '' - 31 `` Little By Little and Bit By Bit '' 135 6 1968 `` I Can See It Now '' - 39 1970 `` Move Me , O Wondrous Music '' 99 26 Albums as the Ray Charles Singers ( edit ) I Love Essex ESLP 103 Far Away Places Essex ESLP 110 Spring Is Here MGM E3162 Winter Wonderland MGM 3387 Sing A Song of Paris MGM E3484 Here We Come A-Caroling MGM E3467 Here 's to mMy Lady MGM E3568 Autumn Moods MGM SE4163 Summertime ( Songs for a Lazy Afternoon ) MGM E4164 Love and Marriage Decca DL8787 Sunrise Serenade Decca DL78835 In the Evening By the Moonlight Decca DL78874 We Gather Together Decca DL78940 Deep Night Decca DL78988 Something Wonderful Command RS 33 872 1961 Something Special for Young Lovers Command RS 866 SD Al - Di - La & Other Special Songs for Young Lovers Command RS 33 -- 870 SD 1964 Rome Revisited Command RS 839 SD Songs for Lonesome Lovers Command RS 839 SD Songs for Latin Lovers Command RS 886 SD 1965 Paradise Islands Command SH - 165 Young Lovers on Broadway Command RS 890 SD 1965 One of Those Songs Command RS 898 SD 1966 What the World Needs Now is Love Command RS 903 SD A Special Something ... Command RS 914 SD 1967 At the Movies Command RS 921 SD 1968 MacArthur Park Command RS SD - 936 1969 Move Me , Oh Wondrous Music Command RS 949 - 5 Take Me Along Command RS 526 SD Slices of Life Command 9425 Love Me With All Your Heart the command performance Varese Sarabande VSD - 5626 ( CD collection ) 31 albums with Perry Como Singles ( edit ) Command - 4049‍ -- ‌Al - Di - La / Till The End Of Time‍ -- ‌1964 Command - 4090‍ -- ‌Do n't Cry - There 's No Place Like Rome‍ -- ‌1967 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` FMS : Feature ( ASMAC salutes Lalo Schifrin and `` the other '' Ray Charles ) `` . filmmusicsociety.org . Retrieved March 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Grudens , Richard , ed. ( 1986 ) , The Italian Crooners Bedside Companion , Celebrity Profiles Publishing , pp. 63 -- 69 , ISBN 0 - 9763877 - 0 - 0 , retrieved April 14 , 2010 ^ Jump up to : `` Ray Charles Studies Up on Latest Country Music '' . The Modesto Bee . October 4 , 1970 . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2013 . Retrieved January 8 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Como Team '' . The Perry Como Appreciation Society . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2010 . Retrieved June 28 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Paprocki , Justin ( May 9 , 2008 ) . `` Five Minutes With musician Ray Charles , singer of ' Three 's Company ' theme song '' . The Island Packet . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2013 . Retrieved January 8 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Perry Como TV Lyrics '' . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2004 . Retrieved May 25 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ray Charles '' . American Society of Music Arrangers and Composers . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2011 . Retrieved January 8 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Scott , Vernon ( December 5 , 1972 ) . `` Name Change Poses Problem For Ray Charles '' . The Dispatch . Retrieved January 8 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Lanza , Joseph , ed. ( 2004 ) . Elevator Music : A Surreal History of Muzak , Easy - Listening , and Other Moodsong ; Revised and Expanded Edition . University of Michigan Press . p. 344 . ISBN 0 - 472 - 08942 - 0 . Retrieved September 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Maltin , Leonard ( 2000 ) . `` The Great American Broadcast '' . Penguin Group . Retrieved March 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Macfarlane , Malcolm , ed. ( 2009 ) . Perry Como : A Biography and Complete Career Record . McFarland . p. 310 . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 3701 - 4 . Retrieved April 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Dunning , John ( 1998 ) . On the Air : The Encyclopedia of Old - Time Radio . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 507678 - 3 . Jump up ^ O'Brian , Jack ( August 13 , 1954 ) . `` Fontane Sisters Being Removed From Perry Como Show '' . The News - Sentinel . Retrieved January 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Eward , William ( June 15 , 1959 ) . `` Como show is exchanged for summer TV ' sleeper ' '' . The Bulletin . Retrieved January 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lehmer , Larry ( 2003 ) . The Day the Music Died : The Last Tour of Buddy Holly , the Big Bopper , and Ritchie Valens . Schirmer Books . p. 129 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8256 - 7287 - 3 . Jump up ^ Doclar , Ernest ( September 1965 ) . `` Platter Chatter '' . Boys ' Life : 16 . ISSN 0006 - 8608 . Jump up ^ Birth of a Series . Billboard . July 15 , 1978 . Retrieved January 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Emmy Awards Database - Ray Charles '' . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved September 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Woo , Elaine ( April 9 , 2015 ) . `` ' Other ' Ray Charles dies at 96 ; Emmy - winning composer backed Perry Como '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Dagan , Carmel ( April 7 , 2015 ) . `` Ray Charles , Leader of Ray Charles Singers , Who Backed Perry Como , Dies at 96 '' . Variety . ISSN 0042 - 2738 . External links ( edit ) Biography portal Music portal Ray Charles at AllMusic Ray Charles discography at Discogs Ray Charles on IMDb Ray Charles at Find a Grave Ray Charles Papers at the Great American Songbook Foundation Perry Como Albums So Smooth ( 1955 ) We Get Letters ( 1956 ) Saturday Night with Mr. C ( 1958 ) When You Come to the End of the Day ( 1958 ) Como Swings ( 1959 ) Season 's Greetings from Perry Como ( 1959 ) For the Young at Heart ( 1960 ) Sing to Me Mr. C ( 1961 ) By Request ( 1962 ) The Best of Irving Berlin 's Songs from Mr. President ( 1962 ) The Songs I Love ( 1963 ) The Scene Changes ( 1965 ) Lightly Latin ( 1966 ) Perry Como in Italy ( 1966 ) The Perry Como Christmas Album ( 1968 ) Look to Your Heart ( 1968 ) Seattle ( 1969 ) Perry Como in Person at the International Hotel , Las Vegas ( 1970 ) It 's Impossible ( 1970 ) I Think of You ( 1971 ) And I Love You So ( 1973 ) Perry ( 1974 ) Just Out of Reach ( 1975 ) 40 Greatest Hits ( 1975 ) The Best of British ( UK and Canada ) ( 1977 ) Where You 're Concerned ( US ) ( 1978 ) Perry Como ( 1980 ) Perry Como Live on Tour ( 1981 ) So It Goes / Goodbye for Now ( 1983 ) Today ( 1987 ) Perry Como 's Christmas Concert ( 1994 ) On the Radio -- The Perry Como Shows 1943 ( 2009 ) At the Supper Club ( 2010 ) At the Supper Club Part II ( 2011 ) At the Supper Club Part III ( 2011 ) Songs `` ' A ' You 're Adorable '' `` Ac - Cent - Tchu - Ate the Positive '' `` And I Love You So '' `` As Time Goes By '' `` Bali Ha'i '' `` Because '' `` Beyond Tomorrow '' `` Bibbidi - Bobbidi - Boo '' `` Blue Room '' `` A Bushel and a Peck '' `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' `` Catch a Falling Star '' `` Chi - Baba , Chi - Baba ( My Bambino Go to Sleep ) '' `` Confessin ' '' `` Days of Wine and Roses '' `` Deep in the Heart of Texas '' `` Delaware '' `` Do n't Let the Stars Get in Your Eyes '' `` Dream Along with Me ( I 'm on My Way to a Star ) '' `` A Dreamer 's Holiday '' `` El Cóndor Pasa '' `` Feelings '' `` Fly Me to the Moon '' `` For the Good Times '' `` Forever and Ever '' `` Forget Domani '' `` Give Me Your Hand '' `` Glendora '' `` The Gypsy in My Soul '' `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' `` He 's Got the Whole World in His Hands '' `` Hello , Young Lovers '' `` Here , There and Everywhere '' `` Home for the Holidays '' `` Hot Diggity ( Dog Ziggity Boom ) '' `` A House Is Not a Home '' `` I Do n't See Me in Your Eyes Anymore '' `` I Dream of You ( More Than You Dream I Do ) '' `` I Think I Love You '' `` I 'll Be Home for Christmas '' `` If ( They Made Me a King ) '' `` It 's Been a Long , Long Time '' `` It 's Beginning to Look a Lot Like Christmas '' `` Kewpie Doll '' `` The Lord 's Prayer '' `` Magic Moments '' `` Mandolins in the Moonlight '' `` Maria '' `` Moon River '' `` More '' `` No Other Love '' `` Papa Loves Mambo '' `` Prisoner of Love '' `` Round and Round '' `` Santa Claus Is Coming to Town '' `` Seattle '' `` The Shadow of Your Smile '' `` Some Enchanted Evening '' `` Somos Novios ( It 's Impossible ) '' `` The Songs I Love '' `` Stop ! And Think It Over '' `` Till the End of Time '' `` Unchained Melody '' `` Wanted '' `` The Way You Look Tonight '' `` What 'll I Do '' `` When You and I Were Young , Maggie '' `` Young at Heart '' Related articles Perry Como discography Perry Como television and radio shows Beat the Band The Chesterfield Supper Club List of songs recorded by Perry Como Goodman Ace Mitchell Ayres Ray Charles Frank Gallop Nick Perito VIAF : 39585700 ISNI : 0000 0000 3832 0924 BNF : cb141635874 ( data ) MusicBrainz : 8518b7af - 5e33 - 498a - 90c9 - 9fd772f4c422 IATH : w6qv42qq Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ray_Charles_(musician,_born_1918)&oldid=799891326 '' Categories : 1918 births 2015 deaths American conductors ( music ) American male singers American singers American music arrangers Aurora University alumni Deaths from cancer in California Deaths from cancer Easy listening music Emmy Award winners RCA Victor artists Singers from Chicago Songwriters from Illinois Hidden categories : Use American English from March 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from March 2017 Wikipedia articles containing buzzwords from April 2015 Articles with hCards Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Simple English Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 10 September 2017 , at 12 : 44 . 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who ends up together on dawson's creek	In the epilogue , Joey and Pacey watch Dawson 's semi-autobiographical television series The Creek in their apartment before calling up Dawson together , where they discover he is going to meet his hero , Steven Spielberg . They have renewed their romantic relationship , and the series ends with them as a couple living together in New York .		Joey Potter	joey potter		Joey Potter Dawson 's Creek character Katie Holmes as Josephine Potter First appearance `` Pilot '' ( episode 1.01 ) Last appearance `` ... Must Come to an End '' ( episode 6.24 ) Created by Kevin Williamson Portrayed by Katie Holmes Information Full name Josephine Lynn Potter Nickname ( s ) Joey ( by everyone ) Jo , Potter Occupation Junior editor and writer High school student ( at Capeside High ; graduated ) Waitress ( at the Yacht Club ) Waitress ( at the Ice house ) College student ( at Worthington ; graduated ) Family Mike Potter ( father ) Lillian Potter ( mother ; deceased ) Bessie Potter ( sister ) Significant other ( s ) Pacey Witter ( husband ) Dawson Leery ( ex-boyfriend ) Christopher ( ex-boyfriend ) Eddie Doling ( ex-boyfriend ) Charlie Todd ( fling ) Jack McPhee ( ex-boyfriend ) A.J. Moller ( ex-boyfriend ) Drue Valentine ( kiss ) Professor Wilder ( fling ) Relatives Bodie Wells ( brother - in - law ) Alexander Wells ( nephew , via Bessie ) Hometown Capeside , Massachusetts Residence New York City , New York Formerly : Boston , Massachusetts Josephine Lynn `` Joey '' Potter ( born 14 May , 1983 ) is a fictional character and de facto lead role from the WB television drama Dawson 's Creek , portrayed by Katie Holmes . Joey appeared in all episodes of the series , which ran from 1998 -- 2003 . Contents 1 Fictional biography 1.1 Background 1.2 Season 1 1.3 Season 2 1.4 Season 3 1.5 Season 4 1.6 Season 5 1.7 Season 6 1.7. 1 Series finale 2 Notable relationships 3 Holmes ' thoughts on Joey Potter 4 Reception 5 Notes 6 References Fictional biography ( edit ) Background ( edit ) Joey has been friends with Dawson Leery since they were very young . She lives with her older sister , Bessie , Bessie 's son Alexander and ( sometimes ) boyfriend , Bodie . Her father Mike , is in and out of prison for drug trafficking . Her mother , Lillian , died of breast cancer when Joey was thirteen . Joey is also the only character to appear in every episode of the series . Season 1 ( edit ) In season one , Joey is the `` girl next door . '' She is confused by her growth into a teenager and her developing feelings for her longtime best friend Dawson , who she also admitted is her soulmate . She immediately becomes jealous when Jen Lindley arrives and steals Dawson away from her . She is intimidated by Jen , who grew up in New York and does not know how to compete . She lives with her pregnant sister Bessie , and she works for her at the Ice House , the Potter family restaurant . She is frustrated with having to deal with work and taking care of her sister along with significant helpings of teenage angst . Nonetheless , Joey manages to be helpful with the birth of Bessie 's son , Alexander , as does their critical neighbor , Evelyn Ryan . One day she is convinced to compete in the beauty pageant , which she does so that she can win the cash prize . But instead of winning the contest , she wins Dawson 's heart , as he finally sees past his best friend image , and realizes that he has strong romantic feelings towards her . At the end of the season , she finds herself with the opportunity of going to Paris for a year , but rejects it in favor of staying in Capeside with Dawson after she and Dawson kiss . Season 2 ( edit ) At the start of the season , she and Dawson are a couple and things start out well , but Joey begins to think that she is losing her identity , as she ca n't see where Dawson ends and she begins . During a full moon , the new guy in town , Jack McPhee , kisses her . Dawson finds out during a school dance . After a huge argument , Joey decides to break up with him , even though for the first time they both say that they love each other . She says that she wants to `` find herself , '' and so she breaks up with him . Joey and Jack begin dating afterward but the relationship ends just as quickly when Jack realizes that he 's gay . Joey 's father is released from prison and comes back into her life . At first this change is uneasy , but they heal the rift between them and she gets back together with Dawson . However , Dawson finds out that Joey 's father is dealing cocaine . After a fire at the restaurant which was started by rivals of Joey 's father , Dawson tells his parents who advise him he needs to go to the police . He tells Joey instead . He convinces her to wear a wire , and get a confession from her father so that nothing like the fire will happen again . She gets the confession from her father and shows him the wire . Knowing that she had betrayed her father , she is understandably heartbroken and angry with Dawson . She breaks up with him and tells him she does n't even want to know him and that she will never forgive him . Season 3 ( edit ) After Dawson returns from visiting his mom over the summer , Joey offers herself to him but Dawson rejects her . Joey flees and Dawson asks Pacey Witter to keep an eye on her . As the season progresses , it becomes obvious that Pacey and Joey 's friendship evolves into something deeper . Joey has a brief relationship with a college student , A.J. Moller ( Robin Dunne ) . This relationship makes Pacey jealous and forces him to confront his true feelings for Joey . After months of build up , Pacey finally kisses Joey after she confides in him that he and Dawson are the only ones to `` have ever known her in a way that no one else does . '' Joey initially is angry when Pacey kisses her ; however , later she comes to realize that she may also have feelings for him , as well . Joey took a job at a Logan 's Marina , where she received unwanted sexual advances from her supervisor , Rob Logan . During a trip to the home of Dawson 's aunt , Gwen ( Gail 's sister ) , Joey and Pacey confront their feelings for one another . Joey confesses that being around Pacey makes her feel more alive resulting in Pacey kissing her again . Pacey tells Joey she needs to figure out what she wants and leaves . Joey stops him and pulls Pacey into a kiss , having made her choice , but Dawson 's aunt Gwen sees this happen . After this realization , they begin a secret romantic relationship . When Dawson finds out about Joey and Pacey 's relationship , he is furious , and the friendship between the three is never the same again . Dawson gives Joey an ultimatum - him or Pacey . Joey stupidly pulls back from Pacey in an effort to mend his and her friendship with Dawson . Dawson , however , sees Pacey as his enemy and opponent in winning Joey 's heart . Dawson tries his best to win Joey back , including throwing an alternative prom with Joey as his date . However , Dawson witnesses Joey and Pacey share a romantic dance before the night is over . In the season finale , Joey comes to realize that while she 's just fearful of losing her oldest friend , Dawson , she has fallen in love with Pacey . With Dawson 's urging , Joey rushes off to tell Pacey that she loves him before he departs for a summer at sea on his boat . She joins Pacey on his boat and the two then sail off into the sunset . Season 4 ( edit ) Joey and Pacey return to Capeside from their summer at sea in the fourth season , and are quickly brought back to reality when they must confront the events of the past year and the subsequent fallout . Joey is eager to mend fences , though Dawson is still hurt by what happened . Pacey 's relationship with Dawson never quite recovers until the end of the series , though the two are civil and acknowledge a shared history and group of friends . Joey and Dawson get chosen as class couple as a practical joke by Drue Valentine . Also , Pacey has returned to academic probation while Joey dreams of admittance to the prestigious Worthington College in Boston . On a ski trip with the senior class , Pacey and Joey finally sleep together for the first time . However , when Dawson questions her , she lies about losing her virginity . Pacey finds out about the lie and is unsettled . He is further disturbed when Joey accepts money from Dawson to attend Worthington . After Joey returns from New York with Jen , she discovers from Gretchen that Pacey was arrested for public drunkness and that she also believes she may be pregnant . Bessie soon finds out that Joey believes she may be pregnant at Gail 's baby shower , and Bessie argues with her about not being ready to have a baby , and having an immature boyfriend who would never cope with a child . Joey later defends herself by saying that whatever happens in her life will be different . Joey later does a test and finds out she is not pregnant , but the situation draws the sisters close together . When Joey finally reaches Pacey on the phone , she lies about the pregnancy scare and is disappointed that Pacey did n't tell her about his arrest . Pacey soon begins to feel insecure about Joey 's success and their relationship despite her insistence that her future lies with him , believes that he is n't good enough for her , and that their futures are worlds apart . At their senior prom , Pacey breaks up with Joey , who is devastated . The season ends with Joey headed to Worthington and Pacey to another summer at sea . At the end of the season , as Dawson is preparing to leave Capeside for Los Angeles , in a scene reminiscent of Season One 's ending , Dawson and Joey share a kiss . Season 5 ( edit ) In season five , Joey attends Worthington University in Boston , where she meets and befriends her roommate Audrey Liddell . Joey is studying English Literature , and for a time starts seeing her college professor , David Wilder . Throwing everyone for a loop , Mitch is killed in a car accident leaving Gail , Dawson and baby Lily behind . Having been a witness to her mother 's painful last days , Joey thinks that she can help Dawson through the process of grieving for his father . She attends Mitch 's funeral , but is rejected when she tries to help Dawson deal with his whirl of emotions . Upon returning to her dorm room in Boston , a crying Joey is comforted by Audrey . While Jen convinces Dawson to go to counseling , Joey catches Jack in a ' bid ' to get one of his frat brothers in bed with Audrey during the fraternity 's Winter Formal . Joey later joins the band , Aggressive Mediocrity , as lead singer with Jen 's cheating ex , Charlie Todd ( Chad Michael Murray ) . They embark on a whirlwind romance before she tells him to leave to pursue his dream of being a touring musician . She has an unforgettable run - in with a mugger , who luckily for her , gets hit by a car shortly after robbing her at gunpoint . However , when she is requested to be at his side in the hospital , Joey discovers that the mugger is also a drug addict , and has a young daughter , Sammie , with his wife , Grace . When the mugger dies with Joey at his side , she returns to the waiting room , all of her belongings returned , including the money . Thinking of Sammie , whose situation reminds her of the relationship she has with her own father , Joey leaves all the money hidden in Grace 's backpack . At the end of the season she returns to Capeside , and Dawson confesses to her that he wants to be with her . She rejects him saying that all those feelings were in the past , but in the last episode she rushes to the airport , to declare her true feelings for Dawson . She catches him , and they kiss . Joey tells Dawson to go to Los Angeles as that is his destiny , and that they 'll meet up after the summer . As she goes to get a refund , she is offered the chance to go to Paris , and the audience is left hanging . Season 6 ( edit ) In the beginning of the sixth season , it is revealed that Joey did n't end up going to Paris , but went home to Capeside . After not talking all summer , she and Dawson meet up and have a one - night stand in her dorm room . The next day it is revealed that Dawson has a girlfriend in California . Joey breaks things off with him . She takes a job as a waitress at Hell 's Kitchen , with the help of aspiring drummer , Emma Jones . Joey eventually falls for the bartender , Eddie Doling ( Oliver Hudson ) . They both have a love for writing and literature , but it turns out that he is not officially a student at Worthington , as his family was too poor to afford the tuition . After Christmas , Eddie disappears without telling Joey , going back to Worcester to live with his parents . In trying to find him , Joey gets some help from Harley Hetson -- the 15 - year - old , alienated , headstrong daughter of her snobbish and somewhat misogynist English professor , Greg Hetson ( Roger Howarth ) , whom Joey clashes with several times during the entire season . Harley lies , telling Eddie that Joey was pregnant with his child in order to lure him back to Boston . Joey and Pacey begin to rekindle their romance after sharing a kiss at his apartment . After being locked overnight in a K - Mart together , they discuss their past and current relationship . Each admits that they miss the other . They briefly reunite , but when Eddie reappears in Joey 's life , she breaks it off with Pacey ( ironically Pacey and Joey break up at another high school dance resembling the prom ) . After Pacey and Dawson have another falling out after Pacey 's stocks tank and Dawson loses his entire investment , Joey decides that it 's time they worked things out for themselves without her in the middle because it `` is not her fight '' and that it never has been , and never will be . After a heart to heart with Pacey on the dock , Joey brings everyone together to help Dawson make his movie . Joey finally goes to Paris and the final episode of the season ends with her standing before the famous Eiffel Tower . Series finale ( edit ) The final two episodes are set approximately five years after the season finale . Joey is a junior editor living in New York with her writer boyfriend , Christopher ( Jeremy Sisto ) . During this double episode , the five friends return to Capeside for Gail Leery 's third wedding ( but second husband ) . Although she had originally planned to spend the weekend with Christopher , Joey runs scared after finding an engagement ring hidden in the couple 's dresser while she is packing for the trip . The five friends reunite at Pacey 's restaurant to reminisce about the past . Afterwards , Joey drops by Dawson 's house , and the two reestablish their friendship . During Gail 's wedding reception , Joey and Pacey kiss ( reigniting lingering feelings between the two ) , but the moment is interrupted when Jen collapses . It is later discovered that Jen has a deadly heart condition . At the same time , Joey ends her relationship with Christopher and chooses between Dawson and Pacey . Though she loves Dawson , she acknowledges that he is her soulmate who is tied to her childhood , a love that is pure and eternally innocent . She also can not deny she is still in love with Pacey . After Jen 's death , she decides to stop running and confront her feelings for Pacey . In the midst of their romantic entanglements , Joey , Dawson , Jack , and Pacey are brought together at the Ice House , now owned by Pacey , to say goodbye to Jen , who dies from pulmonary congestion . In the epilogue , Joey and Pacey watch Dawson 's semi-autobiographical television series The Creek in their apartment before calling up Dawson together , where they discover he is going to meet his hero , Steven Spielberg . They have renewed their romantic relationship , and the series ends with them as a couple living together in New York . Notable relationships ( edit ) Anderson Crawford Fling Beginning : `` Kiss '' ( 1.03 ) Broke Up : `` Kiss '' ( 1.03 ) Reason : They did n't continue because she lied about who she was . Dawson Leery Kiss `` Detention '' ( 1.07 ) Reason : They were dared to kiss each other despite him being with Jen . Boyfriend First Relationship : Beginning : `` Decisions '' ( 1.13 ) End : `` The Dance '' ( 2.06 ) Reason : After Jack kisses her , she gets confused about who she really is and what she wants . Second Relationship : Beginning : `` A Perfect Wedding '' ( 2.18 ) End : `` Parental Discretion Advised '' ( 2.22 ) Reason : Dawson convinced her to get her father to confess to burning down the ice house and his drug use while she wore a wire . Third Relationship Beginning : Coda '' ( 4.23 ) End : `` High Anxiety '' ( 5.06 ) Reason : Dawson shuts Joey out when his dad dies and eventually tells her it made him lose all interest in getting back with her . Fourth Relationship : Beginning : `` The Kids Are Alright '' ( 6.01 ) End : `` The Song Remains The Same '' ( 6.02 ) Reason : After they sleep together , she finds out he had a girlfriend . Jack McPhee Kiss `` Full Moon Rising '' ( 2.05 ) Reason : She was still with Dawson . Boyfriend Beginning : `` The Reluctant Hero '' ( 2.08 ) Broke Up : `` ... That Is The Question '' ( 2.15 ) Reason : He finds out after writing a poem that he 's gay A.J. Moller Boyfriend Beginning : `` Northern Lights '' ( 3.13 ) Broke Up : `` Cinderella Story '' ( 3.17 ) Reason : Did n't continue to be a couple because she finds out his best friend loves him and he loves her but does n't know it yet . Pacey Witter Kissed `` Double Date '' ( 1.10 ) Reason : She did n't feel the same way and he knew that she liked Dawson and Dawson liked her even though he was still hung up on Jen . Kissed `` Cinderella Story '' ( 3.17 ) `` Neverland '' ( 3.18 ) Reason : She did n't fully realize that she liked him yet . Boyfriend First Relationship : Beginning : `` Stolen Kisses '' ( 3.19 ) End : `` The Longest Day '' ( 3.20 ) Reason : She feels guilty when Dawson finds out about their relationship and ends things with him Second Relationship : Beginning : `` True Love '' ( 3.23 ) End : `` Promicide '' ( 4.20 ) Reason : They realize that they are different and it seemed like she had a bright future ahead of her while he felt like he was being left behind . Third Relationship : Beginning : Castaways '' ( 6.15 ) End : `` Love Bites '' ( 6.18 ) Reason : Eddie comes back . Fourth Relationship : Beginning : ... Must Come To An End '' ( 6.24 ) Note : Jen tells Joey her final wish is for Joey to choose between Dawson and Pacey . She chooses Pacey . Drue Valentine Kissed Beginning : `` The Tao of Dawson '' ( 4.11 ) End : `` The Tao of Dawson '' ( 4.11 ) note : they got locked in a storage locker together , he caught her when she fell and kissed her . She pushed him away immediately , and punched him . She was in a relationship with Pacey . Charlie Todd Kissed Beginning : `` Something wild '' ( 5.11 ) Broke Up : `` Something wild '' ( 5.11 ) Reason : Because he cheated on Jen . Fling Beginning : `` 100 Light Years From Home '' ( 5.19 ) Broke Up : `` Separate Ways ( Worlds Apart ) '' ( 5.20 ) Reason : She tells him to go off and fulfill his dream of being a musician Elliot Almost Fling but never kissed Beginning : `` Sleeping Arrangements '' ( 5.12 ) Broke Up : `` Guerrilla Filmmaking '' ( 5.14 ) Reason : She met him when she was n't over Dawson . Then she thought he slept with Audrey , and after finding out he never slept with her , she gives him another second chance . But she later bails on a date with him ( by claiming she was sick ) to go to a thing with Wilder who she later kissed and the next day tells him she ca n't go out with him off - screen . Professor David Wilder Kissed / Almost Fling Beginning : `` Something Wilder '' ( 5.13 ) Broke Up : `` In A Lonely Place '' ( 5.16 ) Reason : Joey inadvertently stands David up after getting mugged . This gives him the time to reflect upon the relationship and he realizes that he ca n't have an affair with a student . Eddie Doling First Kiss : `` Instant Karma ! '' ( 6.04 ) Eddie thinks she only kissed him to get back at Dawson ; so it does n't lead to anything until later episodes . Boyfriend First Relationship : Beginning : `` Ego Tripping At The Gates Of Hell '' ( 6.07 ) Broke Up : `` Rock Bottom '' ( 6.13 ) Reason : He left without telling her Second Relationship : Beginning : `` Love Bites '' ( 6.18 ) Broke Up : `` Catch - 22 '' ( 6.20 ) Reason : They did n't see a future with each other Christopher Boyfriend Beginning : About a year or two before `` All Good Things ... '' ( 6.23 ) End : `` ... Must Come To An End '' ( 6.24 ) Reason : Joey breaks up with him over the phone after having found a ring in his drawer back in New York . Holmes ' thoughts on Joey Potter ( edit ) `` I 'm a lot like Joey , '' said Holmes . `` I think they saw that . I come from a small town . I was a tomboy . Joey tries to be articulate and deny that she does n't have a lot of experience in life . Her life parallels mine , which is all about new everything -- relationships , personal perceptions -- and about being guarded . '' Holmes filmed the pilot of Dawson 's Creek in Wilmington , North Carolina , during spring break of her senior year of high school in 1997 . When the show was picked up by The WB , Holmes moved to Wilmington , where the show filmed . Dawson 's Creek ran from 1998 to 2003 , and Holmes was the only actor to appear in all 128 episodes . `` It was very difficult for me to leave Wilmington , to have my little glass bubble burst and move on . I hate change . On the other hand it was refreshing to play someone else , '' she said in 2004 . Holmes confirmed that , as often happens on soaps , the character was a caricature of the actor : `` I miss her spirit , and her spunk , and I miss her anxiety . She always had these long speeches about her fears and her future and love . It was a great tool for me personally because I got to get it all out . I was able to psychoanalyze all of it everyday ( sic ? ) with her and then I would n't have to do it on my own . So much of me is in Joey and it really felt like I grew up on television . '' Reception ( edit ) Katie Holmes received high acclaim during second season and has since been referred to as the series ' central character by the media . `` Joey Potter is a headstrong , vibrant , wily , sultry , and determined go - getter . And yet , in a gloriously contradictory manner , in spite of her tough - as - nails exterior demeanor , Joey 's also a frail , sometimes uncertain , emotionally sensitive , in - need - of - love person '' , said the show 's official book . Joey , named for Jo in Little Women , for years had been climbing in Dawson 's bedroom window and platonically sharing his bed . Joey 's mother had died from cancer when Joey was thirteen and her father , Mike ( Gareth Williams ) , was in prison for `` conspiracy to traffic in marijuana in excess of 10,000 pounds . '' Her harried , unmarried , and very pregnant sister , Bessie ( Nina Repeta ) , about ten years older than Joey , was raising her while running the Ice House restaurant , where Joey worked as a waitress . GQ described Joey as `` kind of an uptight fussbudget -- one who 's always twisted up over doing the right thing and bungling - up ways to hook up with her crush and across the creek neighbor , Dawson . '' The 5 ft 9 in ( 1.75 m ) tall brunette enchanted the press , writers of both sexes commenting how Holmes was the sort of girl one wants to bring home to meet the parents and to marry . `` The Audrey Hepburn of her generation '' , was one typical comment . Time called her `` impossibly lovely '' and Entertainment Weekly said she was `` next up for idolhood . '' Variety , reviewing the pilot , said Holmes `` is a confident young performer who delivers her lines with slyness and conviction . '' Holmes made such an impression in Hollywood , The New York Times Magazine claimed everyone was seeking to cast a `` Katie Holmes type '' , who , the reporter claimed , `` is a throwback to the 1950s : she is a smart girl next door ( as opposed to the babe - o-rama blondes ) '' -- the sort represented by her Dawson 's Creek co-star Michelle Williams . But her `` type '' was no less attractive , Arena magazine declaring her `` the most coquettishly sexy woman on television . Anywhere . '' Holmes was soon on the covers of magazines such as Seventeen , TV Guide , and Rolling Stone . Jancee Dunn , an editor at Rolling Stone said she was chosen for the cover because `` every time you mention Dawson 's Creek you tend to get a lot of dolphin - like shrieks from teenage girls . The fact that she is drop - dead gorgeous did n't hurt either . '' Reviews were mixed . The Blade said the characters `` just talk like they came from a planet ruled by Manhattan psychologists , one where small talk is punishable by death . '' Holmes herself needed help with the dialogue . `` Sometimes before we read a script , I have to get my dictionary and call people to make sure I 'm pronouncing some of the words correctly . '' The show brought her national attention and many fans back home ; Toledo 's Thanksgiving Day parade in November 1998 had record attendance when Holmes was named grand marshal . `` As Joey '' , said Life magazine , `` Holmes has had seismic influences on teen life ... Through it all , Joey has managed to hang on to her integrity ... The show -- and Katie 's character in particular -- has touched a nerve . '' Her relationship with Pacey was included in TV Guide 's list of `` The Best TV Couples of All Time '' . Flavorwire chose the show 's other central pairing , Joey and Dawson , in its list of `` TV 's Best ' 90s Teen Power Couples '' . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dawson 's Creek , Season 2 , confirmed Bessie was in high school when Joey was in kindergarten References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Season 6 , Episode 1 `` The Kids Are Alright '' and Episode 2 `` The Song remains the Same '' Jump up ^ Cohen . Jump up ^ Nancy Mills . `` A ' First ' for Katie : President 's daughter is Holmes , grown . '' Archived June 29 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . New York Daily News . September 23 , 2004 . 45 . Jump up ^ Graber . `` Holmes Sweet Holmes . '' Jump up ^ Darren Crosdale . Dawson 's Creek : The Official Companion . Kansas City , Missouri : Andrews McMeel , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 7407 - 0725 - 6 . 77 -- 78 . ^ Jump up to : Adam Rapoport . `` Girl , You 'll Be A Woman Soon . '' 200 times GQ. April 2002 . 141 + . Jump up ^ Leslie Graber . `` Holmes Sweet Holmes '' Cosmopolitan . v. 237 , n . 4 . October 2004 . 58 + . Jump up ^ Judith Newman . `` The Last Girl Scout . '' Allure . v. 13 , n . 6 . June 2003 . 182 -- 189 . Jump up ^ Jay Mathews . `` Dawson 's Peek : Teen TV Fans Hit Wilmington , N.C. '' The Washington Post . July 4 , 1999 . E1 . Jump up ^ Michael Krantz . `` The bard of Gen - Y . '' Time . December 15 , 1997 . 105 Jump up ^ Chris Nashawaty . `` Teen Steam '' . Entertainment Weekly . Issue 405 . November 14 , 1997 . 24 . Jump up ^ Ray Richmond . Review of Dawson 's Creek . Variety . January 19 , 1998 . 71 . Jump up ^ Lynn Hirschberg . `` Desperate to Seem 16 . '' The New York Times Magazine . September 5 , 1999 . 42 + . Jump up ^ Richard Galpin . `` Special K . '' Arena . Issue 127 . October 2002 . 170 -- 176 . Jump up ^ Christopher Borrelli . `` Toledoan Captures Coveted Cover of the Rolling Stone . '' The Blade . August 27 , 1998 . Living , 31 . Jump up ^ Christopher Borrelli . `` ' Dawson 's Creek ' Runs Too Smoothly : Characters Have Typical Woes But Adult Vocabularies . '' The Blade . January 18 , 1998 . TV Week section . Jump up ^ Christopher Borrelli . `` Katie Holmes for the Holiday : She Left Toledo With a Big Dream and Returns a Big Star . '' The Blade . November 22 , 1998 . G1 Jump up ^ Vanessa Winans . `` TV Star Home for Holiday Event : Record Crowd Steps Up for Parade . '' The Blade . November 29 , 1998 . A1 Jump up ^ Vanessa Winans and David Patch . `` Biggest Hit of the Day ? Katie Holmes ( And Her Mom ) . '' The Blade . November 29 , 1998 . A11 . Jump up ^ Marilyn Johnson and Andrew Southam . `` Nice Girls Finish First : So what does it mean that a very nice girl playing a very thoughtful girl has become TV 's teen idol ? Consider it a good sign . '' Life . March 1999 . Jump up ^ `` Couples Pictures , Dawson 's Creek Photos -- Photo Gallery : The Best TV Couples of All Time '' . TV Guide . Retrieved June 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Jennifer ( January 3 , 2012 ) . `` TV 's Best ' 90s Teen Power Couples '' . Flavorwire . Retrieved January 26 , 2013 . Dawson 's Creek Characters Dawson Leery Joey Potter Gail Leery Episodes `` True Love '' Releases List of Dawson 's Creek home video releases Related Young Americans Songs from Dawson 's Creek Songs from Dawson 's Creek -- Volume 2 `` I Do n't Want to Wait '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joey_Potter&oldid=865617939 '' Categories : Fictional characters from Massachusetts Dawson 's Creek characters Fictional writers Fictional characters introduced in 1998 Teenage characters in television Hidden categories : All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from July 2011 Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from June 2014 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2018 , at 02 : 06 ( UTC ) . 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when does mother's day fall on may 13th	Gregorian calendar Occurrence Dates Country Second Sunday of February Feb 12 , 2017 Feb 11 , 2018 Feb 10 , 2019 Norway 3 March Georgia 8 March ( with International Women 's Day ) Afghanistan Albania Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Burundi Burkina Faso Kazakhstan Kosovo Laos Macedonia Moldova Montenegro Romania Russia Serbia Tajikistan Uzbekistan Vietnam Fourth Sunday in Lent ( Mothering Sunday ) 26 Mar 2017 11 Mar 2018 31 Mar 2019 Guernsey Ireland Isle of Man Jersey Nigeria United Kingdom 21 March ( Spring equinox ) Bahrain Comoros Djibouti Egypt Iraq Jordan Kuwait Libya Lebanon Mauritania Oman Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Somalia Sudan Syria United Arab Emirates Yemen 25 March Slovenia 7 April ( Annunciation day ) Armenia ( Motherhood and Beauty Day ) First Sunday of May May 7 , 2017 May 6 , 2018 May 5 , 2019 Angola Cape Verde Hungary Lithuania Mozambique Portugal Spain 8 May South Korea ( Parents ' Day ) 10 May El Salvador Guatemala Mexico Second Sunday of May May 14 , 2017 May 13 , 2018 May 12 , 2019 May 10 , 2020 Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Aruba Australia Austria Bahamas Bangladesh Barbados Belgium Belize Bermuda Bhutan Bonaire Botswana Brazil Brunei Canada Cambodia Cayman Islands Central African Republic Chad Chile China Colombia Congo , Dem . Rep . Congo , Rep . Cote d'Ivoire Croatia Cuba Curaçao Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Dominica Ecuador Equatorial Guinea Estonia Ethiopia Faroe Islands Fiji Finland Germany Gabon Gambia Greenland Ghana Greece Grenada Guyana Honduras Hong Kong Iceland India Italy Jamaica Japan Kenya Latvia Liberia Liechtenstein Macau Malaysia Malta Myanmar Namibia Netherlands New Zealand Pakistan Papua New Guinea Peru Philippines Puerto Rico Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa Singapore Sint Maarten Slovakia South Africa Sri Lanka Suriname Switzerland Taiwan Tanzania Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Turkey Uganda Ukraine United States Uruguay Vietnam Venezuela Zambia Zimbabwe 14 May Benin 15 May Paraguay ( same day as Día de la Patria ) 19 May Kyrgyzstan ( Russian : День матери , Kyrgyz : Энэ күнү ) 22 May Israel ( new ) 26 May Poland ( Polish : Dzień Matki ) 27 May Bolivia Last Sunday of May ( sometimes First Sunday of June if the last Sunday of May is Pentecost ) May 28 , 2017 May 27 , 2018 May 26 , 2019 Algeria Cameroon Dominican Republic France ( First Sunday of June if Pentecost occurs on this day ) French Antilles ( First Sunday of June if Pentecost occurs on this day ) Madagascar Mali Morocco Niger Haiti Mauritius Senegal Sweden Tunisia 30 May Nicaragua 1 June Mongolia ( together with Children 's Day ) Second Sunday of June Jun 11 , 2017 Jun 10 , 2018 Jun 9 , 2019 Luxembourg First Monday of July Jul 3 , 2017 Jul 2 , 2018 Jul 1 , 2019 South Sudan 12 August Thailand ( birthday of Queen Sirikit ) 15 August ( Assumption of Mary ) Costa Rica Antwerp ( Belgium ) 14 October Belarus ( since 1996 ) 15 October Malawi ( Observed on 15 October or following work day ) Third Sunday of October Oct 15 , 2017 Oct 21 , 2018 Oct 20 , 2019 Argentina ( Día de la Madre ) 3 November Timor Leste 16 November North Korea Last Sunday of November Russia 8 December ( Feast of the Immaculate Conception ) Panama 22 December Indonesia Hebrew calendars Occurrence Equivalent Gregorian dates Country Shevat 30 Between 30 January and 1 March - Family Day Israel Hindu calendars Occurrence Equivalent Gregorian dates Country Baisakh Amavasya ( Mata Tirtha Aunsi ) Between 19 April and 19 May 6 May 2016 26 April 2017 Nepal Persian calendars Occurrence Equivalent Gregorian dates Country 21 Ordibehesht 20 April 2014 10 April 2015 30 March 2016 Iran		Mother 's Day	mother's day	Mother 's Day is a celebration honoring the mother of the family , as well as motherhood , maternal bonds , and the influence of mothers in society . It is celebrated on various days in many parts of the world , most commonly in the months of March or May . It complements similar celebrations honoring family members , such as Father 's Day , Siblings Day , and Grandparents Day .	In the United States , celebration of Mother 's Day began in the early 20th century . It is not related to the many celebrations of mothers and motherhood that have occurred throughout the world over thousands of years , such as the Greek cult to Cybele , the Roman festival of Hilaria , or the Christian Mothering Sunday celebration ( originally a commemoration of Mother Church , not motherhood ) . However , in some countries , Mother 's Day has become synonymous with these older traditions . The modern U.S. - derived version of Mother 's Day has been criticized for having become too commercialized , especially by founder Anna Jarvis . Contents ( hide ) 1 Establishment of holiday 2 Spelling 3 Dates around the world 4 International history and tradition 4.1 Religion 4.2 By country ( A -- G ) 4.2. 1 Albania 4.2. 2 Arab world 4.2. 3 Argentina 4.2. 4 Armenia 4.2. 5 Australia 4.2. 6 Belarus 4.2. 7 Bhutan 4.2. 8 Belgium 4.2. 9 Bolivia 4.2. 10 Brazil 4.2. 11 Canada 4.2. 12 China 4.2. 13 Czech Republic 4.2. 14 Egypt 4.2. 15 Ethiopia 4.2. 16 Estonia 4.2. 17 Finland 4.2. 18 France 4.2. 19 Georgia 4.2. 20 Germany 4.3 By country ( H -- M ) 4.3. 1 Hungary 4.3. 2 India 4.3. 3 Indonesia 4.3. 4 Iran 4.3. 5 Israel 4.3. 6 Italy 4.3. 7 Japan 4.3. 8 Kyrgyzstan 4.3. 9 Latvia 4.3. 10 Lithuania 4.3. 11 Malawi 4.3. 12 Maldives 4.3. 13 Malta 4.3. 14 Mexico 4.4 By country ( N -- S ) 4.4. 1 Nepal 4.4. 2 Netherlands 4.4. 3 New Zealand 4.4. 4 Nicaragua 4.4. 5 North Korea 4.4. 6 Norway 4.4. 7 Pakistan 4.4. 8 Panama 4.4. 9 Paraguay 4.4. 10 Philippines 4.4. 11 Portugal 4.4. 12 Romania 4.4. 13 Russia 4.4. 14 Samoa 4.4. 15 Singapore 4.4. 16 Slovakia 4.4. 17 South Africa 4.4. 18 South Sudan 4.4. 19 Spain 4.4. 20 Sri Lanka 4.4. 21 Sweden 4.4. 22 Switzerland 4.5 By country ( T -- Z ) 4.5. 1 Taiwan 4.5. 2 Thailand 4.5. 3 Ukraine 4.5. 4 United Kingdom 4.5. 5 United States 5 See also 6 Notes 6.1 Footnotes 6.2 Citations 7 References 8 External links Establishment of holiday ( edit ) Main article : Mother 's Day ( United States ) § History The modern holiday of Mother 's Day was first celebrated in 1908 , when Anna Jarvis held a memorial for her mother at St Andrew 's Methodist Church in Grafton , West Virginia . St Andrew 's Methodist Church now holds the International Mother 's Day Shrine . Her campaign to make Mother 's Day a recognized holiday in the United States began in 1905 , the year her mother , Ann Reeves Jarvis , died . Ann Jarvis had been a peace activist who cared for wounded soldiers on both sides of the American Civil War , and created Mother 's Day Work Clubs to address public health issues . Anna Jarvis wanted to honor her mother by continuing the work she started and to set aside a day to honor all mothers because she believed a mother is `` the person who has done more for you than anyone in the world '' . In 1908 , the U.S. Congress rejected a proposal to make Mother 's Day an official holiday , joking that they would also have to proclaim a `` Mother - in - law 's Day '' . However , owing to the efforts of Anna Jarvis , by 1911 all U.S. states observed the holiday , with some of them officially recognizing Mother 's Day as a local holiday ( the first being West Virginia , Jarvis ' home state , in 1910 ) . In 1914 , Woodrow Wilson signed a proclamation designating Mother 's Day , held on the second Sunday in May , as a national holiday to honor mothers . Although Jarvis was successful in founding Mother 's Day , she became resentful of the commercialization of the holiday . By the early 1920s , Hallmark Cards and other companies had started selling Mother 's Day cards . Jarvis believed that the companies had misinterpreted and exploited the idea of Mother 's Day , and that the emphasis of the holiday was on sentiment , not profit . As a result , she organized boycotts of Mother 's Day , and threatened to issue lawsuits against the companies involved . Jarvis argued that people should appreciate and honor their mothers through handwritten letters expressing their love and gratitude , instead of buying gifts and pre-made cards . Jarvis protested at a candy makers ' convention in Philadelphia in 1923 , and at a meeting of American War Mothers in 1925 . By this time , carnations had become associated with Mother 's Day , and the selling of carnations by the American War Mothers to raise money angered Jarvis , who was arrested for disturbing the peace . Spelling ( edit ) In 1912 Anna Jarvis trademarked the phrases `` Second Sunday in May '' and `` Mother 's Day '' , and created the Mother 's Day International Association . She specifically noted that `` Mother 's '' should `` be a singular possessive , for each family to honor its own mother , not a plural possessive commemorating all mothers in the world . '' This is also the spelling used by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson in his 1914 presidential proclamation , by the U.S. Congress in relevant bills , and by various U.S. presidents in their proclamations concerning Mother 's Day . Dates around the world ( edit ) While the United States holiday was adopted by some other countries , existing celebrations , held on different dates , honouring motherhood have become described as `` Mother 's Day '' , such as Mothering Sunday in the United Kingdom or , in Greece , the Eastern Orthodox celebration of the presentation of Jesus Christ to the temple ( 2 February of Julian Calendar ) . Both the secular and religious Mother Day are present in Greece . Mothering Sunday is often referred to as `` Mother 's Day '' even though it is an unrelated celebration . In some countries , the date adopted is one significant to the majority religion , such as Virgin Mary Day in Catholic countries . Other countries selected a date with historical significance . For example , Bolivia 's Mother 's Day is the date of a battle in which women participated . See the `` International history and tradition '' section for the complete list . Some ex-communist countries , such as Russia , celebrated International Women 's Day instead of Mother 's Day or simply celebrate both holidays , which is the custom in Ukraine . Kyrgyzstan has recently introduced Mother 's Day , but `` year on year ( International Women 's Day ) is certainly increasing in status '' . This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Gregorian calendar Occurrence Dates Country Second Sunday of February Feb 12 , 2017 Feb 11 , 2018 Feb 10 , 2019 Norway 3 March Georgia 8 March ( with International Women 's Day ) Afghanistan Albania Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Burundi Burkina Faso Kazakhstan Kosovo Laos Macedonia Moldova Montenegro Romania Russia Serbia Tajikistan Uzbekistan Vietnam Fourth Sunday in Lent ( Mothering Sunday ) 26 Mar 2017 11 Mar 2018 31 Mar 2019 Guernsey Ireland Isle of Man Jersey Nigeria United Kingdom 21 March ( Spring equinox ) Bahrain Comoros Djibouti Egypt Iraq Jordan Kuwait Libya Lebanon Mauritania Oman Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Somalia Sudan Syria United Arab Emirates Yemen 25 March Slovenia 7 April ( Annunciation day ) Armenia ( Motherhood and Beauty Day ) First Sunday of May May 7 , 2017 May 6 , 2018 May 5 , 2019 Angola Cape Verde Hungary Lithuania Mozambique Portugal Spain 8 May South Korea ( Parents ' Day ) 10 May El Salvador Guatemala Mexico Second Sunday of May May 14 , 2017 May 13 , 2018 May 12 , 2019 May 10 , 2020 Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Aruba Australia Austria Bahamas Bangladesh Barbados Belgium Belize Bermuda Bhutan Bonaire Botswana Brazil Brunei Canada Cambodia Cayman Islands Central African Republic Chad Chile China Colombia Congo , Dem . Rep . Congo , Rep . Cote d'Ivoire Croatia Cuba Curaçao Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Dominica Ecuador Equatorial Guinea Estonia Ethiopia Faroe Islands Fiji Finland Germany Gabon Gambia Greenland Ghana Greece Grenada Guyana Honduras Hong Kong Iceland India Italy Jamaica Japan Kenya Latvia Liberia Liechtenstein Macau Malaysia Malta Myanmar Namibia Netherlands New Zealand Pakistan Papua New Guinea Peru Philippines Puerto Rico Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa Singapore Sint Maarten Slovakia South Africa Sri Lanka Suriname Switzerland Taiwan Tanzania Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Turkey Uganda Ukraine United States Uruguay Vietnam Venezuela Zambia Zimbabwe 14 May Benin 15 May Paraguay ( same day as Día de la Patria ) 19 May Kyrgyzstan ( Russian : День матери , Kyrgyz : Энэ күнү ) 22 May Israel ( new ) 26 May Poland ( Polish : Dzień Matki ) 27 May Bolivia Last Sunday of May ( sometimes First Sunday of June if the last Sunday of May is Pentecost ) May 28 , 2017 May 27 , 2018 May 26 , 2019 Algeria Cameroon Dominican Republic France ( First Sunday of June if Pentecost occurs on this day ) French Antilles ( First Sunday of June if Pentecost occurs on this day ) Madagascar Mali Morocco Niger Haiti Mauritius Senegal Sweden Tunisia 30 May Nicaragua 1 June Mongolia ( together with Children 's Day ) Second Sunday of June Jun 11 , 2017 Jun 10 , 2018 Jun 9 , 2019 Luxembourg First Monday of July Jul 3 , 2017 Jul 2 , 2018 Jul 1 , 2019 South Sudan 12 August Thailand ( birthday of Queen Sirikit ) 15 August ( Assumption of Mary ) Costa Rica Antwerp ( Belgium ) 14 October Belarus ( since 1996 ) 15 October Malawi ( Observed on 15 October or following work day ) Third Sunday of October Oct 15 , 2017 Oct 21 , 2018 Oct 20 , 2019 Argentina ( Día de la Madre ) 3 November Timor Leste 16 November North Korea Last Sunday of November Russia 8 December ( Feast of the Immaculate Conception ) Panama 22 December Indonesia Hebrew calendars Occurrence Equivalent Gregorian dates Country Shevat 30 Between 30 January and 1 March - Family Day Israel Hindu calendars Occurrence Equivalent Gregorian dates Country Baisakh Amavasya ( Mata Tirtha Aunsi ) Between 19 April and 19 May 6 May 2016 26 April 2017 Nepal Persian calendars Occurrence Equivalent Gregorian dates Country 21 Ordibehesht 20 April 2014 10 April 2015 30 March 2016 Iran International History and tradition ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Play media Mother 's Day in the Netherlands in 1925 Northern Pacific Railway postcard for Mother 's Day 1916 . Mother 's Day gift in 2007 Mother and daughter and Mother 's Day card In most countries , Mother 's Day is an observance derived from the holiday as it has evolved in the United States , promoted by companies who saw benefit in making it popular . As adopted by other countries and cultures , the holiday has different meanings , is associated with different events ( religious , historical or legendary ) , and is celebrated on different dates . In some cases , countries already had existing celebrations honoring motherhood , and their celebrations then adopted several external characteristics from the US holiday , such as giving carnations and other presents to one 's mother . The extent of the celebrations varies greatly . In some countries , it is potentially offensive to one 's mother not to mark Mother 's Day . In others , it is a little - known festival celebrated mainly by immigrants , or covered by the media as a taste of foreign culture . Religion ( edit ) In the Roman Catholic Church , the holiday is strongly associated with revering the Virgin Mary . In some Catholic homes , families have a special shrine devoted to the Blessed Virgin Mary . In many Eastern Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches , a special prayer service is held in honor of the Theotokos Virgin Mary . In Islam there is no concept of Mother 's Day , but mothers hold a very high position in religious matters . According to some Islamic traditions , Heaven is said to be found under a mother 's feet , meaning that one can attain admission into heaven after death if they are a caring and loving child to their mothers . In Hindu tradition , Mother 's Day is called `` Mata Tirtha Aunshi '' or `` Mother Pilgrimage fortnight '' , and is celebrated in countries with a Hindu population , especially in Nepal . The holiday is observed on the new moon day in the month of Baisakh , i.e. , April / May . This celebration is based on Hindu religion and it pre-dates the creation of the US - inspired celebration by at least a few centuries . In Buddhism , the festival of Ullambana is derived from the story of Maudgalyayana and his mother . By country ( a -- g ) ( edit ) Albania ( edit ) Mother 's day is celebrated in 8 March . The origin of the 8th of March holiday dates back to 1908 and is associated with a tragic event . A group of workers at a textile factory in New York strikes against extreme working conditions . On 8 March , the factory was shut down and the workers remained trapped inside . Suddenly a fire broke out , where 129 mothers died . Arab world ( edit ) Mother 's Day in most Arab countries is celebrated on 21 March . It was introduced in Egypt by journalist Mustafa Amin and was first celebrated in 1956 . The practice has since been copied by other Arab countries . Argentina ( edit ) In Argentina , Mother 's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday of October . The holiday was originally celebrated on 11 October , the old liturgical date for the celebration of the Maternity of the Blessed Virgin Mary but after the Second Vatican Council , which moved the Virgin Mary festivity to 1 January , the Mother 's Day started to be celebrated the third Sunday of October because of popular tradition . Argentina is the only country in the world that celebrates Mother 's Day on this date . Armenia ( edit ) In Armenia , Mother 's Day is celebrated on 8 March , and on 7 April as Maternity and Beauty Day . Australia ( edit ) In Australia , Mother 's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday in May . The tradition of giving gifts to mothers on Mother 's Day in Australia was started by Janet Heyden , a resident of Leichhardt , Sydney , in 1924 . She began the tradition during a visit to a patient at the Newington State Home for Women , where she met many lonely and forgotten mothers . To cheer them up , she rounded up support from local school children and businesses to donate and bring gifts to the women . Every year thereafter , Mrs Heyden raised increasing support for the project from local businesses and even the local Mayor . The day has since become commercialised . Belarus ( edit ) Belarus celebrates Mother 's Day on 14 October . Like other ex-Communist republics , Belarus used to celebrate only the International Women Day on 8 March . Mother 's Day in Belarus was officially established by the Belarus government , and it was celebrated for the first time in 1996 . The celebration of the Virgin Mary ( the holiday of Protection of the Holy Mother of God ) is celebrated in the same day . Bhutan ( edit ) Mother 's Day in Bhutan is celebrated on 8 May . It was introduced in Bhutan by the Tourism Council of Bhutan . Belgium ( edit ) In Belgium , Mother 's Day ( Moederdag or Moederkesdag in Dutch and Fête des Mères in French ) is celebrated on the second Sunday of May . In the week before this holiday children make little presents at primary school , which they give to their mothers in the early morning of Mother 's Day . Typically , the father will buy croissants and other sweet breads and pastries and bring these to the mother while she is still in bed -- the beginning of a day of pampering for the mother . There are also many people who celebrate Mother 's Day on 15 August instead ; these are mostly people around Antwerp , who consider that day ( Assumption ) the classical Mother 's Day and the observance in May an invention for commercial reasons . It was originally established on that day as the result of a campaign by Frans Van Kuyck , a painter and Alderman from Antwerp . Bolivia ( edit ) In Bolivia , Mother 's Day is celebrated on 27 May . El Día de la Madre Boliviana was passed into law on 8 November 1927 , during the presidency of Hernando Siles Reyes . The date commemorates the Battle of La Coronilla , which took place on 27 May 1812 , during the Bolivian War of Independence , in what is now the city of Cochabamba . In this battle , women fighting for the country 's independence were slaughtered by the Spanish army . It is not a public holiday , but all schools hold activities and festivities throughout the day . Brazil ( edit ) In Brazil , Mother 's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday of May . The first Mother 's Day in Brazil was promoted by Associação Cristã de Moços de Porto Alegre ( Young Men 's Christian Association of Porto Alegre ) on 12 May 1918 . In 1932 , then President Getúlio Vargas made the second Sunday of May the official date for Mother 's Day . In 1947 , Archbishop Jaime de Barros Câmara , Cardinal - Archbishop of Rio de Janeiro , decided that this holiday would also be included in the official calendar of the Catholic Church . Mother 's Day is not an official holiday ( see Public holidays in Brazil ) , but it is widely observed and typically involves spending time with and giving gifts to one 's mother . Because of this , it is considered one of the celebrations most related to consumerism in the country , second only to Christmas Day as the most commercially lucrative holiday . Canada ( edit ) See also Other observances in Canada Mother 's Day cookie cake Mother 's Day in Canada is celebrated on the second Sunday in May ( it is not a public holiday or bank holiday ) , and typically involves small celebrations and gift - giving to one 's mother , grandmother , or other important female figures in one 's family . Celebratory practices are very similar to those of other western nations . A Québécois tradition is for Québécois men to offer roses or other flowers to the women . China ( edit ) Mother 's Day is becoming more popular in China . Carnations are a very popular Mother 's Day gift and the most sold flowers in relation to the day . In 1997 Mother 's Day was set as the day to help poor mothers and to remind people of the poor mothers in rural areas such as China 's western region . In the People 's Daily , the Chinese government 's official newspaper , an article explained that `` despite originating in the United States , people in China accept the holiday without hesitation because it is in line with the country 's traditional ethics -- respect for the elderly and filial piety towards parents . '' In recent years , the Communist Party member Li Hanqiu began to advocate for the official adoption of Mother 's Day in memory of Meng Mu , the mother of Mèng Zǐ . He formed a non-governmental organization called Chinese Mothers ' Festival Promotion Society , with the support of 100 Confucian scholars and lecturers of ethics . Li and the Society want to replace the Western - style gift of carnations with lilies , which , in ancient times , were planted by Chinese mothers when children left home . Mother 's Day remains an unofficial festival , except in a small number of cities . Czech Republic ( edit ) In the Czech Republic , Mother 's Day is celebrated every second Sunday in May . It started in former Czechoslovakia in 1923 . The promoter of this celebration was Alice Masaryková . After World War II communists replaced Mother 's Day with International Woman 's Day , celebrated on 8 March . The former Czechoslovakia celebrated Women 's Day until the Velvet Revolution in 1989 . After the split of the country in 1993 , the Czech Republic started celebrating Mother 's Day again . Egypt ( edit ) Mother 's Day in Egypt is celebrated on 21 March , the first day of spring in the northern hemisphere . It was introduced in Egypt by journalist Mustafa Amin in his book Smiling America ( 1943 ) . The idea was overlooked at the time . Later Amin heard the story of a widowed mother who devoted her whole life to raising her son until he became a doctor . The son then married and left without showing any gratitude to his mother . Hearing this , Amin became motivated to promote `` Mother 's Day '' . The idea was first ridiculed by president Gamal Abdel Nasser but he eventually accepted it and Mother 's Day was first celebrated on 21 March 1956 . The practice has since been copied by other Arab countries . When Mustafa Amin was arrested and imprisoned , there were attempts to change the name of the holiday from `` Mother 's Day '' to `` Family Day '' as the government wished to prevent the occasion from reminding people of its founder . These attempts were unsuccessful and celebrations continued to be held on that day ; classic songs celebrating mothers remain famous to this day . Ethiopia ( edit ) Mother 's Day is celebrated for three days in Ethiopia , after the end of rainy season . It comes in mid-fall where people enjoy a three - day feast called `` Antrosht '' . For the feast , ingredients will be brought by the children for a traditional hash recipe . The ingredients are divided along genders , with girls bringing spices , vegetables , cheese and butter , while the boys bring a lamb or bull . The mother hands out to the family the hash . A celebration takes place after the meal . The mothers and daughters anoint themselves using butter on their faces and chests . While honoring their family and heroes , men sing songs . Estonia ( edit ) In Estonia , Mother 's Day ( emadepäev in Estonian ) is celebrated on the second Sunday of May . It is recognized nationally , but is not a public holiday . Finland ( edit ) In Finland , Mother 's Day ( äitienpäivä in Finnish ) is celebrated on the second Sunday of May . It is recognized nationally , and is a public holiday . It is usually celebrated at homes where children or grandchildren bring Mother _́ s day cards that they have drawn to their mothers and grandmothers . Usually some food , coffee and cakes are served for guests . Grown up children visit their parents homes and bring traditionally Mother _́ s day roses or other flowers accompanied with a Mother _́ s day card . The president of Finland honors with medals every year some mothers who have done something exceptional and positive during the year . France ( edit ) In France , amidst alarm at the low birth rate , there were attempts in 1896 and 1904 to create a national celebration honoring the mothers of large families . In 1906 ten mothers who had nine children each were given an award recognising `` High Maternal Merit '' ( `` Haut mérite maternel '' ) . American World War I soldiers fighting in France popularized the US Mother 's Day holiday created by Anna Jarvis . They sent so much mail back to their country for Mother 's Day that the Union Franco - Américaine created a postal card for that purpose . In 1918 , also inspired by Jarvis , the town of Lyon wanted to celebrate a `` journée des Mères '' , but instead decided to celebrate a `` Journée Nationale des Mères de familles nombreuses . '' The holiday was more inspired by anti-depopulation efforts than by the US holiday , with medals awarded to the mothers of large families . The French government made the day official in 1920 as a day for mothers of large families . Since then the French government awards the Médaille de la Famille française to mothers of large families . In 1941 , by initiative of Philippe Pétain , the wartime Vichy government used the celebration in support of their policy to encourage larger families , but all mothers were now honored , even mothers with smaller families . In 1950 , after the war , the celebration was reinstated . The law of 24 May 1950 required ( in Article 1 ) that the Republic pay official homage to French Mothers . Article 2 stated it should be celebrated on the last Sunday in May as the `` Fête des Mères '' ( except when Pentecost fell on that day , in which case it was moved to the first Sunday in June ) . Article 3 stated that all expenditure shall be covered from the budget of the Ministry of Public Health and Population . During the 1950s , the celebration lost all its patriotic and natalist ideologies , and became heavily commercialized . In 1956 , the celebration was given a budget and integrated into the new Code de l'action Sociale et des familles . In 2004 responsibility for the holiday was transferred to the Minister responsible for families . Georgia ( edit ) Georgia celebrates Mother 's Day on 3 March . It was declared by the first President of Georgia Zviad Gamsakhurdia in order to replace the International Women Day , and it was officially approved by the Supreme Council in 1991 . Nowadays Georgia celebrates both Mother 's Day on 3 March and International Women 's Day on 8 March . Germany ( edit ) Mother 's Day cake in Germany In the 1920s , Germany had the lowest birthrate in Europe , and the declining trend was continuing . This was attributed to women 's participation in the labor market . At the same time , influential groups in society ( politicians of left and right , churchwomen , and feminists ) believed that mothers should be honored but could not agree on how to do so . However , all groups strongly agreed on the promotion of the values of motherhood . In 1923 , this resulted in the unanimous adoption of Muttertag , the Mother 's Day holiday as imported from America and Norway . The head of the Association of German Florists cited `` the inner conflict of our Volk and the loosening of the family '' as his reason for introducing the holiday . He expected that the holiday would unite the divided country . In 1925 , the Mother 's Day Committee joined the task force for the recovery of the volk , and the holiday stopped depending on commercial interests and began emphasizing the need to increase the population in Germany by promoting motherhood . The holiday was then seen as a means to encourage women to bear more children , which nationalists saw as a way to rejuvenate the nation . The holiday did not celebrate individual women , but an idealized standard of motherhood . The progressive forces resisted the implementation of the holiday because it was backed by so many conservatives , and because they saw it as a way to eliminate the rights of working women . Die Frau , the newspaper of the Federation of German Women 's Associations , refused to recognize the holiday . Many local authorities adopted their own interpretation of the holiday : it would be a day to support economically larger families or single - mother families . The guidelines for the subsidies had eugenics criteria , but there is no indication that social workers ever implemented them in practice , and subsidies were given preferentially to families in economic need rather than to families with more children or `` healthier '' children . With the Nazi party in power during 1933 -- 1945 , the situation changed radically . The promotion of Mother 's Day increased in many European countries , including the UK and France . From the position of the German Nazi government , the role of mothers was to give healthy children to the German nation . The Nazi party 's intention was to create a pure `` Aryan race '' according to nazi eugenics . Among other Mother 's Day ideas , the government promoted the death of a mother 's sons in battle as the highest embodiment of patriotic motherhood . The Nazis quickly declared Mother 's Day an official holiday and put it under the control of the NSV ( National Socialist People 's Welfare Association ) and the NSF ( National Socialist Women Organization ) . This created conflicts with other organizations that resented Nazi control of the holiday , including Catholic and Protestant churches and local women 's organizations . Local authorities resisted the guidelines from the Nazi government and continued assigning resources to families who were in economic need , much to the dismay of the Nazi officials . Mother 's Day in UNRRA camp Germany in 1946 In 1938 , the government began issuing an award called Mother 's Cross ( Mutterkreuz ) , according to categories that depended on the number of children a mother had . The medal was awarded on Mother 's Day and also on other holidays due to the large number of recipients . The Cross was an effort to encourage women to have more children , and recipients were required to have at least four . By country ( H. -- M. ) ( edit ) Hungary ( edit ) In Hungary , Mother 's Day is celebrated on the first Sunday of May . It was first celebrated in 1925 by the Hungarian Red Cross Youth . India ( edit ) The modern Mother 's Day has been assimilated into Indian culture , and it is celebrated every year on the second Sunday of May . Indians do not celebrate the occasion as a religious event , and it is celebrated primarily in urban centers . Indonesia ( edit ) Indonesian Mother 's Day ( Indonesian : Hari Ibu ) is celebrated nationally on 22 December . The date was made an official holiday by President Soekarno under Presidential Decree ( Indonesian : Dekrit Presiden ) no . 316 in 1953 , on the 25th anniversary of the 1928 Indonesian Women Congress . The day originally sought to celebrate the spirit of Indonesian women and to improve the condition of the nation . Today , the meaning of Mother 's Day has changed , and it is celebrated by expressing love and gratitude to mothers . People present gifts to mothers ( such as flowers ) and hold surprise parties and competitions , which include cooking and kebaya wearing . People also allow mothers a day off from domestic chores . The holiday is celebrated on the anniversary of the opening day of the first Indonesian Women Congress ( Indonesian : Kongres Perempuan Indonesia ) , which was held from 22 to 25 December 1928 . The Congress took place in a building called Dalem Jayadipuran , which now serves as the office of the Center of History and Traditional Values Preservation ( Indonesian : Balai Pelestarian Sejarah dan Nilai Tradisional ) in Brigjen Katamso Street , Yogyakarta . The Congress was attended by 30 feminist organizations from 12 cities in Java and Sumatra . In Indonesia , feminist organizations have existed since 1912 , inspired by Indonesian heroines of the 19th century , e.g. , Kartini , Martha Christina Tiahahu , Cut Nyak Meutia , Maria Walanda Maramis , Dewi Sartika , Nyai Ahmad Dahlan , Rasuna Said , etc . The Congress intended to improve women 's rights in education and marriage . Indonesia also celebrates the Kartini Day ( Indonesian : Hari Kartini ) on 21 April , in memory of activist Raden Ajeng Kartini . This is a celebration of the emancipation of women . The observance was instituted at the 1938 Indonesian Women Congress . During President Suharto 's New Order ( 1965 -- 1998 ) , government propaganda used Mother 's Day and Kartini Day to inculcate into women the idea that they should be docile and stay at home . Iran ( edit ) A woman writes the name of Fatimah during a ceremony for Mother 's Day in Milad Tower In Iran , Mother 's Day is celebrated on 20 Jumada al - thani . This is the sixth month in the Islamic calendar ( a lunar calendar ) and every year the holiday falls on a different day of the Gregorian calendar . This is the birthday anniversary of Fatimah , Prophet Muhammad 's only daughter according to Shia Islam . On this day , banners reading `` Ya Fatemeah ( O ! Fatemeh ) '' are displayed on `` government buildings , private buildings , public streets and car windows . '' Mother 's Day was originally observed on 16 December but the date was changed after the Iranian Revolution in 1979 . The celebration is both Women 's Day ( replacing International Women 's Day ) and Mother 's Day . In 1960 , the Institute for Women Protection adopted the Western holiday and established it on 25 Azar ( 16 December ) , the date the Institute was founded . The Institute 's action had the support of Queen Farah Pahlavi , the wife of the last Shah of Persia , who promoted the construction of maternity clinics in remote parts of the country to commemorate the day . Pahlavi regime used the holiday to promote `` gender ideologies '' of the regime . The Shah 's government honored and gave awards to women who represented the idealized view of the regime , including mothers who had many healthy children . According to Shahla Haeri , the Islamic Republic government has used the holiday to `` control and channel women 's movements '' and to promote role models for the traditional concept of family . Fatimah is seen by these critics as the chosen model of a woman completely dedicated to certain traditionally sanctioned feminine roles . However , supporters of the choice contend that there is much more to her life story than simply such `` traditional '' roles . Israel ( edit ) The Jewish population of Israel used to celebrate Mother 's Day on Shevat 30 of the Jewish calendar , which falls between 30 January and 1 March . The celebration was set as the same date that Henrietta Szold died ( 13 February 1945 ) . Henrietta had no biological children , but her organization Youth Aliyah rescued many Jewish children from Nazi Germany and provided for them . She also championed children 's rights . Szold is considered the `` mother '' of all those children , and that is why her annual remembrance day ( יום השנה ) was set as Mother 's Day ( יוֹם הָאֵם , yom ha'em ) . The holiday has evolved over time , becoming a celebration of mutual love inside the family , called Family Day ( יוֹם הַמִשְּפָּחָה , yom hamishpacha ) . This holiday is mainly celebrated in preschools with an activity to which parents are invited . Mother 's Day is mainly celebrated by children at kindergartens . There are no longer mutual gifts among members of the family , and there is no longer any commercialization of the celebration . It is not an official holiday . Italy ( edit ) Mother 's Day in Italy was celebrated for the first time on 24 December 1933 as the `` Day of the mother and the child '' ( Giornata della madre e del fanciullo ) . It was instituted by the Opera nazionale maternità e infanzia in order to publicly reward the most prolific Italian women every year . After World War II , Mother 's Day was first celebrated on 12 May 1957 in Assisi , at the initiative of Reverend Otello Migliosi , the parish priest of the Tordibetto church . This celebration was so popular that in the following year Mother 's Day was adopted throughout Italy . On 18 December 1958 , a proposal was presented to the Italian Senate to make the holiday official . Japan ( edit ) In Japan , Mother 's Day ( 母の日 , Haha no Hi ) was initially commemorated during the Shōwa period as the birthday of Empress Kōjun ( mother of Emperor Akihito ) on 6 March . This was established in 1931 when the Imperial Women 's Union was organized . In 1937 , the first meeting of `` Praise Mothers '' was held on 8 May , and in 1949 Japanese society adopted the second Sunday of May as the official date for Mother 's Day in Japan . Today , people typically give their mothers gifts of flowers such as red carnations and roses . Japan is most known for giving carnations on Mother 's Day . Kyrgyzstan ( edit ) In Kyrgyzstan , Mother 's Day is celebrated on 19 May every year . The holiday was first celebrated in 2012 . Mothers are also honored on International Women 's Day This article is about a holiday celebrating mothers and motherhood . For other uses , see Mother 's Day ( disambiguation ) . Latvia ( edit ) Mother 's Day in Latvia was celebrated for the first time in 1922 . Since 1934 , Mother 's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday of May . After the end of the soviet occupation of Baltic states celebration was resumed in 1992 . Mothers are also honored on International Women 's Day . Lithuania ( edit ) Mother 's Day in Lithuania was celebrated for the first time in 1928 . In Lithuania , Mother 's Day is celebrated on the first Sunday of May . Malawi ( edit ) In Malawi . Mother 's Day is a public holiday . The day is observed on 15 October or the following workday . It is celebrated on the UN 's World Rural Women 's Day . Maldives ( edit ) In the Maldives , Mother 's Day is celebrated on 13 May . The day is celebrated in different ways . Children give gifts and spend time with their mothers . Daughters give their mothers cards and handmade gifts and sons give their mothers gifts and flowers . Maldivians love to celebrate Mother 's day , and they have it specially written on their calendar . Malta ( edit ) The first mention of Mother 's Day in Malta occurred during the Radio Children 's Programmes run by Frans H. Said in May 1961 . Within a few years , Mother 's Day became one of the most popular dates in the Maltese calendar . In Malta , this day is commemorated on the second Sunday in May . Mothers are invariably given gifts and invited for lunch , usually at a good quality restaurant . Mexico ( edit ) See also : Public holidays in Mexico § Festivities In Mexico , the government of Álvaro Obregón imported the Mother 's Day holiday from the US in 1922 , and the newspaper Excélsior held a massive promotional campaign for the holiday that year . The conservative government tried to use the holiday to promote a more conservative role for mothers in families , but that perspective was criticized by the socialists as promoting an unrealistic image of a woman who was not good for much more than breeding . In the mid-1930s , the leftist government of Lázaro Cárdenas promoted the holiday as a `` patriotic festival '' . The Cárdenas government tried to use the holiday as a vehicle for various efforts : to stress the importance of families as the basis for national development ; to benefit from the loyalty that Mexicans felt towards their mothers ; to introduce new morals to Mexican women ; and to reduce the influence that the church and the Catholic right exerted over women . The government sponsored the holiday in the schools . However , ignoring the strict guidelines from the government , theatre plays were filled with religious icons and themes . Consequently , the `` national celebrations '' became `` religious fiestas '' despite the efforts of the government . Soledad Orozco García , the wife of President Manuel Ávila Camacho , promoted the holiday during the 1940s , resulting in an important state - sponsored celebration . The 1942 celebration lasted a full week and included an announcement that all women could reclaim their pawned sewing machines from the Monte de Piedad at no cost . Due to Orozco 's promotion , the Catholic National Synarchist Union ( UNS ) took heed of the holiday around 1941 . Shop - owner members of the Party of the Mexican Revolution ( now the Institutional Revolutionary Party ) observed a custom allowing women from humble classes to pick a free Mother 's Day gift from a shop to bring home to their families . The Synarchists worried that this promoted both materialism and the idleness of lower classes , and in turn , reinforced the systemic social problems of the country . Currently this holiday practice is viewed as very conservative , but the 1940s ' UNS saw Mother 's Day as part of the larger debate on the modernization that was happening at the time . This economic modernization was inspired by US models and was sponsored by the state . The fact that the holiday was originally imported from the US was seen as evidence of an attempt at imposing capitalism and materialism in Mexican society . The UNS and the clergy of the city of León interpreted the government 's actions as an effort to secularize the holiday and to promote a more active role for women in society . They concluded that the government 's long - term goal was to cause women to abandon their traditional roles at home in order to spiritually weaken men . They also saw the holiday as an attempt to secularize the cult to the Virgin Mary , inside a larger effort to dechristianize several holidays . The government sought to counter these claims by organizing widespread masses and asking religious women to assist with the state - sponsored events in order to `` depaganize '' them . The clergy preferred to promote 2 July celebration of the Santísima Virgen de la Luz , the patron of León , Guanajuato , in replacement of Mother 's Day . In 1942 , at the same time as Soledad 's greatest celebration of Mother 's Day , the clergy organized the 210th celebration of the Virgin Mary with a large parade in León . There is a consensus among scholars that the Mexican government abandoned its revolutionary initiatives during the 1940s , including its efforts to influence Mother 's Day . Today the `` Día de las Madres '' is an unofficial holiday in Mexico held each year on 10 May , the day on which it was first celebrated in Mexico . In Mexico , to show affection and appreciation to the mother , it is traditional to start the celebration with the famous song `` Las Mañanitas '' , either a cappella , with the help of a mariachi or a contracted trio . Many families usually gather to celebrate this special day trying to spend as much time as possible with mothers to honor them on their day . They are organized to bring some dishes and eat all together or maybe to visit any restaurant . By country ( n -- s ) ( edit ) Nepal ( edit ) In Nepal , there is a festival equivalent to Mother 's Day , called Mata Tirtha Aunsi ( `` Mother Pilgrimage New Moon '' ) , or Mata Tirtha Puja ( `` Mother Pilgrimage Worship '' ) . It is celebrated according to the lunar calendar . It falls on the last day of the dark fortnight in the month of Baishakh which falls in April -- May ( in 2015 , it will occur on 18 April ) . The dark fortnight lasts for 15 days from the full moon to the new moon . This festival is observed to commemorate and honor mothers , and it is celebrated by giving gifts to mothers and remembering mothers who are no more . To honor mothers who have died , it is the tradition to go on a pilgrimage to the Mata Tirtha ponds , located 6 km to the southwest of downtown Kathmandu . The nearby Mata Tirtha village is named after these ponds . Previously , the tradition was observed primarily by the Newar community and other people living in the Kathmandu Valley . Now this festival is widely celebrated across the country . Many tragic folklore legends have been created , suggesting different reasons why this pond became a pilgrimage site . The most popular version says that , in ancient times , the mother of a shepherd died , and he made offerings to a nearby pond . There he saw the face of his mother in the water , with her hand taking the offerings . Since then , many people visited the pond , hoping to see their deceased mother 's face . Pilgrims believe that they will bring peace to their mothers ' souls by visiting the sacred place . There are two ponds . The larger one is for ritual bathing . The smaller one is used to `` look upon mother 's face '' , and is fenced by iron bars to prevent people from bathing in it . Traditionally , in the Kathmandu valley the South - Western corner is reserved for women and women - related rituals , and the North - Eastern is for men and men - related rituals . The worship place for Mata Tirtha Aunsi is located in Mata Tirtha in the South - Western half of the valley , while the worship place for Gokarna Aunsi , the equivalent celebration for deceased fathers , is located in Gokarna , Nepal , in the North - Eastern half . This division is reflected in many aspects of the life in Kathmandu valley . Mother 's Day is known as Aama ko Mukh Herne Din in Nepali , which literally means `` day to see mother 's face '' . In Nepal Bhasa , the festival is known as Mām yā Khwā Swayegu , which can be translated as `` to look upon mother 's face '' . Netherlands ( edit ) In the Netherlands , Mother 's Day was introduced as early as 1910 by the Dutch branch of the Salvation Army . The Royal Dutch Society for Horticulture and Botany , a group protecting the interest of Dutch florists , worked to promote the holiday ; they hoped to emulate the commercial success achieved by American florists . They were imitating the campaign already underway by florists in Germany and Austria , but they were aware that the traditions had originated in the US . Florists launched a major promotional effort in 1925 . This included the publication of a book of articles written by famous intellectuals , radio broadcasts , newspapers ads , and the collaboration of priests and teachers who wanted to promote the celebration for their own reasons . In 1931 the second Sunday of May was adopted as the official celebration date . In the mid-1930s the slogan Moederdag -- Bloemendag ( Mother 's Day -- Flowers ' Day ) was coined , and the phrase was popular for many years . In the 1930s and 1940 's `` Mother 's Day cakes '' were given as gifts in hospitals and to the Dutch Queen , who is known as the `` mother of the country '' . Other trade groups tried to cash in on the holiday and to give new meaning to the holiday in order to promote their own wares as gifts . Roman Catholic priests complained that the holiday interfered with the honoring of the Virgin Mary , the divine mother , which took place during the whole month of May . In 1926 Mother 's Day was celebrated on 7 July in order to address these complaints . Catholic organizations and priests tried to Christianize the holiday , but those attempts were rendered futile around the 1960s when the church lost influence and the holiday was completely secularized . In later years , the initial resistance disappeared , and even leftist newspapers stopped their criticism and endorsed Mother 's Day . In the 1980s , the American origin of the holiday was still not widely known , so feminist groups who opposed the perpetuation of gender roles sometimes claimed that Mother 's Day was invented by Nazis and celebrated on the birthday of Klara Hitler , Hitler 's mother . New Zealand ( edit ) In New Zealand , Mother 's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday in May . Mother 's Day is not a public holiday . The New Zealand tradition is to give cards and gifts and to serve mothers breakfast in bed . Nicaragua ( edit ) In Nicaragua , the Día de la Madre has been celebrated on 30 May since the early 1940s . The date was chosen by President Anastasio Somoza García because it was the birthday of Casimira Sacasa , his wife 's mother . North Korea ( edit ) Mother 's Day is celebrated on 16 November as a public holiday in North Korea . The date takes its significance from the First National Meeting of Mothers held in 1961 , for which Kim Il - sung , the leader of the country , published a work called The Duty of Mothers in the Education of Children . The date was designated as Mother 's Day in May 2012 by the Presidium of the Supreme People 's Assembly but only became a public holiday and appeared on the North Korean calendar starting in 2015 . Norway ( edit ) Mother 's Day was first celebrated on 9 February 1919 and was initially organized by religious institutions . Later it has become a family day , and the mother is often treated to breakfast in bed , flowers and cake . It has gradually become a major commercial event , with special pastries , flowers and other presents offered by retailers . Day - cares and primary schools often encourage children to make cards and other gifts . Pakistan ( edit ) In Pakistan , Mother 's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday of May . Media channels celebrate with special shows . Individuals honor their mothers by giving gifts and commemorative articles . Individuals who have lost their mothers pray and pay their respects to their loved ones lost . Schools hold special programs in order to acknowledge the efforts of their mothers . Panama ( edit ) In Panama , Mother 's Day is celebrated on 8 December , the same day as the Feast of the Immaculate Conception . This date was suggested in 1930 by the wife of Panama 's President Florencio Harmodio Arosemena. 8 December was adopted as Mother 's Day under Law 69 , which was passed the same year . According to another account , in 1924 the Rotary Club of Panama asked that Mother 's Day be celebrated on 11 May . Politician Aníbal D. Ríos changed the proposal so that the celebration would be held on 8 December . He then established Mother 's Day as a national holiday on that date . Paraguay ( edit ) In Paraguay , Mother 's Day is celebrated on 15 May , the same day as the Dia de la Patria , which celebrates the independence of Paraguay . This date was chosen to honor the role played by Juana María de Lara in the events of 14 May 1811 that led to Paraguay 's independence . In 2008 , the Paraguayan Minister of Culture , Bruno Barrios , lamented this coincidence because , in Paraguay , Mother 's Day is much more popular than independence day and the independence celebration goes unnoticed . As a result , Barrios asked that the celebration be moved to the end of the month . A group of young people attempted to gather 20,000 signatures to ask the Parliament to move Mother 's Day . In 2008 , the Comisión de festejos ( Celebration Committee ) of the city of Asunción asked that Mother 's Day be moved to the second Sunday of May . Philippines ( edit ) In the Philippines , Mother 's Day is officially celebrated on the second Sunday of May , but it is not a public holiday . Although not a traditional Filipino holiday , the occasion owes its popularity to American Colonial Period influence . According to a 2008 article by the Philippine News Agency , in 1921 the Ilocos Norte Federation of Women 's Clubs asked to declare the first Monday of December as Mother 's Day `` to honor these fabulous women who brought forth God 's children into this world . '' In response , Governor - General Charles Yeater issued Circular No. 33 declaring the celebration . In 1937 President Manuel L. Quezon issued Presidential Proclamation No. 213 , changing the name of the occasion from `` Mother 's Day '' to `` Parent 's Day '' to address the complaints that there was n't a `` Father 's Day '' . In 1980 President Ferdinand Marcos issued Presidential Proclamation No. 2037 proclaiming the date as both Mother 's Day and Father 's Day . In 1988 President Corazon Aquino issued Presidential Proclamation No. 266 , changing Mother 's Day to the second Sunday of May , and Father 's Day to the third Sunday of June , discontinuing the traditional date . In 1998 President Joseph Estrada returned both celebrations to the first Monday of December . Portugal ( edit ) In Portugal , the `` Dia da Mãe '' ( `` Mother 's Day '' ) is an unofficial holiday held each year on the first Sunday of May ( sometimes coinciding with Labour Day ) . The weeks leading up to this Sunday , school children spend a few hours a day to prepare a gift for their mothers , aided by their school teachers . In general , mothers receive gifts by their family members and this day is meant to be celebrated with the whole family . It used to be celebrated on the 8th December , the same date of the Conception of the Virgin celebration . Romania ( edit ) In Romania , Mother 's Day has been celebrated on the first Sunday of May since 2010 . Law 319 / 2009 made both Mother 's Day and Father 's Day official holidays in Romania . The measure was passed thanks to campaign efforts from the Alliance Fighting Discrimination Against Fathers ( TATA ) . Previously , Mother 's Day was celebrated on 8 March , as part of International Women 's Day ( a tradition dating back to when Romania was part of the Eastern bloc ) . Today , Mother 's Day and International Women 's Day are two separate holidays , with International Women 's Day being held on its original date of 8 March . Russia ( edit ) Main article : International Women 's Day Traditionally Russia had celebrated International Women 's Day and Mother 's Day on 8 March , an inheritance from the Soviet Union , and a public holiday . Women 's Day was first celebrated on the last Sunday in February in 1913 in Russia . In 1917 , demonstrations marking International Women 's Day in Saint Petersburg on the last Sunday in February ( which fell on 8 March on the Gregorian calendar ) initiated the February Revolution . Following the October Revolution later that year , the Bolshevik Alexandra Kollontai persuaded Vladimir Lenin to make it an official holiday in the Soviet Union , and it was established , but was a working day until 1965 . On 8 May 1965 , by the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet , International Women 's Day was declared a non-working day in the Soviet Union `` in commemoration of the outstanding merits of Soviet women in communistic construction , in the defense of their Fatherland during the Great Patriotic War , in their heroism and selflessness at the front and in the rear , and also marking the great contribution of women to strengthening friendship between peoples , and the struggle for peace . But still , women 's day must be celebrated as are other holidays . '' Samoa ( edit ) In Samoa , Mother 's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday in May , and as a recognised national holiday on the Monday following . Singapore ( edit ) In Singapore , Mother 's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday of May . It is not recognized as a holiday by the government . Slovakia ( edit ) Czechoslovakia celebrated only Women 's Day until the Velvet Revolution in 1989 . After the country split in 1993 , Slovakia started celebrating both Women 's Day and Mother 's Day . The politicization of Women 's Day has affected the official status of Mother 's Day . Center - right parties want Mother 's Day to replace Women 's Day , and social - democrats want to make Women 's Day an official holiday . Currently , both days are festive , but they are not `` state holidays '' . In the Slovak Republic , Mother 's Day is celebrated every second Sunday in May . South Africa ( edit ) In South Africa , Mother 's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday of May . It is not recognized as a holiday by the government . The tradition is to give cards and gifts and to serve mothers breakfast in bed or to go out to lunch together as a family . South Sudan ( edit ) In South Sudan , Mother 's Day is celebrated on the first Monday in July . The president Salva Kiir Mayardit proclaimed Mother 's Day as the first Monday in July after handing over from Sudan . Children in South Sudan are presenting mothers with gifts and flowers . The first Mother 's Day was held in that country on 2 July 2012 . Spain ( edit ) In Spain , Mother 's Day or Día de la Madre is celebrated on the first Sunday of May . The weeks leading up to this Sunday , school children spend a few hours a day to prepare a gift for their mothers , aided by their school teachers . In general , mothers receive gifts by their family members & this day is meant to be celebrated with the whole family . It is also said to be celebrated in May , as May is the month dedicated to the Virgin Mary ( mother of Jesus ) according to Catholicism. The idea of a month dedicated specifically to Mary can be traced back to baroque times . Although it was n't always held during May , Mary Month included thirty daily spiritual exercises honoring Mary . Sri Lanka ( edit ) In Sri Lanka , Mother 's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday of May . Sweden ( edit ) In Sweden , Mother 's Day was first celebrated in 1919 , by initiative of the author Cecilia Bååth - Holmberg . It took several decades for the day to be widely recognized . Swedes born in the early nineteen hundreds typically did not celebrate the day because of the common belief that the holiday was invented strictly for commercial purposes . This was in contrast to Father 's Day , which has been widely celebrated in Sweden since the late 1970s . Mother 's Day in Sweden is celebrated on the last Sunday in May . A later date was chosen to allow everyone to go outside and pick flowers . Switzerland ( edit ) In Switzerland , the `` règle de Pentecôte '' law allows Mother 's Day to be celebrated a week late if the holiday falls on the same day as Pentecost . In 2008 , merchants declined to move the date . By country ( t -- z ) ( edit ) Taiwan ( edit ) In Taiwan , Mother 's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday of the month of May , coinciding with Buddha 's birthday and the traditional ceremony of `` washing the Buddha '' . In 1999 the Taiwanese government established the second Sunday of May as Buddha 's birthday , so they would be celebrated in the same day . Since 2006 , the Tzu Chi , the largest charity organization in Taiwan , celebrates the Tzu Chi Day , Mother 's Day and Buddha 's birthday all together , as part of a unified celebration and religious observance . Thailand ( edit ) Mother 's day in Thailand is celebrated on the birthday of the Queen of Thailand , Queen Sirikit ( 12 August ) . The holiday was first celebrated around the 1980s as part of the campaign by the Prime Minister of Thailand Prem Tinsulanonda to promote Thailand 's Royal family . Father 's Day is celebrated on the late King Bhumibol Adulyadej 's birthday . Ukraine ( edit ) Ukraine celebrates Mother 's Day ( Ukrainian : День Матері ) on the second Sunday of May . In Ukraine , Mother 's Day officially became a holiday only in 1999 and is celebrated since 2000 . Since then Ukrainian society struggles to transition the main holiday that recognizes woman from the International Women 's Day , a holiday adopted under the Soviet Union that remained as a legacy in Ukraine after its collapse , to Mother 's Day . United Kingdom ( edit ) Main article : Mothering Sunday Balloons outside , in the week before Mothering Sunday 2008 The United Kingdom celebrates Mothering Sunday , which falls on the fourth Sunday of Lent ( 26 March in 2017 ) . This holiday has its roots in the church and was originally unrelated to the American holiday . Most historians believe that Mothering Sunday evolved from the 16th - century Christian practice of visiting one 's mother church annually on Laetare Sunday . As a result of this tradition , most mothers were reunited with their children on this day when young apprentices and young women in service were released by their masters for that weekend . As a result of the influence of the American Mother 's Day , Mothering Sunday transformed into the tradition of showing appreciation to one 's mother . The holiday is still recognized in the original historical sense by many churches , with attention paid to Mary the mother of Jesus Christ and the concept of the Mother Church . The custom was still popular by the start of the 19th century , but with the Industrial Revolution , traditions changed and the Mothering Day customs declined . By 1935 , Mothering Sunday was less celebrated in Europe . Constance Penswick - Smith worked unsuccessfully to revive the festival in the 1910s -- 1920s . However , US World War II soldiers brought the US Mother 's Day celebration to the UK , and the holiday was merged with the Mothering Sunday traditions still celebrated in the Church of England . By the 1950s , the celebration became popular again in the whole of the UK , thanks to the efforts of UK merchants , who saw in the festival a great commercial opportunity . People from UK started celebrating Mother 's Day on the fourth Sunday of Lent , the same day on which Mothering Sunday had been celebrated for centuries . Some Mothering Sunday traditions were revived , such as the tradition of eating cake on that day , although celebrants now eat simnel cake instead of the cakes that were traditionally prepared at that time . The traditions of the two holidays are now mixed together and celebrated on the same day , although many people are not aware that the festivities have quite separate origins . Mothering Sunday occurs 3 weeks prior to Easter Sunday or the fourth Sunday of Lent , meaning it can fall at the earliest on 1 March ( in years when Easter Day falls on 22 March ) and at the latest on 4 April ( when Easter Day falls on 25 April ) . United States ( edit ) Main article : Mother 's Day ( United States ) Prince Harry , Michelle Obama and Jill Biden helping children create Mother 's Day cards at the White House , 9 May 2013 Handmade Mother 's Day gifts The United States celebrates Mother 's Day on the second Sunday in May . In 1872 Julia Ward Howe called for women to join in support of disarmament and asked for 2 June 1872 , to be established as a `` Mother 's Day for Peace '' . Her 1870 `` Appeal to womanhood throughout the world '' is sometimes referred to as Mother 's Day Proclamation . But Howe 's day was not for honouring mothers but for organizing pacifist mothers against war . In the 1880s and 1890s there were several further attempts to establish an American `` Mother 's Day '' , but these did not succeed beyond the local level . In the United States , Mother 's Day remains one of the biggest days for sales of flowers , greeting cards , and the like ; Mother 's Day is also the biggest holiday for long - distance telephone calls . Moreover , churchgoing is also popular on Mother 's Day , yielding the highest church attendance after Christmas Eve and Easter . Many worshippers celebrate the day with carnations , coloured if the mother is living and white if she is dead . Mother 's Day continues to be one of the most commercially successful U.S. occasions . It is possible that the holiday would have withered over time without the support and continuous promotion of the florist industries and other commercial industries . Other Protestant holidays from the same time , such as Children 's Day and Temperance Sunday , do not have the same level of popularity . See also ( edit ) Holidays portal International Mother 's Day Shrine International Women 's Day May crowning Father 's Day Notes ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Since the Solar Hijri uses the lunar year , which is shorter than the solar year , the day migrates through the seasons . Each year it falls a different day in the Gregorian Calendar , so it is listed separately . Citations ( edit ) Enstam , Elizabeth York . `` The Dallas equal suffrage association , political style , and popular culture : grassroots strategies of the Woman Suffrage Movement , 1913 -- 1919 . '' Journal of Southern History 68.4 ( 2002 ) : 817 +. Student Resources in Context . Web . 14 November 2014 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ L. James Grold ( April 1968 ) , `` Mother 's Day '' , American Journal of Psychiatry , 124 : 1456 -- 1458 , Mother 's Day , conceived by Anna Jarvis to honor unselfish mothers ( ... ) Although there is no direct lineal descent to our modern Mother 's Day custom , secular and religious motherhood have existed for thousands of years before 10 May 1908 : the first church -- St. Andrew 's in Grafton , West Virginia -- responded to her request for a Sunday service honoring mothers . Cybele ( ... ) Jump up ^ Tuleja , Tad ( 1999 ) , Curious Customs : The Stories Behind 296 Popular American Rituals , Galahad Books , p. 167 , ISBN 9781578660704 , Although attempts have been made to link Mother 's Day to ancient cults of the mother goddess , especially the worship of Cybele , the association is more conceptual than historic . Mother 's Day is a modern , American invention . Jump up ^ Robert J. Myers , Hallmark Cards ( 1972 ) , Celebrations ; the complete book of American holidays , Doubleday , p. 143 , Our observance of Mother 's Day is little more than half a century old ( this was written in 1972 ) , yet the nature of the holiday makes it seem as if it had its roots in prehistoric times . Many antiquarians , holiday enthusiasts , and students of folklore have claimed to find the source Mother 's Day in the ancient spring festivals dedicated to the mother goddess , particularly the worship of Cybele . Jump up ^ Helsloot 2007 , p. 208 `` The American origin of the Day , however , was duly acknowledged . ' The idea is imported , . America led the way . ' '' ^ Jump up to : Mothering Sunday , BBC , retrieved 4 March 2010 ^ Jump up to : `` Mother 's Day 2016 : Which countries celebrate it on 8 May -- and why ? '' . The Independent . 8 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Mother 's Day 2017 , The Daily Telegraph Jump up ^ O'Reilly , Andrea ( 6 April 2010 ) . Encyclopedia of Motherhood . Sage Publications ( CA ) . p. 602 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4522 - 6629 - 9 . She organized the first official Mother 's Day service at Andrews Methodist Church in Grafton , West Virginia , on the morning of May 10 , 1908 . That same afternoon , 15,000 people attended a Mother 's Day service at the Wanamaker Store Auditorium in Philadelphia , which she also organized . Jarvis chose the second Sunday in May for Mother 's Day to mark the anniversary of her mother 's death and selected her mother 's favorite flower , the white carnation , as the day 's official emblem . Jump up ^ `` Engaging Families - U.S. Department of Education '' . www2.ed.gov. 14 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Panati , Charles ( 2016 ) . Panati 's Extraordinary Origins of Everyday Things . Book Sales . p. 59 . ISBN 9780785834373 . Jump up ^ Antolini , Katharine Lane ( 2010 ) . `` Jarvis , Anna '' . Encyclopedia of Motherhood . SAGE . p. 602 . ISBN 9781412968461 . Jump up ^ Connie Park Rice ; Marie Tedesco ( 15 March 2015 ) . Women of the Mountain South : Identity , Work , and Activism . Ohio University Press . pp. 29 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8214 - 4522 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Lois M. Collins ( 6 May 2014 ) . `` Mother 's Day 100 - year history a colorful tale of love , anger and civic unrest '' . Deseret News . ^ Jump up to : `` Hallmark celebrates 100th year of Mother 's Day , started by a woman who grew to despise it '' . kansas.com . Jump up ^ Compare footnote 51 in LaRossa , Ralph ( 1997 ) . The Modernization of Fatherhood : A Social and Political History . University of Chicago Press . p. 272 . ISBN 9780226469041 . Retrieved 28 April 2016 . Technically , at least , Mother 's Day was ' owned ' by Jarvis . She managed not only to incorporate the Mother 's Day International Association , but also to register ' Second Sunday in May , Anna Jarvis , Founder , ' as the organization 's trademark . Jump up ^ Louisa Taylor , Canwest News Service ( 11 May 2008 ) . `` Mother 's Day creator likely ' spinning in her grave ' '' . The Vancouver Sun . Canada . Archived from the original on 14 May 2008 . Retrieved 7 July 2008 . Jump up ^ House Vote No. 274 ( 7 May 2008 ) H. Res. 1113 : Celebrating the role of mothers in the United States and supporting the goals and ideals of Mother 's Day ( Vote On Passage ) Jump up ^ House Vote No. 275 ( 7 May 2008 ) Table Motion to Reconsider : H RES 1113 Celebrating the role of mothers in the United States and supporting the goals and ideals of Mother 's Day Jump up ^ Presidential proclamations from The American Presidency Project : 71 -- Proclamation 2083 -- Mother 's Day Proclamation , Franklin D. Roosevelt , 3 May 1934 . Proclamation 3535 Mother 's Day , 1963 John F. Kennedy , 26 April 1963 . Proclamation 3583 -- Mother 's Day , 1964 Lyndon B. Johnson , 23 April 1964 Proclamation 4437 -- Mother 's Day , 1976 , Gerald Ford , 5 May 1976 . Proclamation 5801 -- Mother 's Day , 1988 , Ronald Reagan , 26 April 1988 . Proclamation 6133 -- Mother 's Day , 1990 , George Bush , 10 May 1990 Proclamation 6559 -- Mother 's Day , 1993 , Bill Clinton , 7 May 1993 . Proclamation 8253 -- Mother 's Day , 2008 , George W. Bush , 8 May 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Sources for Bolivia : `` 27 de mayo : madres que inspiran valentía '' . Los Tiempos ( in Spanish ) . 27 May 2009 . Archived from the original on 11 June 2009 . `` El Día de la Madre se nutre con la Virgen '' , La Razón ( La Paz ) ( in Spanish ) , 27 May 2006 , archived from the original on 5 November 2008 Jump up ^ Robert A. Saunders ; Vlad Strukov ( 2010 ) , Historical Dictionary of the Russian Federation , Historical Dictionaries of Europe , Historical dictionaries of French history , 78 ( illustrated ed . ) , Scarecrow Press , p. 246 , ISBN 9780810854758 Jump up ^ `` About International Women 's Day '' . International Women 's Day . ^ Jump up to : `` Bidzina Ivanishvili Congratulates Mothers on Mother 's Day '' . News Agency InterPressNews ( IPN ) . 3 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Ngo , Dong ( 25 June 2009 ) . `` Latest U.S. export to Vietnam : Mother 's Day '' . CNET . Retrieved 7 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Allen , Emily ; Macphail , Cameron ( 6 March 2016 ) . `` Mother 's Day 2016 : Everything you need to know about Mothering Sunday 2016 '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 6 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sawwan , Ameenah A. ( 23 March 2016 ) . `` A Special Note to Syrian Mothers on Mother 's Day '' . News Deeply . Retrieved 8 May 2016 . Jump up ^ John MacIntyre ( 2005 ) , The amazing mom book : real facts , tender tales , and thoughts from the heart about the most important person on Earth , Sourcebooks , p. 7 , ISBN 9781402203558 , Lebanon in the first day of Spring . ^ Jump up to : `` Lamis ' Story -- International Women 's Day 2015 '' . Medical Aid for Palestinians. 21 March 2015 . Archived from the original on 17 September 2016 . Retrieved 8 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Días Nacionales en Chile '' . Retrieved 8 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Xinhua from China Daily ( 16 May 2006 ) . `` It 's Mother 's Day '' . SCUEC online . Archived from the original on 5 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Principales efemérides . Mes Mayo '' . Unión de Periodistas de Cuba . Archived from the original on 9 June 2008 . Retrieved 7 June 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Mixed emotions on Women 's Day in Eastern Europe , euractiv.com , 9 March 2010 , archived from the original on 11 March 2010 Jump up ^ `` Calendario Cívico Escolar '' . Dirección Regional de Educación de Lima Metropolitana . Retrieved 7 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Kabita Maharana ( 9 May 2014 ) . `` Mother 's Day 2014 to be Celebrated in US and other Countries : Best Quotes to Say ' Thank You ' to Mum '' . International Business Times . Retrieved 11 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Ministerio de Educación y Cultura de Paraguay , Día de la Madre ( in Spanish ) ^ Jump up to : Sources for Israel : http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-4801172,00.html https://www.facebook.com/events/1528903660772737/ Jump up ^ Sources : * `` Haiti : Main Holidays '' . discoverhaiti.com . Archived from the original on 14 October 2008 . Retrieved 8 July 2008 . * `` 6310. - Fêtes et Jours Fériés en Haiti '' ( in French ) . Archived from the original on 1 April 2008 . Retrieved 8 July 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Lic . Pedro Rafael Díaz Figueroa ( 27 May 1999 ) , `` El origen del Día de la Madre '' , El Nuevo Diario , archived from the original on 14 May 2010 ^ Jump up to : The Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus ( 14 October 2009 ) , Support for mothers remains the key priority of Belarus ' social policy ^ Jump up to : Padre Fabián Castro ( 3 October 2010 ) . `` El día de la madre en el mundo y en la Argentina '' ( in Spanish ) . padrefabian.com.ar . Retrieved 13 May 2013 . La cuestión tiene que ver con el calendario litúrgico que la Iglesia Católica utilizaba antes de la reforma producto del Concilio Vaticano II . Allí el 11 de octubre era la festividad de la Maternidad de la Virgen María . ( Actualmente se celebra el 1 de enero ) . Con este motivo era costumbre argentina pasar la celebración litúrgica al domingo anterior o siguiente al 11 . Con el lento correr de los años la tradición popular fue fijando como el tercer domingo de octubre la celebración de la Madre y las madres . ^ Jump up to : Lee Sang Yong ( 16 December 2014 ) . `` North Korea 's Official 2015 Calendar Revealed '' . Daily NK . Retrieved 13 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : editorial ( 8 December 2001 ) , `` Bendita Madre '' , Crítica ( in Spanish ) , archived from the original on 27 September 2011 ^ Jump up to : seenthing ( 21 December 2010 ) , Sejarah Perayaan Nasional Hari Ibu 22 Desembe ^ Jump up to : Zhai , Yun Tan ( 7 May 2016 ) . `` Celebrating Mother 's Day ? Make Sure You Have The Date Right '' . NPR . Retrieved 7 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mata Tirtha Aunsi today '' . República . Kathmandu : Nepal Republic Media . 6 May 2016 . Archived from the original on 7 May 2016 . Retrieved 8 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Wendy S. DeBano ( 2009 ) , `` Singing against Silence : Celebrating Women and Music and the Fourth Jasmine Festival '' , in Laudan Nooshin , Music and the Play of Power in the Middle East , North Africa and Central Asia , Soas Musicology Series ( illustrated ed . ) , Ashgate Publishing , p. 234 ( footnote 18 ) , ISBN 9780754634577 , In 2002 , Fatemeh 's birthday celebration ( observed according to the hejri calendar ) fell on Thursday 29 August ( 20 Jamādi 1423 ) ( ... ) Fatemeh 's birth date is also currently used to mark Mother 's Day in Iran , ritually recollecting , emphasising and reinscribing her role as a loyal mother , wife and daughter . Prior to the revolution , Mother 's Day was used to promote the gender ideologies of the Pahlavi regime . Jump up ^ Cordelia Candelaria ; Peter J. García ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of Latino popular culture ( illustrated ed . ) . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 375 . ISBN 9780313332104 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Jon ; Schroedel , Jenny ; Schroedel , John ( 2011 ) . Jesus and Mary . East Bridgewater , MA : Adams Media . p. 397 . ISBN 9781572157491 . Jump up ^ `` Islams Women -- Status of Mothers in Islam '' . islamswomen.com . Jump up ^ Teiser , Stephen F. ( 1988 ) . The Ghost Festival in Medieval China . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press . p. 114 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 02677 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Jehl , Douglas ( 16 April 1997 ) . `` Mustafa Amin , Liberal Editor Jailed by Nasser , Dies at 83 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 10 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mother 's Day in the Arab World '' . Jump up ^ Sources for Janet Heyden : `` Near and Far '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 2 May 1927 . `` A Gift for Mother '' . The Sun Herald . 9 May 1954 . Jump up ^ `` Belarus celebrates Mother 's Day for 15th time . The President congratulated the Belarusian mothers . '' , Belteleradio , 14 October 2010 , archived from the original on 29 September 2014 Jump up ^ `` Bhutan celebrates Mother 's Day for 5th time . '' , Bhutanbroadcastingserviceradio , 8 May 2010 Jump up ^ `` Dia das Mães : shoppings têm promoções especiais '' . 11 May 2012 . Archived from the original on 6 June 2012 . Retrieved 13 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mother 's Day Popular in China '' . People 's Daily . 14 May 2001 . Jump up ^ people.com.cn , sina.com.cn ( 17 June 2008 ) . `` Researchers and Experts Propose a Chinese Mother 's Day '' . All - China Women 's Federation . Archived from the original on 5 March 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Do we need our own Mother 's Day ? '' . China Daily . 16 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Mother 's Day - Holidays '' . HISTORY.com . Retrieved 13 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Happy Mother 's Day Birtukan ! '' . HuffPost . Retrieved 13 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mothers Day History ~ The Complete History of Mother 's Day '' . Mothers Day Central . Archived from the original on 3 March 2016 . Retrieved 13 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pühade ja tähtpäevade seadus '' . Retrieved 3 March 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www. juhlapyhät.fi/aitienpaiva ^ Jump up to : Histoire de la fête des mères et celle de `` l'Union fraternelle des pères de familles méritants d'Artas '' , Union des Familles en Europe Jump up ^ Artas , berceau de la Fête des mères , mairie d'Artas ^ Jump up to : Luc Capdevila ( CRHISCO -- University of Rennes 2 ) , Fabrice Virgili ( IHTP -- CNRS ) , `` Guerre , femmes et nation en France ( 1939 -- 1945 ) Archived 28 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine . '' , in IRICE . Jump up ^ `` Loi no 50 - 577 du 24 mai 1950 relative à la Fête des mères '' ( Law No. 50 - 577 of 24 May 1950 relating to Mother 's Day ) ( in French ) . JORF . Retrieved 30 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Michelle Mouton ( 2007 ) , `` From Mother 's Day to Forced Sterilization '' , From nurturing the Nation to Purifying the Volk : Weimar and Nazi family policy , 1918 -- 1945 , Publications of the German Historical Institute ( illustrated ed . ) , Cambridge University Press , pp. 107 -- 152 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 86184 - 5 ^ Jump up to : Ann Taylor Allen ( February 1995 ) , `` Reviewed work ( s ) : Muttertag und Mutterkreuz : Der Kult um die `` Deutsche Mutter '' im Nationalsozialismus , by Irmgard Weyrather `` , American Historical Review , Frankfurt A.m , 100 ( 1 ) : 186 -- 187 , doi : 10.2307 / 2168063 Jump up ^ TTN ( 13 March 2004 ) . `` Social change in India discussed '' . The Times of India . Jump up ^ Charu Amar ( 1 May 2009 ) , `` Kyunki saas bhi toh maa hai ! '' , The Times of India , Mention Mother 's Day and everyone goes on a thinking spree to find the most innovative way to pamper their mommy dearest . Jump up ^ Wardhani , Lynda K. ( 22 December 2010 ) . `` In observance of Mother 's Day '' . The Jakarta Post . ^ Jump up to : Bulbeck , Chilla ( 2009 ) . Sex , love and feminism in the Asia Pacific : a cross-cultural study of young people 's attitudes . ASAA women in Asia . London New York : Routledge . ISBN 9780415470063 . Preview . ^ Jump up to : Kathryn Robinson ( 2009 ) , Gender , Islam and Democracy in Indonesia , ASAA women in Asia , Routledge , pp. 3 , 36 , 44 , 72 , ISBN 9781134118830 Jump up ^ `` Ahmadinejad highlights women 's significant role in society '' . Presidency of The Islamic Republic of Iran News Service . 24 June 2008 . Archived from the original on 16 May 2009 . Retrieved 19 July 2008 . ( ... ) the occasion of the Mother 's Day marking the birthday anniversary of Hazrat Fatemeh Zahra ( SA ) , the beloved daughter of Prophet Mohammad . The day fell on 23 June ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Shahla Haeri ( 1993 ) . `` Obedience versus Autonomy : Women and Fundamentalism in Iran and Pakistan '' . In Martin E. Marty ; R. Scott Appleby ; Helen Hardacre ; Everett Mendelsohn . Fundamentalisms and Society : Reclaiming the Sciences , the Family , and Education . The Fundamentalism Project . 2 ( 2 ed . ) . University of Chicago Press . p. 197 . ISBN 9780226508801 . The more women try to engage the fundamentalists in their own discourse , negotiating and bargaining over their rights ( Islamic or otherwise ) , the more frequently has the Islamic regime emphasized the ideal , the Fatimah model , the quintessential obedient woman . The fundamentalist regime in iran has yet to resolve its central dilemma regarding the role of women and male - female relationships : should women emulate a Zainab - autonomous and assertive - or a Fatimah - obedient and submissive ? Given the logic of an Islamic marriage and the worldview it implies , the fundamentalist regime has shown a marked preference for the latter . Thus Woman 's Day and Mother 's Day in Iran are celebrated on the occasion of Fatimah 's birth . ^ Jump up to : Firoozeh Kashani - Sabet ( 2011 ) , Conceiving Citizens : Women and the Politics of Motherhood in Iran ( illustrated ed . ) , Oxford University Press , pp. 201 -- 206 , ISBN 9780195308860 Jump up ^ Shahla Haeri ( 2009 ) , `` Women , Religion , and Political Agency in Iran '' , in Ali Gheissari , Contemporary Iran : Economy , Society ( illustrated ed . ) , Oxford University Press , p. 137 , ISBN 9780195378481 , Such ( feminist ) gatherings would not have been so remarkable had they not happened against the backdrop of the regime 's ceaseless effort to discourage , even harass , women activists and their supporters . Within the narrative of Islamization , the state 's argument has been , all along , that such gatherings are representative of the culture of imperialism , and hence are subversive and against the public good and the moral order . Above all , the Islamic state has tried hard to co-opt women by appropriating the terminology and language : `` protecting women , '' `` respect for women , '' `` gender complementarity . '' Accordingly , in order to accommodate , and yet control and channel women 's movements and activitites , the state commemorates the birthday of Fatemeh , the Prophet Muhammad 's daughter , as a national woman 's / mother 's day . Jump up ^ Mahdi , Ali Akbar ( 2003 ) . `` Iranian Women : Between Islamization and Globalization '' . Iran Encountering Globalization : Problems and Prospects . Ali Mohammadi . London and New York : Routledge / Curzon . ISBN 0 - 415 - 30827 - 5 . Archived from the original ( DOC ) on 15 September 2006 . This Shia vision of family is based on a nostalgic and idealistic notion of Imam Ali 's family in which Fatima Zahra ( the Prophet Mohammad 's daughter ) dedicated herself to both her husband and Islamic cause . Other role models for women often cited by the officials and ideologues of the IRI are Khadijah , the prophet Mohammad 's wife , and Zaynab , daughter of the first Shi'i ( sic ) Imam Ali . In fact , the IRI ( Islamic Republic of Iran ) replaced the universal Mother 's Day with Fatima Zahar 's ( sic ) birthday . Jump up ^ `` The Shiite Interpretation of the Status of Women '' . Institute for Advanced Study . Retrieved 11 October 2017 . Jump up ^ de Ceglia , F.P. ; Dibattista , L. ( 2013 ) . Il bello della scienza . Intersezioni tra storia , scienza e arte ( in Italian ) . Milan : Angeli . p. 102 . ISBN 9788856849530 . Jump up ^ Anonymous ( 1 April 2010 ) , `` La Festa DeLLa Mamma '' , Italian America ( in Italian ) ( registration required ) Jump up ^ Raul Zaccari -- together with Senators Bellisario , Baldini , Restagno , Piasenti , Benedetti and Zannini . Senato della Repubblica , 78a Seduta Pubblica , 18 dicembre 1958 . `` Istituzione de la festa della Mamma . '' ( Annunzio di presentazione di disegni di legge ) Jump up ^ Светлана Моисеева ( 17 May 2013 ) . `` Президент поздравил кыргызстанцев с Днем матери '' . Вечерный Бишкек. 19 мая народ Кыргызстана отмечает День матери . Эта памятная дата установлена только в прошлом году , но сразу стала для кыргызстанцев одной из любимых . Jump up ^ `` About International Women 's Day '' . International Women 's Day . Retrieved 15 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Apollo.lv ( 13 May 2012 ) . `` Šodien sveicam Māmiņas ! '' . Apollo.lv India . Mātes dienu Latvijā sāka svinēt 1922 . gadā , bet ar 1934 . gadu tika noteikts , ka šī diena svinama katra maija otrajā svētdienā līdzīgi kā citās Eiropas valstīs. 1938 . gadā pēc prezidenta Kārļa Ulmaņa ierosinājuma Mātes dienu sāka dēvēt par Ģimenes dienu , uzsverot mātes lielo lomu ģimenes pavarda veidošanā un uzturēšanā . Jump up ^ Latvijā atzīmē Mātes dienu Archived 30 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine . TVNET ^ Jump up to : Newcomer , page 133 ^ Jump up to : Sherman , page 44 ^ Jump up to : Newcomer , pages 133 -- 134 ^ Jump up to : Newcomer , page 134 Jump up ^ Newcomer , 134 -- 135 ^ Jump up to : Newcomer , 135 -- 136 ^ Jump up to : Newcomer , 136 -- 139 Jump up ^ The History of Mother 's Day from The Legacy Project , a Legacy Center ( Canada ) website Jump up ^ `` When Is Mother 's Day Celebrated In Mexico ? '' . 7 May 2016 . Retrieved 28 September 2016 . Jump up ^ J.C. Heesterman ; Albert W. Van den Hoek ; Dirk H.A. Kolff ; Marianne S. Oort ( 1992 ) . Ritual , State , and History in South Asia : Essays in Honour of J.C. Heesterman . BRILL . p. 786 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 09467 - 3 . Jump up ^ Helsloot 2007 , p. 206 ^ Jump up to : Helsloot 2007 , p. 208 ^ Jump up to : Helsloot 2007 , p. 209 ^ Jump up to : Helsloot 2007 , p. 210 Jump up ^ Helsloot 2007 , p. 213 Jump up ^ Helsloot 2007 , p. 211 Jump up ^ `` Mother 's Day in Norway '' . 11 May 2010 . Retrieved 26 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` World marks Mother 's Day with Utmost Love , Respect '' . ARY News . 17 May 2016 . Retrieved 12 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Penny de Henríquez ( 9 December 2005 ) , `` Origins . La celebración del Día de la Madre '' , La Prensa ( in Spanish ) Jump up ^ Session of the Honorable Cámara de Senadores . Señor Senador Diego Abente Brun ( in Spanish ) , p. 25 ^ Jump up to : `` Buscan que se cambie fecha del día de la madre '' , Radio Viva 90.1 FM Paraguay , 14 May 2008 Jump up ^ Municipality of Asuncion ( 27 July 2008 ) , Hoy miércoles 27 de agosto se inician las acciones de la Comisión de Festejos por el Bicentenario , con una retreta en la Plaza de los Héroes , archived from the original on 10 May 2009 ^ Jump up to : `` Proclamation No. 58 , s . 1998 '' . Official Gazette. 11 December 1998 . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Content Manager 03 ( 1 December 2014 ) . `` The First Monday of December is Mother 's Day and Father 's Day '' . Malacañan Palace ( official residence of the President of the Philippines ) . Jump up ^ `` Romania Celebrates Fathers ' Day On Second Sunday Of May '' . Mediafax . Bucharest. 4 May 2010 . Retrieved 8 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Постановление ЦК ВКП ( б ) . ( 8 March 1966 ) . К советским женщинам , обращение ЦК КПСС в связи с Международным днём 8 Марта . ( DjVu ) . Советское искусство ( in Russian ) . p. 4 . Retrieved 22 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` About International Women 's Day '' . International Women 's Day . Retrieved 8 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Балаховская , Л . Г. ( 1969 -- 1978 ) . Международный женский день 8 марта ... In Введенский , Борис . `` Большая советская энциклопедия '' ( БСЭ ) ( in Russian ) . Москва : `` Советская энциклопедия '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Why is May the Month of Mary ? '' . National Catholic Register . Retrieved 2 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Fleurop - Interflora ( Suisse ) ( 22 April 2008 ) , La Fête des Mères 2008 ne sera pas reportée ( in French ) Jump up ^ Camaron Kao ( 14 May 2012 ) , `` Thousands of believers mark Buddha 's birthday '' , China Post , archived from the original on 16 June 2013 Jump up ^ Ko Shu - Ling ( 9 May 2011 ) . `` Sakyamuni Buddha birthday celebrated '' . Taipei Times . The legislature approved a proposal in 1999 to designate the birthday of Sakyamuni Buddha -- which falls on the eighth day of the fourth month of the lunar calendar -- a national holiday and to celebrate the special occasion concurrently with International Mother 's Day , which is celebrated on the second Sunday of May . Jump up ^ `` 300,000 Attend Buddha Day Ceremonies in 34 Countries '' . Tzu Chi. 15 May 2012 . Archived from the original on 23 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tzu Chi Foundation to stage Mother 's Day event '' , Taipei Times , 4 May 2008 Jump up ^ Caroline Hong ( 23 May 2004 ) , `` Cultural center performs ` bathing Buddha ' ceremony '' , Taipei Times Jump up ^ unsigned ( 15 May 2006 ) , `` Taiwan Quick Take : Tzu Chi celebrates birthday '' , Taipei Times , p. 3 Jump up ^ `` Police chief returns earlier for Mother 's Day '' . MCOT news . Thai News Agency . 10 August 2012 . Archived from the original on 23 July 2011 . ( ... ) an audience with Her Majesty Queen Sirikit on Tuesday on the occasion of her birthday , which is also observed as National Mother 's Day . ^ Jump up to : Paul M. Handley ( 2006 ) . The King Never Smiles : a biography of Thailand 's Bhumibol Adulyadej . Yale University Press . p. 288 . ISBN 9780300106824 . ( online version ) Jump up ^ `` Украз Президента України . Про День Матері '' ( in Ukrainian ) . zakon2.rada.gov.ua . ^ Jump up to : Robert J. Myers , Hallmark Cards ( 1972 ) , Celebrations ; the complete book of American holidays , Doubleday , pp. 144 -- 146 Jump up ^ `` Interfaith holy days by faith '' . Religion & Ethics . BBC . Archived from the original on 21 May 2012 . Retrieved 20 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` How Mothering Sunday became Mother 's Day '' . Owenspencer-thomas.com . Archived from the original on 15 July 2011 . Retrieved 16 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Ronald Hutton ( 2001 ) , The stations of the sun : a history of the ritual year in Britain ( illustrated , reprinted ed . ) , Oxford University Press , pp. 174 -- 177 , ISBN 9780192854483 Jump up ^ David Self ( 1993 ) , One hundred readings for assembly , Heinemann Assembly Resources , Heinemann , pp. 27 -- 29 , ISBN 9780435800413 Jump up ^ `` Mother 's Day 2017 : When is Mothering Sunday and why does the date change ? '' . Metro. 24 February 2017 . Retrieved 6 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Bernhard , Virginia ( 2002 ) . `` Mother 's Day '' . In Joseph M. Hawes ; Elizabeth F. Shores . The family in America : an encyclopedia ( 3 , illustrated ed . ) . ABC - CLIO . p. 714 . ISBN 9781576072325 . Jump up ^ Barbara Mikkelson , `` We love you -- call collect '' . Snopes.com . Retrieved 2010.03. 08 . Jump up ^ J. Ellsworth Kalas ( 19 October 2009 ) . Preaching the Calendar : Celebrating Holidays and Holy Days . Westminster John Knox Press . Church attendance on this day is likely to be third only to Christmas Eve and Easter . Some worshipers still celebrate with carnations , colored if the mother is living and white if she is deceased . Jump up ^ `` Mother 's Day Dining Fact Sheet '' . National Restaurant Association . 28 April 2006 . Mother 's Day is the most popular day of the year to dine out , with 38 percent of consumers reporting doing so Jump up ^ Leigh , page 256 General Schmidt , Leigh Eric ( 1997 ) . Princeton University Press , ed . Consumer Rites : The Buying and Selling of American Holidays ( reprint , illustrated ed . ) . pp. 256 -- 275 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 01721 - 2 . Larossa , Ralph ( 1997 ) . University of Chicago Press , ed . The Modernization of Fatherhood : A Social and Political History ( illustrated ed . ) . pp. 90,170 -- 192 . ISBN 0 - 226 - 46904 - 2 . Helsloot , John ( 2007 ) , `` 10 . Vernacular Authenticity : Negotiating Mother 's Day and Father 's Day in the Netherlands '' , in Margry , Peter Jan ; Roodenburg , Herman , Reframing Dutch Culture : Between Otherness and Authenticity , Progress in European Ethnology ( illustrated ed . ) , Ashgate Publishing , pp. 6 -- 7 , 203 -- 224 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7546 - 4705 - 8 Newcomer , Daniel ( 2004 ) . Reconciling Modernity : Urban State Formation in 1940s León , Mexico ( illustrated ed . ) . University of Nebraska Press . pp. 132 -- 139 . ISBN 9780803233492 . Sherman , John W. ( 1997 ) . The Mexican Right : The End of Revolutionary Reform , 1929 -- 1940 ( illustrated ed . ) . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 44 . ISBN 9780275957360 . 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who is look what you made me do is about			Look What You Made Me Do	look what you made me do	`` Look What You Made Me Do '' is a song recorded by American singer - songwriter Taylor Swift from her sixth studio album Reputation ( 2017 ) . It was first released on August 24 , 2017 as the lead single from the album . Swift wrote it with producer Jack Antonoff . It samples the melody of the 1991 song `` I 'm Too Sexy '' by the band Right Said Fred ; therefore , Fred Fairbrass , Richard Fairbrass , and Rob Manzoli of the band are credited as songwriters . The song topped the US and UK charts and became Swift 's fifth biggest song of all time .	The song received a mixed response from music critics , with division over Swift 's stylistic change . The music video was directed by Joseph Kahn and became the most - watched music video within 24 hours . The song broke a string of records , including the record for the most plays in a single day on Spotify . Commercially , `` Look What You Made Me Do '' has topped the charts in Australia , Canada , Croatia , the Czech Republic , Ireland , Israel , Lebanon , Malaysia , the Netherlands , the Philippines , Slovakia , Spain , the United Kingdom , and the United States . It has received a Double Platinum certification in Canada and Platinum certifications in the United States and Australia . Contents ( hide ) 1 Release and promotion 2 Composition 3 Critical reception 4 Chart performance 5 Music video 5.1 Production and release 5.2 Synopsis 5.3 Analysis 6 Accolades 7 Usage in media 8 Track listings 9 Charts 10 Certifications 11 Release history 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Release and promotion ( edit ) On August 23 , 2017 , Swift announced that the first single of her upcoming sixth album , titled Reputation , would come out the following night . The song was released to streaming services on August 24 , and earned over eight million streams within twenty - four hours of its Spotify release , breaking the record for the highest first - day streaming for a single track . `` Look What You Made Me Do '' was then released the next day onto iTunes for digital download through Big Machine Records and onto Italian contemporary hit radio before a United Kingdom radio release on August 26 , 2017 . It impacted American contemporary hit radio three days afterwards . A CD single release followed in Germany , Austria and Switzerland on October 27 , 2017 . A lyric video heavily based on the Saul Bass imagery used in the film Vertigo was released through Swift 's official Vevo account on August 25 , 2017 . The video was produced by Swift and Joseph Kahn . It gained more than 19 million views during its first 24 hours on YouTube , surpassing `` Something Just like This '' by The Chainsmokers and Coldplay as the most viewed lyric video within that time period . As of November 2017 , the lyric video on YouTube has amassed over 85 million views . Composition ( edit ) Jack Antonoff ( pictured in 2012 ) produced and co-wrote `` Look What You Made Me Do '' . `` Look What You Made Me Do '' runs for 3 minutes and 31 seconds . Music critics have described the track as a hybrid of electroclash and pop , as well as a dance - pop and an electro - pop song . It emphasizes the blame that is placed on an enemy , in particular the line `` I 've got a list of names and yours is in red , underlined '' . The middle eight of the song features Swift saying , `` I 'm sorry , the old Taylor ca n't come to the phone right now / Why ? / Oh , ' cause she 's dead ! '' `` Look What You Made Me Do '' is performed in the key of A minor with a tempo of 128 beats per minute . Swift 's vocals span from G to F . Critic Brittany Spanos of Rolling Stone noted a `` nightmarish aesthetic '' present in the song , and believed it to be a continuation of the `` antagonistic persona '' from `` Bad Blood '' . Richard Fairbrass , Fred Fairbrass and Rob Manzoli , the members of the British dance - pop group Right Said Fred , are credited as songwriters because the song interpolates the melody of their song `` I 'm Too Sexy '' . According to Fred Fairbrass , he and his brother were contacted one week before the release of `` Look What You Made Me Do '' and were asked whether a `` big , contemporary female artist who has n't released anything for a while '' -- whose identity they were not told -- would be able to use a portion of their song for her latest single . Although the brothers agreed to a deal , they did not officially find out that the artist in question was Swift until the morning after the song was released , but had deduced that it was her based on the description they were given . Both of the Fairbrass brothers said that they enjoyed `` Look What You Made Me Do '' ; Fred Fairbrass told Rolling Stone , `` I like the cynical aspect of the lyric , because ' I 'm Too Sexy ' is a cynical song , and I think she channeled that quite well . '' A representative for Swift confirmed that the song interpolated the melody from `` I 'm Too Sexy '' , but did not include sampled audio from the earlier song . Critical reception ( edit ) `` Look What You Made Me Do '' received polarized reviews from critics . USA Today said that the polarizing reaction to the song illustrated Swift 's position as a `` ubiquitous cultural force '' . The Telegraph Randy Lewis praised the song , deeming Swift and Antonoff 's work as `` blow ( ing ) past the production clichés of clap tracks and hiccuped syllabic hooks that have proliferated across Top 40 fare in recent years with boldly inventive textures and fresh melodic , rhythmic and sonic accents '' . He also added how the track musically and sonically shifted alongside the lyrics . Sarah Carson of the Los Angeles Times wrote a positive review of the song , saying : `` The reverberating crescendo builds and ever more delicious is the wickedness of Swift 's menacing protagonist '' , praising Swift for her successful embrace of the villain character the media has portrayed her as previous to the song 's release . Variety 's Chris Willman also praised Swift 's embrace of a darker - styled pop music and the stylistic conflict between the song 's pre-chorus and chorus . Mark Harris , in New York magazine 's pop culture blog , thought of Swift 's song as a pop art anthem for the Trump era in how she reappropriates her public feuds as empowering badges of honor without acknowledging her own responsibility or blame . However , Maura Johnston of The Guardian wrote a negative review of the song , faulting the `` sloppy '' lyrics and blaming Swift for not giving a clear context in the lyrics . Brittany Spanos of Rolling Stone believed that the song marked a continuation of the feud between Swift and rapper Kanye West ; the latter had previously name - dropped Swift in his song `` Famous '' by using the line , `` I feel like me and Taylor might still have sex / Why ? / I made that bitch famous '' . The single was noted as being a darker , angrier work than what Swift had done before . Hugh McIntye of Forbes was critical of the change in style , saying that it `` did n't sound like ( Swift ) '' and that it `` may have some kinks to work out '' . Meaghan Garvey from Pitchfork referred to it in a review as `` a hardcore self - own '' track . Chart performance ( edit ) In the United States , `` Look What You Made Me Do '' debuted at number seventy - seven on the Billboard Hot 100 , powered by its first three days of airplay . It also sold slightly under 200,000 digital copies within its first day of sales in the country , where it became the fastest selling download since Ed Sheeran 's `` Shape of You '' . One week later , the song ascended from # 77 to # 1 on the Hot 100 after its first full week of tracking , becoming the fifth largest rise to the top position and Swift 's fifth number - one single in the United States . It also topped the nation 's Streaming Songs chart with 84.4 million streams , becoming its most streamed song within a week by a female artist and second overall behind the 103 million that Baauer 's `` Harlem Shake '' gained in 2013 . The track also had more weekly streams in the US than any other song in 2017 . With 353,000 copies sold in its first week , `` Look What You Made Me Do '' opened atop the US Digital Songs chart and had the country 's biggest sales opening since Justin Timberlake 's `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' in 2016 as well as the best weekly sales for a song by a female artist since Adele 's `` Hello '' in 2015 . The track also became the country 's first number - one song with a female artist since Halsey was featured on `` Closer '' by The Chainsmokers and the first song with a female lead artist since Sia 's `` Cheap Thrills '' with Sean Paul ( both in 2016 ) . It additionally was the first solo song by a female to top the US charts since Adele 's `` Hello '' . It remained atop the Hot 100 and Streaming Songs charts for a second week with 114,000 copies sold and 61.2 million streams , though descended to number two on the Digital Songs chart when another Reputation track titled `` ... Ready for It ? '' debuted at number one with 135,000 digital copies sold and opened at number four on the Hot 100 . As a result , Swift became the first artist to have two tracks sell over 100,000 digital copies in the nation within a week since Sheeran with `` Shape of You '' and `` Castle on the Hill '' . It also became the first time a female had two songs within the top five of the Hot 100 since 2015 when Swift 's previous tracks `` Blank Space '' and `` Shake It Off '' respectively were at numbers four and five on the chart . The single also topped the Mainstream Top 40 chart , becoming Swift 's eighth single to do so . In the United Kingdom , `` Look What You Made Me Do '' sold 20,000 copies and was streamed 2.4 million times in less than a week . The song debuted at the top the UK Singles Chart on September 1 , 2017 - for the week ending date September 7 , 2017 - with opening sales of 30,000 copies and 5.3 million streams within the week and becoming Swift 's first chart - topping song in Britain . After two weeks at the top spot , it was displaced by Sam Smith 's `` Too Good at Goodbyes '' . `` Look What You Made Me Do '' also debuted at number one in the Republic of Ireland on September 1 , 2017 and became Swift 's first song to top the Irish Singles Chart . In doing so , it surpassed the number three peaks of her singles `` Love Story '' ( in 2009 ) and `` Shake It Off '' ( in 2014 ) . `` Look What You Made Me Do '' opened at number one in Australia on September 2 , 2017 , becoming her fifth track to top the ARIA Charts . It spent another week at the nation 's summit before `` Too Good at Goodbyes '' took the top position there as well . The song has been certified Platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) for shipments of 70,000 units . After debuting at number one on the Canadian Hot 100 , `` Look What You Made Me Do '' was also certified Platinum by Music Canada for shipments of 80,000 units on September 14 , 2017 . In New Zealand , `` Look What You Made Me Do '' entered at the number one spot on September 1 , 2017 , becoming Swift 's fourth chart - topping single there . In the Philippines , `` Look What You Made Me Do '' debuted at number 7 spot on the BillboardPH Hot 100 on its first week . A week later , it soared to the number 1 spot , ending the 10 - week reign of `` Despacito '' by Luis Fonsi & Daddy Yankee featuring Justin Bieber . It descended to the runner - up position the following week , as the latter song reclaimed the top spot for an 11th week . Music video ( edit ) Production and release ( edit ) The official music video premiered on August 27 , 2017 at the 2017 MTV Video Music Awards . The song 's music video broke the record for most - watched video within 24 hours by achieving 43.2 million views on YouTube in its first day . It topped the 27.7 million Vevo views Adele 's `` Hello '' attracted in that timeframe , as well as the 36 million YouTube views of Psy 's `` Gentleman '' video . It was viewed at an average 30,000 times per minute in its first 24 hours , with views reaching over 3 million views per hour . Preparation for the music video began in January , while the shooting took place in May . The dance was choreographed by Tyce Diorio , who had worked with Swift on `` Shake It Off '' before . Swift 's make - up as a zombie was done by Bill Corso . Post-production of the video lasted until the morning of its release . A 20 - second music video teaser was released on Good Morning America on August 25 . It was also revealed that the diamonds used in a scene were authentic . The diamonds , loaned from celebrity jeweler Neil Lane , were said to be worth over $10 million , hence triggering tight security measures . As of November 5 , 2017 , the video has over 675 million views and broke the record for the fastest video to reach 200 , 300 and 400 million views on YouTube . It is the 20th most liked video on YouTube with over 6.43 million likes . Synopsis ( edit ) The bathtub scene in the music video , where the diamonds were authentic and worth over $10 million . Swift has said that part of the premise of the video is rooted in the idea that , `` If everything you write about me was true , this is how ridiculous it would look . '' The video begins with a zombie Swift crawling out of a grave , where the headstone reads `` Here Lies Taylor Swift 's reputation '' , and digging another grave for her Met Gala 2014 self . The next scene shows Swift in a bathtub filled with diamonds . She is then seen seated on a throne while snakes surround her and serve tea . Swift later crashes her golden Bugatti Veyron on a post and sings the song 's chorus holding a Grammy as the paparazzi take photos . She is also seen swinging inside a cage , robbing a streaming company in a cat mask , and leading a motorcycle gang . Afterwards , she gathers a group of women at `` Squad U '' and dances with a group of men in another room . At the end of the video , various iterations of Swift 's public image bicker with one another , describing each other as `` so fake '' and `` playing the victim '' , ending with one saying `` I would very much like to be excluded from this narrative '' after which the other iterations yell at her to `` shut up ! '' in unison , while the version of Swift in the background watches in silence . Analysis ( edit ) The video contains numerous hidden meanings and references . In the opening scene , there is a subtle `` Nils Sjöberg '' tombstone shown when Swift is digging up a grave , referencing the pseudonym she used for a songwriting credit on Calvin Harris ' 2016 single `` This Is What You Came For '' . Similarly , Swift -- masked as a cadaveric version of herself in the `` Out of the Woods '' music video -- was shown digging a grave for herself in a 2014 Met Gala gown , an event that characterized her first public appearance with short hair . A single dollar bill in the bathtub full of diamonds that she bathes in was also speculated to symbolize the dollar she was awarded for winning a sexual assault trial earlier in 2017 . Interpretations for the bathtub scene were contrasting . Some believe that it is a response to media statement teasing that she `` cries in a marble bathtub surrounded by pearls '' , while others viewed it as a mockery to Kim Kardashian 's 2016 gunpoint robbery . In a separate scene , Swift is shown sitting atop a golden throne , where a carving of a phrase `` Et tu , Brute ? '' could be seen on the armrest , a reference to Shakespeare 's drama Julius Caesar . Swift 's infamous title as a `` snake '' during her hiatus was also represented when a snake slithers onto the throne to serve Swift some tea . When Swift 's car crashes , some speculated that it may be a jab at Katy Perry as Swift 's hairdo is similar to Perry 's in the scene . The sports car is also reminiscent of a car in Perry 's `` Waking Up in Vegas '' video . She is also holding a Grammy Award in the scene , a possible reference to the fact that Perry has never won any Grammys despite multiple nominations . Swift 's withdrawal of her entire music catalog from streaming services were hinted when Swift and her crew walked out of a streaming company in the video . Swift gathering at `` Squad U '' was also said to be a reply to the media dubbing her close friends as a `` squad '' . During the second chorus , Swift can be seen with eight men , each of which revealed an `` I Heart TS '' crop top after unbuttoning a jacket . This scene is an apparent tribute to her ex-boyfriend Tom Hiddleston , who was seen wearing an `` I Heart TS '' tank top when they were a couple . The eight backup dancers may also have been a possible reference to the idea that Swift has had eight ex-boyfriends during her career . Swift was also seen standing on a pile of her other iterations , reiterating the idea that she is leaving her past self behind . The shirt that an iteration of Swift wore in the `` You Belong with Me '' video was also different , with her close friends ' names scribbled on it this time . In June 2016 , discussing the relationship between her and Kanye West after West 's song `` Famous '' , Swift wrote on Instagram , `` I would very much like to be excluded from this narrative . '' The same line is spoken by one of Swift 's iterations at the end of the video . She is wearing the same outfit Swift had worn during the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards , when West interrupted her award - winning speech for Best Female Video . Accolades ( edit ) The song is nominated for `` Best Music Video '' at the 2017 MTV Europe Music Awards . It was also nominated for `` Best Music Video '' at the NRJ Music Awards . Usage in media ( edit ) ABC used the song in a promotional video for its Shonda Rhimes ' Thursday line - up an hour after its release . Sister network ESPN used it in its college football telecast advertisements for the season opening game between Alabama and Florida State , which was aired on ABC on September 2 . Track listings ( edit ) Digital download `` Look What You Made Me Do '' -- 3 : 31 CD single `` Look What You Made Me Do '' -- 3 : 31 `` Look What You Made Me Do '' ( Music Video ) -- 4 : 16 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Argentina Anglo ( Monitor Latino ) Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 8 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 39 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Canada AC ( Billboard ) 33 Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) 10 Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) 10 Croatia ( HRT ) Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) 39 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 12 Euro Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 8 France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Greece Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Israel ( Media Forest ) Italy ( FIMI ) 10 Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 7 Japan Hot Overseas ( Billboard ) Latvia ( Latvijas Top 40 ) Lebanon ( Lebanese Top 20 ) Luxembourg Digital Songs ( Billboard ) 7 Malaysia ( RIM ) Mexico Anglo ( Monitor Latino ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 7 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 13 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 6 Philippines ( Philippine Hot 100 ) Portugal ( AFP ) Russia Airplay ( Tophit ) 46 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) South Korea International Chart ( Gaon ) 6 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 7 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 6 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 19 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 7 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 9 US Dance / Mix Show Airplay ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 20 Venezuela Anglo ( Monitor Latino ) 5 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Platinum 70,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Gold 15,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 2 × Platinum 160,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 25,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 15,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Gold 20,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 200,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 707,626 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Label Ref . Worldwide August 24 , 2017 Streaming Big Machine August 25 , 2017 Digital download Italy Contemporary hit radio Universal Music United Kingdom August 26 , 2017 Virgin EMI United States August 29 , 2017 Big Machine Germany October 27 , 2017 CD single Universal Music See also ( edit ) List of number - one singles of 2017 ( Australia ) List of number - one digital tracks of 2017 ( Australia ) List of number - one streaming tracks of 2017 ( Australia ) List of Canadian Hot 100 number - one singles of 2017 List of number - one digital songs of 2017 ( Canada ) List of number - one singles of 2017 ( Ireland ) List of number - one singles from the 2010s ( New Zealand ) List of Philippine Hot 100 number - one singles of 2017 List of Scottish number - one singles of 2017 List of UK Singles Chart number ones of the 2010s List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 2017 List of number - one Billboard Streaming Songs of 2017 List of number - one digital songs of 2017 ( U.S. ) List of Billboard Mainstream Top 40 number - one songs of 2017 List of number - one songs of 2017 ( Malaysia ) List of most liked YouTube videos List of most disliked YouTube videos List of most viewed online videos in the first 24 hours List of most viewed music videos in the first 24 hours References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Battan , Carrie ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift 's Radical Transformation in Her New Song , `` Look What You Made Me Do '' `` . 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Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wood , Lucy ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` Each and every single dig that Taylor Swift makes in the Look What You Made Me Do music video '' . Metro . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tanzer , Myles ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` Taylor Swift : `` I Would Very Much Like To Be Excluded From This Narrative '' `` . The Fader . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Taylor Swift vs. Taylor Swift in `` Look What You Made Me Do '' video `` . ABC . August 28 , 2017 . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schonfeld , Zach ( August 27 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift 's `` Look What You Made Me Do '' Music Video Is Finally Here `` . Newsweek . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Sally ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` All the Old Taylors in Taylor Swift 's `` Look What You Made Me Do '' `` . Elle . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Jason ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` ABC Is Already Using Taylor Swift 's New Song ' Look What You Made Me Do ' to Promote TGIT '' . Adweek . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Joseph , Andrew ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` ESPN using Taylor Swift 's song for college football ads '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Anglo Argentina -- Del 9 al 15 de Octubre , 2017 '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . 9 October 2017 . Retrieved 16 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Taylor Swift -- Look What You Made Me Do '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Taylor Swift -- Look What You Made Me Do '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Taylor Swift -- Look What You Made Me Do '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Taylor Swift -- Look What You Made Me Do '' ( in French ) . 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External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics `` Look What You Made Me Do '' ( Lyric video ) on YouTube ( hide ) Taylor Swift songs Discography Taylor Swift `` Tim McGraw '' `` Picture to Burn '' `` Teardrops on My Guitar '' `` Should 've Said No '' `` Our Song '' Fearless `` Fearless '' `` Fifteen '' `` Love Story '' `` White Horse '' `` You Belong with Me '' `` Breathe '' `` You 're Not Sorry '' `` Forever & Always '' `` Change '' Speak Now `` Mine '' `` Sparks Fly '' `` Back to December '' `` Speak Now '' `` Mean '' `` The Story of Us '' `` Innocent '' `` Ours '' Red `` State of Grace '' `` Red '' `` I Knew You Were Trouble '' `` All Too Well '' `` 22 '' `` We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together '' `` The Last Time '' `` Everything Has Changed '' `` Begin Again '' `` Welcome to New York '' `` Blank Space '' `` Style '' `` Out of the Woods '' `` Shake It Off '' `` Bad Blood '' `` Wildest Dreams '' `` Wonderland '' `` New Romantics '' Reputation `` ... Ready for It ? '' `` Look What You Made Me Do '' `` Gorgeous '' Collaborations `` Two Is Better Than One '' `` Half of My Heart '' `` Both of Us '' `` Highway Do n't Care '' Other songs `` Crazier '' `` Today Was a Fairytale '' `` Safe & Sound '' `` Long Live '' `` Eyes Open '' `` Ronan '' `` Sweeter Than Fiction '' `` I Do n't Wanna Live Forever '' `` You 'll Always Find Your Way Back Home '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Look_What_You_Made_Me_Do&oldid=809052402 '' Categories : 2017 singles 2017 songs Big Machine Records singles Dance - pop songs Music videos directed by Joseph Kahn Song recordings produced by Jack Antonoff Songs written by Jack Antonoff Songs written by Taylor Swift Taylor Swift songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles Canadian Hot 100 number - one singles Philippine Hot 100 number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in New Zealand Songs about betrayal Electroclash songs Electropop songs Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Pages with broken reference names CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Use mdy dates from September 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadaac Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadachrtop40 Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadahotac Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungarysingle Singlechart usages for Israelairplay Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Portugal Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Spain Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands Polski Português Русский Scots Simple English ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017 , at 21 : 13 . 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what is the song white rabbit by jefferson airplane about			White Rabbit ( song )	white rabbit ( song )	`` White Rabbit '' is a song written by Grace Slick and recorded by the American psychedelic rock band Jefferson Airplane for their 1967 album Surrealistic Pillow . It was released as a single and became the band 's second top - 10 success , peaking at number eight on the Billboard Hot 100 . The song was ranked number 478 on Rolling Stone 's list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time , Number 116 on Rate Your Music 's Top Singles of All Time , and appears on The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll .	Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Lyrics and composition 3 Music video 4 Chart history 4.1 Weekly charts 4.2 Year - end charts 5 Personnel 6 Covers 7 In media 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) `` White Rabbit '' was written and performed by Grace Slick while she was still with The Great Society . When that band broke up in 1966 , Slick was invited to join Jefferson Airplane to replace their departed female singer , Signe Toly Anderson , who left the band with the birth of her child . The first album Slick recorded with Jefferson Airplane was Surrealistic Pillow , and Slick provided two songs from her previous group : her own `` White Rabbit '' and `` Somebody to Love '' , written by her brother - in - law Darby Slick and recorded under the title `` Someone to Love '' by The Great Society . The Great Society 's version of `` White Rabbit '' was much longer than the more aggressive version of Jefferson Airplane . Both songs became top - 10 hits for Jefferson Airplane and have ever since been associated with that band . Lyrics and composition ( edit ) 1967 trade ad for the single . `` White Rabbit '' is one of Grace Slick 's earliest songs , written during either late 1965 or early 1966 . It uses imagery found in the fantasy works of Lewis Carroll -- 1865 's Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland and its 1871 sequel Through the Looking - Glass -- such as changing size after taking pills or drinking an unknown liquid . Slick had stated the composition was intended to be a slap to parents who read their children such novels and then wondered why their children later used drugs . Characters Slick referenced include Alice , the White Rabbit , the hookah - smoking caterpillar , the White Knight , the Red Queen , and the Dormouse . Slick reportedly wrote the song after an acid trip . For Slick , `` White Rabbit '' `` is about following your curiosity . The White Rabbit is your curiosity '' . For her and others in the 1960s , drugs were a part of mind expansion and social experimentation . With its enigmatic lyrics , `` White Rabbit '' became one of the first songs to sneak drug references past censors on the radio . Even Marty Balin , Slick 's eventual rival in Jefferson Airplane , regarded the song as a `` masterpiece '' . In interviews , Slick has related that Alice in Wonderland was often read to her as a child and remained a vivid memory well into her adulthood . In an interview with The Wall Street Journal , Slick mentioned that in addition to Alice in Wonderland , her other inspiration for the song was `` the bolero used by Miles Davis and Gil Evans on their 1960 album Sketches of Spain . '' The song is essentially one long crescendo similar to that of Ravel 's famous `` Boléro '' . The music combined with the song 's lyrics strongly suggests the sensory distortions experienced with hallucinogens , and the song was later used in pop culture to imply or accompany just such a state . Music video ( edit ) The music video , released in 1967 and directed by horror and thriller movie director Ray Dennis Steckler , features a woman played by Carolyn Brandt , Steckler 's frequent collaborator , evocatively moving around a beach , a rock , and through waves while there are other parts intercut of a caterpillar , a chess piece , and the band 's album cover while the song plays . Chart history ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1967 ) Peak position Canada RPM Top Singles U.S. Billboard Hot 100 8 U.S. Cash Box Top 100 6 Chart ( 1987 ) Peak position UK ( OCC ) 94 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1967 ) Rank Canada 48 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 81 U.S. Cash Box 22 Cashbox ( 11 weeks ) : 59 , 45 , 23 , 14 , 12 , 11 , 8 , 6 , 7 , 22 , 41 Personnel ( edit ) Grace Slick -- vocals Jorma Kaukonen -- lead guitar Paul Kantner -- rhythm guitar Jack Casady -- bass Spencer Dryden -- drums Covers ( edit ) Many artists have covered the song . Among the more notable examples are guitarist George Benson 's jazz version from 1971 ( featuring an electric piano solo by Herbie Hancock ) , and a single released in 1980 by punk / gothic rock band the Damned . The song was covered by industrial rock group Death Method for the various artists compilation album Shut Up Kitty , released in 1993 . A 1996 version by Icelandic singer - songwriter Emilíana Torrini was used in the soundtrack for the 2011 film Sucker Punch . The 2002 Do n't Know When I 'll Be Back Again : A Compilation Benefiting American Veterans of the Vietnam War contains a cover by the band Enon . Collide contributed a DnB - remix version for the soundtrack of Resident Evil : Extinction in 2007 . Pop - rock singer Pink has covered the song in 2016 for the Disney movie Alice Through the Looking Glass without the version appearing on the soundtrack . Instead , her version appeared as a bonus track on the Japanese edition of her 2017 album , Beautiful Trauma . Blue Man Group used the song for their stage production and put it into their album , The Complex . Swedish artist Loreen also performed the song live . In media ( edit ) This section indiscriminately collects miscellaneous information . Please compress this material to remove any irrelevant or unimportant information . ( September 2017 ) `` White Rabbit '' has been used in numerous films and television shows . In the `` A Head in the Polls '' episode of the television show Futurama , the character of Richard Nixon 's head , while announcing his campaign to become president of Earth and in an attempt to broaden his political appeal , sings , `` Remember what the dormouse said . Feed your head . '' Then adds , `` I 'm meeting you halfway , you stupid hippies . '' In an episode of Blossom , Blossom 's dad ( Ted Wass ) has a nightmare sequence of Blossom and Six trying pot to the song . The song is featured in the 1997 film The Game . The song is used in the 2004 tactical shooter Conflict Vietnam . The song is featured in the Terry Gilliam adaptation of Hunter S. Thompson 's Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas ( corresponding to the book 's mention of the song ) . A line in the song , `` Go Ask Alice '' , was used as the title of a 1971 book about drug addiction by Beatrice Sparks that was adapted two years later into an ABC Movie of the Week . The song was used in the soundtrack for the film . What the Dormouse Said : How the Sixties Counterculture Shaped the Personal Computer Industry , by John Markoff , is a book about the development of the personal computer in the context of the collaboration - driven , World War II - era defense research community and the cooperatives and psychedelics of the American counterculture of the 1960s . `` What the Dormouse Said '' is a reference to lines at the end of the song , `` Remember what the dormouse said . Feed your head . '' A version , sung in Arabic by Mayssa Karaa , is heard in the 2013 movie American Hustle . The song is played in The Simpsons season 10 episode 6 , `` D'oh - in ' in the Wind '' , season 16 episode 6 , `` Midnight Rx '' , and season 19 episode 19 , `` Mona Leaves - a '' . The song is played in American Dad ! season 5 episode 1 , `` In Country ... Club '' . The song is played in the 1986 Academy Award winner Platoon . The song is played in the Warehouse 13 season 1 episode 8 `` Duped '' when Alice ( inhabiting the body of Myka Bering ) returns to the Warehouse to destroy the mirror that would trap her . The song is played in the beginning and very ending of Season 1 , Episode 7 of The Sopranos , titled `` Down Neck '' . The song is played in Supernatural season 2 episode 10 `` Hunted '' . The song is played in Episode 1 of the first season of Stranger Things , titled `` The Vanishing of Will Byers '' The song is included in the soundtrack to Mafia III The song is included in the soundtrack to Sucker Punch . A remixed version of the song was used for Battlefield Vietnam 's theme , and the original song was also available for use with the ingame radio function . The song is again featured in Battlefield : Bad Company 2 : Vietnam , again available with the ingame radio function . The song is played in Call of Duty : Black Ops III 's last campaign mission `` Life '' , as the background music played in the building when the Player exited . The song is played in season 4 episode 2 of Queer as Folk . The song is played in the fourth episode of the HBO miniseries `` Big Little Lies '' . The song is played in season one , episode eight of Hulu 's adaptation of Margaret Atwood 's `` The Handmaid 's Tale '' . The song was briefly played in Kong : Skull Island . The song is played in Pawn Sacrifice . The song is played in the background in Gotham season 4 episode 4 during a visit by James Gordon to Barbara Kean 's Club . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Myers , Marc ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` How Jefferson Airplane 's Grace Slick Wrote ' White Rabbit ' '' . International Times . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Music Hits , Top 100 Music Charts , Top 100 Songs & The Hot 100 '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` The RS 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . December 9 , 2004 . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2008 . Retrieved August 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles of All - time '' . Rate Your Music . Retrieved October 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Darby Slick Puts Original Lyrics Up For Sale '' . jambands.com . Jump up ^ `` Billboard -- Jefferson Airplane '' . Billboard.com . Jump up ^ Tamarkin , Jeff , ed. ( 2003 ) . Got a revolution ! : the turublent flight of Jefferson Airplane . Atria . p. 113 . ISBN 0 - 671 - 03403 - 0 . Retrieved April 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Biography -- Grace Slick '' . jeffersonairplane. con . Jump up ^ `` White Rabbit Lyrics '' . metrolyrics.com . Jump up ^ Hughes , Rob ( October 29 , 2016 ) . `` The Story Behind The Song : White Rabbit by Jefferson Airplane '' . TEAMROCK.COM . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ Myers , Marc . `` She Went Chasing Rabbits '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Berkowitz , Kenny . Got a Revolution ! : The Turbulent Flight of Jefferson Airplane . New York : Atrica Books , 2005 , p. 153 ; Wall Street Journal Interview 29 April 2011 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ 1,001 Songs You Must Hear Before You Die Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca. 1967 - 08 - 05 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 1990 - ISBN 0 - 89820 - 089 - X Jump up ^ Cash Box Top 100 Singles , August 12 , 1967 Jump up ^ RPM Top 100 Singles of 1967 Jump up ^ Musicoutfitters.com Jump up ^ Cash Box Year - End Charts : Top 100 Pop Singles , December 23 , 1967 Jump up ^ Hoffmann , Frank ( 1983 ) . The Cash Box Singles Charts , 1950 -- 1981 . Metuchen , NJ & London : The Scarecrow Press , Inc. p. 303 . Jump up ^ `` Filmography by year for Jefferson Airplane '' . IMDB.com . Retrieved June 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Go Ask Alice Soundtrack '' . IMDB.com . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lanier , Jaron ( July 2010 ) . `` Early Computing 's Long , Strange Trip . What the Dormouse Said : How the Sixties Counterculture Shaped the Personal Computer Industry . John Markoff '' ( Book review ) . American Scientist . Sigma Xi , The Scientific Research Society . 93 ( 4 ) . Scientists ' Nightstand > Bookshelf Detail . Retrieved June 26 , 2015 . John Markoff 's What the Dormouse Said ( the title is taken from the lyrics of the Jefferson Airplane song `` White Rabbit '' ) tells the story of the important period when the personal computer and the Internet as we know them came into being . He also describes how a new culture of drugs , sex and rock and roll was created at the same time as the computers , sometimes in the same rooms , by some of the same people . External links ( edit ) Song Review : White Rabbit , Allmusic . IMDB Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas Reference IMDB Sucker Punch Reference Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Jefferson Airplane ( discography , members ) Jefferson Starship ( discography , members ) Starship ( discography , members ) Studio albums Jefferson Airplane Jefferson Airplane Takes Off Surrealistic Pillow After Bathing at Baxter 's Crown of Creation Volunteers Bark Long John Silver Jefferson Airplane Jefferson Starship Blows Against the Empire ( with Paul Kantner ) Dragon Fly Red Octopus Spitfire Earth Freedom at Point Zero Modern Times Winds of Change Nuclear Furniture Windows of Heaven Jefferson 's Tree of Liberty Starship Knee Deep in the Hoopla No Protection Love Among the Cannibals Loveless Fascination Live albums Bless Its Pointed Little Head Thirty Seconds Over Winterland Deep Space / Virgin Sky Greatest Hits : Live at the Fillmore Across the Sea of Suns Archival releases Live at the Monterey Festival Live at the Fillmore East At Golden Gate Park Last Flight Sweeping Up the Spotlight At the Family Dog Ballroom The Woodstock Experience Compilations The Worst of Jefferson Airplane Early Flight Flight Log Gold 2400 Fulton Street Greatest Hits ( Ten Years and Change 1979 -- 1991 ) Jefferson Airplane Loves You The Essential Jefferson Airplane Singles `` Somebody to Love '' `` White Rabbit '' `` The Ballad of You and Me and Pooneil '' `` Volunteers '' `` Wooden Ships '' `` Mexico '' `` Ride the Tiger '' `` Miracles '' `` Play On Love '' `` With Your Love '' `` Count On Me '' `` Runaway '' `` Light the Sky on Fire '' `` Jane '' `` Find Your Way Back '' `` Stranger '' `` Be My Lady '' `` Winds of Change '' `` No Way Out '' `` Layin ' It on the Line '' `` We Built This City '' `` Sara '' `` Tomorrow Does n't Matter Tonight '' `` Nothing 's Gonna Stop Us Now '' `` It 's Not Over ( ' Til It 's Over ) '' `` It 's Not Enough '' `` Planes '' `` Good Heart '' `` Let Me Fly '' `` It 's Not the Same as Love '' Filmography Monterey Pop ( 1968 ) Gimme Shelter ( 1970 ) One P.M. ( 1972 ) Star Wars Holiday Special ( 1978 ) Woodstock ( 1994 director 's cut ) Related articles Grunt Records Hot Tuna KBC Band The Matrix ( club ) Planet Earth Rock and Roll Orchestra Book The Damned Dave Vanian Captain Sensible Monty Oxymoron Pinch Paul Gray Brian James Rat Scabies Lu Edmonds Dave Berk Henry Badowski Jon Moss Lemmy Algy Ward Gary Holton Roman Jugg Bryn Merrick Paul Shepley Kris Dollimore Alan Lee Shaw Moose Harris Garrie Dreadful Patricia Morrison Spike Smith Stu West Studio albums Damned Damned Damned Music for Pleasure Machine Gun Etiquette The Black Album Strawberries Phantasmagoria Anything Not of This Earth Grave Disorder So , Who 's Paranoid ? Live albums Live Shepperton 1980 Live at Newcastle The Captain 's Birthday Party Not the Captain 's Birthday Party ? Final Damnation Ballroom Blitz -- Live at the Lyceum Molten Lager Live at the 100 Club Compilation albums Light at the End of the Tunnel The Radio One Sessions Smash It Up : The Anthology 1976 -- 1987 EPs Friday 13th EP Testify Singles `` New Rose '' `` Neat Neat Neat '' `` Stretcher Case Baby '' `` Problem Child '' `` Do n't Cry Wolf '' `` Love Song '' `` Smash It Up '' `` I Just Ca n't Be Happy Today '' `` White Rabbit '' `` The History of the World ( Part 1 ) '' `` There Ai n't No Sanity Clause '' `` Dr Jekyll & Mr Hyde '' `` Wait for the Blackout '' `` Lovely Money '' `` Dozen Girls '' `` Lively Arts '' `` Generals '' `` Thanks for the Night '' `` Grimly Fiendish '' `` The Shadow of Love '' `` Is It a Dream ? '' `` Eloise '' `` Gigolo '' `` Anything '' `` Alone Again Or '' `` In Dulce Decorum '' `` Fun Factory '' `` Prokofiev '' `` Shut It '' `` Little Miss Disaster '' Associated acts Masters of the Backside London SS The Lords of the New Church Dave Vanian and the Phantom Chords Naz Nomad and the Nightmares Related articles Discography `` Nasty '' The Damned : Do n't You Wish That We Were Dead Pink songs Discography Ca n't Take Me Home `` There You Go '' `` Most Girls '' `` You Make Me Sick '' Missundaztood `` Get the Party Started '' `` Do n't Let Me Get Me '' `` Just Like a Pill '' `` Family Portrait '' Try This `` Feel Good Time '' `` Trouble '' `` God is a DJ '' `` Last to Know '' I 'm Not Dead `` Stupid Girls '' `` Who Knew '' `` U + Ur Hand '' `` Nobody Knows '' `` Leave Me Alone ( I 'm Lonely ) '' `` Dear Mr. President '' Funhouse `` So What '' `` Sober '' `` Please Do n't Leave Me '' `` Bad Influence '' `` Funhouse '' `` I Do n't Believe You '' `` Glitter in the Air '' Greatest Hits ... So Far ! ! ! `` Raise Your Glass '' `` Fuckin ' Perfect '' `` Whataya Want from Me '' The Truth About Love `` Blow Me ( One Last Kiss ) '' `` Try '' `` Just Give Me a Reason '' `` True Love '' `` Walk of Shame '' Beautiful Trauma `` What About Us '' `` Beautiful Trauma '' `` Revenge '' `` Whatever You Want '' Collaborations `` Lady Marmalade '' `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti '' `` Wo n't Back Down '' `` Setting the World on Fire '' `` Waterfall '' Other songs `` Bridge of Light '' `` I Am Not My Hair '' `` Sing '' `` Today 's the Day '' `` Just Like Fire '' `` White Rabbit '' `` Hands '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White_Rabbit_(song)&oldid=832816022 '' Categories : 1967 singles Jefferson Airplane songs Blue Man Group songs 1980 singles 1983 singles Music based on Alice in Wonderland The Damned ( band ) songs Patti Smith songs Songs written by Grace Slick Songs about drugs Song recordings produced by Rick Jarrard Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients Counterculture of the 1960s 1967 songs RCA Victor singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Articles with trivia sections from September 2017 All articles with trivia sections Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 March 2018 , at 04 : 20 . 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what is the address to atlanta international airport			Hartsfield -- Jackson Atlanta International airport	hartsfield - - jackson atlanta international airport	Hartsfield -- Jackson Atlanta International Airport ( IATA : ATL , ICAO : KATL , FAA LID : ATL ) , also known as Atlanta Airport , Hartsfield , or Hartsfield -- Jackson , is an international airport located 7 miles ( 11 km ) south of Atlanta 's central business district , in the U.S. state of Georgia .	It has been the world 's busiest airport by passenger traffic since 1998 ; and by number of landings and take - offs from 2005 to 2013 , losing that title to Chicago -- O'Hare in 2014 , but regaining it a year later . Hartsfield -- Jackson held its ranking as the world 's busiest airport in 2012 , both in passengers and number of flights , by accommodating 100 million passengers ( more than 260,000 passengers daily ) and 950,119 flights . Many of the nearly one million flights are domestic flights from within the United States , where the airport serves as a major hub for travel throughout the southeastern region of the country . The airport has 209 domestic and international gates . ATL covers 4,700 acres ( 1,902 ha ) of land and has five parallel runways . Hartsfield -- Jackson is the primary hub of Delta Air Lines , and is a focus city for low - cost carriers Frontier Airlines , Southwest Airlines , and Spirit Airlines . With just over 1,000 flights a day , the Delta Air Lines hub is the world 's largest hub . Delta Air Lines flew 75.4 % of the airport 's passengers in February 2016 , Southwest flew 9.2 % , and American Airlines flew 2.5 % . In addition to hosting Delta Air Lines corporate headquarters , Hartsfield -- Jackson is also the home of Delta 's Technical Operations Center , which is the airline 's primary maintenance , repair and overhaul arm . The airport has international service within North America and to countries in South America , Central America , Europe , Asia , and Africa . As an international gateway to the United States , Hartsfield -- Jackson ranks sixth . The airport is mostly in unincorporated areas in Fulton and Clayton counties . However , the airport spills into the city limits of Atlanta , College Park , and Hapeville . The airport 's domestic terminal is served by MARTA 's Red and Gold rail lines . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Expansion and renovations 2.1 Hartsfield -- Jackson Rental Car Center 2.2 Maynard H. Jackson , Jr . International Terminal 2.3 Accommodating the Airbus A380 2.4 Modernization of Concourse D 2.5 Airport master plan 3 Runways 4 Passenger facilities 4.1 Terminals 4.1. 1 Domestic Terminal 4.1. 2 Maynard Holbrook Jackson Jr . International Terminal 4.2 Concourses 4.2. 1 Gates 4.2. 2 Airlines 4.3 Connections between terminals and concourses 5 Airlines and destinations 5.1 Passenger 5.2 Cargo 6 Statistics 6.1 Top destinations 6.2 Airline market share 6.3 Annual traffic 7 Ground transportation 7.1 Road 7.2 Metro 7.3 Rental Car Center 7.4 ATL SkyTrain 8 Other facilities 9 Restaurant contracts 10 Culture 11 Accidents and incidents 12 See also 13 References 14 External links History ( edit ) A hallway connecting Concourse B to Concourse A at Atlanta Hartsfield - Jackson International Airport . Hartsfield -- Jackson had its beginnings with a five - year , rent - free lease on 287 acres ( 116 ha ) that was an abandoned auto racetrack named The Atlanta Speedway . The lease was signed April 16 , 1925 , by Mayor Walter Sims , who committed the city to develop it into an airfield . As part of the agreement , the property was renamed Candler Field after its former owner , Coca - Cola tycoon and former Atlanta mayor Asa Candler . The first flight into Candler Field was September 15 , 1926 , a Florida Airways mail plane flying from Jacksonville , Florida . In May 1928 , Pitcairn Aviation began service to Atlanta , followed in June 1930 by Delta Air Service . Later those two airlines , now known as Eastern Air Lines and Delta Air Lines , respectively , would both use Atlanta as their chief hubs . The airport 's weather station became the official location for Atlanta 's weather observations September 1 , 1928 , and records by the National Weather Service . It was a busy airport from its inception and by the end of 1930 it was third behind New York City and Chicago for regular daily flights with sixteen arriving and departing . ( In May 1931 Atlanta had four scheduled departures . ) Candler Field 's first control tower opened March 1939 . The March 1939 Official Aviation Guide shows fourteen weekday airline departures : ten Eastern and four Delta . In October 1940 , the U.S. government declared it a military airfield and the United States Army Air Forces operated Atlanta Army Airfield jointly with Candler Field . The Air Force used the airport primarily to service many types of transient combat aircraft . During World War II the airport doubled in size and set a record of 1,700 takeoffs and landings in a single day , making it the nation 's busiest in terms of flight operation . Atlanta Army Airfield closed after the war . In 1942 Candler Field was renamed Atlanta Municipal Airport and by 1948 , more than one million passengers passed through a war surplus hangar that served as a terminal building . Delta and Eastern had extensive networks from ATL , though Atlanta had no nonstop flights beyond Texas , St Louis and Chicago until 1961 . Southern Airways established itself at ATL after the war and had short - haul routes around the Southeast until 1979 . On June 1 , 1956 , an Eastern Airlines flight to Montreal , Canada was the first scheduled international flight out of Atlanta . Atlanta 's first scheduled trans - Atlantic flight was the Delta / Pan Am interchange DC - 8 to Europe starting in 1964 ; the first scheduled nonstop to Mexico was Eastern 's flight to Mexico City around 1972 . Nonstops to Europe started in 1978 and to Asia in 1992 -- 93 . In 1957 Atlanta saw its first jet airliner : a prototype Sud Aviation Caravelle that was touring the country arrived from Washington D.C. The first scheduled turbine airliners were Capital Viscounts in June 1956 ; the first scheduled jets were Delta DC - 8s in September 1959 . Atlanta was the country 's busiest airport , with more than two million passengers passing through in 1957 and , between noon and 2 p.m. each day , it became the world 's busiest airport . ( The April 1957 OAG shows 165 weekday departures from Atlanta , including 45 between 12 : 05 and 2 : 00 PM ( and 20 between 2 : 25 and 4 : 25 AM ) . Chicago Midway had 414 weekday departures , including 48 between 12 : 00 and 2 : 00 PM . In 1957 , Atlanta was the country 's ninth - busiest airline airport by flight count and about the same by passenger count . ) That year work began on a new $21 million terminal which opened May 3 , 1961 . It was the largest in the country and could handle over six million travelers a year ; the first year nine and a half million people passed through . In March 1962 the longest runway ( 9 / 27 , now 8R ) was 7,860 feet ( 2,400 m ) ; runway 3 was 5,505 feet ( 1,678 m ) and runway 15 was 7,220 feet ( 2,200 m ) long . The airport 's terminal until the 1970s was located off Virginia Avenue , on the north side of the airport . It was designed around six pier concourses radiating from a central building . Construction began on the present midfield terminal in January 1977 under the administration of Mayor Maynard Jackson . It was the largest construction project in the South , costing $500 million . The complex was designed by Stevens & Wilkinson , Smith Hinchman & Grylls , and Minority Airport Architects & Planners . Renamed for former Atlanta mayor William B. Hartsfield , who did much to promote air travel , the airport reopened on September 21 , 1980 , on - time and under budget . It was designed to accommodate up to 55 million passengers per year and covered 2.5 million square feet ( 230,000 m2 ) . In December 1984 a 9,000 - foot ( 2,700 m ) fourth parallel runway was completed and another runway was extended to 11,889 feet ( 3,624 m ) the following year . Although Eastern was a larger airline than Delta until airline deregulation in 1978 , Delta was early to adopt the hub and spoke route system , with Atlanta as its primary hub between the Midwest and Florida , giving it an advantage in the Atlanta market . Eastern ceased operations in 1991 due to labor issues , leaving Delta as Atlanta 's only major airline hub . American Airlines considered establishing an Atlanta hub around the time of Eastern 's demise , but determined Delta was too strong there and the competitive environment was more favorable at Eastern 's other hub in Miami . An AirTran Boeing 717 plane Taxiing at ATL . ValuJet was established in 1993 as low - cost competition for Delta at ATL . However , its safety practices were called into question early and the airline was grounded after the 1996 crash of ValuJet Flight 592 . It resumed operations in 1997 as AirTran Airways and was the second - largest airline at ATL until it was acquired by Southwest Airlines in 2011 and fully absorbed into Southwest on December 28 , 2014 . Southwest is now the airport 's second largest carrier . Hartsfield -- Jackson Atlanta International Airport 's air traffic control tower In May 2001 construction of an over 9,000 - foot ( 2,700 m ) fifth runway ( 10 -- 28 ) began . It was completed at a cost of $1.28 billion and opened on May 27 , 2006 . It bridges Interstate 285 ( the Perimeter ) on the airport 's south side , making Hartsfield -- Jackson the nation 's only civil airport to have a runway above an interstate ( although Runway 17R / 35L at Stapleton International Airport in Denver , Colorado crossed Interstate 70 until that airport closed in 1995 ) . The massive project , which involved putting fill dirt eleven stories high in some places , destroyed some surrounding neighborhoods and dramatically changed the scenery of Flat Rock Cemetery and Hart Cemetery , both of which are on the airport property . It was added to help ease traffic problems caused by landing small - and mid-size aircraft on the longer runways used by larger planes such as the Boeing 777 , which need longer runways than the smaller planes . With the fifth runway , Hartsfield -- Jackson is one of only a few airports that can perform triple simultaneous landings . The fifth runway is expected to increase the capacity for landings and take - offs by 40 % , from an average of 184 flights per hour to 237 flights per hour . Along with the construction of the fifth runway , a new control tower was built to see the entire length of the runway . The new control tower is the tallest in the United States , with a height of over 398 feet ( 121 m ) . The old control tower , 585 feet ( 178 m ) away from the new control tower , was demolished August 5 , 2006 . Atlanta City Council voted on October 20 , 2003 , to change the name from Hartsfield Atlanta International Airport to the Hartsfield -- Jackson Atlanta International Airport , to honor former mayor Maynard Jackson , who died June 23 , 2003 . The council planned to rename the airport solely for Mayor Jackson , but public outcry prevented this . In April 2007 an `` end - around taxiway '' opened , Taxiway Victor . It is expected to save an estimated $26 million to $30 million in fuel each year by allowing airplanes landing on the northernmost runway to taxi to the gate area without preventing other aircraft from taking off . The taxiway drops about 30 feet ( 9.1 m ) from runway elevation to allow takeoffs to continue . After the Southeastern U.S. drought of 2007 , the airport ( the eighth - largest water user in the state ) made changes to reduce water usage . This included adjusting toilets , of which there are 725 commodes and 338 urinals , in addition to 601 sinks . ( The two terminals alone use 917,000 gallons or about 3.5 million liters each day on average . ) It also stopped using firetrucks to spray water over aircraft when the pilot made a last landing before retirement ( a water salute ) . The city of Macon offered to sell water to the airport , through a proposed pipeline . The airport today employs about 55,300 airline , ground transportation , concessionaire , security , federal government , City of Atlanta and Airport tenant employees and is the largest employment center in Georgia . With a payroll of $2.4 billion , the airport has a direct and indirect economic impact of $3.2 billion on the local and regional economy and an annual , regional economic impact of more than $19.8 billion . Since the opening of Concourse F in May 2012 , the airport now has 200 gates which is the most at any airport . In December 2015 , the airport became the first airport in the world to serve 100 million passengers in a year . Expansion and renovations ( edit ) A view of the International Concourse E and Control Tower at night In 1999 , Hartsfield -- Jackson 's leadership established the Development Program : `` Focus On the Future '' involving multiple construction projects with the intention of preparing the airport to handle a projected demand of 121 million passengers in 2015 . The program was originally budgeted at $5.4 billion over a ten - year period , but the total is now revised to be at over $9 billion . Hartsfield -- Jackson rental car Center ( edit ) The Hartsfield -- Jackson Rental Car Center , which opened December 8 , 2009 , houses all ten airport rental agencies with capacity for additional companies . The complex features 9,900 parking spaces split between two four - story parking decks that together cover 2,800,000 square feet ( 260,000 m ) , a 137,000 - square - foot ( 12,700 m ) customer service center , and a maintenance center for vehicles that features 140 gas pumps and 30 wash bays equipped with a water recovery system . An automated people mover , the ATL SkyTrain , runs between the rental car center , the Domestic Terminal , and the Gateway Center of the Georgia International Convention Center , while a four - lane roadway that spans Interstate 85 connects the rental car center with the existing airport road network . Maynard H. Jackson , Jr . International Terminal ( edit ) An Aerial view of Concourse C In July 2003 , former Atlanta mayor Shirley Franklin announced a new terminal to be named for Maynard H. Jackson , Jr ... The new international terminal would be built on the east side of the airport near International Concourse E , on a site that had been occupied by air cargo facilities and the midfield control tower . It has added twelve new gates able to hold wide - body jets , which can be converted to sixteen narrow - body gates , as well as check - in desks and a baggage claim area solely for international carriers . Additionally , the international terminal has its own parking lot just for international passengers with over 1,100 spaces . Arriving international passengers whose final destination is Atlanta can keep their luggage as they proceed to exit the airport . The new terminal is connected to Concourse E by the tram and also has ground transportation access via I - 75 . The new terminal was slated to open in 2006 ; however , time and cost overruns led former Airport General Manager Ben DeCosta to cancel the design contract in August 2005 . The next day , the architect sued the airport claiming `` fraud '' and `` bad faith '' , blaming the airport authority for the problems . In early 2007 , the General Manager awarded a new design contract on the new international terminal to Atlanta Gateway Designers ( AGD ) . Construction began in the summer of 2008 . Estimates place the terminal 's cost at $1.4 billion and it opened on May 16 , 2012 . The first departure was Delta Flight # 295 to Tokyo -- Narita , with the first arrival being Delta Flight # 177 from Dublin . Accommodating the Airbus A380 ( edit ) In addition to Concourse F that allowed expanded international operations , sections of some midfield taxiways have been widened from 145 feet ( 44 m ) to 162 feet ( 49 m ) and a section of Runway 27R has been widened from 220 feet ( 67 m ) to 250 feet ( 76 m ) to accommodate Airbus A380 operations at the airport . Air France is considering whether they will commence A380 service from Atlanta , and Korean Air began daily service from Atlanta to Seoul on September 1 , 2013 . Additionally , two adjacent gates on Concourse E , Gates E1 and E3 , have been retrofitted to allow lower - level boarding from one gate and upper - level boarding from the other , allowing for quick boarding and the facilitation of passengers to connecting flights around the airport . After complaints about the lengthy walk times from E1 / E3 for terminating international passengers , the airport is now constructing additional jetways at Gate F3 on Concourse F to allow for the A380 to be parked there . Modernization of Concourse D ( edit ) On June 6 , 2011 , Atlanta City Council awarded a contract to the joint venture of Holder / Moody / Bryson to renovate and expand Concourse D . The plans called for 60,000 square feet ( 5,600 m ) of space added , two new escalators between the main level and the Transportation Mall , three new elevators between the second and third levels , and expanded food , beverage and retail outlets . The project budget was not to exceed $37 million and it was set for completion by spring 2014 . The expansion was completed in July 2013 at a final cost of $47 million , with a total of 91,000 square feet ( 8,500 m ) of space added . Airport master plan ( edit ) On August 28 , 2014 , the airport management unveiled a preliminary new master plan . Included in the preliminary master plan are the replacement of the existing domestic parking garages , an end - around taxiway and additional cargo facilities on the south side of the airport , the addition of three new international concourses ( G , H , and I ) , the conversion of Concourse E to domestic use and a sixth runway . On March 10 , 2016 , the final 20 - year master plan was finalized . The final master plan includes the following : Modernization of the existing terminals . Construction of Concourse G . Expansion of Concourse D . Extension of Concourse T . Relocation of the turnback for The Plane Train . Construction of a new parking deck next to the Georgia International Convention Center . A new park - and - ride lot at Sullivan Road . Replacement of the existing domestic parking garages . A new hotel , travel plaza , and mixed use commercial complex . Repaving of the existing runways and taxiways . A new sixth runway . A new end - around taxiway . Replacement and relocation of cargo buildings , the fire station , and maintenance complexes . Proposed Concourses H and I are not currently included in the final master plan , but may be added later if demand warrants in 2030 or later . Runways ( edit ) ATL diagram showing runways and terminals . There are five runways at ATL . All five runways are parallel , aligned east - west . 26R / 08L and 26L / 08R are north of the airport terminals , and 27R / 09L , 27L / 09R , and 28 / 10 are south of the airport terminals . From north to south , the runways are designated : Runways at Hartsfield - Jackson Atlanta International Length Width Notes 08L → 9,000 ft 2,700 m 150 ft 46 m ← 26R Category III ILS 08R → 9,999 ft 3,048 m 150 ft 46 m ← 26L Category II ILS Terminal Area 09L → 12,390 ft 3,780 m 150 ft 46 m ← 27R Category I ILS 09R → 9,000 ft 2,700 m 150 ft 46 m ← 27L Category III ILS 10 → 9,000 ft 2,700 m 150 ft 46 m ← 28 Category II ILS Under visual and marginal flying conditions ( approximately 88 % of the time ) , the airfield operates with 26R and 27L handling arrivals , and 26L and 27R handling departures . Runway 28 is assigned to either arrivals or departures , depending on what airfield operations has prioritized . Arrivals approach from the east , and departures take off to the west . When instrument conditions prevail ( approximately 12 % of the time ) , the airfield shifts to have arrivals approach from the west , and departures take off to the east . 08L and 09R handle arrivals , and 08R and 09L handle departures . Runway 10 is reassigned to arrivals or departures depending on airfield priority . Passenger facilities ( edit ) Terminal and concourse diagram of ATL . Domestic Terminal ( DT ) is on the west end , and International Terminal ( IT ) is on the east end . Approximate route of the Transportation Mall and The Plane Train indicated . Hartsfield -- Jackson Atlanta International Airport has terminal and concourse space totaling 6,800,000 square feet ( 630,000 m ) . Terminals ( edit ) Aerial view of passenger facilities at ATL in 2009 . View from the west ; the Domestic Terminal is the T - shaped building at the bottom of the photograph , and the International Terminal is under construction at the top , surrounded by dirt . There are two terminals , the Domestic Terminal and the Maynard H. Jackson , Jr . International Terminal , where passengers check in and claim bags . The Domestic Terminal is on the west side of the airport , while the International Terminal is located on the east side of the airport , and includes customs and immigration services for international passengers . Domestic Terminal ( edit ) The Domestic Terminal is on the western side of the airport . It is divided into two sides -- Terminal South and Terminal North -- for ticketing , check - in , and baggage claim . Delta is the sole tenant of Terminal South , while all other domestic airlines are located at Terminal North . The portion of the building between Terminal North and Terminal South includes the Atrium , which is a large , open seating area featuring concessionaires , a bank , conference rooms , an interfaith chapel and offices on the upper floors with the main security checkpoint , the Ground Transportation Center and a MARTA station on other levels . Maynard holbrook Jackson Jr . International Terminal ( edit ) International flights arrive and depart from the international terminal , either concourse E or F , located on the eastern side of the airport . Concourse F and the new international terminal opened May 16 , 2012 , while concourse E opened in September 1994 , in anticipation of the 1996 Summer Olympics . International pre-cleared flights can arrive at concourses T & A -- D. International flights can also depart from concourses T & A -- D , such as when space is unavailable at concourses E or F , or when an aircraft arrives as a domestic flight and continues as an international flight . Furthermore , all international pre-cleared flights , regardless of origin , will collect their baggage at the international terminal . Concourses ( edit ) The 209 gates are located in seven concourses between the Domestic and International terminals . Concourse T is connected to the Domestic Terminal . The remaining six concourses from west to east are Concourses A , B , C , D , E , and F. Concourses A -- D and T are used for domestic flights , while Concourses E and F are used for international flights and some domestic flights when gates at T or A -- D are not available , or when an aircraft arrives as an international flight and continues as a domestic flight . Concourse F is directly connected to the International Terminal , while Concourse E has a designated walkway to the International Terminal and also has its own Federal Inspection station for connecting passengers . Delta Air Lines has gates and operations at all concourses . The gates and airlines at each concourse are : Gates ( edit ) The gates at each concourse : Concourse T : 17 gates ( T1 -- T17 ) Concourse A : 29 gates ( A1 -- A7 , A9 -- A12 , A15 -- A21 , A24 -- A34 ) Concourse B : 32 gates ( B1 -- B7 , B9 -- B14 , B16 -- B29 , B31 -- B34 , B36 ) Concourse C : 48 gates ( C1 -- C22 , C30 -- 53 , C55 , C57 ) Concourse D: 43 gates ( D1 , D1A , D2 -- D8 , D8A , D9 -- D11 , D11A , D12 -- D16 , D21 -- D42 , D44 , D46 ) Concourse E : 28 gates ( E1 -- E12 , E14 -- E18 , E26 -- E36 ) Concourse F : 12 gates ( F1 -- F10 , F12 , F14 ) Airlines ( edit ) The Transportation Mall . The portion between Concourse T and Concourse A includes the exhibit Zimbabwe Sculpture : a Tradition in Stone When the current passenger terminal opened in 1980 , it consisted of only the domestic terminal , the north half of concourse T ( which housed international flights ) , and concourses A-D . Concourse E opened in 1994 for international flights in time for the 1996 Summer Olympics , which were held in Atlanta . Once Concourse E was opened , Concourse T was converted to domestic use and the former U.S. Customs hall was converted into a dedicated baggage claim area for American Airlines . Concourse F and the International Terminal opened in 2012 . Connections between terminals and concourses ( edit ) The terminals and concourses are connected by the Transportation Mall , a pedestrian tunnel with a series of moving walkways , and The Plane Train , an automated people mover . The Plane Train has stations along the Transportation Mall at the Domestic Terminal ( which also serves Concourse T ) , at each of the six other concourses ( including concourse F which is connected to the International Terminal ) , and at the domestic baggage claim area . The Plane Train is the world 's busiest automated system , with over 64 million riders in 2002 . At one time , there was a second underground walkway between Concourses B and C that connected the north ends of the two concourses and made it possible to transfer without returning to the center of the concourse . This was constructed for Eastern Airlines , which occupied these two terminals . This walkway is now closed , and its entrance at Concourse B has been replaced by a bank of arrival / departure monitors . Airlines and destinations ( edit ) Passenger ( edit ) Airlines Destinations Refs Aeroméxico Connect Guadalajara , León / Del Bajío , Mérida , Monterrey , Querétaro Air Canada Express Toronto -- Pearson Air France Paris -- Charles de Gaulle Seasonal : Pointe - à - Pitre Alaska Airlines Seattle / Tacoma Seasonal : Portland ( OR ) American Airlines Charlotte , Chicago -- O'Hare , Dallas / Fort Worth , Los Angeles , Miami , New York -- LaGuardia , Philadelphia , Phoenix -- Sky Harbor American Eagle Charlotte , Chicago -- O'Hare , Miami , New York -- LaGuardia , Washington -- National Boutique Air Muscle Shoals British Airways London -- Heathrow Delta Air Lines Akron / Canton , Albany ( NY ) , Albuquerque , Allentown , Amsterdam , Appleton , Aruba , Asheville , Augusta ( GA ) , Austin , Baltimore , Baton Rouge , Belize City , Bermuda , Birmingham ( AL ) , Bogotá , Bonaire , Boston , Brussels , Buenos Aires -- Ezeiza , Buffalo , Cancún , Cartagena , Cedar Rapids / Iowa City ( IA ) , Charleston ( SC ) , Charleston ( WV ) , Charlotte , Charlottesville , Chattanooga , Chicago -- Midway , Chicago -- O'Hare , Cincinnati , Cleveland , Colorado Springs , Columbia ( SC ) , Columbus -- Glenn , Cozumel , Dallas -- Love , Dallas / Fort Worth , Dayton , Daytona Beach , Denver , Des Moines , Detroit , Düsseldorf , El Paso , Evansville , Fayetteville / Bentonville , Fayetteville ( NC ) , Flint , Fort Lauderdale , Fort Myers , Fort Walton Beach , Frankfurt , Gainesville , George Town / Great Exuma Island , Grand Cayman , Grand Rapids , Greensboro , Greenville / Spartanburg , Guadalajara , Guatemala City , Gulfport / Biloxi , Harrisburg , Hartford , Havana , Honolulu , Houston -- Hobby , Houston -- Intercontinental , Huntsville , Indianapolis , Jackson ( MS ) , Jacksonville ( FL ) , Johannesburg -- O.R. Tambo , Kansas City , Key West , Kingston -- Norman Manley , Knoxville , Lafayette ( LA ) , Lagos , Las Vegas , Lexington , Liberia ( CR ) , Lima , Little Rock , London -- Heathrow , Los Angeles , Louisville , Madison , Madrid , Managua , Manchester ( NH ) , Melbourne ( FL ) , Memphis , Mexico City , Miami , Milwaukee , Minneapolis / St. Paul , Mobile , Montego Bay , Monterrey , Munich , Nashville , Nassau , Newark , New Orleans , Newport News , New York -- JFK , New York -- LaGuardia , Norfolk , Oklahoma City , Omaha , Orange County , Orlando , Panama City ( FL ) , Panama City -- Tocumen , Paris -- Charles de Gaulle , Pensacola , Philadelphia , Phoenix -- Sky Harbor , Pittsburgh , Port - au - Prince , Portland ( ME ) , Portland ( OR ) , Providence , Providenciales , Puerto Vallarta , Punta Cana , Quito , Raleigh / Durham , Richmond , Rio de Janeiro -- Galeão , Roanoke , Roatán , Rochester ( NY ) , Rome -- Fiumicino , Sacramento , St. Louis , St. Lucia , St. Maarten , St. Thomas , Salt Lake City , San Antonio , San Diego , San Francisco , San Jose ( CA ) , San José ( Costa Rica ) , San José del Cabo , San Juan , San Pedro Sula , San Salvador , Santiago de Chile , Santiago de los Caballeros , Santo Domingo -- Las Américas , São Paulo -- Guarulhos , Sarasota , Savannah , Seattle / Tacoma , Seoul -- Incheon , Shanghai -- Pudong ( resumes July 20 , 2018 ) , Shreveport , Springfield / Branson , Stuttgart , Syracuse , Tallahassee , Tampa , Tegucigalpa , Tokyo -- Narita , Toronto -- Pearson , Tri-Cities ( TN ) , Tucson , Tulsa , Washington -- Dulles , Washington -- National , West Palm Beach , White Plains ( resumes April 3 , 2018 ) , Wichita , Wilkes - Barre / Scranton , Wilmington ( NC ) Seasonal : Anchorage , Antigua , Barcelona , Bozeman , Dublin , Eagle / Vail , Green Bay , Grenada , Hayden / Steamboat Springs , Jackson Hole , Kalispell , Lisbon ( begins May 24 , 2018 ) , Milan -- Malpensa , Missoula , Montréal -- Trudeau , Montrose , Myrtle Beach , Oakland , Reno / Tahoe , South Bend , St. Croix , St. Kitts , Vancouver , Venice -- Marco Polo , Zürich Delta Connection Albany ( GA ) , Alexandria , Allentown , Appleton , Asheville , Augusta ( GA ) , Baton Rouge , Bloomington / Normal , Brunswick , Burlington ( VT ) , Cedar Rapids / Iowa City , Charleston ( WV ) , Charlottesville , Chattanooga , Columbia ( SC ) , Columbus ( GA ) , Columbus ( MS ) , Dothan , Evansville , Fayetteville / Bentonville , Fayetteville ( NC ) , Fort Smith , Fort Walton Beach , Fort Wayne , Freeport , Gainesville , George Town / Great Exuma Island , Green Bay , Greensboro , Greenville / Spartanburg , Gulfport / Biloxi , Houston -- Intercontinental , Huntsville , Jackson ( MS ) , Jacksonville ( NC ) , Key West , Knoxville , Lafayette , Lexington , Lincoln , Madison , Mobile , Moline / Quad Cities , Monroe , Montgomery , Montréal -- Trudeau , Myrtle Beach , New Bern , Newport News , Omaha , Peoria , Providenciales , Roanoke , Rochester ( MN ) , Shreveport , Sioux Falls , South Bend , Springfield / Branson , Tallahassee , Toronto -- Pearson , Tri-Cities ( TN ) , Tulsa , Valdosta , White Plains , Wilmington ( NC ) Seasonal : Aspen , Elmira ( NY ) , Fargo ( ND ) , Marsh Harbour , Melbourne ( FL ) , North Eleuthera , Rapid City , Traverse City Frontier Airlines Denver , Las Vegas , Los Angeles , New York -- LaGuardia , Orlando , Salt Lake City , San Francisco ( ends April 7 , 2018 ) , San Jose ( CA ) ( begins April 9 , 2018 ) , San Juan , Trenton Seasonal : Austin , Cincinnati , Colorado Springs ( Begins April 8 , 2018 ) , Long Island / Islip ( begins April 9 , 2018 ) , Miami , Providence ( Begins April 8 , 2018 ) , San Antonio JetBlue Airways Boston , Fort Lauderdale ( begins March 8 , 2018 ) , New York -- JFK ( begins March 8 , 2018 ) , Orlando ( begins March 8 , 2018 ) KLM Amsterdam Korean Air Seoul -- Incheon Lufthansa Frankfurt Qatar Airways Doha Southwest Airlines Austin , Baltimore , Boston , Cancún , Chicago -- Midway , Cleveland , Columbus -- Glenn , Dallas -- Love , Denver , Detroit , Fort Lauderdale , Fort Myers , Greenville / Spartanburg , Houston -- Hobby , Indianapolis , Jacksonville ( FL ) , Kansas City , Las Vegas , Los Angeles , Milwaukee , Minneapolis / St. Paul , Nashville ( begins August 7 , 2018 ) , New Orleans , New York -- LaGuardia , Oakland , Orlando , Philadelphia , Pittsburgh , Phoenix -- Sky Harbor , Punta Cana , Raleigh / Durham , Richmond , St. Louis , San Antonio , San Diego , Tampa , Washington -- Dulles , Washington -- National , West Palm Beach Seasonal : Seattle / Tacoma Spirit Airlines Baltimore , Boston , Chicago -- O'Hare , Cleveland , Dallas / Fort Worth , Detroit , Fort Lauderdale , Houston -- Intercontinental , Las Vegas , Los Angeles , Minneapolis / St. Paul , New Orleans , Orlando , Philadelphia , Tampa Seasonal : Atlantic City Turkish Airlines Istanbul -- Atatürk United Airlines Chicago -- O'Hare , Denver , Houston -- Intercontinental , Newark , San Francisco , Washington -- Dulles United Express Chicago -- O'Hare , Denver , Houston -- Intercontinental , Newark , Washington -- Dulles Vacation Express Seasonal charter : Cancún ( begins May 19 , 2018 ) , Montego Bay , Punta Cana Virgin Atlantic London -- Heathrow , Manchester ( UK ) Cargo ( edit ) A Delta Boeing 757 - 200 with the Atlanta skyline in background . A Spirit Airlines Airbus A319 taxiing A Southwest Airlines Boeing 737 - 700 taxiing Airlines Destinations Aerologic Frankfurt AirBridgeCargo Airlines Amsterdam , Moscow -- Sheremetyevo Asiana Cargo Dallas / Fort Worth , Miami ASL Airlines Belgium Liège CAL Cargo Air Lines Liège CargoLogicAir London -- Stansted , Mexico City Cargolux Chicago -- O'Hare , Huntsville , Glasgow -- Prestwick , Luxembourg , Los Angeles , New York -- JFK , Seattle / Tacoma Cathay Pacific Cargo Anchorage , Dallas / Fort Worth , Hong Kong China Airlines Cargo Anchorage , Dallas / Fort Worth , Miami , Taipei -- Taoyuan China Cargo Airlines Anchorage , Chicago -- O'Hare , Shanghai -- Pudong DHL Aviation Cincinnati , Miami EVA Air Cargo Anchorage , Osaka -- Kansai , Taipei -- Taoyuan FedEx Express Fort Lauderdale , Fort Worth / Alliance , Indianapolis , Memphis , Miami , Newark Korean Air Cargo Anchorage , Chicago -- O'Hare , Dallas / Fort Worth , Los Angeles , Miami , New York -- JFK Lufthansa Cargo Frankfurt , Manchester ( UK ) Qatar Airways Cargo Anchorage , Doha , Houston -- Intercontinental , Liège , Luxembourg , Mexico City , Pittsburgh Singapore Airlines Cargo Los Angeles , Chicago -- O'Hare Turkish Airlines Cargo Istanbul -- Atatürk , Shannon UPS Airlines Columbia ( SC ) , Dallas / Fort Worth , Louisville , Philadelphia , San Juan Statistics ( edit ) Top destinations ( edit ) Busiest domestic routes from Atlanta ( August 2016 -- July 2017 ) Rank Airport Passengers Airlines Orlando , Florida 1,408,410 Delta , Frontier , Southwest , Spirit New York -- LaGuardia , New York 1,202,100 American , Delta , Frontier , Southwest Fort Lauderdale , Florida 1,172,430 Delta , Southwest , Spirit Los Angeles , California 1,108,510 American , Delta , Frontier , Southwest , Spirit 5 Tampa , Florida 1,041,300 Delta , Southwest , Spirit 7 Washington -- National , DC 901,810 American , Delta , Southwest 6 Chicago -- O'Hare , Illinois 889,220 American , Delta , Spirit , United 8 Dallas / Fort Worth , Texas 886,280 American , Delta , Spirit 9 Denver , Colorado 847,810 Delta , Frontier , Southwest , United 10 Miami , Florida 846,030 American , Delta , Frontier Busiest international routes from ATL ( 2016 ) Rank Airport Scheduled Passengers Carriers Amsterdam , Netherlands 777,538 Delta , KLM Paris , France 761,191 Air France , Delta Cancún , Mexico 715,718 Delta , Southwest London -- Heathrow , United Kingdom 586,140 British Airways , Delta , Virgin Atlantic 5 Toronto -- Pearson , Canada 547,882 Air Canada , Delta 6 Mexico City , Mexico 439,391 Delta 7 Punta Cana , Dominican Republic 389,304 Delta , Southwest 8 Montego Bay , Jamaica 356,408 Delta 9 Nassau , Bahamas 317,594 Delta 10 Frankfurt , Germany 291,450 Delta , Lufthansa 11 San Jose , Costa Rica 249,199 Delta 12 Rome -- Fiumicino , Italy 212,367 Delta 13 Montreal , Canada 201,274 Delta 14 Tokyo -- Narita , Japan 199,167 Delta 15 Guatemala City , Guatemala 185,895 Delta 16 Johannesburg -- O.R. Tambo , South Africa 181,846 Delta 17 Seoul -- Incheon , Korea 178,106 Korean Air 18 São Paulo -- Guarulhos , Brazil 173,902 Delta 19 Lima , Peru 166,309 Delta 20 Buenos Aieres -- Ezeiza , Argentina 160,342 Delta 21 Bogotá , Colombia 126,377 Delta Airline market share ( edit ) Largest Airlines at ATL ( Jul 2016 -- Jun 2017 ) Rank Airline Passengers Share Delta Air Lines 64,943,000 72.73 % Southwest Airlines 9,926,000 11.12 % ExpressJet 4,871,000 5.46 % American Airlines 2,837,000 3.18 % 5 Spirit Airlines 1,819,000 2.04 % Annual traffic ( edit ) Traffic by calendar year Passengers Change from previous year Aircraft operations Cargo tonnage 2000 78,092,940 02.77 % N / A 935,892 80,162,407 02.65 % 915,454 865,991 2002 75,858,500 05.37 % 890,494 735,796 2003 76,876,128 01.34 % 889,966 734,083 79,087,928 02.88 % 911,727 802,248 2005 83,606,583 05.71 % 964,858 862,230 2006 85,907,423 02.75 % 980,386 767,897 2007 84,846,639 01.23 % 976,447 746,502 2008 89,379,287 05.34 % 994,346 720,209 2009 90,039,280 00.74 % 978,824 655,277 88,001,381 02.23 % 970,235 563,139 2011 92,389,023 03.53 % 923,996 659,129 2012 94,956,643 03.10 % 952,767 684,576 2013 94,431,224 01.13 % 911,074 616,365 2014 96,178,899 01.85 % 868,359 601,270 2015 101,491,106 05.52 % 882,497 626,201 2016 104,258,124 02.73 % 898,356 648,595 2017 103,902,992 00.26 % 879,560 685,338 Source : Hartsfield -- Jackson Atlanta International Airport Ground Transportation ( edit ) Road ( edit ) The domestic terminal is accessed directly from Interstate 85 at exit 72 . The international terminal is accessed directly from Interstate 75 at exit 239 . These freeways in turn connect with the following additional freeways within 10 miles : Interstate 285 , Interstate 675 , Georgia State Route 166 , Interstate 20 . Metro ( edit ) Main article : Airport ( MARTA station ) Hartsfield -- Jackson also has its own train station on the city 's rapid transit system , MARTA . The above - ground station is inside in the main building , between the north and south domestic terminals on the west end . The Airport train station is currently the southernmost station in the MARTA system . Rental car Center ( edit ) The Rental Car Center ( RCC ) is a one - stop facility that houses 13 rental car brands and vehicles for ATL guests . Operating 24 hours a day , seven days a week , the RCC is just a few minutes away from ATL via the ATL SkyTrain , an electric - powered automated people mover system that connects the Rental Car Center to additional parking and the airport . The following rental car companies operate from the RCC : Advantage , Airport Rent A Car , Alamo , Avis , Budget , Dollar , E-Z Rent - A-Car , Enterprise , Hertz , National , Payless , Sixt and Thrifty . ATL SkyTrain ( edit ) The ATL SkyTrain also serves the Georgia International Convention Center , the Atlanta Airport Marriott Gateway , SpringHill Suites Atlanta Airport Gateway , and opening in May 2017 , the Renaissance Atlanta Airport Gateway Hotel . Other facilities ( edit ) 990 Toffie Terrace hangar , former ExpressJet / Atlantic Southeast Airlines headquarters The 990 Toffie Terrace hangar , a part of Hartsfield -- Jackson Airport , and located within the City of College Park corporate limits , is owned by the City of Atlanta . The building now houses the Atlanta Police Department Helicopter Unit . It once served as the headquarters of the regional airline ExpressJet . Before the merger , Atlantic Southeast Airlines headquartered in the hangar , then named the A-Tech Center . In December 2007 , the airline announced it was moving its headquarters into the facility , previously named the `` North Hangar . '' The 203,000 - square - foot ( 18,900 m ) hangar includes 100,000 square feet ( 9,300 m ) of hangar bays for aircraft maintenance . It has 17 acres ( 6.9 ha ) of adjacent land and 1,400 parking spaces for employees . The airline planned to relocate 100 employees from Macon , Georgia to the new headquarters . The Atlanta City Council and Mayor of Atlanta Shirley Franklin approved of the new 25 - year ASA lease , which also gave the airline new hangar space to work on 15 to 25 aircraft in overnight maintenance ; previously its aircraft were serviced at Concourse C. The airport property division stated that the hangar was built in the 1960s and renovated in the 1970s . Eastern Airlines and Delta Air Lines had previously occupied the hangar . Delta 's lease originally was scheduled to expire in 2010 , but the airline returned the lease to the City of Atlanta in 2005 as part of its bankruptcy settlement . The city collected an insurance settlement of almost $900,000 as a result of the cancellation . Restaurant contracts ( edit ) Restaurant contracts at the airport are worth about $3 billion and complaints over the contracts fit into a historical pattern of allegations of `` cronyism and political influence '' at the airport . Concession company SSP America sued the City of Atlanta to challenge the methods used to award contracts , but this suit was dropped in 2012 . Contracts are awarded on a preferential basis if a business qualifies as an `` airport concessions disadvantaged business enterprise '' . The Federal Aviation Administration ( FAA ) challenged the disadvantaged business status of four businesses -- Mack II 's , Hojeij Branded Foods , Atlanta Restaurant Partners and Vida Concessions -- though a review by the Georgia Department of Transportation ( GDOT ) in 2012 concluded that the evidence did not support decertifying the businesses , and the FAA said it will review the GDOT documents before possibly appealing to the U.S. Department of Transportation . An internal GDOT audit found calculation errors in 27 of 40 cases it reviewed for disadvantaged status . Culture ( edit ) As the dominant airport in the Southern United States and the nation 's busiest in terms of passengers handled ( mainly due to being Delta 's flagship hub ) , an old joke in the South quips that , upon one 's death , regardless of whether one goes to Heaven or Hell one will connect in Atlanta to get there . Scenes from the movies Due Date and Life as We Know It , both released in 2010 , were filmed and had scenes take place on location at Hartsfield Airport . Also , the films Unaccompanied Minors and Cabin Fever , released in 2006 and 2002 respectively , similarly featured Hartsfield Airport . In a parody Star Wars episode of Family Guy entitled `` It 's a Trap ! '' , Stewie Griffin , playing Darth Vader , joked that `` Even though we 're in a galaxy far , far away , we still have to change in Atlanta . '' Accidents and incidents ( edit ) On May 23 , 1960 , Delta Air Lines Flight 1903 , a Convair CV - 880 - 22 - 1 ( N8804E ) , crashed on takeoff resulting in the loss of all four crew members . This flight was to be a training flight for two Delta captains who were being type - rated on the 880 . On February 25 , 1969 , Eastern Air Lines Flight 955 was hijacked by one passenger shortly after takeoff from ATL . The man pulled a . 22 caliber pistol and demanded to be flown to Cuba . He departed in Cuba while the DC - 8 was allowed to fly back to the U.S. On May 25 , 1970 , Delta Air Lines Flight 199 was hijacked over Georgia by a female passenger and her child . She demanded to be taken to Cuba . On November 1 , 1998 , AirTran Airways Flight 867 ( Boeing 737 - 200 ) lost control and skidded off of the runway while landing , with main landing gear in a drainage ditch and its empennage extending over the taxiway . The nose gear was folded back into the electrical / electronic compartment and turned 90 degrees from its normal , extended position . The cause was an improperly repaired hydraulic line leak . On March 13 , 2012 , two airport engineers were running a test on the engines of a Delta Airlines ( Boeing 737 - 700 ) . The brakes failed during the test , and the airplane rolled down the runway , ran over a chain link fence , and crashed downhill into an embankment 25 feet below . One of the airport engineers was injured , and both engines and front landing gear had to be repaired on the plane . On December 17 , 2017 , the airport suffered a power outage due to a fire in an underground Georgia Power electrical facility . Along with the main power systems , the auxiliary system was also knocked out because of the intensity of the fire . The outage began shortly after 1 p.m. ET . Tens of thousands of passengers were stranded and over 900 outgoing flights had to be cancelled. Power was restored to concourse E by 7 : 30 p.m. ET . The FAA maintained that the tower was functional throughout the outage . However , flight operations were disrupted as the concourses did not have power . The effects of the power outage spilled into the following Monday with flights continuing to be cancelled despite power being partially restored at the airport . See also ( edit ) Atlanta portal Aviation portal Atlanta 's second airport Candler Field Museum Georgia World War II Army Airfields List of busiest airports by aircraft movements List of busiest airports by cargo traffic List of busiest airports by international passenger traffic List of busiest airports by passenger traffic List of the busiest airports in the United States World 's busiest airport References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Operating Statistics '' . City of Atlanta . January 2017 . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tharpe , Jim ( January 4 , 2007 ) . `` Atlanta Airport Still the `` Busiest '' `` . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2007 . Retrieved January 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 12 months '' . Aci.aero . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Operating Statistics '' . Atlanta Department of Aviation . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2011 . Retrieved March 23 , 2011 . 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Retrieved April 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` City Map '' . City of College Park . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2011 . Retrieved April 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official Zoning Map '' . City of Hapeville . January 6 , 2009 . Retrieved April 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Eastern Airlines History , Facts and Pictures . ( Since 2003 ) . In Aviation Explorer . Retrieved September 14 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Station Thread for Atlanta Area , GA '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Archived from the original on 2014 - 06 - 27 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ Garrett , Franklin ( 1969 ) . Atlanta and Its Environs. II . University of Georgia Press . p. 851 . ISBN 978 - 0820309132 . Retrieved April 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Airport History '' . Atlanta Department of Aviation . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2011 . Retrieved March 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ This predecessor of today 's OAG was published monthly by the Official Aviation Guide Co of Chicago . Jump up ^ Hartsfield , Dale ( November 30 , 2014 ) . ( Hartsfieldspeakers.com What 's In A Name ? A Historical Perspective of Hartsfield - Jackson Atlanta International Airport ) Check url = value ( help ) ( First ed . ) . Atlanta , GA : Self / Create Space . p. 83 . ISBN 9781505400274 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 20 . More than one of pages = and page = specified ( help ) Jump up ^ Henderson , David ( November 2008 ) . Sunshine Skies : Historic Commuter Airlines of Florida and Georgia . Atlanta : Zeus Press . p. 101 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4404 - 2474 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta International Airport -- 1975 '' . DepartedFlights.com . Retrieved 11 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Walters , Helen ( January 23 , 2007 ) . `` Now Arriving : A New Generation of Airports '' . Business Week . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Maynard Jackson , Jr '' . Atlanta Journal - Constitution . June 25 , 2003 . Retrieved June 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Petzinger , Thomas ( 1996 ) . Hard Landing : The Epic Contest For Power and Profits That Plunged the Airlines into Chaos . Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 77449 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta International Airport : Fifth Runway '' . Atlanta Department of Aviation . May 2006 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Flat Rock Cemetery '' . Tomitronics . Retrieved September 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Aviation `` Bridges '' the Gap for Future Growth `` . Williams - Russell and Johnson , Inc . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2006 . Retrieved June 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta International Airport : Benchmark Results '' ( PDF ) . Federal Aviation Administration . 2004 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2007 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Airport Demolishes Old Air Traffic Control Tower '' . Airport Business . Associated Press . August 7 , 2006 . Retrieved June 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Halbfinger , David M. ( August 13 , 2003 ) . `` Atlanta Is Divided Over Renaming Airport for Former Mayor '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Airport to be Renamed Hartsfield -- Jackson '' . Airline Industry Information . M2 Communications , LTD . October 21 , 2003 . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2009 . Retrieved June 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Tharpe , Jim ( March 18 , 2007 ) . `` An End - Around to Efficiency : Hartsfield -- Jackson Strip Offers Safety , Boosts Capacity '' . Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2007 . Retrieved March 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Tharpe , Jim ( October 29 , 2007 ) . `` Airport Hoping to Flush Away Less Water '' . Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2007 . Retrieved June 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Fewer , Faster Flushes for Airport Toilets '' . WSB News . Atlanta . October 29 , 2007 . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2008 . Retrieved June 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Drought : Macon Offers Water to ATL Airport '' . Georgia Public Broadcasting News . October 24 , 2007 . Retrieved June 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Financial Statements June 30 , 2007 and 2006 '' ( PDF ) . Atlanta Department of Aviation . June 30 , 2007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ Mutzabaugh , Ben ( 28 December 2015 ) . `` Atlanta is world 's first airport to hit 100 million passengers in year '' . USA Today . Retrieved 28 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Tobin -- Ramos , Rachel ( September 21 , 2007 ) . `` Hartsfield Project Costs Soar to $9 B '' . Atlanta Business Chronicle . Retrieved November 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Yamanouchi , Kelly ( December 8 , 2009 ) . `` Hartsfield -- Jackson to open new rental car center '' . Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Atlanta-airport.com . Retrieved April 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` HJAIA -- Airport Construction '' . City of Atlanta . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2007 . Retrieved November 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` HJAIA -- Maynard H. Jackson , Jr . International Terminal '' . Atlanta Department of Aviation . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2007 . Retrieved November 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` City Sued Over Airport Terminal '' . WXIA News . Atlanta . August 17 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Mutzabaugh , Ben ( May 15 , 2012 ) . `` Atlanta Airport Opens Maynard Jackson International Terminal '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Korean Air Delays A380 Operation to Atlanta till Sep 2013 '' . Airline Route . May 27 , 2013 . Retrieved June 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Yamanouchi , Kelly ( May 6 , 2012 ) . `` Airport Projects Abound '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved June 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Yamanouchi , Kelly ( June 6 , 2011 ) . `` A380 Superjumbo Could Be in Atlanta Next Year '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved December 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Gate expansion at Concourse F to accommodate A380 , boost passenger satisfaction -- ATLNext '' . next.atl.com . Jump up ^ `` Airport Moving Forward on Expansion Projects '' ( Press release ) . Atlanta Department of Aviation . June 6 , 2011 . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2011 . Retrieved December 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` A resolution by Transportation Committee , 11 - R - 0834 '' ( PDF ) . City of Atlanta . June 6 , 2011 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 30 , 2012 . Retrieved December 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hartsfield 's Concourse D Gets Expansion '' . Atlanta Business Chronicle . June 6 , 2011 . Retrieved December 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Subiria Arauz , M.J. ( June 6 , 2011 ) . `` Hartsfield -- Jackson Proceeding with Expansion Projects '' . Henry Daily Herald . Retrieved December 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Yamanouchi , Kelly ( July 18 , 2013 ) . `` Hartsfield - Jackson expands Concourse D space '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved 28 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Navigate to 2030 '' ( PDF ) . Atlanta Department of Aviation . September 2014 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 6 , 2015 . Retrieved April 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hartsfield -- Jackson unveils $6 billion , 20 - year master plan '' . Atlanta Business Chronicle . March 10 , 2016 . Retrieved March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ATL Airport Capacity Profile '' ( PDF ) . Federal Aviation Administration . 2014 . Retrieved 19 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 Annual Report '' ( PDF ) . Atlanta Department of Aviation . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 25 , 2008 . Retrieved June 12 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Transportation Mall / People Mover '' . Atlanta Department of Aviation . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2007 . Retrieved July 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Delta and Aeromexico expand options for U.S. - Mexico travel '' . Delta Air Lines . May 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Flight Schedules '' . Retrieved 29 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Horaires '' . Retrieved 29 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Flight timetable '' . Retrieved 29 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Flight schedules and notifications '' . Retrieved 29 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Route Map and Schedule '' . Retrieved 29 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Timetables '' . Retrieved 29 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Delta plans to relaunch Atlanta - Shanghai flights '' . Jump up ^ `` Delta 's trans - Atlantic schedule brings customers more flights and more destinations '' . news.delta.com. 2017 - 09 - 20 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` FLIGHT SCHEDULES '' . Retrieved 29 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Frontier Airlines Announces More Nonstop Cities for Silicon Valley '' ( PDF ) . SJC . September 19 , 2017 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/flights/todayinthesky/2018/02/09/frontier-airlines-adds-four-new-cities-35-route-expansion/324913002/ Jump up ^ `` Frontier '' . Retrieved 29 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : 2017 , UBM ( UK ) Ltd . `` JetBlue expands Atlanta service from March 2018 '' . Jump up ^ `` JetBlue Airlines Timetable '' . Retrieved 29 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Timetable '' . Retrieved 29 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Flight Status & Schedules '' . Retrieved 29 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Timetable '' . Retrieved 29 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Flight timetable '' . Retrieved 29 March 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/flights/todayinthesky/2018/02/15/southwest-airlines-reveals-five-new-routes-extends-schedule-into-fall/341443002/ Jump up ^ `` Check Flight Schedules '' . Retrieved 29 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Where We Fly '' . Retrieved 29 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Flight Schedule '' . Retrieved 29 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Timetable '' . Retrieved 29 March 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.vacationexpress.com/flight-schedule/ Jump up ^ `` Interactive flight map '' . Retrieved 29 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Airbridgecargo airlines adds atlanta to north american route network '' ( Press release ) . November 20 , 2015 . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2016 . Retrieved December 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Atlanta , GA : Hartsfield -- Jackson Atlanta International ( ATL ) '' . Bureau of Transportation Statistics . January 2017 . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Office of the Assistant Secretary for Aviation and International Affairs ( June 20 , 2017 ) . U.S. - International Passenger Raw Data for Calendar Year 2016 ( Report ) . US Department of Transportation . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Total cargo ( Freight , Express , & Mail ) . Jump up ^ `` Monthly Traffic Report December 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Atlanta Department of Aviation . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 24 , 2013 . Retrieved June 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Airport Station Helper '' . Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2008 . Retrieved June 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Hartsfield International Airport ( ATL ) '' . RENT A CAR WIKI. 2017 - 03 - 27 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Tobin -- Ramos , Rachel ; Sams , Douglas ( December 10 , 2007 ) . `` ASA Lands Headquarters at Hartsfield Hangar '' . Atlanta Business Chronicle . Retrieved July 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A Resolution by Transportation Committee ( Adopted Version ) '' ( PDF ) . City of Atlanta . October 3 , 2011 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 28 , 2012 . Retrieved July 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A Resolution by Transportation Committee ( Proposed Version ) '' ( PDF ) . City of Atlanta . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 28 , 2012 . Retrieved July 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Contact Us '' . ExpressJet . Retrieved October 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Contact Us '' . Atlantic Southeast Airlines . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2011 . Retrieved May 19 , 2009 . Atlantic Southeast Airlines A-Tech Center 990 Toffie Terrace Atlanta , GA 30354 - 1363 Jump up ^ Yamanouchi , Kelly ( December 20 , 2012 ) . `` Concessionaire Drops Legal Challenge to Airport Contracts '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved January 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Yamanouchi , Kelly ( December 2 , 2012 ) . `` Airport Concessionaires to Keep Disadvantaged Status : FAA Will Review GDOT Hearing Documents Before Appeal Decision '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . p . A15 . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Yamanouchi , Kelly ( November 29 , 2012 ) . `` ' Disadvantaged ' Process Faulted : Airport Contracts Prompt Review of GDOT Policies '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . p . B3 . Retrieved November 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ King , Wayne ( July 27 , 1978 ) . `` All of the South Changing Planes at Atlanta ; Complaints Are Rising More Service Sought Another Disturbing Fact Petitions to C.A.B. '' The New York Times . pp. A14 . Retrieved August 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Rawls , Jr. , Wendell ( September 14 , 1980 ) . `` Atlanta Opening New Air Terminal '' . The New York Times . p . Travel Page XX16 . Retrieved August 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Moorhead , Jim ( October 25 , 1980 ) . `` Flying Is More Than Taking Off '' . Evening Independent . St. Petersburg . p. 1B . Retrieved August 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Martin , Janice ( July 26 , 1986 ) . `` Hooray for Ray , a Pilot Too Fed Up to Take Off '' . St. Petersburg Times . p. 1 - B. Retrieved August 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Warner , Gary A. ( March 16 , 1997 ) . `` Flight Layovers / Essay -- Stuck In Atlanta : The Pits In The Heart Of The Peach '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved August 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Nance , John ( August 3 , 2006 ) . `` Flying Like a CEO '' . ABC News . Retrieved August 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Henderson , Roishina C. ( November 2009 ) . `` Lights , Camera and Lots of Action at Hartsfield -- Jackson '' . Atlanta Department of Aviation . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2013 . Retrieved June 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Accident description for N8804E at the Aviation Safety Network . Retrieved on 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Hijacking description at the Aviation Safety Network . Retrieved on 25 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Hijacking description at the Aviation Safety Network . Retrieved on 26 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Accident description at the Aviation Safety Network . Retrieved on 12 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mayor : Some power restored at airport over six hours later '' . ajc.com . Jump up ^ Douglas , Demi ; McCausland , Phil . `` Atlanta airport loses power , trapping travelers in planes and terminals '' . NBC News . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ Zdanowicz , Christina ; Nottingham , Shawn. `` Power outage cripples Atlanta 's Hartsfield - Jackson airport '' . CNN . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ Mutzabaugh , Ben . `` Power outage hits Atlanta airport ; more than 600 flights canceled '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` JUST IN : Delta cancels 300 flights Monday after Atlanta airport power outage '' . ajc.com . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hartsfield - Jackson Atlanta International Airport . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Hartsfield -- Jackson Atlanta International Airport . Official website Hartsfield -- Jackson Atlanta International Airport Official YouTube Atlanta Journal - Constitution Hartsfield Atlanta International Airport 1961 -- 1980 Historic photos of Atlanta Airport -- Over 100 pages of historic ATL photos including dozens of vintage photos from the LIFE archive . Atlanta Airport Time Machine -- ATL Airport historian David Henderson 's Google Maps mashup featuring historical locations and associated photography . 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who paid for the restoration of windsor castle	It was initially feared that it would cost £ 60 million to restore the castle , though the final cost was £ 36.5 million ( equivalent to £ 58,451,717 in 2016 ) , and that drying out the castle would take 10 years . Occupied royal palaces like Windsor Castle are too valuable to insure , and items in the Royal Collection are not insured against loss . An independent trust for private donations towards the cost of the restoration was announced on 16 February 1993 by the Queen 's bank , Coutts . On 29 April 1993 it was announced that 70 % of the cost would be met by charging the public for entry into the castle precincts and £ 8 for admission to Buckingham Palace for the next five years . The Queen contributed £ 2 million of her own money , and she agreed to start paying income tax from 1993 onwards , making her the first British monarch to do so since the 1930s .		1992 Windsor castle fire	1992 windsor castle fire		Giles Downes 's new hammer - beam roof in St George 's Hall , completed 1997 On 20 November 1992 , a fire broke out in Windsor Castle , the largest inhabited castle in the world and one of the official residences of Queen Elizabeth II . The castle suffered extensive damage in the fire and was fully repaired within the next few years at a cost of £ 36.5 million , in a project led by the conservation architects Donald Insall Associates . It led to the Queen paying tax on her income , and to Buckingham Palace , the Queen 's other official residence , being opened to the public to help pay for the restoration work . Contents 1 Timeline of the fire 1.1 Early stages 1.2 Subsequent events 2 Royal family 3 Salvage operation 4 Extent of damage to the castle 4.1 Structural damage 4.2 Contents 4.3 Tourism 5 Restoration project 5.1 Funding 5.2 Planning 5.3 Execution 6 References 7 External links Timeline of the fire ( edit ) Early stages ( edit ) An 1848 drawing of the Private Chapel by Joseph Nash The fire began in the Queen 's Private Chapel at 11 : 15 in the morning when a curtain was ignited by a spotlight pressed up against it . Agents of the Royal Household were in the chapel at the time inspecting works of art . A fire alarm went off in the watch room of the castle fire brigade , manned by the Chief Fire Officer , Marshall Smith . The location of the fire was shown by a light on a grid - map of the castle . Initially , the Brunswick Tower was lit up , but lights soon began to flash indicating that the fire had quickly spread to neighbouring rooms . A major part of the State Apartments was soon ablaze . Building contractors working in a nearby room attempted to tackle the blaze using fire extinguishers . The 30 - foot ( 9 m ) long curtains eventually dropped to the floor and continued to burn , while those present hurriedly began removing paintings from the chapel , until the intense heat and raining embers forced them to leave at 11 : 32 . At 11 : 36 , Mr Smith pressed a switch to alert the control room at Reading fire station . He then activated the public fire alarm in the castle and telephoned the Royal Berkshire Fire and Rescue Service on a direct line , giving the message , `` Windsor Castle here ; we have got a fire in the Private Chapel . Come to the Quadrangle as arranged '' . The castle still had its own twenty - person fire brigade , of whom six were full - time . Equipped with a Land Rover and pump tender , they were based in stables two miles south of the castle , and arrived on the scene at 11 : 41 . Appliances from the Fire and Rescue Service arrived at 11 : 44 . By 11 : 56 , 17 pumping appliances had been ordered . An operation to save furniture and works of art involving castle staff , building contractors and the Queen 's son , Prince Andrew , had commenced in rooms adjacent to the fire . Subsequent events ( edit ) By 12 : 12 , there were 20 fire engines , and by 12 : 20 there were 35 , with over 200 fire - fighters from London , Buckinghamshire , Surrey and Oxfordshire , as well as from Berkshire . The Fire Incident Commander was David Harper , Deputy Chief Fire and Rescue Officer of the Fire and Rescue Service . The Chief Officer , Garth Scotford , was out of the country , on holiday . By 12 : 20 , the fire had spread to St George 's Hall , a banqueting hall and the largest of the State Apartments . The number of fire appliances totalled 39 and 225 fire - fighters were in attendance . Hoses were directed at all levels of the building surrounding the fire . As an indication of the scale of the fire , there had been just one 30 - appliance fire in the whole of Greater London since 1973 . By 13 : 30 , fire breaks had been created by tradesmen at the southern wall of the Green Drawing Room ( at the end of St George 's Hall on the east side of the Quadrangle ) , and at the north - west corner at Chester Tower , where that tower joins the Grand Corridor . The fire - fighters had by this time started to bring the fire under control , though the roof of the State Apartments had begun to collapse . At 15 : 30 , the floors of the Brunswick Tower collapsed . Firemen had to temporarily withdraw to locate three men who were briefly lost in the smoke , and withdrew again because men were temporarily unaccounted for when part of the roof collapsed . External video ITN news report on the Windsor Castle fire ( 20 November 1992 ) At 16 : 15 , the fire had revived in the Brunswick Tower . As night fell , the fire was concentrated in the tower , which by 18 : 30 was engulfed by flames up to 50 feet ( 15 m ) high . At 19 : 00 , the roof of St George 's Hall finally collapsed . By 20 : 00 , after burning for nine hours , the fire was under control . It continued to burn for another three hours . By 23 : 00 , the main fire was extinguished , and by 02 : 30 , the last secondary fires were extinguished . Pockets of fire remained until the early hours of the morning , some 15 hours after it began . Sixty firemen with eight appliances remained on duty for several more days . The fire had spread rapidly due to the large cavities and voids in the roof . 1.5 million gallons ( 7 million litres ) of water from the mains water supply , a reservoir - fed hydrant , a swimming pool , a pond , and the nearby River Thames had been used to fight the fire . Royal Family ( edit ) The Queen was informed about the fire by a phone call from Prince Andrew , who had been in the mews across the Quadrangle from the State Apartments doing research work for his course at Staff College , Camberley when the fire broke out . She arrived at 15 : 00 and stayed at the castle for an hour . Prince Andrew briefed the press , telling reporters that Her Majesty was devastated , and the Prince of Wales visited the castle in the evening . The Queen returned again the following morning to inspect the damage . In a speech at the Guildhall on 24 November the Queen described 1992 as an annus horribilis , a Latin phrase meaning `` horrible year '' . Salvage operation ( edit ) Apart from the several hundred firemen directly involved in the fire - fight , staff and tradesmen helped the castle 's fire brigade and volunteer salvage corps move furniture and works of art from the endangered apartments , including a 150 - foot ( 46 m ) long table and a 120 - foot ( 37 m ) long carpet from the Waterloo Chamber , to the safety of the castle 's riding school . It was an enormous operation : 300 clocks , a collection of miniatures , thousands of valuable books and historic manuscripts , and old Master drawings from the Royal Library were saved . On fire officers ' instructions , heavy chests and tables were left behind . All other items were placed on giant sheets of tarpaulin in the North Terrace and Quadrangle , and the police called in dozens of removal vans from a large part of the home counties to transport items to other parts of the castle . Members of the Royal Household , including the Earl of Airlie , assisted in the operation . The Royal Collection Department were especially active , including the Director , Sir Geoffrey de Bellaigue , the Surveyor of Pictures , Christopher Lloyd , the Deputy Surveyor of the Queen 's Works of Art , Hugh Roberts , the Curator of Print Room , Mrs Roberts , and the librarian , Oliver Everett . The Household Cavalry arrived from nearby Combermere Barracks . Some 100 officers and men of the Life Guards proved invaluable for moving bulky items . In all , 125 castle staff , 125 contractors , 100 military personnel and 20 Crown Estate staff were involved in the salvage operation . There had been no serious injuries and no deaths . Dean Lansdale , a decorator in the Private Chapel , burnt his hands while removing pictures , of which he rescued three or four . He was moved to the royal surgery and then to a hospital . A royal spokesman denied reports in the media that Christopher Lloyd , the Surveyor of the Queen 's Pictures , had suffered a heart attack . Five firemen were taken to hospital with minor injuries . Extent of damage to the castle ( edit ) Structural damage ( edit ) The major loss was to the fabric of the castle . The false ceiling in St George 's Hall and the void for coal trucks beneath the floor had allowed the fire to spread . It burned as far as the Chester Tower . Several ceilings collapsed . Apartments burnt included the Crimson Drawing Room ( completely gutted ) , the Green Drawing Room ( badly damaged , though only partially destroyed by smoke and water ) and the Queen 's Private Chapel ( including the double - sided 19th century Henry Willis organ in the gallery between St George 's Hall and Private Chapel , oak panelling , glass and the altar ) . St George 's Hall survived with the walls largely intact , but the ceiling had collapsed . The State Dining Room in the Prince of Wales Tower and the Grand Reception Room were also devastated . In total , 100 rooms were affected by the fire . Smaller apartments damaged or destroyed included the Star Chamber , Octagon Room , Brunswick Tower ( covered in 12 feet ( 3.5 m ) of debris ) , Cornwall Tower , Prince of Wales Tower , Chester Tower , Holbein Room and the Great Kitchen , which lost its plaster coving and most of the medieval timber . The external wall above the bay window of the Crimson Drawing Room ( between the Prince of Wales and Chester Towers ) was seriously calcified . Contents ( edit ) A smaller copy of George III and the Prince of Wales Reviewing Troops , a large painting destroyed in the fire The most seriously damaged rooms had largely been emptied of their valuable contents the previous day , and some paintings were on loan to a travelling exhibition . Items from the Royal Collection lost include the Sir William Beechey equestrian portrait George III and the Prince of Wales Reviewing Troops , which at 13 feet ( 4 m ) by 16 feet ( 5 m ) was too large to remove ; an 18 - foot ( 5.5 m ) long 1820s sideboard by Morel and Seddon ; several items of porcelain ; several chandeliers ; the Willis organ ; and the 1851 Great Exhibition Axminster carpet was partly burnt . Peter Brooke , then Secretary of State for National Heritage , called the fire a national disaster . Tourism ( edit ) Tourists were allowed into the precincts within three days . The Queen was back in residence a fortnight later . The Gallery and Queen Mary 's Dolls ' House reopened in December . The State Apartments reopened in 1993 after rewiring was completed , with all major rooms open by Easter , when only St George 's Hall and the Grand Reception Room stayed closed . Thus eleven of fifteen principal rooms of the State Apartments were open , and two were still undergoing long - term restoration , with two more having been destroyed . Restoration project ( edit ) Funding ( edit ) It was initially feared that it would cost £ 60 million to restore the castle , though the final cost was £ 36.5 million ( equivalent to £ 58,451,717 in 2016 ) , and that drying out the castle would take 10 years . Occupied royal palaces like Windsor Castle are too valuable to insure , and items in the Royal Collection are not insured against loss . An independent trust for private donations towards the cost of the restoration was announced on 16 February 1993 by the Queen 's bank , Coutts . On 29 April 1993 it was announced that 70 % of the cost would be met by charging the public for entry into the castle precincts and £ 8 for admission to Buckingham Palace for the next five years . The Queen contributed £ 2 million of her own money , and she agreed to start paying income tax from 1993 onwards , making her the first British monarch to do so since the 1930s . Planning ( edit ) A diagram of the new St George 's Hall 's roof and woodwork On 7 June 1994 , details of the restoration project were announced . The architectural firm Donald Insall Associates was appointed by the Royal Household to take overall charge of the restoration , with Sidell Gibson dealing with the reconstruction of St George 's Hall and the design of the new Lantern Lobby and Private Chapel . Over half the damaged and destroyed rooms , including the State and Octagon dining rooms , were to be restored as original . There were to be new designs for the St George 's Hall ceiling ( with steel reinforcing beams in the roof ) and East Screen , also the Queen 's Private Chapel , Stuart and Holbein Rooms . However , only the Queen 's Private Chapel and several modern rooms were to be restored in a modern style . Designs were submitted to a Restoration Committee , whose Chairman was the Duke of Edinburgh and Deputy Chairman was the Prince of Wales . Members included the Earl of Airlie ( Lord Chamberlain ) , Sir Hayden Phillips ( Permanent Secretary of the Department of National Heritage ) , Lord St John of Fawsley ( Chairman of the Royal Fine Art Commission ) , Sir Jocelyn Stevens ( Chairman of English Heritage ) , Frank Duffy ( President of the Royal Institute of British Architects ) and three senior palace officials . The fire , catastrophic though it was , presented the opportunity for some major new architectural work . Although criticised by some people who thought it lacked imagination , the architects believed that , given the history of the building and the surviving fabric , the new work had to be Gothic . Execution ( edit ) The state dining room gilded sideboard , 19 feet long and made out of rare rosewood and oak , was originally designed by Augustus Pugin in the 19th century . It had to be replicated by N.E.J. Stevenson using only some photographs and some descriptions . New designs for St George 's Hall and the Queen 's Private Chapel were approved by the Queen on 24 January 1995 . Designed by architect Giles Downes , the new roof for St George 's Hall is an example of a hammer - beam ceiling . The new chapel and adjoining cloisters were realigned to form a processional route from the private apartments , through an octagonal vestibule , into St George 's Hall . Downes 's new roof is the largest green - oak structure built since the Middle Ages and is decorated with brightly coloured shields celebrating the heraldic element of the Order of the Garter ; the design attempts to create an illusion of additional height through the Gothic woodwork along the ceiling . Commentators have noted that Downes 's work does much to compensate for the originally flawed dimensions of the hall . The Lantern Lobby has oak columns forming a vaulted ceiling , imitating an arum lily . The first stage of the structural restoration was completed in May 1996 . Fitting out , originally planned to finish by spring 1998 , occurred on 17 November 1997 . The Queen held a reception in the newly restored hall for the architects and building contractors involved in the project . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Spotlight is blamed for blaze at Windsor '' . The Independent . 5 December 1992 . Retrieved 20 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Windsor Castle Fire Report '' ( PDF ) . Royal Berkshire Fire and Rescue Service . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 December 2014 . Jump up ^ John A. Purkiss ; Long - Yuan Li ( 2013 ) . Fire Safety Engineering Design of Structures ( 3rd ed . ) . CRC Press . p. 11 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4665 - 8548 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` 1992 : blaze rages in Windsor Castle '' . BBC Online . Retrieved 20 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Windsor Castle goes up in flames during the Queen 's ' annus horribilis ' before Diana 's death rocks the Royal Family : The historic stories of the monarch record reign in the 1990s '' . MailOnline. 10 September 2015 . Retrieved 23 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Richard W Stevenson ( 21 November 1992 ) . `` Big fire in Windsor Castle raises fear about artwork '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 23 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Windsor Castle heavily damaged : Royals , civilians save treasures from fire '' . The Hour . Norwalk , Connecticut . Associated Press . 21 November 1992 . p. 23 . Jump up ^ `` Painting lost in castle fire angered George III '' . AP News Archive. 24 November 1992 . Retrieved 20 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Richard W Stevenson ( 22 November 1992 ) . `` Most art safe in Windsor Castle fire '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 20 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Public back in Windsor Castle '' . BBC News . 27 December 1997 . Jump up ^ United Kingdom Gross Domestic Product deflator figures follow the Measuring Worth `` consistent series '' supplied in Thomas , Ryland ; Williamson , Samuel H. ( 2018 ) . `` What Was the U.K. GDP Then ? '' . MeasuringWorth . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Roxanna McDonald ( 2007 ) . Introduction to Natural and Man - made Disasters and Their Effects on Buildings . Routledge . pp. 156 -- 57 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 39219 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Windsor Castle '' . Parliamentary Debates ( Hansard ) . 215 . United Kingdom : House of Commons . 1 December 1992 . col . 101W . Jump up ^ `` Windsor Castle '' . Parliamentary Debates ( Hansard ) . United Kingdom : House of Commons . 16 February 1993 . col. 142 . Jump up ^ Robert Hewison ( 2015 ) . Culture and Consensus : England , Art and Politics since 1940 . Taylor & Francis . p. 29 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 51237 - 0 . Jump up ^ Chas Early ( 30 November 2014 ) . `` November 20 , 1992 : Queen faces huge repair bill as Windsor Castle is devastated by fire '' . BT . Archived from the original on 28 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1992 : Queen to be taxed from next year '' . BBC News . 26 November 1992 . Retrieved 22 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Adam Nicolson ( 1997 ) . Restoration : the rebuilding of Windsor Castle . Michael Joseph . p. 213 . ASIN B00LI6OD8K . Jump up ^ Nigel R. Jones ( 2005 ) . Architecture of England , Scotland and Wales . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 307 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 31850 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Windsor Castle : five years from disaster to triumph '' . BBC News . 17 November 1997 . External links ( edit ) A day that shook the world : Windsor Castle fire ( 2010 ) at The Independent Coordinates : 51 ° 29 ′ 4 '' N 0 ° 36 ′ 12 '' W / 51.48444 ° N 0.60333 ° W / 51.48444 ; - 0.60333 ( Windsor Castle ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1992_Windsor_Castle_fire&oldid=844287630 '' Categories : Building and structure fires in the United Kingdom Fires in England Disasters in Berkshire Royal residences in the United Kingdom Windsor Castle 1992 disasters in the United Kingdom 1992 in England 1992 fires 20th century in Berkshire November 1992 events Hidden categories : Use British English from December 2015 Use dmy dates from December 2015 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本語 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 June 2018 , at 23 : 21 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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who took away the peacock throne from india			Peacock throne	peacock throne	The Peacock Throne was a famous jeweled throne that was the seat of the Mughal emperors of India . It was commissioned in the early 17th century by emperor Shah Jahan and was located in the Diwan - i - Khas ( Hall of Private Audiences ) in the Red Fort of Delhi . The original throne was subsequently captured and taken as a war trophy in 1739 by the Persian emperor Nadir Shah , and has been lost since . A replacement throne based on the original was commissioned afterwards and existed until the Indian Rebellion of 1857 .	Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Descriptions 2.1 By Abdul Hamid Lahori 2.2 By Inayat Khan 2.3 By François Bernier 2.4 By Jean - Baptiste Tavernier 3 Discrepancies between descriptions of Lahori and Tavernier 3.1 Lahori 's description 3.2 Tavernier 's description 4 Later Peacock Throne 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links History ( edit ) Shah Jahan seated on a minor throne , which probably shared some stylistic elements with the Peacock Throne Shah Jahan ruled in what is considered the Golden Age of the vast Mughal Empire , which covered almost all of the Indian subcontinent . It was ruled from the newly constructed capital of Shahjahanabad . The emperor was the focus around which everything else revolved , giving audiences and receiving petitioners . This ruler and his court was to be a mirror image of paradise on earth , in the very centre of the empire ; and such a ruler would be worthy of a Throne of Solomon ( تخت سليمان , Takht - e-Sulaiman ) to underscore his position as a just king . Just like Solomon 's throne , the Peacock Throne was to be covered in gold and jewels , with steps leading up to it , with the ruler floating above ground and closer to heaven . Said Gilani and his workmen from the imperial goldsmiths ' department were commissioned with the construction of this new throne . It took seven years to complete . Large amounts of solid gold , precious stones and pearls were used , creating a masterful piece of Mughal workmanship that was unsurpassed before or after its creation . It was an opulent indulgence that could only be seen by a small number of courtiers , aristocrats , and visiting dignitaries . The throne was , even by Golden Age Mughal standards , supremely extravagant , costing twice as much as the construction of the Taj Mahal . The appearance of this new throne was in stark contrast to the older throne of Jahangir , a large rectangular slab of engraved black basalt constructed in the early 1600s , used by the father of Shah Jahan . The new throne was not initially given the name by which it became known . It was simply known as the `` Jeweled Throne '' or `` Ornamented Throne '' ( Takht - Murassa ) . It received its name from later historians because of the peacock statues featured on it . The Peacock Throne was inaugurated in a triumphant ceremony on 22 March 1635 , the formal seventh anniversary of Shah Jahan 's accession . The date was chosen by astrologers and was doubly auspicious , since it coincided exactly with Eid al - Fitr , the end of Ramadan , and Nowruz , the Persian Spring festival . The emperor and the court were returning from Kashmir and it was determined that the third day of Nowruz would be the most auspicious day for him to enter the capital and take his seat on the throne . Muhammad Qudsi , the emperor 's favourite poet , was chosen to compose twenty verses that were inscribed in emerald and green enamel on the throne . He praised the matchless skill of the artisans , the `` heaven - depleting grandeur '' of its gold and jewels , and included the date in the letters of the phrase `` the throne of the just king '' . Poet Abu - Talib Kalim was given six pieces of gold for each verse in his poem of sixty - three couplets . The master goldsmith Said Gilani was summoned by the emperor and showered with honours , including with his weight in gold coins and given the title `` Peerless Master '' ( Bibadal Khan ) . Gilani produced a poem of 134 couplets , filled with chronograms , the first twelve couplets giving the date of the emperor 's birth , the following thirty - two the date of his first coronation , then ninety couplets giving the date of the throne 's inauguration . Towards India he turned his reins quickly and went in all glory , Driving like the blowing wind , dapple - grey steed swift as lightning . With bounty and liberality , he returned to the capital ; Round his stirrups were the heavens and angels round his reins . A thousand thanks ! The beauty of the world has revived With the early glory of the throne of multi-coloured gems . After Shah Jahan 's death , his son Aurangzeb , who had the regnal name of Alamgir , ascended the Peacock Throne . Aurangzeb was the last of the strong Mughal emperors . After his death , in 1707 , his son Bahadur Shah I reigned from 1707 -- 1712 . Bahadur Shah I was able to keep the empire stable , by maintaining a relaxed religious policy ; however , after his death the empire was in inexorable decline . A period of political instability , military defeats , and court intrigues led to a succession of weak emperors : Jahandar Shah ruled for one year from 1712 -- 1713 , Farrukhsiyar from 1713 -- 1719 , Rafi ud - Darajat and Shah Jahan II only for a couple of months in 1719 . By the time Muhammad Shah came to power , Mughal power was in serious decline and the empire was vulnerable . Nevertheless , under the generous patronage of Muhammad Shah , the court at Delhi became again a beacon of the arts and culture . Administrative reforms could not however stop the later Mughal - Maratha Wars , which greatly sapped the imperial forces . It was only a question of time until forces from neighbouring Persia saw their chance to invade . The Persian king Nader Shah seated upon the Peacock Throne with members of the court , after his victory at the Battle of Karnal Nadir Shah 's invasion of India culminated in the Battle of Karnal , on 13 February 1739 , and the defeat of Muhammad Shah . Nadir Shah entered Delhi and sacked the city , in the course of which tens of thousands of inhabitants were massacred . Persian troops left Delhi at the beginning of May 1739 , taking with them the throne as a war trophy , their haul of treasure amounting to a large reduction in Mughal wealth and an irreplaceable loss of cultural artefacts . Among the known precious stones that Nadir Shah looted were the Akbar Shah , Great Mughal , Great Table , Koh - i - Noor , and Shah diamonds , as well as the Samarian spinel and the Timur ruby . These stones were either part of the Peacock Throne or were in possession of the Mughal emperors . The Akbar Shah Diamond was said to form one of the eyes of a peacock , as did the Koh - i - Noor . The Shah diamond was described by Jean - Baptiste Tavernier as being on the side of the throne . Many of these stones ended up becoming part of the Persian crown jewels or were taken later by the British colonialists . When Nadir Shah was assassinated by his own officers on 19 June 1747 , the throne disappeared , most probably being dismantled or destroyed for its valuables , in the ensuing chaos . One of the unsubstantiated rumours claimed the throne was given to the Ottoman Sultan , although this could have been a minor throne produced in Persia and given as a gift . The Persian emperor Fath - Ali Shah commissioned the Sun Throne to be constructed in the early 19th century . The Sun Throne has a platform in the shape of that of the Peacock Throne . Some rumours claim that parts of the original Peacock Throne were used in its construction , although there is no evidence for that . Over time , the Sun Throne was erroneously referred to as the Peacock Throne , a term that was later appropriated by the West as a metonym for the Persian monarchy . No structural parts proven to be of the original Peacock Throne survived . Only some of diamonds and precious stones that are attributed to it have survived and re-worked . A Sikh legend has it that a rectangular stone slab measuring 6 feet ( 1.8 m ) by 4 feet ( 1.2 m ) by 9 inches ( 230 mm ) was uprooted , enchained , and brought by Jassa Singh Ramgarhia to Ramgarhia Bunga , in Amritsar , after the capture of the Red Fort by the combined Dal Khalsa forces of Jassa Singh Ahluwalia and Baghel Singh in 1783 , as war booty . However , that this stone pedestal does indeed come from the Peacock Throne has not been independently corroborated by scientists and historians . A replacement throne that closely resembled the original was probably constructed for the Mughal emperor , after the Persian invasion . The throne was located on the eastern side of the Divan - i - Khas , towards the windows . This throne however was also lost , possibly during or after the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and the subsequent looting and partial destruction of the Red Fort by the British . The marble pedestal on which it rested has survived and can still be seen today . In 1908 , the New York Times reported that Caspar Purdon Clarke , Director of the Metropolitan Museum of Art , obtained what was purported to be a marble leg from the pedestal of the throne . Although mentioned in the 1908 annual report , the status of this pedestal leg remains unknown . There is another marble leg in the Victoria and Albert Museum in London . Where exactly these two pedestal legs originate from , and if they are connected to the Peacock Throne at all , remains unclear . Inspired by the legend of the throne , King Ludwig II of Bavaria installed a romanticised version of it in his Moorish Kiosk in Linderhof Palace , constructed in the 1860s . Descriptions ( edit ) The contemporary descriptions that are known today of Shah Jahan 's throne are from the Mughal historians Abdul Hamid Lahori and Inayat Khan , and the French travellers François Bernier and Jean - Baptiste Tavernier . No known painting that would match their descriptions exists of the throne . By Abdul Hamid Lahori ( edit ) Abdul Hamid Lahori ( d . 1654 ) describes , in his Padshahnama , the construction of the throne : In the course of years many valuable gems had come into the Imperial jewel - house , each one of which might serve as an ear - drop for Venus , or would adorn the girdle of the Sun . Upon the accession of the Emperor , it occurred to his mind that , in the opinion of far - seeing men , the acquisition of such rare jewels and the keeping of such wonderful brilliants can only render one service , that of adorning the throne of empire . They ought therefore , to be put to such a use , that beholders might share in and benefit by their splendour , and that Majesty might shine with increased brilliancy . It was accordingly ordered that , in addition to the jewels in the Imperial jewel - house , rubies , garnets , diamonds , rich pearls and emeralds , to the value of 200 lacs of rupees , should be brought for the inspection of the Emperor , and that they , with some exquisite jewels of great weight , exceeding 50,000 miskals , and worth eighty - six lacs of rupees , having been carefully selected , should be handed over to Bebadal Khan , the superintendent of the goldsmith 's department . There was also to be given to him one lakh of tolas of pure gold , equal to 250,000 miskals in weight and fourteen lakhs of rupees in value . The throne was to be three gaz in length , two and a half in breadth , and five in height , and was to be set with the above - mentioned jewels . The outside of the canopy was to be of enamel work with occasional gems , the inside was to be thickly set with rubies , garnets , and other jewels , and it was to be supported by twelve emerald columns . On the top of each pillar there were to be two peacocks thick set with gems , and between each two peacocks a tree set with rubies and diamonds , emeralds and pearls . The ascent was to consist of three steps set with jewels of fine water . This throne was completed in the course of seven years at a cost of 100 lakhs of rupees . Of the eleven jeweled recesses ( takhta ) formed around it for cushions , the middle one , intended for the seat of the Emperor , cost ten lakhs of rupees . Among the jewels set in this recess was a ruby worth a lac of rupees , with Shah ' Abbas , the king of Iran , had presented to the late Emperor Jahangir , who sent it to his present Majesty , the Sahib Kiran - i sani , when he accomplished the conquest of the Dakhin . On it were engraved the names of Sahib - kiran ( Timur ) , Mir Shah Rukh , and Mirza Ulugh Beg . When in course of time it came into the possession of Shah ' Abbas , his name was added ; and when Jahangir obtained it , he added the name of himself and of his father . Now it received the addition of the name of his most gracious Majesty Shah Jahan . By command of the Emperor , the following masnawi , by Haji Muhammad Jan , the final verse of which contains the date , was placed upon the inside of the canopy in letters of green enamel ... On his return to Agra , the Emperor held a court , sat for the first time on his throne . By Inayat Khan ( edit ) The following is the account given of the throne in the Shahjahannama of Inayat Khan : The Nauroz of the year 1044 fell on the ' Id - i fitr , when His Majesty was to take his seat on the new jeweled throne . This gorgeous structure , with a canopy supported on twelve pillars , measured three yards and a half in length , two and a half in breadth , and five in height , from the flight of steps to the overhanging dome . On his Majesty 's accession to the throne , he had commanded that eighty - six lakhs worth of gems and precious stones , and a diamond worth fourteen lakhs , which together make a crore of rupees as money is reckoned in Hindustan , should he used in its decoration . It was completed in seven years , and among the precious stones was a ruby worth a lakh of rupees that Shah ' Abbas Safavi had sent to the late Emperor , on which were inscribed the names of the great Timur Sahih - Kiran , etc . By François Bernier ( edit ) The French physician and traveller François Bernier described , in his Travels in the Mogul Empire A.D. 1656 - 1668 , the throne in the Diwan - i - Khas : The King appeared seated upon his throne , at the end of the great hall , in the most magnificent attire . His vest was of white and delicately flowered satin , with a silk and gold embroidery of the finest texture . The turban , of gold cloth , had an aigrette whose base was composed of diamonds of an extraordinary size and value , besides an Oriental topaz , which may be pronounced unparalleled , exhibiting a lustre like the sun . A necklace of immense pearls , suspended from his neck , reached to the stomach , in the same manner as many of the Gentiles wear their strings of beads . The throne was supported by six massive feet , said to be of solid gold , sprinkled over with rubies , emeralds , and diamonds . I can not tell you with accuracy the number or value of this vast collection of precious stones , because no person may approach sufficiently near to reckon them , or judge of their water and clearness ; but I can assure you that there is a confusion of diamonds , as well as other jewels , and that the throne , to the best of my recollection , is valued at four crores of Rupees . I observed elsewhere that a lakh is one hundred thousand rupees , and that a crore is a hundred lakh ; so that the throne is estimated at forty millions of rupees , worth sixty millions of pounds ( livres ) or thereabouts . It was constructed by Shah Jahan , the father of Aurangzeb , for the purpose of displaying the immense quantity of precious stones accumulated successively in the treasury from the spoils of ancient Rajas and Patans , and the annual presents to the Monarch , which every Omrah is bound to make on certain festivals . The construction and workmanship of the throne are not worthy of the materials ; but two peacocks , covered with jewels and pearls , are well conceived and executed . They were made by a workman of astonishing powers , a Frenchman by birth , named ... who , after defrauding several of the Princes of Europe , by means of false gems , which he fabricated with peculiar skill , sought refuge in the Great Mogul 's court , where he made his fortune . At the foot of the throne were assembled all the Omralis , in splendid apparel , upon a platform surrounded by a silver railing , and covered by a spacious canopy of brocade with deep fringes of gold . The pillars of the hall were hung with brocades of a gold ground , and flowered satin canopies were raised over the whole expanse of the extensive apartment fastened with red silken cords , from which were suspended large tassels of silk and gold . The floor was covered entirely with carpets of the richest silk , of immense length and breadth . By Jean - Baptiste Tavernier ( edit ) Portrait of Jean - Baptiste Tavernier , as a traveller wearing a Mughal dress , from his Les Six Voyages , published in 1679 The French jeweler Jean - Baptiste Tavernier made his sixth voyage to India between 1663 and 1668 . It was his great privilege to be invited to visit the court at Delhi by emperor Aurangzeb himself , where he remained as Aurangzeb 's guest for two months , from September 12 , 1665 to November 11 , 1665 . Tavernier was invited so the emperor could inspect the jewels he had brought from the west , with the intent of purchasing them . During this visit , Tavernier not only sold several jewels to the emperor and the emperor 's uncle Jafar Khan , but established a close relationship with the emperor that led to a longer stay . Tavernier was invited to stay until the conclusion of the emperor 's annual birthday celebrations , during which time he had the opportunity to visit the Red Fort and inspect the Peacock Throne . He was also given the opportunity to inspect the valuable jewels and stones belonging to the emperor , but was not able to see those still kept by Aurangzeb 's father Shah Jahan , who was imprisoned at Agra Fort . In January 1666 , only few months after Tavernier 's stay , Shah Jahan died and Aurangzeb claimed the remaining stones . Tavernier gives a detailed description of the Peacock Throne in his book Les Six Voyages de J.B. Tavernier , which was published in 1676 in two volumes . The account of the throne appears in Chapter VIII of Volume II , in which he describes the preparations for the emperor 's annual birthday festival , and also the magnificence of the court . It should be noted that Tavernier is considered among the least reliable from a conventionally historical perspective . It should be stated that the Great Mogul has seven magnificent thrones , one wholly covered with diamonds , the others with rubies , emeralds , or pearls . The principal throne , which is placed in the hall of the first court , is nearly of the form and size of our camp - beds ; that is to say , it is about 6 feet ( 1.8 m ) long and 4 feet ( 1.2 m ) wide . Upon the four feet , which are very massive and from 20 inches ( 51 cm ) to 25 inches ( 64 cm ) high , are fixed the four bars which support the base of the throne , and upon these bars are ranged twelve columns , which sustain the canopy on three sides , there not being any on that which faces the court . Both the feet and the bars , which are more than 18 inches long , are covered with gold inlaid and enriched with numerous diamonds , rubies , and emeralds . In the middle of each bar there is a large balass ruby , cut en cabuchon , with four emeralds round it , which form a square cross . Next in succession , from one side to the other along the length of the bars there are similar crosses , arranged so that in one the ruby is in the middle of four emeralds , and in another the emerald is in the middle and four balass rubies surround it . The emeralds are table - cut , and the intervals between the rubies and emeralds are covered with diamonds , the largest of which do not exceed 10 to 12 carats in weight , all being showy stones , but very flat . There are also in some parts pearls set in gold , and upon one of the longer sides of the throne there are four steps to ascend it . Of the three cushions or pillows which are upon the throne , that which is placed behind the King 's back is large and round like one of our bolsters , and the two others that are placed at his sides are flat . There is to be seen , moreover , a sword suspended from this throne , a mace , a round shield , a bow and quiver with arrows ; and all these weapons , as also the cushion and steps , both of this throne and the other six , are covered over with stones which match those with which each of the thrones is respectively enriched . I counted the large balass rubies on the great throne , and there are about 108 , all cabuchons , the least of which weighs 100 carats , but there are some which weigh apparently 200 and more . As for the emeralds , there are plenty of good colour , but they have many flaws ; the largest may weigh 60 carats and the least 30 carats . I counted about 116 ; thus there are more emeralds than rubies . The underside of the canopy is covered with diamonds and pearls , with a fringe of pearls all round , and above the canopy , which is a quadrangular - shaped dome , there is to be seen a peacock with elevated tail made of blue sapphires and other coloured stones , the body being of gold inlaid with precious stones , having a large ruby in front of the breast , from whence hangs a pear - shaped pearl of 50 carats or thereabouts , and of a somewhat yellow water . On both sides of the peacock there is a large bouquet of the same height as the bird , and consisting of many kinds of flowers made of gold inlaid with precious stones . On the side of the throne which is opposite the court there is to be seen a jewel consisting of a diamond of from 80 to 90 carats weight , with rubies and emeralds round it , and when the King is seated he has this jewel in full view . But that which in my opinion is the most costly thing about this magnificent throne is , that the twelve columns supporting the canopy are surrounded with beautiful rows of pearls , which are round and of fine water , and weigh from 6 to 10 carats each . At 4 feet distance from the throne there are fixed , on either side , two umbrellas , the sticks of which for 7 or 8 feet in height are covered with diamonds , rubies , and pearls . The umbrellas are of red velvet , and are embroidered and fringed all round with pearls . This is what I have been able to observe regarding this famous throne , commenced by Tamerlane and completed by Shāhjahān ; and those who keep the accounts of the King 's jewels , and of the cost of this great work , have assured me that it amounts to 107,000 lakhs of rupees , which amount to 160,500,000 livres of our money . Tavernier , however , describes seeing the throne in what is probably the Diwan - i - Am . One theory is that the throne was sometimes moved between the two halls , depending on the occasion . Tavernier also describes five other thrones in the Diwan - i - Khas . Discrepancies between descriptions of Lahori and Tavernier ( edit ) Shah Alam II seated on the throne , next to him the crown prince . Although the original Peacock Throne was lost by the time of this painting , it depicts what was either a replacement throne modelled on the original one , or painted from memories and descriptions ( circa 1800 ) Akbar II seated on the throne ( circa 1811 ) Akbar II in durbar ( holding court ) in the Diwan - i Khas at the Red Fort ( circa 1830 ) The descriptions of Lahori , from before 1648 , and Tavernier 's , published in 1676 , are generally in broad agreement on the most important features of the thrones , such as its rectangular shape , standing on four legs at its corners , the 12 columns on which the canopy rests , and the type of gemstones embedded on the throne , such as balas rubies , emeralds , pearls , diamonds , and other coloured stones . There are however some significant differences between the two descriptions : Lahori 's account of the throne , based on the language used , could be a description of the projected design . Tavernier 's account of the throne seems to be an eye - witness observation during his visit , in 1665 , to the Red Fort . It could be that there were differences between the projected and final designs of the throne that Shah Jahān ascended for the first time on March 12 , 1635 . According to Lahori , the throne was to have a length of 3 yards ( 9 feet ) and a breadth of 21⁄2 yards ( 71⁄2 feet ) . Tavernier however gives the length at 6 feet and breadth of 4 feet . The height is described by Lahori as 5 yards ( 15 feet ) , but Tavernier 's account does not mention its total height . Only the height of the four legs at the corners are mentioned , which was about 2 feet . Lahori describes the canopy as being supported by 12 emerald columns , Tavernier describes 12 columns that were surrounded by and embedded with rows of pearls , which were round and of fine water , and which weighed from 6 to 10 carats each . He thinks these pearls were in fact the most costly and precious aspect of the throne . A major difference is the position of the eponymous peacock statues . Lahori states that on the top of each pillar there were to be two peacocks , thick - set with gems , and between each two peacocks , a tree set with rubies and diamonds , emeralds and pearls . If the reference to `` pillar '' here means `` column '' there would be 24 peacocks right round the throne . Tavernier however saw only a single large peacock above the quadrangular - shaped , dome - like canopy , with an elevated tail , embedded with blue sapphires and other coloured stones , the body of the peacock being made of gold inlaid with precious stones , having a large ruby in front of the breast , from which hung a pear - shaped pearl around 60 carats in weight . Apart from the single large peacock , Tavernier 's account speaks of a large bouquet , representing many kinds of flowers , made of gold inlaid with precious stones , of the same height as the peacock , situated on either side of the peacock . According to Lahori , ascending the throne was by way of three steps , which were also set with jewels of fine water . Tavernier however describes four steps on the longer side of the throne and embedded with the same types of gemstones used on the throne , and with matching designs . Apart from the significant differences between the two accounts given above , there are several details given in Lahori 's account that are not mentioned in Tavernier 's , and vice versa . Lahori 's description ( edit ) Lahori 's account mentions several historical diamonds that decorated the throne , such as the 186 - carat Koh - i - Noor diamond , the 95 - carat Akbar Shah diamond , the 88.77 - carat Shah diamond and the 83 - carat Jahangir diamond , apart from the 352.50 - carat Timur Ruby , the third - largest balas ruby in the world . Tavernier makes no mention of these most precious stones . One explanation is that when Tavernier saw the throne in 1665 , all these historical diamonds and the balas ruby were in the possession of Shah Jahan , who was under house arrest at the Fort in Agra . Shah Jahan died on 22 January 1666 -- two months after Tavernier left Delhi , and reached Bengal , during this , his sixth , and last , voyage to India -- and his son and successor Aurangzeb was able to claim all these gems . Lahori 's descriptions were made during the rule of Shah Jahan , when all the gems were probably incorporated in the throne . According to Lahori , a twenty - couplet poem by the poet Muhammad Qudsi praising Shah Jahan in emerald letters was embedded in the throne . Tavernier does not mention this in his account , either because of his inability to read and understand what was written , or because Aurangzeb had ordered its removal . Tavernier 's description ( edit ) Tavernier was allowed to closely inspect the throne and its jewels and wrote the most well known detailed description to date . In his account , Tavernier gave details of the design in which the balas rubies , emeralds , diamonds , and pearls were arranged on the four horizontal bars connecting the four vertical legs , from which the 12 vertical columns , supporting the canopy , arose . In the middle of each bar , a large cabochon - cut balas ruby was placed , surrounded by four emeralds forming a square cross . Smaller such square crosses were situated on either side of the central large cross , along the length of the bar , but arranged in such a way that while in one square cross a balas ruby occupied the center , surrounded by four emeralds , in the next square cross , an emerald was surrounded by four balas rubies . The emeralds were table - cut and the intervals between the emerald - and - ruby crosses , were covered with diamonds , also table - cut and not exceeding 10 to 12 carats in weight . There were three cushions or pillows upon the throne . The one placed behind the emperor 's back was large and round ; the other two , placed at his sides , were flat . The cushions were also studded with gems . Tavernier mentioned some royal standards and weapons that were suspended from the throne , such as a mace , a sword and a round shield , and a bow and quiver with arrows , all studded with gemstones . He counted the number of large balas rubies and emeralds on the throne . Accordingly , there were 108 large balas rubies on the throne , all cabochon - cut , the smallest weighing around 100 carats and the largest over 200 carats in weight . He counted 116 large emeralds on the throne , all of excellent colour , but with many flaws ( a characteristic feature of emeralds ) , the smallest weighing around 30 carats and the largest around 60 carats . The underside of the canopy was covered with diamonds and pearls , with a fringe of pearls all round . On the side of the throne facing the court was suspended a diamond of 80 to 90 carats in weight , with rubies and emeralds surrounding it . When the Emperor was seated on the throne , this suspended arrangement of jewels was in full view in front of him . Tavernier then wrote about two large gem - studded royal umbrellas , which were not part of the throne , but were placed on either side of the throne , at a distance of 4 feet from it . The central stems of these umbrellas , 7 to 8 feet long , were covered with diamonds , rubies , and pearls . The cloth of the umbrella was made of red velvet , and embroidered and fringed all round with pearls . The height of these umbrellas might give an indication as to the height of the throne , which was probably of the same height . Thus , the height of the throne would have been around 7 to 10 feet . Later Peacock throne ( edit ) After Nader Shah looted the original , another throne was made for the Mughal emperor . Along with the Peacock Throne , Nader had also taken the fabulous Koh - i Noor and Darya - i Noor diamonds to Persia , where some became part of the Persian crown jewels , and others were sold to the Ottomans . The plunder taken by Nader was so great that he stopped taxation for 3 years . The bottom half of the Peacock Throne might have been converted into the Sun Throne also a part of the Persian crown jewels . Various 19th - century Indian paintings of this later throne exist . It was located in the Diwan - i - Khas and might have been smaller in size than the original . However , the appearance would have been similar , based on either the original plans or from memory and eye - witness accounts . The replacement throne was made out of gold , or was gilded , and was studded with precious and semi-precious stones . Just like the original , it featured 12 columns . The columns carried a Bengali do - chala roof , which was graced with two peacock statues on the two ends , carrying pearl necklaces in their beaks , and two peacocks at the top , also carrying pearl necklaces in their beaks . The two lower peacocks were in the center underneath a flower bouquet made out of jewels , or under a royal umbrella . This throne was protected by a canopy made out of precious and colorful textiles , and gold and silver threads . The canopy was carried by four slender columns or beams made out of metal . Underneath the throne , colorful and precious carpets were laid out . See also ( edit ) Golden Throne ( Mysore ) Maharaja Ranjit Singh 's throne Marble Throne Naderi Throne Sun Throne Throne of Jahangir References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Nicoll , Fergus ( 2009 ) . Shah Jahan . London : Penguin Books . ISBN 978 0670083039 . Jump up ^ `` The Sunday Tribune - Books '' . Tribuneindia.com . Retrieved 25 October 2014 . Jump up ^ K.R.N. Swamy ( January 30 , 2000 ) . `` As priceless as the Peacock Throne '' . The Tribune . Retrieved March 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nicoll , Fergus ( 2009 ) . Shah Jahan . London : Penguin Books . ISBN 978 0670083039 . Jump up ^ Nicoll , Fergus ( 2009 ) . Shah Jahan . London : Penguin Books . ISBN 978 0670083039 . Jump up ^ Muhammad Baqir . The Peacock Throne : Romance and Reality . Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan , 3 ( 1966 ) , pp. 27 - 32 . The inauguration of the throne took place on 3 Shawwal 1044 . See Lahori 's Padhshahnama in Elliot and Dowson , History of India , vol. 6 , pp. 45 - 6 . Also Inayat Khan in Begley and Desai , Shah Jahan Nama , pg. 147 . Jump up ^ Aurang shahinshah adil ( 1 + 6 + 200 + 50 + 20 , 300 + 1 + 5 + 50 + 300 + 1 + 5 , 70 + 1 + 4 + 30 = AH 1044 ) ^ Jump up to : Nicoll , Fergus ( 2009 ) . Shah Jahan . London : Penguin Books . ISBN 978 0670083039 . Jump up ^ Hasan , Mughal Poetry , pp. 56 - 61 . Biography of Said Gilani Bibadal Khan in Nawaz Khan , Maathir , vol. 1 , pp. 396 - 9 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived January 28 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived November 9 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Archived July 18 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ James Fraser . Narrative of a Journey into Khorasan in the years 1821 and 1822 ( n.p. , 1825 ) , p. 43 , cited in Baqir `` Peacock Throne '' , 34 - 41 Jump up ^ Mehmet Onder - Antika - The Turkish Journal of Collectable Art , May 1985 , Issue : 2 Jump up ^ `` Monumental neglect '' . Retrieved 21 March 2015 . Jump up ^ File : Historic stone slab of Mughal throne. jpg Jump up ^ Swany , K.R.N. `` As priceless as the Peacock Throne , '' The Tribune ( India ) . January 30 , 2000 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Caspar Purdon ( 1 October 1908 ) . `` A Pedestal of the Platform of the Peacock Throne '' . Bulletin of the Metropolitan Museum of Art . 3 ( 10 ) : 182 -- 83 . doi : 10.2307 / 3252550 . Retrieved 15 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Times of India : Latest News India , World & Business News , Cricket & Sports , Bollywood '' . The Times Of India . Jump up ^ `` Shah Jahan 's Peacock Throne '' . YouTube . Retrieved 25 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` INDIAN TREASURE FOR METROPOLITAN - Sir Purdon Clarke Has Purchased Pedestal of Peacock Throne of Great Mughal . MARVEL IN INLAID MARBLE Has Been Trying to Get the Relic for Years - Price Paid One - Tenth of Original Offer '' . New York Times . 1908 - 07 - 26 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Annual report of the Trustees '' . Archive.org . Retrieved 25 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` PG Times '' . Pgtimes.in . Retrieved 25 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Koch , Ebba ( 1997 ) . King of the world : the Padshahnama : an imperial Mughal manuscript from the Royal Library , Windsor Castle . London : Thames & Hudson . ISBN 978 - 1898592105 . Jump up ^ `` Full text of `` Shah Jahan '' `` . Archive.org . Retrieved 25 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Khan , ' Inayat ( 1990 ) . The Shah Jahan nama of ' Inayat Khan : an abridged history of the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan , compiled by his royal librarian : the nineteenth - century manuscript translation of A.R. Fuller . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 147 . ISBN 978 - 0195624892 . Jump up ^ `` Columbia University Libraries : Travels in the Mogul Empire A.D. 1656 - 1668 '' . Columbia.edu . Retrieved 25 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Columbia University Libraries : Travels in the Mogul Empire A.D. 1656 - 1668 '' . Columbia.edu . Retrieved 25 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Columbia University Libraries : Travels in the Mogul Empire A.D. 1656 - 1668 '' . Columbia.edu . Retrieved 25 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Kapur , Harish ( 18 June 2013 ) . `` Jean - Baptiste Tavernier : A Life '' . AuthorHouse . Retrieved 12 April 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Longino , Michele ( 5 March 2015 ) . `` French Travel Writing in the Ottoman Empire : Marseilles to Constantinople , 1650 - 1700 '' . Routledge . Retrieved 12 April 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Travels in India '' . Archive.org . Retrieved 25 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Travels in India '' . Archive.org . Retrieved 25 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Travels in India '' . Archive.org . Retrieved 25 October 2014 . This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Delhi '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 7 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 955a . Further reading ( edit ) Curzon , George Nathaniel ( 1892 ) . Persia and the Persian Question . London : Longmans , Green & Co . Delhi Fort : A Guide to the Building and Gardens . Delhi : Archaeological Survey of India . 1929 . Hansen , Waldemar ( 1986 ) . The Peacock Throne : The Drama of Mogul India . Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass . ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 0225 - 4 . Swamy , K.R.N. ; Ravi , Meera ( 1993 ) . The Peacock Thrones of the World . Alpine Fine Arts Collection . Swamy , K.R.N. ; Ravi , Meera ( 2003 ) . The Mughal Peacock Throne ; A Reference Anthology . Kolkata : Writers Workshop Greybird Book . Batra , N.L. ( 2008 ) . Delhi 's Red Fort by the Yamuna . Delhi : Niyogi Books . ISBN 978 - 8189738273 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Peacock Throne at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peacock_Throne&oldid=843945047 '' Categories : Mughal Court Mughal art Red Fort Thrones 1739 in Asia 18th century in Iran Afsharid dynasty Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Use British English from January 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica without Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia ქართული മലയാളം मराठी Nederlands 日本語 Norsk پنجابی Português Русский Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Українська اردو 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 June 2018 , at 14 : 41 . 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how long is halftime show for super bowl			Super Bowl LI halftime show	super bowl li halftime show		Super Bowl LI halftime show Date February 5 , 2017 Location Houston , Texas Venue NRG Stadium Headliner Lady Gaga Sponsor Pepsi Director Hamish Hamilton Producer Ricky Kirshner Super Bowl halftime show chronology 50 ( 2016 ) LI ( 2017 ) LII ( 2018 ) The Super Bowl LI Halftime show took place on February 5 , 2017 , at NRG Stadium in Houston , Texas , as part of Super Bowl LI . Lady Gaga headlined the show performing a medley of her songs , including material from her then-most recent studio album , Joanne . The National Football League ( NFL ) confirmed the singer would helm the LI halftime show after discussions with the singer Adele proved unproductive . Gaga began rehearsing the show by January 2017 and had no guest performers . Her sister gave her the idea of performing from atop the NRG Stadium ; Gaga worked on the logistics behind it . She promoted the performance by uploading short clips on her social media accounts . Fashion house Versace created the wardrobe for the show with a custom jumpsuit for the singer . Designers Bruce Rodgers and LeRoy Bennett did the show 's production work with lighting designer Bob Barnhart of 22 Degrees . The stage was created by All Access Staging & Productions , which had also created previous Super Bowl halftime stages . During the introduction scene , Gaga was accompanied by a fleet of 300 drones provided by Intel , which formed an image of the American flag behind the singer . It marked the first time the drones had been used as part of a television broadcast . The halftime show was critically acclaimed , with media outlets praising Gaga for demonstrating artistic and musical qualities . Some argued it ranked among the top Super Bowl halftime performances in history . The show was also noted for its acknowledgment of the LGBT community , the perceived political undertones , and the technical achievement of the use of drones . With 117.5 million television viewers , it was the second most - watched Super Bowl halftime show after Katy Perry 's and had higher average viewership than the game itself . Gaga 's music catalogue benefited from the performance , with sales growth for all her records . The song `` Million Reasons '' from Joanne , which was part of the set list , became her 14th top - ten single on the Billboard Hot 100 chart . Contents 1 Synopsis 2 Background 3 Development 3.1 Conception 3.2 Rehearsals 3.3 Fashion 3.4 Multimedia 3.5 Drones 4 Critical response 5 Commercial reception 6 Set list 7 Personnel 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Synopsis ( edit ) NRG Stadium , where the Super Bowl LI and the halftime show took place The halftime show began on the roof of NRG Stadium . Lady Gaga started singing `` God Bless America '' as drones swarm behind her emitting red , white and blue color . She then sang Woody Guthrie 's `` This Land Is Your Land '' , followed by the ending of the Pledge of Allegiance : `` One nation under God , indivisible , with liberty and justice for all . '' Gaga then dove from the rooftop as the drones behind her formed the design of the US flag . The singer came down and stood on a tall pillar across the stage , and started singing `` Poker Face '' as fireworks lit up behind her . After the first verse and chorus , Gaga , attached to a harness , bounced from the pillar to the main stage . Her dancers joined her as she sang `` Born This Way '' , which included the track 's intermediate spoken verse . As the performance ended , Gaga headed towards one corner of the stage inside a star - shaped structure and sang `` Telephone '' . A dancer carried her to the main stage where she held a keytar and sang `` Just Dance '' . The singer moved from the stage to the ground as the song ended . She reached a podium with a piano and began singing `` Million Reasons '' . The audience present on the field drifted off in different directions holding light sticks . Continuing the song , she came down from the podium and hugged members of the audience . For the finale of `` Bad Romance '' , a team of white - clad dancers strutted across the main stage . Gaga joined them wearing a football inspired costume and performed the track . As fireworks erupted heralding the end of the show , Gaga reached the edge of the stage , shouted `` Super Bowl 51 '' , dropped her microphone , and jumped off the stage catching a football . Background ( edit ) Gaga after performing the national anthem at the Super Bowl 50 on February 7 , 2016 Around August 2016 media began reporting that singer Adele was in discussions with the National Football League ( NFL ) to perform at the Super Bowl LI halftime show , on February 5 , 2017 , at Houston 's NRG Stadium . Pepsi Zero Sugar sponsored the show . A representative from the NFL said that `` organisers are doing absolutely everything they can to try to persuade her to sign up '' . During her Adele Live 2016 concert tour at Los Angeles , Adele clarified that although she had been asked to perform by the NFL , she had declined since she did not believe she was suitable for the halftime show . The NFL explained they had not signed any musician and were still in discussions with several artists . In the meantime singer Lady Gaga announced that she would be releasing her fifth studio album , Joanne , in October 2016 . Billboard reported that the NFL was is discussions with the singer , because of her performance of the national anthem at the previous Super Bowl . On September 29 , 2016 , Gaga confirmed on her Instagram account that she would be performing at the halftime show . Fox Sports president and executive producer of the show , John Entz , confirmed Gaga 's involvement . He added , `` ( She ) is one of the most electric performers of our generation , and we could n't be happier with the choice to have her headline the Super Bowl LI Halftime Show ... It is going to be an incredible night . '' According to Emma Quigley , Pepsi 's North American head of music , and Justin Toman , Pepsi sports marketing director , choosing Gaga to headline the show made sense based on her previous musical output and endeavors . They considered various parameters -- social media followers , record sales , trending topic -- and then shortlisted her . Toman also took into account the total time it usually takes for the show -- seven minutes for set up , 12 minutes for the main show , and another seven minutes to dismantle -- and believed the singer could deliver `` power , punch , performance , singing , lights '' within that time frame . Pepsi sponsored the halftime show for the fifth - consecutive year . Development ( edit ) Conception ( edit ) Gaga performing `` Poker Face '' , after descending from the roof of the NRG Stadium in a harness . In October 2016 , Gaga told Entertainment Weekly she wanted to give `` the best show for the football fans , the ones that are watching at home '' . Although indecisive about the set list , the singer wanted to play a mixture of her past and recent songs . She also confirmed that the NFL heard Joanne before its release and decided to offer her the halftime performance slot . Her inspiration came from earlier halftime performances by Michael Jackson , Diana Ross , and Bruce Springsteen . Gaga remarked that she loved `` all the ( past shows ) '' . In December 2016 , Gaga launched the `` Guest of Honor '' contest with Pepsi and the NFL . This would give her fans the opportunity to see the halftime show from the stage 's sidelines . The singer uploaded a video titled Fanifesto , talking about the power of fandom . She explained that to win fans had to upload a 15 -- 60 second video on Instagram or Twitter with the hashtags # GOHContest and # PepsiHalftime by December 15 , professing their fandom for Gaga . Billboard 's Colin Stutz revealed that Gaga would not be accompanied by any guest musicians , which was different from the shows of the past few years . Pepsi confirmed in a press release that a ten - second countdown would precede Gaga 's performance , when a lead - in , produced by Creator 's Studio featuring jazz singer Tony Bennett , would be shown . Gaga confirmed her plan to sing atop the dome of NRG Stadium , an idea given to her by her sister Natali Germanotta . Her team were worried about the safety hazards associated with the stunt , although Gaga continued to pursue it . The organizers considered airlifting the singer to the top of the dome before the performance , or making her appear through the `` see - through '' roof of the stadium , which is retractable . Gaga 's lawyers worked on the logistics and the insurance associated with the stunt . US media had expected Gaga to do `` something overtly political '' during her performance . The NFL refuted news that they had forbidden the singer from mentioning President Donald Trump during the show . A representative from the organization issued a statement saying , `` The Super Bowl is a time when people really come together . Lady Gaga is focused on putting together an amazing show for fans and we love working with her on it ; we are n't going to be distracted by this . '' Rehearsals ( edit ) By January 2017 , Gaga began posting images on her social media accounts , showing her practicing for the show . She built a tent in her backyard where she rehearsed with her dancers . The group rehearsed in it for more than a week , then moved to larger venues in Hollywood to work on the rest of the show . Finally , all the equipment was sent to Houston , where the final rehearsals took place . Gaga enlisted vocal coach Don Lawrence to help her belt out the correct notes . Lawrence worked with Gaga for her National Anthem performance the previous year , as well as her concert tours . Pepsi uploaded a behind - the - scenes video from the rehearsals , where Gaga explained the main challenge was how to make the halftime performance different from the preceding years but keep it still about the music . Choreographer Richy Jackson was shown in the middle of a session with the dancers , displaying the characteristic moves from the song , `` Bad Romance '' ( 2009 ) . Jackson said the dancers were hand - picked and had worked before with the singer . He added the show would unveil a different aspect of Gaga , since she had never had the opportunity to perform on a big world stage like the Super Bowl . As the day of the show approached , the singer kept posting short videos from rehearsals as well as behind - the - scenes . She showed her pre-game dance routines and choreography , FaceTimeing with her grandmother , warming up for the show , and the onstage activities . Toman explained that they wanted to have fans get `` a peek into the journey to halftime , tapping into the artist fanbase -- that really works . Doing a behind - the - scenes content program , giving people that glimpse of what it takes to prepare . People love that . So that really worked and we continue to do that . '' In an interview with Billboard , Gaga explained : `` I really had a real sense of being in the zone for this performance , worked on it for a really long time , took months , trained hard . Every second I wanted to give the world and my fans what they deserve , a great show . Its really exciting , I wanted to enjoy the moment not just be hell bent ( sic ) on everything . '' Fashion ( edit ) Gaga performing `` Born This Way '' during the show in the Atelier Versace iridescent colored jumpsuit . After the release of Joanne Gaga wore simple outfits , deviating from her previously outrageous attire . Before the halftime show , there was much speculation about what she would wear for the performance . Versace created all the looks for the show , including the final one inspired by the label 's Spring 2017 collection . The singer wore a custom , Atelier Versace , iridescent colored jumpsuit , beaded all over with Swarovski crystals , with high shoulder pads and matching knee - length boots . The body suit facilitated swift movement onstage , aiding Gaga 's mobility . According to fashion expert Cameron Silver , Gaga 's look for the performance of `` Bad Romance '' was the `` most interesting '' . It consisted of silver hot pants with sequins , with a foot shoulder - pad like jacket . Billboard deemed both the outfits a `` customary nod '' to Gaga 's past adding , `` It was a solid balance of glam and sexy without overdoing it ( ... ) ( The dress ) gave fantasy to her fans . She looked great . She sounded great . It 's like she was playing football in heels . '' Gaga also wore a golden jacket which had shoulder spikes while playing the keytar , . Gaga'sh longtime collaborator Brandon Maxwell styled her looks ; singer David Bowie 's persona Ziggy Stardust influenced her makeup . Donatella Versace flew to Houston to help with the costumes , including dressing the singer before the show . Sarah Nicole Tanno did Gaga 's makeup , and Frederic Aspiras coiffed her hair . Tanno used products from Marc Jacobs ' cosmetics line to give Gaga a `` timeless '' look . The singer wore a pair of eye masks made of crystals , extending to her temples . According to Vanessa Friedman of The New York Times choosing Versace as her fashion brand for the costumes `` helped to support a subtler , arguably more powerful , message '' by Gaga . She had promised to make the show about `` inclusion '' and to that extent , using Versace and a number of other designers like Dr. Martens and Vera Wang made the point . Multimedia ( edit ) During `` Million Reasons '' a field cast used Glow Motion LED Batons , creating a three - dimensional moving pixel show . Designers Bruce Rodgers of Tribe Inc. , LeRoy Bennett , and lighting designer Bob Barnhart of 22 Degrees handled the show 's production work . All Access Staging & Productions , creators of previous Super Bowl halftime stages , built the stage . Its key features included a main platform , two towers , three star - shaped side stages , a piano dome and a stage lift . The towers were about 30 feet ( 9.1 m ) tall and could be carried by carts to the field for set - up . All Access had just over four weeks to create the pieces and the main stage . It required 17 trucks for storage and transport . The show used a LED system from Verrents and sound by ATK Audiotek . A record number of about 5,000 LED lights were embedded in the stage . Special effects group Strictly FX handled the pyrotechnics . Both Rodgers and Bennett combined their ideas for the show , with input from Barnhart and special effects designer Mark Grega from FX . Rodgers described the stage setup as `` the most intense technological and visually impactful epic possible '' . The show featured a field cast led by KP Terry ; they used Glow Motion LED batons , creating a 3D moving pixel show . Glow Motion , a Nashville - based company , programmed each individual baton to sync with the music being played . `` All our field cast and staging experts , technicians and vendors ( had ) stepped up to support the vision , and Gaga herself , having embraced the concept early on , ( had ) taken on the task with more interest and heart than any other artist that I 've worked with in the last 11 years , '' Rodgers concluded . Production Resource Group ( PRG ) supplied the show 's lighting . PRG 's Chris Conti shared Barnhart 's floor plan for the lighting setup , which used DMX512 to control the system . Barnhart recalled that `` ( the ) show was a little more complicated this year , due to the amount of scenery that we normally do n't have on a halftime show '' , but it was better since there were no video backdrops . An array of 36 Clay Paky Sharpy fixtures was added around the roof of NRG Stadium , which lit the Houston night sky with light beams . Barnhart also arranged a backlight array fixture , using Philips Vari - Lite VL4000 and PRG Best Boy . LED tape , controlled by the lighting team , was used around the main production area . They could light the stage from afar . Director Hamish Hamilton and his crew devised their own way of capturing and transmitting the show for the live audience . Drones ( edit ) See also : Quadcopter § Art A long shot view of the halftime stage during the performance of `` Just Dance '' . While performing on top of NRG Stadium , a fleet of 300 synchronized , LED - equipped `` Shooting Star '' quadcopter drones provided by Intel accompanied Gaga . They formed an image of the American flag behind the singer . This marked the first time the drones were used as part of a television broadcast . According to Intel 's senior vice president Josh Walden , `` Gaga and the Super Bowl creative team wanted to pull off something that had never been done before ... The potential for these light show drones is endless . '' Barnhart explained he had wanted to use drones in the Super Bowl for many years , but never encountered the appropriate technology until Intel 's drones . With permission from producer Ricky Kirshner , he reached out to Intel representatives and told them he wanted to use their drone technology for a `` large TV show in February . I ca n't give you money , but I can give you exposure . '' Knowing that the Super Bowl would expose their technology to over 110 million television sets across the country , Intel agreed . Since the drones did not fly indoors , Barnhart wrote a new creative segment for the opening with Gaga singing atop the roof of the stadium and the drones flying behind her . The segment was filmed earlier in the week due to safety concerns over flying the formation over a live audience . The Federal Aviation Administration ( FAA ) forbid the use of drones within a 34.5 miles ( 55.5 km ) radius of NRG Stadium ( which is also located near William P. Hobby Airport ) . The production staff obtained special permission from the FAA to perform the drone acrobatics . Intel began preparing in early December 2016 , working out the logistics . After coming to a consensus with the creative team , they began storyboarding the drones , finally deciding to display a star array , the American flag and the Pepsi logo . The drones used for the show had a plastic and foam body for soft impacts , were about 1 foot ( 0.30 m ) square and weighed 8 ounces ( 0.50 lb ) . They were connected wirelessly to a central computer and each executed their unique , individual choreography . The computer checked the GPS signal strength and the drones ' battery levels . Critical response ( edit ) The final performance of the show , `` Bad Romance '' Gaga 's halftime performance was critically acclaimed . A writer for Time described the show as `` among the very best in the history of the form , racing ambitiously through the artist 's entire career and putting forward the qualities of the artist that just work '' . The New Yorker review described Gaga and the show as `` an astute , intense , and disciplined performance '' . Andrew Unterberger of Billboard felt the performance would go down as `` one of the best halftime sets of the century '' and that it had cemented her as a `` legacy artist ... It was Gaga through and through , and every song felt more gratifying than the last ... reminding you why Gaga 's pop supremacy was so inarguable not all that long ago . '' He noted that there was nothing `` outrageous '' in the show . Chris Chase of Fox Sports said the halftime show would `` go down with Michael , Prince , Beyoncé , and Bruce as the greatest ever . '' Marguerite Ward from CNBC considered the show Gaga 's comeback , noting how she had announced in 2015 that she would retire . `` Fast forward to 2017 . ( Lady Gaga ) is back on the global stage , gearing up for a new world tour '' , she added . Writing for Variety , Sonia Saraiya described the show as `` breathtaking '' and `` soar ( ing ) '' , but felt it `` lacked an iconic moment or emotional button '' . Daniel Fienberg of The Hollywood Reporter was disappointed the show never had a `` close - up or any sort of swooping medium - shot to accentuate ( Gaga 's ) movement '' . He felt `` the weakly presented dive '' detracted from her rendition of `` God Bless America '' and `` This Land Is Your Land '' . Nico Land of Salon noted Gaga was the first artist to refer to the LGBT community during a Super Bowl halftime show when she sang `` Born This Way '' . Land considered this a `` crucial milestone '' for the community . He said , `` Putting LGBT issues on the main stage at the Super Bowl served as a powerful message of queer solidarity in the face on an unprecedented wave of challenges from our government . '' Although Gaga did not openly criticize Trump , Land viewed the singer 's opening performance was a subtle `` dig '' at the President . Singing `` This Land Is Your Land '' , a protest anthem for the Women 's Marches across the country following Trump 's inauguration , Gaga referred to Trump 's policies on immigration . According to Joanna Robinson of Vanity Fair , the performance was a `` dog whistle '' against Trump 's plans to build a wall between the United States and Mexico . At the 69th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards , the halftime show was nominated in six categories -- the most by any halftime show -- including : Outstanding Special Class Program , Outstanding Production Design for Variety , Nonfiction , Event or Award Special , Outstanding Lighting Design / Lighting Direction for a Variety Special , Outstanding Technical Direction , Camerawork , Video Control for a Limited Series , Movie , or Special , Outstanding Music Direction , and Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Variety Series or Special and won for Outstanding Lighting Design . Commercial reception ( edit ) Gaga and choreographer Richy Jackson during a sequence on the show In the United States , the Super Bowl LI halftime show attracted 117.5 million television viewers . It was the second-most - watched halftime show behind Katy Perry 's in 2015 . For the fourth year in a row , the viewership was higher than the game , which was viewed by an audience of 111.3 million . A total of 5.1 million tweets were made about Gaga 's performance , including 2.2 million during her show , making her the most tweeted about entertainer in the show 's history . According to statistics presented by Billboard , the most tweeted moments were when the show ended , followed by Gaga waving at her parents from the stage , and when the singer descended from the NRG Stadium roof in a harness . The set list was also included in the most tweets tabulation with `` Bad Romance '' getting the highest number of tweets . `` Telephone '' was the second most - tweeted song followed by `` Born This Way '' . According to Nielsen SoundScan on the day of the show , Gaga sold 150,000 digital albums and songs in the United States , up by 1,000 % from the previous day . The singer sold a total of 125,000 digital song downloads , led by `` Million Reasons '' ( 45,000 up by 900 % ) , then `` Bad Romance '' ( 13,000 ) , `` Born This Way '' ( 12,000 ) and `` Poker Face '' ( 10,000 ) . Her albums sold more than 23,000 downloads with Joanne selling over 12,000 copies , followed by The Fame Monster ( 2009 ) , which sold about 6,000 . Gaga acquired over 24,000 listeners on music streaming website Pandora Radio . Total station adds for the singer went up by 1,391 % week - by - week with a cumulative 14.8 million stations and her songs received 2.5 billion spins . All the songs performed received significant spin boosts . This was different from the previous halftime shows , when Coldplay was up by 225 % , Bruno Mars by 62 % , and Beyoncé up 60 % . After the final tabulation , Gaga sold over 410,000 digital song downloads for the tracking week of February 9 , 2017 , an increase of 1,850 % . `` Million Reasons '' ( which dropped off the chart the previous week ) , ) re-entered the Billboard Hot 100 at number four becoming Gaga 's 14th top - ten single . It also reached the top of the Digital Songs chart with 149,000 downloads . Other songs entering the Digital Songs chart were `` Born This Way '' ( 41,000 , number seven ) , `` Bad Romance '' ( 39,000 , number nine ) `` Poker Face '' ( 34,000 , number fourteen ) , `` Just Dance '' ( 25,000 , number 26 ) and `` Telephone '' ( 20,000 , number 39 ) . Gaga 's streaming activity increased by 196 % to 41.8 million streams , led by `` Million Reasons '' with 3.9 million plays . Her album sales increased by 844 % to 135,000 equivalent units , with Joanne soaring from number 66 to number two on the Billboard 200 , selling 74,000 units ( 48,000 traditional album purchases ) . Other entries on the chart included The Fame ( 38,000 , number six ) , Born This Way ( 17,000 , number 25 ) and Artpop ( 5,000 , number 174 ) . Gaga reached number one on the Billboard Artist 100 chart , which measures activity across various social media websites as well as record sales . The Super Bowl performance also had an impact in Canada , where Joanne vaulted from number 54 to number two , with a 524 % gain in album - equivalent units . In the United Kingdom , Joanne 's sales were up by 222 % , while The Fame ( 2008 ) was up by 1,605 % after the show . On the UK Albums Chart , the former moved from number 88 to number 11 , with sales increasing to 5,289 copies , while the latter entered at number 38 , selling 2,263 copies . Set list ( edit ) The following songs were performed during the halftime show : `` God Bless America '' / `` This Land Is Your Land '' ( pre-recorded intro ) `` Poker Face '' `` Born This Way '' `` Telephone '' `` Just Dance '' `` Million Reasons '' `` Bad Romance '' Set list adapted from Billboard . Personnel ( edit ) Credits and personnel adapted from the listing available at Live Design website . Main performer Lady Gaga Creative personnel Executive Producer : Ricky Kirshner Director : Hamish Hamilton Production Designer : Bruce Rodgers , Tribe Inc . Co-Production Designer : LeRoy Bennett Lighting Designer : Bob Barnhart , 22 Degrees Vendors Set and Staging Fabrication : All Access Pyro and Effects : Strictly FX On - field cast LED batons : Glow Motion Technologies Lighting Equipment Supplier : PRG LED Systems : VER Sound Equipment Provider : ATK Lighting crew Lighting Directors : Pete Radice , David Grill , Jason Rudolph Gaffer : Tony Ward Best Boy : David Serralles , Kieth Berkes , Dean Brown , Joe Faretta , George Clayton Lead Tech : Robb Minnotte Tech : Matt Geneczko , Jeff Anderson Network Designer : Chris Conti Lead Spot Op : Tim Altman , George Sennerfelder , John Washburton Lead Spot Tech : Quinn Smith Assistant Lighting Director : Megan Seibel Fiber Tech : Alex Ward Art design team Art Directors : Shelley Rodgers , Lindsey Breslauer Set and CAD Designers : Maria Maria Garcia , Bruno Oliveira , Evan Alexander , Assistant Art Director : Lucas Ingram Stage video and projection crew LED Technicians : Gary Madura , Luke Pilato , Rod Silhanek , Michael Spencer Media Server Operator : Jason Rudolph Media Server Technician : Tim Nauss Intel Shooting Star drone team Lead Technical Engineer : Daniel Gurden Software Development Engineer ( Programmer ) : Tobias Gurden General Manager of Drone Light Shows : Natalie Cheung Project Manager : Madeline Ong Pilot In Command : Clay Coleman , Pilot In Command Hardware Engineer : Tobi Lang All Access Staging & Productions crew All Access Staging Supervisor : Tim Fallon Project Manager : Tommy Rose Manufacturing Design : Erik Eastland Automation Technician and Fabrication Lead : Fidel Garza Head Carpenter : Roger Cabot Staging Technicians : Kyle Duarte , Jesus Arroyo , Arturo Martinez , Jeff Haas , Anthony Pozos , Micky Dymond , Staging Technician / Fabricator : Julio Roch LED Technicians : Zack Eastland , Blake Chandler See also ( edit ) 2017 in American music 2017 in American television References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nelson , Jeff ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` Lady Gaga Hopes to Deliver ' Powerful ' Super Bowl Halftime Show Like Greats Michael Jackson , Bruce Springsteen '' . People . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2016 . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wooton , Dan ( August 8 , 2016 ) . `` Adele set to perform at the Super Bowl show as ' desperate ' chiefs bid to land Brit star '' . The Sun . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2016 . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Adele Reveals She Turned Down Super Bowl 51 Halftime Gig '' . Rolling Stone . August 14 , 2016 . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2016 . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Iasimone , Ashlee ( August 14 , 2016 ) . `` Adele Did Not Get Super Bowl Halftime Show Offer , Says NFL and Pepsi '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2016 . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Halperin , Shirley ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` Lady Gaga In Talks to Play Super Bowl Halftime Show : Sources '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2016 . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Coscarelli , Joe ( September 29 , 2016 ) . `` Lady Gaga to Headline Super Bowl Halftime Show '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2016 . Retrieved October 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Halperin , Shirley ( September 29 , 2016 ) . `` It 's Official : Lady Gaga to Headline 2017 Super Bowl Halftime Show '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Atkinson , Katie ( February 5 , 2017 ) . `` Super Bowl Halftime Will Be ' Uniquely Lady Gaga ' : Pepsi Execs Promise ' One of the Greatest Halftime Shows Ever ' '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2017 . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Feeney , Nolan ( October 21 , 2016 ) . `` Lady Gaga : Joanne sealed my Super Bowl halftime show deal '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2016 . 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Archived from the original on February 13 , 2017 . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Weatherby , Taylor ( February 5 , 2017 ) . `` Watch Lady Gaga 's Show - Stopping Super Bowl 2017 Halftime Performance '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2017 . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl LI Halftime Show Credits And Staff '' . Live Design . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2017 . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Super Bowl LI halftime show . Super Bowl LI Halftime Show Set Drawings , Live Design Super Bowl LI Halftime Show Staging Technical Drawings , Live Design Will Lady Gaga 's Drones Win a Lion ? 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who led the army from detroit to canada			Siege of Detroit	siege of detroit	Coordinates : 42 ° 19 ′ 49 '' N 83 ° 02 ′ 55 '' W / 42.33015 ° N 83.04874 ° W / 42.33015 ; - 83.04874	Siege of Detroit Part of the War of 1812 The Surrender of Detroit by John Wycliffe Lowes Forster Date 15 -- 16 August 1812 Location Detroit , Michigan Result British / Native American victory Belligerents United States United Kingdom Upper Canada Tecumseh 's Confederacy Commanders and leaders William Hull Isaac Brock Tecumseh Strength 582 regulars 1,600 + militia 30 guns 600 Natives 330 regulars 400 militia 5 light guns 3 heavy guns , 2 mortars 2 warships Casualties and losses 7 killed 2,493 captured 2 wounded Old Northwest Tippecanoe River Canard Fort Mackinac ( 1812 ) Brownstown Maguaga Fort Dearborn Detroit Fort Harrison Fort Wayne Wild Cat Creek Mississinewa Frenchtown Africa Point Fort Meigs Fort Stephenson Lake Erie Thames Longwoods Prairie du Chien Campbell Island Mackinac Island ( 1814 ) Lake Huron Malcolm 's Mills The Siege of Detroit , also known as the Surrender of Detroit , or the Battle of Fort Detroit , was an early engagement in the British - U.S. War of 1812 . A British force under Major General Isaac Brock with Native American allies under the Shawnee leader , Tecumseh , used bluff and deception to intimidate the U.S. Brigadier General William Hull into surrendering the fort and town of Detroit , Michigan , and a dispirited army which nevertheless outnumbered the victorious British and Native Americans . The British victory reinvigorated the militia and civil authorities of Upper Canada , who had previously been pessimistic and affected by pro-U.S. agitators . Many Native American people in the Northwest Territory were inspired to take arms against U.S. outposts and settlers . The British held Detroit for more than a year before their small fleet on Lake Erie was defeated , which forced them to abandon the western frontier of Upper Canada . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 American plans and moves 1.2 British moves 2 Battle 3 Casualties and losses 4 Aftermath 4.1 British 4.2 Americans 4.3 Memorials 5 References 5.1 Footnotes 5.2 Bibliography 6 External links Background ( edit ) American plans and moves ( edit ) In the early months of 1812 as tension with Britain increased , many people including William Hull , Governor of the Michigan Territory , urged President of the United States James Madison and Secretary of War William Eustis to form an army which would secure the former Northwest Territory against Native Americans incited to take arms against the United States by British agents and fur trading companies . In particular it was urgently necessary to reinforce the outpost of Detroit , which had a population of 800 but a peacetime garrison of only 120 soldiers . It was also suggested that this army might invade the western districts of Upper Canada , where support might be expected from the many recent immigrants from the United States who had been attracted by generous land grants . Madison and Eustis concurred with this plan . Madison offered command of the army to Hull , an ageing veteran of the American Revolutionary War . Hull was initially reluctant to take the appointment , but no other officer with his prestige and experience was immediately available . After repeated pleas from Madison , Hull finally accepted , and was commissioned as a Brigadier General in the United States Army . Hull 's army consisted initially of three regiments of Ohio militia under Colonels Lewis Cass , Duncan McArthur and James Findlay . When Hull took command of them at Dayton on 25 May , he found that they were badly equipped and ill - disciplined , and no arrangements had been made to supply them on the march . He made hasty efforts to remedy the deficiencies in equipment . Joined by the 4th U.S. Infantry under Lieutenant Colonel James Miller , the army marched north from Urbana on 10 June . On instructions from Eustis , Hull ignored an earlier route established by Anthony Wayne , and created a new route to Detroit across the Black Swamp area of northwest Ohio . On 26 June , he received a letter from Eustis , dated 18 June , warning him that war was imminent and urging that he should make for Detroit `` with all possible expedition '' . Hull accordingly hastened his march . To lighten the load on his draught horses , worn out by the arduous march , he put his entrenching tools , medical supplies , officers ' baggage and despatches , with some sick men and the army 's band , aboard the packet vessel Cayahoga at the foot of the Maumee River , to be transported across Lake Erie . Eustis had sent his first letter of 18 June by special messenger . Congress had passed the declaration of war later that day but Eustis sent a second letter to Hull with this vital information only by ordinary mail . On 28 June , the postmaster at Cleveland , Ohio hired an express rider to rush the letter to Hull but even this arrived only on 2 July . The British ambassador in Washington had sent the news of the American declaration of war urgently to Britain and Canada and the military commanders in Canada had in turn hastened to inform all their outposts of the state of war . On 2 July , the unsuspecting Cayahoga was captured by a Canadian - manned armed brig of the Provincial Marine , General Hunter , near the British post at Amherstburg at the foot of the Detroit River . Hull reached Detroit on 5 July . Here he was reinforced by detachments of Michigan militia , including the 140 men of the Michigan Legionary Corps which Hull had established in 1805 . The American army was short of supplies , especially food , as Detroit provided only soap and whiskey . Nevertheless , Eustis urged Hull to attack Amherstburg . The fort there was defended by 300 British regulars , mainly from the 41st Regiment of Foot , 400 Native Americans , and some militia . The post 's commander was Colonel St. George , who was later superseded by Colonel Henry Procter of the 41st . Although Hull was not enthusiastic , writing to Eustis that `` The British command the water and the savages '' , his army crossed into Canada on 12 July . He issued several proclamations which were intended to induce Canadians to join or support his army . Some of his mounted troops raided up the Thames as far as Moraviantown . Although these moves discouraged many of the militia from opposing Hull 's invasion , few of the inhabitants of the region , even those who had recently moved from the United States , actively aided Hull . After some indecisive skirmishes with British outposts along the Canard River , Hull decided he could not attack the British fort without artillery , which could not be brought forward because the carriages had decayed and needed repair , and he fell back . Several of Hull 's officers disagreed with this retreat and secretly discussed removing him from command . Hull had been quarreling with his militia Colonels since taking over the army , and he felt that he did not have their support , whether in the field or in the frequent councils of war he called . British moves ( edit ) Plan of Detroit and its fort , 1792 On 17 July , a mixed force of British regulars , Canadian fur traders and Native Americans captured the important trading post of Mackinac Island on Lake Huron from its small American garrison who , like Hull earlier , were not aware that war had broken out . While many of the Natives who had taken part in the attack either remained at Mackinac or returned to their homes , at least one hundred Sioux , Menominee and Winnebago warriors began moving south from Mackinac to join those already at Amherstburg , while the news induced the previously neutral Wyandots living near Detroit to become increasingly hostile to the Americans . Hull learned of the capture of Mackinac on 3 August , when the paroled American garrison reached Detroit by schooner . Fearing that this had `` opened the northern hive of Indians '' , Hull abandoned all the Canadian territory he held . Hull 's supply lines ran for 60 miles ( 97 km ) along the Detroit River and the shore of Lake Erie , which was dominated by the British armed vessels , and were vulnerable to British and Native American raiders . On 4 August , at the Battle of Brownstown , a party under Tecumseh ambushed and routed an American detachment under Major van Horne , capturing more of Hull 's despatches . Hull sent a larger party under James Miller to clear his lines of communication , and escort a supply convoy of 300 head of cattle and 70 pack horses loaded with flour , which was waiting at Frenchtown under Major Brush . On 9 August , at the Battle of Maguaga , Miller forced a British and Native force under Major Adam Muir of the 41st Regiment to retreat some distance , but when the British re-formed their line , he declined to resume the attack . Miller , who was ill and whose losses in the engagement were heavier than those of the enemy , seemed to completely lose confidence and remained encamped near the battlefield until Hull ordered him to return to Detroit . Meanwhile , Major General Isaac Brock , the British commander in Upper Canada , was in York , the provincial capital , dealing with the unwilling Assembly and mobilising the province 's militia . Although he had only a single regiment of regulars and some small detachments of veterans and artillery to support the militia , he was already aware that there was no immediate threat from the disorganised and badly - supplied American forces on the Niagara River , or from the lethargic American commander in chief , Major General Henry Dearborn , at Albany in Upper New York State . Only Hull 's army was occupying or threatening Canadian territory . Late in July , Brock learned of the capture of Mackinac . He was also informed by Lieutenant General Sir George Prevost , the Governor General of Canada , that an additional regiment he had asked for was being dispatched to Upper Canada , although as piecemeal detachments . Brock dispatched 50 of his small force of regulars and 250 volunteers from the militia westward from York to reinforce Amherstburg . On 5 August , he prorogued the Assembly and set out himself after them . He and his force sailed from Port Dover in batteaux and open boats and reached Amherstburg on 13 August , at the same time as 200 additional Native American warriors ( 100 `` Western Indians '' from Mackinac and 100 Wyandots ) who joined Tecumseh . At Amherstburg , Brock immediately learned from Hull 's captured despatches that the morale of Hull and his army was low , that they feared the numbers of Natives which might be facing them , and that they were short of supplies . Brock also quickly established a rapport with Tecumseh , ensuring that the Natives would cooperate with his moves . Brock and Tecumseh met for the first and only time shortly after Brock arrived at Amherstburg . Legend has it that Tecumseh turned to his warriors and said , `` Here is a man ! '' Brock certainly wrote shortly afterwards , `` ... a more sagacious and a more gallant Warrior does not I believe exist . '' Against the advice of most of his subordinates , Brock determined on an immediate attack on Detroit . The British had already played on Hull 's fear of the Natives by arranging for a misleading letter to fall into American hands . The letter asked that no more Natives be allowed to proceed from Fort Mackinac as there were already no less than 5,000 at Amherstburg and supplies were running short . Brock sent a demand for surrender to Hull , stating : The force at my disposal authorizes me to require of you the immediate surrender of Fort Detroit . It is far from my intention to join in a war of extermination , but you must be aware , that the numerous body of Indians who have attached themselves to my troops , will be beyond control the moment the contest commences ... To deceive the Americans into believing there were more British troops than there actually were , Brock 's force carried out several bluffs . At the suggestion of Major Thomas Evans , the Brigade Major at Fort George , Brock gave his militia the cast - off uniforms of the 41st Regiment to make Hull believe most of the British force were regulars . The troops were told to light individual fires instead of one fire per unit , thereby creating the illusion of a much larger army . They marched to take up positions in plain sight of the Americans then quickly ducked behind entrenchments , and marched back out of sight to repeat the manoeuvre . The same trick was carried out during meals , where the line would dump their beans into a hidden pot , then return out of view to rejoin the end of the queue . Battle ( edit ) On 15 August , gunners of the Provincial Marine set up a battery of one 18 - pounder and two 12 - pounder guns and two mortars on the Canadian shore of the Detroit River and began bombarding Fort Detroit , joined by two armed vessels ( General Hunter and the 20 - gun sloop - of - war Queen Charlotte in the river . In the early hours of the morning of 16 August , Tecumseh 's warriors crossed the river about 5 miles ( 8.0 km ) south of Detroit . They were followed after daybreak by Brock 's force , divided into three small `` brigades '' . The first was composed of 50 men of the Royal Newfoundland Fencibles and some Lincoln and Kent militia ; the second consisted of 50 men of the 41st Regiment with York , Lincoln , Oxford and Norfolk militia ; the third was formed from the main body of the 41st ( 200 men ) and 50 men of the Royal Artillery with five field guns ( three 6 - pounders and two 3 - pounders ) . Brock originally intended to occupy a fortified position astride Hull 's supply line and wait for starvation and bombardment to force the Americans to surrender or come out to fight , but he then learned that on the previous day , Hull had sent a detachment of 400 men under Colonels Cass and McArthur to escort Brush 's convoy to Detroit via a backwoods trail some distance from the lake and river , and this detachment was only a few miles from the British rear . ( Hull had sent messengers recalling this force the night before , but Cass and MacArthur had already encamped for the night and declined to move . ) To avoid being caught between two fires , Brock advanced immediately against the rear of Fort Detroit , the side furthest from the river where the defences were weakest . Tecumseh 's warriors meanwhile paraded several times past a gap in the forests where the Americans could see them , while making loud war cries . One account claims that Tecumseh was behind the idea of displaying trumped - up troop levels . A Canadian officer ( militia cavalry leader William Hamilton Merritt ) noted that `` Tecumseh extended his men , and marched them three times through an opening in the woods at the rear of the fort in full view of the garrison , which induced them to believe there were at least two or three thousand Indians . '' Because Merritt was not an eyewitness , his version has been disputed . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Articles of Capitulation of Fort Detroit As the British prepared to attack , a shell exploded in the officers ' mess inside the fort , causing casualties . Hull despaired of holding out against a force which seemingly consisted of thousands of British regulars and , hearing the Native war cries , began to fear a slaughter . Women and children , including his own daughter and grandchild , still resided within the fort . Against the advice of his subordinates , Hull hoisted a white flag of surrender . He sent messengers to Brock asking for three days to agree on terms of surrender . Brock replied he would allow him three hours . Hull surrendered his entire force , including Cass 's and McArthur 's detachment and Major Brush 's supply convoy . There were rumours that General Hull had been drinking heavily prior to the surrender . He is reported to have said the Natives were `` numerous beyond example , '' and `` more greedy of violence ... than the Vikings or Huns . '' Casualties and losses ( edit ) Before the surrender , the British bombardment had killed two American officers ( including Lieutenant Porter Hanks , the former commander of Fort Mackinac , who was awaiting a court martial ) , and five other ranks . The answering fire from the guns of Fort Detroit wounded two British gunners . After Hull surrendered , the 1,600 Ohio militia from his army were paroled and were escorted south until they were out of danger of attack from the natives . Most of the Michigan militia had already deserted . The 582 American regulars were sent as prisoners to Quebec City . Among the booty and military stores surrendered were 33 cannon , 300 rifles , 2,500 muskets and the only armed American vessel on the Upper Lakes , the brig Adams . Surrendered and taken into British service , it was briefly recaptured two months later near Fort Erie but an intense US and British artillery barrage ensued , causing a fire that ultimately destroyed the battered hulk . Aftermath ( edit ) British ( edit ) The news of the surrender of Hull 's army was startling on both sides of the border . On the American side , many Natives took up arms and attacked American settlements and isolated military outposts . In Upper Canada , the population and militia were encouraged , particularly in the Western districts where they had been threatened by Hull 's army . Brock overlooked the local militia 's former reluctance to perform their duty , instead rewarding those militiamen who had remained at their posts . More materially , the 2,500 muskets captured from Hull were distributed among the hitherto ill - equipped militia . The British gained an important post on American territory and won control over Michigan Territory and the Detroit region for most of the following year . Brock was hailed as a hero , and Tecumseh 's influence over the confederation of Natives was strengthened . Brock next intended to mount a pre-emptive attack into New York State to forestall an American attack across the Niagara River . He was thwarted by an armistice arranged by Sir George Prevost . When this ended , the Americans attacked in October near Queenston . At the ensuing Battle of Queenston Heights , Brock was killed leading a hasty counter-attack to recover a battery which had been captured by the Americans . Under Brock 's successor , Major General Roger Hale Sheaffe , the British drove the Americans from their positions on the heights , and captured several hundred American soldiers . Nevertheless , the loss of Brock is generally reckoned to have been a severe blow to the British . Americans ( edit ) A third American invasion of Canada took place in November , north of Lake Champlain . After the Americans accidentally fired on each other in the dark , they gave up and retreated after a brief engagement at Lacolle Mills . `` The whole Canadian campaign had produced nothing but ' disaster , defeat , disgrace , and ruin and death ' '' the Green - Mountain Farmer , a Vermont newspaper , reported in January 1813 . General Hull was tried by court martial and was sentenced to death for his conduct at Detroit , but the sentence was commuted by President Madison to dismissal from the Army , in recognition of his honourable service in the American Revolution . American attempts to regain Detroit were continually thwarted by poor communications and the difficulties of maintaining militia contingents in the field , until the Americans won a naval victory at the Battle of Lake Erie on 10 September 1813 . This isolated the British at Amherstburg and Detroit from their supplies and forced them to retreat . Hull 's successor , Major General William Henry Harrison , pursued the retreating British and their Native allies and defeated them at the Battle of the Thames , where Tecumseh was killed . Memorials ( edit ) The British 41st Regiment , which subsequently became the Welch Regiment , was awarded the battle honour `` Detroit '' , one of the few to be awarded to British regiments for the War of 1812 . The captured colours of the 4th U.S. Infantry are currently in the Welch Regiment Museum at Cardiff Castle . A patriotic song `` The Bold Canadian '' was written by a private on the campaign to commemorate the conquering of Detroit in Michigan Territory . Six currently active regular battalions of the United States Army ( 5 - 3 FA , 1 - 3 Inf , 2 - 3 Inf , 4 - 3 Inf , 1 - 5 Inf and 2 - 5 Inf ) perpetuate the lineages of several American units ( Freeman 's Company , 1st Regiment of Artillery , and the old 1st , 4th and 19th Infantry Regiments ) that participated in Hull 's initial invasion of Canada and his subsequent surrender of Detroit . Six infantry / armoured regiments of the Canadian Army carry the battle honour Detroit to commemorate the service of ancestor units in the campaign . They are : the Royal Newfoundland Regiment , the Queen 's York Rangers , the Royal Hamilton Light Infantry , the Essex and Kent Scottish Regiment the Lincoln and Welland Regiment , and The Lorne Scots . The 56th Field Artillery Regiment , RCA is also recognized for its links to the battle . In 2012 , the Royal Canadian Mint released a 25 ¢ coin depicting Tecumseh to mark the War of 1812 's bicentennial . References ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hitsman , p. 81 ^ Jump up to : Hitsman , pp. 79 - 80 Jump up ^ Elting , p. 24 Jump up ^ Elting , p. 25 Jump up ^ Elting , pp. 24 -- 25 Jump up ^ Elting , pp. 24 - 26 ^ Jump up to : Elting , p. 26 ^ Jump up to : Elting , p. 27 Jump up ^ Elting , p. 28 Jump up ^ Hitsman , p. 70 Jump up ^ Hitsman , pp. 71 - 72 Jump up ^ Hitsman , p. 75 Jump up ^ C.P. Stacey , The Defence of Upper Canada , 1812 , in Zaslow ( ed ) , p. 18 Jump up ^ Elting , p. 30 Jump up ^ C.P. Stacey , The Defence of Upper Canada , 1812 , in Zaslow ( ed ) , p. 17 Jump up ^ Hitsman , p. 78 Jump up ^ Cruikshank , p. 186 ^ Jump up to : Elting , pp. 34 - 35 Jump up ^ Elting ( 1995 ) , p. 32 Jump up ^ Merritt , in Wood , William ed . Select British Documents of the Canadian War of 1812 . British documents , 3 : 554 . ) Jump up ^ Gilbert , Bil ( 1989 ) . God Gave us This Country : Tekamthi and the First American Civil War . New York : Atheneum . ISBN 978 - 0 - 689 - 11632 - 2 . Jump up ^ Porter ( 1889 ) , p. 357 Jump up ^ Elting , pp. 36 - 37 Jump up ^ http://www.cardiffcastlemuseum.org.uk/ Jump up ^ Link to song Bibliography ( edit ) Elting , John R. ( 1995 ) . Amateurs to Arms . New York : Da Capo Press . ISBN 0 - 306 - 80653 - 3 . Hitsman , J. Mackay ( 1999 ) . The Incredible War of 1812 . Robin Brass Studio . ISBN 1 - 896941 - 13 - 3 . Hull , William ( 1824 ) . Memoirs of the Campaign of the Northwestern Army of the United States , A.D. 1812 . True & Greene . Latimer , Jon ( 2007 ) . 1812 : War with America . Cambridge MA : Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 02584 - 9 . Porter , Maj Gen Whitworth ( 1889 ) . History of the Corps of Royal Engineers Vol I. Chatham : The Institution of Royal Engineers . Zaslow , Morris ( 1964 ) . The Defended Border . Toronto : Macmillan of Canada . ISBN 0 - 7705 - 1242 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Cruikshank , Ernest A . `` The Documentary History of the Campaign upon the Niagara Frontier . Part 3 '' . Lundy 's Lane Historical Society . Retrieved 3 July 2010 . PBS Documentary on the War of 1812 features a chapter on Detroit . Conflicts of the War of 1812 Battles of the War of 1812 United States Washington , D.C. Burning of Washington Georgia Battle of Fort Peter Louisiana Battle of New Orleans Siege of Fort St. Philip Maryland Battle of Baltimore Battle of Bladensburg Battle of Caulk 's Field Battle of North Point Battle of St. Michaels Raid on Havre de Grace Massachusetts Battle of Hampden New York Battle of Big Sandy Creek Battle of Buffalo Battle of Ogdensburg Battle of Plattsburgh Capture of Fort Niagara Raid on Black Rock Second Battle of Sacket 's Harbor Ohio Battle of Fort Stephenson Copus massacre Siege of Fort Meigs Virginia Battle of Craney Island Raid on Alexandria Skirmish at Farnham Church Battle of Rappahannock River U.S. territories Alabama Battles of Fort Bowyer Illinois Battle of Fort Dearborn Battle of Rock Island Rapids Siege of Prairie du Chien Indiana Battle of the Mississinewa Battle of Tippecanoe Battle of Wild Cat Creek Siege of Fort Harrison Siege of Fort Wayne Michigan Battle of Brownstown Battle of Frenchtown Battle of Mackinac Island Battle of Maguaga Siege of Detroit Siege of Fort Mackinac Mississippi Battle of Burnt Corn Battle of Callabee Creek Canoe Fight Battle of Holy Ground Battle of Horseshoe Bend Battle of Talladega Battle of Tallushatchee Battles of Emuckfaw and Enotachopo Creek Fort Mims massacre Kimbell -- James Massacre Missouri Battle of Credit Island Battle of the Sink Hole British North America Lower Canada Battle of the Chateauguay First Battle of Lacolle Mills Second Battle of Lacolle Mills Upper Canada Battle of Beaver Dams Battle of Chippawa Battle of Cook 's Mills Battle of Crysler 's Farm Battle of Fort George Battle of Frenchman 's Creek Battle of Longwoods Battle of Lundy 's Lane Battle of Malcolm 's Mills Battle of Queenston Heights Battle of Stoney Creek Battle of the Thames Battle of York Capture of Fort Erie Raid on Elizabethtown Raid on Port Dover Raid on Gananoque Siege of Fort Erie Spanish Empire Spanish Florida Battle of Pensacola Naval battles Atlantic Ocean Capture of HMS Boxer Capture of HMS Cyane Capture of HMS Epervier Capture of HMS Frolic Capture of HMS Penguin Capture of HMS Dominica Capture of USS Argus Capture of USS Chesapeake Capture of USS President Chesapeake Bay Flotilla USS Constitution vs HMS Java Sinking of HMS Avon Battle of Fayal Sinking of HMS Peacock Sinking of HMS Reindeer USS Constitution vs HMS Guerriere USS United States vs HMS Macedonian Caribbean Sea Battle of La Guaira Great Lakes Battle of Lake Erie Battle of Fort Oswego Engagements on Lake Huron Engagements on Lake Ontario First Battle of Sacket 's Harbor Gulf Coast Action of 13 December 1814 Battle of Lake Borgne Pacific Ocean Action off James Island Action off Charles Island Nuku Hiva Campaign Battle of Valparaiso ( Capture of USS Essex ) See also : American Indian Wars , Creek War , Napoleonic Wars , and Tecumseh 's War Portal definition textbooks quotes source texts media news stories Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Detroit&oldid=827797606 '' Categories : 1812 in the United States Battles of the War of 1812 History of Detroit Sieges of the War of 1812 Michigan in the War of 1812 Sieges involving the United Kingdom August 1812 events Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2010 Use dmy dates from July 2013 Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Bahasa Indonesia 日本語 Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 February 2018 , at 20 : 06 . 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is wayne state university a division 1 school	Wayne State University Motto `` Industry , Intelligence , Integrity '' Type Public university Established 1868 ( 1868 ) Academic affiliations Universities Research Association , University Research Corridor , Great Cities ' Universities , Coalition of Urban Serving Universities , Association of Public and Land - grant Universities Endowment $359 million ( 2017 ) President M. Roy Wilson Provost Keith E. Whitfield Academic staff 2,688 Students 27,298 Location Detroit , Michigan , United States Campus 203 acres ( 0.82 km ) , Urban Colors Green and Gold Nickname Warriors Sporting affiliations NCAA Division II -- GLIAC Mascot `` W '' the Warrior Website wayne.edu		Wayne State University	wayne state university		Wayne State University Motto `` Industry , Intelligence , Integrity '' Type Public university Established 1868 ( 1868 ) Academic affiliations Universities Research Association , University Research Corridor , Great Cities ' Universities , Coalition of Urban Serving Universities , Association of Public and Land - grant Universities Endowment $359 million ( 2017 ) President M. Roy Wilson Provost Keith E. Whitfield Academic staff 2,688 Students 27,298 Location Detroit , Michigan , United States Campus 203 acres ( 0.82 km ) , Urban Colors Green and Gold Nickname Warriors Sporting affiliations NCAA Division II -- GLIAC Mascot `` W '' the Warrior Website wayne.edu The Metropolitan Center for High Technology at Wayne State offers room for startup companies . Wayne State University ( WSU ) is a public research university located in Detroit , Michigan . Founded in 1868 , WSU consists of 13 schools and colleges offering nearly 350 programs to more than 27,000 graduate and undergraduate students . Wayne State University is Michigan 's third - largest university , one of the 100 largest universities in the United States , and ranked in the top 50 American public universities for research expenditures . The WSU main campus encompasses 203 acres linking more than 100 education and research buildings in the heart of Detroit . The Wayne State Warriors compete in the NCAA Division II Great Lakes Intercollegiate Athletic Conference ( GLIAC ) . Contents 1 Historical background 2 Academic profile 3 Colleges and schools 4 Academics and rankings 4.1 Student body 4.2 Research 5 Financials 6 Campus 6.1 Libraries 6.2 Housing 6.2. 1 Current Housing 6.2. 1.1 List 6.2. 2 Former Housing 6.3 Tom Adams Field 6.4 Satellite campuses 7 Student life 7.1 Programs abroad 7.2 Media 7.3 Government 7.4 Public safety 7.5 Wayne State University Alumni Association 7.6 Greek life 7.6. 1 Fraternities ( Men 's ) 7.6. 2 Sororities ( Women 's ) 7.6. 3 National Pan-Hellenic Council ( NPHC ) 7.6. 4 Co-educational professional , service or special interest Greek - letter organizations 8 Athletics 9 Notable people 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Historical background ( edit ) Old Main , a historic building on the Wayne State University campus . The first component of the modern Wayne State University was established in 1868 as the Detroit College of Medicine . In 1885 , the Detroit College of Medicine merged with its competitor , the Michigan College of Medicine and its consolidated buildings . In 1913 the school was restructured as the Detroit College of Medicine and Surgery , passing under that name into the control of the Detroit Board of Education . These institutions are incarnated today as the Wayne State University School of Medicine . In 1881 , the Detroit Normal Training School for Teachers was established by the Detroit Board of Education . In 1920 , after several re-locations to larger quarters , the school became the Detroit Teachers College . The Board of Education voted in 1924 to make the College a part of the new College of the City of Detroit . This eventually became the Wayne State University College of Education . In 1917 , the Detroit Board of Education founded the Detroit Junior College and would make Detroit Central High School 's Old Main Hall its campus . Detroit 's College of Pharmacy and the Detroit Teachers College were added to the campus in 1924 , and were organized into the College of the City of Detroit . The original junior college became the College of Liberal Arts . The first Bachelor 's degrees were awarded in 1925 . The College of Liberal Arts of the College of the City of Detroit , is today the Wayne State University College of Liberal Arts and Sciences . Recognizing the need for a good public law school , a group of lawyers , including Allan Campbell , the school 's founding dean , established Detroit City Law School in 1927 as part of the College of the City of Detroit . Originally structured as a part - time , evening program , the school graduated its first class with the bachelor of laws degree ( LL. B . ) in 1928 and achieved full American Bar Association in 1939 . The school is known today as Wayne State University Law School . In 1933 , the Detroit Board of Education voted to unify the colleges it ran into one university . In January 1934 , that institution was officially named Wayne University , taking its name from Wayne County in which the University and the City of Detroit reside , as well as Major General `` Mad '' Anthony Wayne . Continuing to grow , Wayne University added its School of Social Work in 1935 , and the School of Business Administration in 1946 . Wayne University was renamed Wayne State University in 1956 and the institution became a constitutionally mandated university by a popularly adopted amendment to the Michigan Constitution in 1959 . The Wayne State University Board of Governors created the Institute of Gerontology in 1965 in response to a State of Michigan mandate . The primary mission in that era was to engage in research , education , and service in the field of aging . Wayne State University grew again in 1973 with the addition of the College of Lifelong Learning . In 1985 , the School of Fine and the Performing Arts , and the College of Urban , Labor , and Metropolitan Affairs grew the university further . Detroit College of Medicine , about 1911 . In the 2000s , WSU has been aggressive in constructing new buildings , including the Integrative Biosciences Center ( IBio ) , a 207,000 - square - foot facility fir interdisciplinary work in the biosciences . More than 500 researchers , staff and principal investigators work out of the building , which opened in 2016 . On June 5 , 2013 , the Board of Governors unanimously elected M. Roy Wilson as Wayne State 's 12th president . He was sworn in on August 1 , 2013 . In 2015 , WSU bestowed its first posthumous honorary doctorate degree on Viola Liuzzo . In 2015 , the School of Business administration was renamed the Mike Ilitch School of Business . The name was changed in recognition of a $40 million grant from Mike and Marian Ilitch . In gift will go toward building a new business school facility in Detroit , which is scheduled to open in 2018 . Academic Profile ( edit ) Maccabees Building at Wayne State University . Wayne State 's comprehensive academic offerings are divided among 13 schools and colleges : the Mike Ilitch School of Business ; the College of Education ; the College of Engineering ; the College of Fine , Performing , and Communication Arts ; the Graduate School ; the Law School ; the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences ; the School of Information Sciences ; the School of Medicine ; the College of Nursing ; the Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences ; the Irvin D. Reid Honors College ; and the School of Social Work . Fall 2016 enrollment for the university consisted of 17,280 undergraduates , 8,014 graduate students and 2,004 professional school students adding up to 27,298 students , up from 27,222 students in 2015 . Wayne State University is Michigan 's only urban research university and is renowned particularly for its contributions in the sciences . Wayne State University is classified as a research university with the highest research activity by the Carnegie Foundation . Under the Michigan Constitution , the boards of governors of WSU ( as with the University of Michigan and Michigan State University ) are elected by the citizens of Michigan statewide . Wayne State University , Michigan State University , and the University of Michigan are the three institutional members of the State of Michigan 's University Research Corridor . Colleges and Schools ( edit ) This section relies largely or entirely upon a single source . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources . ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Wayne State offers more than 380 undergraduate , post-graduate , specialist and certificate programs in 13 schools and colleges . Mike Ilitch School of Business The Mike Ilitch School of Business offers undergraduate degrees in accounting , finance , global supply chain , information systems , management and marketing . At the graduate level , it offers M.B.A. and M.S. degrees in accounting and taxation , and a Ph. D. with tracks in finance , management and marketing . These programs are fully accredited by The Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business ( AACSB ) . College of Education College of Engineering Established in 1933 , College of Engineering faculty generate approximately $20 million annually in research expenditures , particularly in areas of biomedical engineering and computing ; advanced materials and flexible manufacturing ; and green technologies such as alternative energy technology , alternative energy , and advanced battery storage . The college offers a range of engineering disciplines , including prominent several research areas in which faculty members focus on interdisciplinary teamwork and industry partnerships -- alternative energy technology , automotive engineering , electric - drive vehicle engineering , environmental infrastructures and transportation engineering , materials and biomedical engineering , bioinformatics and computational biology , nanotechnology and sustainable engineering . College of Fine , Performing , and Communication Arts Irvin D. Reid Honors College Law School College of Liberal Arts and Sciences The College of Liberal Arts and Sciences ( CLAS ) was formed in 2004 with the merger of the College of Liberal Arts and the College of Science . The college receives approximately $20 million a year in external grants and contracts . CLAS consists of 19 departments : Humanities , Social Sciences , Physical Sciences and Mathematics , and Life Sciences categories . Programs include African American Studies , Anthropology , Biological Sciences , Chemistry , Classical and Modern Languages , Literatures and Cultures ( CMLLC ) , Communication Sciences and Disorders ( CSD ) , Criminal Justice , Economics , English , Geology , History , Mathematics , Nutrition & Food Science , Philosophy , Physics and Astronomy , Political Science , Psychology , Sociology , and Urban Studies & Planning . School of Information Sciences The American Library Association first accredited the master of Library and Information Science ( MLIS ) degree in 1967 , and continued accreditation in 2016 . The MLIS degree is available online with select classes also offered on campus . In September 2017 , the School became a member of the iSchool Consortium , and added a master of science in information management ( MSIM ) degree to be offered beginning Winter 2018 semester . School of Medicine Founded in 1868 , the Wayne State University School of Medicine ( SOM ) trains the next generation of physicians , the school offers master 's , Ph. D. and M.D. / Ph. D. programs in 14 areas of basic science and public health to about 400 students annually . The school 's research emphasizes neurosciences , pediatrics , obstetrics and gynecology , perinatology , cancer , cardiovascular disease including diabetes and obesity , and psychiatry and addiction research . Research funding levels in 2014 , including all grants and contracts from government agencies , private organizations and pharmaceutical companies , was $94.5 million . One of the school 's major assets is the Richard J. Mazurek , M.D. , Medical Education Commons , which was designed specifically for students and houses classrooms , student services divisions , the medical library , a sophisticated patient simulation center and the Kado Family Clinical Skills Center . College of Nursing Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences Established in 1924 , the Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences is one of the founding colleges of Wayne State University . It is organized into four departments -- fundamental and applied sciences , health care sciences , pharmacy practice and pharmaceutical sciences . It offers 11 fully accredited degree - granting programs , which maintain autonomous admission requirements , curricula , degree requirements and academic procedures . School of Social Work Established in 1935 , the school offers academic programs at the bachelor 's , master 's and Ph. D. levels . The school 's Center for Social Work Research provides support for faculty research and scholarship , engages in relevant research with community partners , and offers consultation and technical assistance . In 2014 - 15 , faculty submitted proposals valued at over $10 million , including an $113,400 annual grant from the Michigan Department of Health and Human Services for the Transition to Independence Program ( TIP ) , a comprehensive support program for foster care youth enrolled at Wayne State University . Academics and Rankings ( edit ) University rankings National Forbes 621 Times / WSJ 301 U.S. News & World Report 223 Washington Monthly 268 Global ARWU 301 -- 400 QS 439 Times 351 -- 400 U.S. News & World Report 310 Several of Wayne State 's individual programs are well regarded : The Department of Chemistry was recently ranked 71st in the United States ( tied with Dartmouth College , Case Western Reserve University , and the University of Kansas ) and among the top 150 chemistry departments in the world . U.S. News and World Report ranks Wayne State 's Law School as a Top 100 law school , and the second - highest ranked law school in Michigan U.S. News and World Report also ranks the College of Nursing as one of the top nursing program 's in the country The Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences was ranked one of the 50 best pharmacy schools in the country by Pharmacy Times The Department of Industrial and System Engineering was ranked 42nd in the country by U.S. News Grad School Ranking in 2015 . The Department of Physics and Astronomy , The Department of Mathematics , are all ranked among top 200 in the world . The School of Social Work has been ranked 38th in social work in the U.S. News Grad School Health Programs Rankings . Wayne State University is listed as one of the top 34 percent of global universities by U.S. News and World Report The Irvin D. Reid Honors college named in honor of the university 's ninth president , affords students the opportunity to become immersed in the Detroit community , participate in service learning and perform meaningful undergraduate research . The Mike Ilitch School of Business is annually listed as an outstanding business school , according to The Princeton Review , which ranks the top Master of Business Administration ( MBA ) programs . The medical school is ranked # 69 by U.S. News & World Report in the nation for research . Student body ( edit ) `` Wayne State Demographic '' Race / Ethnicity Undergraduate Graduate Professional Total Asian 1,508 305 302 2,115 Black or African American 2,978 1,113 97 4,188 Hispanic 889 223 42 1,154 Other 676 219 42 937 International 487 1,804 116 2,407 Race and ethnicity unknown 678 157 226 1,061 White 10,064 4,193 1,179 15,436 In fall 2016 , Wayne State had a total of 27,298 students at the campus : 17,280 undergraduate students , 8,014 graduate students and 2,004 professional students . Wayne State had students from nearly every U.S. state and 79 countries enrolled in fall 2016 . During the 2016 school year , there were 6,085 degrees and certificates granted to students : 3,072 bachelor 's degrees , 2,068 master 's degrees , 767 doctoral and professional degrees , and 178 certificates . Research ( edit ) At $213.8 million spent annually on research expenditures , Wayne State ranks among the nation 's top universities for research according to the National Science Foundation . Additionally , Wayne State has received the Carnegie Foundation 's ranking as a doctoral - granting university with the highest research activity . On October 13 , 2015 , Wayne State University opened its new $92 million , 207,000 - square - foot Integrative Biosciences Center ( IBio ) . As many as 500 researchers , and staff will work out of the IBio Center located in New Center at 6135 Woodward Avenue . Financials ( edit ) Wayne State University 's cost of attendance is composed of tuition , including a credit hour rate , student service credit hour fee , fitness center maintenance fee , and a registration fee . Class maintenance fees are applied on a course - to - course basis . The tuition varies depending on undergraduate ( lower and upper level division ) and graduate students . Although graduate programs , Law School and Medical School tuition differs . Additionally , these two categories can be further broken down into two more subcategories of out - of - state students and resident students . The tuition cost is estimated based on a 12 - credit semester , including both fall and winter semesters . The preceding values are calculated based off Wayne State tuition as well as the costs of books , transportation , living costs , loan fees and other miscellaneous cost . The total estimated tuition cost for a Michigan resident who is living off campus is roughly $17,384 . Living on campus brings the cost to about $22,000 . If the same scenarios are applied to non-Michigan residents ( out of state ) , the tuition significantly increases . For a non-resident student living on campus , the cost is approximately $33,000 . In the second category , the tuition costs for graduate students can be examined . Graduate students who are residents of Michigan and off campus will have an estimated tuition of $19,144 . Resident graduates who are living away from home can plan on having tuition costs of $24,383 . For graduate students who are non-Michigan residents , tuition is approximately $35,394 . In the 2015 academic year , the university awarded $338 million in financial aid . Even while WSU maintains its status as one of only three universities in the state ranked in the top research category of the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching , tuition at Wayne State remains among the lowest of Michigan 's 15 public universities , and the lowest among Michigan 's three research universities . Campus ( edit ) McGregor Memorial Conference Center Wayne State 's main campus in Detroit encompasses 203 acres ( 0.82 km ) of landscaped walkways and gathering spots linking over 100 education and research buildings . The campus is urban and features many architecturally interesting buildings . Notable examples include the Helen L. DeRoy Auditorium , the Education Building , the Maccabees Building , Old Main , McGregor Memorial Conference Center , Chatsworth Tower Apartments , and the Hilberry Theatre . Many of these buildings were designed by notable architects such as Albert Kahn and Minoru Yamasaki . Wayne State University is located at the heart of Detroit 's Cultural Center Historic District and amongst many notable Detroit institutions and attractions , including the Detroit Institute of Arts , the Detroit Historical Museum , the Michigan Science Center , the Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History , the Detroit Opera House / Michigan Opera Theatre , Detroit Symphony Orchestra / Orchestra Hall , Comerica Park , Ford Field , Little Caesars Arena , the Fox Theatre , the Fisher Theatre , Grand Circus Park , and Campus Martius Park . The Cass Corridor is one of the university 's other notable surroundings , with a venerable history and culture that has left an imprint on many WSU alumni . Many notable events have taken place on or near the campus as a result of its unique location . Artists that got their start here include Chuck & Joni Mitchell , Alice Cooper , The White Stripes , The Detroit Cobras , MC5 , The Stooges , Savage Grace , Ted Nugent and Grand Funk Railroad . The Red Hot Chili Peppers recorded their Freaky Styley album in this area , which was also home to Creem magazine -- the first rock journal , and the first to use the terms `` punk rock '' and `` heavy metal '' and give recognition to the likes of David Bowie , Iggy Pop , The Smiths and others . The now - razed Tartar Field was home to WABX 's free Sunday concerts in the late 1960s and early 1970s featuring many of these musicians . Important events have also taken place on campus , such as Edmund Gettier 's refutation of the `` justified true belief '' theory , which shook 2,500 years of epistemology . Beginning in the 1970s WSU held its criminal justice program classes in the 147,500 - square - foot ( 13,700 m ) Criminal Justice Building , designed by Albert Kahn and built in 1920 in New Center . By 2016 the university stopped use of the building , then used by the Detroit Police Department for training purposes . WSU sold it to real estate firm The Platform for $2,000,000 and it will become a mixed - use development . Libraries ( edit ) With more than four million volumes , the Wayne State University Library System houses the 75th largest collection in the United States , according to the American Library Association . The system ranks among the nation 's top libraries according to the Association for Research Libraries . The Vera P. Shiffman Medical Library , located at Wayne State 's medical campus , houses the university 's medical and health collections and is the primary library for the School of Medicine and the Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences . The Arthur Neef Law Library , located on the north section of the main campus adjacent to the Wayne State University Law School , houses the university 's law collections and is the Law School 's primary library . Its collection of over 620,000 volumes makes it the second largest law library in Michigan . The library subscribes to over 1,500 journals and 1,000 loose - leaf services . The Purdy / Kresge Library , located near the center of main campus , serves as the primary research library for the School of Information Sciences . It contains print and electronic resources to meet the research and instructional needs of faculty , graduate students , and upper - level undergraduates . It also houses the university 's main government documents collection and the offices of the university 's Media Services Department . The David Adamany Undergraduate Library ( UGL ) , located at the center of Gullen Mall , has over 700 computer workstations providing students with access to electronic resources . Its book and magazine collection is intended to support the learning needs of 1,000 and 2,000 level undergraduate courses . The UGL houses the university libraries ' collection of approximately 8,000 videos , DVDs , laser discs and audiotapes . The UGL provides students with information on careers , computers and student survival skills . The Undergraduate Library is open 24 hours for both students and faculty . The Walter P. Reuther Library , Archives of Labor and Urban Affairs , located on the easternmost portion of main campus at 5401 Cass Avenue , is the largest labor archives in North America and serves as the official archival repository for twelve major unions . In addition to labor records , the archives contain primary source material related to civil and political rights , especially those related to Detroit . The Reuther also houses the Wayne State University Archives dating from the institution 's founding as the Detroit Medical College in 1868 . Housing ( edit ) Chatsworth Tower The university provides housing for all students in the form of apartments and residence halls . All buildings are equipped with connection to the university computer system , wireless Internet , laundry rooms , activity rooms , and a 24 - hour help desk . Current Housing ( edit ) Current university - owned apartment buildings consist University Tower , Chatsworth Tower and Helen L. DeRoy Apartments . In the hopes of bringing more residents to campus , Wayne State opened two dormitory - style residence halls in 2002 : Yousif B. Ghafari Hall ( formerly North Hall ) and 2003 Leon H. Atchison Hall ( formerly South Hall ) . This was the first time since the closing of the Newberry Joy Dorms in 1987 that the university offered dorm living . In 2005 , the university opened The Towers Residential Suites , a residence hall open to undergraduate and graduate students . The Towers Café located in The Towers Residential Suites is the largest on - campus dining facility serving a variety of food . The Gold'N'Greens Café located in Ghafari Hall serves vegetarian , vegan , and kosher food . List ( edit ) Ghafari and Atchison Halls provide housing for freshmen and upper students only . Halls feature double - occupancy rooms , fully furnished with private baths . Study rooms and social lounges , all equipped with wireless high - speed Internet , are found on each floor . These halls also include special interest communities such as Honors , Community of Scholars , 24 hour quiet floor , and an all - female floor . These two buildings connect on the first floor through a dining hall . Gold `` n '' Greens is an all vegetarian cafeteria that is also certified kosher dairy , with gluten and vegan options . The Towers Residential Suites , serving all students , is an 11 - story tower with views as far as the Ambassador Bridge . The majority of rooms are suite style , containing four bedrooms attached to a shared living space . There are also studio rooms available . There are special interest floors throughout the building including , Honors , International , Graduate , 21 and up , and 24 - hour quiet floors . This building also has study rooms and kitchenettes available for student use . Within the building is a café - style dining hall , Towers Café , and multiple fitness rooms . Also included in the building are many eateries , a pharmacy , post office , and a salon . Chatsworth Tower Apartments are available to graduate students , professional students and students with families , and located inside a nine - story historic landmark built in 1929 . This structure features large studio , one - bedroom , and two - bedroom apartments with ornate woodwork . Helen L. DeRoy Apartments is a 15 - story building built in 1972 . The apartments contain a total of 258 studio , one - and two - bedroom units offering residence to graduate students , professional students , undergraduate students , and students with families . Units are equipped with wireless Internet access , cable television access , central air , a refrigerator and stove . The top four floors of DeRoy apartments are furnished undergraduate apartments . These apartments come equipped with basic furniture , similar to the residential halls , but in an apartment style space . The 300 - unit University Tower complex opened in 1995 and offers one - , two - , and three - bedroom apartments , as well as family units to juniors , seniors , graduates and professional students . Each apartment is wired for access to the university 's computer network . The first floor offers wireless Internet access , a study lounge , large laundry facility and a childcare center . Wayne State 's WDET radio station is also located on the first floor . In 2016 , the university renovated The Thompson Home , formerly the home of the School of Social Work , into new residential units for students in the College of Fine , Performing and Communication Arts . In 2017 , Wayne State broke ground on the Anthony Wayne Drive Apartments . The first phase of the Anthony Wayne Drive Apartments open in August 2018 . The first phase is the center 11 - story building with room for nearly 400 residents . The second phase will open in June 2019 . The second phase consists of the two wings north and south of the central tower that are 6 stories and the 8 stories that add room for an additional 400 resident The university allows families with children to live in some units including Chatsworth Tower , DeRoy and University Tower . Residents are zoned to Detroit Public Schools . Zoned schools for all three apartments include DPS Foundation for Early Learners @ Edmonson ( K - 8 ) , and King High School ( 9 - 12 ) . Former Housing ( edit ) Sherbrooke Apartments were closed in September 2008 . The Forest Apartments were closed after the 2004 - 05 school year and have since been demolished . The Chatsworth Annex apartments were demolished and replaced with greenspace and volleyball courts after the 2004 - 05 school year . Tom Adams Field ( edit ) Tom Adams Field , best known as Adams Field , is a 6,000 - seat football stadium located on the campus . It is primarily used for Wayne State Warriors football of the Great Lakes Intercollegiate Athletic Conference , a Division II conference of the National Collegiate Athletic Association . The Field was named after Thomas B. Adams , a 1944 graduate and football and track athlete who later served on as a board member at WSU . Due to his athletic , military , and business achievements the Wayne State Football field was named in honor of him on October 11 , 2003 . The stadium turf has been replaced several times . The most recent replacement was in May 2015 when FieldTurfRevolution ( 2.5 `` ) artificial turf was installed . A new 35 - foot video board was installed in August 2015 . The eight lane Lowell Blanchard Track , located in the stadium , was first installed in 2006 . Mondo surfacing was added to the track in 2011 . Satellite campuses ( edit ) Wayne State has four satellite campuses in and around the Metro Detroit area . The locations are : Macomb Educational Center , Clinton Township University Center at Macomb Community College , Clinton Township Advanced Technology Education Center , Warren Schoolcraft College in Livonia Student Life ( edit ) Linsell House ( L ) and Chemistry building ( R ) Education Building McGregor Memorial Conference Center Programs abroad ( edit ) Wayne State offers more than 20 study abroad programs , some as short as nine days in length with others lasting an entire year . As of 2017 , students have their pick from numerous countries including Austria , Brazil , Canada , China , Czech Republic , Cuba , England , France , Germany , Italy , Japan , South Korea , New Zealand , Mexico , Poland , Russia , Spain and South Africa . Programs offer studies in art , business , computer science , education , engineering , environmental studies , health care , linguistics , the social sciences , theater and more . Media ( edit ) The official student newspaper is The South End . The university hosts the public radio station WDET and runs the student online radio station WAYN . The WSU Alumni Association publishes the Wayne State magazine . Government ( edit ) The university is governed by a Board of Governors consisting of eight members elected by Michigan voters for eight - year terms . Board of Governor members serve without compensation . The board elects a university president to serve as the chief executive officer of the university administration . The student body government is headed by a Student Senate ( formerly the Student Council ) . Some colleges of the university have their own Student Senate , which reports back to the main Student Senate . The School of Law has its own Student Board of Governors . Public safety ( edit ) The campus is protected by the Wayne State University Department of Public Safety . There are 65 commissioned officers serving Wayne State and the surrounding area . All Wayne State Police Officers are certified Michigan peace officers and sworn Detroit police officers . The department prides itself on a response time of 90 seconds or less to on - campus emergencies . The department consists of patrol officers , traffic safety officers , motorcycle officers , bike officers , three canine officers , three investigators , multiple officers assigned to task force positions , communications controllers , records personnel and other support staff . The headquarters is located at 6050 Cass Ave . The Department of Public Safety has been in existence since 1966 . The department sponsors several programs throughout campus such as the RAD ( Rape Aggression Defense ) , sells low - cost bike locks and steering wheel `` clubs , '' offers free ' VIN Etching ' sessions to help deter auto theft , and sends out monthly emails to keep the university updated on the department 's activities . Students whom encounter trouble or distress on campus are encouraged to call the Wayne State Police division directly , rather than the city 's 911 services . The Detroit Police Department 's high - priority responses have taken upwards of an hour to arrive on scene ; by comparison , the Campus Police Department 's rapid response time is less than two minutes in the majority of cases , better guaranteeing the safety of Wayne State students . Wayne State University alumni Association ( edit ) Created in 1935 and consisting of more than 260,000 alumni throughout the world , Wayne 's alumni association provides a strong loyalty and support system to graduates of the university through sponsoring events such as career booths and job fairs . Greek Life ( edit ) Wayne State University hosts chapters of over two dozen fraternities and sororities , reflective of the diverse nature of the campus . These groups , through social , academic , leadership and alumni networking programs , are aimed at building lifelong connections among participants and to the University . Members self - select prospective members , and chapters cooperate on a wide variety of inter-Greek programming to support campus life . Once a student becomes a member of one of the traditional social and academic societies , designated by NIC , NPC , NALFO or NPHC allegiance , they may not join another from the conference , due to ' anti-poaching ' rules . However , members of the traditional social and academic fraternities , sororities and societies may also be members of professional , service and / or honor societies as they are chosen or earn the honor by grade , class rank or achievement . Fraternities ( Men 's ) ( edit ) ΑΣΦ Alpha Sigma Phi , February 12 , 1938 , NIC ΦΣΚ Phi Sigma Kappa , 1942 , NIC , dormant ΤΚΕ Tau Kappa Epsilon , May 23 , 1948 , NIC , dormant ΠΚΑ Pi Kappa Alpha , 1950 , NIC ΘΞ Theta Xi , April 6 , 1951 , NIC , dormant ΣΤΓ Sigma Tau Gamma , May 25 , 1951 , NIC , dormant ΔΧ Delta Chi , 1956 , NIC , dormant ΤΕΦ Tau Epsilon Phi , 1959 , NIC , dormant ΣΠ Sigma Pi , 1967 , NIC ΛΘΦ Lambda Theta Phi , 2002 , NALFO and NIC , Latino - interest ΣΛΒ Sigma Lambda Beta , 2003 , NIC , historically Latino - interest ΔΕΨ Delta Epsilon Psi , 2010 , NIC , SE Asian - interest ΩΔΦ Omega Delta Phi , 2012 , NIC , multicultural - interest ΣΒΡ Sigma Beta Rho , 2014 , NIC , multicultural - interest ΦΓΔ Phi Gamma Delta ( FIJI ) , 2016 , NIC ΘΤ Theta Tau , May 19 , 1951 , PFA , Professional Engineering ΚΨ Kappa Psi , May 14 , 1927 , PFA , Professional Pharmaceutical Sororities ( Women 's ) ( edit ) ΑΣΤ Alpha Sigma Tau , 1923 - 1985 , NPC , dormant ΦΣΣ Phi Sigma Sigma , 1950 - 1970 , NPC , dormant ΣΣΣ Sigma Sigma Sigma , 1950 - 1970 , NPC , dormant ΔΖ Delta Zeta , 1956 , NPC ΚΔ Kappa Delta , 1958 , NPC ΑΔΠ Alpha Delta Pi , 1958 - 1972 , NPC , dormant ΑΓΔ Alpha Gamma Delta , 1959 , NPC ΣΚ Sigma Kappa , 1959 - 1974 , NPC , dormant ΑΕΦ Alpha Epsilon Phi , 1988 , NPC ΛΘΑ Lambda Theta Alpha , 2001 , NALFO , Latina - interest ΘΝΞ Theta Nu Xi , 2005 , multicultural - interest ΔΤΛ Delta Tau Lambda , 2008 , Latina - interest ΣΛΓ Sigma Lambda Gamma , 2009 , Latina - interest ΔΦΩ Delta Phi Omega , 2011 , SE Asian - interest ΡΑΨ Rho Alpha Psi , 2012 , local sorority ΛΚΣ Lambda Kappa Sigma April 4 , 1930 , PFA , Professional Pharmacy National Pan-Hellenic Council ( NPHC ) ( edit ) ΔΣΘ Delta Sigma Theta , 1924 , NPHC / Women ΑΚΑ Alpha Kappa Alpha , 1936 , NPHC / Women ΣΓΡ Sigma Gamma Rho , 1938 , NPHC / Women ΩΨΦ Omega Psi Phi , 1938 , NPHC / Men ΖΦΒ Zeta Phi Beta , 1941 / 1971 , NPHC / Women ΦΒΣ Phi Beta Sigma , 1950 , NPHC / Men , NIC ΙΦΘ Iota Phi Theta , 2009 , NPHC / Men , NIC ΑΦΑ Alpha Phi Alpha , Alpha Upsilon Chapter ( ΑΥ ) , 1926 , NPHC / Men , NIC Co-educational professional , service or special interest Greek - letter organizations ( edit ) ΑΩ Alpha Omega , Local Co-ed Christian Service Fraternity ΑΦΩ Alpha Phi Omega , May 27 , 1948 , PFA , Co-ed Service Fraternity ΒΑΨ Beta Alpha Psi , Co-ed Honor Society , for Accounting , Finance and Information Systems ΔΣΠ Delta Sigma Pi , PFA , Co-ed Professional Business Inter-chapter cooperation is managed by several governing councils : the Multi-Cultural Greek Council , the National Pan-Hellenic Council ( NPHC groups ) , and the Panhellenic Association ( NPC groups ) . Athletics ( edit ) Main article : Wayne State Warriors See also : Wayne State Warriors football and Wayne State Warriors women 's ice hockey The Warriors athletic logo The school 's intercollegiate athletic program was established in 1917 by Director of Athletics David L. Holmes . Revered by his athletes , Holmes initially coached all sports . His track teams were nationally known into the 1950s ; in his first 10 years , he produced two Olympians from the school 's Victorian - era gym . Although he had major ambitions for Wayne and scheduled such teams as Notre Dame and Penn State in the 1920s , the lack of facilities and money for athletics kept the program small . A student poll selected the name of `` Tartars '' for the school 's teams in 1927 . In 1999 , the university changed the name to the `` Warriors , '' due to the general feeling that the Tartar name was dated and most people were not familiar with the name 's historical significance . Wayne State competes in men 's baseball , basketball , cross country , fencing , football , golf , swimming and diving , and tennis , and women 's basketball , cross country , fencing , golf , softball , swimming and diving , tennis , track and field , and volleyball . WSU participates in NCAA Division II in the Great Lakes Intercollegiate Athletic Conference ( GLIAC ) for all sports except for fencing , which competes in the single division Midwest Fencing Conference . Wayne State previously competed in men 's and women 's NCAA Division I ice hockey as a member of College Hockey America ( CHA ) . The university dropped their men 's program at the end of the 2007 - 08 season , followed in 2011 by ending the women 's hockey program . National Championships : 1975 : Men 's Fencing - NCAA 1979 : Men 's Fencing - NCAA 1980 : Men 's Fencing - NCAA 1982 : Men 's Fencing - NCAA 1982 : Women 's Fencing - NCAA 1983 : Men 's Fencing - NCAA 1984 : Men 's Fencing - NCAA 1985 : Men 's Fencing - NCAA 1988 : Women 's Fencing - NCAA 1989 : Women 's Fencing - NCAA 2012 : Women 's Swimming and Diving - NCAA DII Fencing is a single - division sport with schools from all three NCAA divisions competing against each other . Notable people ( edit ) Main article : List of Wayne State University people See also ( edit ) Metro Detroit portal Michigan portal University portal Architecture of metropolitan Detroit Cadillac Place Culture of Detroit Fisher Building Henry Ford Hospital New Center Product Development and Systems Engineering Consortium University - Cultural Center Multiple Resource Area Wayne State University Buildings The Institute of Gerontology References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://pivotalmoments.wayne.edu/give/endowment-q-and-a.php Jump up ^ Wayne State University ( 2016 ) . `` Fast Facts '' . 2015 - 16 Fact Book : 1 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Identity guidelines - Marketing and Communications - Wayne State University '' . mac.wayne.edu . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wayne State University ( 2015 -- 16 ) . `` IBio revolutionizes research in Detroit '' . Fact Book . Check date values in : accessdate = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Spratling , Cassandra ( March 25 , 1965 ) . `` Wayne State hails civil rights icon Viola Liuzzo as hero '' . Freep.com . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wayne State University ( 2015 -- 16 ) . `` Ilitch family donates $40 million for business school '' . Fact Book . Check date values in : accessdate = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Academic Programs '' . Wayne State University . 2013 . Retrieved February 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` AccessID Login - Office of Budget , Planning and Analysis '' . oira.wayne.edu . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Carnegie Classifications - Wayne State University '' . Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ United States ( October 30 , 2012 ) . `` Wayne State University - Key Facts '' . Wayne.edu . Retrieved February 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Communications , Wayne State University Web . `` Programs - Mike Ilitch School of Business - Wayne State University '' . ilitchbusiness.wayne.edu . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Searchable DB of ALA accredited programs American Library Association '' . www.ala.org . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wayne State University School of Information Sciences iSchools '' . ischools.org . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` How Does Wayne State University School of Medicine Rank Among America 's Best Medical Schools ? '' . grad-schools.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tip Wayne Sate University '' . Jump up ^ `` America 's Top Colleges '' . Forbes . July 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. College Rankings 2018 '' . Wall Street Journal / Times Higher Education . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Best Colleges 2017 : National Universities Rankings '' . U.S. News & World Report . September 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Rankings - National Universities '' . Washington Monthly . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Academic Ranking of World Universities 2017 '' . Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. 2017 . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` QS World University Rankings ® 2018 '' . Quacquarelli Symonds Limited . 2017 . Retrieved 25 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World University Rankings 2016 - 17 '' . THE Education Ltd . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Best Global Universities Rankings : 2017 '' . U.S. News & World Report LP . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Department of Chemistry '' . Chem.wayne.edu . October 13 , 2012 . Retrieved December 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Best Graduate Chemistry Programs - 2014 '' . = U.S. News and World Report . 2014 . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Academic Ranking of World Universities in Chemistry - 2013 '' . = ShanghaiRanking Consultancy. 2013 . Retrieved May 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wayne State overtakes MSU , UM climbs in U.S. News Best Law Schools ranking '' . Crain 's Detroit Business . March 16 , 2016 . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Best Nursing Schools in America , Ranked '' . grad-schools.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 50 Best Pharmacy Schools Ranked in 2016 '' . Pharmacy Times . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ United States . `` Wayne State University Physics and Astronomy - Physics & Astronomy '' . Physics.clas.wayne.edu . Retrieved December 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Academic Ranking of World Universities ARWU First World University Ranking '' . Shanghai Ranking . August 15 , 2012 . Retrieved December 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Wayne State University Best Health School US News '' . Grad-schools.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top World University Rankings US News Best Global Universities '' . www.usnews.com . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` School Rankings '' . Princeton Review . 2013 . Retrieved May 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 - 13 Fact Book '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved January 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wayne State University IBio - The Integrative Biosciences Center '' . Jump up ^ `` Wayne State dedicates new $93 million biosciences center '' . Jump up ^ United States ( June 23 , 2011 ) . `` Wayne State University - About Wayne State University '' . Wayne.edu . Retrieved December 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Wayne State board approves $2 M sale of former Criminal Justice Building in Detroit 's New Center '' . clickondetroit.com. 2016 - 12 - 02 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Wayne State MLA Spotlight '' . Michigan Library Association . 2012 . Retrieved February 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Nation 's Largest Libraries : A Listing By Volumes Held '' . American Library Association . 2012 . Retrieved February 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ United States ( May 27 , 2011 ) . `` Wayne State University - Academics & Libraries '' . Wayne.edu . Retrieved December 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` WSU Libraries : Purdy / Kresge Library Directions '' . Lib.wayne.edu . Retrieved December 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` WSU Libraries : Undergraduate Library Directions '' . Lib.wayne.edu . Retrieved December 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` About Us '' . Walter P. Reuther Library . Wayne State University . Retrieved October 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ University , Wayne State . `` Housing & Residential Life - Wayne State University '' . www.housing.wayne.edu . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Residence Halls - Housing - Wayne State University '' . housing.wayne.edu . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wayne State University to Break Ground on Anthony Wayne Drive Apartments '' . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ghafari Hall - Housing '' . Wayne State University . 2013 . Retrieved February 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Atchison Hall - Housing '' . Wayne State University . 2013 . Retrieved February 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Towers Residential Suites - Housing '' . Wayne State University . 2013 . Retrieved February 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chatsworth Tower - Housing '' . Wayne State University . 2013 . Retrieved February 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Helen L. DeRoy Apartments - Housing '' . Wayne State University . 2013 . Retrieved February 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ United States . `` University Tower - Housing - Wayne State University '' . Housing.wayne.edu . Retrieved December 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ System , WCS Content Management . `` Thompson Home - Housing - Wayne State University '' . housing.wayne.edu . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ United States . `` Anthony Wayne Drive Apartments - Housing - Wayne State University '' . Housing.wayne.edu . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Community Living Guide Apartments 2011 . '' Wayne State University . 12 . Retrieved on October 2 , 2011 . DeRoy , University Tower , and Chatsworth Tower unfurnished apartments are approved for family housing . '' Jump up ^ `` Contact Us General Office of Housing & Residential Life . '' Wayne State University . Retrieved on October 2 , 2011 . `` Chatsworth Tower 630 Merrick Detroit , MI 48202 '' and `` Helen L. DeRoy Apartments 5200 Anthony Wayne Drive Detroit , MI 48202 '' and `` University Tower Apartments 4500 Cass Avenue Detroit , MI 48201 '' Jump up ^ `` Elementary Boundaries - 2012 / 13 School Year . '' ( Archive ) Detroit Public Schools . Retrieved on November 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Middle School Boundaries - 2012 / 13 School Year . '' ( Archive ) Detroit Public Schools . Retrieved on November 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` High School Boundaries - 2012 / 13 School Year . '' ( Archive ) Detroit Public Schools . Retrieved on November 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ http://wsuathletics.com/documents/2012/9/6/2012_FB_MG_pages114-126.pdf?id=1133 , accessdate = 2013 - 05 - 21 , pp = 124 Jump up ^ Tim Carroll and Alex Franzen ( April 29 , 2015 ) . `` WSU replacing artificial turf , project cost $415,000 '' . The South End . Retrieved October 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2015 Football Media Guide '' ( PDF ) . WSUAthletics.com . p. 132 . Retrieved October 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lowell Blanchard Track '' . Wayne State University . Retrieved October 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wayne State University - Satellite campuses '' . Wayne State University . 2016 . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ System , WCS Content Management . `` Study Abroad & Global Programs - Welcome '' . studyabroad.wayne.edu . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Wayne State Police Department '' ( PDF ) . Wayne State University . 2013 . Retrieved February 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cowley , Stacy . `` How Wayne State Police Helped Breathe Life Into A Blighted Detroit Strip '' . nytimes.com . New York Times . Retrieved March 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ United States ( July 2 , 2008 ) . `` Wayne State University - WSU Alumni Profile '' . Wayne.edu . Retrieved December 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Wayne State University Alumni Association '' . Alumni.wayne.edu. April 12 , 2012 . Retrieved December 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Not to be confused with the Jewish professional dental society of the same name . Jump up ^ `` WSU adopts new athletic identity '' . Wayne State University Press . July 29 , 1999 . Jump up ^ `` Before and After : New Symbols for Old Schools '' . New York Times . August 6 , 2000 . Retrieved July 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Wodon , Adam ( March 11 , 2008 ) . `` Wayne State Bids Farewell '' . College Hockey News . Retrieved May 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Wayne State ends women 's program '' . NCAA . May 30 , 2011 . Retrieved May 29 , 2011 . Further reading ( edit ) Hanawalt , Leslie . ( 1968 . ) A Place of Light : the History of Wayne State University . Detroit : Wayne State University Press . Aschenbrenner , Evelyn. ( 2009 . ) A History of Wayne State University in Photographs . Detroit : Wayne State University Press , ISBN 0 - 8143 - 3282 - X , 9780814332825 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wayne State University . Official website Wayne State Athletics website Wayne State University Academics College of Engineering College of Fine , Performing , and Communication Arts Law School College of Liberal Arts and Sciences School of Medicine Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences Athletics Wayne State Warriors football Wayne State Warriors women 's ice hockey Campus Wayne State University Buildings Hilberry Theatre Old Main Tom Adams Field Bonstelle Theatre Maccabees Building Metropolitan Center for High Technology McGregor Memorial Conference Center Walter P. Reuther Library Media The South End WDET People List of Wayne State University people Links to related articles Midtown Detroit Areas Brush Park Cass Farm Multiple Property Submission Cass Corridor Cass - Davenport Historic District Cass Park Historic District Cultural Center Historic District East Ferry Avenue Historic District Education Wayne State University ( More information ) Detroit Public Library Main Library Detroit Public Schools Cass Tech UPA Middle and UPSM Middle Jefferson Intermediate School Detroit Institute of Technology ( closed ) Former K - 12 school buildings Clay School Saints Peter and Paul Academy Hospitals Detroit Medical Center Children 's Hospital of Michigan Detroit Receiving Hospital Harper University Hospital Hutzel Women 's Hospital Museums Detroit Historical Museum Detroit Institute of Arts Michigan Science Center Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History Clubs Detroit Masonic Temple Scarab Club Residences Single family houses William C. Boydell House Charles Lang Freer House Bernard Ginsburg House Robert M. and Matilda ( Kitch ) Grindley House Col. Frank J. Hecker House Hudson - Evans House Mulford T. Hunter House Inn at 97 Winder Albert Kahn House George W. Loomer House Perry McAdow House Samuel L. Smith House Thomas S. Sprague House Herman Strasburg House Elisha Taylor House David Whitney House Multifamily houses 2643 Park Avenue Belcrest Apartments Chatsworth Apartments Coronado Apartments Eddystone Garfield Lofts Lancaster and Waumbek Apartments League of Catholic Women Building Milner Arms Apartments Helen Newberry Nurses Home The Park Shelton Santa Fe Apartments Stuberstone Lofts Thompson Home Verona Apartments Religion Cass Avenue Methodist Episcopal Church Cathedral Church of St. Paul Chapel of St. Theresa - the Little Flower First Congregational Church First Presbyterian Church First Unitarian Church of Detroit Saint Andrew 's Memorial Episcopal Church Temple Beth - El Utility buildings Willis Avenue Station Commercial buildings Architects Building Cass Motor Sales Detroit - Columbia Central Office Building Graybar Electric Company Building Russell Industrial Center Public facilities Dunbar Hospital Majestic Theater Garden Bowl Orchestra Hall Little Caesars Arena This list is incomplete . Colleges and universities in Michigan Public institutions Central Michigan Eastern Michigan Ferris State Grand Valley State Lake Superior State Michigan State Michigan Tech Northern Michigan Oakland Saginaw Valley State Michigan ( Ann Arbor Dearborn Flint ) Wayne State Western Michigan Private institutions Adrian Albion Alma Andrews Aquinas Calvin Cleary College for Creative Studies Concordia Cornerstone Davenport Detroit Mercy Finlandia Grace Bible Great Lakes Christian Griggs Hillsdale Hope Kalamazoo Kettering Kuyper Lawrence Tech Madonna Marygrove Northwood Olivet Robert B. Miller Rochester Saint Mary 's Siena Heights Spring Arbor Walsh William Tyndale Community colleges Alpena Bay de Noc Bay Mills Delta Glen Oaks Gogebic Grand Rapids Henry Ford Jackson Kalamazoo Valley Kellogg Keweenaw Bay Kirtland Lake Michigan Lansing Macomb Mid Michigan Monroe County Montcalm C.S. 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Fisher Music Center MotorCity Casino Music Hall Center Orchestra Hall The Players Redford Theatre Scarab Club Senate Theatre Studio Theatre Organizations Bert 's Entertainment Detroit Institute of Arts Detroit Public Theatre Detroit Repertory Theatre Detroit Symphony Orchestra Greektown Casino The Kresge Foundation Live Nation Matrix Theatre Company MGM Mirage Mosiac Youth Theatre MotorCity Casino Nederlander Plowshares Theatre Co . 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when did the real housewives of atlanta start	The Real Housewives of Atlanta ( abbreviated RHOA ) is an American reality television series that premiered on October 7 , 2008 , on Bravo . Developed as the third installment of The Real Housewives franchise , following The Real Housewives of Orange County and New York City , it has aired nine seasons and focuses on the personal and professional lives of several women residing in Atlanta , Georgia .	October 7 , 2008	The Real Housewives of Atlanta	the real housewives of atlanta	The Real Housewives of Atlanta ( abbreviated RHOA ) is an American reality television series that premiered on October 7 , 2008 , on Bravo . Developed as the third installment of The Real Housewives franchise , following The Real Housewives of Orange County and New York City , it has aired nine seasons and focuses on the personal and professional lives of several women residing in Atlanta , Georgia .	The series originally focused on NeNe Leakes , Kim Zolciak , Shereé Whitfield , Lisa Wu and DeShawn Snow . The tenth season lineup consists of Leakes , Whitfield , Kandi Burruss , Cynthia Bailey , Kenya Moore , and Porsha Williams . Of the original housewives , Snow and Wu - Hartwell respectively left after the first and second seasons ; Whitfield initially left after the fourth season before returning as a friend of the housewives in the eighth and a full - time housewife in the ninth ; Zolciak stopped filming during production of the fifth season ; and Leakes left after the seventh before returning for the tenth . The remaining housewives joined in later seasons ; Burruss in the second , Bailey in the third , Moore and Williams in the fifth ( the latter of whom was a friend of the housewives in the seventh ) . Past housewives include Phaedra Parks ( season 3 - 9 ) , Claudia Jordan ( season 7 ) and Kim Fields ( season 8 ) . The Real Housewives of Atlanta has received moderately favorable reviews from critics and has been recognized as a `` guilty pleasure '' by several media outlets . However , the series has been criticized for appearing to fabricate portions of its storyline . As of February 2014 , it was the highest - rated installment of The Real Housewives franchise and the most - watched series airing on Bravo . Its success has resulted in the conceptions of the spin - offs The Kandi Factory ( featuring Burruss ) , Do n't Be Tardy ( featuring Zolciak ) , I Dream of NeNe : The Wedding ( featuring Leakes ) , Kandi 's Wedding and Kandi 's Ski Trip ( again , featuring Burruss ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview and casting 1.1 Timeline of housewives 2 Episodes 3 Storylines 4 Critical reception 5 U.S. television ratings 6 Broadcast history 6.1 Spin - offs 7 References 8 External links Overview and casting ( edit ) The Real Housewives of Atlanta was announced as the third installment in The Real Housewives franchise , intending to capitalize on the successes of its predecessors The Real Housewives of Orange County and New York City . Its television network Bravo stated that the series ' planned storyline focused on `` ( balancing ) motherhood , demanding careers and a fast - paced social calendar '' . Throughout its run , The Real Housewives of Atlanta has been led by five ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) , six ( seasons 3 -- 9 with the exception of some of season 5 ) , and seven ( some of season 5 ) housewives , who are credited by their first names , and is distinguished within The Real Housewives franchise in that it was , until the introduction of The Real Housewives of Potomac in 2016 , the only installment with a predominantly black cast . Its original main housewives were Lisa Wu , DeShawn Snow , NeNe Leakes , Kim Zolciak , and Shereé Whitfield. Snow departed from the program after the first season , and alleged that producers considered her to be `` too human for a circus show '' and was replaced by Kandi Burruss in the second season . The third season saw the departure of Hartwell and the addition of Cynthia Bailey and Phaedra Parks . The main lineup remained unchanged during the fourth season , although Marlo Hampton joined as a friend of the housewives . Whitfield exited the series upon the conclusion of the fourth season , and was replaced by Porsha Williams and Kenya Moore in the fifth season . Zolciak departed from the program in the middle of the fifth season , and was not replaced in the sixth season . The departure of Zolciak made Leakes the only remaining original cast member as of season six ; however , Zolciak commented that she might be interested in returning to the series . In the seventh season , Williams became a friend of the housewives , alongside new cast member Demetria McKinney , while Claudia Jordan was introduced as a main housewife . In June 2015 , the network announced that The Real Housewives of Atlanta had been renewed for an eight - season , with both NeNe Leakes and Claudia Jordan departing from the show . After Leakes ' departure , the series became the first Real Housewives franchise to not retain any original cast members as full - time participants . In September 2015 , Bravo announced that Porsha Williams would be returning as a full - time housewife once again , along with newcomer actress Kim Fields . The network also announced that former housewife Shereé Whitfield , together with new cast member Shamea Morton , would join the series in a supporting capacity , with former cast members , Leakes , Hampton , Jordan and McKinney making guest appearances . Despite not being credited as an official cast member , Tammy McCall Browning also made numerous guest appearances . In April 2016 , Bravo announced that the series is renewed for a ninth season . Fields confirmed in March 2016 that she would not be returning to the series . Despite previously confirming her return , Leakes confirmed in September 2016 that she was not asked back for the series ' ninth season . On September 28 , 2016 , Bravo confirmed that the ninth season would premiere on November 6 , 2016 , and revealed that the cast will consist of the returning Burruss , Bailey , Parks , Moore , Williams and Whitfield , albeit now in a full - time capacity for the first time since the fourth season . It was also confirmed via the trailer that former housewives Kim Zolciak - Biermann would make a guest appearance in the season finale , and former friends of the housewives , Marlo Hampton and Shamea Morton will make additional guest appearances during the upcoming season . Lena Danielle Chenier also made numerous guest appearances . In April 2017 , the series was renewed for its tenth season . In June , Leakes confirmed she would be returning for the upcoming season . In July , Zolciak - Biermann confirmed she would be returning to the show in a recurring capacity . On September 19 , 2017 Bravo confirmed that the tenth season would premiere on November 5th 2017 , and revealed that the cast will consist of the returning Burruss , Bailey , Moore , Williams and Whitfield , and NeNe Leakes in a full - time capacity for the first time since the seventh season along with Kim Zolciak - Biermann appearing in a recurring capacity . Timeline of housewives ( edit ) Housewives Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 NeNe Leakes Main Guest Main DeShawn Snow Main Shereé Whitfield Main Friend Main Lisa Wu Main Guest Guest Kim Zolciak - Biermann Main Guest Friend Kandi Burruss Main Cynthia Bailey Main Phaedra Parks Main Kenya Moore Main Porsha Williams Main Friend Main Claudia Jordan Main Guest Kim Fields Main Friends of the housewives Marlo Hampton Friend Guest Guest Demetria Mckinney Friend Guest Shamea Morton Guest Friend Guest Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of The Real Housewives of Atlanta episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 8 October 7 , 2008 November 25 , 2008 16 July 30 , 2009 November 12 , 2009 18 October 4 , 2010 February 20 , 2011 23 November 6 , 2011 April 22 , 2012 5 24 November 4 , 2012 April 28 , 2013 6 27 November 3 , 2013 May 18 , 2014 7 25 November 9 , 2014 May 10 , 2015 8 21 November 8 , 2015 April 10 , 2016 9 25 November 6 , 2016 May 14 , 2017 Storylines ( edit ) In its series premiere , The Real Housewives of Atlanta introduced Wu - Hartwell , Snow , Leakes , Zolciak , and Whitfield . Leakes and Whitfield were in the midst of a personal conflict , which was escalated after Leakes was excluded from Whitfield 's divorce party . Meanwhile , Zolciak was revealed to be dating a publicly unknown boyfriend nicknamed `` Big Papa '' , and later decided to pursue her aspirations of becoming a country music singer . Her friendship with Leakes deteriorated after she established a companionship with Whitfield , and was ended after Leakes made sarcastic remarks about Zolciak 's music career . Snow and Wu - Hartwell additionally looked to establish prominence as a socialite and a jewelry designer , respectively . Whitfield attempted to launch her own fashion line and organize a lunch for the women to reconcile , although both ventures proved unsuccessful in the finale of the first season . The second season saw the introduction of Burruss , who had recently become engaged to her boyfriend A.J. and expressed interest in reviving her music career . An attempted reconciliation between Leakes , Whitfield , and Zolciak failed to come to fruition , while a feud developed between Leakes and Burruss after the latter became friends with Zolciak and helped her record her single `` Tardy for the Party '' . Meanwhile , Zolciak attempted to launch her own wig line and became engaged to Big Papa , while Wu - Hartwell and Whitfield launched their own clothing collections . The third season saw the introduction of Bailey and Parks , while Leakes and Zolciak reconciled as the former contemplated divorcing her husband Gregg and the latter began a lesbian relationship . Parks , who was in the middle of her pregnancy , clashed with her husband Apollo Nida over their differing opinions on parenting ; she gave birth later in the season . Meanwhile , Zolciak and Burruss continued recording music together , although they clashed over their creative differences . Bailey later became engaged to her boyfriend Peter Thomas , while Zolciak set her affections on football player Kroy Biermann ; a conflict between Burruss , Leakes , and Zolciak later ensued while the latter two women embark on a promotional concert tour . Against the advice of her mother and sister , Bailey married Thomas in the third - season finale . The fourth season began as Zolciak was in the middle of her first pregnancy by her boyfriend Biermann ; she later gave birth to their son . Leakes continued divorce proceedings with Gregg , while Whitfield found herself in financial difficulties after her ex-husband failed to pay child support . Meanwhile , Bailey opened her own modeling agency , while Parks looked to launch a family - operated funeral home . Leakes 's new friendship with Hampton caused tension between all of the women , which escalated during a group vacation in South Africa ; while Zolciak , who had remained home with her children , became upset by negative comments Bailey ( not Burruss ) made about her during the group vacation . As the season closed , Leakes began to reconsider her divorce from Gregg . As the fifth season introduced former Miss USA Moore and football player Kordell Stewart 's wife Williams , Leakes reconciled with Gregg and pondered the possibility of remarrying him . Zolciak was forced to move out of her mansion , which she and Biermann had attempted to purchase less than a year earlier , Leakes began to question Moore 's seemingly unfaithful behavior towards her boyfriend Walter during a group trip to Anguilla , which began a feud between Leakes and Williams against Moore . Moore wished to marry Walter although their relationship had begun to deteriorate , while Parks and Moore created competing workout DVDs after plans to make the project a joint venture proved unsuccessful . Toward the end of the season , Williams attempted to revive her failing marriage to Stewart with therapist sessions . Williams came to the realization that her marriage was not salvageable as the sixth season commenced , while Leakes became upset with Moore after the later went against `` girl code '' by inappropriately communicating with Nida . Moore moved out of her rental property after being evicted , while Leakes returned to Atlanta full - time after her television series The New Normal was canceled . Burruss struggled to manage the conflict between her estranged mother Joyce and her longtime boyfriend Todd Tucker , although they attempted to reconcile as the couple became engaged and began planning their nuptials . In a later attempt to salvage the relationships between the women , Leakes hosted a couples pajama party for their group , although the women continued to clash with one another ; a later spa gathering failed to resolve residual tension between Leakes and Moore . Meanwhile , Williams attempted to launch her career as an actress after being cast in Burruss 's musical . Critical reception ( edit ) The Real Housewives of Atlanta has been moderately well received by critics . Writing for Common Sense Media , Melissa Camacho spoke favorably of the series ' emphasis on `` a successful and powerful segment of the African - American community '' that appears to be frequently neglected by the popular television . Tim Hall from the Seattle Post-Intelligencer commented of his general distaste for reality television , particularly describing The Real Housewives of Orange County as `` utterly ridiculous '' . However , he admitted that the dynamic and conflict between the women , in addition to the wealthy lifestyles they led , to be `` somewhat entertaining '' . In a more mixed review , Alessandra Stanley from The New York Times joked that its portrayal of wealth served as `` the best choice for a time capsule of the Bling Decade '' when noting the economic downturn the United States experienced around the time that the series premiered , although more seriously stated that the housewives ' luxuries `` was never all that enviable , and now it looks as if it might not be viable . '' Hanh Nguyen from Zap2It shared a similar sentiment , criticizing that the `` showy elite and rampant consumerism '' that the women regularly display `` seems rather out of touch '' given the United States ' economic hardship , although she elaborated that the program `` ( is ) not by any means boring , but you do have to be in the mood to watch . '' The Real Housewives of Atlanta has been recognized as a `` guilty pleasure '' by several media outlets . Writing for About.com , Latoya West commented that the `` self - absorbed '' nature of the housewives may become irritating to viewers , but noted that the series ' `` divalicious drama might be addictive . '' The staff from Entertainment Weekly joked that they `` are never tardy for this party '' ; they felt that `` ( Leakes ) alone could keep ( The Real Housewives of Atlanta ) on the map '' , and additionally credited Zolciak 's `` slow train to cuckootown , making all local stops '' for helping to establish `` the franchise for the ages . '' In 2009 , a writer from Essence mentioned that they `` could n't get enough of the ladies '' from the program , and recognized it as the best reality show of the year . Writing for Today , Leslie Bruce commented that The Real Housewives franchise in general rose to prominence for its depiction of `` foul - mouthed , often catfighting and always self - promoting '' women , and stated that they `` dominate water - cooler discussions ( ... ) by showcasing at times the worst of female behavior . '' The Real Housewives of Atlanta has been criticized for appearing to fabricate portions of its storyline . One source of speculation arose during the fifth season , when Kenya Moore allegedly requested that Walter Jackson pretend to be her boyfriend ; series producers were reportedly unaware of said arrangement . Moore commented that such claims were `` completely false '' , and further `` ( urged ) viewers to stay tuned because the truth will come to light . '' Moore was also criticized for alleging that she was financially stable , although she reportedly joined the series as a source of income to offset the difficulties with her lawsuits from several creditors . In May 2013 , Porsha Williams allegedly staged her divorce from Kordell Stewart to secure her position on the series , which she reportedly feared was in jeopardy . In December 2013 , Williams received additional criticism for comments made in an episode aired during the sixth season , where she indicated that she believed the Underground Railroad was an actual railroad line . US television Ratings ( edit ) The Real Housewives of Atlanta is the most popular of the Real Housewives franchise . In 2016 , a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that it was `` most popular in the Black Belt , but maintains fairly consistent popularity everywhere '' in the US . The first season maintained an average of 1.495 million weekly viewers ; Bravo announced that the series had become the first program from the network to `` crack the two million viewer mark among adults 18 -- 49 . '' The premiere episode of the second season was watched by 2.66 million people , setting the record for the highest - rated The Real Housewives premiere episode in the franchise 's history at the time . The third season averaged a weekly viewership of 3.6 million people , while the fourth and fifth seasons premiered with 2.8 million and 3.2 million viewers , respectively . The sixth - season premiere was watched by 3.1 million people ; with 1.9 million viewers being classified in the adults 25 -- 54 demographic , it became the highest - rated episode in this target demographic . As of February 2014 , The Real Housewives of Atlanta is the highest - rated installment of The Real Housewives franchise , and is additionally the most - watched series airing on Bravo . The premiere episode of the seventh season attracted over 3.8 million viewers during its initial broadcast on November 9 , 2014 , including 2.2 million viewers in the 18 -- 49 demographic via Nielsen ratings . It marked as the most watched season premiere ever to air on Bravo . Broadcast history ( edit ) Main article : List of The Real Housewives of Atlanta episodes Zolciak ( left ) pictured in November 2009 . The Real Housewives of Atlanta airs regularly on Bravo in the United States ; most episodes are approximately one hour in length , and are broadcast in standard definition and high definition . Since its premiere , the series has alternated airing on Monday , Tuesday , Thursday , and Sunday evenings and has been frequently shifted between the 8 : 00 , 9 : 00 , and 10 : 00 PM timeslots . The first season of The Real Housewives of Atlanta included seven episodes and one reunion special , and aired from October 7 , 2008 , until November 25 , 2008 . The second season consisted of fourteen episodes , a two - part reunion special , and a deleted scenes special ; it premiered on July 30 , 2009 , and concluded on November 5 , 2009 . The third season commenced airing on October 4 , 2010 , after airing sixteen episodes and a two - part reunion special , it ended on January 30 , 2011 . The fourth season aired from November 6 , 2011 until April 22 , 2012 ; it included twenty episodes and a three - part reunion special . The fifth season premiered on November 4 , 2012 , and concluded on April 21 , 2013 after broadcasting twenty episodes and a three - part reunion special . The sixth season commenced airing on November 3 , 2013 , and ended on May 18 , 2014 . It included a three - part reunion special , a secrets revealed special , and ( for the first time in Real Housewives history ) , a husbands revealed special . The Real Housewives of Atlanta was renewed for a seventh season in April 2014 . The season premiered on November 9 , 2014 , and concluded with a three - part reunion . The eighth season premiered on November 8 , 2015 . Spin - offs ( edit ) Zolciak received the first spin - off from The Real Housewives of Atlanta , titled Do n't Be Tardy for the Wedding , which documented the preparations for her nuptials to Kroy Biermann . It premiered on April 9 , 2012 and was renewed for a second season on April 16 , 2013 , at which time its title was shortened to Do n't Be Tardy . The show returned for a third season on July 17 , 2014 . Subsequent seasons follow the daily lives of Kim and her now - husband Kroy as he tries to juggle between his professional career and personal life while Kim deals with her growing family . Originally planned as a one - time television special , The Kandi Factory was launched as the second spin - off from The Real Housewives of Atlanta in 2012 . It followed Burruss and her record producers as they attempted to launch the music careers of undiscovered artists , although it was confirmed in 2013 that the series was canceled after airing one season . After reconciling with her ex-husband Gregg , Leakes received her own spin - off series I Dream of NeNe : The Wedding , which documented the preparations for their second wedding ; it premiered on September 17 , 2013 . Bravo announced Burruss and Tucker 's wedding spin - off , Kandi 's Wedding , on April 8 , 2014 . The series premiered on June 1 , 2014 , and concluded on July 6 , 2014 . Kandi 's Wedding brought in very high ratings for Bravo , and topped NeNe Leakes and Kim Zolciak 's previous spin - offs . In March 2015 , Bravo renewed Do n't Be Tardy ... for a fourth season as well as announced another spin - off show , NeNe and Kim : The Road to Riches , starring both Leakes and Zolciak . However , the network later decided not to move forward with the show . The network later announced another series titled Kandi 's Ski Trip , the third offshoot starring Burruss . The three - part special premiered after the conclusion of the seventh season of The Real Housewives of Atlanta . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Real Housewives of Atlanta Season 1 Cast Info '' . Bravo . NBCUniversal . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tierney Bricker ( November 11 , 2015 ) . `` The Real Housewives of Potomac : Everything You Need to Know About Bravo 's 6 New Ladies '' . E ! Online . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gretchen Sisson ( January 18 , 2012 ) . `` The 99 % : Why the Real Housewives of Atlanta Are n't `` Our Kind of People '' `` . Bitch Media . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andy Dehnart ( January 16 , 2009 ) . `` DeShawn fired from Real Housewives for being `` too human for a circus show '' `` . Reality Blurred . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Real Housewives of Atlanta Season 2 Cast Info '' . 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Us Weekly . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ge , Linda ( April 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Real Housewives of Beverly Hills , ' ' Vanderpump Rules ' Among Bravo Renewals '' . The Wrap . Retrieved April 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ French , Megan ( March 22 , 2016 ) . `` Kim Fields Says She 's Not Returning to ' RHOA ' '' . Us Weekly . United States : Wenner Media LLC . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Upadhyaya , Ruchinka ( June 16 , 2016 ) . `` Real Housewives Of Atlanta season 9 : Nene Leakes confirms return ' in some capacity ' '' . International Business Times . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` No peach for NeNe '' . The St. Louis American . United States . September 8 , 2016 . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tierney , Bricker ( September 28 , 2016 ) . `` '' Where 's Security ? '' The Real Housewives of Atlanta Season 9 Trailer Is Full of Drama , Rumors and Sheree `` . E ! News . NBCUniversal . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` Bravo Renews Five ' Real Housewives ' Series , ' Vanderpump Rules , ' 12 More Shows '' . Variety . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Quinn , Dave ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' All Hail the Queen ! ' NeNe Leakes Is Returning to The Real Housewives of Atlanta '' . People . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Look Who 's Rejoining RHOA ! '' . E ! Online . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Real Housewives of Atlanta Season 1 Welcome One , Welcome ATL '' . Bravo . NBCUniversal . October 6 , 2008 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Real Housewives of Atlanta Season 1 Who 's Your Poppa ? '' . Bravo . NBCUniversal . October 21 , 2008 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Real Housewives of Atlanta Season 1 Bring on the Bling '' . Bravo . NBCUniversal . October 28 , 2008 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Real Housewives of Atlanta Season 1 Out of Tune '' . Bravo . NBCUniversal . November 4 , 2008 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Real Housewives of Atlanta Season 1 Dream a Little Nightmare '' . Bravo . NBCUniversal . November 11 , 2008 . Retrieved February 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Real Housewives of Atlanta Season 1 Best of Enemies '' . Bravo . NBCUniversal . November 18 , 2008 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Real Housewives of Atlanta Season 2 New Attitude , Same ATL '' . Bravo . NBCUniversal . July 30 , 2009 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Real Housewives of Atlanta Season 2 Kim - Tervention '' . Bravo . NBCUniversal . August 6 , 2009 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Real Housewives of Atlanta Season 2 Unbeweavable '' . Bravo . NBCUniversal . August 13 , 2009 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Real Housewives of Atlanta Season 2 Precious Pocketbook '' . Bravo . NBCUniversal . September 24 , 2009 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Real Housewives of Atlanta Season 2 High Heels and Record Deals '' . Bravo . NBCUniversal . October 8 , 2009 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Real Housewives of Atlanta Season 2 Throwing Shade '' . Bravo . NBCUniversal . September 10 , 2009 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Real Housewives of Atlanta Season 2 Catwalks & Cat Fights '' . Bravo . NBCUniversal . October 22 , 2009 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Real Housewives of Atlanta Season 3 Episode 1 : New Attitude '' . Bravo . NBCUniversal . October 4 , 2010 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Real Housewives of Atlanta Season 3 Episode 2 : Model Behavior '' . Bravo . NBCUniversal . October 11 , 2010 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Real Housewives of Atlanta Season 3 Episode 3 : White Hot '' . Bravo . NBCUniversal . October 18 , 2010 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Real Housewives of Atlanta Season 3 Is There A Doctor In The House ? '' . Bravo . NBCUniversal . November 21 , 2010 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Real Housewives of Atlanta Season 3 Trashed Collection '' . Bravo . NBCUniversal . November 7 , 2010 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Real Housewives of Atlanta Season 3 She Can Dance ? '' . Bravo . NBCUniversal . November 14 , 2010 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Real Housewives of Atlanta Season 3 NeNe Get Your Gun '' . Bravo . NBCUniversal . November 28 , 2010 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Real Housewives of Atlanta Season 3 The Bride and the Doom '' . Bravo . NBCUniversal . January 30 , 2011 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Real Housewives of Atlanta Season 4 Episode 1 : Nothing Ventured , Nothing Gained '' . Bravo . NBCUniversal . November 6 , 2011 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Real Housewives of Atlanta Season 4 Episode 6 : Three Wigs and a Baby '' . Bravo . NBCUniversal . December 11 , 2011 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Real Housewives of Atlanta Season 4 Episode 3 : Shower the Baby , Muzzle the Boy '' . Bravo . NBCUniversal . November 20 , 2011 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Real Housewives of Atlanta Season 4 Episode 5 : Whine Bar '' . Bravo . NBCUniversal . December 4 , 2011 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Real Housewives of Atlanta Season 4 Episode 8 : New Tricks '' . Bravo . NBCUniversal . December 18 , 2011 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Real Housewives of Atlanta Season 4 Episode 9 : Unlikely Duos '' . Bravo . NBCUniversal . January 8 , 2012 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Real Housewives of Atlanta Season 4 Episode 13 : Make It Rain Down in Africa '' . Bravo . NBCUniversal . February 12 , 2012 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Real Housewives of Atlanta Season 4 Episode 15 : From Motherland to Haterville '' . Bravo . NBCUniversal . March 4 , 2012 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Real Housewives of Atlanta Season 4 Episode 17 : The Error Apparents '' . Bravo . NBCUniversal . March 18 , 2012 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Real Housewives of Atlanta Season 5 Ep 1 : Got Sexy Back '' . Bravo . NBCUniversal . November 4 , 2012 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Real Housewives of Atlanta Season 5 Ep 3 : Call Me Miss U.S.A. '' . Bravo . NBCUniversal . November 18 , 2012 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Real Housewives of Atlanta Season 5 Ep 4 : Unmoved '' . Bravo . NBCUniversal . November 25 , 2012 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Real Housewives of Atlanta Season 5 Ep 7 : I Do ... But , I Wo n't '' . Bravo . NBCUniversal . December 16 , 2012 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Real Housewives of Atlanta Season 5 Ep 10 : Off the Hook '' . Bravo . NBCUniversal . January 10 , 2013 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Real Housewives of Atlanta Season 5 Ep 12 : Battle of the Booty '' . Bravo . NBCUniversal . January 20 , 2013 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Real Housewives of Atlanta Season 5 Ep 19 : Donktabulous ! '' . Bravo . NBCUniversal . March 24 , 2013 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Real Housewives of Atlanta Season 6 Ep 1 : Bye Bye With The Wind '' . Bravo . NBCUniversal . November 3 , 2013 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Real Housewives of Atlanta Season 6 Ep 2 : Girl Code Breakers '' . Bravo . NBCUniversal . November 10 , 2013 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Real Housewives of Atlanta Season 6 Ep 3 : All in a Day 's Twerk '' . Bravo . NBCUniversal . November 17 , 2013 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Real Housewives of Atlanta Season 6 Ep 5 : Save the Drama for Mama '' . Bravo . NBCUniversal . December 1 , 2013 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Real Housewives of Atlanta Season 6 Ep 6 : The Old Lady and the Shoe '' . Bravo . NBCUniversal . December 8 , 2013 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Real Housewives of Atlanta Season 6 Ep 13 : Pillow Talk or Pillow Fight ? '' . Bravo . NBCUniversal . January 26 , 2014 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Real Housewives of Atlanta Season 6 Ep 14 : Peaches Divided '' . Bravo . NBCUniversal . February 9 , 2014 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Real Housewives of Atlanta Season 6 Ep 15 : Dropping the Ball '' . Bravo . NBCUniversal . February 16 , 2014 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Melissa Camacho . `` The Real Housewives of Atlanta '' . Common Sense Media . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . 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Jump up ^ Leslie Bruce ( January 9 , 2012 ) . `` ' Real Housewives ' : The guiltiest pleasure on TV '' . Today . NBC . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kenya Moore Denies That Walter Was Pretending To Be Her Boyfriend On RHOA ! Plus , Is Kenya Broke ? '' . Reality Tea . December 12 , 2012 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Real Housewives of Atlanta star Porsha Williams ' created a FAKE divorce to save her spot on the reality series ' '' . Daily Mail . Daily Mail and General Trust . May 2 , 2013 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wade Rouse ( December 23 , 2013 ) . `` Real Housewives of Atlanta 's Porsha Stewart Thinks the Underground Railroad Was a Real Train '' . People . Time Inc . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Katz , Josh ( 2016 - 12 - 27 ) . `` ' Duck Dynasty ' vs. ' Modern Family ' : 50 Maps of the U.S. Cultural Divide '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Andy Dehnart ( December 17 , 2008 ) . `` Atlanta housewives renewed ; parts of show faked ; four of five housewives called `` broke '' `` . Reality Blurred . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bam ! Bravo 's `` The Real Housewives of Atlanta '' Garners Biggest Series Premiere Among Entire Housewives Franchise with Nearly Four Million Cumulative Viewers `` . The Futon Critic . July 31 , 2009 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( September 26 , 2011 ) . `` NeNe 's Back ! As Bravo 's `` The Real Housewives Of Atlanta '' Returns November 6 `` . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 8 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead , ' ' Hell On Wheels ' Lead AMC + ' Boardwalk Empire , ' ' Homeland , ' ' Dexter ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday 's Cable Ratings : Another Monster Showing for AMC 's `` Walking Dead '' `` . The Futon Critic . November 26 , 2012 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jethro Nededog ( November 5 , 2013 ) . `` ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' Scores Highest - Rated Season Premiere '' . The Wrap . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Bravo and Oxygen Media Score Record Ratings on Sunday Night '' . TV by the Numbers ( Press release ) . Retrieved February 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Real Housewives of Atlanta Season 7 premiere breaks Bravo record '' . The Grio . November 12 , 2014 . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shows A-Z -- real housewives of atlanta , the on bravo '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes -- TV Shows -- The Real Housewives of Atlanta , Season 1 '' . iTunes Store ( US ) . Apple Inc . March 2 , 2009 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes -- TV Shows -- The Real Housewives of Atlanta , Season 5 '' . iTunes Store ( US ) . Apple Inc . November 4 , 2012 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Real Housewives of Atlanta Episode Guide '' . Bravo . NBCUniversal . Retrieved October 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( April 8 , 2014 ) . `` Bravo Developing Morgan Spurlock , Thom Beers Projects ; Orders Real - Time Dating Series '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Harnick , Chris ( October 1 , 2014 ) . `` The Real Housewives of Atlanta Trailer , Cast Shakeup , Premiere Date and More Revealed ! '' . E ! News . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 16 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Real Housewives of Atlanta ' 3 - Part Reunion Begins Sunday , April 26 on Bravo '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( September 28 , 2015 ) . `` Kim Fields Joins ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' Season 8 '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved October 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Kwiatkowski ( March 1 , 2012 ) . `` Kim Zolciak 's ' Do n't Be Tardy ' and Kandi Burruss ' ' The Kandi Factory ' to premiere in April on Bravo '' . Reality TV World . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 7 , 2013 ) . `` ' Do n't Be Tardy ... ' Season 2 Premiere Date Changed to Tuesday , April 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Georgia , Hart ( April 8 , 2014 ) . `` She 's back : Kim Zolciak announces third season of Do n't Be Tardy ... after sharing yet ANOTHER sexy selfie '' . Daily Mail Online . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 12 , 2014 ) . `` ' Do n't Be Tardy ... ' Season Three to Premiere Thursday , July 17 on Bravo '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bravo Greenlights New Special `` The Kandi Factory '' Starring Kandi Burruss `` . The Futon Critic . September 29 , 2011 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bravo Media Increases Original Programming by 27 Percent , Greenlights 11 New and Eight Returning Unscripted Series ; and Plans First Scripted Premiere for 2013 '' . The Futon Critic. April 4 , 2012 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rachel McRady ( September 5 , 2013 ) . `` Kandi Burruss 's Show The Kandi Factory Canceled ! '' . Wetpaint . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kaitlin Menza ( April 18 , 2013 ) . `` NeNe Leakes Is Getting Her Own Spin - off ! See What It 's About ( And the Great Title ! ) '' . OK ! . Northern & Shell . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 18 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Sons of Anarchy ' Wins Night , ' Tosh. 0 ' , ' Suits ' , ' Amish Mafia ' , ' Face Off ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 8 , 2014 ) . `` Bravo Media Greenlights Most Diversified Slate Ever of New and Returning Unscripted and Scripted Series '' . TV by the Numbers ( Press release ) . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bricker , Tierney ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` Kandi 's Wedding Wins The Real Housewives of Atlanta Spinoff Ratings Battle '' ( Press release ) . E ! Online . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kandi 's Wedding Season 1 Ep 5 : Meet the Tuckers '' . Bravo . NBCUniversal . July 6 , 2014 . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gerard , Jeremy ( March 30 , 2015 ) . `` Bravo Media Slates 10 New Series , Including ' Recipe For Deception ' -- Upfronts '' ( Press release ) . Deadline . Retrieved March 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rayford Rubenstein , Janine ( July 14 , 2014 ) . `` NeNe Leakes and Kim Zolciak - Biermann 's Bravo Reality Show Is n't Happening '' . People . Time Inc . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Leffler , Samantha ( April 17 , 2015 ) . `` Kandi Burruss ' Spin - Off Show Confirmed -- Watch Trailer For Kandi 's Ski Trip ) '' . Wetpaint . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . 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the white stripes i love jack white like a little brother			Elephant ( album )	elephant ( album )		Elephant Studio album by The White Stripes Released April 1 , 2003 ( 2003 - 04 - 01 ) Recorded November 2001 and April 2002 Studio Toe Rag Studios and Maida Vale Studios ( London ) Genre Garage rock revival blues rock punk blues Length 49 : 56 Label V2 XL Third Man Producer Jack White The White Stripes chronology White Blood Cells ( 2001 ) Elephant ( 2003 ) Get Behind Me Satan ( 2005 ) Singles from Elephant `` Seven Nation Army '' Released : March 7 , 2003 `` I Just Do n't Know What to Do with Myself '' Released : September 2003 `` The Hardest Button to Button '' Released : December 3 , 2003 `` There 's No Home for You Here '' Released : March 15 , 2004 Elephant is the fourth studio album by American rock duo The White Stripes . It was released on April 1 , 2003 , through V2 , XL , and Third Man . The album garnered near unanimous critical acclaim and commercial success , earning a nomination for Album of the Year and a win for Best Alternative Music Album at the 46th Grammy Awards in 2004 , peaking at number six in the US Billboard charts and topping the UK album charts . In later years the album has often been cited as the White Stripes ' best work and one of the best albums of the 2000s ; Rolling Stone magazine ranked it 390th on its list of `` The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time '' and later , the fifth - best of the decade . Third Man Records released a limited edition red , black and white vinyl reissue of Elephant on April 20 , 2013 , in celebration of the album 's 10 - year anniversary , as a Record Store Day exclusive . Contents 1 Background and production 1.1 Production 1.2 Themes 1.3 Cover art 2 Reception 3 Track listing 4 Personnel 5 Charts and certifications 6 References 7 External links Background and production ( edit ) Production ( edit ) Elephant is the White Stripes ' fourth full album and the second to be released by V2 Records . In this album , the White Stripes attempted to achieve the idea of `` Back to Basics '' as well as encouraging other rockers to try the same way . Including the song `` I Just Do n't Know What to Do With Myself '' ( a Burt Bacharach cover ) in their repertoire was Meg 's idea , and the band had begun to cover the song live . It was recorded over two weeks in April 2002 in London 's Toe Rag Studios except for the songs `` Well It 's True That We Love One Another , '' which was recorded at Toe Rag in November 2001 , and `` I Just Do n't Know What to Do With Myself '' , which was recorded at the BBC 's Maida Vale Studios . Jack White produced the album with antiquated equipment , including an eight - track tape machine and pre-1960s recording gear . As stated in the liner notes , White deliberately refrained from using computers during Elephant 's writing , recording , or production . The White Stripes set their own rules while they were recording this album : ten days in a non modern studio . They chose to record in Liam Watson 's modest Toe Rag studio in Hackney , London , England . The liner notes included the disclaimer , `` No computers were used during the writing , recording , mixing , or mastering of this record , '' and none of the recording equipment was more recent than 1963 . The special edition 2013 Record Store Day , and August 2013 180 - gram black vinyl reissues were pressed at United Record Pressing in Nashville , TN . Themes ( edit ) The album 's themes revolve around the idea of the `` death of the sweetheart '' in American culture . In this album , the White Stripes expanded their style more than ever before , such as using a bass line - their rarity , piling with lead and rhythm guitar . Moreover , during the album Jack played guitar or keyboard to fill out the sound , but to the audience it still felt raw . Like other White Stripes records , the cover art and liner notes are exclusively in red , white , and black , and there is a song that contains the word `` little '' in the title ( `` Little Acorns '' ) . Cover art ( edit ) The album has been released with at least six different versions of the front cover -- different covers for the CD and LP editions in the US , the UK and elsewhere . To give an example , on the US CD edition Meg White is sitting on the left of a circus travel trunk and Jack is sitting on the right holding a cricket bat over the ground , while on the UK CD edition the cricket bat touches the ground and the image is mirrored so that their positions on the amplifier are reversed . The UK vinyl album cover is the same as the US CD but differs in that the color hues are much darker . The cryptic symbolism of the album art includes a skull sitting on the floor in the background , as well as peanuts and peanut shells in the foreground , and on the circus travel trunk appears the mark `` III , '' Jack White 's signature . Jack White is also displaying a mano cornuta and looking at a light bulb intensely , while Meg White is barefoot and appears to be crying , with a rope tied around her ankle and leading out of frame . Both have small white ribbons tied to their fingers . On the reverse side of the U.S. edition , all of the number `` 3 '' s are in red ( disregarding the authorization notes at the bottom ) . The Record Store Day 2013 vinyl and August 2013 180 - gram black vinyl reissues have Meg wearing a black dress instead of the usual white dress ; the only other release with Meg wearing the black dress was on the V2 advanced copy back in 2003 . The advanced copy was on red and white vinyl , while the RSD copy has red , black and white colored vinyl in 2013 . In an interview with Q Magazine in 2007 , Jack White said , `` If you study the picture carefully , Meg and I are elephant ears in a head - on elephant . But it 's a side view of an elephant , too , with the tusks leading off either side . '' He went on to say , `` I wanted people to be staring at this album cover and then maybe two years later , having stared at it for the 500th time , to say , ' Hey , it 's an elephant ! ' '' Reception ( edit ) Professional ratings Aggregate scores Source Rating Metacritic 92 / 100 Review scores Source Rating AllMusic Entertainment Weekly The Guardian Los Angeles Times NME 9 / 10 Pitchfork 6.9 / 10 Q Rolling Stone Spin Uncut Upon its release , Elephant received widespread acclaim from music critics . The album enjoys a Metacritic rating of 92 . The White Stripes were gaining momentum with their previous three albums and were generally lauded in critical circles , and many critics hailed Elephant as one of the defining events of the 2000s garage rock revival . Uncut magazine remarked that `` Elephant is where the tabloid phenomenon of summer 2001 prove they are no flash in the pan by making a truly phenomenal record . '' David Fricke ( with Rolling Stone ) called it `` a work of pulverizing perfection , '' adding , `` It will be one of the best things you hear all year '' and Allmusic said the album `` overflows with quality '' . Critics also commented on the development of the band . NME noted that `` The eloquence , barbarism , tenderness and sweat - drenched vitality of Elephant make it the most fully - realised White Stripes album yet . '' PopMatters said the album cemented `` their evolution from Blind Willie McTell cover band with a pop sensibility to full - fledged , honest - to - goodness rock ' n ' roll gods . '' Negative critique , though rare , was centered around the `` gimmicks '' that surround the music , most notably , the White Stripes ' insistence on being called siblings . `` So maybe it 's time to drop the enigmatic charade , '' Lorraine Ali ( with Newsweek ) pleaded , although she concluded , `` Elephant still sounds great . '' Robert Christgau gave the album a three - star honorable mention ( ) upon release , but later claimed that he had initially underrated it , and gave it a new grade of A minus . However , this album won big awards in just the first year : three MTV Video Music Awards , two summer dates with the Rolling Stones , and a sold - out gig at the venerable Radio City Music Awards . According to Rolling Stone magazine , White matches the energy from his earlier albums and is even thought to `` ( exceed ) the plantation holler of 2000 's De Stijl and 2001 's White Blood Cells with blues that both pop and bleed '' . The album debuted at number one in the United Kingdom and reached number six on the Billboard 200 in the US . The album won Grammys for Best Alternative Album and Best Rock Song ( `` Seven Nation Army '' ) . In 2003 , the album was ranked number 390 on Rolling Stone magazine 's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time . It was also placed thirty - ninth in Channel 4 's list of the 100 Greatest Albums of all time . In December 2003 , NME made it their Album of the Year . In 2011 , Rolling Stone called Elephant the 5th best album of the decade , and Seven Nation Army the 6th best song of the decade . The album was also included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die . Track listing ( edit ) All tracks written by Jack White , except where noted . No . Title Length 1 . `` Seven Nation Army '' 3 : 52 2 . `` Black Math '' 3 : 04 3 . `` There 's No Home for You Here '' 3 : 44 4 . `` I Just Do n't Know What to Do with Myself '' ( Burt Bacharach , Hal David ) 2 : 46 5 . `` In the Cold , Cold Night '' 2 : 58 6 . `` I Want to Be the Boy to Warm Your Mother 's Heart '' 3 : 21 7 . `` You 've Got Her in Your Pocket '' 3 : 40 8 . `` Ball and Biscuit '' 7 : 19 9 . `` The Hardest Button to Button '' 3 : 32 10 . `` Little Acorns '' ( White , Mort Crim ) 4 : 09 11 . `` Hypnotize '' 1 : 48 12 . `` The Air Near My Fingers '' 3 : 40 13 . `` Girl , You Have No Faith in Medicine '' 3 : 18 14 . `` Well It 's True That We Love One Another '' 2 : 43 Japan edition bonus tracks No . Title Length 15 . `` Who 's to Say '' ( Dan John Miller ) 4 : 36 16 . `` Good to Me '' ( Brendan Benson ) 2 : 07 Personnel ( edit ) The White Stripes Jack White -- lead vocals , guitar , keyboards , production , mixing Meg White -- drums , backing vocals , lead vocals and organ on `` In the Cold , Cold Night '' , co-lead vocals on `` Well It 's True That We Love One Another '' Guest personnel Mort Crim -- speech on `` Little Acorns '' Holly Golightly -- co-lead vocals on `` Well It 's True That We Love One Another '' Additional personnel Liam Watson -- engineering , mixing Noel Summerville -- mastering `` The Third Man '' -- artwork Patrick Pantano -- photography Bruce Brand -- layout Charts and certifications ( edit ) Album Chart ( 2003 ) Peak position Australian ARIA Albums Chart Belgian Albums Chart Canadian Albums Chart 5 Dutch Albums Chart 24 French Albums Chart German Albums Chart 27 Irish Albums Chart New Zealand RIANZ Albums Chart Norwegian Albums Chart Swedish Albums Chart UK Albums Chart U.S. Billboard 200 6 Certification Country Provider ( s ) Certification Sales / shipments Australia ARIA Platinum 70,000 + Canada CRIA 2 × Platinum 200,000 + Europe IFPI Platinum 2,000,000 + France SNEP / IFOP n / a 300,000 + Germany BVMI Platinum 200,000 + Netherlands NVPI Gold 35,000 + New Zealand RIANZ Platinum 15,000 + Sweden IFPI Gold 300,000 + UK BPI 2 × Platinum 861,884 U.S. RIAA Platinum 1,900,000 + Singles Single information `` Seven Nation Army '' Released : May 13 , 2003 Chart positions : 7 ( UK Singles Chart ) 76 ( U.S. Billboard Hot 100 ) 1 ( U.S. Modern Rock Tracks ) 12 ( U.S. Mainstream Rock Tracks ) `` I Just Do n't Know What to Do with Myself '' Released : September 2003 Chart positions : 13 ( UK Singles Chart ) 25 ( U.S. Modern Rock Tracks ) `` The Hardest Button to Button '' Released : December 9 , 2003 Chart positions : 23 ( UK Singles Chart ) 8 ( U.S. Modern Rock Tracks ) `` There 's No Home for You Here '' Released : 2004 Chart positions : none References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitman , Andy ; et al. ( January 29 , 2018 ) . `` The 50 Best Garage Rock Albums of All Time '' . Paste . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Phares , Heather . `` Elephant -- The White Stripes '' . AllMusic . Retrieved September 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kitty Empire ( March 15 , 2003 ) . `` They rock - like a beast '' . The Observer ( via The Guardian ) . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Leahey , Andrew . `` The White Stripes > Biography '' at AllMusic . Retrieved September 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McGovern , Kyle . `` Jack White Stomps All Other Record Store Day Exclusives With ' Elephant ' Reissue '' . Spin . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Andrew Leahey . `` The White Stripes - Discography - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . ^ Jump up to : Pareles , Jon . `` White Stripe : Same Old Colors '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Phipps , Keith ( April 9 , 2003 ) . `` The White Stripes '' , AVClub.com . Retrieved October 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Fridge , David ( April 17 , 2003 ) , `` Living Color '' . Rolling Stone . ( 920 ) : 102 Jump up ^ Katchen , Andrew ( March 29 , 2003 ) , `` White Stripes Stay Pure on ' Elephant ' '' . Billboard. 115 ( 13 ) : 9 ^ Jump up to : Various artists ( November 1 , 2007 ) , `` The White Stripes Elephant '' . The Mojo Collection -- The Ultimate Music Companion ( 4th Edition ) . Canongate Books . ^ Jump up to : Cameron , Keith ( March 28 , 2003 ) , `` The sweetheart deal '' . The Guardian . Retrieved December 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` White Stripes - Elephant - RSD Reissue - on press ! - Facebook '' . facebook.com . Jump up ^ Lindgren , Hugo . `` The Way We Live Now : Questions for the White Stripes '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The White Stripes official website Archived September 26 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , index to album artwork including covers , page 1 of 3 . Page retrieved June 21 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Reviews for Elephant by The White Stripes '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brunner , Rob ( March 31 , 2003 ) . `` Elephant '' . Entertainment Weekly ( 703 ) . ISSN 1049 - 0434 . Retrieved September 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Petridis , Alexis ( March 28 , 2003 ) . `` The White Stripes : Elephant '' . The Guardian . London . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . OCLC 60623878 . Retrieved September 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hilburn , Robert ( March 30 , 2003 ) . `` Sitting atop rock 's new wave '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Mulvey , John ( March 7 , 2003 ) . `` White Stripes : Elephant '' . NME . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2011 . Retrieved November 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ DiCrescenzo , Brent ( April 1 , 2003 ) . `` The White Stripes : Elephant '' . Pitchfork . Retrieved September 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The White Stripes : Elephant '' . Q ( 201 ) : 98 . April 2003 . ^ Jump up to : Fricke , David ( March 25 , 2003 ) . `` Elephant '' . Rolling Stone . ISSN 0035 - 791X . Retrieved September 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Klosterman , Chuck ( May 2003 ) . `` White Hot '' . Spin. 19 ( 5 ) : 107 -- 08 . ISSN 0886 - 3032 . Retrieved September 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The White Stripes : Elephant '' . Uncut ( 72 ) : 94 . May 2003 . Jump up ^ Byline unknown ( May 2003 ) , `` Elephant '' . Uncut . volume unknown : 94 Jump up ^ Alves , Tim ( April 4 , 2003 ) . The White Stripes : Elephant '' PopMatters.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Ali , Lorraine ( April 14 , 2003 ) , `` The Second Coming '' . Newsweek. 141 ( 15 ) : 57 Jump up ^ `` CG : the white stripes '' . RobertChristgau.com . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2007 . Retrieved April 2 , 2012 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Expert Witness : Jack White / The White Stripes '' . social.entertainment.msn.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Katchen , Andrew . `` White Stripes Stay Pure On ' Elephant ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` White Stripes Elephant Album Review '' . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ ( 2003 ) . 100 Greatest Albums . Channel 4 . Retrieved September 11 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` 100 Best Albums of the 2000s '' . rollingstone.com . July 18 , 2011 . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robert Dimery ; Michael Lydon ( March 23 , 2010 ) . 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die : Revised and Updated Edition . Universe . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7893 - 2074 - 2 . Jump up ^ aCharts.us Elephant chart positions Retrieved on April 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The White Stripes : Charts and Awards '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The White Stripes - Elephant ( Album ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : French sales and certification FanOfMusic.Free.fr `` Retrieved on November 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Chartverfolgung / WHITE STRIPES , THE / Longplay '' ( Chart Tracking / WHITE STRIPES , THE / Long Play ) ( in German ) . musicline.de . Retrieved September 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 Top 40 Official Albums Chart UK Archive 12th April 2003 '' . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Australia . `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2003 Albums '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2012 . Retrieved January 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Canada . `` CRIA '' . Canadian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2010 . Retrieved January 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Europe . Europe IFPI Platinum Awards Archived October 19 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . IFPI . Retrieved in December 2007 Jump up ^ Germany . BVMI Retrieved on April 17 , 2018 Jump up ^ `` Dutch Certification ( IFPI ) '' . IFPI . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2008 . Retrieved January 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ New Zealand . `` RIANZ '' . Recording Industry Association of New Zealand . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2007 . Retrieved January 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Sweden . `` IFPI '' . IFPI . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2007 . Retrieved January 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ United Kingdom . `` BPI '' . British Phonographic Industry . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2007 . Retrieved January 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Homewood , Ben ( 27 April 2017 ) . `` Jack White signs first ever global publishing deal with Universal Music Publishing Group '' . Music Week . Retrieved 10 June 2018 . Jump up ^ United States . RIAA Archived February 28 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Recording Industry Association of America . Jump up ^ Billboard editors . Coldplay Earns First Billboard 200 No. 1 Billboard magazine Retrieved on January 17 , 2008 External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Elephant ( album ) Elephant at Discogs Elephant at Metacritic The White Stripes Jack White Meg White Studio albums The White Stripes ( 1999 ) De Stijl ( 2000 ) White Blood Cells ( 2001 ) Elephant ( 2003 ) Get Behind Me Satan ( 2005 ) Icky Thump ( 2007 ) Live albums Under Great White Northern Lights Live in Mississippi Video albums Under Blackpool Lights Under Great White Northern Lights / Under Nova Scotian Lights Singles `` Let 's Shake Hands '' `` Lafayette Blues '' `` The Big Three Killed My Baby '' `` Hand Springs '' `` Hello Operator '' `` Lord , Send Me an Angel '' `` Party of Special Things to Do '' `` Hotel Yorba '' `` Fell in Love with a Girl '' `` Dead Leaves and the Dirty Ground '' `` We 're Going to Be Friends '' `` Red Death at 6 : 14 '' `` Walking with a Ghost '' `` Candy Cane Children '' `` Seven Nation Army '' `` I Just Do n't Know What to Do with Myself '' `` The Hardest Button to Button '' `` There 's No Home for You Here '' `` Jolene ( Live Under Blackpool Lights ) '' `` Blue Orchid '' `` My Doorbell '' `` The Denial Twist '' `` Icky Thump '' `` Rag and Bone '' `` You Do n't Know What Love Is ( You Just Do as You 're Told ) '' `` Conquest '' Other songs `` 300 M.P.H. Torrential Outpour Blues '' `` Ball and Biscuit '' `` Suzy Lee '' Related articles Discography Songs Awards and nominations The Raconteurs The Dead Weather The Upholsterers The Go Two - Star Tabernacle Aluminium Third Man Records Book Jack White Discography Studio albums Blunderbuss Lazaretto Boarding House Reach Compilation albums Acoustic Recordings 1998 -- 2016 Singles `` Wayfaring Stranger '' `` Sitting on Top of the World '' `` Another Way to Die '' `` Fly Farm Blues '' `` Love Interruption '' `` Sixteen Saltines '' `` Freedom at 21 '' `` High Ball Stepper '' `` Lazaretto '' `` Would You Fight for My Love ? '' `` Over and Over and Over '' Related bands The White Stripes The Dead Weather The Raconteurs The Upholsterers The Go Goober & the Peas Two - Star Tabernacle Related articles Third Man Records Karen Elson Aluminium Gretsch Triple Jet Sympathetic Sounds of Detroit `` Do n't Hurt Yourself '' It Might Get Loud Under Great White Northern Lights NME Album of the Year 1990 -- 1999 Happy Mondays -- Pills ' n ' Thrills and Bellyaches ( 1990 ) Nirvana -- Nevermind ( 1991 ) Sugar -- Copper Blue ( 1992 ) Björk -- Debut ( 1993 ) Oasis -- Definitely Maybe ( 1994 ) Tricky -- Maxinquaye ( 1995 ) Beck -- Odelay ( 1996 ) Spiritualized -- Ladies and Gentlemen We Are Floating in Space ( 1997 ) Mercury Rev -- Deserter 's Songs ( 1998 ) The Flaming Lips -- The Soft Bulletin ( 1999 ) 2000 -- 2009 Queens of the Stone Age -- Rated R ( 2000 ) The Strokes -- Is This It ( 2001 ) Coldplay -- A Rush of Blood to the Head ( 2002 ) The White Stripes -- Elephant ( 2003 ) Franz Ferdinand -- Franz Ferdinand ( 2004 ) Bloc Party -- Silent Alarm ( 2005 ) Arctic Monkeys -- Whatever People Say I Am , That 's What I 'm Not ( 2006 ) Klaxons -- Myths of the Near Future ( 2007 ) MGMT -- Oracular Spectacular ( 2008 ) The Horrors -- Primary Colours ( 2009 ) 2010 -- present These New Puritans -- Hidden ( 2010 ) PJ Harvey -- Let England Shake ( 2011 ) Tame Impala -- Lonerism ( 2012 ) Arctic Monkeys -- AM ( 2013 ) St. Vincent -- St. Vincent ( 2014 ) Grimes -- Art Angels ( 2015 ) The 1975 -- I Like It When You Sleep , for You Are So Beautiful yet So Unaware of It ( 2016 ) Lorde -- Melodrama ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elephant_(album)&oldid=846936264 '' Categories : The White Stripes albums 2003 albums V2 Records albums XL Recordings albums Grammy Award for Best Alternative Music Album Albums produced by Jack White Third Man Records albums Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . 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michael jackson final rehearsal this is it tour			This Is It ( concerts )	this is it ( concerts )	This Is It was a planned residency show of 50 concerts by Michael Jackson at the O2 Arena in London , scheduled to run from July 2009 to March 2010 . The shows were to be Jackson 's first major series of concerts since the HIStory World Tour finished in 1997 . With all concerts sold out , Jackson suffered a cardiac arrest and died less than three weeks before the first concert was scheduled to begin .	Jackson announced This Is It at a press conference in the O2 Arena , stating that it would be his final series of concerts in London . AEG Live , the concert promoters , released a promotional video that took up an entire commercial break , setting a record for ITV . Initially only 10 concerts were announced , but following public demand 40 more concerts were added . Ticket sales broke several records and Jackson 's album sales increased following the announcement ; AEG Live estimated that the first 10 dates alone would have earned Jackson approximately £ 50 million . In preparation for the concert series , Jackson had been collaborating with high - profile figures including fashion designer Christian Audigier , choreographer Kenny Ortega and bodybuilder Lou Ferrigno . Prior to Jackson 's death , Allgood Entertainment sued Jackson for $40 million , claiming that he had breached an exclusivity agreement with them by agreeing to the This Is It concerts . The case was dismissed . After Jackson 's death , AEG Live offered either refunds to ticket holders or a special `` souvenir '' ticket designed by Jackson . The cancelled shows , record - breaking ticket sales and potential for a world tour made This Is It `` the greatest concert ( s ) that never happened . '' Columbia Pictures acquired the footage of the rehearsals and released a concert film , Michael Jackson 's This Is It , accompanied by a compilation album of the same name . Contents ( hide ) 1 Promotion and significance 2 Public interest 3 Preparation and concert details 3.1 Songs featured and stage setting 4 Dates 5 Personnel 6 Litigation 7 Jackson 's death and refunds 8 Posthumous film and album 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Promotion and significance ( edit ) Wikinews has related news : Michael Jackson to make last public concerts The announcement of Jackson 's first 10 performances was made by the singer himself , during a press conference at the O2 Arena on March 5 , 2009 . As many as 7,000 fans and 350 reporters awaited the singer 's arrival , many donning Jackson - related clothing . The singer commented at the conference , `` I just wanted to say that these will be my final show performances in London . When I say this is it , it really means this is it '' , adding that it was his `` final curtain call '' , although he may have just been referring to performing in London . Organizers touted the residency as , `` dramatic shows ( that ) promise an explosive return with a band of the highest calibre , a state - of - the - art stage show and incredible surprise support acts '' . Hours before the press conference , promotional posters for the residency were displayed around London . Further promotion took up an entire commercial break period on ITV London during Dancing on Ice , the first time this has ever happened for a musical artist . The advert , which cost £ 1 million to air , was viewed by 11 million people . The shows , Jackson 's first significant concert events since the HIStory World Tour in 1997 , had been cited as one of the year 's most important musical events , and as the greatest comeback in the history of pop . Randy Phillips , president and chief executive of AEG Live , stated that the first 10 dates would earn the singer approximately £ 50 million ( about US $80.1 million ) . The Guardian characterized the announced 10 concerts as an `` astonishing comeback for a man who in recent years has been dogged by controversy '' , adding that the entertainer still had `` enormous commercial clout '' . The Evening Standard stated that the deal was the `` showbiz coup of the decade '' for AEG Live , while The Independent remarked that the finalized 50 concerts would provide London with a `` much - needed '' economic boost . Joe Cohen , chief executive of Seatwave , told BBC 6 Music that the shows would generate £ 1 billion for the economy . Public interest ( edit ) The O2 Arena , where the concerts would have been held Some websites offered early tickets , which the Association of Secondary Ticket Agents warned were fake . `` We are warning people not to buy tickets that are not yet on sale because it is unlikely that they will receive those tickets '' , announced the organization 's chief , Graham Burns . He concluded , `` It 's impossible when the dates have n't been announced to be selling tickets for something when there are no announced dates '' . Jackson 's official website allowed fans to register early for a `` pre-sale '' draw . Some fans had difficulty applying , as the website could not deal with the large number of registrations -- reportedly up to 16,000 applications a second . In the space of 24 hours , nearly a million people from around the world registered for pre-sale tickets , enough to fill the venue 50 times over . Tickets that had not even been printed were selling on auction website eBay for £ 300 . Sales of Jackson 's albums increased following the press conference . Overnight , sales of Off the Wall rose 200 % , Bad rose 110 % , Dangerous rose 165 % and Thriller 25 rose 155 % . The two - day pre-sale began on March 11 , and 40 extra dates were added to meet high demand -- five of these dates were reserved in their entirety for the public sale . More than 1.5 million fans caused two sites offering pre-sale tickets to crash within minutes of going online . In the space of two hours , 190,000 tickets were sold . Two million people tried to buy pre-sale tickets in the space of 18 hours . Veronica Schmidt of The Times stated of the reception , `` Michael Jackson has floored his critics '' , while organizers proclaimed it a `` cultural phenomenon '' . It was announced that Jackson would break the record for number of shows performed by an artist at a single venue , which had been set by Prince , who hosted a residency at the same arena for his 21 Nights in London : The Earth Tour concerts . According to Jackson 's website , the following records were or would have been broken : `` The biggest audience ever to see an artist in one city '' , `` The greatest number of people to attend a series of arena shows '' , `` The fastest ticket sales in history '' . Randy Phillips acknowledged that Jackson could have sold out even more dates , but this would have conflicted with other career plans that the singer had . On March 13 , the other 50 % of seats for dates 1 -- 45 and all the seats for dates 46 -- 50 went on sale to the general public . Within four hours , all 50 dates had sold out . At this stage , the sales of King of Pop were up 400 % and the sales of Thriller were up 200 % . Tickets appeared on eBay for as much as £ 10,000 . Preparation and concert details ( edit ) The 50 - concert run was originally scheduled to start on July 8 , 2009 and conclude on February 24 , 2010 . Each of the shows would have been performed at the O2 Arena in London , which has a capacity of 23,000 . New York - based fashion designer Zaldy served as head costumer , creating ten of Jackson 's stage looks while the other six were created by his longtime costumers , Michael Bush and Dennis Tompkins . Jay Ruckel from La Crasia Gloves recreated Jackson 's iconic single glove for the concerts . The costumes he was to wear during the shows were encrusted with 300,000 Swarovski crystals . In April 2009 , thousands of dancers flew in from all around the world to audition from the 13th to the 15th for Jackson , who helped select the 11 finalists in person . Kenny Ortega , who had collaborated with Jackson previously , was to work on the overall design and direction of concerts . Ortega said that the final product would have been a `` theatrical musical experience '' . According to Randy Philips , £ 13 million was to be spent on producing the concerts , which would have included 18 -- 22 songs and 22 different sets . There also would have been aerial dancing similar to routines by Cirque du Soleil . Carla Ferrigno told Reuters that her husband Lou had been helping Jackson train in advance of the shows . Jackson and Ferrigno had previously worked together . On May 20 , it was announced that the first concert would be pushed back five days to July 13 and three other July dates would be rescheduled for March 2010 . AEG Live said that the delay was necessary because more time was needed for dress rehearsals . The revised schedule called for 27 shows between July 13 and September 29 , 2009 , followed by a three - month break , before resuming in the new year with 23 more shows between January 7 and March 6 , 2010 . Some fans petitioned for the reversal of AEG Live 's decision . In late June , several hundred seats for each of the dates were put on sale . These seats were held back until production logistics were worked out . It was suggested that after the London concerts , Jackson might head to Australia , Europe , India , China , Hong Kong and Japan before moving on to North America . Randy Phillips , the CEO of AEG Live , told The LA Times that Australia was part of Michael Jackson 's international tour plans . According to Jermaine Jackson 's 2011 book You Are Not Alone : Michael Through a Brother 's Eyes , after the London concerts finished , Jackson was planning to extend his deal with AEG Live which included new music , a possible three - picture movie deal , a long series of one - off concert dates starting in China , a halftime slot during one of the future Super Bowl games to overshadow his own legendary halftime show performance at the Super Bowl XXVII in 1993 and another couple of tours ( one of which was to be a final reunion with his brothers based on a promise made to their mother to see her sons perform together again one last time before she died ) . After the deal was completed , he planned to take time off from musical entertainment and move on to ( possibly ) directing his own film ideas , such as making a feature - length motion picture based on his 1982 song `` Thriller '' and the music video of the same name . It was also stated that a yearly Halloween television special based on his horror - themed songs , such as `` Thriller '' and `` Ghosts '' , was part of Jackson 's deal with AEG Live . In Conrad Murray 's manslaughter trial , David Walgren stated another one of Jackson 's future plans was to open a children 's hospital . This was heard in an audio tape Conrad Murray played of Jackson under the influence of propofol on May 10 , 2009 . His voice is barely recognisable in the recording , but he can be clearly heard saying that he wanted to build the greatest children 's hospital in the world and name it after himself : The Michael Jackson 's Children 's Hospital . Walgren also stated that while the tour was happening , Jackson wanted to buy an estate with streams , horses and animals so his three children , Prince , Paris and Blanket could live normal lives as their father performed the concerts , as he was photographed looking for a house in the United Kingdom with his children . Walgren also said that the tour would begin that summer , and Jackson could take his children out of school and bring them with him so they could see him perform in London . Songs featured and stage setting ( edit ) Main article : Michael Jackson 's This Is It According to Michael Bearden , a film and music producer who worked on the concerts playing keyboard and acting as the concert 's musical director , the setlist for the concerts was never finalized prior to Jackson 's death . Most of the songs due to be featured in the concerts were showcased in Michael Jackson 's This Is It , while the inclusion of several other songs were confirmed in the film 's DVD special features . The songs showcased in the film included Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' , Jam , They Do n't Care About Us , Human Nature , Smooth Criminal , The Way You Make Me Feel , a medley of Jackson 5 songs including I Want You Back , The Love You Save , and I 'll Be There , Shake Your Body ( Down to the Ground ) , I Just Ca n't Stop Loving You , Thriller , Beat It , Black or White , Earth Song , Billie Jean , Man in the Mirror , and Heal the World . Meanwhile , it was later confirmed that Stranger in Moscow , You Are Not Alone , You Rock My World , Do n't Stop ' Til You Get Enough , Rock With You , Dirty Diana , Dangerous , Bad , We Are the World , and Will You Be There were also being prepared for the concerts . In an interview with Larry King , Lady Gaga revealed that she was to perform a song called `` Pictures '' as the opening act for the concerts . `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' was confirmed to be the opener , followed by `` Jam '' , a dance sequence referred to as `` The Drill '' leading into `` They Do n't Care About Us '' , `` Human Nature '' , and `` Smooth Criminal '' . The show would open with a video sequence referred to as `` Glimpses and Flashes '' , followed by a large space suit with video imagery wrapping around it appearing before the audience , referred to as `` Light Man '' . Then , various parts of Light Man would open up to reveal Jackson , who would jump out and stand still for a few moments before starting the show . The performances of `` Smooth Criminal '' , `` Thriller '' , and `` Earth Song '' would feature 3D vignettes featuring Jackson , most of which would involve Michael coming out of the videos and onto the stage . Michael would occasionally replace `` Human Nature '' and `` The Way You Make Me Feel '' with `` Stranger in Moscow '' and `` You Rock My World '' , respectively . `` Do n't Stop ' Til You Get Enough '' and `` Shake Your Body ( Down to the Ground ) '' were to be used as an interlude segment for the backup dancers to show off their moves , with Jackson appearing at the end . `` Dirty Diana '' was to feature a female dancer who would use acrobatic feats to lure Jackson onto a bed , before tying him to it . The bed would then be covered in silk flames , giving Jackson cover to slip backstage and change for `` Beat It '' . `` We Are the World '' and `` Heal the World '' were to be performed as a medley . `` Man in the Mirror '' was confirmed as the closer , ending with a large plane , dubbed `` MJ Air '' , appearing on the 3D screen . This was meant to top `` Rocket Man '' that they did on the Dangerous Tour . A door in the middle of the screen would open up , revealing a set of stairs for the dancers , backup singers , and band players to go through . Michael would be the last one to go through , waving goodbye to the audience as the door closed in front of him . The plane would then taxi down the runway and take off into the night sky . Due to the larger than usual roster of songs , as well as time constraints , Jackson would perform some songs with one verse less than he did in previous tours , such as `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' , `` Jam '' , `` The Way You Make Me Feel '' and `` Black or White '' . `` Bad '' is rumored to have been reserved for select concerts . On the final dates , Jackson wanted to perform a ballad called `` River Ripple '' , written by him , with an African choir and his children . During the final concert before `` Man in the Mirror '' , Michael was slated to premiere a song called `` Best of Joy '' , written and recorded in 2009 prior to Jackson 's death . As of 2017 , `` River Ripple '' although it released , there are snippets leaked onto YouTube but the full song remains unreleased , while `` Best of Joy '' was officially released in 2010 on Jackson 's first posthumous album of unreleased songs , Michael . Dates ( edit ) Date City Country Venue First Leg July 13 , 2009 London United Kingdom The O Arena July 16 , 2009 July 18 , 2009 July 22 , 2009 July 24 , 2009 July 26 , 2009 July 28 , 2009 July 30 , 2009 August 1 , 2009 August 3 , 2009 August 10 , 2009 August 12 , 2009 August 17 , 2009 August 19 , 2009 August 24 , 2009 August 26 , 2009 August 28 , 2009 August 30 , 2009 September 1 , 2009 September 3 , 2009 September 6 , 2009 September 8 , 2009 September 10 , 2009 September 21 , 2009 September 23 , 2009 September 27 , 2009 September 29 , 2009 Second Leg January 7 , 2010 London United Kingdom The O Arena January 9 , 2010 January 12 , 2010 January 14 , 2010 January 16 , 2010 January 18 , 2010 January 23 , 2010 January 25 , 2010 January 27 , 2010 January 29 , 2010 February 1 , 2010 February 3 , 2010 February 8 , 2010 February 10 , 2010 February 12 , 2010 February 16 , 2010 February 18 , 2010 February 20 , 2010 February 22 , 2010 February 24 , 2010 March 1 , 2010 March 3 , 2010 March 6 , 2010 Personnel ( edit ) Musicians Michael Jackson -- vocals , show direction , choreographer Orianthi Panagaris -- guitar Tommy Organ -- guitar Alex Al -- bass Jonathan Moffett -- drums Michael Bearden -- keyboards , musical director Morris Pleasure -- keyboards Bashiri Johnson -- percussion Dorian Holley -- vocals , vocal direction Judith Hill -- vocals Darryl Phinnessee -- vocals Ken Stacey -- vocals Dancers Michael Jackson Daniel Yao Nicholas Basir Daniel Celebre ( a.k.a. Da FunkyMystic ) Mekia Cox Chris Grant ( a.k.a. Kriyss Grant ) Misha Gabriel Shannon Holtzapffel Devin Jamieson Charles Klapow Ricardo Reid ( aka Dres Reid ) Danielle Rueda Watts Tyne Stecklein Timor Steffens ( a.k.a. Timor Dance ) Production and other personnel Kenny Ortega -- show direction Alif Sankey -- associate production Michael Cotten -- production design Michael Curry -- production design Michael Jackson & Travis Payne -- choreography Stacy Walker -- choreography assistance Tony Testa -- choreography assistance Patrick Woodroffe -- lighting design David Elsewhere -- dance coaching Shahzad Perez - Specialty Act Gregg Smith -- casting direction Karen Faye Heinze -- hair and make - up Zaldy Goco -- chief of costume design Michael Bush -- costume design Dennis Thompkins - costume design AEG Live -- promotion Dave Polich - synth programming Litigation ( edit ) In June 2009 , concert promoter Allgood Entertainment , represented by Ira Meyerowitz and Jon Kekielek of MJlawfirm , sued Jackson for $40 million , claiming that the singer , through his manager Frank DiLeo , had agreed to a single and a $30 million reunion concert with The Jackson 5 , as well as sister Janet Jackson . According to the concert promoter , the alleged contractual agreement prevented the singer from performing elsewhere before the reunion concert and for a three - month period after it . Thus , agreeing to a 50 date residency at the O2 arena was an alleged breach of the Allgood Entertainment contract . The filing company stated that AEG Live knew of the alleged agreement with Jackson and used their dominance in the industry to coerce Jackson into agreeing to the residency . In August 2010 , the judge dismissed the case , stating that there was no evidence of a binding agreement , no contracts were signed . The case was in limbo as of 2013 . Jackson 's death and refunds ( edit ) Further information : Death of Michael Jackson On June 25 , 2009 , Jackson died after going into cardiac arrest which was caused by an overdose of Diprivan and benzodiazepines , eighteen days before his planned first show . AEG Live , who persuaded Jackson to sign up for the shows , faced a liability of up to £ 300 million and an empty venue for the next nine months . The O2 arena stated that full refunds , including all ticket service charges , would be available to those who purchased tickets through authorized agents , but that `` fans will have the option to be sent the actual tickets they would have received to attend the shows in lieu of the full refunds which are being offered . '' Fans who bought their tickets from private sellers potentially faced difficulties . eBay recommended that purchasers contact their sellers for refunds and stated that those who used PayPal can get their money back if the purchase was made during the last 45 days , then later stated that `` all buyers on the site will receive a full refund for their ticket purchase '' . Posthumous film and album ( edit ) Further information : Michael Jackson 's This Is It and Michael Jackson 's This Is It ( album ) Following Jackson 's death , AEG stated that they had over `` 100 hours of footage of preparations and rehearsals for the shows '' . On August 10 , 2009 , Los Angeles Superior Court Judge Mitchell Beckloff approved a deal between film distributor Columbia Pictures and AEG Live for the former company to purchase and distribute rehearsal footage of Jackson for a film entitled Michael Jackson 's This Is It . According to court documents , Columbia paid $60 million ( £ 35 million ) for rights to the rehearsal footage . The papers filed in court had reportedly stated that Jackson 's estate will get 90 % of the profits and that AEG Live will get the remaining 10 % from the film 's revenue . The film was directed by Kenny Ortega who was also the director of the live concert . It was compiled mostly from footage that was shot as reference for production discussions and was never meant to be shown publicly . Some of the music and vocals in the film were added from previous recordings , though most were from the live performance . The film was released on October 28 , 2009 . An accompanying album to the film was also released . Titled This Is It , the compilation was distributed internationally on October 26 , and to North America the following day . The two - disc album features music `` inspired from the documentary of the same name '' . Of the album , Sony said , `` Disc one will feature the original album masters of some of Michael 's biggest hits arranged in the same sequence as they appear in the film '' and stated that `` the disc ends with two versions of the ' never - released ' ' This Is It ' ( ... ) This song is featured in the film 's closing sequence and includes backing vocals by Michael 's brothers , The Jacksons and Alvin Chea of Take 6 . '' Sony added that the second disc will feature previously unreleased versions from Jackson 's `` catalogue of hits '' , along with a spoken word poem entitled `` Planet Earth '' and a 36 - page commemorative booklet with `` exclusive photos of Michael from his last rehearsal '' . See also ( edit ) Death of Michael Jackson List of works published posthumously Michael Jackson 's This Is It This Is It ( album ) `` This Is It '' ( song ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Kreps , Daniel ( March 12 , 2009 ) . `` Michael Jackson 's `` This Is It ! '' Tour Balloons to 50 - Show Run Stretching Into 2010 `` . Rolling Stone . Retrieved March 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ BBC staff ( March 13 , 2009 ) . `` Michael Jackson announces comeback gigs '' . BBC . BBC News . Retrieved November 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ The Livedaily Staff ( March 9 , 2009 ) . `` Michael Jackson breaking records with 50 - show run in London '' . LiveDaily . Retrieved November 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Australia , Yahoo ( October 30 , 2009 ) . `` Australia part of planned world tour '' . Yahoo ! 7 . Retrieved November 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ The MTV Staff ( November 5 , 2009 ) . `` This Is It Director Kenny Ortega On Michael Jackson 's Final Rehearsals '' . MTV . Retrieved September 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Staff , IGN ( August 20 , 2009 ) . `` Michael Jackson 's `` This Is It ! '' Tour Balloons to 50 - Show Run Stretching Into 2010 `` . IGN . Retrieved November 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Staff , Sony ( August 20 , 2009 ) . `` Jackson 's This Is It This Fall '' . Sony . Retrieved November 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jackson set to announce shows '' . MTV . March 5 , 2009 . Retrieved March 5 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Foster , Patrick ( March 6 , 2009 ) . `` Michael Jackson grand finale curtain - raiser '' . London : The Times . Retrieved March 5 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Akbar , Arifa ( March 6 , 2009 ) . `` Jacko on tour : ' This will be the final curtain call . I love you , I love you all ' -- News , Music '' . London : The Independent . Retrieved March 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Khan , Urmee ( March 6 , 2009 ) . `` Michael Jackson announces comeback gigs '' . London : The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved March 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Griffin , Zoe ( March 5 , 2009 ) . `` Michael Jackson has 50 medical tests to prove he can manage 02 Arena dates '' . Daily Mirror . Retrieved March 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Youngs , Ian ( March 5 , 2009 ) . `` ' Final curtain call ' for Jackson '' . BBC . Retrieved March 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Barnett , Emma ( March 6 , 2009 ) . `` Michael Jackson takes entire three and a half minute ITV ad slot '' . www.mediaweek.co.uk . Retrieved March 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson live dates ad during Dancing On Ice seen by 11m fans '' . Daily Mirror . March 9 , 2009 . Retrieved March 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Swash , Rosie ( March 5 , 2009 ) . `` Michael Jackson ca n't fail to sell out the O2 arena '' . London : The Guardian . Retrieved March 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Simon Cable ( November 5 , 2009 ) . `` Michael Jackson chooses London 's O2 arena for the ' greatest comeback in history ' '' . Dailymail.co.uk . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson announces O2 Arena London gigs -- and retirement ? '' . NME . March 5 , 2009 . Retrieved March 5 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Day , Elizabeth ( March 8 , 2009 ) . `` Off the wall but still invincible '' . London : The Guardian . Retrieved March 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Singh , Amar ( March 13 , 2009 ) . `` Detoxing Brand Jacko '' . Evening Standard . Retrieved March 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Barometer : Michael Jackson ; Angela Gheorghiu ; Horne and Corden ; Madonna in fancy dress '' . London : The Independent . March 20 , 2009 . Retrieved March 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson in ' billion pound ' boost to economy '' . Metro . May 8 , 2009 . Retrieved June 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson London 02 Arena ticket warning issued '' . NME . March 5 , 2009 . Retrieved March 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Moore , Matthew ( March 6 , 2009 ) . `` Michael Jackson O2 ticket website attracting 16,000 visits a second '' . London : The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved March 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson adds 10 more dates to comeback tour '' . Daily Mirror . March 6 , 2009 . Retrieved March 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson Announces Dates '' . MTV . March 10 , 2009 . Retrieved March 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jacko 's album sales are backo '' . The Sun . March 7 , 2009 . Retrieved March 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1.5 m fans crash sites in rush for Jacko gig '' . Evening Standard . March 11 , 2009 . Retrieved March 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Cable , Simon ( March 13 , 2009 ) . `` Fans ' fury as touts sell Michael Jackson concert tickets for up to £ 16,000 a pair on black market '' . London : Daily Mail . Retrieved March 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Miranda , David ( March 12 , 2009 ) . `` Michael Jackson doubles London shows after 2 million seek tickets '' . Herald Sun . Retrieved April 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Schmidt , Veronica ( March 11 , 2009 ) . `` Michael Jackson sells out London concerts and adds more shows '' . The Times . Retrieved April 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jackson to play 50 gigs at the O2 '' . BBC . March 12 , 2009 . Retrieved April 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Waddell , Ray ( March 12 , 2009 ) . `` Update : Michael Jackson Up To 50 London Shows '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jackson 's Tears Of Joy As O2 Shows Sell Out '' . Sky News . March 13 , 2009 . Retrieved April 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 750,000 tickets for Jackson concerts sell in 4 hours '' . CNN . March 13 , 2009 . Retrieved April 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Swash , Rosie ( March 13 , 2009 ) . `` Michael Jackson 's 50 dates at London 's O2 arena sell out '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 1 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jackson delays opening tour dates '' . BBC . May 20 , 2009 . Retrieved June 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Paine , Andre ( March 5 , 2009 ) . `` Michael Jackson Says London Concerts To Be ' Final Curtain Call ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Sherman , William ( June 14 , 2009 ) . `` Michael Jackson , Hubble Telescope draw from New York manufacturing '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved June 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Extra Michael Jackson O2 Arena tickets made available '' . NME . June 23 , 2009 . Retrieved June 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson Rehearsals Move Forward '' . Billboard . May 12 , 2009 . Retrieved June 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson Gets Ready For Tour '' . Sky News . May 12 , 2009 . Retrieved June 12 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Michael Jackson enlists ' High School Musical ' director for London O2 shows '' . NME . May 12 , 2009 . Retrieved June 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` This Is It : Jacko Picks Comeback Gig Dancers '' . Sky News . May 19 , 2009 . Retrieved June 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Dobuzinskis , Alex ( June 19 , 2009 ) . `` The Hulk trains Michael Jackson ahead of London concerts '' . Reuters . Retrieved June 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson fans launch petition over O2 Arena postponement '' . NME . May 21 , 2009 . Retrieved June 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` More Jackson tickets up for sale '' . BBC . June 23 , 2009 . Retrieved June 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson Planning Australian Tour Before His Death '' . Take 40 . June 28 , 2009 . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tgtEqcWAf_E Jump up ^ `` This Is It dancers on the Ellen Show '' . YouTube . 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jackson sued over reunion concert '' . BBC . June 11 , 2009 . Retrieved June 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Michaels , Sean ( June 12 , 2009 ) . `` Michael Jackson sued for O2 arena residency '' . London : The Guardian . Retrieved June 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Michaels , Sean ( June 12 , 2009 ) . `` Michael Jackson comeback concerts in jeopardy ? '' . London : The Guardian . Retrieved June 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Judge dismisses Jackson reunion claim '' . BBC News . August 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` AllGood Entertainment , Inc. et al v. Jackson et al ( nysd / 347380 ) -- The RECAP Archive '' . Archive.recapthelaw.org . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Yazmeen ( May 24 , 2011 ) . `` Interview with Patrick Allocco - President of AllGood Entertainment ~ LET 'S CALL SPADE A SPADE '' . Muzikfactorytwo.blogspot.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sherwin , Adam ( June 26 , 2009 ) . `` O2 arena counts cost as curtain closes on the greatest show of all '' . London : The Times . Retrieved June 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` UCLA Statement -- Michael Jackson '' . The O2 Arena . Retrieved July 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Refund issues over Jackson gigs '' . BBC News . June 26 , 2009 . Retrieved June 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` eBay will refund Jackson tickets '' . BBC News . June 27 , 2009 . Retrieved June 27 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Judge OKs Jackson performance film deal '' . MSNBC.com . Associated Press . August 10 , 2009 . Retrieved October 2 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Michael Jackson film deal outlined in court papers '' . ChinaDaily.com . August 6 , 2009 . Retrieved October 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Christopher Smith ( August 11 , 2009 ) . `` Sony Pictures to produce Michael Jackson film '' . LA Times.com . Retrieved September 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Michael jackson This Is It film deal agreed '' . Uncut.co.uk . August 8 , 2009 . Retrieved October 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Rosie Swash ( August 11 , 2009 ) . `` Michael Jackson film gets October release date '' . Guardian.co.uk . London . Retrieved October 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` This Is It Worldwide Release Dates '' . Sony Pictures.com . Retrieved September 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Chris Lee ( September 23 , 2009 ) . `` The Michael Jackson new - music onslaught begins ( Updated ) '' . TheLATimes.com . Retrieved September 24 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Tim Parks ( September 23 , 2009 ) . `` New Jackson single , LP to be released '' . Digital Spy.com . Retrieved September 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ The Insider Staff ( September 23 , 2009 ) . `` Unreleased Michael Jackson Song to be Revealed '' . TheInsider.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2009 . 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who led a mission to california in 1846	The only other United States military force in California at the time was a small exploratory expedition led by Lieutenant Colonel John C. Frémont , made up of 30 topographical , surveying , etc. army troops and about 25 men hired as guides and hunters . The Frémont expedition had been dispatched to California , in 1845 , from the United States Army Corps of Topographical Engineers .	Lieutenant Colonel John C. Frémont	Californio	californio	Californio ( historical and regional Spanish for `` Californian '' ) is a Spanish term for a descendant of a person of Castillian or other Spanish ancestry who was born in what is now the U.S. state of California when the region was under Spanish and later Mexican control . The Californio era was from the first Spanish presence established by the Portolá expedition in 1769 until the region 's cession to the United States of America in 1848 . Persons of similar characteristics but born on the Baja California peninsula during the same time period may also be considered Californios , since that area ( now split into two states of Mexico ) was part of the original Spanish Las Californias .	Non-Spanish - speaking immigrants who 1 ) became naturalized Mexican citizens , 2 ) married Californios , and 3 ) converted to Catholicism may be included in a secondary , looser definition of Californio . Such residents , by these actions , became eligible to own land and receive rancho grants from the Mexican government . Most such grants occurred after mission secularization in the 1830s . An even looser definition may include descendants of Californios , especially those who married other Californio descendants . The much larger population of non-Spanish - speaking indigenous peoples of California who lived in the area prior to and during the Californio era were not Californios . Neither were non-Spanish - speaking resident foreigners . Many Californios , however , were the California - born children of non-Spanish speakers who married Spanish speakers . Such spouses usually also converted to the Catholic faith and , after Mexico became independent of Spain in 1821 , often became naturalized Mexican citizens . The military , religious and civil components of pre-1848 Californio society were embodied in the thinly - populated presidios , missions , pueblos and ranchos . Until they were secularized , the twenty - one Spanish missions of California , with their thousands of more - or-less captive native converts , controlled the most ( about 1,000,000 acres ( 4,000 km ) per mission ) and best land , had large numbers of workers , grew the most crops and had the most sheep , cattle and horses . After secularization , the Mexican authorities divided most of the mission lands into new ranchos and granted them to Mexican citizens ( including many Californios ) resident in California . The Spanish colonial and later Mexican national governments encouraged settlers from the northern and western provinces of Mexico , but few attempted to cross the harsh Sonoran Desert . People from other parts of Latin America ( most notably Peru and Chile ) did settle in California . However , only a few official colonization efforts were ever undertaken -- notably the second expedition of Juan Bautista de Anza ( 1775 -- 1776 ) , which established the first secular pueblo of San Jose . Children of those few early settlers and retired soldiers became the first Californios . Sporadic colonization efforts continued under Mexican rule , including the Hijar - Padres group of 1834 . One genealogist estimated that , by 2004 , between 300,000 and 500,000 Californians were descendants of Californios . Contents ( hide ) 1 Society and customs 1.1 Government 1.2 Foreigners 1.3 Ethnic variety 1.4 Family and education 1.5 Women in Californio Society 1.6 Repopulation 1.7 The concession of land 1.8 Ranchos 1.9 Rancho culture 1.10 Taxes 1.11 Frequency of use of horses 1.12 The Indian work force 1.13 Leather and food 1.14 Trade 2 History 2.1 Early colonization 2.2 The end of Mexican rule 2.3 Mexican Governors of California 2.4 The Mexican -- American War 2.5 Californio battles 2.6 Californios after U.S. annexation 2.7 Californios in the California Gold Rush 2.7. 1 Large Influx of Foreigners Diluting Californio Population 2.7. 2 Working Conditions 2.7. 3 Foreign Miners ' Tax 3 Notable people 3.1 Other notable people in Alta California 4 Californios in literature 5 See also 5.1 Culture , race and ethnicity 5.2 History and government 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External links 8.1 Archival collections 8.2 Other Society and customs ( edit ) Government ( edit ) Alta California ( `` Upper California '' ) was nominally controlled by a national - government appointed governor . The governors of California were at first appointed by the Viceroy ( nominally under the control of the Spanish kings ) , and after 1821 by the approximate 40 Mexican Presidents from 1821 to 1846 . The costs of the minimum Alta California government were mainly paid by means of a roughly 40 -- 100 % import tariff collected at the entry port of Monterey . The other center of Spanish power in Alta California was the Franciscan friars who , as heads of the 21 missions , often resisted the powers of the governors . None of the Franciscan friars were Californios , however , and their influence rapidly waned after the secularization of the missions in the 1830s . A survivor of the Revolution of 1836 , this is the last Red Lone Star Flag , the Oriflamme of the Californios . The instability of the Mexican government ( especially in its early years ) , Alta California 's geographic isolation , the growing ability of the Alta California 's inhabitants to generally make a success of immigrating and an increase in the Californio population created a schism with the national government . As Spanish and Mexican period immigrants were succeeded in number by those that increasing lost an affinity with the national government , an environment developed that did not suppress disagreement with the central government . Governors had little material support from far - away Mexico to deal with Alta Californians , who were left to resolve situations themselves . Mexico - born governor Manuel Victoria was forced to flee in 1831 , after losing a fight against a local uprising at the Battle of Cahuenga Pass . As Californios matured to adulthood and increasingly assumed positions of power in the Alta California government ( including that of governor ) , rivalries emerged between northern and southern regions . Several times , Californio leaders attempted to break away from Mexico , most notably Juan Bautista Alvarado in 1836 . Southern regional leaders , led by Pio Pico , made several attempts to relocate the capital from Monterey to the more populated Los Angeles . Foreigners ( edit ) The independence - minded Californios were also influenced by the increasing numbers of immigrant foreigners ( mostly English and French , Americans were grouped with the `` English '' ) , who integrated with the Californios , becoming Mexican citizens and gaining land either independently granted to them or through marriage to Californio women ; involvement in local politics was inevitable . For example , the American Abel Stearns was an ally of the Californio José Antonio Carrillo in the 1831 Victoria incident , yet sided with the southern Californians against the Californio would - be governor Alvarado in 1836 . Alvarado recruited a company of Tennessean riflemen , many of them former trappers who had settled in the Monterey Bay area . The company was led by another American , Isaac Graham ; the Americans refused to fight against fellow Americans . Alvarado was forced to negotiate a settlement . Ethnic variety ( edit ) Californios included the descendants of agricultural settlers and retired escort soldiers deployed from what is modern - day Mexico . Most were of mixed ethnicities , usually Mestizo ( Spanish and Native American ) or mixed African - American and Indian backgrounds . Despite the depictions of the popular shows like Zorro , few Californios were of `` pure '' Spanish ( Peninsular or Criollo ) ancestry . Most with unmixed Spanish ancestry were Franciscan priests , along with career government officials and military officers who did not remain in California . According to mission records ( marriage , baptisms , and burials ) as well as Presidio roster listings , several `` leather - jacket '' soldiers ( soldados de cuero ) operating as escorts , mission guards , and other military duty personnel were described as europeo ( i.e. , born in Europe ) , while most of the civilian settlers were of mixed origins ( coyote , mulatto , etc . ) . The term `` mestizo '' was rarely if ever used in mission records , the more common terms being `` indio '' , `` europeo '' , `` mulatto '' , `` coyote '' , `` castizo '' and other caste terms . An example of the number of European - born soldiers is the twenty - five from Lieutenant Pedro Fages detachment of Catalan Volunteers . Most of the soldiers on the Portola - Serra expedition of 1769 and the de Anza expeditions of 1774 and 1775 were recruited from the Spanish Army infantry regiments then stationed in Mexico . Many of them were assigned to garrison the presidios , then retired at the end of their ten - year enlistments , and remaining in California . Because there were many more men than women among the Spanish soldiers and settlers , some men who stayed in California married native Californian women who had converted to Christianity at the missions . Family and education ( edit ) The family was characteristically patriarchal , with the son regardless of age , deferring to his father 's wishes . Women had full rights of property ownership and control unless she was married or had a father -- the males had almost complete control of all family members . A formal education system in California had yet to be created so it fell to the individual families to educate their children among them , traditionally done by the priests or hired private tutors ; few early immigrants knew how to read or write , so only a few hundred inhabitants could . Women in Californio society ( edit ) A romanticized representation of a Californio woman . Women in Californio society are often heavily romanticized as the young Spanish women that are so commonly seen in extravagant dresses in movies and television . They are commonly characterized by their beauty and fun loving nature , while also being very sheltered and protected . While some women at the pinnacle of Californio social standing did manage to live this kind of life it was very rare among indigenous peoples , most of whose women worked to help their families both inside and outside the home . See the top gallery for an 1867 photograph of Josepha Bandini de Carrillo , the Californio daughter of Juan Bandini and wife of Pedro C. Carrillo . The social life of Californio society was extremely important in both politics and business , and women played an important but overlooked part in these interactions . They helped facilitate these interactions for their husbands , and therefore themselves , to move up in the social and power rankings of Californio society . This ability to shape social situations was a sought after trait when looking for a spouse , as prominent men knew the power their new wife would have in their future dealings As women played a key role in the development of Alta California and its social interactions they continued this role into its transition from a Mexican territory to an American possession . As foreign non-Spanish speaking men moved into California , who wished to insert themselves into the upper echelons of already established social hierarchy , they began to use marriage with the women of established Californio families as a way to join this hierarchy . Intermarriages between Californios and foreigners was common during the time of Mexican rule and quickly became even more common after the American annexation and Gold Rush in California . These intermarriages worked to combine the cultures of American settlers and merchants with that of the declining Californio society . These marriages though were not enough to prevent the descent into irrelevance of Californio power in California or the racism and attacks on the people of Mexican heritage later . Repopulation ( edit ) The Spanish colonial government , and later , Mexican officials encouraged through recruitment civilians from the northern and western provinces of Mexico such as Sonora . This was not well received by Californios , and was one of the factors leading to revolt against Mexican rule . Sonorans came to California despite the area 's isolation and the lack of central government support . Many of the soldier 's wives considered California to be a cultural wasteland and a hardship assignment . An incentive for the soldiers that remained in California after service was the opportunity to receive a land grant that probably was not possible elsewhere . This made most of California 's early settlers military retirees with a few civilian settlers from Mexico . Since it was a frontier society , the initial rancho housing was characterized as rude and crude -- little more than mud huts with thatched roofs . As the rancho owners prospered these residences could be upgraded to more substantial adobe structures with tiled roofs . Some buildings took advantage of local tar pits ( La Brea Tar Pits in Los Angeles ) in an attempt to waterproof roofs . Restoration of these Today , often suffer from a perception that results in a grander representation than if they had been constructed during the Californio period . The concession of land ( edit ) Before Mexican independence in 1821 , 20 `` Spanish '' land grants had been issued ( at little or no cost ) in all of Alta California ; many to `` a few friends and family of the Alta California governors '' . The 1824 Mexican General Colonization Law established rules for petitioning for land grants in California ; and by 1828 , the rules for establishing land grants were codified in the Mexican Reglamento ( Regulation ) . The Acts sought to break the monopoly of the Catholic Franciscan missions and possibly entice increased Mexican settlement . When the missions were secularized in 1834 -- 1836 mission property and livestock were supposed to be mostly allocated to the Mission Indians . Historical research shows that the majority of rancho grants were given to retired non-commissioned soldiers . The largest grants to Nieto , Sepulveda , Dominguez , Yorba , Avila , Grijalva , and other founding families were examples of this practice . Many of the foreign residents also became rancho grantees . Some were `` Californios by marriage '' like Stearns ( who was naturalized in Mexico before moving north ) and the Englishman William Hartnell . Others married Californios but never became Mexican citizens . Rancho ownership was possible for these men because , under Spanish / Mexican law , married women could independently hold title to property . In the Santa Cruz area , three Californio daughters of the inválido José Joaquín Castro ( 1768 -- 1838 ) married foreigners yet still received grants to Rancho Soquel , Rancho San Agustin and Rancho Refugio . Ranchos ( edit ) In practice nearly all mission property and livestock became about 455 large Ranchos of California granted by the Californio authorities . The Californio rancho owners claimed about 8,600,000 acres ( 35,000 km ) averaging about 18,900 acres ( 76 km ) each . This land was nearly all originally mission land within about 30 miles ( 48 km ) of the coast . The Mexican - era land grants by law were provisional for five years in order for the terms of the law could reasonably be fulfilled . The boundaries of these ranchos were not established as they came to be in later times predominately based on what could be understood as figurative boundaries . They were based on just where another granted owner considered the end of their land , lands or vegetation landmarks . Conflict was bound to occur when these land grants were reviewed under United States control . Title to some grants under United States control were rejected based on questionable documents especially when with predated documents , that could have been created post-United States occupancy in January 1847 . Rancho culture ( edit ) After agriculture , cattle , sheep and horses were established by the Missions , Friars , soldiers and Mission Indians the Rancho owners dismissed the Friars and the soldiers and took over the Mission land and livestock starting in 1834 -- the Mission Indians were left to survive however they could . The rancho owners tried to live in a grand style they perceived of the wealthy hidalgos in Spain . They expected the non-rancho owning population to support this lifestyle . Nearly all males rode to where ever they were going at nearly all times making them excellent riders . They indulged in many fiestas , fandangos , rodeos and roundups as the rancho owners often went from rancho to rancho on a large horse bound party circuit . Weddings , christenings , and funerals were all `` celebrated '' with large gatherings . Taxes ( edit ) Since the government depended on import tariffs ( also called Custom duties and ad - valorem taxes ) for its income there was virtually no property tax . Under Spanish / Mexican rule , all landowners were expected to the Diezmo , a compulsory tithe to the Catholic Church of one tenth of the fruits of agriculture and animal husbandry , business profits or salaries . Priest salaries and mission expenses were paid out of this money and / or collected goods . The mandatory Diezmo ended with the secularization of the missions , greatly reducing rancho taxes until the U.S. takeover . Today 's state property tax system makes large self - supporting cattle ranches uneconomical in most cases . Frequency of use of horses ( edit ) Horses were plentiful and often left , after being broken in , to wander around with a rope around their neck for easy capture . It was not unusual for a rider to use one horse until it was exhausted , before switching its bridle to another horse -- letting the first horse free to wander . Horse ownership for all except a few exceptional animals were almost community property . Horses were so common and of so little use that they were often destroyed to keep them from eating the grass needed by the cattle . California Indians later developed a taste for horse flesh as food and helped keep the number of horses under control . An unusual use for horses was found in shucking wheat or barley . The wheat and its stems were cut from the gain fields by Indians bearing sickles . The grain with its stems still attached was transported to the harvesting area by solid wheeled ox - cart ( about the only wheeled transport in California ) and put into a circular packed earth corral . A herd of horses were then driven into the same corral or `` threshing field '' . By keeping the horses moving around the corral their hoofs would , in time , separate the wheat or barley from the chaff . Later the horses would be allowed to escape and the wheat and chaff were collected and then separated by tossing it into the air on a windy day so as to let the wind carry the chaff away . Presumably the wheat was washed before use to remove some of the dirt . The Indian work force ( edit ) For these very few rancho owners and their families , this was the Californio 's Golden Age , although for all the others much different . Much of the agriculture , vineyards and orchards established by the Missions were allowed to deteriorate as the rapidly declining mission Indian population went from over 80,000 in 1800 to only a few thousand by 1846 . Fewer Indians meant less food was required and the Franciscan Friars and soldiers supporting the missions disappeared after 1834 when the missions were abolished ( secularized ) . After the Friars and soldiers disappeared , many of the Indians deserted the missions and returned to their tribes or found work elsewhere . The new ranchos often gave work to some of the former mission Indians . The `` Savage tribes '' worked for room , board and clothing ( and no pay ) . The former mission Indians performed the majority of the work herding cattle , planting and harvesting the ranchos ' crops . The slowly increasing ranchos and Pueblos at Los Angeles , San Diego , Monterey , Santa Cruz , San Jose and Yerba Buena ( now San Francisco ) mostly only grew enough food to eat and to trade . The exceptions were the cattle and horses growing wild on unfenced range land . Originally owned by the missions they were killed for their hides and tallow . Leather and food ( edit ) Leather , one of the most common materials available , was used for many products , including saddles , chaps , whips , window and door coverings , riatas ( leather braided rope ) , trousers , hats , stools , chairs , bed frames , etc . Leather was even used for leather armor where soldiers ' jackets were made from several layers of hardened leather sewn together . This stiff leather jacket was sufficient to stop most Indian arrows and worked well when fighting the Indians . Beef was a common constituent of most Californio meals and since it could n't be kept long in the days before refrigeration , beef was often slaughtered to get a few steaks or cuts of meat . The property and yards around the ranchos were marked by the large number of dead cow heads , horns or other animal parts . Cow hides were kept later for trading purposes with Yankee or British traders who started showing up once or twice a year after 1825 . Beef , wheat bread products , corn ( maize ) , several types of beans , peas and several types of squash were common meal items with wine and olive oil used when they could be found . The mestizo population probably subsisted mostly on what they were used to : corn or maize , beans , and squash with some beef donated by the rancho owners . What the average Native Americans ate is unknown since they were in transition from a hunter gatherer society to agriculturalists . Formerly , many lived at least part of the year on ground acorns , fish , seeds , wild game , etc . It is known that many of the ranchers complained about Indians stealing their cattle and horses to eat . Trade ( edit ) From about 1769 to 1824 California averaged about 2.5 ships per year with 13 years showing no ships coming to California . These ships brought a few new settlers and supplies for the pueblos and Missions . Under the Spanish colonial government rules , trade was actively discouraged with non-Spanish ships . The few non-Indian people living in California had almost nothing to trade -- the missions and pueblos were subsidized by the Spanish government . The occasional Spanish ships that did show up were usually requested by Californios and had Royal permission to go to California -- bureaucracy in action . Prior to 1824 , when the newly independent Mexico liberalized the trade rules and allowed trade with non-Mexican ships , the occasional trading ship or U.S. whaler that put into a California port to trade , get fresh water , replenish their firewood and obtain fresh meat and vegetables became more common . The average number of ships from 1825 to 1845 jumped to twenty - five ships per year versus the 2.5 ships per year common for the prior fifty years . The rancho society had few resources except large herds of Longhorn cattle which grew well in California . The ranchos produced the largest cowhide ( called California Greenbacks ) and tallow business in North America by killing and skinning their cattle and cutting off the fat . The cowhides were staked out to dry and the tallow was put in large cowhide bags . The rest of the animal was left to rot or feed the California grizzly bears that were common in California . With something to trade , and needing everything from nails , needles and almost anything made of metal to fancy thread and cloth that could be sewn into fancy cloaks or ladies ' dresses , etc. , they started trading with merchant ships from Boston , Massachusetts , Britain and other trading ports in Europe and the East Coast of the United States . The trip from Boston , New York City or Liverpool England averaged over 200 days one way . Trading ships and the occasional whaler put into San Diego , San Juan Capistrano , San Pedro , San Buenaventura ( Ventura ) , Monterey and Yerba Buena ( San Francisco ) after stopping and paying the import tariff of 50 -- 100 % at the entry port of Monterey , California . These tariffs or custom fees paid for the Alta California government . The classic book Two Years Before the Mast ( originally published 1840 ) by Richard Henry Dana , Jr. gives a good first - hand account of a two - year sailing ship sea trading voyage to Alta California which he took in 1834 - 5 . Dana mentions that they also took back a large shipment of California longhorn horns . Horns were used to make a large number of items during this period . ( The eBook of Two Years Before the Mast is available at Gutenberg project and at other sites . ) California was not alone in using the import duty to pay for its government as the U.S. import tariffs at this time were also the way the United States paid for most of its Federal Government . A U.S. average tariff ( also called custom duties and ad valorem taxes ) of about 25 % raised about 89 % of all Federal income in 1850 . History ( edit ) Early colonization ( edit ) In 1769 , Gaspar de Portolà and less than two hundred men , on expedition founded the Presidio of San Diego ( military post ) . On July 16 , Franciscan friars Junípero Serra , Juan Viscaino and Fernando Parron raised and ' blessed a cross ' , establishing the first mission in upper Las Californias , Mission San Diego de Alcalá . Colonists began arriving in 1774 . Monterey , California was established in 1770 by Father Junípero Serra and Gaspar de Portolà ( first governor of Las Californias province ( 1767 -- 1770 ) , explorer and founder of San Diego and Monterey ) . Monterey was settled with two friars and about 40 men and served as the capital of California from 1777 to 1849 . The nearby Carmel Mission , in Carmel , California was moved there after a year in Monterey to keep the mission and its Mission Indians away from the Monterey Presidio soldiers . It was the headquarters of the original Alta California province missions headed by Father - President Junípero Serra from 1770 until his death in 1784 -- he is buried there . Monterey was originally the only port of entry for all taxable goods in California . All ships were supposed to clear through Monterey and pay the roughly 42 % tariff ( customs duties on imported goods before trading anywhere else in Alta California . The oldest governmental building in the state is the Monterey Custom House and California 's Historic Landmark Number One . The Californian , California 's oldest newspaper , was first published in Monterey on August 15 , 1846 , after the city 's occupation by the U.S. Navy 's Pacific Squadron on July 7 , 1846 . Late in 1775 , Colonel Juan Bautista de Anza led an overland expedition over the Gila River trail he had discovered in 1774 to bring colonists from Sonora New Spain ( Mexico ) to California to settle two missions , one presidio , and one pueblo ( town ) . Anza led 240 friars , soldiers and colonists with their families . They started out with 695 horses and mules and 385 Texas Longhorn bulls and cows -- starting the cattle and horse industry in California . About 600 horses and mules and 300 cattle survived the trip . In 1776 about 200 leather - jacketed soldiers , Friars , and colonists with their families moved to what was called Yerba Buena ( now San Francisco ) to start building a mission and a presidio there . The leather jackets the soldiers wore consisted of several layers of hardened leather and were strong enough body armor to usually stop an Indian arrow . In California the cattle and horses had few enemies and plentiful grass in all but drought years and essentially grew and multiplied as feral animals -- doubling roughly every two years . They partially displaced the Tule Elk and pronghorn antelope who had lived there in large herds previously . Anza selected the sites of the Presidio of San Francisco and Mission San Francisco de Asís in what is now San Francisco ; on his way back to Monterey , he sited Mission Santa Clara de Asís and the pueblo San Jose in the Santa Clara Valley but did not initially leave settlers to settle them . Mission San Francisco de Asís ( or Mission Dolores ) , the sixth Spanish mission , was founded on June 29 , 1776 , by Lieutenant José Joaquin Moraga and Father Francisco Palóu ( a companion of Junípero Serra ) . On November 29 , 1777 , El Pueblo de San José de Guadalupe ( The Town of Saint Joseph of Guadalupe now called simply San Jose ) was founded by José Joaquín Moraga on the first pueblo - town not associated with a mission or a military post ( presidio ) in Alta California . The original San Jose settlers were part of the original group of 200 settlers and soldiers that had originally settled in Yerba Buena ( San Francisco ) . Mission Santa Clara , founded in 1777 , was the eighth mission founded and closest mission to San Jose . Mission Santa Clara was 3 miles ( 5 km ) from the original San Jose pueblo site in neighboring Santa Clara . Mission San José was not founded until 1797 , about 20 miles ( 30 km ) north of San Jose in what is now Fremont . The Los Angeles Pobladores ( `` villagers '' ) is the name given to the 44 original Sonorans -- 22 adults and 22 children -- who settled the Pueblo of Los Angeles in 1781 . The pobladores were agricultural families from Sonora , Mexico . They were the last settlers to use the Anza trail as the Quechans ( Yumas ) closed the trail for the next 40 years shortly after they had passed over it . Almost none of the settlers were españoles ( Spanish ) ; the rest had casta ( caste ) designations such as mestizo , indio , and negro . Some classifications were changed in the California Census of 1790 , as often happened in colonial Spanish America . The settlers and escort soldiers who founded the towns of San José de Guadalupe , Yerba Buena ( San Francisco ) , Monterey , San Diego and La Reina de Los Ángeles were primarily mestizo and of mixed Negro and Indian ancestry from the province of Sonora y Sinaloa in Mexico . Recruiters in Mexico of the Fernando Rivera y Moncada expedition and other expeditions later , who were charged with founding an agricultural community in Alta California , had a difficult time persuading people to emigrate to such an isolated outpost with no agriculture , no towns , no stores or developments of almost any kind . The majority of settlers were recruited from the northwestern parts of Mexico . The only tentative link with Mexico was via ship after the Quechans ( Yumas ) closed the Colorado River 's Yuma Crossing in 1781 . For the next 40 years , an average of only 2.5 ships per year visited California with 13 years showing no recorded ships arriving . In Californio society , casta ( caste ) designations carried more weight than they did in older communities of central Mexico . One similar concept was the gente de razón , a term literally meaning `` people of reason '' . It designated peoples who were culturally Hispanic ( that is , they were not living in traditional Indian communities ) and had adopted Christianity . This served to distinguish the Mexican Indio settlers and converted Californian Indios from the barbaro ( barbarian ) Californian Indians , who had not converted or become part of the Hispanic towns . California 's Governor Pío Pico was criticized for his alleged descent from mestizo and mulato ( mulatto ) settlers . The end of Mexican rule ( edit ) In the 1830s the newly formed Mexican government was experiencing difficulties having gone through several revolts , wars , and internal conflicts and a seemingly never ending string of Mexican Presidents . One of the problems in Mexico was the large amount of land controlled by the Catholic Church ( estimated then at about one - third of all settled property ) who were continually granted property by many land owners when they died or controlled property supposedly held in trust for the Indians . This land , as it gradually accumulated , was seldom sold as it cost nothing to keep , but could be rented out to gain additional income for the Catholic Church to pay its priests , Friars , Bishops etc. and other expenses . The Catholic Church was the largest and richest land owner in Mexico and its provinces . In California the situation was even more pronounced as the Franciscan Friars held over 90 % of all settled property supposedly in trust for the Mission Indians . In 1834 secularization laws were enacted that voided the mission control of lands in the northern settlements under Mexican rule . The missions controlled over 90 % of the settled land in California as well as directing thousands of Indians in herding livestock , growing crops and orchards , weaving cloth , etc. for the missions and the presidios and pueblo ( town ) dwellers . The mission lands and herds formerly controlled by the missions were usually distributed to the settlers around each mission . Since most had almost no money the land was distributed or granted free or at very little cost to friends and families ( or those who paid the highest bribes ) of the government officials . The Californio Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo , for example , was reputed to be the richest man in California before the California Gold Rush . Vallejo oversaw the secularization of Mission San Francisco Solano and the distributions of its roughly 1,000,000 acres ( 4,000 km ) . He founded the towns of Sonoma , California and Petaluma , California , owned Mare Island and the future town site of Benicia , California and was granted the 66,622 - acre ( 269.61 km ) Rancho Petaluma , the 84,000 - acre ( 340 km ) Rancho Suscol and other properties by Governor José Figueroa in 1834 and later . Vallejo 's younger brother , Jose Manuel Salvador Vallejo ( 1813 -- 1876 ) , was granted the 22,718 - acre ( 91.94 km ) Rancho Napa and other additional grants known as Salvador 's Ranch . Over the hills of Mariano Vallejo 's princely estate of Petaluma roamed ten thousand cattle , four to six thousand horses , and many thousands of sheep . He occupied a baronial castle on the plaza at Sonoma , where he entertained all who came with most royal hospitality and few travelers of note came to California without visiting him . At Petaluma he had a great ranch house called La Hacienda and on his home farm called Lachryma Montis ( Tear of the Mountain ) , he built , about 1849 , a modern frame house where he spent the later years of his life . Vallejo tried to get the California State Capital moved permanently to Benicia , California on land he sold to the state government in December 1851 . It was named Benicia for the General 's wife , Francisca Benicia Carillo de Vallejo . The General intended that the prospective city be named `` Francisca '' after his wife , but this name was dropped when the former city of `` Yerba Buena '' changed its name to `` San Francisco '' on January 30 , 1847 . Benicia was the third site selected to serve as the California state capital , and its newly constructed city hall was California 's capitol from February 11 , 1853 to February 25 , 1854 . Vallejo gave the 84,000 - acre ( 340 km ) Rancho Suscol to his oldest daughter , Epifania Guadalupe Vallejo , April 3 , 1851 , as a wedding present , when she married U.S. Army General John H. Frisbie . It is unknown what he gave as a wedding present when his two daughters Natalia and Jovita married the brothers Attila Haraszthy and Agoston Haraszthy on the same day -- June 1 , 1863 . In some cases particular mission land and livestock were split into parcels and then distributed by drawing lots . In nearly all cases the Indians got very little of the mission land or livestock . Whether any of the proceeds of these sales made its way back to Mexico City is unknown . These lands had been worked by settlers and the much larger settlements of local Native American Kumeyaay peoples on the missions for in some cases several generations . When the missions were secularized or dismantled and the Indians did not have to live under continued Friar and military control they were left essentially to survive on their own . Many of the Native Americans reverted to their former tribal existence and left the missions while others found they could get room and board and some clothing by working for the large ranches that took over the former mission lands and livestock . Many natives who had learned to ride horses and had a smattering of Spanish were recruited to be become vaqueros ( cowboys or cattle herders ) that worked the cattle and horses on the large ranchos and did other work . Some of these rancho owners and their hired hands would make up the bulk of the few hundred Californios fighting in the brief Mexican -- American War conflicts in California . Some of the Californios and California Indians would fight on the side of the U.S. settlers during the conflict with some even joining the California Battalion . Mexican governors of California ( edit ) The Californios had a succession of Mexican appointed governors who nearly all either died in office or were driven from office . Many of governors appointed by Mexico proved to be mediocre , autocratic and indifferent to Californio concerns or needs and were driven from office . The native Californio governors were usually self - appointed and acted as governor pro tempore till Mexico heard about the previous Governor 's death or ouster and they could appoint a new governor or approve the existing governor -- often a slow process . The Californios had such poor luck with Mexican troops ( often unpaid convicts ) and Mexican appointed governors that many resented Mexican interference in what they considered their internal affairs . List of Governors 1822 -- 1825 : Luis Antonio Argüello ( born in San Francisco , he was the first native -- born Californio to govern Alta California ) 1825 -- 1831 : José María de Echeandía Mexico appointed ; first of two terms 1831 -- 1832 : Manuel Victoria Mexico appointed ; forced from office after one year 1832 : Pío Pico native - born Californio , native of San Diego and favored British acquisition of California , moved capital from Monterey to Los Angeles 1832 -- 1833 : Agustín V. Zamorano a secretary to Manuel Victoria and was governor pro tempore of northern California and José María de Echeandía Echeandía reappointed governor pro tempore but could only gain control of southern California . Both were only temporary appointments 1833 -- 1835 : José Figueroa Mexico appointed ; started secularization of Missions ; died in office 1835 : José Castro Californio ; governor pro tempore 1836 : Nicolás Gutiérrez Mexico appointed ; governor pro tempore 1836 : Mariano Chico Mexican governor expelled from office after three months and exiled to Mexico 1836 : Nicolás Gutiérrez Mexico appointed ; governor pro tempore reassumed office 1836 -- 1837 : Juan Bautista Alvarado Californio ; ousted Gutierrez 1837 -- 1838 : Carlos Antonio Carrillo Californio governor pro tempore 1838 -- 1842 : Juan Bautista Alvarado Californio , reassumed office 1842 -- 1845 : Manuel Micheltorena Mexico appointed governor came in with 300 troops and served from December 30 , 1842 , until his ouster in 1845 when he and his troops ( most unpaid convicts ) were driven back to Mexico . 1845 -- 1846 : Pío Pico Californio , reassumed office 1846 -- 1847 : José María Flores Mexican Army officer , secretary to Micheltorena ; fled California when Mexican American War started 1847 : Andrés Pico Californio , commanded Californio lancers against General Kearny ; provisional governor of rebellion ; signed Treaty of Cahuenga January 12 , 1847 ceasing strife in California . The Mexican -- American War ( edit ) Prior to the Mexican -- American War the Californios forced the Mexican appointed governor , Manuel Micheltorena , to flee back to Mexico with most of his troops . Pío Pico , a Californio , was the governor of California during the conflict . USS Cyane taking San Diego 1846 The Pacific Squadron , the United States Naval force stationed in the Pacific was instrumental in the capture of Alta California in the Mexican -- American War of 1846 -- 1848 after war was declared on April 24 , 1846 . The American navy with its force of 350 -- 400 U.S. Marines and `` bluejacket '' sailors on board several U.S. Naval ships near California were essentially the only significant United States military force on the Pacific Coast in the early months of the Mexican -- American War . The British navy Pacific Station ships in the Pacific had more men and were more heavily armed than the U.S. Navy 's Pacific Squadron , but did not have orders to help or hinder the occupation of California . New orders would have taken almost two years to get back to the British ships . The Marines were stationed aboard each ship to assist in ship - to - ship combat , as snipers in the rigging , and to defend against boarders . They could also be detached for use as armed infantry . In addition , there were some `` bluejacket '' sailors on each ship that could be detached for shore duty as artillery crews and infantry , leaving the ship functional though short handed . The artillery used were often small naval cannon converted to land use . The Pacific Squadron had orders , in the event of war with Mexico , to seize the ports in Mexican California and elsewhere along the Pacific Coast . The only other United States military force in California at the time was a small exploratory expedition led by Lieutenant Colonel John C. Frémont , made up of 30 topographical , surveying , etc. army troops and about 25 men hired as guides and hunters . The Frémont expedition had been dispatched to California , in 1845 , from the United States Army Corps of Topographical Engineers . The California state flag flying at San Francisco City Hall Rumors that the Californio government in California was planning to arrest and deport many of the new residents as they had in 1844 led to a degree of uncertainty . On June 14 , 1846 , thirty - three settlers in Sonoma Valley took preemptive action and captured the small Californio garrison of Sonoma , California without firing a shot and raised a homemade flag with a bear and star ( the `` Bear Flag '' ) to symbolize their taking control . The words `` California Republic '' appeared on the flag but were never officially adopted by the insurgents . The present Flag of California is based on the original `` Bear Flag '' . Their capture of the small garrison in Sonoma was later called the `` Bear Flag Revolt '' . The Republic 's only commander - in - chief was William B. Ide , whose command lasted twenty - five days . On June 23 , 1846 , Frémont arrived from the future state of Oregon 's border with about 30 soldiers and 30 scouts and hunters and took command of the `` Republic '' in the name of the United States . Frémont began to recruit a militia from among the new settlers living around Sutters Fort to join with his forces . Many of these settlers had just arrived over the California Trail and many more would continue to arrive after July 1846 when they got to California . The Donner Party were the last travelers on the trail in late 1846 when they were caught by early snow while they were trying to get across the Sierras . Under orders from John D. Sloat , Commodore of the Pacific Squadron , the U.S. Marines and some of the bluejacket sailors from the U.S. Navy sailing ships USS Savannah with the Cyane and Levant captured the Alta California capital city of Monterey , California on July 7 , 1846 . The only shots fired were salutes by the U.S. Navy ships in the harbor to the U.S. flag now flying over Monterey . Two days later on July 9 , USS Portsmouth , under Captain John S. Montgomery , landed 70 Marines and bluejacket sailors at Clark 's Point in San Francisco Bay and captured Yerba Buena ( now named San Francisco ) without firing a shot . On July 11 the British Royal Navy sloop HMS Juno entered San Francisco Bay , causing Montgomery to man his defenses . The large British ship , 2,600 tons with a crew of 600 , man - of - war HMS Collingwood , flagship under Sir George S. Seymour , also arrived at about this time outside Monterey Harbor . Both British ships observed , but did not enter the conflict . Shortly after July 9 , when it became clear the US Navy was taking action , the short - lived Bear Flag Republic was converted into a United States military occupation and the Bear Flag was replaced by the U.S. flag . Commodore Robert F. Stockton took over as the senior U.S. military commander in California in late July 1846 and asked Frémont 's force of California militia and his 60 men to form the California Battalion with U.S. Army pay and ranks with Fremont in command . The California `` Republic '' disbanded and William Ide enlisted in the California Battalion , when it was established in late July 1846 , as a private . The first job given to the California Battalion and was to assist in the capture of San Diego and Pueblo de Los Angeles . On July 26 , 1846 , Lt. Col. J.C. Frémont 's California Battalion of about 160 boarded the sloop USS Cyane , under the command of Captain Samuel Francis Du Pont , and sailed for San Diego . They landed July 29 , 1846 , and a detachment of Marines and blue - jackets , followed shortly by Frémont 's California Battalion from Cyane , landed and took possession of the town without firing a shot . Leaving about 40 men to garrison San Diego , Fremont continued on to Los Angeles where on August 13 , with the Navy band playing and colors flying , the combined forces of Stockton and Frémont entered Pueblo de Los Angeles , without a man killed nor shot fired . U.S. Marine Lieutenant Archibald Gillespie , Frémont 's second in command , was appointed military commander of Los Angeles with an inadequate force from 30 to 50 California Battalion troops stationed there to keep the peace . In Pueblo de Los Angeles , the largest city in California with about 3,000 residents , things might have remained peaceful , except that Major Gillespie placed the town under martial law , greatly angering some of the Californios . On September 23 , 1846 , about 200 Californios under Californio Gen. José María Flores staged a revolt , the Siege of Los Angeles , and exchanged shots with the Americans in their quarters at the Government House . Gillespie and his men withdrew from their headquarters in town to Fort Hill which , unfortunately , had no water . Gillespie was caught in a trap , badly outnumbered by the besiegers . John Brown , an American , called by the Californios Juan Flaco , meaning `` Lean John '' , succeeded in breaking through the Californio lines and riding by horseback to San Francisco Bay ( a distance of almost 400 miles ( 640 km ) ) in an amazing 52 hours where he delivered to Stockton a dispatch from Gillespie notifying him of the situation . Gillespie , on September 30 , finally accepted the Californio terms and departed for San Pedro with his forces , weapons , flags and two cannon ( the others were spiked and left behind ) . Gillespie 's men were accompanied by the exchanged American prisoners and several non-Californio residents . It would take about four months of intermittent sparing before Gillespie could again raise the same American flag originally flown over Los Angeles . Los Angeles was retaken without a fight on January 10 , 1847 . Following their defeat at the Battle of La Mesa , the Californio government signed the Treaty of Cahuenga , which ended the war in California on January 13 , 1847 . The main Californio military force , known as the Californio lancers , was disbanded . On January 16 , 1847 , Commodore Stockton appointed Frémont military governor of U.S. territorial California . Some Californios fought on both sides of the conflict ( U.S. and Mexico ) . The battlefield memorials attest to the heroic fight and loss on both sides . Californio battles ( edit ) Most towns in California surrendered without a shot being fired on either side . What little fighting that did occur usually involved small groups of disaffected Californios and small groups of soldiers , marines or militia . 1846 Battle of Dominguez Rancho , October 9 , 1846 . José Antonio Carrillo , near Los Angeles , leads Californio forces against 350 marines and sailors who retreated . Battle of San Pascual , a rousing Californio victory led by Don Andrés Pico against a superior force led by Gen. Stephen W. Kearny . Kearny had underestimated Californio anger toward John C. Fremont , and his troops were tired after crossing the desert from New Mexico . Battle of San Pasqual , 6 December 1846 . US Cavalry General Stephen Kearny 's dragoons , after a grueling journey across New Mexico and the Mojave Desert , cross into California with about 100 men and are joined by Kit Carson 's 20 scouts and about 40 men under Gillespie north of San Diego . In a poorly thought out and uncoordinated attack with wet powder and worn out mules Kearny loses about 19 of his men in a fight with about 150 Californio lancers led by Andrés Pico -- brother of Pio Pico . Californio casualties are unknown . By the time reinforcements came from U.S. forces in San Diego , the Californio forces were already gone . Temecula Massacre , December 1846 . Californios and Cahuilla Indians combine to wipe out a party of Pauma Band Luiseño Indians responsible for a massacre of eleven Californios , near Temecula . 1847 January 5 , 1847 . Frémont near the San Buenaventura Mission , with about 400 men and six field pieces , disperses a force of 60 -- 70 Californio Lancers . Battle of Rio San Gabriel , January 8 , 1847 . Stephen Kearny and Stockton 's combined force of about 600 men ( about a battalion equivalent ) defeat the roughly 160 - man Californio Lancer force near Los Angeles . Casualties are about one man on each side . Battle of La Mesa , January 9 , 1847 . Kearny and Robert F. Stockton 's combined US forces defeat the Californios in the final battle in California , at present day Montebello , east of Los Angeles . Casualties are about one man on each side . In late December , 1846 , while Fremont was in Santa Barbara , Bernarda Ruíz de Rodriguez , a wealthy educated woman of influence and town matriarch , asked to speak with him . She advised him that a generous peace would be to his political advantage . Fremont later wrote of this 2 - hour meeting , `` I found that her object was to use her influence to put an end to the war , and to do so upon such just and friendly terms of compromise as would make the peace acceptable and enduring '' . The next day , Bernarda accompanied Fremont south . On January 11 , 1847 , General Jose Maria Flores turned over his command to Andrés Pico and fled . On January 12 , Bernarda went alone to Pico 's camp and told him of the peace agreement she and Fremont had forged . Fremont and two of Pico 's officers agreed to the terms for a surrender , and Jose Antonio Carrillo penned Articles of Capitulation in both English and Spanish . The first seven articles were nearly the verbatim suggestions of Bernarda . On January 13 , at a deserted rancho at the north end of Cahuenga Pass ( modern - day North Hollywood ) , John Fremont , Andres Pico and six others signed the Articles of Capitulation , which became known as the Treaty of Cahuenga . Fighting ceased , thus ending the war in California . Californios after U.S. annexation ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 1848 , Congress set up a Board of Land Commissioners to determine the validity of Mexican land grants in California . California Senator William M. Gwin presented a bill that , when approved by the Senate and the House , became the Act of March 3 , 1851 . It stated that unless grantees presented evidence supporting their title within two years , the property would automatically pass back into the public domain . Rancho owners cited the articles VIII and X of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , wherein it guaranteed full protection of all property rights for Mexican citizens -- with an unspecified time limit . Many ranch owners with their thousands of acres and large herds of cattle , sheep and horses went on to live prosperous lives under U.S. rule . Former commander of the California Lancers Andrés Pico became a U.S. citizen after his return to California and acquired the Rancho Ex-Mission San Fernando ranch which makes up large part of what is present day Los Angeles . He went on to become a California State Assemblyman and later a California State Senator . His brother former governor of Alta California ( under Mexican rule ) Pío Pico also became a U.S. citizen and a prominent ranch owner / businessman in California after the war . Many others were not so fortunate as droughts decimated their herds in the early 1860s and they could not pay back the high cost mortgages ( poorly understood by the mostly illiterate ranchers ) they had taken out to improve their lifestyle and subsequently lost much or all of their property when they could not be repaid . Californios did not disappear . Some people in the area still have strong identities as Californios . Thousands of people who are descended from the Californios have well - documented genealogies of their families . The history of Californios has fueled the politically volatile issues of the mid-twentieth century , such as La Raza and other organized Chicano activists , who depict Mexicans or Hispanics as the state 's original people . They discount the claims to this status by the approximate 50,000 to 80,000 indigenous peoples , such as Coast Miwok , Ohlone , Wintun , Yokuts and other Native American ancestors . Many of these tribes ' ancestors inhabited the California region for thousands of years before European contact . Other Mexican activists claim there was an integrated society of Mexicans , Indians , Mestizos and American immigrants , which had evolved over 77 years beginning with the founding of Misión San Diego in the Alta California territory in 1769 . The developing agricultural economy of California allowed many Californios to continue living in pueblos alongside Native peoples and Mexicanos well into the 20th century . These settlements grew into modern California cities , including Santa Ana , San Diego , San Fernando , San Jose , Monterey , Los Alamitos , San Juan Capistrano , San Bernardino , Santa Barbara , Arvin , Mariposa , Hemet and Indio . From the 1850s until the 1960s , the Hispanics ( of Spanish , Mexican and regional Native American origins ) lived in relative autonomy . They practiced a degree of social racial segregation by custom , while maintaining Spanish - language newspapers , entertainment , schools , bars , and clubs . Cultural practices were often tied to local churches and mutual aid societies . At some point in the early 20th century , the official recordkeepers ( census takers , city records , etc . ) began grouping together all Californios , Mexicanos , and Native ( Indio ) peoples with Spanish surnames under the terms `` Spanish '' , `` Mexican '' , and sometimes , `` colored '' ; some Californios even intermarried with Mexican Americans ( those whose ancestors were refugees escaping the Mexican Revolution in 1910 ) . Alexander V. King has estimated that there were between 300,000 and 500,000 descendants of Californios in 2004 . Californios in the California Gold Rush ( edit ) In 1848 , gold is discovered at Sutter 's Mill , near Coloma , California . This discovery was made only nine days before the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed , which turned over California to the United States as a result of the Mexican -- American War . A group of Californio prospectors led by Antonio F. Coronel set out from Los Angeles to prospect for gold in Campo Seco . After a change of plans , the group spent a few months in campo de Estanilo mining alongside mostly Californios . After this , they left to head north into Sonoma , where one of the group members is ambushed and violently attacked , left for dead with only Colonel to tend to him . This ambush and lack of response by any authorities or other White Americans shows how Californios were tragically the victims of Euro - American vigilante violence and often forced to leave their native land . Large influx of foreigners diluting Californio population ( edit ) From the end of 1849 to the end of 1852 , the population in California increased from 107,000 to 264,000 due to the California Gold Rush . In early 1849 , approximately 6,000 Mexicans , many of whom were Californios who remained after the United States had annexed the territory , were prospecting for gold in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada . Although the territory they were in had up until recently been Mexican land , Californios and other Mexicans very quickly became the minorities and were seen as the foreigners . Once the Gold Rush had truly started in 1849 , the campsites were segregated by nationality , further establishing the fact that `` Americans '' had taken the title as the majority ethnicity in Northern California . Because the Californio `` foreigners '' so quickly became a minority , their claims to land protected under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo when miners overran their land and squatted . Any protests by Californios were quickly put down by hastily formed Euro - American militias , so any legal protection provided by the new California legislature was ineffective when the threat of violence and lynchings loomed . Even if Californios were able to win their land back in court , often lawyer 's fees cost large sums of land that left them with a fraction of their former wealth . Working conditions ( edit ) Many Latino miners were experienced due to learning a `` dry - digging '' technique in the Mexican mining state of Sonora . Their early success due praise and respect from Euro - American miners , they eventually became jealous and used threats and violence to force Mexican workers out of their plots and into less lucrative ones . In addition to these informal forms of discrimination , Anglo miners also worked to establish Jim Crow - like laws to prevent Latinos from mining altogether . In 1851 , mob violence as well as the Foreign Miners ' Tax discussed below forced between five thousand and fifteen thousand foreigners out of work in just a few months . According to Antonio F. Coronel 's accounts , there was systematic race - influenced violence conducted by Americans to force out Californios and other Latinos . One account tells of a Frenchman and `` un español '' being lynched for supposed theft in 1848 . Despite offers by Californios to replace the reported amount of gold stolen , they were still hanged . In addition , later in the Gold Rush , Coronel and his group found a rich vein of gold on the American River . When Euro - Americans caught wind of this , the invaded the claim armed and insisted it was their plot , forcing out Colonel and ending his mining career . Accounts like these show the harsh and violent living and working conditions that Californios were faced with during the Gold Rush . Discriminatory and racist treatment and laws as well as being so vastly outnumbered forced them out of their native lands despite assurances by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo that they could remain . Foreign miners ' tax ( edit ) In response to the Mexican resistance to the American population , white miners called for something to be done about the `` Sonoran '' miner `` problem '' . In response , in 1850 , the Californian government introduced a tax on foreign miners who were working plots , called the Foreign Miners ' Tax Law . The claimed purpose of the tax was to fund the government 's efforts to protect the foreign workers . There are conflicting reports on the amount of the tax ranging from $20 to $30 per month . This extremely high tax forced all but the most successful Latinos to stop mining as they were unable to obtain enough gold to make mining profitable . This left only the most successful of the Mexican prospectors , who ironically were the ones who drew the most ire from the Euro - American miners initially . By 1851 , when the tax law was repealed , approximately two - thirds of the Latinos and Californios that had been living and working in mining areas had been driven out by the tax . After repealing the $20 or $30 per month tax , the California legislature instituted a much more reasonable $3 per month tax in 1852 . However , at this point , many of the Californios had already been driven out of their homes and mining plots , making it somewhat of a moot point . These taxes were for the most part only enforced against Latinos , including Californios , and the Chinese , but not any other foreign , but white Europeans , showing systematic racism on the part of the newly formed California Legislature . Notable people ( edit ) Lists of Americans By U.S. state By ethnicity or nationality Afghan African American African - American Jews Albanian Amish Angolan Antiguan and Barbudan Arab Argentine Armenian Asian Australian Austrian Azerbaijani Bahamian Baloch Bangladeshi Barbadian Belarusian Belgian Belizean Beninese Bermudian Bolivian Bosnian Brazilian Bulgarian Burmese Cajun Cambodian Cameroonian Canadian Chilean Chinese Fuzhounese Hakka Hong Kong Hokkien / Hoklo / Minnan Tibetan Colombian Coptic Cossack Costa Rican Croatian Cuban Cypriot Czech Danish Dominican Americans ( Dominica ) Dominican Americans ( Dominican Republic ) Dutch Ecuadorian Egyptian Emirati English Estonian Ethiopian Fijian Filipino Finnish French Gambian Georgian German Ghanaian Greek Guatemalan Guinean Guyanese Haitian Hispanic and Latino Hmong Honduran Hungarian Icelandic Indian Indo - Caribbean Indonesian Iranian Iraqi Irish Israeli Italian Ivorian Jamaican Japanese Jews Kazakh Kenyan Korean Kuwaiti Laotian Latvian Lebanese Liberian Lithuanian Louisiana Creole Luxembourg Macedonian Malawian Malian Māori Mexican Monegasque Montenegrin Moroccan Native American Native Hawaiian Nepalese New Zealand Nicaraguan Nigerian Norwegian Pakistani Palauan Palestinian Panamanian Paraguayan Peruvian Polish Portuguese Puerto Ricans Stateside Romani Romanian Russian Rusyn Salvadoran Scotch - Irish Scottish Senegalese Serbian Sicilian Singaporean Slovak Slovene Somali South African Spanish Hispanos Sri Lankan Sudanese Surinamese Swedish Swiss Syrian Taiwanese Tajikistani Tanzanian Thai Tongan Trinidadian and Tobagonian Turkish Ugandan Ukrainian Uruguayan Uzbek Venezuelan Vietnamese Welsh Rosario E. Aguilar José Antonio Aguirre ( early Californian ) Pedro de Alberni Juan Bautista Alvarado , governor José María Alviso , grantee of Rancho Milpitas , Alcalde of San José Concepción Argüello Santiago Arguello Santiago E. Arguello Avila family of California Arcadia Bandini , businesswoman and co-founder of Santa Monica , California Juan Bandini Berreyesa family , various early settlers holding land grants ( between them , José de los Reyes Berreyesa ) Diego de Borica Dionisio Botiller José Raimundo Carrillo José Antonio Carrillo José Castro , general of the Mexican army in Alta California Víctor Castro Eulogio F. de Celis Joseph Chiles Antonio F. Coronel Ygnacio Coronel Leonardo Cota Pancho Daniel , bandit leader of `` las Manillas '' Manuel Dominguez Narciso Durán José María de Echeandía José Antonio Estudillo José Joaquín Estudillo José María Estudillo José Figueroa José María Flores Juan Flores , bandit , member of `` las Manillas '' Myrtle Gonzalez , silent - era movie actress , descendant of Californios José de la Guerra y Noriega Antonio Maria de la Guerra Francisco Guerrero ( politician ) Nicolás Gutiérrez Francisco de Haro William Edward Petty Hartnell , also known as Don Guillermo Arnel José Joaquin Jimeno Fermín Lasuén Robert Livermore , namesake of Livermore , California José del Carmen Lugo Eulalia Perez de Guillén Mariné Juan María Marrón Juan Prado Mesa Manuel Micheltorena Juana Briones de Miranda Esteban Munras -- ( 1798 -- 1850 ) was a 19th - century Spanish artist , probably best known for the vibrantly - colored frescoes that adorn the chapel interior at Mission San Miguel Arcángel in California . Joaquin Murrieta Manuel Nieto Romualdo Pacheco , 12th Governor of California Luís María Peralta , Peralta Adobe in San Jose , recipient of the Rancho San Antonio ( Peralta ) land grant in the San Francisco East Bay Ignacio Peralta Andrés Pico José Maria Pico Pío Pico , the last Mexican governor of Alta California , namesake of Pico Rivera , California Salomon Pico , ranchero , soldier , bandit leader during the early years of the California Gold Rush . Luis Manuel Quintero Manuel Requena Juan Francisco Reyes ( soldier ) Louis Robidoux , namesake of Mount Rubidoux , held Rancho Jurupa and Rancho San Jacinto y San Gorgonio José Antonio Roméu José González Rubio -- ( 1804 -- 1875 ) Roman Catholic friar prominent in the early history of California . Francisco María Ruiz José de la Cruz Sánchez -- ( 1799 -- 1878 ) was the eleventh Alcalde of San Francisco in 1845 . Francisco Sanchez ( politician ) Tomas Avila Sanchez Vicente de Santa Maria Vicente Francisco de Sarría José Francisco de Paula Señan Francisco Xavier Sepulveda Juan Jose Sepulveda Francisco Sepulveda Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo , the namesake of Vallejo , California Tiburcio Vasquez , bandit Jose Maria Verdugo , recipient of Rancho San Rafael land grant Manuel Victoria Bernardo Yorba , major land grant recipient , namesake of Yorba Linda , California Jose Antonio Yorba , major land grant recipient Other notable people in Alta California ( edit ) José Romo de Vivar ( settler in Arizona ) José Joaquín Moraga ( born in Arizona ) José Francisco Ortega ( founder of large Californio family ) José de Urrea ( born in Arizona ) Californios in literature ( edit ) Richard Henry Dana , Jr. , recounted aspects of Californio culture which he saw during his 1834 visit as a sailor in Two Years Before the Mast . Joseph Chapman , a land realtor noted as the first Yankee to reside in the old Pueblo de Los Angeles in 1831 , described Southern California as a paradise yet to be developed . He mentions a civilization of Spanish - speaking colonists , `` Californios '' , who thrived in the pueblos , the missions , and ranchos . Maria Amparo Ruiz de Burton , The Squatter and the Don , a novel set in 1880s California , depicts a very wealthy Californio family 's legal struggles with immigrant squatters on their land . The novel was based on the legal struggles of General Mariano G. Vallejo , a friend of the author . The novel depicts the legal process by which Californios were often `` relieved '' of their land . This process was long ( most Californios spent up to 15 years defending their grants before the courts ) , and the legal fees were enough to make many Californios landless . Californios resented having to pay land taxes to United States officials , because the principle of paying taxes for land ownership did not exist in Mexican law . In some cases Californios had little available capital , because their economy had operated on a barter system ; they often lost land because of the inability to pay the taxes . They could not compete economically with the European and Anglo - American immigrants who arrived in the region with large amounts of cash . A portrayal of Californio culture is depicted in the novel Ramona ( 1884 ) , written by Helen Hunt Jackson . The fictional character of Zorro has become the most identifiable Californio due to short stories , motion pictures and the 1950s television series . The historical facts of the era are sometimes lost in the story - telling . See also ( edit ) Culture , race and ethnicity ( edit ) Hispanic Neomexicano Spanish American Tejano History and government ( edit ) History of California History of California before 1900 Provincias Inte rnas California Republic Conquest of California References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : King , Alexander V. ( January 2004 ) . `` Californio Families , A Brief Overview '' . San Francisco Genealogy . Society of Hispanic Historical & Ancestral Research . ^ Jump up to : Harrow , Neal ; California Conquered : The Annexation of a Mexican Province , 1846 -- 1850 ; pp. 14 -- 30 ; University of California Press ; 1989 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 06605 - 2 Jump up ^ Hutchinson , C.A. ( 1969 ) . Frontier settlement in Mexican California : The Híjar - Padrés colony and its origins , 1769 - 1835 . New Haven : Yale University Press . Jump up ^ Howard Lamar , editor . The Reader 's Encyclopedia of the American West , ( 1977 ) . Harper & Row , New York , pp. 149 , 154 . ^ Jump up to : Werner , Michael S. , Editor ; Concise Encyclopedia of Mexico ; Women 's Status and Occupation `` . pp. 886 -- 898 ; Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers ; ISBN 1 - 57958 - 337 - 7 Jump up ^ Howard Lamar , editor . The Reader 's Encyclopedia of the American West , ( 1977 ) . Harper & Row , New York , p. 677 . ^ Jump up to : Howard Lamar , editor . The Reader 's Encyclopedia of the American West , ( 1977 ) . Harper & Row , New York , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Hurtado , Albert L. ( 2016 ) . `` Introduction : The Intimate Challenges of a Multicultural Frontier '' . Intimate Frontiers : Sex , Gender , and Culture in Old California . New Mexico : University of New Mexico Press . ISBN 0 - 8263 - 5646 - X . Jump up ^ Mason , The Census of 1790 ; Gostin , Southern California Vital Records ; Haas , Conquests and Historical Identities in California ; and Pitt , Decline of the Californios California Spanish Genealogy -- California Census 1790 . Jump up ^ Langum , David J. `` Californio Women and the Image of Virtue '' . Southern California Quarterly 59.3 ( 1977 ) : 245 -- 250 . ^ Jump up to : Sánchez , Rosaura ( 1995 ) . Telling Identities : The Californio testimonios . University of Minnesota Press . pp. 210 -- 220 . ISBN 0 - 8166 - 2559 - X . ^ Jump up to : Hoffman , Lola B. ; California Beginnings ; California State Department of Education ; 1848 ; p. 151 Jump up ^ Walton Bean , California : An Interpretive History , Second Ed. , McGraw - Hill Book Company , New York , p. 152 . Jump up ^ Howard Lamar , editor . The Reader 's Encyclopedia of the American West , ( 1977 ) . Harper & Row , New York , p. 633 . Jump up ^ Walton Bean , California : An Interpretive History , Second Ed. , McGraw - Hill Book Company , New York , p. 159 . Jump up ^ `` History of Transport and Travel '' . History World . Retrieved July 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Lola B. ; California Beginnings ; California State Department of Education ; 1948 ; p. 195 Jump up ^ Eric Foner. `` 13 : Fruits of Manifest Destiny '' . Give Me Liberty ! An American History . ( registration required ) ^ Jump up to : `` Seventy - five Years in San Francisco : Appendix N. Record of Ships Arriving at California Ports from 1774 to 1847 '' . San Francisco History . Retrieved April 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Howard Lamar , editor . The Reader 's Encyclopedia of the American West , ( 1977 ) . Harper & Row , New York , p. 149 . Jump up ^ `` Two Years Before the Mast by Richard Henry Dana '' . Retrieved May 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Federal Income 1850 Federal State Local Government Revenue in United States 2011 -- Charts Tables Accessed April 2 , 2011 Jump up ^ Leffingwell , Randy ( 2005 ) , California Missions and Presidios : The History & Beauty of the Spanish Missions . Voyageur Press , Inc. , Stillwater , Minnesota . ISBN 0 - 89658 - 492 - 5 , p. 17 Jump up ^ California State Parks : Custom House Jump up ^ Library of Congress . About This Newspaper : The Californian . Retrieved on July 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Census of 1790 , California '' , California Spanish Genealogy . Retrieved on 2008 - 08 - 04 . Compiled from William Marvin Mason , The Census of 1790 : A Demographic History of California , Menlo Park : Ballena Press , 1998 , pp. 75 -- 105 . Information in parentheses ( ) is from church records . Jump up ^ Rios - Bustamante , Antonio . Mexican Los Ángeles , 43 . Jump up ^ secularization laws accessed July 7 , 2011 Jump up ^ Hoover , Mildred B. ; Hero Rensch ; Ethel Rensch ; William N. Abeloe ( 1966 ) . Historic Spots in California . Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 4482 - 9 . Jump up ^ Sonoma Valley Historical Society ( 1996 ) . The men of the California Bear Flag Revolt and their heritage . Arthur H. Clark Pub. Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87062 - 261 - 8 . Jump up ^ William B. Ide Adobe State Historic Park , California State Parks . Jump up ^ Marley , David ; Wars of the Americas : a chronology of armed conflict in the New World , 1492 to present ( 1998 ) ; p. 504 Jump up ^ `` Juan Flaco - California 's Paul Revere '' . The Long Riders Guild Academic Foundation . Retrieved March 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Mark J. Denger . `` The Mexican War and California : Los Angeles in the War with Mexico '' . California Center for Military History . Retrieved March 15 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Marley , David ; Wars of the Americas : a chronology of armed conflict in the New World , 1492 to present ; p. 510 Jump up ^ Hudson , Tom ( 1981 ) . `` Ch. 4 : Massacre in Nigger Canyon '' . A Thousand Years in Temecula Valley . Temecula , CA : Old Town Temecula Museum . ISBN 978 - 0931700064 . LCCN 81053017 . OCLC 8262626 . LCC F868. R6 H83 1981 . Jump up ^ `` Campo de Cahuenga , the Birthplace of California '' . Retrieved August 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` L.A. Then and Now : Woman Helped Bring a Peaceful End to Mexican - American War '' . Los Angeles Times . May 5 , 2002 . Jump up ^ Walker , Dale L. ( 1999 ) . Bear Flag Rising : The Conquest of California , 1846 . New York : Macmillan . p. 246 . ISBN 0312866852 . Jump up ^ Walker p. 246 Jump up ^ Meares , Hadley ( July 11 , 2014 ) . `` In a State of Peace and Tranquility : Campo de Cahuenga and the Birth of American California '' . KCET . Retrieved August 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Robinson , p. 100 Jump up ^ House Executive Document 46 , pp. 1116 -- 1117 Jump up ^ Article VIII , Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , Center For Land Grant Studies . Jump up ^ Article X , Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , Center For Land Grant Studies . ^ Jump up to : Sánchez , Rosaura ( 1995 ) . Telling Identities : The Californio testimonios . University of Minnesota Press . pp. 286 -- 290 . ISBN 0 - 8166 - 2559 - X . Jump up ^ Umbeck , John ( 1981 ) . A Theory of Property Rights with Application to the California Gold Rush . The Iowa State University Press . pp. 208 -- 209 . Jump up ^ `` American Experience The Gold Rush People & Events PBS '' . www.pbs.org . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Calisphere - California Cultures - 1848 - 1865 : Gold Rush , Statehood , and the Western Movement '' . www.calisphere.universityofcalifornia.edu . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Adrianna Thomas , Raymond Arthur Smith , 2009 , Latino and Asian Americans in the California Gold Rush , Columbia University Academic Commons , http://hdl.handle.net/10022/AC:P:8417 . Jump up ^ Mora , Anthony . `` Introduction to Latino Studies '' . Tisch Hall , Ann Arbor. 9 - 28 - 2015 . Lecture . Jump up ^ Ruiz de Burton , Maria Amparo ; Rosaura Sánchez and Beatrice Pita ( 1992 ) . The Squatter and the Don ( 2nd ed . ) . Houston : Arte Publico Press Jump up ^ Pitt , Decline of the Californios , pp. 83 -- 102 Bibliography ( edit ) Beebe , Rose Marie and Robert M. Senkewicz ( 2001 ) . Lands of Promise and Despair : Chronicles of Early California , 1535 -- 1846 . Berkeley : Heyday Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 890771 - 48 - 5 . Beebe , Rose Marie and Robert M. Senkewicz ( 2006 ) . Testimonios : Early California through the Eyes of Women , 1815 -- 1848 . Berkeley : Heyday Books , The Bancroft Library and the University of California . Bouvier , Virginia Marie ( 2001 ) . Women and the Conquest of California , 1542 -- 1840 : Codes of Silence . Tucson : University of Arizona Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8165 - 2446 - 4 Casas , María Raquél ( 2007 ) . Married to a Daughter of the Land : Spanish - Mexican Women and Interethnic Marriage in California , 1820 -- 1880 . Reno : University of Nevada Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87417 - 697 - 1 Chávez - García , Miroslava ( 2004 ) . Negotiating Conquest : Gender and Power in California , 1770s to 1880s . Tucson : University of Arizona Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8165 - 2378 - 8 Gostin , Ted ( 2001 ) . Southern California Vital Records , Volume 1 : Los Angeles County 1850 -- 1859 . Los Angeles : Generations Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9707988 - 0 - 0 Haas , Lisbeth ( 1995 ) . Conquests and Historical Identities in California , 1769 -- 1936 , Berkeley : University of California . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 08380 - 6 Heidenreich , Linda ( 2007 ) . `` This Land was Mexican Once '' : Histories of Resistance from Northern California . University of Texas Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 71634 - 6 Hugues , Charles ( 1975 ) . `` The decline of the Californios : The Case of San Diego , 1846 - 1856 '' , The Journal of San Diego History , Summer 1975 , Volume 21 , Number 3 Hurtado , Albert L. ( 1999 ) . Intimate Frontiers : Sex , Gender , and Culture in Old California . Albuquerque : University of New Mexico Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8263 - 1954 - 8 Mason , William Marvin ( 1998 ) . The Census of 1790 : A Demographic History of California , Menlo Park , California : Ballena Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 295 - 98083 - 6 Osio , Antonio Maria ; Rose Marie Beebe and Robert M. Senkewicz ( 1996 ) The History of Alta California : A Memoir of Mexican California . Madison : University of Wisconsin Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 14974 - 1 PBS ( 2006 ) . The Gold Rush . PBS . Pitt , Leonard and Ramón A. Guttiérrez ( 1998 ) . Decline of the Californios : A Social History of the Spanish - Speaking Californians , 1846 -- 1890 ( New edition ) , Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 21958 - 8 Ruiz de Burton , María Amparo ; Rosaura Sánchez and Beatrice Pita ( 2001 ) . Conflicts of Interest : The Letters of María Amparo Ruiz de Burton . Houston : Atre Publico Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55885 - 328 - 7 Sánchez , Rosaura ( 1995 ) . Telling Identities : The Californio Testimonios . Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8166 - 2559 - 8 The editors of Time - Life Books ( 1976 ) . The Spanish West . New York : Time - Life Books . Thomas , Adrianna ( 2009 ) . Latino and Asian Americans in the California Gold Rush . Columbia University Academic Commons . Umbeck , John ( 1977 ) . The California Gold Rush : A Study of Emerging Property Rights . Academic Press , Inc . External links ( edit ) Archival Collections ( edit ) Guide to the Amador , Yorba , López , and Cota families correspondence . Special Collections and Archives , The UC Irvine Libraries , Irvine , California . Guide to the Orange County Californio Families Portrait Photograph Album . Special Collections and Archives , The UC Irvine Libraries , Irvine , California . Other ( edit ) Californios , a People and a Culture , a personal website Pitti , José ; Antonia Castaneda and Carlos Cortes ( 1988 ) . `` A History of Mexican Americans in California '' , in Five Views : An Ethnic Historic Site Survey for California . California Department of Parks and Recreation , Office of Historic Preservation . A Continent Divided : The U.S. - Mexico War , Center for Greater Southwestern Studies , University of Texas at Arlington Hispanic and Latino American groups in the United States Caribbean Cuban Dominican Puerto Rican Nuyorican North American Hispano Californio Nuevomexicano Tejano Creoles of Louisiana Isleño Mexican Chicano Indigenous Mexican Punjabi Central American Costa Rican Guatemalan Honduran Nicaraguan Panamanian Salvadoran South American Argentine Bolivian Brazilian Chilean Colombian Ecuadorian Paraguayan Peruvian Uruguayan Venezuelan European Spanish Asturian Basque Catalan Canarian Galician Jews Racial groups All groups Amerindian Asian Punjabi Black White Multiracial Quadroon Castizo `` Cholo '' Mestizo Mulatto Pardo Zambo Languages Chicano English New York Latino English New Mexican Spanish Spanglish Spanish Portuguese Ethnic and religious groups Christians Garifuna Jews Muslims Related ethnic groups Belizean Filipino Guyanese Haitian Portuguese Surinamese Spanish Americans by location Region of settlement Colonial - era Spanish settlers in the US California Louisiana ( Isleño ) New Mexico Texas Hawaii Puerto Rico Region of origin Asturias Basque Country Canary Island Catalonia Galicia Demographics of the United States Demographic history By economic and social Affluence Educational attainment Emigration Home - ownership Household income Immigration Income inequality Language LGBT Middle classes Personal income Poverty Social class Unemployment by state Wealth By religion Buddhists Christians Catholics Coptics Protestants Hindus Jains Jews Muslims Ahmadiyyas Neopagans Non-religious Rastafaris Scientologists Sikhs By continent and ethnicity Africa African diaspora in the Americas Afro - Caribbean / West Indian Americans Bahamian Americans Belizean Americans Guyanese Americans Haitian Americans Jamaican Americans Trinidadian and Tobagonian Americans Black Hispanic and Latino Americans African immigrants to the United States Central Africans in the United States Horn Africans in the United States North Africans in the United States Southeast Africans in the United States Southern Africans in the United States West Africans in the United States Asia Asian Hispanic and Latino Americans East Asia Chinese Americans Hong Kong Americans Tibetan Americans Japanese Americans Korean Americans Mongolian Americans Taiwanese Americans South Asia Bangladeshi Americans Bhutanese Americans Indian Americans Nepalese Americans Pakistani Americans Romani Americans Sri Lankan Americans Southeast Asia Burmese Americans Cambodian Americans Filipino Americans Hmong Americans Indonesian Americans Laotian Americans Malaysian Americans Singaporean Americans Thai Americans Vietnamese Americans West Asia Arab Americans Assyrian Americans Iranian Americans Israeli Americans Jewish Americans Europe White Americans English Americans French Americans German Americans Irish Americans Italian Americans Spanish Americans Non-Hispanic whites White Hispanic and Latino Americans Oceania Pacific Islands Americans Chamorro Americans Native Hawaiians Samoan Americans Tongan Americans Euro Oceanic Americans Australian Americans New Zealand Americans North America Native Americans and Alaska Natives Canadian Americans Cuban Americans Mexican Americans Puerto Ricans ( Stateside ) South America Hispanic and Latino Americans Colombian Americans Multiethnic Melungeon People of the United States / Americans American ancestry Maps of American ancestries 2010 Census Race and ethnicity in the Census Race and ethnicity in the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Racism Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Californio&oldid=806470694 '' Categories : Californios Mexican California People of New Spain People in the colonial Southwest of North America 1820s in California 1830s in California 1840s in California The Californias History of California Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2016 Pages with login required references or sources Use mdy dates from October 2016 `` Related ethnic groups '' needing confirmation Articles using Template : Infobox ethnic group with deprecated parameters Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters Articles needing additional references from April 2012 All articles needing additional references All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from October 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Español Français Italiano Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 22 October 2017 , at 06 : 48 . 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when is let it shine coming on again	In June 2017 , BBC decided to axe a second series due to them running out of fresh ideas . However , the BBC confirmed that a second series still could happen in the near future .		Let It Shine ( 2017 tv series )	let it shine ( 2017 tv series )		Let It Shine Created by Gary Barlow Presented by Graham Norton Mel Giedroyc Judges Gary Barlow Dannii Minogue Martin Kemp Amber Riley ( guest ) Lulu ( guest ) Ricki Lake ( guest ) Ashley Roberts ( guest ) Peter Kay ( guest ) Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series No. of episodes 10 Production Executive producer ( s ) Andrew Cartmell Producer ( s ) Gary Barlow Editor ( s ) Guy Freeman Running time 30 -- 105 minutes Production company ( s ) BBC Studios Release Original network BBC One Picture format 16 : 9 Original release 7 January ( 2017 - 01 - 07 ) -- 25 February 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 25 ) External links Website Let It Shine is a British reality television music competition to find young men to star in The Band , a new stage musical featuring the songs of Take That . It aired in January and February 2017 on BBC One . The show is presented by Graham Norton and Mel Giedroyc , with Gary Barlow , Dannii Minogue and Martin Kemp serving as judges throughout the series . Amber Riley was the guest judge for the auditions , followed by Lulu for the group round . Ricki Lake was the guest judge for the first live show , Ashley Roberts for the semi-final and Peter Kay for the final . The show was won by the band Five To Five who won the part as the band in the new musical ' The Band ' which began touring in September 2017 . Contents 1 Production 2 Format 3 The Starway 3.1 Episode 1 ( 7 January ) 3.2 Episode 2 ( 14 January ) 3.3 Episode 3 ( 21 January ) 3.4 Episode 4 ( 28 January ) 4 The Collaborations 4.1 Episode 5 ( 4 February ) 4.1. 1 Group 1 4.1. 2 Group 2 4.1. 3 Group 3 4.1. 4 Group 4 4.1. 5 Group 5 5 The Battle of the Bands 5.1 Live show details 5.1. 1 Results summary 5.1. 2 Week 1 : Quarter final ( 11 February ) 5.1. 3 Week 2 : Semi-final ( 18 February ) 5.1. 4 Week 3 : Final ( 25 February ) 6 Promotion 7 Broadcast 8 Ratings 9 References 10 External links Production ( edit ) The show 's title comes from Take That 's 2007 single `` Shine '' . Amber Riley , Lulu , Ricki Lake , Ashley Roberts and Peter Kay acted as guest judges of the competition , respectively . Busted , Beverley Knight , Melanie C , Olly Murs and Kaiser Chiefs performed with the contestants split into groups as part of the second round of the competition , which was filmed at MediaCityUK , Salford in November 2016 . In June 2017 , BBC decided to axe a second series due to them running out of fresh ideas . However , the BBC confirmed that a second series still could happen in the near future . Format ( edit ) There are three stages to the competition : `` The Starway '' ( auditions ) `` The Collaborations '' ( group stage ) `` The Battle of the Bands '' ( live shows ) The Starway ( edit ) The judges each have 5 stars and each contestant is scored out of 20 stars ; in order to proceed onto the next round they needed 15 stars . Episode 1 ( 7 January ) ( edit ) Act Order Age Song Stars Clinton Elvis 23 `` ( Your Love Keeps Lifting Me ) Higher and Higher '' 16 Deaglan Arthurs 18 `` New York , New York '' 18 Jamie - Ryan Taylor 21 `` Last Request '' 11 Jazzie Mattis 24 `` Uptown Funk '' 17 Tyler Jack Smith 5 19 `` You Are So Beautiful '' 17 Hector Mitchell - Turner 6 21 `` You Get What You Give '' 11 Zak Robinson 7 17 `` ( Sittin ' On ) The Dock of the Bay '' 14 Bobby Foord 8 16 `` 7 Days '' 11 Nicky Price 9 17 `` Say Something '' 20 Nick Carsberg 10 17 `` Dance with Me Tonight '' 16 Wayne Thurtell 11 25 `` My Girl '' 11 Jason Brock 12 30 `` Run to You '' 20 Episode 2 ( 14 January ) ( edit ) Act Order Age Song Stars Jonnie Halliwell 25 `` Reet Petite '' 20 Dylan Reid 20 `` Roar '' 16 Lee Stinchcombe 35 `` The Power of Love '' 8 Samm Hewitt 23 `` Dear Darlin ' '' 12 Keith Branic 5 16 `` Treasure '' 15 Ciaran O'Brien 6 16 `` Dancing On My Own '' 15 Craig Webb 7 27 `` Jealous '' 18 Damien Kivlehan 8 26 `` You Give Love a Bad Name '' 16 Curtis T Johns 9 23 `` Put Your Records On '' 19 Julius Wright 10 20 `` All Night Long ( All Night ) '' 16 Jamie Corner 11 24 `` Johnny B. Goode '' 17 Scott Sutcliffe 12 23 `` Against All Odds ( Take a Look at Me Now ) '' 14 Huw Roberts 13 16 `` Do n't Look Back in Anger '' 16 Harry Neale 14 26 `` Beggin ' '' 16 Episode 3 ( 21 January ) ( edit ) Act Order Age Song Stars Jordan Harvey 24 `` Blame It on Me '' 18 AJ Bentley 21 `` Signed , Sealed , Delivered I 'm Yours '' 18 Dion Magrath 23 `` All About You '' 13 Matt Thorpe 30 `` If I Ai n't Got You '' 20 Dan Budd 5 27 `` No Regrets '' 16 Elijah Holloway 6 18 `` Greased Lightnin ' '' 11 Mark Angels 7 21 `` Mirrors '' 17 Harry Brown 8 17 `` Love Yourself '' 17 Jordan Charles 9 24 `` Pompeii '' 15 Danny Colligan 10 23 `` Stitches '' 15 Kyle Passmore 11 27 `` You Give Me Something 19 Josh Bailey 12 17 `` Jealous '' 19 Matt Knight 13 27 `` Wake Me Up '' 16 Tayler Davis 14 21 `` Faith '' 14 Hercules Smith 15 33 `` Iris '' 16 Episode 4 ( 28 January ) ( edit ) Act Order Age Song Stars Callum Howells 17 `` You 'll Be Back '' 16 Scott Macaulay 18 `` Laura '' 19 Luke Stanley 27 `` All of Me '' 15 Travis Kerry 19 `` Feel So Close '' 11 Alexis Gerred 5 27 `` Come Together '' 18 Robert Evans 6 20 `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' 12 Andrew Mott 7 22 `` More Than Words '' 12 Kieran McManus 8 18 `` Little Things '' 12 Sam Glen 9 23 `` Torn '' 16 Connor Cunningham 10 21 `` Brown Eyed Girl '' 15 Ryan Butterworth 11 21 `` I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For 16 Sario Solomon 12 19 `` Tainted Love '' 16 Anthony Sahota 13 22 `` Ordinary People '' 16 Liam Holmes 14 27 `` Let 's Get It On '' 13 Conor McLoughlin 15 20 `` Your Song '' 17 Yazdan Qafouri 16 17 `` Ai n't No Sunshine '' 15 Jimmy Haggar 17 19 `` That 's Life '' 13 Veeraj Lutchman 18 37 `` Take Me to Church '' 16 Jack Hinton 19 22 `` Viva Forever '' 15 Bradley Johnson 20 19 `` Bring Him Home '' 20 The Collaborations ( edit ) After the episode , a clip was made available on BBC iPlayer which revealed the new names of the bands . Group 1 was named Five to Five , Group 2 was named Iron Sun , Group 3 was named Neon Panda , Group 4 was named Drive and Group 5 was named Nightfall . Episode 5 ( 4 February ) ( edit ) Guest judge : Lulu Group performance : `` Kidz '' / `` Hangin ' Tough '' / `` When Will I Be Famous ? '' / `` Sing '' Group 1 ( edit ) Collaboration with Olly Murs Artist Song Results AJ Bentley `` Troublemaker '' / `` Unpredictable '' / `` Heart Skips a Beat '' / `` Wrapped Up '' Safe Connor Cunningham Eliminated Curtis T Johns Safe Nick Carsberg Safe Sario Solomon Safe Scott Macaulay Eliminated Tyler Jack Smith Eliminated Yazdan Qafouri Safe Group 2 ( edit ) Collaboration with Beverley Knight Artist Song Results Alexis Gerred `` Twist and Shout '' / `` I Wanna Dance with Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) '' / `` Hold On , I 'm Coming '' Safe Clinton Elvis Safe Damien Kivlehan Eliminated Dylan Reid Eliminated Harry Brown Safe Jordan Harvey Safe Matt Knight Safe Veeraj Lutchman Eliminated Group 3 ( edit ) Collaboration with Busted Artist Song Results Anthony Sahota `` Sleeping with the Light On '' / `` On What You 're On '' / `` Year 3000 '' Safe Conor McLoughlin Safe Craig Webb Safe Dan Budd Eliminated Deaglan Arthurs Eliminated Josh Bailey Safe Luke Stanley Eliminated Matt Thorpe Safe Group 4 ( edit ) Collaboration with Kaiser Chiefs Artist Song Results Jamie Corner `` Ruby '' / `` Hole In My Soul '' / `` I Predict a Riot '' Safe Jazzie Mattis Safe Jonnie Halliwell Safe Jordan Charles Eliminated Keith Branic Eliminated Mark Angels Safe Ryan Butterworth Safe Sam Glen Eliminated Originally Callum Howells & Harry Neale were part of Group 4 but decided to withdraw from the competition , they were replaced by reserves Keith Branic & Jordan Charles . Group 5 ( edit ) Collaboration with Melanie C Artist Song Results Bradley Johnson `` I Turn to You '' / `` Anymore '' / `` When You 're Gone '' Safe Danny Colligan Safe Hercules Smith Eliminated Huw Roberts Safe Jason Brock Safe Julius Wright Safe Kyle Passmore Eliminated Nicky Price Eliminated The battle of the bands ( edit ) Live show details ( edit ) Results summary ( edit ) Result 's colour key Artist was part of the Band in bottom two Artist was eliminated Artist qualified for the band Weekly results per artist Artist Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 AJ Bentley Safe Safe Winners ( week 3 ) Curtis T Johns Safe Safe Winners ( week 3 ) Nick Carsberg Safe Safe Winners ( week 3 ) Sario Solomon Safe Safe Winners ( week 3 ) Yazdan Qafouri Safe Safe Winners ( week 3 ) Bradley Johnson Safe Safe Runners - up ( week 3 ) Conor McLoughlin Bottom two Bottom two Runners - up ( week 3 ) Danny Colligan Safe Safe Runners - up ( week 3 ) Huw Roberts Safe Safe Runners - up ( week 3 ) Jason Brock Safe Safe Runners - up ( week 3 ) Jazzie Mattis Bottom two Bottom two Runners - up ( week 3 ) Jonnie Halliwell Bottom two Bottom two Runners - up ( week 3 ) Julius Wright Safe Safe Runners - up ( week 3 ) Mark Angels Bottom two Bottom two Runners - up ( week 3 ) Matt Thorpe Bottom two Bottom two Runners - up ( week 3 ) Alexis Gerred Safe Eliminated Eliminated ( week 2 ) Clinton Elvis Safe Eliminated Eliminated ( week 2 ) Harry Brown Safe Eliminated Eliminated ( week 2 ) Jordan Harvey Safe Eliminated Eliminated ( week 2 ) Matt Knight Safe Eliminated Eliminated ( week 2 ) Anthony Sahota Eliminated Eliminated ( week 1 ) Craig Webb Eliminated Eliminated ( week 1 ) Jamie Corner Eliminated Eliminated ( week 1 ) Josh Bailey Eliminated Eliminated ( week 1 ) Ryan Butterworth Eliminated Eliminated ( week 1 ) Week 1 : quarter final ( 11 February ) ( edit ) Guest judge : Ricki Lake Group performance : `` This Is How We Do It '' / `` Hot in Herre '' / `` ( Shake , Shake , Shake ) Shake Your Booty '' / `` Eye of the Tiger '' / `` What Makes You Beautiful '' / `` Treasure '' / `` Hey Ya ! '' / `` No Diggity '' Guest performance : Jersey Boys ( `` Sherry '' / `` Big Girls Do n't Cry '' / `` Walk Like a Man '' / `` Beggin ' '' / `` December , 1963 ( Oh , What a Night ) '' ) Band Order Song Results Iron Sun `` Shut Up and Dance '' Safe Drive `` Everybody Get Up '' / `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' Bottom two Nightfall `` The Scientist '' Safe Neon Panda `` Marry You '' Bottom two Five To Five 5 `` MMMBop '' Safe Sing - off Drive `` A Million Love Songs '' Neon Panda `` Greatest Day '' Mark Angels , Jazzie Mattis , Matt Thorpe , Jonnie Halliwell & Conor McLoughlin were saved by the judges and through to Semi-final . As Drive had 3 of the 5 members saved and Neon Panda only had 2 of the 5 the saved artist would continue as Drive . Anthony Sahota , Craig Webb , Jamie Corner , Josh Bailey & Ryan Butterworth were not saved and therefore were eliminated from the competition . Week 2 : semi-final ( 18 February ) ( edit ) Guest judge : Ashley Roberts Group performance : `` It Only Takes a Minute '' / `` Could It Be Magic '' / `` Relight My Fire '' / `` Pray '' / `` Shine '' ( with Take That ) Guest performance : Motown : The Musical : ( `` Do You Love Me '' / `` Dancing in the Street '' ) Band Order Song Results Five To Five `` Tell Her About It '' Safe Iron Sun `` Born This Way '' Bottom two Drive `` Girls on Film '' Bottom two Nightfall `` Without You '' Safe Sing - off Iron Sun `` The Long and Winding Road '' Drive `` Something '' Mark Angels , Matt Thorpe , Jonnie Halliwell , Conor McLoughlin & Jazzie Mattis were saved by the judges and through to Final and continue as Drive . Alexis Gerred , Clinton Elvis , Harry Brown , Jordan Harvey and Matt Knight were not saved and therefore were eliminated from the competition . Week 3 : Final ( 25 February ) ( edit ) Guest judge : Peter Kay Theme : Musical classic & pop number Guest performance : Michael Ball & Alfie Boe : ( `` Les Misérables Medley '' ) and Take That with Robbie Williams : ( `` The Flood '' ) Band Order First song Order Second song Result Nightfall `` Footloose '' `` End of the Road '' Runners - up Five To Five `` You Ca n't Stop the Beat '' 5 `` Wrecking Ball '' Winners Drive `` Grease '' 6 `` Thinking Out Loud '' Runners - up Winning group : Five To Five ( Yazdan Qafouri , Curtis T Johns , Nick Carsberg , Sario Solomon , AJ Bentley ) Promotion ( edit ) During an appearance on Alan Carr : Chatty Man in December , Barlow , Minogue and Kemp confirmed the show 's launch date as 7 January 2017 , the same date as The Voice UK 's sixth series ' premiere on ITV ; and also showed a sneak - peek of one of the auditionees , and revealed the series ' format and stages . Broadcast ( edit ) Internationally , the series began airing in Australia on BBC UKTV from 22 January 2017 . Ratings ( edit ) All ratings are sourced from BARB . Episode Air date Viewers ( millions ) BBC One weekly ranking Viewing share The Starway 1 7 January 7.13 10 29.9 % The Starway 2 14 January 6.00 14 26.7 % The Starway 3 21 January 5.83 14 25.9 % The Starway 4 28 January 5.08 20 23.6 % The Collaborations 4 February 5.25 17 23.9 % Battle of the Bands 1 11 February 5.10 16 23.4 % Battle of the Bands Results 1 4.30 25 18.0 % Battle of the Bands 2 18 February 4.80 21 22.5 % Battle of the Bands Results 2 4.27 26 18.0 % Battle of the Bands 3 25 February 4.61 18 19.7 % Series average 2017 5.24 N / A N / A References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Taylor , Frances ( 29 December 2016 ) . `` When does Let it Shine start on BBC One ? Who are the judges ? Who 's presenting it ? What 's the prize ? '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 30 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gary Barlow wanted Nicole Scherzinger for Let It Shine '' . The List . 10 December 2016 . Retrieved 13 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Walker , Danny ( 20 September 2016 ) . `` First look at Let It Shine judges shows Gary Barlow 's new talent show is already looking slick '' . Daily Mirror . Trinity Mirror . Retrieved 13 December 2016 . Jump up ^ McCormack , Kirsty ( 14 September 2016 ) . `` Dannii Minogue , Martin Kemp and Amber Riley join panel for Gary Barlow 's Let It Shine '' . Daily Express . Northern & Shell . Jump up ^ Walker , Danny ( 13 November 2016 ) . `` Let It Shine confirm another big name as guest judge '' . Daily Mirror . Trinity Mirror . Jump up ^ `` Chat show host and actress Ricki Lake joined Let It Shine for one show '' . The Sun . News UK . 16 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ashley Roberts confirmed as guest judge for Let It Shine '' . Radio Times . Jump up ^ `` BBC One and Gary Barlow unite for new Saturday night series Let It Shine - Media Centre '' . BBC Online . 17 June 2016 . Retrieved 13 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lulu confirmed as second guest judge for BBC One 's brand new entertainment show Let It Shine '' . BBC Media Centre . Jump up ^ `` Busted , Beverley Knight , Melanie C , Olly Murs and Kaiser Chiefs to perform with the Let It Shine hopefuls in a unique format reveal '' . BBC Media Centre . Jump up ^ `` BBC - The Format - Media Centre '' . Jump up ^ `` Episode 1 '' . BBC . Retrieved 28 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 2 '' . BBC . Retrieved 28 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 3 '' . BBC . Retrieved 28 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 4 '' . BBC . Retrieved 28 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Let It Shine v The Voice UK : BBC and ITV do battle again on Saturday nights '' . TellyMix. 28 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 10 January 2017 ) . `` Airdate : Let it Shine '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 13 January 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.barb.co.uk/viewing-data/weekly-top-30/ External links ( edit ) Let it Shine on IMDb Let It Shine at BBC Programmes Let It Shine at UKGameshows.com Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Let_It_Shine_(2017_TV_series)&oldid=847746914 '' Categories : 2017 British television programme debuts 2017 British television programme endings 2010s British television series BBC high definition programmes BBC reality television programmes British reality television series Singing talent shows English - language television programs Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from December 2016 Pages using infobox television with editor parameter BBC programme ID same as Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 27 June 2018 , at 14 : 02 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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who plays the voice of clifford the big red dog			Clifford the Big Red dog ( TV series )	clifford the big red dog ( tv series )	Clifford the Big Red Dog is an educational animated children 's television series , based upon Norman Bridwell 's children 's book series of the same name . Produced by Scholastic Productions , it originally aired on PBS Kids from September 4 , 2000 to February 25 , 2003 . The UK version ( where it was dubbed with British voice actors replacing the original American soundtrack ) originally aired on BBC 2 on April 1 , 2002 .	Two 15 - minute stories made up each half - hour cartoon . Usually one story featured Clifford and his canine friends , Cleo and T - Bone among them ; the other story would focus on Clifford 's owner Emily Elizabeth and her friends . As in other shows of its kind , during scenes focusing on the dog character 's perspective , human speech would replace barking to engage viewers in the storyline from the dogs ' point of view . John Ritter voiced Clifford in all episodes . This was originally done by Brent Titcomb in the series that debuted in 1988 and ran into the early 1990s . Generally speaking , his schedule dictated the production of Clifford the Big Red Dog . By the time the last of the 68 half - hour cartoons and the movie were completed , Ritter was back on ABC 's prime - time schedule , starring in 8 Simple Rules . Ritter 's death on September 11 , 2003 came less than a week before PBS debuted Clifford 's Puppy Days , a function of keeping Clifford 's legacy going . While no new Clifford episodes have been released since Ritter 's death in 2003 , voice actors for the main characters have reprised some of their roles for the Ready to Learn PBS Kids PSAs . The film Clifford 's Really Big Movie serves as the series finale due to Ritter 's death , as no new episodes were made to continue from where it left off . However , Clifford 's Puppy Days still continued to air until its cancellation in 2006 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Characters 1.1 Dogs 1.2 Humans 2 Setting 3 Format 4 Production 5 Broadcast 6 Episodes 7 Film 8 Video games 8.1 Original series 8.2 Modern series 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Characters ( edit ) Dogs ( edit ) Clifford the Big Red Dog ( voiced by John Ritter ; Tom Eastwood in the British version ) : A giant red Labrador Retriever / Vizsla cross . The depiction of Clifford 's size is inconsistent ; he is often shown as being about 25 feet tall ( 7.6 m ) from paws to head , but can appear far larger . The character is based on the imaginary friend of creator Norman Bridwell 's wife . Clifford is devoted to his owner Emily Elizabeth . He is friendly , shy , lovable , loyal , gentle and helpful but sometimes gets into trouble because of his size , or is tempted into trouble by his friends and those he meets . Despite being the protagonist , he seldom has episodes focusing on him , usually serving as the voice - of - reason for his friend 's adventures . Cleo ( voiced by Cree Summer ; Regine Candler in the British version ) : An energetic , selfish , trouble - making purple poodle with a tendency to not tell the truth . Her catchphrase is `` Have I ever steered you wrong ? '' which she inadvertently does immediately after . She is one of Clifford 's best friends . Her owner is Mrs. Diller . T - Bone ( voiced by Kel Mitchell ; Benjamin Small in the British version ) : A male yellow and orange bulldog with a large appetite . He is often cowardly , clumsy , and cautious , but does have his moments of bravery . He is one of Clifford 's best friends . T - Bone is in love with Mimi , another dog who visits from time to time . His owner is Sheriff Lewis . T - Bone had a best friend named Hamburger ( voiced by Kel Mitchell 's longtime comedy partner Kenan Thompson ) who moved away before Clifford arrived . Mac ( voiced by Cameron Clarke ) : A male blue greyhound with an inflated sense of self - importance , who shifts between aloofness and wanting to be part of Clifford , Cleo , and T - Bone 's circle of friends . Mac competes in dog shows . He can be vain , bossy and selfish . However , he appears to be devoted to his owner Jetta . It is revealed in a few episodes that his name is short for Machiavelli . Humans ( edit ) Emily Elizabeth Howard ( voiced by Grey DeLisle ; Joanna Ruiz in the British version ) : Clifford 's eight - year - old owner . A friendly , curious , and helpful girl . The best skater on the island , and also very good at soccer . Emily Elizabeth adopted Clifford when he was a very small puppy , when her parents gave him to her on her 6th birthday . Emily 's love apparently caused Clifford to grow enormous , thus starting their new lives on Birdwell Island . Just like Clifford , she rarely has episodes about her and ends up being the voice of reason . Emily was named for creator Norman Bridwell 's daughter and based on the imaginary adventures of Bridwell 's wife . Caroline Howard ( also voiced by Grey DeLisle ) : Emily Elizabeth 's mom Mark Howard ( voiced by Cameron Clarke ) : Emily Elizabeth 's dad Charley ( voiced by Gary LeRoi Gray ) : Emily Elizabeth 's best friend and the best soccer player on the Birdwell Birds ( the school soccer team ) . He lives on a houseboat with his father , who owns a restaurant . Samuel ( voiced by Terrence C. Carson ) : Charley 's father and the Jamaican owner of Samuel 's Fish and Chips . He is a great storyteller and runs most of the pier . Jetta Handover ( voiced by Kath Soucie ) : Mac 's owner . She is a wealthy , self - centered friend of Emily Elizabeth who is often oblivious to others ' feelings . She is often shown leading parades and competing in talent shows as a majorette . Jetta often claims her accomplishments are bigger or better than others ' and finds herself humbled when she aims too high to the point where she needs help . Her mother owns one of the island stores and seems somewhat oblivious to Jetta 's behavior . She often appears to dislike Clifford , criticizing him for minor accidents caused by his size , but occasionally she will show that she really does like him . Cosmo Handover ( voiced by Debi Derryberry ) is the infant brother of Jetta . He is first seen in the episode `` And Baby Makes 4 '' . Vaz ( voiced by Ulysses Cuadra ) : Somewhat clumsy and shy boy who is friends with Emily Elizabeth and Charley . Sheriff Lewis ( voiced by Nick Jameson ) : T - Bone 's owner . The island 's sheriff and the soccer coach . He feeds T - Bone often , ( explaining why T - Bone is overweight ) . He had a best friend named Chief Wilson who moved away with T - Bone 's best buddy , Hamburger . Ms. Diller ( voiced by Cree Summer ) : Cleo 's owner . Horace Bleakman ( voiced by Earl Boen ) lives with his wife Violet . He is often grumpy and impatient about the noise and mess Clifford inadvertently causes , but he is still a good neighbor and helps Clifford and the others from time to time . Violet Bleakman ( voiced by Edie McClurg ) is the first neighbor of the Howards to introduce herself . She is a little more nice , calm , and patient than her cranky husband Horace . Pedro and Victor ( both voiced by Tony Plana ) are dock workers who help unload the boat in `` Welcome to Birdwell Island '' . Setting ( edit ) Birdwell Island Series Clifford the Big Red Dog Type Island First appearance `` My Best Friend '' Last appearance Clifford 's Really Big Movie Location New York City , New York The TV series takes place in the fictional island of Birdwell Island , where Clifford lives . The name is inspired by Norman Bridwell , the author of the books , but is spelled different . It is in Vermont . Emily Elizabeth used to live in an apartment in New York City , but she moved away with her parents and Clifford to Birdwell Island because her mother told her that a small apartment is no place for a big dog like Clifford . Format ( edit ) The series has at least 5 segments in the show , which are : Theme Song 1st Story - The opening theme is followed by the first central story , which is about the dogs , and a problem they face . Storytime with Speckle - Between the first and second story , Emily Elizabeth reads Clifford the Speckle Story , a small 60 seconds ( approximately ) time filler about a fictional dog ( Speckle ) , and his animal friends . 2nd Story - This is followed by another central story , about Emily Elizabeth and her friends . Clifford 's Big Ideas - Before the credits , another 30 - second short takes place called Clifford 's Big Ideas . The short is basically an animation of an etiquette , a proverb , or basic truth such as `` Play Fair '' , `` Help Others '' , etc. , with narration by Emily Elizabeth . Production ( edit ) This series was only produced by Mike Young Productions and Scholastic Studios . John Ritter voices Clifford on this series before his death in 2003 . Grey DeLisle voices Emily Elizabeth . She would reprise this role in the prequel Clifford 's Puppy Days Broadcast ( edit ) Clifford The Big Red Dog is shown on BBC One United Kingdom Universal Kids in United States and Tiny Pop in United Kingdom Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Clifford the Big Red Dog episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 40 September 4 , 2000 ( 2000 - 09 - 04 ) December 5 , 2001 ( 2001 - 12 - 05 ) 25 May 16 , 2002 ( 2002 - 05 - 16 ) February 25 , 2003 ( 2003 - 02 - 25 ) Film ( edit ) In 2004 , Warner Bros. Pictures distributed a feature - length animated film based on the show titled Clifford 's Really Big Movie . It was about Clifford , Cleo and T - Bone joining an animal show to win a lifetime supply of dog food to provide for Clifford . This was John Ritter 's last film as he died on September 11 , 2003 , after completing voice work for the film . The film was dedicated to his memory . The movie also stars Wayne Brady as Shackleford the Ferret , Judge Reinhold as Amazing Larry , John Goodman as George Wolfsbottom , and Jenna Elfman as Dorothy the Cow . The film also serves as the series finale . Video games ( edit ) Original series ( edit ) Clifford 's Reading Clifford 's Thinking Games Modern series ( edit ) Clifford 's Learning Activities Clifford 's Musical Memory Games Clifford 's Phonics Clifford 's Big Puzzle Game ( A Wendy 's Kids ' Meal DVD game , available for a limited time only ) See also ( edit ) Children 's literature portal Clifford 's Puppy Days Clifford 's Really Big Movie References ( edit ) ^ Media and Culture , 5th ed. , Richard Campbell , Christopher R. Martin and Bettina Fabos . ^ Jump up to : `` Clifford the Big Red Dog ( TV series ) ( 2000 ) '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` He 's Big ! He 's Red ! He 's Coming to PBS Kids ! Scholastic Productions ' `` Clifford the Big Red Dog '' Animated Series Debuts on PBS Fall 2000 '' ( Press release ) . PBS . January 7 , 2000 . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Zurawik , David ( July 13 , 2000 ) . `` PBS gives kids new Saturday morning shows '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved May 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/search/0/20?order=asc&q=clifford+%22red+dog%22 ^ Jump up to : Clifford the Big Red Dog - Don Markstein 's Toonopedia Jump up ^ `` The Cast of Clifford the Big Red Dog ® '' . PBS Kids . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Little Clifford '' 19 September 2000 , 6 candles on cake External links ( edit ) Clifford the Big Red Dog on IMDb Official site of book series Clifford the Big Red Dog at TV.com Good article about Clifford 's creation Norman Bridwell 's Clifford the Big Red Dog Clifford ( character ) Clifford the Big Red Dog ( 1988 series ) Clifford the Big Red Dog ( TV series ) List of episodes Clifford 's Puppy Days Clifford 's Really Big Movie PBS Kids original programming Former 1960s -- 1980s debuts Mister Rogers ' Neighborhood ( 1968 -- 2001 ) The Electric Company ( 1971 -- 1977 ) Zoom ( 1972 -- 1978 ) 3 - 2 - 1 Contact ( 1980 -- 1988 ) Powerhouse ( 1982 -- 1983 ) Reading Rainbow ( 1983 -- 2006 ) Newton 's Apple ( 1983 -- 1999 ) Kidsongs ( 1985 -- 1998 ) Square One Television ( 1987 -- 1992 ) Gerbert ( 1988 -- 1991 ) Shining Time Station ( 1989 -- 1993 ) Long Ago and Far Away ( 1989 -- 1993 ) 1990s debuts Where in the World Is Carmen Sandiego ? ( 1991 -- 1995 ) The Big Comfy Couch ( 1992 -- 2006 ) Barney & Friends ( 1992 -- 2009 ) Lamb Chop 's Play Along ( 1992 -- 1997 ) Ghostwriter ( 1992 -- 95 ) Kino 's Storytime ( 1992 -- 97 ) Tots TV ( 1993 -- 1998 ) Theodore Tugboat ( 1993 -- 2001 ) Bill Nye the Science Guy ( 1993 -- 1998 ) The Adventures of Dudley the Dragon ( 1993 -- 1999 ) Katie and Orbie ( 1994 -- 2002 ) The Magic School Bus ( 1994 -- 1997 ) Globe Trekker ( 1994 -- 2010 ) The Huggabug Club ( 1995 -- 2000 ) The Puzzle Place ( 1995 -- 1998 ) Wimzie 's House ( 1995 -- 1996 ) Wishbone ( 1995 -- 2001 ) Groundling Marsh ( 1995 -- 1997 ) Kratts ' Creatures ( 1996 ) Where in Time Is Carmen Sandiego ? ( 1996 -- 1997 ) Adventures from the Book of Virtues ( 1996 -- 2000 ) In the Mix ( 1996 -- 2012 ) Teletubbies ( 1997 -- 2001 ) Caillou ( 1997 -- 2010 ) The Charlie Horse Music Pizza ( 1998 -- 1999 ) Noddy ( 1998 -- 2000 ) Jay Jay the Jet Plane ( 1998 -- 2005 ) Elmo 's World ( 1998 -- 2009 ) Zoom ( 1999 -- 2005 ) Zoboomafoo ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Redwall ( 1999 -- 2002 ) Dragon Tales ( 1999 -- 2005 ) 2000s debuts Between the Lions ( 2000 -- 2010 ) The Dooley and Pals Show ( 2000 -- 2003 ) Clifford the Big Red Dog ( 2000 -- 2003 ) Corduroy ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Elliot Moose ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Marvin the Tap - Dancing Horse ( 2000 -- 2002 ) George Shrinks ( 2000 -- 2004 ) Seven Little Monsters ( 2000 -- 2004 ) Timothy Goes to School ( 2000 -- 01 ) Anne of Green Gables ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Sagwa , the Chinese Siamese Cat ( 2001 -- 2002 ) DragonflyTV ( 2002 -- 2008 ) Angelina Ballerina ( 2002 -- 2006 ) Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 -- 2003 ) Make Way for Noddy ( 2002 -- 2007 ) The Berenstain Bears ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Boohbah ( 2003 -- 2006 ) Jakers ! The Adventures of Piggley Winks ( 2003 -- 2007 ) Clifford 's Puppy Days ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Franny 's Feet ( 2004 -- 2011 ) Curiosity Quest ( 2004 -- 2015 ) Peep and the Big Wide World ( 2004 -- 2011 ) Maya & Miguel ( 2004 -- 2007 ) Postcards from Buster ( 2004 -- 2012 ) It 's a Big Big World ( 2005 -- 2010 ) Danger Rangers ( 2005 -- 2006 ) The Zula Patrol ( 2005 -- 2008 ) Signing Time ! ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Wunderkind Little Amadeus ( 2006 ) Fetch ! with Ruff Ruffman ( 2006 -- 2010 ) Curious George ( 2006 -- 2015 ) SeeMore 's Playhouse ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Design Squad ( 2007 -- 2011 ) WordGirl ( 2007 -- 2015 ) WordWorld ( 2007 -- 2011 ) Super Why ! ( 2007 -- 2016 ) Mama Mirabelle 's Home Movies ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Animalia ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Biz Kid $ ( 2008 -- 2012 ) Betsy 's Kindergarten Adventures ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Sid the Science Kid ( 2008 -- 2013 ) Martha Speaks ( 2008 -- 2014 ) Lomax , the Hound of Music ( 2008 ) The Electric Company ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Angelina Ballerina : The Next Steps ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Dinosaur Train ( 2009 -- 2017 ) Current Sesame Street ( since 1969 , second run since 2016 ) Thomas & Friends ( since 1989 ) Arthur ( since 1996 ) Bob the Builder ( since 1998 ) Cyberchase ( since 2000 ) SciGirls ( since 2010 ) The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That ! ( since 2010 ) Wild Kratts ( since 2011 ) Daniel Tiger 's Neighborhood ( since 2012 ) Peg + Cat ( since 2013 ) Odd Squad ( since 2014 ) Nature Cat ( since 2015 ) Ready Jet Go ! ( since 2016 ) Splash and Bubbles ( since 2016 ) Upcoming Pinkalicious & Peterrific ( February 19 , 2018 ) Luna Around the World ( Fall 2018 ) See also PBS network shows Educational television PBS Kids Bookworm Bunch PBS Kids Go ! PBS Kids Preschool Block Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clifford_the_Big_Red_Dog_(TV_series)&oldid=808670377 '' Categories : Television programs based on children 's books Television programs featuring anthropomorphic characters Series of children 's books PBS network shows English - language television programs 2000s American animated television series 2000 American television series debuts 2003 American television series endings Television shows set in Vermont Preschool education television series 2000s British animated television series 2000 British television programme debuts 2003 British television programme endings BBC children 's television programmes Television shows about dogs Television series about friendship Size change in fiction PBS Kids shows American children 's animated television series American children 's fantasy television series British children 's television programmes British fantasy television series Television series with live action and animation Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from July 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles with a promotional tone from July 2013 All articles with a promotional tone Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Français Italiano Magyar Nederlands Polski Română Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 4 November 2017 , at 10 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford%20the%20Big%20Red%20Dog%20%28TV%20series%29	381
who's left in the voice season 13			The Voice ( Us season 13 )	the voice ( us season 13 )	The thirteenth season of the American reality talent show The Voice premiered on September 25 , 2017 , on NBC . Adam Levine and Blake Shelton returned as coaches . Miley Cyrus and Jennifer Hudson replaced Gwen Stefani and Alicia Keys as coaches .	Chloe Kohanski was announced as the winner of the season , making Blake Shelton 's sixth win as a coach , and making her the third stolen artist to win , following Craig Wayne Boyd in Season 7 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Coaches and hosts 2 Teams 3 Blind auditions 3.1 Episode 1 ( September 25 ) 3.2 Episode 2 ( September 26 ) 3.3 Episode 3 ( October 2 ) 3.4 Episode 4 ( October 3 ) 3.5 Episode 5 ( October 9 ) 3.6 Episode 6 ( October 10 ) 4 The Battles 5 The Knockouts 6 The Playoffs 7 Live shows 7.1 Week 1 : Top 12 ( November 20 and 21 ) 7.2 Week 2 : Top 11 ( November 27 and 28 ) 7.3 Week 3 : Top 10 ( December 4 and 5 ) 7.4 Week 4 : Semifinals ( December 11 and 12 ) 7.5 Week 5 : Finals ( December 18 and 19 ) 8 Elimination chart 8.1 Overall 8.2 Team 9 Artists who appeared on previous shows or seasons 10 Reception 10.1 U.S. Nielsen ratings 11 References 12 External links Coaches and hosts ( edit ) The Voice season 13 coaches Adam Levine Miley Cyrus Jennifer Hudson Blake Shelton The coach lineup changed once again for the thirteenth season . Gwen Stefani and Alicia Keys did not return as coaches . They were replaced by Miley Cyrus , who returns after a one - season hiatus , along with returning coaches Adam Levine and Blake Shelton . On May 10 , 2017 , NBC announced that Jennifer Hudson would join as a coach , following her success on The Voice UK . Carson Daly will return for his thirteenth season as host . This season , for the first time since season six , the Playoffs did not kick off the live rounds and voting . This season , the Top 12 have been chosen by the coaches . In previous seasons , the finalists were partially determined by viewers ' votes . Teams ( edit ) Color key Winner Runner - up Third place Fourth place Eliminated in the Live Shows Eliminated in the Playoffs Selected by another coach as their Coach Comeback Stolen in the Knockout rounds Eliminated in the Knockout rounds Stolen in the Battle rounds Eliminated in the Battle rounds Coaches Top 48 artists Adam Levine Addison Agen Adam Cunningham Jon Mero Anthony Alexander Whitney Fenimore Emily Luther Hannah Mrozak Adam Pearce Dennis Drummond Dylan Gerard Whitney Fenimore Michael Kight Gary Carpentier Brandon Brown Dave Crosby Brandon Showell Miley Cyrus Brooke Simpson Ashland Craft Janice Freeman Moriah Formica Adam Pearce Karli Webster Whitney Fenimore Chloe Kohanski Stephan Marcellus Addison Agen Katrina Rose Megan Rose Sophia Bollman Shilo Gold Ilianna Viramontes Jennifer Hudson Noah Mac Davon Fleming Shi'Ann Jones Lucas Holliday Hannah Mrozak Chris Weaver Jeremiah Miller Katrina Rose Eric Lyn Kathrina Feigh Stephan Marcellus Meagan McNeal Maharasyi Alexandra Joyce Ignatious Carmouche Blake Shelton Chloe Kohanski Red Marlow Keisha Renee Mitchell Lee Natalie Stovall Esera Tuaolo Adam Cunningham Anna Catherine DeHart Megan Rose Kathrina Feigh Noah Mac Dennis Drummond Rebecca Brunner Ryan Scripps Kristi Hoopes Note : Italicized names are stolen contestants ( names struck through within former teams ) . Bolded names are contestants who received the Coach Comeback and advanced to the Playoffs . Blind auditions ( edit ) Color key ✔ Coach pressed `` I WANT YOU '' button Artist defaulted to a coach 's team Artist elected to pick a coach 's team Artist eliminated with no coach pressing their button Episode 1 ( September 25 ) ( edit ) Order Artist Age Hometown Song Coach 's and artist 's choices Adam Miley Jennifer Blake Chris Weaver 29 Long Island , New York `` Try a Little Tenderness '' ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Mitchell Lee 29 Charleston , South Carolina `` Hold My Hand '' ✔ -- ✔ ✔ Janice Freeman 32 Compton , California `` Radioactive '' -- ✔ ✔ -- Xaris 17 Gulf Breeze , Florida `` Do n't Think Twice , It 's All Right '' -- -- -- -- 5 Shi'Ann Jones 15 Bowling Green , Kentucky `` Drown in My Own Tears '' -- -- ✔ ✔ 6 Dave Crosby 30 Seattle , Washington `` I Will Follow You into the Dark '' ✔ ✔ -- ✔ 7 Odiseas Georgiadis 20 Brooklyn , New York `` Papa 's Got a Brand New Bag '' -- -- -- -- 8 Esera Tuaolo 49 Minneapolis , Minnesota `` Rise Up '' -- -- ✔ ✔ 9 Brandon Showell 26 Virginia Beach , Virginia `` There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' ✔ ✔ ✔ -- 10 Lucas Holliday 26 Lansing , Michigan `` This Woman 's Work '' -- -- ✔ -- 11 Brooke Simpson 26 Hollister , North Carolina `` Stone Cold '' ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Episode 2 ( September 26 ) ( edit ) Order Artist Age Hometown Song Coach 's and artist 's choices Adam Miley Jennifer Blake Keisha Renee 30 Inglewood , California `` I Ca n't Stop Loving You '' ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Dylan Gerard 28 Macclenny , Florida `` Say You Wo n't Let Go '' ✔ -- ✔ -- Maharasyi 27 Indonesia / Los Angeles , California `` Tell Me Something Good '' -- ✔ ✔ -- Marlo Wells 61 Fontana , California `` Love Me Now '' -- -- -- -- 5 Red Marlow 40 Dickson , Tennessee `` Swingin ' '' -- ✔ -- ✔ 6 Ashland Craft 21 Piedmont , South Carolina `` You Are My Sunshine '' ✔ ✔ -- ✔ Episode 3 ( October 2 ) ( edit ) Order Artist Age Hometown Song Coach 's and artist 's choices Adam Miley Jennifer Blake Adam Cunningham 38 Nashville , Tennessee `` Midnight Rider '' -- -- ✔ ✔ Hannah Mrozak 18 Richfield , Wisconsin `` Starving '' ✔ -- ✔ ✔ Shilo Gold 26 Denver , Colorado `` Stay with Me Baby '' -- ✔ ✔ -- Samantha Rios 16 Arlington , Virginia `` Something 's Got a Hold on Me '' -- -- -- -- 5 Noah Mac 17 Dublin , California `` Way Down We Go '' -- -- ✔ ✔ 6 Davon Fleming 25 Baltimore , Maryland `` Me & Mrs. Jones '' ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ 7 Kathrina Feigh 24 Quezon City , Philippines / New York City , New York `` Big White Room '' -- -- ✔ ✔ 8 Alexandra Joyce 16 Strongsville , Ohio `` Wildest Dreams '' ✔ -- ✔ ✔ 9 Eric Lyn 26 Los Angeles , California `` O-o-h Child '' -- -- ✔ -- 10 Anna Catherine DeHart 23 Sikeston , Missouri `` I Could Use a Love Song '' ✔ -- -- ✔ 11 Addison Agen 16 Fort Wayne , Indiana `` Jolene '' ✔ ✔ -- -- 12 Adam Pearce 31 New Orleans , Louisiana `` Hot Blooded '' ✔ ✔ -- -- 13 Myles Frost 17 Washington , D.C. `` My Cherie Amour '' -- -- -- -- 14 Moriah Formica 16 Latham , New York `` Crazy on You '' ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Episode 4 ( October 3 ) ( edit ) Order Artist Age Hometown Song Coach 's and artist 's choices Adam Miley Jennifer Blake Anthony Alexander 17 Fontana , California `` Redbone '' ✔ ✔ ✔ -- Sophia Bollman 18 Norco , California `` Invincible '' -- ✔ -- ✔ Jessica Rowboat 28 New Delhi , India `` Imagine '' -- -- -- -- Karli Webster 20 Fort Worth , Texas `` You 're So Vain '' ✔ ✔ -- -- 5 Stephan Marcellus 26 Englewood , New Jersey `` Take Me to Church '' -- -- ✔ -- 6 Emily Luther 24 Woonsocket , Rhode Island `` Summertime '' ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Episode 5 ( October 9 ) ( edit ) Order Artist Age Hometown Song Coach 's and artist 's choices Adam Miley Jennifer Blake Chloe Kohanski 23 Mount Juliet , Tennessee `` The Chain '' -- ✔ ✔ ✔ Olivia Kay 14 Edmond , Oklahoma `` Ghost '' -- -- -- -- Dennis Drummond 27 Nashville , Tennessee `` She Talks to Angels '' ✔ -- -- ✔ Ignatious Carmouche 23 Opelousas , Louisiana `` Latch '' -- -- ✔ ✔ 5 Rebecca Brunner 22 Mason , Michigan `` Believer '' -- -- -- ✔ 6 Brandon Brown 19 The Bronx , New York `` Georgia on My Mind '' ✔ -- ✔ ✔ 7 Nathan Graham 27 Chicago , Illinois `` Nobody to Blame '' -- -- -- -- 8 Whitney Fenimore 28 Tulsa , Oklahoma `` Hold On , We 're Going Home '' ✔ ✔ -- -- 9 Ilianna Viramontes 18 Brentwood , California `` New Soul '' -- ✔ -- ✔ 10 Katrina Rose 34 Astoria , Queens , New York `` Kozmic Blues '' -- ✔ -- -- 11 Natalie Stovall 35 Nashville , Tennessee `` If It Had n't Been For Love '' -- -- -- ✔ 12 Ryan Scripps 24 San Jose , California `` Body Like a Back Road '' -- -- -- ✔ 13 Meagan McNeal 31 Chicago , Illinois `` Ca n't Feel My Face '' -- -- ✔ -- 14 Jon Mero 31 Atlanta , Georgia `` Versace on the Floor '' ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Episode 6 ( October 10 ) ( edit ) Order Artist Age Hometown Song Coach 's and artist 's choices Adam Miley Jennifer Blake Kristi Hoopes 19 Parker , Colorado `` Heaven , Heartache and the Power of Love '' ✔ -- ✔ ✔ Michael Kight 25 Dublin , Georgia `` Sugar '' ✔ -- -- Team full Jeremiah Miller 18 Fort Worth , Texas `` Slow Hands '' ✔ -- ✔ Serina Rae 17 Panama City Beach , Florida `` Stand By Me '' -- -- Team full 5 Austin Serrato 42 Ashville , Alabama `` Ai n't No Sunshine '' -- -- 6 Raycee Jones 29 Brooklyn , New York `` We Do n't Have to Take Our Clothes Off '' -- -- 7 Nik Singleton 28 Seattle , Washington `` Wide Open Spaces '' -- -- 8 Megan Rose 20 San Francisco , California `` Ode to Billie Joe '' ✔ ✔ 9 Gary Carpentier 26 Oswego , New York `` Home '' ✔ Team full The Battles ( edit ) The Battle Rounds start on October 16 . Season thirteen 's advisors include : Joe Jonas for Team Adam , Billy Ray Cyrus for Team Miley , Kelly Rowland for Team Jennifer , and Rascal Flatts for Team Blake . The coaches can steal two losing artists from another coach . Contestants who win their battle or are stolen by another coach will advance to the Knockout rounds . Color key : Artist won the Battle and advanced to the Knockouts Artist lost the Battle but was stolen by another coach and advanced to the Knockouts Artist lost the Battle and was originally eliminated but received the Coach Comeback and advanced to the Playoffs Artist lost the Battle and was eliminated Episode Coach Order Winner Song Loser ' Steal ' result Adam Miley Jennifer Blake Episode 7 ( Monday , October 16 ) Jennifer Hudson Lucas Holliday `` My Prerogative '' Meagan McNeal -- -- N / A -- Miley Cyrus Moriah Formica `` American Woman '' Shilo Gold -- N / A -- -- Blake Shelton Keisha Renee `` I 'm So Lonesome I Could Cry '' Noah Mac -- -- ✔ N / A Jennifer Hudson Chris Weaver `` Dangerous Woman '' Kathrina Feigh -- -- N / A ✔ Miley Cyrus 5 Brooke Simpson `` You 're a Big Girl Now '' Sophia Bollman -- N / A -- -- Adam Levine 6 Adam Pearce `` Stop Draggin ' My Heart Around '' Whitney Fenimore N / A ✔ -- ✔ Episode 8 ( Tuesday , October 17 ) Jennifer Hudson Davon Fleming `` I 'm Your Baby Tonight '' Maharasyi -- -- N / A -- Adam Levine Hannah Mrozak `` Cold Water '' Brandon Showell N / A -- -- -- Dylan Gerard `` Doctor My Eyes '' Dave Crosby N / A -- -- -- Blake Shelton Esera Tuaolo `` This I Promise You '' Rebecca Brunner -- -- -- N / A Miley Cyrus 5 Chloe Kohanski `` I Am Woman '' Ilianna Viramontes -- N / A -- -- Blake Shelton 6 Mitchell Lee `` Mr. Jones '' Dennis Drummond ✔ -- -- N / A Episode 9 ( Monday , October 23 ) Adam Levine Jon Mero `` I Wish It Would Rain '' Brandon Brown N / A -- -- -- Blake Shelton Red Marlow `` Fishin ' in the Dark '' Ryan Scripps -- -- -- N / A Miley Cyrus Karli Webster `` Girls Just Want to Have Fun '' Addison Agen ✔ N / A ✔ -- Blake Shelton Anna Catherine DeHart `` Independence Day '' Kristi Hoopes Team full -- -- N / A Jennifer Hudson 5 Jeremiah Miller `` One Call Away '' Alexandra Joyce -- N / A -- Adam Levine 6 Emily Luther `` Send My Love ( To Your New Lover ) '' Gary Carpentier -- -- -- Jennifer Hudson 7 Shi'Ann Jones `` Oh ! Darling '' Stephan Marcellus ✔ N / A -- Adam Levine 8 Anthony Alexander `` I Feel It Coming '' Michael Kight Team full -- -- Miley Cyrus 9 Janice Freeman `` W.O.M.A.N '' Katrina Rose -- Episode 10 ( Tuesday , October 24 ) Blake Shelton Adam Cunningham `` Boondocks '' Natalie Stovall Team full Team full Team full N / A Jennifer Hudson Eric Lyn `` Unaware '' Ignatious Carmouche -- Miley Cyrus Ashland Craft `` A Good Hearted Woman '' Megan Rose ✔ The Knockouts ( edit ) The Knockouts round will start with episode 11 . The coaches can each steal one losing artist . The top 20 contestants will then move on to The Playoffs . Kelly Clarkson will be advisor to contestants from all teams in this round . Color key : Artist won the Knockout and advanced to the Playoffs Artist lost the Knockout but was stolen by another coach and advanced to the Playoffs Artist lost the Knockout and was originally eliminated but received the Coach Comeback and advanced to the Playoffs Artist lost the Knockout and was eliminated Episode Coach Order Song Artists Song ' Steal ' result Winner Loser Adam Miley Jennifer Blake Episode 11 ( Monday , October 30 ) Blake Shelton `` Superstar '' Esera Tuaolo Adam Cunningham `` Either Way '' ✔ -- -- N / A Jennifer Hudson `` Who 's Lovin ' You '' Shi'Ann Jones Lucas Holliday `` Tell It Like It Is '' Team full -- N / A -- Adam Levine `` Beneath Your Beautiful '' Addison Agen Dennis Drummond `` All Along the Watchtower '' -- -- -- Miley Cyrus `` I 'm Goin ' Down '' Janice Freeman Karli Webster `` Blue Bayou '' N / A -- -- Jennifer Hudson 5 `` I Can Only Imagine '' Davon Fleming Eric Lyn `` What 's Going On '' -- N / A -- Miley Cyrus 6 `` Wanted Dead or Alive '' Ashland Craft Chloe Kohanski `` Landslide '' N / A ✔ ✔ Episode 12 ( Tuesday , October 31 ) The twelfth episode was a special one - hour episode titled `` Best of the Season '' . The episode showed selected moments of the season so far , including the coaches , their teams , their assistant team advisors , the journey of the contestants thus far , and some previously unseen footage . Episode 13 ( Monday , November 6 ) Miley Cyrus `` ( You Make Me Feel Like ) A Natural Woman '' Brooke Simpson Stephan Marcellus `` Impossible '' Team full N / A -- Team full Blake Shelton `` I 'll Be '' Mitchell Lee Anna Catherine DeHart `` Breathe '' -- -- Jennifer Hudson `` Hold Back the River '' Noah Mac Jeremiah Miller `` Sorry '' -- N / A Blake Shelton `` I Hope You Dance '' Keisha Renee Kathrina Feigh `` Girl on Fire '' -- -- Adam Levine 5 `` Blame It On the Boogie '' Jon Mero Dylan Gerard `` Can I Be Him '' -- -- Miley Cyrus 6 `` Behind These Hazel Eyes '' Moriah Formica Whitney Fenimore `` Calling All Angels '' N / A -- Adam Levine 7 `` Glitter In the Air '' Emily Luther Adam Pearce `` Smoke on the Water '' ✔ -- Episode 14 ( Tuesday , November 7 ) Jennifer Hudson `` I Put a Spell on You '' Chris Weaver Katrina Rose `` Zombie '' Team full Team full N / A Team full Blake Shelton `` Outskirts of Heaven '' Red Marlow Megan Rose `` Smoke Break '' -- Adam Levine `` Mercy '' Anthony Alexander Hannah Mrozak `` Love on the Brain '' ✔ Whitney Fenimore is on Team Adam for the Playoffs . The Playoffs ( edit ) The Playoffs were taped on August 31 and September 1 , and comprised episodes 15 , 16 , and 17 . As in season 6 , the Playoffs were prerecorded , this time featuring no interactive viewer voting component , and therefore no subsequent results shows . As in seasons 9 , 10 , and 12 , four previously eliminated artists were chosen by the coaches to come back for the Playoffs . This time , they were Natalie Stovall ( picked by Blake Shelton ) , Lucas Holliday ( chosen by Jennifer Hudson ) , Karli Webster ( joined by Miley Cyrus ) , and Whitney Fenimore ( by Adam Levine ) . This season is the first to have the Playoffs taped on the same stage as the Battles and the Knockouts . The top twenty - four artists performed for the coaches , with each coach choosing three artists from their teams for elimination . The remaining top twelve artists advanced to the live shows . Color key : Artist was chosen by his / her coach to move on to the live shows Artist was eliminated Episode Coach Order Artist Song Result Episode 15 ( Monday , November 13 ) Jennifer Hudson Davon Fleming `` I Am Changing '' Advanced Hannah Mrozak `` Learn to Let Go '' Eliminated Lucas Holliday `` The Beautiful Ones '' Eliminated Shi'Ann Jones `` Tattooed Heart '' Advanced 5 Chris Weaver `` California Soul '' Eliminated 6 Noah Mac `` In the Air Tonight '' Advanced Blake Shelton 7 Red Marlow `` Chiseled in Stone '' Advanced 8 Chloe Kohanski `` Time After Time '' Advanced 9 Natalie Stovall `` Callin ' Baton Rouge '' Eliminated 10 Esera Tuaolo `` How Do I Live '' Eliminated 11 Mitchell Lee `` Heaven '' Eliminated 12 Keisha Renee `` Love Can Build a Bridge '' Advanced Episode 16 ( Tuesday , November 14 ) Adam Levine Adam Cunningham `` Have a Little Faith in Me '' Advanced Whitney Fenimore `` If It Makes You Happy '' Eliminated Emily Luther `` Lovesong '' Eliminated Anthony Alexander `` Perfect '' Eliminated 5 Jon Mero `` When We Were Young '' Advanced 6 Addison Agen `` Angel from Montgomery '' Advanced Episode 17 ( Wednesday , November 15 ) Miley Cyrus Brooke Simpson `` It 's a Man 's Man 's Man 's World '' Advanced Karli Webster `` Coat of Many Colors '' Eliminated Adam Pearce `` Love Hurts '' Eliminated Ashland Craft `` When I Think About Cheatin ' '' Advanced 5 Moriah Formica `` World Without You '' Eliminated 6 Janice Freeman `` Fall for You '' Advanced Live shows ( edit ) Color key : Artist was saved by the Public 's votes Artist was placed in the bottom two , bottom three , or middle three Artist was saved by the Instant Save Artist 's iTunes vote multiplied by 5 ( except The Finals ) after his / her studio version of the song reached iTunes top 10 Artist was eliminated Week 1 : Top 12 ( November 20 and 21 ) ( edit ) The Top 12 performed on Monday , November 20 , 2017 , with the results following on Tuesday , November 21 , 2017 . The Instant Save returned once again this season , with the bottom two artists performing for a spot in the next round via the viewers ' votes from Twitter . Addison Agen received the first iTunes bonus multiplier of the season , with their studio recordings of `` She Used to Be Mine '' placing ( # 9 ) on the iTunes Top 200 Singles chart at the close of the voting window . In addition , the show 's official YouTube channel released a video starring the cast of Pitch Perfect 3 and the Top 12 singing `` Freedom ! ' 90 '' and `` Cups '' . Episode Coach Order Artist Song Result Episode 18 ( Monday , November 20 ) Miley Cyrus Brooke Simpson `` Praying '' Public 's vote Blake Shelton Red Marlow `` The Church on Cumberland Road '' Public 's vote Jennifer Hudson Shi'Ann Jones `` Vision of Love '' Public 's vote Adam Levine Jon Mero `` Why I Love You '' Bottom two Miley Cyrus 5 Ashland Craft `` Delta Dawn '' Public 's vote Adam Levine 6 Adam Cunningham `` Against All Odds ( Take a Look at Me Now ) '' Bottom two Blake Shelton 7 Chloe Kohanski `` Thank You '' Public 's vote Jennifer Hudson 8 Davon Fleming `` Love On Top '' Public 's vote Adam Levine 9 Addison Agen `` She Used to Be Mine '' Public 's vote Blake Shelton 10 Keisha Renee `` Midnight Train to Georgia '' Public 's vote Jennifer Hudson 11 Noah Mac `` Speed of Sound '' Public 's vote Miley Cyrus 12 Janice Freeman `` The Story '' Public 's vote Instant Save Performances Episode 19 ( Tuesday , November 21 ) Adam Levine Adam Cunningham `` Fortunate Son '' Instant Save Jon Mero `` I Want You Back '' Eliminated Non-competition performances Order Performer Song 19.1 Jennifer Hudson and her team ( Davon Fleming , Noah Mac and Shi'Ann Jones ) `` Let It Be '' 19.2 Maroon 5 `` What Lovers Do '' 19.3 Blake Shelton and his team ( Chloe Kohanski , Keisha Renee and Red Marlow ) `` If It Will , It Will '' Week 2 : Top 11 ( November 27 and 28 ) ( edit ) The Top 11 performed songs chosen by the public on Monday , November 27 , 2017 , with the results following on Tuesday , November 28 , 2017 . iTunes bonus multipliers were awarded to Red Marlow ( # 10 ) , Addison Agen ( # 2 ) , and Chloe Kohanski ( # 1 ) . Episode Coach Order Artist Song Results Episode 20 ( Monday , November 27 ) Miley Cyrus Janice Freeman `` Shine '' Bottom two Blake Shelton Red Marlow `` The Dance '' Public 's vote Jennifer Hudson Shi'Ann Jones `` Listen '' Public 's vote Adam Levine Adam Cunningham `` American Girl '' Bottom two Miley Cyrus 5 Brooke Simpson `` What About Us '' Public 's vote Jennifer Hudson 6 Davon Fleming `` I Have Nothing '' Public 's vote Miley Cyrus 7 Ashland Craft `` Chicken Fried '' Public 's vote Adam Levine 8 Addison Agen `` A Case of You '' Public 's vote Blake Shelton 9 Keisha Renee `` It Matters to Me '' Public 's vote Jennifer Hudson 10 Noah Mac `` Electric Love '' Public 's vote Blake Shelton 11 Chloe Kohanski `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' Public 's vote Instant Save Performances Episode 21 ( Tuesday , November 28 ) Adam Levine Adam Cunningham `` Amazed '' Instant Save Miley Cyrus Janice Freeman `` Chandelier '' Eliminated Non-competition performances Order Performer Song 21.1 Miley Cyrus and her team ( Ashland Craft , Janice Freeman and Brooke Simpson ) `` Man ! I Feel Like a Woman ! '' 21.2 Adam Levine and his team ( Addison Agen and Adam Cunningham ) `` Go Your Own Way '' 21.3 Blake Shelton with Jennifer Hudson `` I 'll Name the Dogs '' Week 3 : Top 10 ( December 4 and 5 ) ( edit ) The Top 10 performed on Monday , December 4 , 2017 , with the results following on Tuesday , December 5 , 2017 . iTunes bonus multipliers were awarded to Keisha Renee ( # 10 ) , Addison Agen ( # 5 ) , Chloe Kohanski ( # 4 ) , and Brooke Simpson ( # 2 ) . Episode Coach Order Artist Song Results Episode 22 ( Monday , December 4 ) Jennifer Hudson Davon Fleming `` Hurt '' Bottom three Adam Levine Adam Cunningham `` Maybe It Was Memphis '' Public 's vote Jennifer Hudson Noah Mac `` Ordinary World '' Public 's vote Shi'Ann Jones `` Diamonds '' Bottom three Blake Shelton 5 Chloe Kohanski `` Call Me '' Public 's vote 6 Keisha Renee `` All By Myself '' Public 's vote Miley Cyrus 7 Ashland Craft `` I Hate Myself for Loving You '' Bottom three 8 Brooke Simpson `` Amazing Grace '' Public 's vote Blake Shelton 9 Red Marlow `` That 's What I Love About Sunday '' Public 's vote Adam Levine 10 Addison Agen `` Lucky '' Public 's vote Instant Save Performances Episode 23 ( Tuesday , December 5 ) Miley Cyrus Ashland Craft `` Tonight I Wanna Cry '' Eliminated Jennifer Hudson Shi'Ann Jones `` At Last '' Eliminated Davon Fleming `` Ai n't No Way '' Instant Save Non-competition performances Order Performer Song 22.1 Gwen Stefani feat . Blake Shelton `` You Make It Feel Like Christmas '' 23.1 Portugal . The Man `` Feel It Still '' 23.2 Danielle Bradbery `` Worth It '' Week 4 : semifinals ( December 11 and 12 ) ( edit ) The Top 8 performed on Monday , December 11 , 2017 , with the results following on Tuesday , December 12 , 2017 . Like Season 12 , the duets between contestants were part of the competition and public voting . In the semifinals , three artists will automatically move to next week 's finale , the two artists with the least votes will be immediately eliminated and the middle three will contend for the remaining spot in the next week 's finals via the Instant Save . iTunes bonuses this week awarded to Chloe Kohanski ( # 1 ) , Addison Agen ( # 2 ) , Chloe Kohanski and Noah Mac ( Duet ) ( # 3 ) , Red Marlow ( # 5 ) , Brooke Simpson ( # 6 ) and Noah Mac ( # 7 ) . Davon Fleming 's `` Gravity '' was in the Top 10 earlier Tuesday , but it had fallen to # 11 by the voting deadline . With the eliminations of Noah Mac and Davon Fleming , Jennifer Hudson no longer has any artists remaining on her team . Noah Mac was the first artist to receive two iTunes bonuses and to be eliminated during the same week . Episode Coach Order Artist Song Results Episode 24 ( Monday , December 11 ) Adam Levine Adam Cunningham `` I 'm Already There '' Middle three Jennifer Hudson Davon Fleming `` Gravity '' Eliminated Blake Shelton Red Marlow `` Go Rest High on That Mountain '' Middle three Keisha Renee `` What Hurts the Most '' Eliminated 5 Chloe Kohanski `` I Want to Know What Love Is '' Public 's vote Jennifer Hudson 6 Noah Mac `` River '' Middle three Adam Levine 7 Addison Agen `` Both Sides , Now '' Public 's vote Miley Cyrus 8 Brooke Simpson `` Faithfully '' Public 's vote Instant Save Performances Episode 25 ( Tuesday , December 12 ) Blake Shelton Red Marlow `` Dixieland Delight '' Instant Save Adam Levine Adam Cunningham `` Here 's a Quarter ( Call Someone Who Cares ) '' Eliminated Jennifer Hudson Noah Mac `` Sign of the Times '' Eliminated Duets Order Performers Song 24.2 Noah Mac and Chloe Kohanski `` Wicked Game '' 24.4 Brooke Simpson and Davon Fleming `` Earned It '' 24.6 Adam Cunningham and Red Marlow `` Ca n't You See '' 24.8 Addison Agen and Keisha Renee `` Strong Enough '' Non-competition performances Order Performer Song 25.1 Machine Gun Kelly , X Ambassadors and Bebe Rexha `` Home '' 25.2 Jennifer Hudson `` Burden Down '' 25.3 Alisan Porter , Chris Mann , Mary Sarah , Matt McAndrew , Matthew Schuler , and Michael Sanchez ( giving a preview of the upcoming The Voice : Neon Dreams residency show in Las Vegas ) `` It 's Time '' Week 5 : finals ( December 18 and 19 ) ( edit ) The Top 4 will perform on Monday , December 18 , 2017 , with the final results following on Tuesday , December 19 , 2017 . This week , the four finalists performed a solo cover song , a duet with their coach , and an original song . iTunes bonuses this week were awarded to Addison Agen ( # 1 and # 5 ) , Chloe Kohanski ( # 2 and # 7 ) , Red Marlow ( # 3 ) and Brooke Simpson ( # 4 and # 8 ) . Addison 's duet with Adam also reached the top 10 at # 10 , but the bonus was not applied due to coach duets sales not counting as votes . Coach Artist Order Solo Song Order Duet Song ( with Coach ) Order Original Song Result Adam Levine Addison Agen `` Humble and Kind '' 5 `` Falling Slowly '' 11 `` Tennessee Rain '' Runner - up Blake Shelton Chloe Kohanski 12 `` Bette Davis Eyes '' 8 `` You Got It '' `` Wish I Did n't Love You '' Winner Blake Shelton Red Marlow 9 `` To Make You Feel My Love '' `` I 'm Gonna Miss Her ( The Fishin ' Song ) '' 7 `` I Pray '' Fourth place Miley Cyrus Brooke Simpson 10 `` O Holy Night '' 6 `` Wrecking Ball '' `` What Is Beautiful '' Third place Non-competition performances Order Performer Song 26.1 Chris Blue `` Humanity '' ( In promotion of NBC 's Winter Olympics coverage ) 27.1 Bebe Rexha , Adam Cunningham and Keisha Renee `` Meant to Be '' 27.2 Charlie Puth ( with Adam Levine on a guitar ) `` How Long '' 27.3 Norah Jones and Addison Agen `` Do n't Know Why '' 27.4 Bastille and Noah Mac `` World Gone Mad '' 27.5 Kelly Clarkson `` Medicine '' 27.6 Chris Blue `` Blue Blood Blues '' 27.7 Sia and Brooke Simpson `` Titanium '' 27.8 Jessie J and Chris Weaver as Nedra Belle `` Bang Bang '' 27.9 Billy Idol and Chloe Kohanski `` White Wedding '' 27.10 Demi Lovato `` Tell Me You Love Me '' 27.11 Jessie J and Davon Fleming `` Not My Ex '' 27.12 Vince Gill and Red Marlow `` When I Call Your Name '' 27.13 N.E.R.D. `` Lemon '' 27.14 Sia `` Snowman '' Elimination chart ( edit ) Overall ( edit ) Color key Artist 's info Team Adam Team Miley Team Jennifer Team Blake Result details Winner Runner - up Third place Fourth place Saved by Instant Save ( via Twitter ) Saved by the public Saved by his / her coach Eliminated Playoff and Live Show Results per week Artist Playoffs Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Finals Chloe Kohanski Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Winner Addison Agen Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Runner - up Brooke Simpson Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe 3rd Place Red Marlow Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe 4th Place Noah Mac Safe Safe Safe Safe Eliminated Eliminated ( Week 4 ) Adam Cunningham Safe Safe Safe Safe Eliminated Davon Fleming Safe Safe Safe Safe Eliminated Keisha Renee Safe Safe Safe Safe Eliminated Ashland Craft Safe Safe Safe Eliminated Eliminated ( Week 3 ) Shi'Ann Jones Safe Safe Safe Eliminated Janice Freeman Safe Safe Eliminated Eliminated ( Week 2 ) Jon Mero Safe Eliminated Eliminated ( Week 1 ) Anthony Alexander Eliminated Eliminated ( Playoffs ) Whitney Fenimore Eliminated Moriah Formica Eliminated Lucas Holliday Eliminated Mitchell Lee Eliminated Emily Luther Eliminated Hannah Mrozak Eliminated Adam Pearce Eliminated Natalie Stovall Eliminated Esera Tuaolo Eliminated Chris Weaver Eliminated Karli Webster Eliminated Team ( edit ) Color key Artist 's info Team Adam Team Miley Team Jennifer Team Blake Result details Winner Runner - up Third place Fourth place Artist Saved by his / her coach Eliminated Artist Saved by Instant Save ( via Twitter ) Artist received one or more iTunes bonus that week Number of iTunes bonuses received Artist Playoffs Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Finals Addison Agen Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced Runner - up Adam Cunningham Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced Eliminated Jon Mero Advanced Eliminated Emily Luther Eliminated Whitney Fenimore Eliminated Anthony Alexander Eliminated Brooke Simpson Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced Third Place Ashland Craft Advanced Advanced Advanced Eliminated Janice Freeman Advanced Advanced Eliminated Moriah Formica Eliminated Adam Pearce Eliminated Karli Webster Eliminated Noah Mac Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced Eliminated Davon Fleming Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced Eliminated Shi'Ann Jones Advanced Advanced Advanced Eliminated Lucas Holliday Eliminated Hannah Mrozak Eliminated Chris Weaver Eliminated Chloe Kohanski Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced Winner Red Marlow Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced Fourth Place Keisha Renee Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced Eliminated Mitchell Lee Eliminated Natalie Stovall Eliminated Esera Tuaolo Eliminated Artists who appeared on previous shows or seasons ( edit ) Adam Pearce auditioned for season twelve , but failed to turn any chairs . Keisha Renee appeared on the tenth season of American Idol , where she finished in the Top 40 . Hannah Mrozak was a Top 48 placer on the fourteenth season of American Idol . Odiseas Georgiadis auditioned for season three of the show , but failed to turn any chairs . He is the second contestant , after Sonia Rao , to be rejected twice and the first one to be rejected twice in different seasons . Samantha Rios previously appeared on the third season of La Voz Kids , as a member of Daddy Yankee 's team . She finished as a semi-finalist . Ignatious Carmouche previously won the show 's second Snapchat season on Team Adam . He won a blind audition for this season as his prize . Esera Tuaolo played professional football for nine years . Emily Luther ( along with Charlie Puth ) won the 2011 Perez Hilton Can YOU Sing ? ? YouTube contest doing a cover of Adele 's `` Someone Like You '' . Both appeared on The Ellen DeGeneres Show and were signed to her label eleveneleven . In January 2012 , they came back to The Ellen DeGeneres Show and performed Lady Antebellum 's `` Need You Now '' and an original written by Puth titled `` Break Again '' ( co-written with Robert Gillies ) . Reception ( edit ) U.S. Nielsen ratings ( edit ) Episode Original airdate Production Time slot ( ET ) Viewers ( in millions ) Adults ( 18 -- 49 ) Source Rating Share `` The Blind Auditions Premiere '' September 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 25 ) 1301 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 10.57 2.6 9 `` The Blind Auditions Premiere , Part 2 '' September 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) 1302 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 10.98 2.7 10 `` The Blind Auditions , Part 3 '' October 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 02 ) 1303 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 11.04 2.6 9 `` The Blind Auditions , Part 4 '' October 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 03 ) 1304 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 10.42 2.4 9 5 `` The Blind Auditions , Part 5 '' October 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 09 ) 1305 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 10.91 2.4 8 6 `` The Blind Auditions , Part 6 '' October 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) 1306 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 10.93 2.6 9 7 `` The Battles Premiere '' October 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 16 ) 1307 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 11.01 2.6 10 8 `` The Battles Premiere , Part 2 '' October 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) 1308 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 10.41 2.4 8 9 `` The Battles , Part 3 '' October 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 23 ) 1309 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 10.19 2.4 8 10 `` The Battles , Part 4 '' October 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) 1310 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 9.90 1.9 7 11 `` The Knockouts Premiere '' October 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 30 ) 1311 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 9.98 1.9 7 12 `` The Voice : Best of the Season '' October 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 31 ) 1312 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 6.23 1.0 13 `` The Knockouts , Part 2 '' November 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 06 ) 1313 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 9.63 2.0 7 14 `` The Knockouts , Part 3 '' November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) 1314 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 9.47 1.9 7 15 `` The Playoffs , Night 1 '' November 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 13 ) 1315 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 10.01 2.0 8 16 `` The Playoffs , Night 2 '' November 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) 1316 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 10.08 8 17 `` The Playoffs , Night 3 '' November 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 15 ) 1317 Wednesday 9 : 00 p.m. 8.23 1.7 7 18 `` Live Top 12 Performances '' November 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 20 ) 1318 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 9.15 1.7 6 19 `` Live Top 12 Eliminations '' November 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 21 ) 1319 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 9.36 1.7 7 20 `` Live Top 11 Performances '' November 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 27 ) 1320 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 9.60 1.9 7 21 `` Live Top 11 Eliminations '' November 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 28 ) 1321 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 10.60 1.8 7 22 `` Live Top 10 Performances '' December 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 04 ) 1322 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 9.86 1.8 7 23 `` Live Top 10 Eliminations '' December 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 05 ) 1323 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 10.00 1.8 7 24 `` Live Semifinal Performances '' December 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 11 ) 1324 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 10.45 1.9 7 25 `` Live Semifinal Eliminations '' December 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 12 ) 1325 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 9.77 1.7 7 26 `` Live Final Performances '' December 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 18 ) 1326 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 11.02 2.0 7 27 `` Live Season Finale '' December 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 19 ) 1327 Tuesday 9 : 00 p.m. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` NBC Announces Fall Premiere Dates for New 2017 - 18 Season '' . The Futon Critic . June 19 , 2017 . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gelman , Vlada ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Jennifer Hudson Joins The Voice as Coach for Season 13 '' . TVLine . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2017 . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 18 , 2016 ) . `` Gwen Stefani Rejoins The Voice as Coach for Season 12 , Miley Cyrus Will Be Back in Season 13 '' . Deadline.com . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Santilli , M.J. ( September 12 , 2017 ) . `` The Voice Season 13 Spoilers Reveal Day Contestant List '' . mjsbigblog . Archived from the original on 2017 - 09 - 13 . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Franklin , Mark . ( September 22 , 2017 ) . `` A WARNING ABOUT THE VOICE SEASON 13 '' . idolchatteryd.com . Archived from the original on 2017 - 10 - 03 . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Karen Mizoguchi ( 7 October 2017 ) . `` The Voice Season 13 Advisors Revealed : Billy Ray Cyrus , Joe Jonas , Kelly Rowland and Rascal Flatts '' . People . Archived from the original on 13 October 2017 . Retrieved 10 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Cantor , Brian . `` The Voice 's Addison Agen Reaches Top 10 On iTunes Chart , Earns Vote Bonus '' . Headline Planet . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Cantor , Brian . `` The Voice 's Chloe Kohanski Reaches # 1 On US iTunes Sales Chart ; Addison , Red Also Earn Bonuses '' . Headline Planet . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Cantor , Brian . `` The Voice 's Brooke Simpson Earns # 2 On iTunes , Chloe , Addison Also Earn Bonuses '' . Headline Planet . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Cantor , Brian . `` The Voice 's Chloe Kohanski Claims # 1 On iTunes ; Addison , Noah , Red , Brooke Also In Top 10 '' . Headline Planet . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Cantor , Brian ( 18 December 2017 ) . `` The Voice 's Addison Agen Claims # 1 On iTunes After Finale ; Chloe , Red , Brooke Also In Top 10 ( Update ) '' . Headline Planet . Retrieved 19 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Dawn , Randee ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` Former NFL player wows judges on ' The Voice ' with emotional song '' . TODAY.com . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2017 . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang ' and ' Young Sheldon ' adjust up , ' Good Doctor , ' ' DWTS , ' ' The Brave , ' ' Me , Myself & I ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2017 . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Bull , ' ' Voice , ' ' This Is Us ' adjust up , ' L&O True Crime ' and ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2017 . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Voice ' adjust up ; ' Good Doctor , ' ' DWTS , ' ' Kevin Can Wait , ' ' The Brave ' & ' Scorpion ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2017 . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat , ' ' Voice ' adjust up , ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine , ' ' L&O True Crime ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2017 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Good Doctor ' adjust up , other CBS shows and ' The Brave ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2017 . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . 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what was the name of the gang johnny utah infiltrated in point break	Former Ohio State Buckeyes quarterback and rookie FBI Agent Johnny Utah is assigned to assist experienced agent and veteran Angelo Pappas in investigating a string of bank robberies by the `` Ex-Presidents '' , a gang of robbers who wear face - masks depicting former US presidents Ronald Reagan , Richard Nixon , Lyndon B. Johnson , and Jimmy Carter to disguise their true identities . They raid only the cash drawers in the banks that they rob -- never going for the vault -- and are out within 90 seconds .	`` Ex-Presidents ''	Point Break	point break		Point Break Theatrical release poster Directed by Kathryn Bigelow Produced by Peter Abrams Robert L. Levy Screenplay by W. Peter Iliff Uncredited : James Cameron Story by Rick King W. Peter Iliff Starring Patrick Swayze Keanu Reeves Gary Busey Lori Petty Music by Mark Isham Cinematography Donald Peterman Edited by Howard Smith Production companies Largo Entertainment Levy / Abrams / Guerin Productions Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date July 10 , 1991 ( 1991 - 07 - 10 ) ( Westwood , California ) July 12 , 1991 ( 1991 - 07 - 12 ) ( United States ) Running time 122 minutes Country United States Language English Budget US $ 24 million Box office US $83.5 million Point Break is a 1991 American buddy cop action crime thriller film directed by Kathryn Bigelow , starring Patrick Swayze , Keanu Reeves , Lori Petty and Gary Busey . The title refers to the surfing term `` point break , '' where a wave breaks as it hits a point of land jutting out from the coastline . Reeves stars as rookie FBI agent Johnny Utah , who is investigating a string of bank robberies possibly being committed by surfers . Johnny goes undercover to infiltrate the surfing community and develops a complex friendship with Bodhi ( Swayze ) , the charismatic leader of a gang of surfers . The film was a box office success upon its release , with an $83.5 million gross and a budget of $24 million , and has since gained cult status . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Soundtrack 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Accolades 6 Legacy 7 Remake 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Former Ohio State Buckeyes quarterback and rookie FBI Agent Johnny Utah is assigned to assist experienced agent and veteran Angelo Pappas in investigating a string of bank robberies by the `` Ex-Presidents '' , a gang of robbers who wear face - masks depicting former US presidents Ronald Reagan , Richard Nixon , Lyndon B. Johnson , and Jimmy Carter to disguise their true identities . They raid only the cash drawers in the banks that they rob -- never going for the vault -- and are out within 90 seconds . Pursuing Pappas 's theory that the criminals are surfers , Utah goes undercover to infiltrate the surfing community . He fabricates a personal family tragedy in order to persuade orphaned surfer Tyler Endicott to teach him to surf , after she had saved him from drowning during his first attempt at surfing . Through her , he meets Bodhi , the charismatic leader of a gang of surfers consisting of Roach , Grommet , and Nathaniel . The group are initially wary of Utah , but accept him when Bodhi recognizes him as the former college football star . As he masters the art of surfing , Utah finds himself increasingly drawn to the surfers ' adrenaline - charged lifestyle , Bodhi 's philosophies , and Tyler . Following a clue retrieved by analyzing toxins found in the hair of one of the bank robbers , Utah and Pappas lead an FBI raid on another gang of surfers , resulting in the deaths of two of them . Despite their criminal records , these surfers turn out to not be the Ex-Presidents and the raid inadvertently ruins a DEA undercover operation . Watching Bodhi 's group surfing , Utah begins to suspect that they are the `` Ex-Presidents , '' noting how close a group they are and the way one of them moons everyone in the same manner one of the robbers does when leaving a bank . Utah and Pappas stake out a bank and the Ex-Presidents appear . While wearing a Reagan mask , the gang leader ( implied to be Bodhi ) leads Utah on a foot chase through the neighborhood , which ends when Utah causes an old knee injury to flare up again after jumping into an aqueduct . Despite having a clear shot , Utah does not shoot and the leader escapes . At a campfire that night , it is confirmed that Bodhi and his gang are the Ex-Presidents. Tyler discovers Utah 's FBI badge and angrily terminates their relationship . Shortly afterwards , Bodhi aggressively recruits Utah into going skydiving with the group and he accepts . After the jump , Bodhi reveals that he knows Utah is an FBI agent and has arranged for his friend Rosie , a non-surfing thug , to hold Tyler hostage . Utah is thus blackmailed into participating in the Ex-Presidents last bank robbery of the summer . As a result , Grommet , along with an off - duty police officer and a bank guard -- who both attempt to foil the robbery -- are killed . Outraged by Grommet 's death , Bodhi knocks Utah out and leaves the scene . Defying their senior officer who arrests Utah for armed robbery , Pappas and Utah head to the airport where Bodhi , Roach , and Nathaniel are about to leave for Mexico . During a shootout , Pappas and Nathaniel are killed , whereas Roach is seriously wounded . With Roach aboard , Bodhi forces Utah onto the plane at gunpoint . Once airborne and over their intended drop zone , Bodhi and Roach put on their parachutes and jump from the plane , leaving Utah to take the blame again . With no other parachutes available , Utah jumps from the plane with Bodhi 's gun and intercepts him . After landing safely , Utah 's knee gives out again , allowing Bodhi to escape Utah 's grasp . Bodhi meets with Rosie and releases Tyler , who reunites with Utah . Roach dies of his wounds , and Bodhi and Rosie leave with the money . Nine months later , Utah tracks Bodhi at Bells Beach in Victoria , Australia , where a record storm is producing lethal waves . This is an event Bodhi had talked about experiencing , calling it the `` 50 - Year Storm . '' Utah attempts to bring Bodhi into custody , but Bodhi refuses . During a brawl in the surf , Utah manages to handcuff himself to Bodhi , who begs Utah to release him so he can ride the once - in - a-lifetime wave . Knowing Bodhi will not come back alive , Utah releases him , bids him farewell , and sees him step towards the wave . While the authorities watch Bodhi surf to his death , Utah walks away , throwing his FBI badge into the ocean . Cast ( edit ) Keanu Reeves as FBI Agent Johnny Utah Patrick Swayze as Bodhi Gary Busey as FBI Agent Angelo Pappas Lori Petty as Tyler Endicott John C. McGinley as FBI Director Ben Harp James LeGros as Roach John Philbin as Nathaniel Lee Tergesen as Rosie Bojesse Christopher as Grommet Julian Reyes as FBI Agent Alvarez Daniel Beer as FBI Agent Babbit Vincent Klyn as Warchild Chris Pedersen as Bunker Weiss Dave Olson as Archbold Anthony Kiedis as Tone Christopher Pettiet as 15 Sydney Walsh as Miss Deer Peter Phelps as Australian surfer Galyn Gorg as Margarita Tom Sizemore as DEA Agent Deets ( uncredited ) Production ( edit ) Originally , Matthew Broderick , Johnny Depp , Val Kilmer and Charlie Sheen were all considered to star in Point Break playing the character Johnny Utah with Ridley Scott directing . After acquiring the screenplay , the producers of Point Break began looking for a director . At the time , executive producer James Cameron was married to director Kathryn Bigelow , who had just completed Blue Steel and was looking for her next project . Point Break was originally called Johnny Utah when Keanu Reeves was cast in the title role . The studio felt that this title said very little about surfing and by the time Patrick Swayze was cast , the film had been renamed Riders on the Storm after the famous rock song by The Doors . However , Jim Morrison 's lyrics had nothing to do with the film and so that title was also rejected . It was not until halfway through filming that Point Break became the film 's title because of its relevance to surfing . Reeves and Swayze had appeared together once before , in the 1986 film Youngblood . Reeves liked the name of his character , as it reminded him of star athletes like Johnny Unitas and Joe Montana . He described his character as a `` total control freak and the ocean beats him up and challenges him . After a while everything becomes a game ... He becomes as amoral as any criminal . He loses the difference between right and wrong . '' Swayze felt that Bodhi was a lot like him and that they both shared `` that wild - man edge . '' Two months before filming , Lori Petty , Reeves and Swayze trained with former world - class professional surfer Dennis Jarvis on the Hawaiian island of Kauai . Jarvis remembers , `` Patrick said he 'd been on a board a couple of times , Keanu definitely had not surfed before , and Lori had never been in the ocean in her life . '' Shooting the surfing sequences proved to be challenging for both actors , with Swayze cracking four of his ribs . For many of the surfing scenes , he refused to use a stunt double as he never had one for fight scenes or car chases . He also did the skydiving scenes himself and the film 's aerial jump instructor Jim Wallace found that the actor was a natural and took to it right away . The actor ended up making 55 jumps for the film . Swayze actually based aspects of his character after one of his stunt doubles , Darrick Doerner , a top big wave surfer . After learning to surf for the film , Reeves took a liking to it and took it up as a hobby . Parts of the film were shot at Lake Powell in Utah as well as Ecola State Park and Wheeler , Oregon , and Malibu , Manhattan Beach , Santa Monica , Venice , and Fox Hills Mall in California . Although the final scene of the film is set at Bells Beach , Victoria , Australia , the scene was not filmed there . Bells Beach is a straight stretch and the beach in the film is a cove with spruce trees atop a hill . The actual location of the film was a beach called Indian Beach , in Ecola State Park , located in Cannon Beach , Oregon , USA . Soundtrack ( edit ) Ratt -- `` Nobody Rides for Free '' Concrete Blonde -- `` I Want You '' The Jimi Hendrix Experience -- `` If 6 Was 9 '' School of Fish -- `` Rose Colored Glasses '' Public Image Ltd . -- `` Criminal '' Shark Island -- `` My City '' Love -- `` 7 and 7 Is '' Loudhouse -- `` Smoke on the Water '' Westworld -- `` So Long Cowboy '' Little Caesar -- `` Down to the Wire '' L.A. Guns -- `` Over the Edge '' Liquid Jesus -- `` 7 and 7 Is '' Wire Train -- `` I Will Not Fall '' Ice - T -- `` Original Gangster '' Mark Isham -- `` Foot Chase '' Sheryl Crow -- `` Hundreds of Tears '' Score album On February 7 , 2008 , a score release for Point Break was released by La - La Land Records , featuring composer Mark Isham 's score . This edition was limited to 2,000 units and features 65 minutes of score with liner notes by Dan Goldwasser that incorporate comments from both Bigelow and Isham . It is now out of print . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) Point Break was released on July 12 , 1991 in 1,615 theaters , grossing $8.5 million on its opening weekend , behind Terminator 2 : Judgment Day 's ( directed by Bigelow 's then husband , James Cameron ) second weekend and the openings of the re-issue of 101 Dalmatians and Boyz n the Hood . With a budget of $24 million , the film went on to make $43.2 million in North America and $40.3 million internationally for a worldwide total of $83.5 million . Critical response ( edit ) The film received mixed to positive reviews from critics . On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds a 68 % rating based on 57 reviews , with an average rating of 6.1 / 10 . Metacritic reports a 58 out of 100 rating based on 20 reviews , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B + '' on an A+ to F scale . Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film three - and - a-half stars out of four and wrote `` Bigelow is an interesting director for this material . She is interested in the ways her characters live dangerously for philosophical reasons . They are n't men of action , but men of thought who choose action as a way of expressing their beliefs . '' In her review for The New York Times , Janet Maslin praised Reeves ' performance : `` A lot of the snap comes , surprisingly , from Mr. Reeves , who displays considerable discipline and range . He moves easily between the buttoned - down demeanor that suits a police procedural story and the loose - jointed manner of his comic roles . '' Entertainment Weekly gave the film a `` C + '' rating and Owen Gleiberman wrote `` Point Break makes those of us who do n't spend our lives searching for the ultimate physical rush feel like second - class citizens . The film turns reckless athletic valor into a new form of aristocracy . '' In his review for The Washington Post , Hal Hinson wrote `` A lot of what Bigelow puts up on the screen bypasses the brain altogether , plugging directly into our viscera , our gut . The surfing scenes in particular are majestically powerful , even awe - inspiring . Bigelow 's picture is a feast for the eyes , but we watch movies with more than our eyes . She seduces us , then asks us to be bimbos . '' Rolling Stone magazine 's Peter Travers wrote , `` Bigelow ca n't keep the film from drowning in a sea of surf - speak . But without her , Point Break would be no more than an excuse to ogle pretty boys in wet suits . '' USA Today gave the film two out of four stars and Mike Clark wrote `` Its purely visceral material ( surf sounds , skydiving stunt work , a tough indoor shootout midway through ) are first - rate . As for the tangibles that matter even more ( script , acting , directorial control , credible relationships between characters ) , Break defies belief . Dramatically , it rivals the lowest surf yet this year . '' Time magazine 's Richard Corliss wrote , `` So how do you rate a stunningly made film whose plot buys so blithely into macho mysticism that it threatens to turn into an endless bummer ? Looks 10 , Brains 3 . '' In 2006 , a special edition was released on DVD ( In DVD was released in May 22 , 2001 ) . Entertainment Weekly gave it a `` B '' rating and wrote , `` The making - of docs ( at their best discussing Swayze 's extracurricular skydiving -- that really is him doing the Adios , amigo fall ) will leave you hanging . '' It was first released on Blu - ray as a special `` Pure Adrenaline Edition '' on July 1 , 2008 , but that was later discontinued . Point Break was re-released on Blu - ray by Warner Home Video on June 14 , 2011 . Accolades ( edit ) At the 1992 MTV Movie Awards , Point Break was nominated for three awards including `` Most Desirable Male '' ( Keanu Reeves ) , `` Most Desirable Male '' ( Patrick Swayze ) , and `` Best Action Sequence '' for the second jump from the plane . In it , Utah jumps out of a plane without a parachute to catch Bodhi and rescue Tyler . Utah catches up with Bodhi and holds a gun to his head . However , Bodhi refuses to pull the rip cord and Utah must decide between dropping his gun ( so he can hold on and pull the rip cord ) or letting the two fall to the ground . The film ultimately won `` Most Desirable Male '' for Keanu Reeves . Legacy ( edit ) Point Break was listed in the VH1 series I Love the 90s on the episode `` 1991 '' . Many celebrities , including Dominic Monaghan , Mo Rocca , Michael Ian Black , Hal Sparks , and Chris Pontius commented about the film and why it deserved to be included in the episode . Entertainment Weekly ranked Point Break as having one of the `` 10 Best Surfing Scenes '' in cinema . The film inspired a piece of cult theater , Point Break Live ! , in which the role of Johnny Utah is played by an audience member chosen by popular acclamation after a brief audition . The new `` Keanu '' reads all of his ( or her ) lines from cue - cards for the duration of the show , `` to capture the rawness of a Keanu Reeves performance even from those who generally think themselves incapable of acting . '' Point Break was referenced in Hot Fuzz , where the scene of Utah emptying his magazine into the sky in frustration is watched by the lead characters and later re-enacted by Nick Frost 's character . The scene in which Utah jumps after Bodhi without a parachute was ranked seventh in Empire magazine 's Top 10 Crazy Action Sequences . The scene was also tested by the Discovery Channel series MythBusters . It was determined that Utah and Bodhi would not have been able to free - fall for 90 seconds ( as in the film ) , nor would they have been able to hold a conversation in mid-air . However , it was determined that , by streamlining his body , Utah could have conceivably caught up with Bodhi after jumping from the plane . Point Break has been referenced in Marvel Cinematic Universe films twice , in The Avengers and Thor : Ragnarok , by Tony Stark calling Thor `` Point Break '' in reference to his long , blond hairstyle , similar to Swayze 's character 's . Point Break is referenced on the CBS television program Numb3rs , at the end of the episode entitled `` Charlie Do n't Surf '' ( 05.7 ) . In a discussion on the benefits of surfing and the connection of surfers to the universe , the character Dr. Larry Fleinhardt quotes Timothy Leary . In response , the character Colby Granger retorts : `` It 's dancing with the universe . '' Confused , Fleinhardt asks who said that , to which Granger replies : `` Bodhi ... Patrick Swayze ? ... from Point Break ... ? '' Remake ( edit ) Alcon Entertainment and Warner Bros. released a remake of the film in 2015 entitled Point Break , which received mostly negative reviews . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Point Break '' . www.jamescamerononline.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` 16 Totally Awesome Facts About Point Break '' . 2016 - 01 - 13 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` POINT BREAK ( 15 ) ( CUT ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . August 7 , 1991 . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Point Break ( 1991 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` With the Point Break remake , I 've reached a breaking point '' . Jump up ^ Zeitchik , Steven . `` ' Point Break ' remake looks to make a cult classic new , and serious '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Point Break DVD Liner Notes '' . Point Break : Pure Adrenaline Edition . 20th Century Fox . 2006 . Jump up ^ Cinefile Klady , Leonard . Los Angeles Times ( 1923 - Current File ) ( Los Angeles , Calif ) 14 Aug 1988 : K32 . Jump up ^ Strauss , Bob ( July 12 , 1991 ) . `` I 'd like to do a lot of different things '' . The Globe and Mail . Jump up ^ `` Board Certified '' . Entertainment Weekly . July 26 , 1991 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Karen ( July 12 , 1991 ) . `` Swayze 's latest step '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ Willistein , Paul ( July 17 , 1991 ) . `` Swayze enjoys bad - guy role in Point Break '' . Toronto Star . Jump up ^ `` Point Break '' . July 12 , 1991 -- via IMDb . Jump up ^ D'Arc , James V. ( 2010 ) . When Hollywood came to town : a history of moviemaking in Utah ( 1st ed . ) . Layton , Utah : Gibbs Smith . ISBN 9781423605874 . Jump up ^ `` LA LA LAND RECORDS , Point Break '' . Lalalandrecords.com . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2012 . Retrieved May 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Point Break ( 1991 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Point Break reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( July 12 , 1991 ) . `` Point Break '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ Maslin , Janet ( July 12 , 1991 ) . `` Surf 's Up For F.B.I. In Bigelow 's Point Break '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( July 26 , 1991 ) . `` Point Break '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ Hinson , Hal ( July 12 , 1991 ) . `` Point Break '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( April 11 , 2001 ) . `` Point Break '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ Clark , Mike ( July 12 , 1991 ) . `` Point Break is a dramatic wipeout '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ Corliss , Richard ( July 22 , 1991 ) . `` Cinema '' . Time . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ Bierly , Mandi ( September 29 , 2006 ) . `` DVD Review : Point Break '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Best Surfing Scenes '' . Entertainment Weekly . August 8 , 2002 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Point Break LIVE ! '' . May 12 , 2009 . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2009 . Retrieved May 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Pegg , Wright and Frost 's Best Movie References , From ' Spaced ' to ' Hot Fuzz ' - BBC America '' . Jump up ^ `` Point Break movie re-make : Filming underway on 90s classic '' . September 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ See MythBusters ( 2007 season ) # Point Break Trilogy External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Point Break Point Break on IMDb Point Break at Box Office Mojo Point Break at Rotten Tomatoes Point Break at Metacritic Films directed by Kathryn Bigelow The Loveless ( 1982 ) Near Dark ( 1987 ) Blue Steel ( 1990 ) Point Break ( 1991 ) Strange Days ( 1995 ) The Weight of Water ( 2000 ) K - 19 : The Widowmaker ( 2002 ) The Hurt Locker ( 2008 ) Zero Dark Thirty ( 2012 ) Detroit ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Point_Break&oldid=854525129 '' Categories : 1991 films English - language films American films 1990s action thriller films 1990s heist films American buddy cop films American action adventure films American action thriller films American heist films Buddy cop films Cultural depictions of Lyndon B. 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cut with a kitchen knife dada through the last weimar beer belly cultural epoch of germany (1919)	Dada as a movement was inherently political in nature . Dada artists often used political satires to address the issues of the time . They attempted to push art to the limits of humanity and to convey the chaos in post-war ( World War I , which did not yet have this title ) Germany . `` Many of Höch 's overtly political photomontages caricatured the pretended socialism of the new republic and linked female liberation with leftist political revolution '' ( Lavin ) . Perhaps Höch 's most well known piece Cut with the Kitchen Knife Dada through the Beer - Belly of the Weimar Republic symbolizes her cutting through the patriarchal society . The piece is a direct criticism of the failed attempt at democracy imposed by the Weimar Republic . Cut with the Kitchen Knife is `` an explosive agglomeration of cut - up images , bang in the middle of the most well - known photograph of the seminal First International Dada Fair in 1920 '' ( Hudson ) . This photomontage is an excellent example of a piece that combines these three central themes in Höch 's works : androgyny , the `` New Woman '' and political discourse . It combines images of political leaders with sports stars , mechanized images of the city , and Dada artists .		Hannah Höch	hannah hoch	Hannah Höch ( German : ( hœç ) ; November 1 , 1889 -- May 31 , 1978 ) was a German Dada artist . She is best known for her work of the Weimar period , when she was one of the originators of photomontage . Photomontage , or fotomontage , is a type of collage in which the pasted items are actual photographs , or photographic reproductions pulled from the press and other widely produced media .	Höch 's work was intended to dismantle the fable and dichotomy that existed in the concept of the `` New Woman '' : an energetic , professional , and androgynous woman , who is ready to take her place as man 's equal . Her interest in the topic was in how the dichotomy was structured , as well as in who structures social roles . Other key themes in Höch 's works were androgyny , political discourse , and shifting gender roles . These themes all interacted to create a feminist discourse surrounding Höch 's works , which encouraged the liberation and agency of women in Weimar Germany and today . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biography 1.1 Personal life and relationships 1.2 Later years 2 Dada 2.1 Photomontage 2.2 Women In Dada 3 Works 4 Important pieces 4.1 Cut with the Kitchen Knife Dada through the Last Weimar Beer - Belly Cultural Epoch in Germany ( 1919 ) 4.2 The Beautiful Girl ( 1920 ) 4.3 Marlene ( 1930 ) 5 Exhibitions 5.1 Selected solo shows 6 Bibliography 7 See also 8 Notes 9 External links Biography ( edit ) Hannah Höch was born Anna Therese Johanne Höch in Gotha , Germany . Although she attended school , domesticity took precedence in the Höch household . In 1904 , Höch was taken out of the Höhere Töchterschule in Gotha to care for her youngest sibling , Marianne . In 1912 she began classes at the School of Applied Arts in Berlin under the guidance of glass designer Harold Bergen . She had chosen the curriculum in glass design and graphic arts , rather than fine arts , to please her father . In 1914 , at the start of World War I , she left the school and returned home to Gotha to work with the Red Cross . In 1915 she returned to school , entering the graphics class of Emil Orlik at the National Institute of the Museum of Arts and Crafts . Also in 1915 , Höch began an intimate relationship with Raoul Hausmann , a member of the Berlin Dada movement . Höch 's involvement with the Berlin Dadaists began in earnest in 1917 . After her schooling , she worked in the handicrafts department for the publisher Ullstein Verlag , designing dress and embroidery patterns for Die Dame ( The Lady ) and Die Praktische Berlinerin ( The Practical Berlin Woman ) . The influence of this early work and training can be seen in her later work involving references to dress patterns and textiles . From 1926 to 1929 she lived and worked in the Netherlands . Höch made many influential friendships over the years , with Kurt Schwitters and Piet Mondrian among others . Höch , along with Hausmann , was one of the first pioneers of the art form that would come to be known as photomontage . Hannah Höch , Cut with the Kitchen Knife Dada through the Beer - Belly of the Weimar Republic , 1919 , collage of pasted papers , 90 x 144 cm , Staatliche Museen , Berlin Personal life and relationships ( edit ) Art historian Maria Makela has characterized Höch 's affair with Raoul Hausmann as `` stormy '' , and identifies the central cause of their altercations -- some of which ended in violence -- in Hausmann 's refusal to leave his wife . Hausmann continually disparaged Höch not only for her desire to marry him , which he described as a `` bourgeois '' inclination , but also for her opinions on art . Hausmann 's hypocritical stance on women 's emancipation spurred Höch to write `` a caustic short story '' entitled `` The Painter '' in 1920 , the subject of which is `` an artist who is thrown into an intense spiritual crisis when his wife asks him to do the dishes . '' Höch ended her seven - year relationship with Raoul Hausmann in 1922 . In 1926 , she began a relationship with the Dutch writer and linguist Mathilda ( ' Til ' ) Brugman , whom Höch met through mutual friends Kurt and Helma Schwitters . By autumn of 1926 , Höch moved to Hague to live with Brugman , where they lived until 1929 , at which time they moved to Berlin . Höch and Brugman 's relationship lasted nine years , until 1935 . They did not explicitly define their relationship as lesbian ( likely because they did not feel it necessary or desirable ) , instead choosing to refer to it as a private love relationship . In 1935 , Höch began a relationship with Kurt Matthies , to whom she was married from 1938 to 1944 . Later years ( edit ) Hannah Höch 's Gardenhouse , Berlin , Germany Höch spent the years of the Third Reich in Berlin , Germany , keeping a low profile . She lived in Berlin - Heiligensee , a remote area on the outskirts of Berlin , hiding in a small garden house . She married businessman and pianist Kurt Matthies in 1938 and divorced him in 1944 . She suffered from the Nazi censorship of art , and her work was deemed `` degenerate art '' , which made it even more difficult for her to show her works . Though her work was not acclaimed after the war as it had been before the rise of the Third Reich , she continued to produce her photomontages and exhibit them internationally until her death in 1978 , in Berlin . Her house and garden can be visited at the annual Day of the Memorials ( Tag des offenen Denkmals ) . The 128th anniversary of her birthday was commemorated on 1 November 2017 by a Google Doodle . Dada ( edit ) Dada was an artistic movement formed in 1919 in Zurich , Switzerland . The movement rejected monarchy , militarism , and conservatism and was enmeshed in an `` anti-art '' sentiment . Dadaists felt that art should have no boundaries or restrictions and that it can be whimsical and playful . These sentiments arose after the Great War , which caused society to question the role of government , and to reject militarism after seeing the atrocities of war . Many Dada pieces were critical of the Weimar Republic and its failed attempt at creating a democracy in post-war ( WWI ) Germany . The Dada movement had a tone of fundamental negativity in regards to bourgeois society . The term `` dada '' has no actual meaning -- it is a childlike word used to describe the lack of reason or logic in much of the artwork . The main artists involved in the movement include George Grosz , John Heartfield and Raoul Hausmann . Some claim that it was Höch 's relationship with Hausmann that allowed her into the sphere of Dada artists . Despite facing the challenges of sexism , Höch was able to create a name for herself in the world of Dada art , and her work was featured at the First International Dada Fair in 1920 . Höch is best known for her photomontages . These collages , which borrowed images from popular culture and utilized the dismemberment and reassembly of images , fit well with the Dada aesthetic , though other Dadaists were hesitant to accept her work due to inherent sexism in the movement . Like other Dada artists , Höch 's work came under close scrutiny by the Nazis as it was considered degenerate . The Nazis put her 1932 intended exhibition at the Bauhaus ( a German art school ) to a stop . They were not only offended by her aesthetic , but also by her political messages and by the mere fact that she was a woman . Her images portrayed androgynous individuals , which the Nazis despised . Nazi ideology appreciated artwork that portrayed the ideal Aryan German man and woman . The images Höch used often contrasted this look , or used it to make a point about society ( such as in the piece `` the Beautiful Girl '' ) . The Nazis preferred a traditional clear rational style of artwork that did not require deep thought or analysis . They felt that the chaos of the Dada style bordered on pathological . Höch went into seclusion during this dark period in human history and was later able to return to the art world after the fall of the Third Reich . Photomontage ( edit ) `` Höch 's photomontages display the chaos and combustion of Berlin 's visual culture from a particularly female perspective '' ( Makholm ) . `` Höch was not only a rare female practicing prominently in the arts in the early part of the twentieth century -- near unique as a female active in the Dada movement that coalesced in her time -- she also consciously promoted the idea of women working creatively more generally in society . She explicitly addressed in her pioneering artwork in the form of photomontage the issue of gender and the figure of woman in modern society '' ( The Art Story ) . In these montages , Höch gathered images and text from popular forms of media , such as newspapers and magazines , and combined them in often uncanny ways , which were able to express her stances on the important social issues of her time . The fact that images she included in her pieces were pulled from current newspapers and magazines gave her messages validity . The power of the works came from the intentional dismemberment and reconstruction of the images . This alludes to the notion that current issues can be viewed through different lenses . This technique was originally thought of as extremely leftist and revolutionary , but by the 1930s , it had become an accepted mode of design linked with modernity and consumerism . Thus began the notion that mass culture and fine arts could be combined in a meaningful way . The ambiguity in her work was integral to the way which she addressed issues of sexuality and gender . These complex constructions of genders allow women to embrace both their masculine and feminine attributes . This leads to an intensified sense of individualism . Photomontage is a large part of Höch 's legacy as an artist . Women in Dada ( edit ) While the Dadaists , including Georg Schrimpf , Franz Jung , and Johannes Baader , `` paid lip service to women 's emancipation , '' they were clearly reluctant to include a woman among their ranks . Hans Richter described Höch 's contribution to the Dada movement as the `` sandwiches , beer and coffee she managed somehow to conjure up despite the shortage of money . '' Raoul Hausmann even suggested that Höch get a job to support him financially . Höch was the lone woman among the Berlin Dada group , although Sophie Taeuber , Beatrice Wood , and Baroness Else von Freytag - Loringhoven were also important , if overlooked , Dada figures . Höch references the hypocrisy of the Berlin Dada group and German society as a whole in her photomontage , Da - Dandy . Höch also wrote about the hypocrisy of men in the Dada movement in her short essay `` The Painter '' , published in 1920 , in which she portrays a modern couple that embraces gender equality in their relationship , a novel and shocking concept for the time . This is an example of how Höch was able to transcend one particular medium and convey her social ideals in many forms . Höch 's time at Ullstein Verlag working with magazines targeted at women made her acutely aware of the difference between women as portrayed in media and their reality , and her workplace provided her with many of the images that served as raw material for her own work . She was also critical of the institution of marriage , often depicting brides as mannequins and children , reflecting the socially pervasive idea of women as incomplete people with little control over their lives . Höch worked for the magazine Ullstein Verlag between 1916 and 1926 in the department which focused on design patterns , handicrafts , knitting and embroidery , artistic forms within the domestic sphere which were considered appropriate for women . `` The pattern designs Höch created for Ullstein 's women 's magazines and her early experiments with modernist abstraction were integrally related , blurring the boundaries between traditionally masculine and feminine modes of form and expression '' ( Makholm ) . She wrote a Manifesto of Modern Embroidery in 1918 , which spoke to the modern woman , empowering her to take pride in her work . `` She now drew on this experience and on a large body of advertising material she had collected , in images that were unprecedented in their insights into the way society ' constructs ' women '' ( Hudson ) . Höch considered herself a part of the women 's movement in the 1920s , as shown in her depiction of herself in Schnitt mit dem Küchenmesser DADA durch die letzte Weimarer Bierbauchkulturepoche Deutschlands ( 1919 -- 20 ) . Her pieces also commonly combine male and female traits into one unified being . During the era of the Weimar Republic , `` mannish women were both celebrated and castigated for breaking down traditional gender roles . '' In this artwork Hoch metaphorically equates her scissors , used to cut images or her collages , to the kitchen knife . This is used to symbolize cutting through the dominant domains of politics and public life in Weimer culture . Her androgynous characters may also have been related to her bisexuality and attraction to masculinity in women ( that is , attraction to the female form paired with stereotypically masculine characteristics ) . Works ( edit ) See also : Dada - Review Siegfried Kühl , Der archaische Erz - Engel vom Heiligense , 1989 , sculpture in homage to Hannah Höch in Berlin - Reinickendorf Höch was a pioneer of the art form that became known as photomontage and of the Dada movement . Many of her pieces sardonically critiqued the mass culture beauty industry of the time , then gaining significant momentum in mass media through the rise of fashion and advertising photography . Many of her political works from the Dada period equated women 's liberation with social and political revolution . Her work displays the chaos and combustion of Berlin 's visual culture from the female perspective . In particular , her photomontages often critically addressed the Weimar New Woman , collating images from contemporary magazines . Her works from 1926 to 1935 often depicted same - sex couples , and women were once again a central theme in her work from 1963 to 1973 . Her most often used technique was to fuse together male and female bodies . This fusion existed in order to give the attributed power of a man to a woman , as well as blur the lines of gender attributed actions . Höch also made strong statements on racial discrimination . Her most famous piece is Schnitt mit dem Küchenmesser DADA durch die letzte Weimarer Bierbauchkulturepoche Deutschlands ( `` Cut with the Kitchen Knife Dada through the Last Weimar Beer - Belly Cultural Epoch in Germany '' ) , a critique of Weimar Germany in 1919 . This piece combines images from newspapers of the time mixed and re-created to make a new statement about life and art in the Dada movement . From an Ethnographic Museum ( 1929 ) , one of Höch 's most ambitious and highly political projects , is composed of twenty photomontages that depict images of European female bodies with images of African male bodies and masks from museum catalogues , creating collages that offer `` the visual culture of two vastly separate civilizations as interchangeable -- the modish European flapper loses none of her stylishness in immediate proximity to African tribal objects ; likewise , the non-Western artifact is able to signify in some fundamental sense as ritual object despite its conflation with patently European features . '' Hoch created Dada Puppens ( Dada Dolls ) 1916 . These dolls were influenced by Hugo Ball , the Zurich - based founder of Dada . The doll 's costumes resembled the geometric forms of Ball 's own costumes worn in seminal Dada performances . Important pieces ( edit ) Cut with the Kitchen Knife Dada through the last Weimar Beer - Belly Cultural Epoch in Germany ( 1919 ) ( edit ) Dada as a movement was inherently political in nature . Dada artists often used political satires to address the issues of the time . They attempted to push art to the limits of humanity and to convey the chaos in post-war ( World War I , which did not yet have this title ) Germany . `` Many of Höch 's overtly political photomontages caricatured the pretended socialism of the new republic and linked female liberation with leftist political revolution '' ( Lavin ) . Perhaps Höch 's most well known piece Cut with the Kitchen Knife Dada through the Beer - Belly of the Weimar Republic symbolizes her cutting through the patriarchal society . The piece is a direct criticism of the failed attempt at democracy imposed by the Weimar Republic . Cut with the Kitchen Knife is `` an explosive agglomeration of cut - up images , bang in the middle of the most well - known photograph of the seminal First International Dada Fair in 1920 '' ( Hudson ) . This photomontage is an excellent example of a piece that combines these three central themes in Höch 's works : androgyny , the `` New Woman '' and political discourse . It combines images of political leaders with sports stars , mechanized images of the city , and Dada artists . The Beautiful Girl ( 1920 ) ( edit ) `` The New Woman of Weimar Germany was a sign of modernity and liberation '' ( Lavin ) . Women in Weimar Germany in theory had a new freedom to discover social , political , and self - definition -- all areas heavily addressed by Höch . Despite this , there were still many issues with the socioeconomic status of women . Women were given more freedom , yet in a way that seemed to be predetermined for them . They were still restricted to certain jobs and had the less employment benefits than their male counterparts . Analysis of Höch 's piece Beautiful Woman shows the construction of the archetype of the `` New Woman '' . The piece combines motifs of the ideal feminine woman with car parts . In the upper right corner there is a woman 's face with the eyes of a cat . Along with industrialization comes the opportunity for women to be more involved in the workforce . While this opportunity was exciting for women , it was also frightening -- symbolized by the cat eyes staring down at the image . This image shows that although women were excited about the idea of the `` New Woman '' and the freedom this lifestyle might bring , it was a freedom that was still constructed by men , who still had most of the power in society . Marlene ( 1930 ) ( edit ) This piece alludes to an ambiguous sexual identity of the subject . The image depicts two men looking upward at a pair of legs clad in stockings with high heels atop a pedestal . This pedestal symbolizes traditionalism , while the legs show sexuality triumphing over classical architecture ( which would have been revered by the Nazis ) . The lips in the upper right corner show a feminine sexuality that is kept from the male gaze . ( Lavin ) . For the viewer , the piece can provide the concept of a utopian moment that opposes gender - hierarchies . `` Her androgynous images depict a pleasure in the movement between gender positions and a deliberate deconstruction of rigid masculine and feminine identities '' ( Lavin ) . Again , it should be noted that these ideas were radical at the time when Höch raised them , but are still in the process of being addressed today . Androgyny can be viewed as a utopian ideal in Höch 's works ; in addition it relates to some of the radical leftist ideas in her works and the political discourse surrounding them . Exhibitions ( edit ) Höch 's work has been exhibited internationally in solo and group exhibitions . The Whitechapel Gallery in London presented a major exhibition of Höch 's work from 15 January to 23 March 2014 . This exhibition was composed of over one hundred works from international collections that Höch created from the 1910s to 1970s . Highlights included Staatshäupter ( Heads of State ) ( 1918 -- 20 ) , Hochfinanz ( High Finance ) ( 1923 ) , Flucht ( Flight ) ( 1931 ) , and many works from the series From an Ethnographic Museum . Selected solo shows ( edit ) 2017 : Hannah Höch -- Auf der Suche nach der versteckten Schönheit , ( Looking for the hidden beauty ) , Galerie und Verlag St. Gertrude ( de ) , Hamburg , 20 April -- 16 Juni 2017 . 2016 : Hannah Höch -- Revolutionärin der Kunst , Kunsthalle Mannheim und Kunstmuseum Mülheim an der Ruhr ( de ) . 2015 : Vorhang auf für Hannah Höch ( Curtain up for Hannah Höch ) , Kunsthaus Stade , Stade , Germany , 07 November 2015 -- 21 February 2016 . 2014 : Hannah Höch , Whitechapel Gallery , London . 2008 : Hannah Höch -- Aller Anfang ist DADA ( Every Beginning is DADA ) , Museum Tinguely , Basel . 2007 : Hannah Höch -- Aller Anfang ist DADA , ( Every Beginning is DADA ) , Berlinische Galerie , Berlin . 1997 : The Photomontages of Hannah Höch , The Walker Art Center , The Museum of Modern Art , and the Los Angeles County Museum of Art , Minneapolis , New York City , Los Angeles . 1993 : Hannah Höch , Museums of the City of Gotha , Germany . 1974 : Hannah Höch , National Museum of Modern Art , Kyoto . 1961 : Hannah Höch : Bilder , Collagen , Aquarelle 1918 -- 1961 , Galerie Nierendorf , Berlin . 1929 : Hannah Höch , Kunstzaal De Bron , The Hague . Bibliography ( edit ) External media Cut with the Kitchen Knife Dada ... , Detail Images Annotated Cut with the Kitchen Knife ... , Flickr Video Höch 's Cut with the Kitchen Knife Dada ... , Smarthistory Biro , M. The Dada Cyborg : Visions of the New Human in Weimar Berlin . Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press , 2009 . ISBN 0 - 8166 - 3620 - 6 Chametzky , Peter . Objects as History in Twentieth - Century German Art : Beckmann to Beuys . Berkeley : University of California Press , 2010 . Gaze , Delia . Dictionary of Women Artists , Volume One . London : Taylor & Francis , 1997 . Lavin , Maud . Cut With the Kitchen Knife : The Weimar Photomontages of Hannah Hoch . New Haven , Connecticut : Yale University Press , 1993 . Lavin , Maud . `` The Mess of History or the Unclean Hannah Höch '' . In : Catherine de Zegher ( ed . ) , Inside the Visible . The Institute of Contemporary Art , Boston & MIT Press , 1996 . Makela , Maria . `` Hannah Höch '' . In : Louise R. Noun ( ed . ) , Three Berlin Artists of the Weimar Era : Hannah Höch , Käthe Kollwitz , Jeanne Mammen . Des Moines , Iowa : Des Moines Art Center , 1994 . Makela , Maria , and Peter Boswell , eds . The Photomontages of Hannah Hoch . Minneapolis : Walker Art Center , 1996 . McBride , Patrizia . `` Narrative Resemblance : The Production Of Truth In The Modernist Photobook Of Weimar Germany . '' New German Critique : An Interdisciplinary Journal of German Studies 115. ( 2012 ) : 169 -- 197 . Meskimmon , Marsha . We Were n't Modern Enough : Women Artists and the Limits of German Modernism . Berkeley , California : University of California Press , 1999 . Meskimmon , Marsha & Shearer West , ed . Visions of the ' Neue Frau ' : Women and the Visual Arts in Weimar Germany . Hants , England : Scolar Press , 1995 . Ohff , Heinz . Hannah Höch . Berlin : Deutsche Gesellschaft für Bildende Kunst , 1968 . Sante , Luc . `` Dada 's Girl : Hannah Höch Thumbs Her Nose at Art . '' Slate. 10 April 1997 . See also ( edit ) Raoul Hausmann Marcel Duchamp List of German women artists Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Christiane. , Weidemann , ( 2008 ) . 50 women artists you should know . Larass , Petra. , Klier , Melanie , 1970 - . Munich : Prestel . ISBN 9783791339566 . OCLC 195744889 . ^ Jump up to : `` NGA - DADA -- Artists - Hoch '' . National Gallery of Art , Washington , D.C. Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 09 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ Biro 2009 , p. 199 . Jump up ^ McEwen , Kathryn Elizabeth ( May 2013 ) . `` Hannah Höch embroiders on Dada '' . Hand / Arbeit / Buch / SchrifT : approaching the female hand ( PDF ) . Nashville , Tennessee , USA : Faculty of the Graduate School of Vanderbilt University . p. 48 . Archived from the original on May 2013 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Makela 1994 , p. 13 ^ Jump up to : Makela 1994 , p. 49 Jump up ^ Gaze 1997 , p. 699 ^ Jump up to : Makela , Maria ( 1997 ) . von Ankum , Katharina , ed . Women in the Metropolis : Gender and Modernity in Weimar Culture . Berkeley : University of California Press . pp. 119 -- 121 . ^ Jump up to : Lavin , Maud . `` The New Woman in Hannah Höch 's Photomontages : Issues of Androgyny , Bisexuality , and Oscillation . '' in Reclaiming Female Agency : Feminist Art History After Postmodernism , edited by Norma Broude and Mary D. Garrard ( Berkeley , CA : University of California Press , 2005 ) , 324 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Dillon , Brian ( 2014 - 01 - 09 ) . `` Hannah Höch : art 's original punk '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Hannah Höch 's 128th Birthday '' , Google Doodles Archive ^ Jump up to : Makholm , Kristin ( 1997 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Strange beauty : Hannah Höch and the photomontage '' ( 24 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Hannah Höch Biography , Art , and Analysis of Works '' . The Art Story . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ Maria Makela ( 1996 ) . `` By Design : The Early Work of Hannah Höch in Context '' . In Boswell , Peter ; Makela , Maria ; Lanchner , Carolyn . The photomontages of Hannah Höch ( 1 . ed . ) . Minneapolis : Walker Art Center . p. 64 . ISBN 9780935640526 . Jump up ^ Harrison , Charles ( 2003 ) . Art In Theory . United Kingdom : Blackwell Publishing . ISBN 0 - 631 - 22708 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hannah Hoch : The woman that art history forgot '' . Telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ Makela 1994 , p. 20 . ^ Jump up to : Makholm , Kristin ( 1997 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Strange Beauty : Hannah Höch and the Photomontage '' . MoMA ( 24 ) : 19 -- 23 . ^ Jump up to : Maud Lavin , `` Androgyny , Spectatorship , and the Weimar Photomontages of Hannah Höch , '' Maud Lavin , New German Critique , No. 51 , Special Issue on Weimar Mass Culture ( Autumn , 1990 ) , pp. 62 -- 86 : Duke University Press : https://www.jstor.org/stable/488172 Jump up ^ Juliet Koss , `` Bauhaus Theater of Human Dolls '' , The Art Bulletin , December 2003 ; 85 , 4 Jump up ^ `` Before Digital : Hannah Hoch and the Dada Montage -- In the In - Between '' . In the In - Between . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ Jolles , Adam ( 2006 ) . `` The Tactile Turn : Envisioning a Postcolonial Aesthetic in France '' . Yale French Studies ( 109 ) : 21 -- 22 . Jump up ^ `` Hannah Höch - Whitechapel Gallery '' . Retrieved 26 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hannah Höch . Indian Dancer : From an Ethnographic Museum . 1930 - MoMA '' . The Museum of Modern Art . Retrieved 26 January 2018 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Mitteilung zur Ausstellung , Kunsthalle - Mannheim online , retrieved 29 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Exhibition September 2016 to January 2017 Archived 2016 - 10 - 22 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ http://www.museen-stade.de/index.php?id=800 Jump up ^ `` Hannah Höch - Whitechapel Gallery '' . Retrieved 26 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hannah Hoch in Gotha -- eine Ausstellung zeigt die weniger bekannten Bilder und Zeichnungen der sonst als Dada - Dame gerühmten Künstlerin : Die Frau für Besserwisser '' . 13 August 1993 . Retrieved 26 January 2018 -- via Die Zeit . Jump up ^ `` Annotated Cut with the Kitchen Knife ... '' . Flickr . Retrieved March 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Höch 's Cut with the Kitchen Knife Dada ... '' . Smarthistory at Khan Academy . Retrieved March 15 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hannah Höch . Chronology of Dada Cut and Paste , a history of photomontage Essay on Hannah Höch 's Picture Book BIBSYS : 90365954 BNE : XX971518 BNF : cb11972679q ( data ) CiNii : DA05800886 GND : 118551833 ISNI : 0000 0001 0788 0811 LCCN : n50034635 NDL : 00916205 PIC : 485 RKD : 38703 SELIBR : 351892 SUDOC : 027751007 ULAN : 500014841 VIAF : 112009268 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Hannah_Höch&oldid = 834381349 '' Categories : 1889 births 1978 deaths Bisexual artists Bisexual feminists Bisexual women Collage artists Dada Feminist artists German feminists German women artists LGBT artists from Germany Modern artists People from Gotha ( town ) German women photographers 20th - century photographers 20th - century women artists Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with hCards Articles containing predictions or speculation Interlanguage link template link number AC with 14 elements Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with PIC identifiers Wikipedia articles with RKDartists identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Català Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Interlingua Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Nederlands 日本語 پنجابی Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 12 : 40 . 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It is currently the governing party , having been so since the 2010 general election , where a coalition government with the Liberal Democrats was formed . In 2015 , the Conservatives led by David Cameron won a surprise majority and formed the first Conservative majority government since 1992 . However , the snap election on 8 June 2017 resulted in a hung parliament , and the party lost its parliamentary majority . It is reliant on the support of a Northern Irish political party , the Democratic Unionist Party ( DUP ) , in order to command a majority in the House of Commons through a confidence - and - supply deal . The party leader , Theresa May , has served as both Leader of the Conservative Party and Prime Minister since July 2016 . It is the largest party in local government with 9,116 councillors . The Conservative Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United Kingdom , the other being its modern rival , the Labour Party . The Conservative Party was founded in 1834 from the Tory Party -- giving rise to the Conservatives ' colloquial name of Tories -- and was one of two dominant political parties in the nineteenth century , along with the Liberal Party . In the 1890s , it formed a coalition government with the Liberal Unionist Party , a break - away faction of the Liberal Party , and in 1912 the two merged to form the Conservative and Unionist Party . In the 1920s , the Liberal vote greatly diminished and the Labour Party became the Conservatives ' main rivals . Conservative Prime Ministers led governments for 57 years of the twentieth century , including Winston Churchill ( 1940 -- 1945 , 1951 -- 1955 ) and Margaret Thatcher ( 1979 -- 1990 ) . Thatcher 's tenure led to wide - ranging economic liberalisation . The Conservative Party 's domination of British politics throughout the twentieth century has led to them being referred to as one of the most successful political parties in the Western world . The Conservatives are the second largest British party in the European Parliament , with eighteen MEPs , and sit with the European Conservatives and Reformists ( ECR ) parliamentary group . The party is a member of the Alliance of Conservatives and Reformists in Europe ( ACRE ) Europarty and the International Democrat Union ( IDU ) . The party is the second - largest in the Scottish Parliament and the second - largest in the Welsh Assembly . The Conservatives were formerly allied to the Ulster Unionist Party ( UUP ) in Northern Ireland but there is now a separate Northern Ireland Conservative party similar to the Welsh and Scottish Conservative parties . The party is also organised in the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar . Contents 1 History 1.1 Origins 1.2 Conservatives and Unionists ( 1867 -- 1914 ) 1.3 First World War 1.4 1920 -- 1945 1.5 1945 -- 1963 1.5. 1 Popular dissatisfaction 1.5. 2 Modernising the party 1.6 Edward Heath ( 1965 -- 1975 ) 1.7 Margaret Thatcher ( 1975 -- 1990 ) 1.8 John Major ( 1990 -- 1997 ) 1.9 Back in opposition ( 1997 -- 2005 ) 1.9. 1 William Hague 1.9. 2 Iain Duncan Smith and Michael Howard 1.10 David Cameron ( 2005 -- 2016 ) 1.11 Theresa May ( 2016 -- present ) 2 Policies 2.1 Economic policy 2.2 Social policy 2.3 Foreign policy 2.4 Defence 2.4. 1 Afghanistan 2.4. 2 Strategic Defence and Security Review 2.4. 3 Europe and NATO 2.4. 4 Nuclear weapons 2.5 Health policy 2.6 Drug policies 2.7 Education and research 2.8 Family policy 2.9 Jobs and welfare policy 2.10 Energy and climate change policy 2.11 Justice and crime policy 2.12 European Union policy 2.13 Union policy 2.14 British constitution 3 Organisation 3.1 Party structure 3.2 Membership 3.3 Prospective parliamentary candidates 3.4 Young Conservatives 3.5 Conferences 3.6 Funding 3.7 International organisations 4 Party factions 4.1 Traditionalist Conservatives 4.2 One - nation Conservatives 4.3 Free - market Conservatives 4.4 Relationships between the factions 5 Electoral performance and campaigns 5.1 UK wide elections 5.1. 1 UK general elections 5.1. 2 European Parliament elections 5.2 Devolved assembly elections 5.2. 1 Scottish Parliament elections 5.2. 2 Welsh Assembly elections 5.2. 3 Northern Ireland devolved elections 5.2. 4 London Assembly and Mayoral elections 6 Associated groups 6.1 Ideological groups 6.2 Interest groups 6.3 Think tanks 6.4 Alliances 6.5 Party structures 7 See also 8 Notes 9 Bibliography 10 Further reading 10.1 Historiography 11 External links History Main article : History of the Conservative Party ( UK ) Sir Robert Peel , twice Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and founder of the Conservative Party Origins The Conservative Party was founded in the 1830s . However some writers trace its origins to King Charles I in the 1620s . Other writers point to a faction , rooted in the 18th century Whig Party , that coalesced around William Pitt the Younger in the 1780s . They were known as `` Independent Whigs '' , `` Friends of Mr Pitt '' , or `` Pittites '' and never used terms such as `` Tory '' or `` Conservative '' . Pitt died in 1806 . From about 1812 on the name `` Tory '' was commonly used for a new party that , according to historian Robert Blake , `` are the ancestors of Conservatism '' . Blake adds that Pitt 's successors after 1812 `` were not in any sense standard - bearer 's of true Toryism '' . The term `` Conservative '' was suggested as a title for the party by a magazine article by J. Wilson Croker in the Quarterly Review in 1830 . The name immediately caught on and was officially adopted under the aegis of Sir Robert Peel around 1834 . Peel is acknowledged as the founder of the Conservative Party , which he created with the announcement of the Tamworth Manifesto . The term `` Conservative Party '' rather than Tory was the dominant usage by 1845 . Conservatives and Unionists ( 1867 -- 1914 ) Sir Winston Churchill , twice Prime Minister of the United Kingdom The widening of the electoral franchise in the nineteenth century forced the Conservative Party to popularise its approach under Lord Derby and Benjamin Disraeli , who carried through their own expansion of the franchise with the Reform Act of 1867 . In 1886 , the party formed an alliance with Lord Hartington ( later the 8th Duke of Devonshire ) and Joseph Chamberlain 's new Liberal Unionist Party and , under the statesmen Lord Salisbury and Arthur Balfour , held power for all but three of the following twenty years before suffering a heavy defeat in 1906 when it split over the issue of free trade . In 1912 , the Liberal Unionists merged with the Conservative Party . In Ireland , the Irish Unionist Alliance had been formed in 1891 which merged Unionists who were opposed to Irish Home Rule into one political movement . Its MPs took the Conservative whip at Westminster , and in essence , formed the Irish wing of the party until 1922 . Under Andrew Bonar Law 's leadership in 1911 - 14 , the Party morale improved , the `` radical right '' wing was contained , and the party machinery strengthened . It made some progress toward developing constructive social policies . Historian Jeremy Smith says Bonar Law was pushing hard -- certainly blustering and threatening , and perhaps bluffing -- but in the end his strategy proved both coherent and effective . First World War The Conservatives served with the Liberals in an all - party coalition government during World War I , and the coalition continued under the Liberal Prime Minister David Lloyd George ( with half of the divided Liberal Party ) until 1922 . Keohane finds that the Conservatives were bitterly divided before 1914 , especially on the issue of Irish Unionism and the experience of three consecutive election losses . However the war pulled the party together , allowing it to emphasise patriotism as it found new leadership and worked out its positions on the Irish question , socialism , electoral reform , and the issue of intervention in the economy . The fresh emphasis on anti-Socialism was its response to the growing strength of the Labour Party . When electoral reform was an issue , it worked to protect their base in rural England . It aggressively sought female voters in the 1920s , often relying on patriotic themes . 1929 Conservative poster attacking the Labour Party 1920 -- 1945 In 1922 , Bonar Law and Stanley Baldwin led the break - up of the coalition and the Conservatives governed until 1923 , when a minority Labour government led by Ramsay MacDonald came to power . The Conservatives regained power in 1924 and remained in power for the full five - year term . They were defeated in 1929 as a minority Labour government , again led by MacDonald ; took office . In 1931 , following the collapse of the Labour minority government , it entered another coalition , which was dominated by the Conservatives with some support from factions of both the Liberal and Labour Parties ( National Labour and National Liberals ) . In May 1940 , a more balanced coalition was formed , the National Government , which , under the leadership of Winston Churchill , saw the United Kingdom through World War II . However , the party lost the 1945 general election in a landslide to the resurgent Labour Party , who won their first ever majority government . The concept of the `` property - owning democracy '' was coined by Noel Skelton in 1923 and became a core principle of the party . 1945 -- 1963 Main article : Political history of the United Kingdom ( 1945 -- present ) Popular dissatisfaction While serving in Opposition during the late - 1940s , the Conservative Party exploited and incited growing public anger at food rationing , scarcity , controls , austerity , and omnipresent government bureaucracy . It used the dissatisfaction with the socialist and egalitarian policies of the Labour Party to rally middle - class supporters and build a political comeback that won them the 1951 general election . Their appeal was especially effective to housewives , who faced more difficult shopping conditions after the war than during the war . Modernising the Party In 1947 , the party published its Industrial Charter which marked its acceptance of the `` post-war consensus '' on the mixed economy and labour rights . David Maxwell Fyfe chaired a committee into Conservative Party organisation that resulted in the Maxwell Fyfe Report ( 1948 -- 49 ) . The report shifted the balance of electoral funding from the candidate to the party , with the intention of broadening the diversity of MPs . In practice , it may have had the effect of lending more power to constituency parties and making candidates more uniform . The success of the Conservative Party in reorganising itself was validated by its victory at the 1951 general election . Winston Churchill , the party leader , brought in a Party Chairman to modernise the creaking institution . Lord Woolton was a successful department store owner and wartime Minister of Food . As Party Chairman 1946 -- 55 , he rebuilt the local organisations with an emphasis on membership , money , and a unified national propaganda appeal on critical issues . To broaden the base of potential candidates , the national party provided financial aid to candidates , and assisted the local organisations in raising local money . Lord Woolton emphasised a rhetoric that characterised the opponents as `` Socialist '' rather than `` Labour '' . The libertarian influence of Professor Friedrich Hayek 's 1944 best - seller Road to Serfdom was apparent in the younger generation , but that took another quarter century to have a policy impact . By 1951 , Labour had worn out its welcome in the middle classes ; its factions were bitterly embroiled . Conservatives were ready to govern again . With a narrow victory at the 1951 general election , despite losing the popular vote , Churchill was back in power . Although he was ageing rapidly , he had national and global prestige . Apart from rationing , which was ended in 1954 , most of the welfare state enacted by Labour were accepted by the Conservatives and became part of the `` post-war consensus '' that would later be satirised as Butskellism , and which lasted until the 1970s . The Conservatives were conciliatory towards unions , but they did privatise the steel and road haulage industries in 1953 . During the Conservatives ' thirteen - year tenure in office , pensions went up by 49 % in real terms , sickness and unemployment benefits by 76 % in real terms , and supplementary benefits by 46 % in real terms . However , family allowances fell by 15 % in real terms during that period . The Conservatives were re-elected in 1955 and 1959 with larger majorities . Conservative Prime Ministers Churchill , Sir Anthony Eden , Harold Macmillan and Sir Alec Douglas - Home promoted relatively liberal trade regulations and less state involvement throughout the 1950s and early - 1960s . The Suez Crisis of 1956 was a humiliating defeat for Prime Minister Eden , but his successor , Macmillan ; minimised the damage and focused attention on domestic issues and prosperity . Macmillan boasted during the 1959 general election that Britain had `` never had it so good '' . In 1958 , Geoffrey Howe co-authored the report A Giant 's Strength published by the Inns of Court Conservative Association . The report argued that the unions had become too powerful and that their legal privileges ought to be curtailed . Iain Macleod discouraged the authors from publicising the report . Macmillan believed that trade union votes had contributed towards the 1951 and 1955 victories and thought that it `` would be inexpedient to adopt any policy involving legislation which would alienate this support '' . Macmillan 's bid to join the European Economic Community ( EEC ) in early - 1963 was blocked by French President Charles de Gaulle . The period saw the decline of the United Kingdom as a prominent world leader , with the loss of practically the entire Empire and a laggard economy . Following controversy over the selections of Harold Macmillan and Sir Alec Douglas - Home via a process of consultation known as the ' Magic Circle ' , a formal election process was created and the first leadership election was held in 1965 . Of the three candidates , Edward Heath won with 150 votes to Reginald Maudling 's 133 and Enoch Powell 's 15 votes . Edward Heath ( 1965 -- 1975 ) Edward Heath , Prime Minister of the United Kingdom ( 1970 -- 1974 ) Edward Heath 's 1970 -- 74 government was known for taking the UK into the EEC , although the right - wing of the party objected to his failure to control the trade unions at a time when a declining British industry saw many strikes , as well as a recession which started in 1973 and lasted for two years . Since accession to the EU , British membership has been a source of heated debate within the Conservative Party . Heath had come to power in June 1970 and the last possible date for the next general election was not until mid-1975 . However a general election was held in February 1974 in a bid to win public support during a national emergency caused by the miners ' strike . However , Heath 's attempt to win a second term in power at this `` snap '' election failed , as a deadlock result left no party with an overall majority . The Conservatives had more votes than Labour ; but Labour had four more seats . Heath resigned within days , after failing to gain Liberal Party support in order to form a coalition government , paving the way for Harold Wilson and Labour to return to power as a minority government . Heath 's hopes of returning to power later in the year were ended when Labour won the October 1974 election with an overall majority of three seats . Margaret Thatcher ( 1975 -- 1990 ) Further information : Premiership of Margaret Thatcher Part of the politics series on Thatcherism Philosophy ( show ) Conservatism Neoliberalism Anti-communism Atlanticism Capitalism Entrepreneurship Euroscepticism Gladstonian liberalism Home ownership Individualism Meritocracy Monetarism Supply - side economics Privatisation People ( show ) Margaret Thatcher Friedrich Hayek Milton Friedman Arthur Seldon Keith Joseph Ralph Harris Alan Walters Geoffrey Howe Nicholas Ridley Norman Tebbit Nigel Lawson John Redwood Michael Portillo Francis Maude Organisations ( hide ) Conservative Party / `` Dries '' Bow Group Bruges Group Centre for Policy Studies Conservative Way Forward The Freedom Association The Heritage Foundation Institute of Economic Affairs Mont Pelerin Society No Turning Back Selsdon Group Related movements ( show ) Economic rationalism ( Australia ) Libertarianism in the United Kingdom New Right ( worldwide ) Reaganomics ( United States ) Rogernomics ( New Zealand ) Capitalism portal Conservatism portal British politics portal Business and economics portal Libertarianism portal Loss of power weakened Heath 's control over the party and Margaret Thatcher deposed him in the 1975 leadership election . The UK in the 1970s had seen sustained high inflation rates , which were above 20 % at the time of the leadership election , subsequently falling to below 10 % ; unemployment had risen , and over the winter of 1978 -- 79 there was a series of strikes known as the `` Winter of Discontent '' . Thatcher led her party to victory at the 1979 general election with a manifesto which concentrated on the party 's philosophy rather than presenting a `` shopping list '' of policies . As Prime Minister , Thatcher focused on rejecting the mild liberalism of the post-war consensus that tolerated or encouraged nationalisation , strong labour unions , heavy regulation , high taxes , and a generous welfare state . She did not challenge the National Health Service , and supported the Cold War policies of the consensus , but otherwise tried to dismantle and delegitimise it . To replace the old post-war consensus , she built a right - wing political ideology that became known as Thatcherism , based on social and economic ideas from British and American intellectuals such as Friedrich Hayek and Milton Friedman . Thatcher believed that too much socially democratic - oriented government policy was leading to a long - term decline in the British economy . As a result , her government pursued a programme of economic liberalism , adopting a free - market approach to public services based on the sale of publicly owned industries and utilities , as well as a reduction in trade union power . She held the belief that the existing trend of unions was bringing economic progress to a standstill by enforcing `` wildcat '' strikes , keeping wages artificially high and forcing unprofitable industries to stay open . One of Thatcher 's largest and most successful policies assisted council house tenants in public housing to purchase their homes at favourable rates . The `` Right to Buy '' had emerged in the late - 1940s but was too great a challenge to the Post-War Consensus to win Conservative endorsement . Thatcher from her earliest days in politics favoured the idea because it would lead to a `` property - owning democracy '' , an important idea that had emerged in the 1920s . Some local Conservative - run councils enacted profitable local sales schemes during the late - 1960s . By the 1970s , many working - class people had ample incomes to afford to buy homes , and eagerly adopted Thatcher 's invitation to purchase their homes at a sizable discount . The new owners were more likely to vote Conservative , as Thatcher had hoped . Thatcher led the Conservatives to two further electoral victories with landslide majorities in 1983 and 1987 . She was greatly admired by her supporters for her leadership in the Falklands War of 1982 -- which coincided with a dramatic boost in her popularity -- and for policies such as giving the right to council house tenants to buy their council house at a discount on market value . She was also deeply unpopular in certain sections of society due to high unemployment , which reached its highest level since the 1930s , peaking at over 3,000,000 people following her economic reforms , and her response to the miners ' strike . Unemployment had doubled between 1979 and 1982 , largely due to Thatcher 's monetarist battle against inflation . At the time of the 1979 general election , inflation had been at 9 % or under for the previous year , having decreased under Callaghan , then increased to over 20 % in the first two years of the Thatcher ministry , but it had fallen again to 5.8 % by the start of 1983 ( it continued to be under 7 % until 1990 ) . The British economy benefitted in the first Thatcher ministry by tax income from North Sea oil coming on stream . The period of unpopularity of the Conservatives in the early - 1980s coincided with a crisis in the Labour Party which then formed the main opposition . The Social Democratic Party ( SDP ) was established in 1981 and consisted of more than twenty breakaway Labour MPs , who quickly formed the SDP - Liberal Alliance with the Liberal Party . By the turn of 1982 , the SDP - Liberal Alliance was ahead of the Conservatives in the opinion polls , but victory in the Falklands War in June that year , along with the recovering British economy , saw the Conservatives returning quickly to the top of the opinion polls and winning the 1983 general election with a landslide majority , due to a split opposition vote . Thatcher now faced , arguably , her most serious rival yet after the 1983 general election , when Michael Foot resigned as Leader of the Labour Party and was succeeded by Neil Kinnock . With a new leader at the helm , Labour were clearly determined to defeat the Conservatives at the next election and for virtually the entirety of Thatcher 's second ministry it was looking a very serious possibility , as the lead in the opinion polls constantly saw a change in leadership from the Conservatives to Labour , with the Alliance occasionally scraping into first place . Conservative logo during the Thatcher , Major , Hague , Duncan Smith and Howard eras ( 1987 -- 2006 ) By the time of the general election in June 1987 , the economy was stronger , with lower inflation and falling unemployment and Thatcher secured her third successive electoral victory with a second , albeit reduced , landslide majority . The introduction of the Community Charge ( known by its opponents as the poll tax ) in 1989 is often cited as contributing to her political downfall . The summer of 1989 saw her fall behind Neil Kinnock 's Labour in the opinion polls for the first time since 1986 , and her party 's fall in popularity continued into 1990 . By the second half of that year , opinion polls were showing that Labour had a lead of up to 16 points over the Conservatives and they faced a tough 18 months ahead of them if they were to prevent Kinnock 's ambition to become Prime Minister from becoming a reality . At the same time , the economy was sliding into another recession . Internal party tensions led to a leadership challenge by the Conservative MP Michael Heseltine ; and , after months of speculation about her future as Prime Minister , she resigned on 28 November 1990 , making way for a new Conservative leader more likely to win the next general election in the interests of party unity . John Major ( 1990 -- 1997 ) John Major , Prime Minister of the United Kingdom ( 1990 -- 1997 ) John Major won the party leadership election on 27 November 1990 , and his appointment led to an almost immediate boost in Conservative Party fortunes . A MORI poll six days before Mrs Thatcher 's resignation had shown the Conservatives to be 11 points behind Labour , but within two months the Conservatives had returned to the top of the opinion polls with a narrow lead . A general election had to be held within the next eighteen months and the UK economy was sliding into recession , but 1991 was a year of electoral uncertainty as the Conservatives and Labour regularly swapped places at the top of the opinion polls , and Major resisted Neil Kinnock 's numerous calls for an immediate election . The election was finally held on 9 April 1992 and the Conservatives won a fourth successive electoral victory , even though the economy was still in recession and most of the polls had predicted either a narrow Labour victory or a hung parliament . Major 's vigorous campaigning , notably his claim that the UK would have higher prices and higher taxes under a Labour government , was seen to have been crucial in his election win ( in which he became the first -- and as of 2015 , only -- Prime Minister to attract 14,000,000 votes in a general election ) , as was a high - profile campaign by The Sun newspaper against Labour leader Neil Kinnock , who resigned in the aftermath of the election to be succeeded by John Smith . The Conservative Party also touched upon the issue of immigration , claiming that under Labour , immigration would rise hugely . The UK economy was deep in recession by this stage and remained so until the end of the year . The pound sterling was forced out of the European Exchange Rate Mechanism on 16 September 1992 , a day thereafter referred to as Black Wednesday . Soon after , approximately one million householders faced repossession of their homes during a recession that saw a sharp rise in unemployment , taking it close to 3,000,000 people . The party subsequently lost much of its reputation for good financial stewardship although the end of the recession was declared in April 1993 bringing economic recovery and a fall in unemployment . Rail modal share ( rail 's share of total travel ) 1952 -- 2015 From 1994 -- 1997 , Major privatised British Rail , splitting it up into franchises to be run by the private sector . Its success is hotly debated , with a large increase in passenger numbers and investment in the network balanced by worries about the level of subsidy . Train fares cost more than under British Rail . The party was plagued by internal division and infighting , mainly over the UK 's role in the European Union . The party 's Eurosceptic wing , represented by MPs such as John Redwood , opposed further EU integration , whilst the party 's pro-European wing , represented by those such as Chancellor of the Exchequer Kenneth Clarke , was broadly supportive . The issue of the creation of a single European currency also inflamed tensions , and these would continue to dog the party until the early - 2000s ( decade ) . These divisions gave off an impression of a divided party , which had lost touch with the voters . Major also had to survive a leadership challenge in 1995 by the Secretary of State for Wales , the aforementioned John Redwood . Major survived , but Redwood received 89 votes from MPs , as well as the backing of the Sun newspaper , which described the choice as being between `` Redwood or Deadwood '' . This further undermined Major 's influence in the Conservative Party . The Conservative government was also increasingly accused in the media of `` sleaze '' . Their support reached its lowest ebb in late 1994 , after the sudden death of Labour Party leader John Smith and the election of Tony Blair as his successor , when Labour had up to 60 % of the vote in opinion polls and had a lead of some 30 points ahead of the Conservatives . The Labour lead was gradually narrowed over the next two years , as the Conservatives gained some credit for the strong economic recovery and fall in unemployment . But as the 1997 general election loomed , despite their high - profile New Labour , New Danger campaign , it was still looking certain that Labour would win . An effective opposition campaign by the Labour Party culminated in a landslide defeat for the Conservatives in 1997 that was Labour 's largest ever parliamentary victory , and the worst defeat for the Conservatives since the 1906 general election 91 years earlier . The 1997 general election left the Conservative Party as an England - only party , with all Scottish and Welsh seats having been lost , and not a single new seat having been gained anywhere . Back in opposition ( 1997 -- 2005 ) William Hague John Major resigned as party leader after the Conservatives were heavily defeated in a landslide and was succeeded by William Hague . Though Hague was a strong orator , a Gallup poll for The Daily Telegraph found that two - thirds of voters regarded him as `` a bit of a wally '' , for headlines such as his claim that he drank 14 pints of beer in a single day in his youth . He was also criticised for attending the Notting Hill Carnival and for wearing a baseball cap in public in what were seen as poor attempts to appeal to younger voters . Shortly before the 2001 general election , Hague was much maligned for a speech in which he predicted that a re-elected Labour government would turn the UK into a `` foreign land '' . The BBC also reported that the Conservative peer Lord Taylor criticised Hague for not removing the whip from John Townend , a Conservative MP , after the latter made a speech in which he said the British were becoming `` a mongrel race '' , although Hague did reject Townend 's views . The 2001 general election resulted in a net gain of just one seat for the Conservative Party , just months after the fuel protests of September 2000 had seen the Conservatives briefly take a narrow lead over Labour in the opinion polls . Having privately set himself a target of 209 seats , matching Labour 's performance in 1983 -- a target which he missed by 43 -- William Hague resigned soon after . Iain Duncan Smith and Michael Howard Iain Duncan Smith ( 2001 -- 2003 ) ( often known as IDS or simply : `` Duncan Smith '' and by satirists as `` the quiet man '' ) is a strong Eurosceptic , but the issue did not define Duncan Smith 's leadership , though during his tenure , Europe ceased to be an issue of division in the party as it united behind calls for a referendum on the proposed European Union Constitution . However , before he could lead the party into a general election , Duncan Smith lost the vote on a motion of no confidence by MPs who felt that the party would not be returned to government under his leadership . This was despite the Conservative support equalling that of Labour in the months leading up to his departure from the leadership . Michael Howard then stood for the leadership unopposed on 6 November 2003 . Under Howard 's leadership in the 2005 general election , the Conservative Party increased their total vote share by around 0.7 % ( up to 32.4 % ) and -- more significantly -- their number of parliamentary seats by 33 ( up to 198 seats ) . This gain accompanied a large decline in the Labour vote , and the election reduced Labour 's majority from 167 to 68 and its share of the vote to 35.2 % . The campaign , based on the slogan `` Are you thinking what we 're thinking ? '' , was designed by Australian pollster Lynton Crosby . The day following the election , on 6 May , Howard announced that he did not feel it was right to continue as leader after defeat in the general election , also saying that he would be too old to lead the party into another campaign and would therefore step down after allowing time for the party to amend its leadership election rules . David Cameron ( 2005 -- 2016 ) Further information : Political positions of David Cameron and Premiership of David Cameron David Cameron , Prime Minister of the United Kingdom ( 2010 -- 2016 ) David Cameron won the 2005 leadership election . Cameron defeated his closest rival , David Davis , by a margin of more than two to one , taking 134,446 votes to 64,398 . He then announced his intention to reform and realign the Conservatives , saying they needed to change the way they looked , felt , thought and behaved , advocating a more centre - right stance as opposed to their recent staunchly right - wing platform . Although Cameron 's views are probably to the left of the party membership and he sought to make the Conservative brand more attractive to young , socially liberal voters , he has also expressed his admiration for Margaret Thatcher , describing himself as a `` big fan of Thatcher 's '' , though he questions whether that makes him a `` Thatcherite '' . For most of 2006 and the first half of 2007 , polls showed leads over Labour for the Conservatives . Polls became more volatile in summer 2007 with the accession of Gordon Brown as Prime Minister , although polls gave the Conservatives a lead after October of that year and , by May 2008 , with the UK 's economy sliding into its first recession since 1992 , and a week after local council elections , a YouGov poll commissioned by The Sun newspaper was published giving the Conservative Party a 26 - point lead over Labour , its largest lead since 1968 . The Conservatives gained control of the London mayoralty for the first time in May 2008 after Boris Johnson defeated the Labour incumbent , Ken Livingstone . The Conservative lead in the opinion polls had been almost unbroken for nearly three years when Britain finally went to the polls on 6 May 2010 , though since the turn of 2010 most polls had shown the Conservative lead as less than 10 points wide . The election resulted in a hung parliament with the Conservatives having the most seats ( 306 ) but being twenty seats short of an overall majority . Following the resignation of Gordon Brown as Prime Minister and Leader of the Labour Party five days afterwards , David Cameron was named as the country 's new Prime Minister and the Conservatives entered government in a coalition with the Liberal Democrats -- the first post-war coalition government . In May 2014 , the Conservatives were defeated in the European parliamentary elections coming in third place behind the UK Independence Party and Labour . UKIP ended with 24 MEPs , Labour 20 , and the Conservatives 19 . The result was described by UKIP leader Nigel Farage as `` disastrous '' for Cameron , and the leaders of the other main parties . In September 2014 , the Unionist side , championed by Labour as well as by the Conservative Party and the Liberal Democrats , won in the Scottish Independence referendum by 55 % No to 45 % Yes on the question `` Should Scotland be an independent country '' . This can be seen as a victory for British Unionism , a core part of traditional Conservative ideology , and also for David Cameron as the incumbent Prime Minister . At the 2015 general election , the Conservatives won a majority of seats in the House of Commons and formed a majority government under David Cameron . The party increased its national vote share , becoming the first incumbent party to do so since 1900 . The result was unexpected and exceeded even the party leadership 's expectations , as most polls had predicted a hung parliament . This was also the first general election since 1992 in which the Conservatives had won an overall majority , although the vote share of 36.9 % was lower than the previous four Conservative majority governments under Thatcher and Major . In March 2017 , the party was fined £ 70,000 , the largest fine of this sort in British political history , after an Electoral Commission investigation found `` significant failures '' by the party to report its 2015 general election campaign spending . On the morning of Friday 24 June 2016 , Cameron announced his intention to resign as Prime Minister , after he failed to convince the British public to stay in the European Union , and subsequently the Conservative Party leadership election was announced with Theresa May , Michael Gove , Stephen Crabb , Liam Fox and Andrea Leadsom confirmed as the official contenders to be his successor with Boris Johnson ruling himself out of the process . After Crabb withdrew , Fox and then Gove were eliminated in successive ballots by Conservative MPs , leaving Leadsom and May as the final candidates to be put before the wider Conservative Party membership . Leadsom subsequently withdrew from the contest on 11 July . Theresa May ( 2016 -- present ) Further information : Premiership of Theresa May Theresa May , Prime Minister of the United Kingdom ( 2016 -- present ) On 11 July 2016 , Theresa May became the leader of the Conservative Party with immediate effect following the withdrawal from the leadership election of her sole remaining opponent , Andrea Leadsom . She was appointed Prime Minister of the United Kingdom on 13 July 2016 . She has promised social reform and a more centrist political outlook for the Conservative Party and its government . In a speech after her appointment , May emphasised the term Unionist in the name of the party , reminding all of `` the precious , precious bond between England , Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland '' . May considers herself a one nation conservative . May 's early cabinet appointments were interpreted both as `` centrist and conciliatory '' , an effort to reunite the party in the wake of the UK 's vote to leave the European Union , and as `` a shift to the right '' according to The Guardian . May appointed former Mayor of London Boris Johnson as Foreign Secretary , former Secretary of State for Energy and Climate Change Amber Rudd as Home Secretary , and former Shadow Home Secretary David Davis to the newly created office of Brexit Secretary . Liam Fox and Philip Hammond , who had both previously served as Secretary of State for Defence ( Fox from 2010 to 2011 and Hammond from 2011 to 2014 ) , were appointed to the newly created office of International Trade Secretary and as Chancellor of the Exchequer respectively . Replacing Michael Gove , Elizabeth Truss was made Justice Secretary , the `` first female Lord Chancellor in the thousand - year history of the role '' . Andrea Leadsom , who was energy minister and May 's primary competitor for party leader , was made the new environment secretary . However , former Northern Ireland Secretary Theresa Villiers resigned from Cabinet after May offered her a post which was `` not one which I felt I could take on '' . Nearly half of the first May ministry were women . In her first speech , May made a promise to combat the `` burning injustice '' in British society and create a union `` between all of our citizens '' and promising to be an advocate for the `` ordinary working - class family '' and not just for `` privileged few '' in the UK . In April 2017 , the Cabinet agreed to hold a general election on Thursday 8 June . During the resulting campaign , Theresa May asked the electorate to `` strengthen my hand '' in Brexit negotiations , promised `` strong and stable leadership in the national interest '' and warned of a `` coalition of chaos '' under Jeremy Corbyn . Contrary to opinion polling at the time , the election resulted in a hung parliament , with the Conservative Party having 317 seats in the House of Commons , but without an overall majority . The Democratic Unionist Party suggested it would be able to provide a confidence and supply arrangement depending on negotiations . On 9 June 2017 , May announced her intention to form a new minority government with support from the DUP , which was finalised on 26 June . On 8 January 2018 , May announced her first major cabinet reshuffle , keeping in place most ministers , but promoting others . Main article : Islamophobia in the UK Conservative Party In May 2018 , the Conservative Party was accused of failing to take action on Islamophobia . The Muslim Council of Britain has repeatedly demanded an investigation , saying there are now `` more than weekly incidents '' of Islamophobia involving Conservative candidates and representatives . In an open letter , it tells chairman Brandon Lewis he must `` ensure racists and bigots have no place '' in the party . Former party co-chair Baroness Warsi also called on May to publicly acknowledge that Islamophobia is a problem in the Conservative Party , arguing that she has been trying to get the party to address the issue for over two years . The Conservative Muslim Forum also accused the Conservative party of a failure to take action on Islamophobia and joined calls for an independent inquiry . In addition , 350 mosques and 11 umbrella organisations across the UK have urged the Conservatives to launch internal inquiry into Islamophobia claims . In July 2018 , the MCB repeated its call for an independent inquiry and accused the Conservatives of turning blind eye to Islamophobia claims . A week later Warsi supported this call , and warned the Conservatives were pursuing a politically damaging policy of denial about the problem in its own ranks . She accused Conservative chair Brandon Lewis of a `` woefully inept '' response to recent complaints and added that MP Zac Goldsmith should receive `` mandatory diversity training '' for alleged Islamophobia in his failed 2016 London mayoral campaign against Sadiq Khan . In August 2018 , following comments made by Boris Johnson regarding the burqa / niqab , the MCB called the comments `` particularly regrettable in this current climate '' and reiterated its calls for an inquiry , accusing Johnson of `` pandering to the far - right '' . Policies Part of a series on Conservatism Variants ( show ) Cultural Fiscal Green Liberal Libertarian National Neo - New Right One - nation Paleo - Social Traditionalist Concepts ( show ) Familism Family values Free markets Limited government Private property Rule of law Small government People ( show ) Locke Burke De Maistre De Chateaubriand Von Metternich Organizations ( show ) International Democrat Union ( IDU ) European People 's Party ( EPP ) Religious conservatism ( show ) Christian right Christian fundamentalism Jewish right Islamic fundamentalism Traditionalist Catholic National variants ( show ) Australia Canada China ( PRC ) Colombia Germany Hong Kong India South Korea Serbia Turkey United Kingdom United States Related topics ( show ) Aristocracy Capitalism Center - right Corporatism Counter-revolutionary Fascism Monarchism Neoliberalism New Right Radical centrism Radical right ( Europe ) Reactionary Right - wing politics Toryism Conservatism portal Politics portal Economic policy The Conservative Party believes that free markets and individual achievement are the primary factors behind economic prosperity . A leading economic theory advocated by Conservatives is supply side economics , this theory holds that reduced income tax rates increase GDP growth and thereby generate the same or more revenue for the government from the smaller tax on the extra growth . This belief is reflected , in part , by the party 's advocacy of tax cuts . One concrete economic policy of recent years has been opposition to the European single currency . Anticipating the growing Euroscepticism within his party , John Major negotiated a British opt - out from the single currency in the 1992 Maastricht Treaty , although several members of Major 's cabinet , such as Kenneth Clarke , were personally supportive of EMU participation . Following Major 's resignation after the 1997 defeat , each of the four subsequent Conservative leaders , including David Cameron , have positioned the party firmly against the adoption of the euro . This policy is broadly popular with the British electorate . Following Labour 's victory in the 1997 general election , the Conservative Party opposed Labour 's decision to grant the Bank of England independent control of interest rates -- on the grounds that it would be a prelude to the abolition of the pound sterling and acceptance of the European single currency , and also expressed concern over the removal of monetary policy from democratic control . However , Bank independence was popular amongst the financial community as it helped to keep inflation low . The Conservatives accepted Labour 's policy in early 2000 . Since coming to power , the 50 % top rate of income tax has been dropped to 45 % in 2013 . Furthermore , the Conservative Party has reduced government spending . Social policy Scarborough Conservative Club Since the leadership of David Cameron , the Conservative Party has distanced with the association between social conservatism and the Conservatives ( manifest in policies such as tax incentives for married couples , the removal of the link between pensions and earnings , and criticism of public financial support for those who do not work ) played a role in the electoral decline of the party in the 1990s and early 2000s ( decade ) . Since 1997 , a debate continued within the party between ' modernisers ' such as Alan Duncan , who believe that the Conservatives should modify their public stances on social issues , and ' traditionalists ' such as Liam Fox and Owen Paterson , who believe that the party should remain faithful to its traditional conservative platform . This may have resulted in William Hague 's and Michael Howard 's pre-election swings to the right in 2001 and 2005 , as well as the election of the stop - Kenneth Clarke candidate , Iain Duncan Smith , in 2001 . Iain Duncan Smith , however , remains influential . It has been argued by analysts that his Centre for Social Justice forced Cameron to the right on many issues , particularly crime and social welfare . The party has strongly criticised Labour 's `` state multiculturalism '' . Shadow Home Secretary Dominic Grieve said in 2008 that multiculturalism had created a `` terrible '' legacy , a cultural vacuum that has been exploited by `` extremists '' . However conservative critics such as Peter Hitchens assert that Cameron 's is an equally multicultural outlook and accuse the Conservative Party of promoting what they see as `` Islamic extremists . '' However , official statistics showed that EU and non-EU mass immigration , together with asylum seeker applications , all increased substantially during Cameron 's term in office . Foreign policy Margaret Thatcher ( second left ) , Ronald Reagan ( far left ) and their respective spouses in 1988 . Thatcher and Reagan developed a close relationship against the Soviet Union . For much of the 20th century , the Conservative Party took a broadly Atlanticist stance in relations with the United States , favouring close ties with the United States and similarly aligned nations such as Canada , Australia and Japan . The Conservatives have generally favoured a diverse range of international alliances , ranging from the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) to the Commonwealth of Nations . Close US - British relations have been an element of Conservative foreign policy since World War II . Winston Churchill during his 1951 -- 1955 post-war premiership built up a strong relationship with the Eisenhower Administration in the United States . Harold Macmillan demonstrated a similarly close relationship with the Democratic administration of John F. Kennedy . Though the US -- British relationship in foreign affairs has often been termed a ' Special Relationship ' , a term coined by Sir Winston Churchill , this has often been observed most clearly where leaders in each country are of a similar political stripe . The former Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher built a close relationship with the American President Ronald Reagan in his opposition to the former Soviet Union , but John Major was less successful in his personal contacts with George H.W. Bush and Bill Clinton . Out of power and perceived as largely irrelevant by American politicians , Conservative leaders Hague , Duncan - Smith , and Howard each struggled to forge personal relationships with presidents Bill Clinton and George W. Bush . However , the Republican 2008 presidential candidate , John McCain , spoke at the 2006 Conservative Party Conference . The Conservatives have proposed a Pan-African Free Trade Area , which it says could help entrepreneurial dynamism of African people . The Conservatives pledged to increase aid spending to 0.7 % of national income by 2013 . They met this pledge in 2014 , when spending on aid reached 0.72 % of GDP and the commitment was enshrined in UK law in 2015 . David Cameron had sought to distance himself from former US President Bush and his neoconservative foreign policy , calling for a `` rebalancing '' of US - UK ties and met Barack Obama during his 2008 European tour . Despite traditional links between the centre - right UK Conservatives and US Republicans , and between centre - left Labour and the Democrats , London Mayor Boris Johnson , a Conservative , endorsed Barack Obama in the 2008 election . Beyond relations with the United States , the Commonwealth and the EU , the Conservative Party has generally supported a pro free - trade foreign policy within the mainstream of international affairs . The degree to which Conservative Governments have supported interventionist or non-interventionist presidents in the US has often varied with the personal relations between a US President and the British Prime Minister . Defence Afghanistan Since the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001 , the Conservative Party has supported the coalition military action in Afghanistan . The Conservative Party believes that success in Afghanistan is defined in terms of the Afghans achieving the capability to maintain their own internal and external security . They have repeatedly criticised the former Labour Government for failing to equip British Forces adequately in the earlier days on the campaign -- especially highlighting the shortage of helicopters for British Forces resulting from Gordon Brown 's £ 1.4 bn cut to the helicopter budget in 2004 . Strategic defence and security Review The Conservative Party believes that in the 21st century defence and security are interlinked . It has pledged to break away from holding a traditional Strategic Defence Review and have committed to carrying out a more comprehensive Strategic Defence and Security Review ( SDSR ) immediately upon coming into office . This review will include both defence and homeland security related matters . The Labour Government last conducted a review in 1998 . To prevent a long gap in the future it also pledged to hold regular defence reviews every 4 -- 5 years , and if necessary will put this requirement into legislation . Party officials claim that the SDSR will be a major improvement , and will ensure that Britain maintains generic and flexible capability to adapt to any changing threats . It will be a cross-departmental review that will begin with foreign policy priorities and will bring together all the levers of domestic national security policy with overseas interests and defence priorities . As well as an SDSR , the Conservative Party pledged in 2010 to undertake a fundamental and far reaching review of the procurement process and how defence equipment is provided in Britain . It pledged to reform the procurement process , compile a Green Paper on Sovereignty Capability , and publish another Defence Industrial Strategy following on from the Defence Industrial Strategy in 2005 . The Conservative Party has said that there will be four aims for British defence procurement : to provide the best possible equipment at the best possible price ; to streamline the procurement process to ensure the speedy delivery of equipment to the front line ; to support our industry jobs at home by increasing defence exports ; to provide defence procurement that underpins strategic relationships abroad and ; to provide predictability to the defence industry . The Conservative Party also pledged to increase Britain 's share of the global defence market as Government policy . Europe and NATO The Conservative Party aims to build enhanced bilateral defence relations with key European partners and believes that it is in Britain 's national interest to cooperate fully with all its European neighbours . It has pledged to ensure that any EU military capability must supplement and not supplant British national defence and NATO , and that it is not in the British interest to hand over security to any supranational body . The Conservatives see it as a priority to encourage all members of the European Union to do more in terms of a commitment to European security at home and abroad . Regarding the defence role of the European Union , the Conservatives pledged to re-examine some of Britain 's EU Defence commitments to determine their practicality and utility ; specifically , to reassess UK participation provisions like Permanent Structured Cooperation , the European Defence Agency and EU Battlegroups to determine if there is any value in Britain 's participation . The Conservative Party upholds the view that NATO should remain the most important security alliance for the United Kingdom . It believes that NATO , which has been the cornerstone of British security for the past 60 years , should continue to have primacy on all issues relating to Europe 's defence , and pledged in 2010 to make NATO reform a key strategic priority . It has also called on the so - called fighting / funding gap to be changed and have called on the creation of a fairer funding mechanism for NATO 's expeditionary operations . As well as this , the Conservatives believe that there is scope for expanding NATO 's Article V to include new 21st Century threats such as energy and cyber security . Nuclear weapons The 2010 manifesto said the Conservatives will maintain Britain 's continuous at sea , independent , submarine based strategic nuclear deterrent based on the Trident missile system . Health policy In 1945 , the Conservatives first declared support for universal healthcare . Since entering office in 2010 , they have introduced the Health and Social Care Act , constituting the biggest reformation that the NHS has ever undertaken . However , there has been much criticism and protest about the 2010 government 's actions on the NHS , focussing on budget cuts and privatisation of services . After a 2013 union protest said by police to have been one of the largest protests seen in Manchester , the general secretary of the Trades Union Congress ( TUC ) said that austerity was having a devastating effect , with 21,000 NHS jobs lost over the previous three months alone , and that `` The NHS is one of Britain 's finest achievements and we will not allow ministers to destroy , through cuts and privatisation , what has taken generations to build . '' The Department of Health responded that there was `` absolutely no government policy to privatise NHS services '' . Drug policies Views on drug legality and policing vary greatly within the Conservative Party . Some Conservative politicians such as Alan Duncan take the libertarian approach that individual freedom and economic freedom of industry and trade should be respected . Other Conservative politicians , despite being economically liberal , are in favour of full prohibition of the ownership and trade of many drugs . Other Conservatives are in the middle ground , favouring stances such as looser regulation and decriminalisation of some drugs . Legalisation of cannabis for medical uses is favoured by some Conservative politicians , including Boris Johnson . Education and research In education , the Conservatives have pledged to review the National Curriculum , and introduce the English Baccalaureate . The restoration of discipline was also highlighted , as they want it to be easier for pupils to be searched for contraband items , the granting of anonymity to teachers accused by pupils , and the banning of expelled pupils being returned to schools via appeal panels . In Higher education , the Conservatives have increased tuition fees to £ 9,000 per year , however have ensured that this will not be paid by anyone until they are earning over £ 21,000 , and that those who fail their studies , will not pay anything at all . The Scottish Conservatives also support the re-introduction of tuition fees in Scotland . In 2016 the Conservative government extended student loan access in England to postgraduate students to help improve access to education . Within the EU , the UK is one of the largest recipients of research funding in the European Union , receiving £ 7 billion between 2007 and 2015 , which is invested in universities and research - intensive businesses . Following the vote to leave the EU , Prime Minister Theresa May guaranteed that the Conservative government would protect funding for existing research and development projects in the UK . Family policy As prime minister , David Cameron wanted to put family policy at the heart of the Conservative Party claiming British politics in the past had got it wrong . He stated families should be the most important thing in the country 's life , believing social responsibility and a strong family was key to an individuals success , and by extent becoming less reliant on the state . Both Cameron and Theresa May have aimed at helping families achieve a work - home balance and have previously proposed to offer all parents 12 months parental leave , to be shared by mother and father as they choose . Other policies have included doubling the free hours of childcare for working parents of three and four - year - olds from 15 hours to 30 hours a week during term - time , and fund 15 hours a week of free childcare for all disadvantaged two - year - olds , worth £ 2,500 a year per child . Tax schemes to support families , freezing fuel duty , cutting income tax . David Cameron in a speech mentioned businesses will have to help cut the costs imposed on society and families through the decisions businesses make , by becoming more socially responsible which would in turn reduce the need for state control to solve the problem . Jobs and welfare policy One of the Conservatives ' key policy areas of 2010 was to reduce the number of people in the UK claiming state benefits , and increase the number of people in the workforce . They have stated that all those in the UK claiming incapacity benefit will face a review of their cases . Until 1999 , Conservatives opposed the creation of a national minimum wage , citing that they believed it would cost jobs , and businesses would be reluctant to start business in the UK from fear of high labour costs . However the party have since pledged support and in the July 2015 budget , Chancellor George Osborne announced a national living wage of £ 9 / hour , to be introduced by 2020 , for those aged 25 and over . They support , and have implemented , the restoration of the link between pensions and earnings , and seek to raise retirement age from 65 to 66 . Energy and climate change policy David Cameron brought several ' green ' issues to the forefront of his 2010 campaign . These included proposals designed to impose a tax on workplace car parking spaces , a halt to airport growth , a tax on cars with exceptionally poor petrol mileage , and restrictions on car advertising . Many of these policies were implemented in the Coalition -- including the ' Green Deal ' . Justice and crime policy In 2010 , the Conservatives campaigned with the conviction to cut the perceived bureaucracy of the modern police force and pledged greater legal protection to people convicted of defending themselves against intruders . They also supported the creation of a UK Bill of Rights to replace the Human Rights Act 1998 , but this was vetoed by their coalition partners the Liberal Democrats . Some Conservatives , particularly within the socially conservative Cornerstone Group , support the re-introduction of the death penalty . European Union policy No subject has proved more divisive in the Conservative Party in recent history than the role of the United Kingdom within the European Union . Though the principal architect of the UK 's entry into the European Communities ( which became the European Union ) was Conservative Prime Minister Edward Heath , and both Winston Churchill and Harold Macmillan favoured some form of European union , the bulk of contemporary Conservative opinion is opposed to closer economic and particularly political union with the EU . This is a noticeable shift in British politics , as in the 1960s and 1970s the Conservatives were more pro-Europe than the Labour Party . Divisions on Europe came to the fore under the premiership of Margaret Thatcher ( 1979 -- 1990 ) and were cited by several ministers resigning , including Geoffrey Howe , the Deputy Prime Minister , whose resignation triggered the challenge that ended Thatcher 's leadership . Under Thatcher 's successor , John Major ( 1990 -- 1997 ) , the slow process of integration within the EU forced party tensions to the surface . A core of Eurosceptic MPs under Major used the small Conservative majority in Parliament to oppose Government policy on the Maastricht Treaty . By doing so they undermined Major 's ability to govern . The Conservative Party has members with a varying opinions of the EU , with pro-European Conservatives joining the affiliate Conservative Group for Europe , while some Eurosceptics left the party to join the United Kingdom Independence Party . Under current EU practices , the degree to which a Conservative Government could implement policy change regarding the EU would depend directly on the willingness of other EU member states to agree to such policies . In 2009 the Conservative Party actively campaigned against the Lisbon Treaty , which it believes would give away too much sovereignty to Brussels . Shadow Foreign Secretary William Hague stated that , should the treaty be in force by the time of an incoming Conservative government , he would `` not let matters rest there '' . However , on 14 June 2009 the shadow Business Secretary , Kenneth Clarke , said in an interview to the BBC that the Conservative Party would not reopen negotiations on the Lisbon Treaty if the Irish backed it in a new referendum , which they did on 2 October 2009 . The Conservative Party pledged an in - out referendum on membership of the European Union after a renegotiation . The referendum took place on 23 June 2016 , and resulted in a vote to leave the European Union -- a vote commonly referred to as Brexit . Prime Minister Theresa May signed the notice under Article 50 of the Lisbon Treaty which officially begins Britain 's withdrawal from the EU , on 28 March 2017 , and at 12 : 20 on 29 March 2017 , the UK ambassador Tim Barrow delivered the notice to EU president Donald Tusk , officially triggering the two - year process of leaving the European Union . Union policy The Conservatives staunchly support the maintenance of the United Kingdom , and oppose the independence of any of the countries of the United Kingdom : England , Scotland , Wales or Northern Ireland from it . They have had a mixed history on support for Scottish , Welsh and Northern Irish devolution . In 1968 , Edward Heath issued his ' Perth declaration ' , in support of a Scottish assembly , in the wake of growing nationalism . However , the cause went unanswered during his turbulent premiership , and under Margaret Thatcher and John Major 's leadership , the Conservatives vehemently opposed devolution , and campaigned against it in the 1997 devolution referendum . Following the Scottish Parliament 's establishment in 1999 , they have vowed to support its continued existence , and along with Labour and the Liberal Democrats , they supported the Scotland Bill ( 2011 ) , granting further devolution of power . They campaigned alongside Labour and the Liberal Democrats against full Scottish Independence in the 2014 Scottish Independence referendum . In Wales , the Conservatives campaigned against devolution in the 1997 referendum , however likewise as with Scotland , they have vowed to maintain the Welsh Assembly 's continued existence , and in 2011 supported the further devolution of power . In Northern Ireland , the Conservatives suspended the parliament in 1973 in the wake of the growing Troubles , and made unsuccessful attempts to re-establish it in the same year , and in 1982 . They supported the Belfast Agreement negotiated by the Blair government in 1998 , and in 2009 , negotiated an electoral pact with the declining Ulster Unionist Party , whom it had previously been allied to before 1973 and informally during the John Major 's tenure as Prime Minister . The pact was abandoned for the 2015 general election , where the Northern Ireland Conservatives ran their own candidates . On 4 October 2016 , the Democratic Unionist Party 's leader Arlene Foster and MPs held a champagne reception at the Conservative Party conference , marking what some have described as an `` informal coalition '' or an `` understanding '' between the two parties to account for the Conservatives ' narrow majority in the House of Commons . Since then , the DUP has generally supported Conservative legislation . The party opposed Labour 's attempts to devolve power to the northern regions of England in 2004 . It declared support for a commission into the West Lothian Question , as to whether or not only English MPs should be able to vote on issues solely affecting English matters following the Scottish Independence Referendum . British Constitution Traditionally the Conservative Party have been defenders of Britain 's unwritten constitution and system of government . The party opposed many of Tony Blair 's reforms , such as the removal of the hereditary peers , the incorporation of the European Convention on Human Rights into British law , and the 2009 creation of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom , a function formerly carried out by the House of Lords . Until 2001 most members of the party were against an elected House of Lords ; however opinion was later split , shown in the vote on the House of Lords Reform Bill 2012 , when 80 backbenchers voted for an 80 % elected upper chamber , and 110 did not . There was also a split on whether to introduce a British Bill of Rights that would replace the Human Rights Act 1998 ; David Cameron expressed support , but Ken Clarke described it as `` xenophobic and legal nonsense '' . Organisation Party Structure The National Conservative Convention is held during the Conservative Party Conference . The Conservative Party comprises the Voluntary Party , Parliamentary Party ( sometimes called the Political Party ) and the Professional Party . Members of the public join the party by becoming part of a local constituency association . The country is also divided into regions , with each region containing a number of areas , both having a similar structure to constituency associations . The National Conservative Convention sets the Voluntary Party 's direction and is composed of all association chairs , officers from areas and regions , and 42 representatives and the Conservative Women 's Organisation . The Convention meets twice a year -- its Annual General Meeting is usually held at Spring Forum , with another meeting usually held at the Conservative Party Conference . In the organisation of the Conservative Party , constituency associations dominate selection of local candidates , and some associations have organised open parliamentary primaries . The 1922 Committee is effectively head of the Parliamentary Party its leader forms policy in consultation with his cabinet and administration . The Conservative Campaign Headquarters ( CCHQ ) is effectively head of the Professional Party and leads financing , organisation of elections and drafting of policy . All Conservative MPs are members of the 1922 Committee by default , but there are 20 elected executive members of the ' 22 . The Conservative Party Board is the party 's ultimate decision making body , responsible for all operational matters ( including fundraising , membership and candidates ) and is made up of representatives from each ( voluntary , political and professional ) section of the Party . The Party Board meets about once a month and works closely with CCHQ , elected representatives and the voluntary membership mainly through a number of management sub-committees ( such as membership , candidates and conferences ) . Membership Share of the vote received by Conservatives ( blue ) , Whigs / Liberals / Liberal Democrats ( orange ) , Labour ( red ) and others ( grey ) in general elections since 1832 Membership peaked in the mid-1950s at approximately 3 million , before declining steadily through the second half of the 20th century . Despite an initial boost shortly after David Cameron 's election as leader in December 2005 , membership resumed its decline in 2006 to a lower level than when he was elected . In 2010 , the Conservative Party had about 177,000 members according to activist Tim Montgomerie , and in 2013 membership was estimated by the party itself at 134,000 . The membership fee for the Conservative Party is £ 25 , or £ 5 if the member is under the age of 23 . From April 2013 until the 2015 general election people could join Team2015 without being Party members , and take part in political campaigning for the party . At the 2018 Conservative Spring Forum , Party Chairman Brandon Lewis announced that the party 's membership stood at 124,000 . Prospective parliamentary candidates Further information : Prospective parliamentary candidate Associations select their constituency 's candidates . Some associations have organised open parliamentary primaries . A constituency Association must choose a candidate using the rules approved by , and ( in England , Wales and Northern Ireland ) from a list established by , the Committee on Candidates of the Board of the Conservative Party . Prospective candidates apply to the Conservative Central Office to be included on the approved list of candidates , some candidates will be given the option of applying for any seat they choose , while others may be restricted to certain constituencies . A Conservative MP can only be deselected at a special general meeting of the local Conservative association , which can only be organised if backed by a petition of more than fifty members . Young Conservatives Main article : Young Conservatives ( UK ) From 1998 - 2015 , the Conservative Party maintained a youth wing for members under 30 called Conservative Future , with branches at both universities and at parliamentary constituency level . By 2006 , the group had become the largest political organisation on British university campuses . The organisation was closed in 2015 after allegations that bullying by Mark Clarke had caused the suicide of Elliot Johnson , a 21 - year - old party activist . On 16 March 2018 , at the Conservative Spring Forum , a new organisation called Young Conservatives was launched for Conservative Party members aged under 25 . Conferences The major annual party events are the Spring Forum and the Conservative Party Conference , which takes place in Autumn in alternately Manchester or Birmingham . This is when the National Conservative Convention holds meetings . Funding In the first decade of the 21st century , half the party 's funding came from a cluster of just fifty `` donor groups '' , and a third of it from only fifteen . In the year after the 2010 general election , half the Tories ' funding came from the financial sector . For 2013 , the Conservative Party had an income of £ 25.4 million , of which £ 749,000 came from membership subscriptions . In 2015 , according to accounts filed with the Electoral Commission , the party had an income of about £ 41.8 million and expenditures of about £ 41 million . Construction businesses , including the Wates Group and JCB , have also been significant donors to the party , contributing £ 430,000 and £ 8.1 m respectively between 2007 and 2017 . International organisations The Conservative Party is affiliated to -- and plays a leading part in -- a number of international organisations . As a global level , the Conservatives are a member of the International Democrat Union , which unites right - of - centre parties , including the Conservative Party of Canada , the U.S. Republican Party , the Liberal Party of Australia , the Indian Bharatiya Janata Party and the Liberty Korea Party . At a European level , the Conservatives are members of the Alliance of Conservatives and Reformists in Europe ( ACRE ) , which unites centre - right parties in opposition to a federal European Union . In the European Parliament , the Conservative Party 's MEPs sit in the European Conservatives and Reformists ( ECR ) group , which is affiliated to the ACRE . Party leader David Cameron pushed the foundation of the ECR , which was launched in 2009 , along with the Czech Civic Democratic Party and the Polish Law and Justice , before which the Conservative Party 's MEPs sat in the European Democrats , which had become a subgroup of the European People 's Party in the 1990s . Since the 2014 European election , the ECR group has been the third - largest group , with the largest members being the Conservatives ( nineteen MEPs ) , Law and Justice ( eighteen MEPs ) , the Liberal Conservative Reformers ( five MEPs ) , and the Danish People 's Party and New Flemish Alliance ( four MEPs each ) . As of June 2009 , Cameron required a further four partners apart from the Polish and Czech supports to qualify for official fraction status in the parliament ; the rules state that a caucus needs at least 25 MEPs from at least seven of the 27 EU member states . In forming the caucus , Cameron is reportedly breaking with two decades of co-operation by the UK 's Conservative Party with the mainstream European Christian Democrats and conservatives in the European parliament , the European People 's Party ( EPP ) on the grounds that it is dominated by European federalists and supporters of the Lisbon treaty , which is opposed by the Tories . EPP leader Wilfried Martens , former prime minister of Belgium , stated `` Cameron 's campaign has been to take his party back to the centre in every policy area with one major exception : Europe . ( ... ) I ca n't understand his tactics . Merkel and Sarkozy will never accept his Euroscepticism . '' Party factions The Conservative Party has a variety of internal factions or ideologies , including : One - nation conservatism , Liberal conservatism , Social conservatism , Thatcherism , Traditional conservatism , Neoconservatism , Euroscepticism , Pro-Europeanism , Christian democracy , Localism and Green conservatism . Traditionalist Conservatives This socially conservative right - wing grouping is currently associated with the Cornerstone Group ( or Faith , Family , Flag ) , and is the oldest tradition within the Conservative Party , closely associated with High Toryism . The name stems from its support for three British social institutions ( though the Church is an English institution ) : the Church of England , the unitary British state and the family . To this end , it emphasises the country 's Anglican heritage , oppose any transfer of power away from the United Kingdom -- either downwards to the nations and regions or upwards to the European Union -- and seek to place greater emphasis on traditional family structures to repair what it sees as a broken society in the UK . It is a strong advocate of marriage and believes the Conservative Party should back the institution with tax breaks and have opposed the alleged assaults on both traditional family structures and fatherhood . Most oppose high levels of immigration and support the lowering of the current 24 ‐ week abortion limit . Some members in the past have expressed support for capital punishment . Prominent MPs from this wing of the party include Andrew Rosindell , Nadine Dorries , Sir Edward Leigh and Jacob Rees - Mogg -- the latter two being prominent Roman Catholics , notable in a faction marked out by its support for the established Church of England . The conservative English philosopher Sir Roger Scruton is a representative of the intellectual wing of the traditionalist group : his writings rarely touch on economics and instead focus on conservative perspectives concerning political , social , cultural and moral issues . One - Nation Conservatives Part of a series on One - nation conservatism Ideas ( show ) Conservatism Pragmatism Paternalism Paternalistic conservatism Social policy Solidarity Organicism Subsidiarity Morality Responsibility Welfare Dignity Communitarianism Humanism Distributism Noblesse oblige Big Society Progressive People ( show ) Benjamin Disraeli Edmund Burke Lord Randolph Churchill Stanley Baldwin Harold Macmillan Rab Butler Documents ( show ) Sybil , or The Two Nations Coningsby , or The New Generation Industrial Charter Organisations ( show ) Conservative Party Tory Reform Group Bright Blue Conservatism portal British politics portal One - nation conservatism was the party 's dominant ideology in the 20th century until the rise of Thatcherism in the 1970s . It has included in its ranks Conservative Prime Ministers such as Stanley Baldwin , Harold Macmillan and Edward Heath. . One Nation Conservatives in the contemporary party include Kenneth Clarke , Malcolm Rifkind and Damian Green . The name itself comes from a famous phrase of Disraeli . Ideologically , One Nation Conservatism identifies itself with a broad liberal conservative stance . They are often associated with the Tory Reform Group and the Bow Group . Adherents of One - Nation Conservatism believe in social cohesion and support social institutions that maintain harmony between different interest groups , classes , and -- more recently -- different races or religions . These institutions have typically included the welfare state , the BBC , and local government . One Nation Conservatives often invoke Edmund Burke and his emphasis on civil society ( `` little platoons '' ) as the foundations of society , as well as his opposition to radical politics of all types . The Red Tory theory of Phillip Blond is a strand of the One Nation school of thought . Prominent Red Tories include former Cabinet Ministers Iain Duncan Smith and Eric Pickles and Parliamentary Under - Secretary of State Jesse Norman. . There is difference of opinion among supporters regarding the European Union . Some support it perhaps stemming from an extension of the cohesion principle to the international level , though others are strongly against the EU ( such as Sir Peter Tapsell ) . Free - market Conservatives The second main grouping in the Conservative Party is the `` free - market wing '' of economic liberals who achieved dominance after the election of Margaret Thatcher as party leader in 1975 . Their goal was to reduce the role of the government in the economy and to this end they supported cuts in direct taxation , the privatisation of nationalised industries and a reduction in the size and scope of the welfare state . Supporters of the `` free - market wing '' have been labelled as `` Thatcherites '' . The group has disparate views of social policy : Thatcher herself was socially conservative and a practising Anglican but the free - market wing in the Conservative Party harbour a range of social opinions from the civil libertarian views of Michael Portillo , Daniel Hannan , and David Davis to the traditional conservatism of former party leaders William Hague and Iain Duncan Smith . The Thatcherite wing is also associated with the concept of a `` classless society '' . Whilst a number of party members are pro-European , some free - marketeers are Eurosceptic , perceiving most EU regulations as interference in the free market and / or a threat to British sovereignty . EU centralisation also conflicts with the localist ideals that have grown in prominence within the party in recent years . Rare Thatcherite Europhiles included Leon Brittan . Many take inspiration from Thatcher 's Bruges speech in 1988 , in which she declared that `` we have not successfully rolled back the frontiers of the state in Britain only to see them reimposed at a European level '' . A number of free - market Conservatives have signed the Better Off Out pledge to leave the EU . Thatcherites and economic liberals in the party tend to support Atlanticism , something exhibited between Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Reagan . Thatcher herself claimed philosophical inspiration from the works of Burke and Friedrich Hayek for her defence of liberal economics . Groups associated with this tradition include the No Turning Back Group and Conservative Way Forward , whilst Enoch Powell and Sir Keith Joseph are usually cited as early influences in the movement . Some free - market supporters and Christian democrats within the party tend to advocate the social market economy , which supports free markets alongside social and environmental responsibility , as well a welfare state . Sir Keith Joseph was the first to introduce the model idea into British politics , writing the publication : Why Britain needs a Social Market Economy . Relationships between the factions Sometimes two groupings have united to oppose the third . Both Thatcherite and Traditionalist Conservatives rebelled over Europe ( and in particular Maastricht ) during John Major 's premiership ; and Traditionalist and One Nation MPs united to inflict Margaret Thatcher 's only major defeat in Parliament , over Sunday trading . Not all Conservative MPs can be easily placed within one of the above groupings . For example , John Major was the ostensibly `` Thatcherite '' candidate during the 1990 leadership election , but he consistently promoted One - Nation Conservatives to the higher reaches of his cabinet during his time as Prime Minister . These included Kenneth Clarke as Chancellor of the Exchequer and Michael Heseltine as Deputy Prime Minister . Electoral performance and campaigns National campaigning within the Conservative Party is fundamentally managed by the CCHQ campaigning team , which is part of its central office However , it also delegates local responsibility to Conservative associations in the area , usually to a team of Conservative activists and volunteers in that area , but campaigns are still deployed from and thus managed by CCHQ National campaigning sometimes occurs in - house by volunteers and staff at CCHQ in Westminster CCHQ maintains responsibility overall for campaigning in the Conservative Party , and targeting voters The Voter Communications Department is line - managed by the Conservative Director of Communications who upholds overall responsibility , though she has many staff supporting her , and the whole of CCHQ at election time , her department being one of the most predominant at this time , including Project Managers , Executive Assistants , Politicians , and Volunteers . The Conservative Party also has regional call centres and VoteSource do - it - from - home accounts . UK wide elections UK general elections This chart shows the electoral performance of the Conservative Party in each general election since 1835 . For results of the Tories , the party 's predecessor , see here . Parliament of the United Kingdom Election Leader Votes Seats Position Government # % # ± % 1835 Sir Robert Peel 261,269 40.8 % 273 / 658 98 2nd Whig 1837 Sir Robert Peel 379,694 48.3 % 314 / 658 41 2nd Whig 1841 Sir Robert Peel 379,694 56.9 % 367 / 658 53 1st Conservative 1847 The Earl of Derby 205,481 42.7 % 325 / 656 Includes Peelites 42 1st Whig 1852 The Earl of Derby 311,481 41.9 % 330 / 654 Includes Peelites 5 1st Conservative 1857 The Earl of Derby 239,712 34.0 % 264 / 654 66 2nd Whig 1859 The Earl of Derby 193,232 34.3 % 298 / 654 34 2nd Whig 1865 The Earl of Derby 346,035 40.5 % 289 / 658 9 2nd Liberal 1868 Benjamin Disraeli 903,318 38.4 % 271 / 658 18 2nd Liberal 1874 Benjamin Disraeli 1,091,708 44.3 % 350 / 652 79 1st Conservative 1880 Benjamin Disraeli 1,462 , 35 42.5 % 237 / 652 113 2nd Liberal 1885 Lord Salisbury 2,020,927 43.5 % 247 / 670 10 2nd Liberal minority 1886 Lord Salisbury 1,520,886 51.1 % 317 / 670 70 1st Conservative -- Liberal Unionist 1892 Lord Salisbury 2,159,150 47.0 % 268 / 670 49 2nd Liberal 1895 Lord Salisbury 1,894,772 49.0 % 340 / 670 72 1st Conservative -- Liberal Unionist 1900 Lord Salisbury 1,767,958 50.3 % 335 / 670 5 1st Conservative -- Liberal Unionist 1906 Arthur Balfour 2,422,071 43.4 % 131 / 670 204 2nd Liberal January 1910 Arthur Balfour 3,104,407 46.8 % 240 / 670 109 2nd Liberal minority December 1910 Arthur Balfour 2,420,169 46.6 % 235 / 670 5 2nd Liberal minority Merged with Liberal Unionist Party in 1912 to become the Conservative and Unionist Party 1918 Bonar Law 3,472,738 33.3 % 379 / 707 332 elected with Coupon 108 1st Coalition Liberal -- Conservative 1922 Bonar Law 5,294,465 38.5 % 344 / 615 35 1st Conservative 1923 Stanley Baldwin 5,286,159 38.0 % 258 / 625 86 1st Labour minority 1924 Stanley Baldwin 7,418,983 46.8 % 412 / 615 124 1st Conservative 1929 Stanley Baldwin 8,252,527 38.1 % 260 / 615 152 2nd Labour minority 1931 Stanley Baldwin 11,377,022 55.0 % 470 / 615 210 1st National Labour -- Conservative -- Liberal 1935 Stanley Baldwin 10,025,083 47.8 % 386 / 615 83 1st Conservative -- National Labour -- Liberal National 1945 Winston Churchill 8,716,211 36.2 % 197 / 640 189 2nd Labour 1950 Winston Churchill 11,507,061 40.0 % 282 / 625 85 2nd Labour 1951 Winston Churchill 13,724,418 48.0 % 302 / 625 20 1st Conservative -- National Liberal 1955 Anthony Eden 13,310,891 49.7 % 324 / 630 22 1st Conservative -- National Liberal 1959 Harold Macmillan 13,750,875 49.4 % 345 / 630 21 1st Conservative -- National Liberal 1964 Sir Alec Douglas - Home 12,002,642 43.4 % 298 / 630 47 2nd Labour 1966 Edward Heath 11,418,455 41.9 % 250 / 630 48 2nd Labour 1970 Edward Heath 13,145,123 46.4 % 330 / 630 80 1st Conservative February 1974 Edward Heath 11,872,180 37.9 % 297 / 635 33 2nd Labour minority October 1974 Edward Heath 10,462,565 35.8 % 277 / 635 20 2nd Labour 1979 Margaret Thatcher 13,697,923 43.9 % 339 / 635 62 1st Conservative Margaret Thatcher 13,012,316 42.4 % 397 / 650 38 1st Conservative Margaret Thatcher 13,760,935 42.2 % 376 / 650 21 1st Conservative 1992 John Major 14,093,007 41.9 % 336 / 651 40 1st Conservative 1997 John Major 9,600,943 30.7 % 165 / 659 171 2nd Labour 2001 William Hague 8,357,615 31.7 % 166 / 659 2nd Labour 2005 Michael Howard 8,785,941 32.4 % 198 / 646 32 2nd Labour David Cameron 10,704,647 36.1 % 306 / 650 108 1st Conservative -- Liberal Democrat 2015 David Cameron 11,334,920 36.9 % 330 / 650 24 1st Conservative 2017 Theresa May 13,632,914 42.3 % 317 / 650 13 1st Conservative minority ( Conservative -- DUP agreement ) Note Jump up ^ The first election held under the Reform Act 1867 . Jump up ^ The first election held under the Representation of the People Act 1884 and the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885 . Jump up ^ The first election held under the Representation of the People Act 1918 in which all men over 21 , and most women over the age of 30 could vote , and therefore a much larger electorate . Jump up ^ The first election held under the Representation of the People Act 1928 which gave all women aged over 21 the vote . Jump up ^ Franchise extended to all 18 - to 20 - year - olds under the Representation of the People Act 1969 . European parliament elections See also : European Parliament and Elections to the European Parliament Year Leader Share of votes Seats Change Position 1979 Margaret Thatcher 48.4 60 / 78 1st 1984 Margaret Thatcher 38.8 45 / 78 15 1st 1989 Margaret Thatcher 34.7 32 / 78 13 2nd John Major 26.8 18 / 84 13 2nd 1999 William Hague 35.8 36 / 84 18 1st Michael Howard 26.7 27 / 78 8 1st 2009 David Cameron 27.7 26 / 72 1st 2014 David Cameron 23.1 19 / 73 7 3rd Note Jump up ^ Electoral system changed from first past the post to proportional representation . Devolved assembly elections Scottish Parliament elections See also : Scottish Parliament and Scottish Conservatives Year Leader Share of votes ( constituency ) Share of votes ( list ) Seats Change Position Resulting government 1999 David McLetchie 15.56 % 15.35 % 18 / 129 3rd Labour -- Lib Dem 2003 David McLetchie 16.6 % 15.6 % 18 / 129 3rd Labour -- Lib Dem 2007 Annabel Goldie 16.6 % 13.9 % 17 / 129 3rd SNP minority 2011 Annabel Goldie 13.9 % 12.4 % 15 / 129 3rd SNP 2016 Ruth Davidson 22.0 % 22.9 % 31 / 129 16 2nd SNP minority Welsh Assembly elections See also : National Assembly for Wales and Welsh Conservative Party Year Leader Share of vote ( constituency ) Share of vote ( list ) Seats won Change Position Government 1999 Rod Richards 15.8 % 16.5 % 9 / 60 3rd Labour - Lib Dem 2003 Nick Bourne 19.9 % 19.2 % 11 / 60 3rd Labour 2007 Nick Bourne 22.4 % 21.4 % 12 / 60 3rd Labour - Plaid Cymru 2011 Nick Bourne 25.0 % 22.5 % 14 / 60 2nd Labour 2016 Andrew R.T. Davies 21.1 % 18.8 % 11 / 60 3rd Labour minority Northern Ireland devolved elections See also : Northern Ireland Assembly and Northern Ireland Conservatives Election Legisture Leader Votes Share of votes Seats Note ( s ) Northern Ireland Forum Barbara Finney 3,595 0.48 0 / 110 1998 Northern Ireland Assembly Unknown 1,835 0.23 0 / 108 2003 Northern Ireland Assembly Unknown 1,604 0.20 0 / 108 2007 Northern Ireland Assembly Unknown 3,457 0.50 0 / 108 2016 Northern Ireland Assembly Alan Dunlop 2,554 0.40 0 / 108 2017 Northern Ireland Assembly Alan Dunlop 2,399 0.30 0 / 108 London Assembly and Mayoral elections See also : London Assembly and London Conservatives Year Share of votes ( constituency ) Share of votes ( list ) Seats Change Position Mayoralty 2000 33.2 29.0 9 / 25 2nd 31.2 28.5 9 / 25 1st 2008 37.4 34.1 11 / 25 1st 2012 32.7 32.0 9 / 25 2nd 2016 31.1 29.2 8 / 25 2nd Associated groups Further information : List of organisations associated with the British Conservative Party Ideological groups Tory Reform Group Conservative Mainstream Bright Blue Conservative Way Forward Cornerstone Group Selsdon Group The Monday Club Interest groups Conservative Friends of Israel Conservative Friends of Turkey Conservative Friends of the Chinese LGBT+ Conservatives Bruges Group Conservative Christian Fellowship Conservative Muslim Forum Think tanks European Foundation Bow Group Centre for Policy Studies Alliances International Democrat Union European Democrat Union Economic League European Conservatives and Reformists European Democrat Group Alliance of European Conservatives and Reformists Ulster Conservatives and Unionists -- New Force Party structures Scottish Conservative Party Welsh Conservative Party Northern Ireland Conservatives London Conservatives 1922 Committee Conservative Party Archive Conservative Research Department Conservative Women 's Organisation Young Conservatives Conservative Future Scotland See also British politics portal Conservatism portal Conservatism in the United Kingdom List of Conservative Party ( UK ) politicians List of UK Conservative Party general election manifestos List of political parties in the United Kingdom Racism in the UK Conservative Party Notes Jump up ^ `` Young Conservatives Relaunch '' . Guido Fawkes. 16 March 2018 . Retrieved 3 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Audickas ; Dempsey ; Keen . `` Membership of UK political parties '' . Parliament.uk . Retrieved 5 May 2018 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Capping welfare and working to control immigration '' . Conservative and Unionist Party . Archived from the original on 9 June 2016 . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Wolfram Nordsieck . `` United Kingdom '' . Parties and Elections in Europe . Retrieved 3 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Whiteley , Paul ; Seyd , Patrick ; Richardson , Jeremy ( 1994 ) . True Blues : The Politics of Conservative Party Membership . Oxford University Press . pp. 141 -- 142 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 154441 - 5 . Retrieved 9 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Philip ; Whitaker , Richard ; Loomes , Gemma . `` Competing on the centre right : An examination of party strategy in Britain '' . University of Leicester . Retrieved 9 May 2016 . 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The Independent . Retrieved 12 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tories have not tackled Islamophobia , Conservative Muslim Forum saysa '' . BBC News . 6 June 2018 . Retrieved 9 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Khan , Shehab ( 4 June 2018 ) . `` More than 350 mosques urge Conservatives to launch internal inquiry into Islamophobia claims '' . The Independent . Retrieved 12 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Sabbagh , Dan ( 26 June 2018 ) . `` Muslim group accuses Tories of turning blind eye to Islamophobia claims '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 4 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Sabbagh , Dan ( 4 July 2018 ) . `` Sayeeda Warsi calls for inquiry into Islamophobia within Tory party '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 4 July 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-45083275 Jump up ^ `` Business : The Economy -- Labour 's economic record '' . BBC News . 26 July 1999 . Retrieved 20 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Portillo springs surprise U-turns '' . BBC News . 3 February 2000 . Retrieved 20 April 2007 . 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Jump up ^ `` Clarke 's treaty pledge sparks row '' . BBC News . 14 June 2009 . Retrieved 14 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Manley , John ( 14 October 2016 ) . `` NI Conservatives ' disquiet over DUP love - in to be raised with party HQ '' . The Irish News . Jump up ^ Gibbon , Gary ( 4 October 2016 ) . `` Tories look to increase majority with DUP deal '' . Channel 4 . Jump up ^ `` Divisions -- 2015 -- present , Westminster '' . The Public Whip . Retrieved 28 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Blair attacks hereditary peers '' . BBC News . 18 November 1998 . Retrieved 18 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 80 Tory backbenchers voted for Lords reform last night . 110 did not . Tory MPs '' . Conservative home . 11 July 2012 . Retrieved 18 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Clarke slams Cameron rights plan '' . BBC News . 27 June 2006 . Retrieved 18 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Conservative and Unionist Central Office v. James Robert Samuel Burrell ( HM Inspector of Taxes ) ( 1981 ) EWCA Civ 2 ( 10 December 1981 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Party Structure and Organisation '' . Conservative Party . Retrieved 16 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Rallings , Colin ; Thrasher , Michael ( 2007 ) . British electoral facts , 1832 -- 2006 ( 7th ed . ) . Table 2.01 `` Summary Results of General Elections 1832 -- 2005 ( UK ) '' , p. 59 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7546 - 2712 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Election 2010 Results '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ McGuinness , Feargal ( 3 December 2012 ) . `` Membership of UK political parties '' ( PDF ) . House of Commons Library . Retrieved 21 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Mulholland , Hélène ( 5 October 2010 ) . `` Tories voice fears over falling membership '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 22 November 2011 . Tim Montgomerie , the editor of the influential grassroots Tory website ConservativeHome , told a fringe event that two separate sources had told him party membership was now 177,000 -- down 80,000 on the 2005 figure of 257,000 ... The Conservative party refused to confirm the figure Jump up ^ `` Conservative membership has nearly halved under Cameron '' . BBC News . 18 September 2013 . Retrieved 21 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Yorke , Harry ( 2018 - 03 - 17 ) . `` Conservative Party nearly twice the size originally thought , new figures show '' . The Telegraph . ISSN 0307 - 1235 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ Knight , Julian ( 2015 ) . British Politics For Dummies ( 2nd ed . ) . p. 202 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 97152 - 9 . Jump up ^ Constitution of the Conservative Party , Schedule 6 ^ Jump up to : Colomer , Josep M. ( 2013 ) . Personal Representation : The Neglected Dimension of Electoral Systems . European Consortium for Political Research . p. 45 . Jump up ^ Webber , Esther ( 2 August 2013 ) . `` The costly process of becoming an election candidate '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ Gordon , Bryony ( 2006 - 10 - 03 ) . `` Forget Tory Boy , Conservatives are now cool '' . ISSN 0307 - 1235 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Young Conservatives Relaunch - Guido Fawkes '' . Guido Fawkes. 2018 - 03 - 16 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Young Conservatives ( @ young_tories ) Twitter '' . twitter.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ Crone , Stephen ; Wilks - Heeg , Stuart ( 20 December 2010 ) . `` Just 50 ' donor groups ' have supplied over half of the Conservative party 's declared donation income in the last decade , a fact disguised by legal ' fame avoidance ' techniques '' . British Politics and Policy blog at LSE . Archived from the original on 12 July 2013 . Retrieved 10 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Syal , Rajeev ; Treanor , Jill ; Mathiason , Nick ( 30 September 2011 ) . `` City 's influence over Conservatives laid bare by research into donations '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 10 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Labour was best - funded UK political party in 2013 '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ `` Details of party accounts since 2002 '' . Electoral Commission . Retrieved 15 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tories boosted by construction donations '' . The Construction Index . 25 August 2017 . Retrieved 25 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Traynor , Ian ( 2 June 2009 ) . `` Anti-gay , climate change deniers : meet David Cameron 's new friends '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 2 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` UK Politics -- Cameron : Tories need new identity '' . bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Introducing Cameronism '' . BBC News . 11 July 2011 . Retrieved 2 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Why liberal conservatism is n't dead '' . Coffee House . 20 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Document 783 '' ( PDF ) . GEES . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 16 October 2013 . Retrieved 18 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Richard Seymour . `` The siren song of the neocons in David Cameron 's cabinet '' . the Guardian . ^ Jump up to : Lynch , Whitaker , Philip , Richard ( 2012 ) . `` Where There is Discord , Can They Bring Harmony ? Managing Intra-party Dissent on European Integration in the Conservative Party '' ( PDF ) . The British Journal of Politics and International Relations . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2 May 2014 . Retrieved 1 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Subscribe to read '' . Jump up ^ `` Theresa May has closed the liberal era . Bring on Christian democracy '' . Jump up ^ Garner , Robert ; Kelly , Richard N. ( 1998 ) . British political parties today . p. 66 . Jump up ^ Politics Review , April 2013 Jump up ^ `` Despite Appearances Conservatism Remains the Dominant Ideology '' . The American Conservative . 13 January 2012 . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Bale , Tim ( 2011 ) . The Conservative Party : From Thatcher to Cameron . p. 145 . Jump up ^ `` Supporters '' . Better Off Out . Archived from the original on 20 June 2013 . Retrieved 18 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Evans , Eric J. ( 2004 ) . Thatcher and Thatcherism . pp. 6 , 72 . Jump up ^ `` Mr Major 's Third Cabinet '' . John Major . 25 September 1992 . Retrieved 18 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Party Structure and Organisation '' . Conservatives.com . Retrieved 21 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Philip May 's Calling Community '' . Conservatives.com . Retrieved 21 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Our CCHQ election audit : the rusty machine , part two . How and why the ground campaign failed conservativehome.com Jump up ^ `` w4mp - The site for everyone working for an MP '' . W4mpjobs.org . Retrieved 21 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` General Election Results 1885 -- 1979 '' . Election.demon.co.uk . Retrieved 13 April 2010 . Bibliography Bale , Tim ( 2011 ) . The Conservative Party : From Thatcher to Cameron . Cambridge , England : Polity Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7456 - 4858 - 3 . Blake , Robert ( 2011 ) . The Conservative Party from Peel to Major ( 4th ed . ) . London : Faber Finds . Bulmer - Thomas , Ivor . The Growth of the British Party System Volume I : 1640 -- 1923 ( 1965 ) ; The Growth of the British Party System Volume II : 1924 -- 1964 , revised to 1966 Conservative - Labour Confrontation ( 1967 ) Evans , Eric J. ( 2004 ) . Thatcher and Thatcherism . Garnett , Mark , and Philip Lynch . The conservatives in crisis : the Tories after 1997 ( 1994 ) Paterson , David ( 2001 ) . Liberalism and Conservatism , 1846 -- 1905 . Further reading Bale , Tim . The Conservatives since 1945 : the Drivers of Party Change . ( 2012 , Oxford University Press ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 923437 - 0 ) Beer , Samuel . `` The Conservative Party of Great Britain , '' Journal of Politics Vol. 14 , No. 1 ( February 1952 ) , pp. 41 -- 71 in JSTOR Blake , Robert and Louis William Roger , eds . Churchill : A Major New Reassessment of His Life in Peace and War ( Oxford UP , 1992 ) , 581 pp ; 29 essays by scholars on specialized topics Blake , Robert . The Conservative Party From Peel To Churchill ( 1970 ) online Campbell , John . Margaret Thatcher ; Volume Two : The Iron Lady ( Pimlico ( 2003 ) . ISBN 0 - 7126 - 6781 - 4 Dorey , Peter ; Garnett , Mark ; Denham , Andrew . From Crisis to Coalition : The Conservative Party , 1997 -- 2010 ( 2011 ) Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 54238 - 9 excerpt and text search -- -- -- . British conservatism : the politics and philosophy of inequality ( IB Tauris , 2010 ) , Covers more than just political party . Green , E.H.H. Ideologies of conservatism : conservative political ideas in the twentieth century ( 2004 ) -- -- -- . The Crisis of conservatism : The politics , economics , and ideology of the British Conservative Party , 1880 -- 1914 ( 1996 ) Harris , Robert . The Conservatives -- A History ( 2011 ) Bantam Press ISBN 978 - 0 - 593 - 06511 - 2 King , Anthony , ed . British Political Opinion 1937 -- 2000 : The Gallup Polls ( 2001 ) Lawrence , Jon . Electing Our Masters : The Hustings in British Politics from Hogarth to Blair ( Oxford University Press , 2009 ) excerpt and text search McKenzie , R.T. and A. Silver . Angels in Marble : Working - class Conservatives in Urban England ( 1968 ) Mowat , Charles Loch . Britain between the Wars , 1918 -- 1940 ( 1955 ) 694 pp ; Detailed clinical history during Norton , Bruce F. Politics in Britain ( 2007 ) textbook Parry , J.P. `` Disraeli and England , '' Historical Journal Vol. 43 , No. 3 ( September 2000 ) , pp. 699 -- 728 in JSTOR Powell , David . British Politics , 1910 -- 1935 : The Crisis of the Party System ( 2004 ) Reitan , Earl Aaron . The Thatcher Revolution : Margaret Thatcher , John Major , Tony Blair , and the Transformation of Modern Britain , 1979 -- 2001 ( 2003 ) Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 0 - 7425 - 2203 - 2 Searle , G.R. A New England ? : Peace and War 1886 -- 1918 ( 2005 ) 976pp broad survey Seldon , Anthony and Stuart Ball , eds . Conservative Century : The Conservative Party since 1900 ( 1994 ) 896pp ; essays by experts Contents Snowdon , Peter . Back from the Brink : The Extraordinary Fall and Rise of the Conservative Party ( 2010 ) HarperPress ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 730884 - 2 Taylor , A.J.P. English History , 1914 -- 1945 ( 1965 ) , a standard political history of the era Thackeray , David . `` Home and Politics : Women and Conservative Activism in Early Twentieth ‐ Century Britain , '' Journal of British Studies ( 2010 ) 49 # 4 pp. 826 -- 48 . Windscheffel , Alex . `` Men or Measures ? Conservative Party Politics , 1815 -- 1951 , '' Historical Journal Vol. 45 , No. 4 ( December 2002 ) , pp. 937 -- 51 in JSTOR Historiography Crowson , N.J. , ed . The Longman Companion to the Conservative Party Since 1830 ( 2001 ) ; chronologies ; relations with women , minorities , trade unions , EU , Ireland , social reform and empire . Harrison , Brian . `` Margaret Thatcher 's Impact on Historical Writing '' , in William Roger Louis , ed. , Irrepressible Adventures with Britannia : Personalities , Politics , and Culture in Britain ( London , 2013 ) , 307 -- 21 . Kowol , Kit . `` Renaissance on the Right ? New Directions in the History of the Post-War Conservative Party . '' Twentieth Century British History 27 # 2 ( 2016 ) : 290 -- 304 . online Porter , Bernard . `` ' Though Not an Historian Myself ... ' Margaret Thatcher and the Historians . '' Twentieth Century British History 5 # 2 ( 1994 ) : 246 -- 56 . Turner , John . `` The British Conservative Party in the Twentieth Century : from Beginning to End ? . '' Contemporary European History 8 # 2 ( 1999 ) : 275 -- 87 . 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Negotiations ; European Union ( Withdrawal ) Bill 2019 2018 British cabinet reshuffle 2018 Windrush scandal Politics Electoral history Conservative Party One - nation conservatism Home Office hostile environment policy Elections 2016 ( party leadership ) 2017 ( local ) 2017 ( general ) 2018 ( local ) Family Philip May ( husband ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conservative_Party_(UK)&oldid=856603356 '' Categories : Conservative Party ( UK ) 1834 establishments in the United Kingdom Alliance of Conservatives and Reformists in Europe member parties Conservative parties in the United Kingdom European Conservatives and Reformists member parties International Democrat Union member parties Political parties established in 1834 Parties represented in the European Parliament Toryism Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use British English from December 2012 Use dmy dates from January 2018 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 Articles with hCards Articles with Curlie links Talk Variants View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Aragonés Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Kernowek Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar मराठी Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 58 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 August 2018 , at 11 : 16 ( UTC ) . 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who is the biggest oil producer in the world			List of countries by oil production	list of countries by oil production	This is a list of countries by oil production , as compiled from the U.S. Energy Information Administration database for calendar year 2016 , tabulating all countries on a comparable best - estimate basis . Compared with shorter - term data , the full - year figures are less prone to distortion from periodic maintenance shutdowns and other seasonal cycles . The volumes in the table represent crude oil and lease condensate , the hydrocarbon liquids collected at or near the wellhead . The volumes in the table do not include biofuel . They also do not include the increase in liquid volumes during oil refining ( `` refinery gain '' ) , or liquids separated from natural gas in gas processing plants ( natural gas liquids ) .	Under this definition , total world oil production in 2016 averaged 80,622,000 barrels per day . Approximately 68 % came from the top ten countries , and an overlapping 44 % came from the fourteen current OPEC members , highlighted with blue shading in the table below . For many years , the top three producers have been ( alphabetically ) Russia , Saudi Arabia , and the United States . Each of these countries experienced major production declines at different times in the past , but since 2014 all three have been producing near their peak rates of 9 to 11 million barrels per day . Top oil - producing countries ( million barrels per day , 1973 -- 2016 ) Countries producing oil 2013 , bbl / day ( CIA World Factbook ) Historical worldwide production of Crude Oil and Natural Gas Plant Liquids ( IEA , 1960 -- 2009 ) OPEC oil exports and production in 2014 , when Indonesia was preparing to rejoin the organization Country Oil Production ( bbl / day , 2016 ) Russia 10,551,497 Saudi Arabia ( OPEC ) 10,460,710 United States 8,875,817 Iraq ( OPEC ) 4,451,516 5 Iran ( OPEC ) 3,990,956 6 China 3,980,650 7 Canada 3,662,694 8 United Arab Emirates ( OPEC ) 3,106,077 9 Kuwait ( OPEC ) 2,923,825 10 Brazil 2,515,459 11 Venezuela ( OPEC ) 2,276,967 12 Mexico 2,186,877 13 Nigeria ( OPEC ) 1,999,885 14 Angola ( OPEC ) 1,769,615 15 Norway 1,647,975 16 Kazakhstan 1,595,199 17 Qatar ( OPEC ) 1,522,902 18 Algeria ( OPEC ) 1,348,361 19 Oman 1,006,841 20 United Kingdom 939,760 21 Colombia 897,784 22 Indonesia 833,667 23 Azerbaijan 833,538 24 India 734,180 25 Malaysia 661,240 26 Ecuador ( OPEC ) 548,421 27 Argentina 510,560 28 Egypt 494,325 29 Libya ( OPEC ) 384,686 30 Congo , Republic of the 308,363 31 Vietnam 301,850 32 Australia 289,749 33 Thailand 257,525 34 Sudan and South Sudan 255,000 35 Turkmenistan 230,779 36 Equatorial Guinea ( OPEC ) 227,000 37 Gabon ( OPEC ) 210,820 38 Denmark 140,637 39 Chad 110,156 40 Brunei 109,117 41 Ghana 100,549 42 Cameroon 93,205 43 Pakistan 84,746 44 Romania 77,910 45 Italy 70,675 46 Timor - Leste 60,661 47 Trinidad and Tobago 60,090 48 Bolivia 58,077 49 Papua New Guinea 56,667 50 Uzbekistan 52,913 51.5 Bahrain 50,000 51.5 Cuba 50,000 53 Turkey 49,497 54 Tunisia 48,757 55 Germany 46,839 56 Peru 40,266 57 New Zealand 35,574 58 Ukraine 31,989 59.5 Ivory Coast 30,000 59.5 Syria 30,000 61 Belarus 25,000 62 Mongolia 23,426 63 Albania 22,915 64 Yemen 22,000 65 Poland 20,104 67 Congo , Democratic Republic of the 20,000 67 Philippines 20,000 67 Serbia 20,000 69 Netherlands 18,087 70 Suriname 17,000 71 France 16,418 72 Austria 15,161 73 Myanmar 15,000 74 Hungary 13,833 75 Croatia 13,582 76 Niger 13,000 77 Guatemala 8,977 78 Mauritania 5,000 79 Chile 4,423 80 Bangladesh 4,189 81 Japan 3,918 82 Greece 3,172 83 Spain 2,667 84 Czech Republic 2,333 86 Belize 2,000 86 Lithuania 2,000 86 South Africa 2,000 89 Barbados 1,000 89 Bulgaria 1,000 89 Kyrgyzstan 1,000 91 Georgia 400 92 Israel 390 93 Slovakia 200 94 Taiwan 196 95 Tajikistan 180 96 Morocco 160 97 Jordan 22 98 Slovenia 5 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Production of Crude Oil including Lease Condensate 2016 '' ( CVS download ) . U.S. Energy Information Administration . Retrieved 27 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Monthly Energy Review '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Energy Information Administration . 25 May 2017 . Figure 11.1 a . Retrieved 28 May 2017 . Lists of countries by energy rankings Oil Proven reserves Production Consumption Exports Imports All Natural gas Proven reserves Production Consumption Exports Imports Recoverable shale gas Coal Proven reserves Production Exports Imports Nuclear power Uranium Proven reserves Production Generation Renewable energy Hydroelectricity Wind Photovoltaic Geothermal Solar water heating Electric energy Consumption Exports Imports Production Total energy Consumption and production per capita Intensity Summary of top exporters List of international rankings List of top international rankings by country Lists by country Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_countries_by_oil_production&oldid=828166862 '' Categories : Energy - related lists by country Petroleum by country Petroleum economics Lists of countries Talk About Wikipedia Afrikaans Български Català Español فارسی Français ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia עברית Lietuvių Magyar Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Suomi தமிழ் తెలుగు Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 February 2018 , at 23 : 12 . 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what does a diamond on the roadway stand for	In the United States and Canada , a diamond lane is a special lane on a street or highway that is reserved for specific types of traffic . These lanes are usually marked with white diamonds or lozenge , hence their name . Diamond lanes are generally the right-most or left-most lane on the road . They are usually implemented to provide ways through traffic congestion , for safety reasons , and to encourage environmentally friendly transportation . A diamond lane may be intended for a specific type of traffic , or for several types . The intended use of a diamond lane is marked by traffic signs . In most areas , violating the rules of a diamond lane is punishable by a fine .		Diamond lane	diamond lane	In the United States and Canada , a diamond lane is a special lane on a street or highway that is reserved for specific types of traffic . These lanes are usually marked with white diamonds or lozenge , hence their name . Diamond lanes are generally the right-most or left-most lane on the road . They are usually implemented to provide ways through traffic congestion , for safety reasons , and to encourage environmentally friendly transportation . A diamond lane may be intended for a specific type of traffic , or for several types . The intended use of a diamond lane is marked by traffic signs . In most areas , violating the rules of a diamond lane is punishable by a fine .	Some common examples are : High - occupancy vehicle lane ( HOV ) , also known as a carpool lane . These are typically freeway lanes intended for multiple occupant or `` green vehicles '' ( such as hybrid or electric cars ) . Bike lane , sometimes referred to as segregated cycle facilities . Separating bicycle traffic from pedestrian or motor vehicle traffic is typically safer and improves traffic flow . Bus lane , an uncongested lane for buses to travel , load , or unload in . Emergency vehicle lane , to help emergency vehicles get to their destination as fast as possible while avoiding traffic congestion . Taxicab lanes , most often found at airports or other transit hubs for passenger loading and unloading . Horse and buggy lanes in areas with significant Amish populations Standards ( edit ) The U.S. Department of Transportation 's Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices states that diamonds indicates a lane reserved for high - occupancy vehicles . `` United States Pavement Markings '' . See also ( edit ) Reversible lane High - occupancy toll Local lane Bike lane debate Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diamond_lane&oldid=757560572 '' Categories : Road traffic management Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from October 2007 All articles lacking sources Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 31 December 2016 , at 10 : 42 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond%20lane	3,261
what is the name of the roman god of war	In ancient Roman religion and myth , Mars ( Latin : Mārs , ( maːrs ) ) was the god of war and also an agricultural guardian , a combination characteristic of early Rome . He was second in importance only to Jupiter and he was the most prominent of the military gods in the religion of the Roman army . Most of his festivals were held in March , the month named for him ( Latin Martius ) , and in October , which began the season for military campaigning and ended the season for farming .	Mars	Mars ( mythology )	mars ( mythology )	In ancient Roman religion and myth , Mars ( Latin : Mārs , ( maːrs ) ) was the god of war and also an agricultural guardian , a combination characteristic of early Rome . He was second in importance only to Jupiter and he was the most prominent of the military gods in the religion of the Roman army . Most of his festivals were held in March , the month named for him ( Latin Martius ) , and in October , which began the season for military campaigning and ended the season for farming .	Under the influence of Greek culture , Mars was identified with the Greek god Ares , whose myths were reinterpreted in Roman literature and art under the name of Mars . But the character and dignity of Mars differed in fundamental ways from that of his Greek counterpart , who is often treated with contempt and revulsion in Greek literature . Mars was a part of the Archaic Triad along with Jupiter and Quirinus , the latter of whom as a guardian of the Roman people had no Greek equivalent . Mars ' altar in the Campus Martius , the area of Rome that took its name from him , was supposed to have been dedicated by Numa , the peace - loving semi-legendary second king of Rome . Although the center of Mars ' worship was originally located outside the sacred boundary of Rome ( pomerium ) , Augustus made the god a renewed focus of Roman religion by establishing the Temple of Mars Ultor in his new forum . Although Ares was viewed primarily as a destructive and destabilizing force , Mars represented military power as a way to secure peace , and was a father ( pater ) of the Roman people . In the mythic genealogy and founding myths of Rome , Mars was the father of Romulus and Remus with Rhea Silvia . His love affair with Venus symbolically reconciled the two different traditions of Rome 's founding ; Venus was the divine mother of the hero Aeneas , celebrated as the Trojan refugee who `` founded '' Rome several generations before Romulus laid out the city walls . The importance of Mars in establishing religious and cultural identity within the Roman Empire is indicated by the vast number of inscriptions identifying him with a local deity , particularly in the Western provinces . Contents ( hide ) 1 Birth 2 Consort 2.1 Venus and Mars 3 Essential nature 4 Sacred animals 4.1 Sacrificial animals 5 Temples and topography in Rome 6 Iconography and Symbol 6.1 The spear of Mars 7 Priesthoods 8 Festivals and rituals 9 Name and cult epithets 9.1 In Roman religion 9.1. 1 Mars Gradivus 9.1. 2 Mars Quirinus 9.1. 3 Mars Grabovius 9.1. 4 Mars Pater 9.1. 5 Mars Silvanus 9.1. 6 Mars Ultor 9.1. 7 Mars Augustus 9.2 Provincial epithets 9.2. 1 Celtic Mars 9.2. 2 `` Mars Balearicus '' 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Birth ( edit ) Religion in ancient Rome Marcus Aurelius ( head covered ) sacrificing at the Temple of Jupiter Practices and beliefs libation sacrifice votum temples festivals ludi funerals Imperial cult mystery religions Priesthoods Pontifices Augures Vestales Flamines Fetiales Epulones Fratres Arvales Deities List of Roman deities Twelve major gods Capitoline Triad Aventine Triad underworld gods indigitamenta Deified emperors Divus Julius Divus Augustus Related topics Glossary of ancient Roman religion Roman mythology Ancient Greek religion Etruscan religion Gallo - Roman religion Interpretatio graeca Decline of Greco - Roman polytheism Like Ares who was the son of Zeus and Hera , Mars is usually considered to be the son of Jupiter and Juno . However , in a version of his birth given by Ovid , he was the son of Juno alone . Jupiter had usurped the mother 's function when he gave birth to Minerva directly from his forehead ( or mind ) ; to restore the balance , Juno sought the advice of the goddess Flora on how to do the same . Flora obtained a magic flower ( Latin flos , plural flores , a masculine word ) and tested it on a heifer who became fecund at once . She then plucked a flower ritually using her thumb , touched Juno 's belly , and impregnated her . Juno withdrew to Thrace and the shore of Marmara for the birth . Ovid tells this story in the Fasti , his long - form poetic work on the Roman calendar . It may explain why the Matronalia , a festival celebrated by married women in honor of Juno as a goddess of childbirth , occurred on the first day of Mars ' month , which is also marked on a calendar from late antiquity as the birthday of Mars . In the earliest Roman calendar , March was the first month , and the god would have been born with the new year . Ovid is the only source for the story . He may be presenting a literary myth of his own invention , or an otherwise unknown archaic Italic tradition ; either way , in choosing to include the story , he emphasizes that Mars was connected to plant life and was not alienated from female nurture . Consort ( edit ) The consort of Mars was Nerio or Neriene , `` Valor . '' She represents the vital force ( vis ) , power ( potentia ) and majesty ( maiestas ) of Mars . Her name was regarded as Sabine in origin and is equivalent to Latin virtus , `` manly virtue '' ( from vir , `` man '' ) . In the early 3rd century BC , the comic playwright Plautus has a reference to Mars greeting Nerio , his wife . A source from late antiquity says that Mars and Neriene were celebrated together at a festival held on March 23 . In the later Roman Empire , Neriene came to be identified with Minerva . Nerio probably originates as a divine personification of Mars ' power , as such abstractions in Latin are generally feminine . Her name appears with that of Mars in an archaic prayer invoking a series of abstract qualities , each paired with the name of a deity . The influence of Greek mythology and its anthropomorphic gods may have caused Roman writers to treat these pairs as `` marriages . '' Venus and Mars ( edit ) Wall painting ( mid-1st century AD ) from which the House of Venus and Mars at Pompeii takes its name The union of Venus and Mars held greater appeal for poets and philosophers , and the couple were a frequent subject of art . In Greek myth , the adultery of Ares and Aphrodite had been exposed to ridicule when her husband Hephaestus ( whose Roman equivalent was Vulcan ) caught them in the act by means of a magical snare . Although not originally part of the Roman tradition , in 217 BC Venus and Mars were presented as a complementary pair in the lectisternium , a public banquet at which images of twelve major gods of the Roman state were presented on couches as if present and participating . Scenes of Venus and Mars in Roman art often ignore the adulterous implications of their union , and take pleasure in the good - looking couple attended by Cupid or multiple Loves ( amores ) . Some scenes may imply marriage , and the relationship was romanticized in funerary or domestic art in which husbands and wives had themselves portrayed as the passionate divine couple . The uniting of deities representing Love and War lent itself to allegory , especially since the lovers were the parents of Concordia . The Renaissance philosopher Marsilio Ficino notes that `` only Venus dominates Mars , and he never dominates her '' . In ancient Roman and Renaissance art , Mars is often shown disarmed and relaxed , or even sleeping , but the extramarital nature of their affair can also suggest that this peace is impermanent . Essential nature ( edit ) A relief depicting Mars and Venus on a black - slip bowl from Campania , Italy , 250 - 150 BC , British Museum Virility as a kind of life force ( vis ) or virtue ( virtus ) is an essential characteristic of Mars . As an agricultural guardian , he directs his energies toward creating conditions that allow crops to grow , which may include warding off hostile forces of nature . As an embodiment of masculine aggression , he is the force that drives wars -- but ideally , war that delivers a secure peace . The priesthood of the Arval Brothers called on Mars to drive off `` rust '' ( lues ) , with its double meaning of wheat fungus and the red oxides that affect metal , a threat to both iron farm implements and weaponry . In the surviving text of their hymn , the Arval Brothers invoked Mars as ferus , `` savage '' or `` feral '' like a wild animal . Mars ' potential for savagery is expressed in his obscure connections to the wild woodlands , and he may even have originated as a god of the wild , beyond the boundaries set by humans , and thus a force to be propitiated . In his book on farming , Cato invokes Mars Silvanus for a ritual to be carried out in silva , in the woods , an uncultivated place that if not held within bounds can threaten to overtake the fields needed for crops . Mars ' character as an agricultural god may derive solely from his role as a defender and protector , or may be inseparable from his warrior nature , as the leaping of his armed priests the Salii was meant to quicken the growth of crops . Sacred animals ( edit ) She - wolf and twins from an altar to Venus and Mars The wild animals most sacred to Mars were the woodpecker , the wolf , and the bear , which in the natural lore of the Romans were said always to inhabit the same foothills and woodlands . Plutarch notes that the woodpecker ( picus ) is sacred to Mars because `` it is a courageous and spirited bird and has a beak so strong that it can overturn oaks by pecking them until it has reached the inmost part of the tree . '' As the beak of the picus Martius contained the god 's power to ward off harm , it was carried as a magic charm to prevent bee stings and leech bites . The bird of Mars also guarded a woodland herb ( paeonia ) used for treatment of the digestive or female reproductive systems ; those who sought to harvest it were advised to do so by night , lest the woodpecker jab out their eyes . The picus Martius seems to have been a particular species , but authorities differ on which one : perhaps Picus viridis or Dryocopus martius . The woodpecker was revered by the Latin peoples , who abstained from eating its flesh . It was one of the most important birds in Roman and Italic augury , the practice of reading the will of the gods through watching the sky for signs . The mythological figure named Picus had powers of augury that he retained when he was transformed into a woodpecker ; in one tradition , Picus was the son of Mars . The Umbrian cognate peiqu also means `` woodpecker , '' and the Italic Picenes were supposed to have derived their name from the picus who served as their guide animal during a ritual migration ( ver sacrum ) undertaken as a rite of Mars . In the territory of the Aequi , another Italic people , Mars had an oracle of great antiquity where the prophecies were supposed to be spoken by a woodpecker perched on a wooden column . Mars ' association with the wolf is familiar from what may be the most famous of Roman myths , the story of how a she - wolf ( lupa ) suckled his infant sons when they were exposed by order of King Amulius , who feared them because he had usurped the throne from their grandfather , Numitor . The woodpecker also brought nourishment to the twins . The wolf appears elsewhere in Roman art and literature in masculine form as the animal of Mars . A statue group that stood along the Appian Way showed Mars in the company of wolves . At the Battle of Sentinum in 295 BC , the appearance of the wolf of Mars ( Martius lupus ) was a sign that Roman victory was to come . In Roman Gaul , the goose was associated with the Celtic forms of Mars , and archaeologists have found geese buried alongside warriors in graves . The goose was considered a bellicose animal because it is easily provoked to aggression . Sacrificial animals ( edit ) The procession of the suovetaurilia , a sacrifice of a pig , ram , and bull , led by a priest with his head ritually covered Ancient Greek and Roman religion distinguished between animals that were sacred to a deity and those that were prescribed as the correct sacrificial offerings for the god . Wild animals might be viewed as already belonging to the god to whom they were sacred , or at least not owned by human beings and therefore not theirs to give . Since sacrificial meat was eaten at a banquet after the gods received their portion -- mainly the entrails ( exta ) -- it follows that the animals sacrificed were most often , though not always , domestic animals normally part of the Roman diet . Gods often received castrated male animals as sacrifices , and the goddesses female victims ; Mars , however , regularly received intact males . Mars did receive oxen under a few of his cult titles , such as Mars Grabovius , but the usual offering was the bull , singly , in multiples , or in combination with other animals . The two most distinctive animal sacrifices made to Mars were the suovetaurilia , a triple offering of a pig ( sus ) , ram ( ovis ) and bull ( taurus ) , and the October Horse , the only horse sacrifice known to have been carried out in ancient Rome and a rare instance of a victim the Romans considered inedible . Temples and topography in Rome ( edit ) The earliest center in Rome for cultivating Mars as a deity was the Altar of Mars ( Ara Martis ) in the Campus Martius ( `` Field of Mars '' ) outside the sacred boundary of Rome ( pomerium ) . The Romans thought that this altar had been established by the semi-legendary Numa Pompilius , the peace - loving successor of Romulus . According to Roman tradition , the Campus Martius had been consecrated to Mars by their ancestors to serve as horse pasturage and an equestrian training ground for youths . During the Roman Republic ( 509 -- 27 BC ) , the Campus was a largely open expanse . No temple was built at the altar , but from 193 BC a covered walkway connected it to the Porta Fontinalis , near the office and archives of the Roman censors . Newly elected censors placed their curule chairs by the altar , and when they had finished conducting the census , the citizens were collectively purified with a suovetaurilia there . A frieze from the so - called `` Altar '' of Domitius Ahenobarbus is thought to depict the census , and may show Mars himself standing by the altar as the procession of victims advances . Remains of the Temple of Mars Ultor in the Forum of Augustus , Rome The main Temple of Mars ( Aedes Martis ) in the Republican period also lay outside the sacred boundary and was devoted to the god 's warrior aspect . It was built to fulfill a vow ( votum ) made by a Titus Quinctius in 388 BC during the Gallic siege of Rome . The founding day ( dies natalis ) was commemorated on June 1 , and the temple is attested by several inscriptions and literary sources . The sculpture group of Mars and the wolves was displayed there . Soldiers sometimes assembled at the temple before heading off to war , and it was the point of departure for a major parade of Roman cavalry held annually on July 15 . A temple to Mars in the Circus Flaminius was built around 133 BC , funded by Decimus Junius Brutus Callaicus from war booty . It housed a colossal statue of Mars and a nude Venus . The Campus Martius continued to provide venues for equestrian events such as chariot racing during the Imperial period , but under the first emperor Augustus it underwent a major program of urban renewal , marked by monumental architecture . The Altar of Augustan Peace ( Ara Pacis Augustae ) was located there , as was the Obelisk of Montecitorio , imported from Egypt to form the pointer ( gnomon ) of the Solarium Augusti , a giant sundial . With its public gardens , the Campus became one of the most attractive places in the city to visit . Augustus chose the Campus Martius as the site of his new Temple to Mars Ultor , a manifestation of Mars he cultivated as the avenger ( ultor ) of the murder of Julius Caesar and of the military disaster suffered at the Battle of Carrhae . When the legionary standards lost to the Parthians were recovered , they were housed in the new temple . The date of the temple 's dedication on May 12 was aligned with the heliacal setting of the constellation Scorpio , the sign of war . The date continued to be marked with circus games as late as the mid-4th century AD . A large statue of Mars was part of the short - lived Arch of Nero , which was built in 62 AD but dismantled after Nero 's suicide and disgrace ( damnatio memoriae ) . Iconography and Symbol ( edit ) Medieval representation of Mars , sitting on a rainbow with a sword and a sceptre , excites men to war . A nude statue of Mars in a garden setting , as depicted on a wall painting from Pompeii . The Spear of Mars , which represents the spear and shield of Mars , is also the symbol for the planet Mars and Male gender . In Roman art , Mars is depicted as either bearded and mature , or young and clean - shaven . Even nude or seminude , he often wears a helmet or carries a spear as emblems of his warrior nature . Mars was among the deities to appear on the earliest Roman coinage in the late 4th and early 3rd century BC . On the Altar of Peace ( Ara Pacis ) , built in the last years of the 1st century BC , Mars is a mature man with a `` handsome , classicizing '' face , and a short curly beard and moustache . His helmet is a plumed neo-Attic - type . He wears a military cloak ( paludamentum ) and a cuirass ornamented with a gorgoneion . Although the relief is somewhat damaged at this spot , he appears to hold a spear garlanded in laurel , symbolizing a peace that is won by military victory . The 1st - century statue of Mars found in the Forum of Nerva ( pictured at top ) is similar . In this guise , Mars is presented as the dignified ancestor of the Roman people . The panel of the Ara Pacis on which he appears would have faced the Campus Martius , reminding viewers that Mars was the god whose altar Numa established there , that is , the god of Rome 's oldest civic and military institutions . Particularly in works of art influenced by the Greek tradition , Mars may be portrayed in a manner that resembles Ares , youthful , beardless , and often nude . In the Renaissance , Mars ' nudity was thought to represent his lack of fear in facing danger . The spear of Mars ( edit ) The spear is the instrument of Mars in the same way that Jupiter wields the lightning bolt , Neptune the trident , and Saturn the scythe or sickle . A relic or fetish called the spear of Mars was kept in a sacrarium at the Regia , the former residence of the Kings of Rome . The spear was said to move , tremble or vibrate at impending war or other danger to the state , as was reported to occur before the assassination of Julius Caesar . When Mars is pictured as a peace - bringer , his spear is wreathed with laurel or other vegetation , as on the Ara Pacis or a coin of Aemilianus . Priesthoods ( edit ) The high priest of Mars in Roman public religion was the Flamen Martialis , who was one of the three major priests in the fifteen - member college of flamens . Mars was also served by the Salii , a twelve - member priesthood of patrician youths who dressed as archaic warriors and danced in procession around the city in March . Both priesthoods extend to the earliest periods of Roman history , and patrician birth was required . Festivals and rituals ( edit ) The festivals of Mars cluster in his namesake month of March ( Latin : Martius ) , with a few observances in October , the beginning and end of the season for military campaigning and agriculture . Festivals with horse racing took place in the Campus Martius . Some festivals in March retained characteristics of new year festivals , since Martius was originally the first month of the Roman calendar . Denarius , issued 88 BC , depicting the helmeted head of Mars , with Victory driving a two - horse chariot ( biga ) on the reverse February 27 : Equirria , involving chariot or horse races ; March 1 : Mars ' dies natalis ( `` birthday '' ) , a feria also sacred to his mother Juno ; March 14 : a second Equirria , again with chariot races ; March 14 or 15 : Mamuralia , a new year festival when a figure called Mamurius Veturius ( perhaps the `` old Mars '' of the old year ) is driven out ; March 17 : an Agonalia or Agonium Martiale , an obscure type of observance held at other times for various deities ; March 23 : Tubilustrium , a purification of the deploying army March 23 ; October 15 : the ritual of the October Horse , with a chariot race and Rome 's only known horse sacrifice ; October 19 : Armilustrium ( `` purification of arms '' ) . Mars was also honored by chariot races at the Robigalia and Consualia , though these festivals are not primarily dedicated to him . From 217 BC onward , Mars was among the gods honored at the lectisternium , a banquet given for deities who were present as images . Roman hymns ( carmina ) are rarely preserved , but Mars is invoked in two . The Arval Brothers , or `` Brothers of the Fields , '' chanted a hymn to Mars while performing their three - step dance . The Carmen Saliare was sung by Mars ' priests the Salii while they moved twelve sacred shields ( ancilia ) throughout the city in a procession . In the 1st century AD , Quintilian remarks that the language of the Salian hymn was so archaic that it was no longer fully understood . Name and cult epithets ( edit ) The so - called Mars of Todi , an Etruscan bronze of the early 4th century BC , probably depicting a warrior The word Mārs ( genitive Mārtis ) , which in Old Latin and poetic usage also appears as Māvors ( Māvortis ) , is cognate with Oscan Māmers ( Māmertos ) . The Old Latin form was believed to derive from an Italic * Māworts , but can also be explained as deriving from Maris , the name of an Etruscan child - god ; scholars have varying views on whether the two gods are related , and if so how . Latin adjectives from the name of Mars are martius and martialis , from which derive English `` martial '' ( as in `` martial arts '' or `` martial law '' ) and personal names such as `` Martin '' . Mars also gave his name to the third month in the Roman calendar , Martius , from which English `` March '' derives . In the most ancient Roman calendar , Martius was the first month . The planet Mars was named for him , and in some allegorical and philosophical writings , the planet and the god are endowed with shared characteristics . In many languages , Tuesday is named for the planet Mars or the god of war : In Latin , martis dies ( `` Mars 's Day '' ) , survived in Romance languages as martes ( Spanish ) , mardi ( French ) , martedi ( Italian ) , marţi ( Romanian ) , and dimarts ( Catalan ) . In Irish ( Gaelic ) , the day is An Mháirt . The English word Tuesday derives from Old English `` Tiwesdæg '' and means `` Tiw 's Day '' , Tiw being the Old English form of the Proto - Germanic war god * Tîwaz , or Týr in Norse . In Roman Religion ( edit ) In Classical Roman religion , Mars was invoked under several titles , and the first Roman emperor Augustus thoroughly integrated Mars into Imperial cult . The 4th - century Latin historian Ammianus Marcellinus treats Mars as one of several classical Roman deities who remained `` cultic realities '' up to his own time . Mars , and specifically Mars Ultor , was among the gods who received sacrifices from Julian , the only emperor to reject Christianity after the conversion of Constantine I. In 363 AD , in preparation for the Siege of Ctesiphon , Julian sacrificed ten `` very fine '' bulls to Mars Ultor . The tenth bull violated ritual protocol by attempting to break free , and when killed and examined , produced ill omens , among the many that were read at the end of Julian 's reign . As represented by Ammianus , Julian swore never to make sacrifice to Mars again -- a vow kept with his death a month later . Mars Gradivus ( edit ) Gradivus was one of the gods by whom a general or soldiers might swear an oath to be valorous in battle . His temple outside the Porta Capena was where armies gathered . The archaic priesthood of Mars Gradivus was the Salii , the `` leaping priests '' who danced ritually in armor as a prelude to war . His cult title is most often taken to mean `` the Strider '' or `` the Marching God , '' from gradus , `` step , march . '' The poet Statius addresses him as `` the most implacable of the gods , '' but Valerius Maximus concludes his history by invoking Mars Gradivus as `` author and support of the name ' Roman ' '' : Gradivus is asked -- along with Capitoline Jupiter and Vesta , as the keeper of Rome 's perpetual flame -- to `` guard , preserve , and protect '' the state of Rome , the peace , and the princeps ( the emperor Tiberius at the time ) . A source from Late Antiquity says that the wife of Gradivus was Nereia , the daughter of Nereus , and that he loved her passionately . Mars Quirinus ( edit ) Mars celebrated as peace - bringer on a Roman coin issued by Aemilianus Mars Quirinus was the protector of the Quirites ( `` citizens '' or `` civilians '' ) as divided into curiae ( citizen assemblies ) , whose oaths were required to make a treaty . As a guarantor of treaties , Mars Quirinus is thus a god of peace : `` When he rampages , Mars is called Gradivus , but when he 's at peace Quirinus . '' The deified Romulus was identified with Mars Quirinus . In the Capitoline Triad of Jupiter , Mars , and Quirinus , however , Mars and Quirinus were two separate deities , though not perhaps in origin . Each of the three had his own flamen ( specialized priest ) , but the functions of the Flamen Martialis and Flamen Quirinalis are hard to distinguish . Mars Grabovius ( edit ) Mars is invoked as Grabovius in the Iguvine Tablets , bronze tablets written in Umbrian that record ritual protocols for carrying out public ceremonies on behalf of the city and community of Iguvium . The same title is given to Jupiter and to the Umbrian deity Vofionus . This triad has been compared to the Archaic Triad , with Vofionus equivalent to Quirinus . Tables I and VI describe a complex ritual that took place at the three gates of the city . After the auspices were taken , two groups of three victims were sacrificed at each gate . Mars Grabovius received three oxen . Mars Pater ( edit ) Venus being seduced by Mars , fresco from Pompeii , 1st century AD `` Father Mars '' or `` Mars the Father '' is the form in which the god is invoked in the agricultural prayer of Cato , and he appears with this title in several other literary texts and inscriptions . Mars Pater is among the several gods invoked in the ritual of devotio , by means of which a general sacrificed himself and the lives of the enemy to secure a Roman victory . Father Mars is the regular recipient of the suovetaurilia , the sacrifice of a pig ( sus ) , ram ( ovis ) and bull ( taurus ) , or often a bull alone . To Mars Pater other epithets were sometimes appended , such as Mars Pater Victor ( `` Father Mars the Victorious '' ) , to whom the Roman army sacrificed a bull on March 1 . Although pater and mater were fairly common as honorifics for a deity , any special claim for Mars as father of the Roman people lies in the mythic genealogy that makes him the divine father of Romulus and Remus . Mars Silvanus ( edit ) In the section of his farming book that offers recipes and medical preparations , Cato describes a votum to promote the health of cattle : Make an offering to Mars Silvanus in the forest ( in silva ) during the daytime for each head of cattle : 3 pounds of meal , 41⁄2 pounds of bacon , 41⁄2 pounds of meat , and 3 pints of wine . You may place the viands in one vessel , and the wine likewise in one vessel . Either a slave or a free man may make this offering . After the ceremony is over , consume the offering on the spot at once . A woman may not take part in this offering or see how it is performed . You may vow the vow every year if you wish . That Mars Silvanus is a single entity has been doubted . Invocations of deities are often list - like , without connecting words , and the phrase should perhaps be understood as `` Mars and Silvanus '' . Women were explicitly excluded from some cult practices of Silvanus , but not necessarily of Mars . William Warde Fowler , however , thought that the wild god of the wood Silvanus may have been `` an emanation or offshoot '' of Mars . Mars Ultor ( edit ) Augustus created the cult of `` Mars the Avenger '' to mark two occasions : his defeat of the assassins of Caesar at Philippi in 42 BC , and the negotiated return of the Roman battle standards that had been lost to the Parthians at the Battle of Carrhae in 53 BC . The god is depicted wearing a cuirass and helmet and standing in a `` martial pose , '' leaning on a lance he holds in his right hand . He holds a shield in his left hand . The goddess Ultio , a divine personification of vengeance , had an altar and golden statue in his temple . The Temple of Mars Ultor , dedicated in 2 BC in the center of the Forum of Augustus , gave the god a new place of honor . Some rituals previously conducted within the cult of Capitoline Jupiter were transferred to the new temple , which became the point of departure for magistrates as they left for military campaigns abroad . Augustus required the Senate to meet at the temple when deliberating questions of war and peace . The temple also became the site at which sacrifice was made to conclude the rite of passage of young men assuming the toga virilis ( `` man 's toga '' ) around age 14 . On various Imperial holidays , Mars Ultor was the first god to receive a sacrifice , followed by the Genius of the emperor . An inscription from the 2nd century records a vow to offer Mars Ultor a bull with gilded horns . Mars Augustus ( edit ) See also : Augustus ( honorific ) Fragmentary dedication stele to Mars Augustus from Roman Gaul Augustus or Augusta was appended far and wide , `` on monuments great and small , '' to the name of gods or goddesses , including Mars . The honorific marks the affiliation of a deity with Imperial cult . In Hispania , many of the statues and dedications to Mars Augustus were presented by members of the priesthood or sodality called the Sodales Augustales . These vows ( vota ) were usually fulfilled within a sanctuary of Imperial cult , or in a temple or precinct ( templum ) consecrated specifically to Mars . As with other deities invoked as Augustus , altars to Mars Augustus might be set up to further the well - being ( salus ) of the emperor , but some inscriptions suggest personal devotion . An inscription in the Alps records the gratitude of a slave who dedicated a statue to Mars Augustus as conservator corporis sui , the preserver of his own body , said to have been vowed ex iussu numinis ipsius , `` by the order of the numen himself '' . Mars Augustus appears in inscriptions at sites throughout the Empire , such as Hispania Baetica , Saguntum , and Emerita ( Lusitania ) in Roman Spain ; Leptis Magna ( with a date of 6 -- 7 AD ) in present - day Libya ; and Sarmizegetusa in the province of Dacia . Provincial epithets ( edit ) In addition to his cult titles at Rome , Mars appears in a large number of inscriptions in the provinces of the Roman Empire , and more rarely in literary texts , identified with a local deity by means of an epithet . Mars appears with great frequency in Gaul among the Continental Celts , as well as in Roman Spain and Britain . In Celtic settings , he is often invoked as a healer . The inscriptions indicate that Mars ' ability to dispel the enemy on the battlefield was transferred to the sick person 's struggle against illness ; healing is expressed in terms of warding off and rescue . Celtic Mars ( edit ) Mars is identified with a number of Celtic deities , some of whom are not attested independently . Votive plaque inscribed to Mars Alator ( left ) , with two votives for Vulcan , from the Barkway hoard , Roman Britain Mars Alator is attested in Roman Britain by an inscription found on an altar at South Shields , and a silver - gilt votive plaque that was part of the Barkway hoard from Hertfordshire . Alator has been interpreted variously as `` Huntsman '' or `` Cherisher '' . Mars Albiorix appears in an inscription from modern - day Sablet , in the province of Gallia Narbonensis . Albiorix probably means `` King of the Land '' or `` King of the World '' , with the first element related to the geographical name Albion and Middle Welsh elfydd , `` world , land '' . Mars Barrex is attested by a single dedicatory inscription found at Carlisle , England . Barrex or Barrecis probably means `` Supreme One '' ( Gaulish barro - , `` head '' ) . Mars Belatucadrus is named in five inscriptions in the area of Hadrian 's Wall . The Celtic god Belatucadros , with various spellings , is attested independently in twenty additional inscriptions in northern England . Mars Braciaca appears in a single votive inscription at Bakewell , Derbyshire . The Celtic epithet may refer to malt or beer , though intoxication in Greco - Roman religion is associated with Dionysus . A reference in Pliny suggests a connection to Mars ' agricultural function , with the Gaulish word bracis referring to a type of wheat ; a medieval Latin gloss says it was used to make beer . A bronze Mars from Gaul Mars Camulus is found in five inscriptions scattered over a fairly wide geographical area . The Celtic god Camulus appears independently in one votive inscription from Rome . Mars Cocidius is found in five inscriptions from northern England . About twenty dedications in all are known for the Celtic god Cocidius , mainly made by Roman military personnel , and confined to northwest Cumbria and along Hadrian 's Wall . He is once identified with Silvanus . He is depicted on two votive plaques as a warrior bearing shield and spear , and on an altar as a huntsman accompanied by a dog and stag . Mars Condatis occurs in three inscriptions from Roman Britain . The cult title is probably related to the place name Condate , often used in Gaul for settlements at the confluence of rivers . The Celtic god Condatis is thought to have functions pertaining to water and healing . Mars Corotiacus is an equestrian Mars attested only on a votive from Martlesham in Suffolk . A bronze statuette depicts him as a cavalryman , armed and riding a horse which tramples a prostrate enemy beneath its hooves . Mars Lenus , or more often Lenus Mars , had a major healing cult at the capital of the Treveri ( present - day Trier ) . Among the votives are images of children offering doves . His consort Ancamna is also found with the Celtic god Smertrios . Mars Loucetius . The Celtic god Loucetios , Latinized as - ius , appears in nine inscriptions in present - day Germany and France and one in Britain , and in three as Leucetius . The Gaulish and Brythonic theonyms likely derive from Proto - Celtic * louk ( k ) et - , `` bright , shining , flashing , '' hence also `` lightning , '' alluding to either a Celtic commonplace metaphor between battles and thunderstorms ( Old Irish torannchless , the `` thunder feat '' ) , or the aura of a divinized hero ( the lúan of Cú Chulainn ) . The name is given as an epithet of Mars . The consort of Mars Loucetius is Nemetona , whose name may be understood as pertaining either to `` sacred privilege '' or to the sacred grove ( nemeton ) , and who is also identified with the goddess Victoria . At the Romano - British site in Bath , a dedication to Mars Loucetius as part of this divine couple was made by a pilgrim who had come from the continental Treveri of Gallia Belgica to seek healing . Mars Medocius Campesium appears on a bronze plaque at a Romano - Celtic temple at Camulodunum ( modern Colchester ; see Mars Camulus above ) . The dedication was made between 222 and 235 AD by a self - identified Caledonian , jointly honoring Mars and the Victoria ( Victory ) of Severus Alexander . A Celto - Latin name Medocius or Medocus is known , and a link between Mars ' epithet and the Irish legendary surgeon Miodhach has been conjectured . Campesium may be an error for Campestrium , `` of the Campestres '' , the divinities who oversaw the parade ground , or `` of the Compeses '' may refer to a local place name or ethnonym . Mars Mullo is invoked in two Armorican inscriptions pertaining to Imperial cult . The name of the Celtic god Mullo , which appears in a few additional inscriptions , has been analyzed variously as `` mule '' and `` hill , heap '' . Mars Neton or Neto was a Celtiberian god at Acci ( modern Guadix ) . According to Macrobius , he wore a radiant crown like a sun god , because the passion to act with valor was a kind of heat . He may be connected to Irish Neit . Mars Nodens has a possible connection to the Irish mythological figure Nuada Airgetlám . The Celtic god Nodens was also interpreted as equivalent to several other Roman gods , including Mercury and Neptune . The name may have meant `` catcher '' , hence a fisher or hunter . Mars Ocelus had an altar dedicated by a junior army officer at Caerwent , and possibly a temple . He may be a local counterpart to Lenus . Mars Olloudius was depicted in a relief from Roman Britain without armor , in the guise of a Genius carrying a double cornucopia and holding a libation bowl ( patera ) . Olloudius is found also at Ollioules in southern Gaul . Mars Rigisamus is found in two inscriptions , the earliest most likely the one at Avaricum ( present - day Bourges , France ) in the territory of the Bituriges . At the site of a villa at West Coker , Somerset , he received a bronze plaque votum . The Gaulish element rig - ( very common at the end of names as - rix ) , found in later Celtic languages as rí , is cognate with Latin rex , `` king '' or more precisely `` ruler '' . Rigisamos is `` supreme ruler '' or `` king of kings '' . Bronze statuette of Mars Balearicus Mars Rigonemetis ( `` King of the Sacred Grove '' ) . A dedication to Rigonemetis and the numen ( spirit ) of the Emperor inscribed on a stone was discovered at Nettleham ( Lincolnshire ) in 1961 . Rigonemetis is only known from this site , and it seems he may have been a god belonging to the tribe of the Corieltauvi . Mars Segomo . `` Mars the Victorious '' appears among the Celtic Sequani . Mars Smertrius . At a site within the territory of the Treveri , Ancamna was the consort of Mars Smertrius . Mars Teutates . A fusion of Mars with the Celtic god Teutates ( Toutatis ) . Mars Thincsus . A form of Mars invoked at Housesteads Roman Fort at Hadrian 's Wall , where his name is linked with two goddesses called the Alaisiagae . Anne Ross associated Thincsus with a sculpture , also from the fort , which shows a god flanked by goddesses and accompanied by a goose -- a frequent companion of war gods . Mars Visucius . A fusion of Mars with the Celtic god Visucius . Mars Vorocius . A Celtic healer - god invoked at the curative spring shrine at Vichy ( Allier ) as a curer of eye afflictions . On images , the god is depicted as a Celtic warrior . `` Mars Balearicus '' ( edit ) `` Mars Balearicus '' is a name used in modern scholarship for small bronze warrior figures from Majorca ( one of the Balearic Islands ) that are interpreted as representing the local Mars cult . These statuettes have been found within talayotic sanctuaries with extensive evidence of burnt offerings . `` Mars '' is fashioned as a lean , athletic nude lifting a lance and wearing a helmet , often conical ; the genitals are perhaps semi-erect in some examples . Other bronzes at the sites represent the heads or horns of bulls , but the bones in the ash layers indicate that sheep , goats , and pigs were the sacrificial victims . Bronze horse - hooves were found in one sanctuary . Another site held an imported statue of Imhotep , the legendary Egyptian physician . These sacred precincts were still in active use when the Roman occupation began in 123 BC . They seem to have been astronomically oriented toward the rising or setting of the constellation Centaurus . See also ( edit ) Cariociecus , an Iberian war god syncretised with Mars Mars , the planet Nergal , the Babylonian god associated with the planet Mars in astral theology Týr , the Norse god of war References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Capitoline Museums . `` Colossal statue of Mars Ultor also known as Pyrrhus - Inv . Scu 58 . '' Capitolini.info . Accessed 8 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Mary Beard , J.A. North , and S.R.F. Price , Religions of Rome : A History ( Cambridge University Press , 1998 ) , pp. 47 -- 48 . Jump up ^ Larousse Desk Reference Encyclopedia , The Book People , Haydock , 1995 , p. 215 . Jump up ^ Kurt A. Raaflaub , War and Peace in the Ancient World ( Blackwell , 2007 ) , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Paul Rehak and John G. Younger , Imperium and Cosmos : Augustus and the Northern Campus Martius ( University of Wisconsin Press , 2006 ) , pp. 11 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Isidore of Seville calls Mars Romanae gentis auctorem , the originator or founder of the Roman people as a gens ( Etymologiae 5.33. 5 ) . Jump up ^ Hesiod , Theogony p. 79 in the translation of Norman O. Brown ( Bobbs - Merrill , 1953 ) ; 921 in the Loeb Classical Library numbering ; Iliad , 5.890 -- 896 . ^ Jump up to : Ovid , Fasti 5.229 -- 260 Jump up ^ William Warde Fowler , The Roman Festivals of the Period of the Republic ( London , 1908 ) , p. 35f. , discusses this interpretation in order to question it . Jump up ^ Carole E. Newlands , Playing with Time : Ovid and the Fasti ( Cornell University Press , 1995 ) , pp. 105 -- 106 . Jump up ^ Aulus Gellius , Attic Nights 13.23 . Gellius says the word Nerio or Nerienes is Sabine and is supposed to be the origin of the name Nero as used by the Claudian family , who were Sabine in origin . The Sabines themselves , Gellius says , thought the word was Greek in origin , from νεῦρα ( neura ) , Latin nervi , meaning the sinews and ligaments of the limbs . Jump up ^ Robert E.A. Palmer , The Archaic Community of the Romans ( Cambridge University Press , 1970 , 2009 ) , p. 167 . Jump up ^ Plautus , Truculentus 515 . Jump up ^ Johannes Lydus , De mensibus 4.60 ( 42 ) . Jump up ^ Porphyrion , Commentum in Horatium Flaccum , on Epistula II. 2.209 . Jump up ^ William Warde Fowler , The Religious Experience of the Roman People ( London , 1922 ) , p. 150 -- 154 ; Roger D. Woodard , Indo - European Sacred Space : Vedic and Roman Cult ( University of Illinois Press , 2006 ) , pp. 113 -- 114 ; Gary Forsythe , A Critical History of Early Rome : From Prehistory to the First Punic War ( University of California Press , 2005 ) , p. 145 . The prayer is recorded in the passage on Nerio in Aulus Gellius . Jump up ^ Robert Schilling , `` Venus , '' in Roman and European Mythologies ( University of Chicago Press , 1992 , from the French edition of 1981 ) , p. 147 . Jump up ^ John R. Clarke , The Houses of Roman Italy , 100 B.C. -- A.D. 250 : Ritual , Space , and Decoration ( University of California Press , 1991 ) , pp. 156 -- 157 Jump up ^ Laura Salah Nasrallah , Christian Responses to Roman Art and Architecture : The Second - Century Church amid the Spaces of Empire ( Cambridge University Press , 2010 ) , pp. 284 -- 287 . Jump up ^ Ficino , On Love , speech 5 , chapter 8 , as summarized in the entry on `` Mars , '' The Classical Tradition ( Harvard University Press , 2010 ) , p. 564 . Jump up ^ Entry on `` Mars '' in The Classical Tradition , p. 564 . Jump up ^ R.B. Onians , The Origins of European Thought about the Body , the Mind , the Soul , the World , Time and Fate ( Cambridge University Press , 1951 ) , pp. 470 -- 471 . Onians connects the name of Mars to the Latin mas , maris , `` male '' ( p. 178 ) , as had Isidore of Seville , saying that the month of March ( Martius ) was named after Mars `` because at that time all living things are stirred toward virility ( mas , gen . maris ) and to the pleasures of sexual intercourse '' ( eo tempore cuncta animantia agantur ad marem et ad concumbendi voluptatem ) : Etymologies 5.33. 5 , translation by Stephen A. Barney , The Etymologies of Isidore of Seville ( Cambridge University Press , 2006 ) , p. 128 . In antiquity , vis was thought to be related etymologically to vita , `` life . '' Varro ( De lingua latina 5.64 , quoting Lucilius ) notes that vis is vita : `` vis drives us to do everything . '' Jump up ^ On the relation of Mars ' warrior aspect to his agricultural functions with respect to Dumézil 's Trifunctional hypothesis , see Wouter W. Belier , Decayed Gods : Origin and Development of Georges Dumézil 's ' idéologie tripartie ' ( Brill , 1991 ) , pp. 88 -- 91 online . Jump up ^ Schilling , `` Mars , '' in Roman and European Mythologies , p. 135 ; Palmer , Archaic Community , pp. 113 -- 114 . Jump up ^ Gary Forsythe , A Critical History of Early Rome ( University of California Press , 2005 ) , p. 127 ; Fowler , Religious Experience , p. 134 . Jump up ^ Cato , On Agriculture 141 . In pre-modern agricultural societies , encroaching woodland or wild growth was a real threat to the food supply , since clearing land for cultivation required intense manual labor with minimal tools and little or no large - scale machinery . Fowler says of Mars , `` As he was not localised either on the farm or in the city , I prefer to think that he was originally conceived as a Power outside the boundary in each case , but for that very reason all the more to be propitiated by the settlers within it '' ( Religious Experience , p. 142 ) . Jump up ^ Schilling , `` Mars , '' p. 135 . Jump up ^ Beard et al. , Religions of Rome : A History , pp. 47 -- 48 . Jump up ^ Forsythe , A Critical History of Early Rome , p. 127 Jump up ^ Plutarch , Roman Questions 21 , citing Nigidius Figulus . Jump up ^ Plutarch , Roman Questions 21 ; also named as sacred to Mars in his Life of Romulus . Ovid ( Fasti 3.37 ) calls the woodpecker the bird of Mars . Jump up ^ Pliny , Natural History 29.29 . Jump up ^ Pliny , Natural History 27.60 . Pliny names the herb as glycysīdē in Greek , Latin paeonia ( see Peony : Name ) , also called pentorobos . Jump up ^ A.H. Krappe , `` Picus Who Is Also Zeus , '' Mnemosyne 9.4 ( 1941 ) , p. 241 . Jump up ^ William Geoffrey Arnott , Birds in the ancient world from A to Z ( Routledge , 2007 ) , p. 63 online . Jump up ^ Plutarch , Roman Questions 21 . Athenaeus lists the woodpecker among delicacies on Greek tables ( Deipnosophistae 9.369 ) . Jump up ^ Plautus , Asinaria 259 -- 261 ; Pliny , Natural History 10.18 . Named also in the Iguvine Tables ( 6a , 1 -- 7 ) , as Umbrian peiqu ; Schilling , `` Roman Divination , '' in Roman and European Mythologies ( University of Chicago Press , 1992 ) , pp. 96 -- 97 and 105 , note 7 . Jump up ^ Dionysius of Halicarnassus 1.31 ; Peter F. Dorcey , The Cult of Silvanus : A Study in Roman Folk Religion ( Brill , 1992 ) , p. 33 . Jump up ^ John Greppin , entry on `` woodpecker , '' Encyclopedia of Indo - European Culture ( Fitzroy Dearborn , 1997 ) , p. 648 . Jump up ^ Dionysius Halicarnassus , Roman Antiquities I. 14.5 , as noted by Mary Emma Armstrong , The Significance of Certain Colors in Roman Ritual ( George Banta Publishing , 1917 ) , p. 6 . Jump up ^ The myth of the she - wolf , and the birth of the twins with Mars as their father , is a long and complex tradition that weaves together multiple stories about the founding of Rome . See T.P. Wiseman , Remus : A Roman Myth ( Cambridge University Press , 1995 ) , p. xiii , 73ff. et passim . Jump up ^ Plutarch , Life of Romulus 4 . Jump up ^ Livy 22.1. 12 , as cited by Wiseman , Remus , p. 189 , note 6 , and Armstrong , The Significance of Certain Colors , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Livy , Ab Urbe Condita 10.27 . Jump up ^ Miranda Green , Animals in Celtic Life and Myth ( Routledge , 1992 ) , p. 126 . Jump up ^ Nicole Belayche , `` Religious Actors in Daily Life : Practices and Related Beliefs , '' in A Companion to Roman Religion ( Blackwell , 2007 ) , p. 283 ; C. Bennett Pascal , `` October Horse , '' Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 85 ( 1981 ) , pp. 268 , 277 . Jump up ^ As did Neptune , Janus and the Genius ; John Scheid , `` Sacrifices for Gods and Ancestors , '' in A Companion to Roman Religion ( Blackwell , 2007 ) , p. 264 . Jump up ^ Mary Beard , J.A. North , and S.R.F. Price , Religions of Rome : A Sourcebook ( Cambridge University Press , 1998 ) , p. 153 . Jump up ^ C. Bennett Pascal , `` October Horse , '' Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 85 ( 1981 ) , pp. 263 , 268 , 277 . Jump up ^ Lawrence Richardson , A New Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome ( Johns Hopkins University Press , 1992 ) , p. 245 . Jump up ^ Dionysius of Halicarnassus , Roman Antiquities 5.13. 2 Jump up ^ Livy 40.45. 8 , 1.44. 1 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Katja Moede , `` Reliefs , Public and Private , '' in A Companion to Roman Religion ( Blackwell , 2007 ) , p. 170 . Jump up ^ Vitruvius 1.7. 1 ; Servius , note to Aeneid 1.292 ; Richardson , New Topographical Dictionary , p. 244 . Jump up ^ Livy 6.5. 7 ; Richardson , New Topographical Dictionary , p. 244 . Jump up ^ Ovid , Fasti 6.191 -- 192 and the Fasti Antiates ( Degrassi 463 ) , as cited by Richardson , New Topographical Dictionary , p. 244 . Jump up ^ CIL 6.473 , 474 = 30774 , 485 ; ILS 3139 , 3144 , as cited by Richardson , New Topographical Dictionary , p. 244 . Jump up ^ H.H. Scullard , Festivals and Ceremonies of the Roman Republic ( Cornell University Press , 1981 ) , p. 127 . Jump up ^ Scullard , Festivals and Ceremonies , pp. 127 , 164 . Jump up ^ Pliny , Natural History 36.26 ; Richardson , New Topographical Dictionary , p. 245 . Jump up ^ Paul Rehak , Imperium and Cosmos : Augustus and the Northern Campus Martius ( University of Wisconsin Press , 2006 ) , pp. 7 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Rehak , Imperium and Cosmos , p. 145 . Jump up ^ Michele Renee Salzman , On Roman Time : The Codex Calendar of 354 and the Rhythms of Urban Life in Late Antiquity ( University of California Press , 1990 ) , p. 122 . Jump up ^ Richardson , New Topographical Dictionary , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Robert Schilling , `` Mars , '' in Roman and European Mythologies ( University of Chicago Press , 1992 , from the French edition of 1981 ) , p. 135 online . The figure is sometimes identified only as a warrior . Jump up ^ Jonathan Williams , `` Religion and Roman Coins , '' in A Companion to Roman Religion , p. 143 . Jump up ^ Paul Rehak and John G. Younger , Imperium and Cosmos : Augustus and the Northern Campus Martius ( University of Wisconsin Press , 2006 ) , p. 114 . Jump up ^ Rehak and Younger , Imperium and Cosmos , p. 114 . Jump up ^ Entry on `` Mars '' , in The Classical Tradition , p. 564 , citing Sebastiano Erizzo , On Ancient Medallions ( 1559 ) , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Martianus Capella 5.425 , with Mars specified as Gradivus and Neptune named as Portunus . Jump up ^ Varro , Antiquitates frg. 254 * ( Cardauns ) ; Plutarch , Romulus 29.1 ( a rather muddled account ) ; Arnobius , Adversus nationes 6.11 . Jump up ^ Michael Lipka , Roman Gods : A Conceptual Approach ( Brill , 2009 ) , p. 88 . Jump up ^ Aulus Gellius , Attic Nights 4.6. 1 ; Cassius Dio 44.17. 2 ( because Caesar was pontifex maximus ) ; Veit Rosenberger , `` Republican Nobiles : Controlling the Res Publica , '' in A Companion to Roman Religion , p. 295 . Jump up ^ Imperium and Cosmos p. 114 . Jump up ^ Christopher Smith , `` The Religion of Archaic Rome , '' in A Companion to Roman Religion , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Marked as such only on the Chronography of 354 . Jump up ^ The hymn is preserved in an inscription ( CIL 6.2104 ) ; Frances Hickson Hahn , `` Performing the Sacred , '' in A Companion to Roman Religion , p. 237 . Jump up ^ Hahn , `` Performing the Sacred , '' p. 237 , citing Dionysius of Halicarnassus 2.70. 1 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Quintilian , Institutiones 1.6. 40 , as cited by Frances Hickson Hahn , in `` Performing the Sacred , '' in A Companion to Roman Religion , p. 236 . Jump up ^ Guiliano Bonfante and Larissa Bonfante , The Etruscan Language : An Introduction ( Manchester University Press , 1983 , 2002 rev. ed . ) , p. 26 ; Donald Strong and J.M.C. Toynbee , Roman Art ( Yale University Press , 1976 , 1988 ) , p. 33 ; Fred S. Kleiner , introduction to A History of Roman Art ( Wadsworth , 2007 , 2010 `` enhanced edition '' ) , p. xl . Jump up ^ The classical Latin declension of the name is as follows : nominative and vocative case , Mars ; genitive , Martis ; accusative , Martem ; dative , Marti ; ablative Marte. ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Virgil , Aeneid VIII , 630 Jump up ^ Mallory , J.P. ; D.Q. Adams ( 1997 ) . Encyclopedia of Indo - European Culture . New York : Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers . pp. 630 -- 631 . ISBN 1 - 884964 - 98 - 2 . ; some of the older literature assumes an Indo - European form closer to * Marts , and see a connection with the Indic wind gods , the Maruts `` Māruta '' . Retrieved July 8 , 2010 . However , this makes the appearance of Mavors and the agricultural cults of Mars difficult to explain . Jump up ^ Michiel de Vaan , Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages , Brill , 2008 , p. 366 . Jump up ^ Massimo Pallottino , `` Religion in Pre-Roman Italy , '' in Roman and European Mythologies ( University of Chicago Press , 1992 , from the French edition of 1981 ) , pp. 29 , 30 ; Hendrik Wagenvoort , `` The Origin of the Ludi Saeculares , '' in Studies in Roman Literature , Culture and Religion ( Brill , 1956 ) , p. 219 et passim ; John F. Hall III , `` The Saeculum Novum of Augustus and its Etruscan Antecedents , '' Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt II. 16.3 ( 1986 ) , p. 2574 ; Larissa Bonfante , Etruscan Life and Afterlife : A Handbook of Etruscan Studies ( Wayne State University Press , 1986 ) , p. 226 . Jump up ^ `` Mars , '' The Classical Tradition , p. 565 . Jump up ^ Online Etymology Dictionary . Jump up ^ R.L. Rike , Apex Omnium : Religion in the Res Gestae of Ammianus ( University of California Press , 1987 ) , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Ammianus Marcellinus 24.6. 17 ; Rike , Apex Omnium , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Livy 2.45 . Jump up ^ Livy , 1.20 , Livy ; Warrior , Valerie M ( 1884 ) . The History of Rome , Books 1 - 5 . Hackett Publishing . ISBN 1 - 60384 - 381 - 7 . , with note by Valerie M. Warrior , The History of Rome Books 1 -- 5 ( Hackett , 2006 ) , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Compare Gradiva . The second - century grammarian Sextus Pompeius Festus offers two other explanations in addition . The name , he says , might also mean the vibration of a spear , for which the Greeks use the word kradainein ; others locate the origin of Gradivus in the grass ( gramine ) , because the Grass Crown is the highest military honor ; see Carole Newlands , Playing with Time : Ovid and the Fasti ( Cornell University Press , 1995 ) , p. 106 . Maurus Servius Honoratus says that grass was sacred to Mars ( note to Aeneid 12.119 ) . Jump up ^ Statius , Thebaid 9.4 . See also 7.695 . Jump up ^ Valerius Maximus 2.131. 1 , auctor ac stator Romani nominis . Jump up ^ Hans - Friedrich Mueller , Roman Religion in Valerius Maximus ( Routledge , 2002 ) , p. 88 . Jump up ^ Martianus Capella , The Marriage of Philology and Mercury 1.4 . Jump up ^ Palmer , R.E.A. ( 1970 ) . The Archaic Community of the Romans . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 07702 - 6 . , p. 167 . Jump up ^ Mars enim cum saevit Gradivus dicitur , cum tranquillus est Quirinus : Maurus Servius Honoratus , note to Aeneid 1.292 , at Perseus . At Aeneid 6.860 , Servius further notes : `` Quirinus is the Mars who presides over peace and whose cult is maintained within the civilian realm , for the Mars of war has his temple outside that realm . '' See also Belier , Decayed Gods , p. 92 : `` The identification of the two gods is a reflection of a social process . The men who till the soil as Quirites in times of peace are identical with the men who defend their country as Milites in times of war . '' Jump up ^ Palmer , The Archaic Community of the Romans , pp. 165 -- 171 . On how Romulus became identified with Mars Quirinus , see the Dumézilian summary of Belier , Decayed Gods , p. 93 -- 94 . Jump up ^ Etymologically , Quirinus is * co-uiri - no , `` ( the god ) of the community of men ( viri ) , '' and Vofionus is * leudhyo - no , `` ( the god ) of the people '' : Oliver de Cazanove , `` Pre-Roman Italy , Before and Under the Romans , '' in A Companion to Roman Religion ( Blackwell , 2007 ) , p. 49 . It has also been argued that Vofionus corresponds to Janus , because an entry in Sextus Pompeius Festus ( 204 , edition of Lindsay ) indicates there was a Roman triad of Jupiter , Mars , and Janus , each having quirinus as a title ; C. Scott Littleton , The New Comparative Mythology ( University of California Press , 1966 , 1973 ) , p. 178 , citing Vsevolod Basanoff , Les dieux Romains ( 1942 ) . Jump up ^ O. de Cazanove , `` Pre-Roman Italy , '' pp. 49 -- 50 . Jump up ^ The Indo - European character of this prayer is discussed by Calvert Watkins , `` Some Indo - European Prayers : Cato 's Lustration of the Fields , '' in How to Kill a Dragon : Aspects of Indo - European Poetics ( Oxford University Press , 1995 ) , pp. 197 -- 213 . Jump up ^ Celia E. Schultz , `` Juno Sospita and Roman Insecurity in the Social War , '' in Religion in Republican Italy ( Cambridge University Press , 2006 ) , p. 217 , especially note 38 . Jump up ^ For the text of this vow , see The invocation of Decius Mus . Jump up ^ Mary Beard , J.A. North , and S.R.F. Price , Religions of Rome : A Sourcebook ( Cambridge University Press , 1998 ) , pp. 71ff . for examples of a bull offering , p. 153 on the suovetaurilia . Jump up ^ Beard et al. , `` Religions of Rome , p. 370 . Jump up ^ Martin Henig , Religion in Roman Britain ( London , 1984 , 1995 ) , p. 27 , citing the military calendar from Dura - Europos . Jump up ^ Gary Forsythe , A Critical History of Early Rome : From Prehistory to the First Punic War ( University of California Press , 2005 ) , p. 168 . Jump up ^ Newlands , Playing with Time , p. 104 . Jump up ^ Votum pro bubus , uti valeant , sic facito . Marti Silvano in silva interdius in capita singula boum votum facito . Farris L. III et lardi P. 39 IIII S et pulpae P. IIII S , vini S. 40 III , id in unum vas liceto coicere , et vinum item in unum vas liceto coicere . Eam rem divinam vel servus vel liber licebit faciat . Ubi res divina facta erit , statim ibidem consumito . Mulier ad eam rem divinam ne adsit neve videat quo modo fiat . Hoc votum in annos singulos , si voles , licebit vovere . Cato the Elder , On Farming 83 , English translation from the Loeb Classical Library , Bill Thayer 's edition at LacusCurtius . Jump up ^ Robert Schilling , `` Silvanus , '' in Roman and European Mythologies ( University of Chicago Press , 1992 , from the French edition of 1981 ) , p. 146 ; Peter F. Dorcey , The Cult of Silvanus : A Study in Roman Folk Religion ( Brill , 1992 ) , pp. 8 -- 9 , 49 . Jump up ^ Dorcey , The Cult of Silvanus , pp. 9 and 105ff . Jump up ^ William Warde Fowler , The Roman Festivals of the Period of the Republic ( London , 1908 ) , p. 55 . ^ Jump up to : Diana E.E. Kleiner . Augustus Assembles His Marble City ( Multimedia presentation ) . Yale University . Jump up ^ Michael Lipka , Roman Gods : A Conceptual Approach ( Brill , 2009 ) , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Clark , Divine Qualities , pp. 23 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Robert Schilling , `` Mars , '' Roman and European Mythologies ( University of Chicago Press , 1992 , from the French edition of 1981 ) , p. 135 ; Mary Beard , J.A. North , and S.R.F. Price , Religions of Rome : A Sourcebook ( Cambridge University Press , 1998 ) , p. 80 . Jump up ^ For instance , during the Republic , the dictator was charged with the ritual clavi figendi causa , driving a nail into the wall of the Capitoline temple . According to Cassius Dio ( 55.10. 4 , as cited by Lipka , Roman Gods , p. 108 ) , this duty was transferred to a censor under Augustus , and the ritual moved to the Temple of Mars Ultor . Jump up ^ Lipka , Roman Gods , p. 109 . Jump up ^ Harry Sidebottom , `` International Relations , '' in The Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Warfare : Rome from the Late Republic to the Late Empire ( Cambridge University Press , 2007 ) , vol. 2 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Cassius Dio 55.10. 2 ; Nicole Belyache , `` Religious Actors in Daily Life , '' in A Companion to Roman Religion p. 279 . Jump up ^ Lipka , Roman Gods , pp. 111 -- 112 . Jump up ^ CIL VI. 1 , no . 2086 ( edition of Bormann and Henzen , 1876 ) , as translated and cited by Charlotte R. Long , The Twelve Gods of Greece and Rome ( Brill , 1987 ) , pp. 130 -- 131 . Jump up ^ Keith Hopkins , Conquerors and Slaves ( Cambridge University Press , 1978 ) , p. 230 . Jump up ^ A.E. Cooley , `` Beyond Rome and Latium : Roman Religion in the Age of Augustus , '' in Religion in Republican Italy ( Cambridge University Press , 2006 ) , p. 247 ; Duncan Fishwick , The imperial cult in the Latin West ( Brill , 2005 ) , passim . Jump up ^ Jonathan Edmondson , `` The Cult of Mars Augustus and Roman Imperial Power at Augusta Emerita ( Lusitania ) in the Third Century A.D. : A New Votive Dedication , '' in Culto imperial : politica y poder ( `` L'Erma '' di Bretschneider , 2007 ) , p. 562 . These include an inscription that was later built into the castle walls at Sines , Portugal ; dedications at Ipagrum ( Aguilar de la Frontera , in the modern province of Córdoba ) and at Conobaria ( Las Cabezas de San Juan in the province of Seville ) in Baetica ; and a statue at Isturgi ( CIL II . 2121 = ILS II / 7 , 56 ) . A magister of the `` Lares of Augustus '' made a dedication to Mars Augustus ( CIL II . 2013 = ILS II / 5 , 773 ) at Singili ( a ) Barba ( Cerro del Castillón , Antequera ) . Jump up ^ Edmondson , `` The Cult of Mars Augustus , '' p. 563 . Jump up ^ Edmondson , `` The Cult of Mars Augustus , '' p. 562 . Jump up ^ ILS 3160 ; Rudolf Haensch , `` Inscriptions as Sources of Knowledge for Religions and Cults in the Roman World of Imperial Times , '' in A Companion to Roman Religion ( Blackwell , 2007 ) , p. 182 . Jump up ^ William Van Andringa , `` Religions and the Integration of Cities in the Empire in the Second Century AD : The Creation of a Common Religious Language , '' A Companion to Roman Religion , p. 86 . Jump up ^ Edmondson , `` The Cult of Mars Augustus , '' pp. 541 -- 575 . Jump up ^ Ittai Gradel , Emperor Worship and Roman Religion ( Oxford University Press , 2002 ) , p. 238 , note 11 , citing Victor Ehrenberg and Arnold H.M. Jones , Documents Illustrating the Reigns of Augustus and Tiberius ( Oxford University Press , 1955 ) , no . 43 . Jump up ^ The chief priest of the three Dacian provinces dedicated an altar pro salute , for the wellbeing of Gordian III , at an imperial cult center sometime between 238 and 244 AD ; Edmondson , `` The Cult of Mars Augustus , '' p. 562 . Jump up ^ Miranda Green , Animals in Celtic Life and Myth ( Routledge , 1992 ) , p. 198 . Jump up ^ Ton Derks , Gods , Temples , and Ritual Practices : The Transformation of Religious Ideas and Values in Roman Gaul ( Amsterdam University Press , 1998 ) , p. 79 . Jump up ^ RIB 1055 , as cited by Bernhard Maier , Dictionary of Celtic Religion and Culture ( Boydell & Brewer , 1997 , originally published in German 1994 ) , p. 11 . Jump up ^ RIB 218 , as cited by Maier , Dictionary of Celtic Religion and Culture , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Phillips , E.J. ( 1977 ) . Corpus Signorum Imperii Romani , Great Britain , Volume I , Fascicule 1 . Hadrian 's Wall East of the North Tyne ( p. 66 ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 725954 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Ross , Anne ( 1967 ) . Pagan Celtic Britain . Routledge & Kegan Paul . ISBN 0 - 902357 - 03 - 4 . Jump up ^ CIL 12.1300 . Jump up ^ Maier , Dictionary of Celtic Religion and Culture , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Maier , Dictionary of Celtic Religion and Culture , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Xavier Delamarre , Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise ( Éditions Errance , 2003 ) , p. 68 . Jump up ^ RIB 918 , 948 , 970 , 1784 , 2044 , as cited by Maier , Dictionary of Celtic Religion and Culture , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Miranda Alhouse - Green , `` Gallo - British Deities and Their Shrines , '' in A Companion to Roman Britain ( Blackwell , 2004 ) , p. 215 . Jump up ^ Maier , Dictionary of Celtic Religion and Culture , p. 33 . Jump up ^ RIB 278 , as cited by Maier , Dictionary of Celtic Religion and Culture , pp. 42 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Eric Birley , `` The Deities of Roman Britain , '' Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt II. 18.1 ( 1986 ) , pp. 43 , 68 ; Delamarre , entry on bracis , Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise , p. 85 . In discussing the Celtiberian Mars Neto , Macrobius associates Mars and Liber , a Roman deity identified with Dionysus ( Saturnalia 1.19 ) . Jump up ^ Pliny the Elder , Natural History 18.62 . Jump up ^ In Galatian , the form of Celtic spoken by the Celts who settled in Anatolia , the word embrekton was a kind of beverage ; Delamarre , Dictionnaire , p. 85 . Jump up ^ ILTG 351 ; CIL 13.3980 ; CIL 13.8701 ; CIL 13.11818 ; RIV 2166 ; Maier , Dictionary of Celtic Religion and Culture , p. 57 . Jump up ^ CIL 6.32574 ; Maier , Dictionary of Celtic Religion and Culture , pp. 56 -- 57 . Jump up ^ RIB 602 , 933 , 1017 , 2015 , 2024 ; Maier , Dictionary of Celtic Religion and Culture , p. 75 . Jump up ^ RIB 1578 . Jump up ^ RIB 2007 . Jump up ^ RIB 986 and 987 ; Maier , Dictionary of Celtic Religion and Culture , p. 75 . Jump up ^ RIB 731 ( Bowes ) , 1024 ( Piercebridge ) , and 1045 ( Chester - le - Street ) ; Maier , Dictionary of Celtic Religion and Culture , p. 80 . Jump up ^ Maier , Dictionary of Celtic Religion and Culture , p. 80 . Jump up ^ Jones , Barri & Mattingly , David ( 1990 ) . An Atlas of Roman Britain ( p. 275 ) . Oxford : Basil Blackwell . ISBN 1 - 84217 - 067 - 8 . Jump up ^ RIB 213 ; Maier , Dictionary of Celtic Religion and Culture , p. 82 . ^ Jump up to : Miranda J. Green . `` Dictionary of Celtic Myth and Legend '' ( p. 142 . ) Thames and Hudson Ltd. 1997 Jump up ^ Green , Animals in Celtic Life and Myth , p. 216 . Jump up ^ Xavier Delamarre , Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise ( Éditions Errance , 2003 ) , 2nd edition , p. 200 . Jump up ^ Gaulish nemeton was originally a sacred grove or space defined for religious purposes , and later a building : Bernhard Maier , Dictionary of Celtic Religion and Culture ( Boydell Press , 1997 , 2000 , originally published 1994 in German ) , p. 207 . Jump up ^ Helmut Birkham , entry on `` Loucetius , '' in Celtic Culture : A Historical Encyclopedia , edited by John Koch ( ABC - Clio , 2006 ) , p. 1192 . Jump up ^ RIB 191 : DEO MARTI MEDOCIO CAMPESIVM ET VICTORIE ALEXANDRI PII FELICIS AVGVSTI NOSI DONVM LOSSIO VEDA DE SVO POSVIT NEPOS VEPOGENI CALEDO ( `` To the god of the battlefields Mars Medocius , and to the victory of ( Imperator Caesar Marcus Aurelius Severus ) Alexander Pius Felix Augustus , Lossius Veda the grandson of Vepogenus Caledos , placed ( this ) offering out of his own ( funds ) '' ) . Jump up ^ Martin Henig , Religion in Roman Britain ( Taylor & Francis , 1984 , 2005 ) , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Duncan Fishwick , `` Imperial Cult in Britain , '' Phoenix 15.4 ( 1961 ) , p. 219 . Jump up ^ A Saint Medocus is recorded in the early 16th century as the eponym for St. Madoes in Gowrie ; Molly Miller , `` Matriliny by Treaty : The Pictish Foundation - Legend , '' in Ireland in Early Mediaeval Europe ( Cambridge University Press , 1982 ) , p. 159 . Jump up ^ Fishwick , `` Imperial Cult in Britain , '' p. 219 . Jump up ^ John Ferguson , The Religions of the Roman Empire ( Cornell University Press , 1970 , 1985 ) , p. 212 . Jump up ^ Perhaps related to Campesie Fells in Stirlingshire ; Fishwick , `` Imperial Cult in Britain , '' p. 219 . Jump up ^ CIL 13.3148 and 3149 at Rennes ; Paganism and Christianity , 100 -- 425 C.E. : A Sourcebook , edited by Ramsay MacMullen and Eugene N. Lane ( Augsburg Fortress , 1992 ) , pp. 76 -- 77 . Jump up ^ CIL 13.3096 ( Craon ) , CIL 13.3101 and 3102 , at Nantes , ILTG 343 -- 345 ( Allones ) ; Maier , Dictionary of Celtic Religion and Culture , p. 200 . Jump up ^ Macrobius , Saturnalia 1.19 ; David Rankin , Celts and the Classical World ( Routledge , 1987 ) , p. 260 . Jump up ^ Maier , Dictionary of Celtic Religion and Culture , p. 209 . Jump up ^ John Wacher , The Towns of Roman Britain ( University of California Press , 1974 ) , p. 384 . Jump up ^ Green , Symbol and Image in Celtic Religious Art , p. 115 . Jump up ^ CIL 1190 = ILS 4581 ; E. Birley , `` Deities of Roman Britain , '' p. 48 . Jump up ^ Anthony Birley , The People of Roman Britain ( University of California Press , 1979 ) , p. 141 . Jump up ^ Delamarre , entry on rix , Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise , pp. 260 -- 261 ; Green , Symbol and Image in Celtic Religious Art , p. 113 . Jump up ^ Lesley Adkins and Roy A. Adkins , Handbook to Life in Ancient Rome ( Facts on File , 1994 , 2004 ) , p. 297 . Jump up ^ Miranda Green , Celtic Myths ( University of Texas Press , 1993 , 1998 ) , p. 42 . Jump up ^ G. Llompart , `` Mars Balearicus , '' Boletín del Seminario de Estudios de Arte y Arqueología 26 ( 1960 ) 101 -- 128 ; `` Estatuillas de bronce de Mallorca : Mars Balearicus , '' in Bronces y religión romana : actas del XI Congreso Internacional de Bronces Antiguos , Madrid , mayo - junio , 1990 ( Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas , 1993 ) , p. 57ff . Jump up ^ Jaume García Rosselló , Joan Fornés Bisquerra , and Michael Hoskin , `` Orientations of the Talayotic Sanctuaries of Mallorca , '' Journal of History of Astronomy , Archaeoastronomy Supplement 31 ( 2000 ) , pp. 58 -- 64 ( especially note 10 ) pdf . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mars ( god ) . Fowler , William Warde ( 1911 ) . `` Mars ( deity ) '' . In Chisholm , Hugh . Encyclopædia Britannica. 17 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . pp. 760 -- 761 . c. 700 images of Mars at the Warburg Institute Iconographic Database ( hide ) Ancient Roman religion and mythology Deities Apollo Bellona Bona Dea Castor and Pollux Ceres Cupid Diana Dīs Pater Egeria Fauna Faunus Flora Genius Hercules Janus Juno Jupiter Lares Liber Libertas Lucina Mars Mercury Minerva Orcus Neptune Penates Pluto Pomona Priapus Proserpina Quirinus Saturn Silvanus Sol Venus Vesta Vulcan Abstract deities Abundantia Aequitas Concordia Fides Fortuna Pietas Roma Salus Securitas Spes Victoria Terra Legendary figures Aeneas Rhea Silvia Romulus and Remus Numa Pompilius Tullus Hostilius Servius Tullius Ancus Marcius Lucius Tarquinius Priscus Lucius Tarquinius Superbus Texts Virgil Aeneid Ovid Metamorphoses Fasti Propertius Apuleius The Golden Ass Varro Concepts and practices Religion in ancient Rome Festivals Interpretatio graeca Imperial cult Temples See also Glossary of ancient Roman religion Greek mythology Myth and ritual Classical mythology Conversion to Christianity Decline of Greco - Roman polytheism VIAF : 101084029 GND : 118731181 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mars_(mythology)&oldid=805159266 '' Categories : Deities in the Aeneid Roman gods War gods Mythological rapists Tutelary deities Agricultural gods Animal gods Ares Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from May 2012 Pages using infobox deity with unknown parameters Articles containing Latin - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Kernowek Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Magyar Македонски मराठी مصرى Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Ripoarisch Română Русский Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt West - Vlams Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 October 2017 , at 13 : 22 . 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the number of fundamental modes of vibration in h2o molecule are			Molecular vibration	molecular vibration	A molecular vibration occurs when atoms in a molecule are in periodic motion while the molecule as a whole has constant translational and rotational motion . The frequency of the periodic motion is known as a vibration frequency , and the typical frequencies of molecular vibrations range from less than 10 to approximately 10 Hz , corresponding to wavenumbers of approximately 300 to 3000 cm .	In general , a molecule with N atoms has 3N -- 6 normal modes of vibration , but a linear molecule has 3N -- 5 such modes , because rotation about its molecular axis can not be observed . A diatomic molecule has one normal mode of vibration . The normal modes of vibration of polyatomic molecules are independent of each other but each normal mode will involve simultaneous vibrations of different parts of the molecule such as different chemical bonds . A molecular vibration is excited when the molecule absorbs a quantum of energy , E , corresponding to the vibration 's frequency , ν , according to the relation E = hν ( where h is Planck 's constant ) . A fundamental vibration is excited when one such quantum of energy is absorbed by the molecule in its ground state . When two quanta are absorbed the first overtone is excited , and so on to higher overtones . To a first approximation , the motion in a normal vibration can be described as a kind of simple harmonic motion . In this approximation , the vibrational energy is a quadratic function ( parabola ) with respect to the atomic displacements and the first overtone has twice the frequency of the fundamental . In reality , vibrations are anharmonic and the first overtone has a frequency that is slightly lower than twice that of the fundamental . Excitation of the higher overtones involves progressively less and less additional energy and eventually leads to dissociation of the molecule , because the potential energy of the molecule is more like a Morse potential or more accurately , a Morse / Long - range potential . The vibrational states of a molecule can be probed in a variety of ways . The most direct way is through infrared spectroscopy , as vibrational transitions typically require an amount of energy that corresponds to the infrared region of the spectrum . Raman spectroscopy , which typically uses visible light , can also be used to measure vibration frequencies directly . The two techniques are complementary and comparison between the two can provide useful structural information such as in the case of the rule of mutual exclusion for centrosymmetric molecules . Vibrational excitation can occur in conjunction with electronic excitation in the ultraviolet - visible region . The combined excitation is known as a vibronic transition , giving vibrational fine structure to electronic transitions , particularly for molecules in the gas state . Simultaneous excitation of a vibration and rotations gives rise to vibration - rotation spectra Contents ( hide ) 1 Number of vibrational modes 2 Vibrational coordinates 2.1 Internal coordinates 2.1. 1 Vibrations of a methylene group ( - CH - ) in a molecule for illustration 2.2 Symmetry - adapted coordinates 2.3 Normal coordinates 3 Newtonian mechanics 4 Quantum mechanics 4.1 Intensities 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Number of vibrational modes ( edit ) For a molecule with N atoms , the positions of all N nuclei depend on a total of 3N coordinates , so that the molecule has 3N degrees of freedom including translation , rotation and vibration . Translation corresponds to movement of the center of mass whose position can be described by 3 cartesian coordinates . A nonlinear molecule can rotate about any of three mutually perpendicular axes and therefore has 3 rotational degrees of freedom . For a linear molecule , rotation about the molecular axis does not involve movement of any atomic nucleus , so there are only 2 rotational degrees of freedom which can vary the atomic coordinates . An equivalent argument is that the rotation of a linear molecule changes the direction of the molecular axis in space , which can be described by 2 coordinates corresponding to latitude and longitude . For a nonlinear molecule , the direction of one axis is described by these two coordinates , and the orientation of the molecule about this axis provides a third rotational coordinate . The number of vibrational modes is therefore 3N minus the number of translational and rotational degrees of freedom , or 3N -- 5 for linear and 3N -- 6 for nonlinear molecules . Vibrational coordinates ( edit ) The coordinate of a normal vibration is a combination of changes in the positions of atoms in the molecule . When the vibration is excited the coordinate changes sinusoidally with a frequency ν , the frequency of the vibration . Internal coordinates ( edit ) Internal coordinates are of the following types , illustrated with reference to the planar molecule ethylene , Stretching : a change in the length of a bond , such as C-H or C-C Bending : a change in the angle between two bonds , such as the HCH angle in a methylene group Rocking : a change in angle between a group of atoms , such as a methylene group and the rest of the molecule . Wagging : a change in angle between the plane of a group of atoms , such as a methylene group and a plane through the rest of the molecule , Twisting : a change in the angle between the planes of two groups of atoms , such as a change in the angle between the two methylene groups . Out - of - plane : a change in the angle between any one of the C-H bonds and the plane defined by the remaining atoms of the ethylene molecule . Another example is in BF when the boron atom moves in and out of the plane of the three fluorine atoms . In a rocking , wagging or twisting coordinate the bond lengths within the groups involved do not change . The angles do . Rocking is distinguished from wagging by the fact that the atoms in the group stay in the same plane . In ethene there are 12 internal coordinates : 4 C-H stretching , 1 C-C stretching , 2 H-C-H bending , 2 CH rocking , 2 CH wagging , 1 twisting . Note that the H-C-C angles can not be used as internal coordinates as the angles at each carbon atom can not all increase at the same time . Vibrations of a methylene group ( - C-H - ) in a molecule for illustration ( edit ) The atoms in a CH group , commonly found in organic compounds , can vibrate in six different ways : symmetric and asymmetric stretching , scissoring , rocking , wagging and twisting as shown here : Symmetrical stretching Asymmetrical stretching Scissoring ( Bending ) Rocking Wagging Twisting ( These figures do not represent the `` recoil '' of the C atoms , which , though necessarily present to balance the overall movements of the molecule , are much smaller than the movements of the lighter H atoms ) . Symmetry - adapted coordinates ( edit ) Symmetry - adapted coordinates may be created by applying a projection operator to a set of internal coordinates . The projection operator is constructed with the aid of the character table of the molecular point group . For example , the four ( un-normalised ) C-H stretching coordinates of the molecule ethene are given by Q s 1 = q 1 + q 2 + q 3 + q 4 ( \ displaystyle Q_ ( s1 ) = q_ ( 1 ) + q_ ( 2 ) + q_ ( 3 ) + q_ ( 4 ) \ ! ) Q s 2 = q 1 + q 2 − q 3 − q 4 ( \ displaystyle Q_ ( s2 ) = q_ ( 1 ) + q_ ( 2 ) - q_ ( 3 ) - q_ ( 4 ) \ ! ) Q s 3 = q 1 − q 2 + q 3 − q 4 ( \ displaystyle Q_ ( s3 ) = q_ ( 1 ) - q_ ( 2 ) + q_ ( 3 ) - q_ ( 4 ) \ ! ) Q s 4 = q 1 − q 2 − q 3 + q 4 ( \ displaystyle Q_ ( s4 ) = q_ ( 1 ) - q_ ( 2 ) - q_ ( 3 ) + q_ ( 4 ) \ ! ) where q 1 − q 4 ( \ displaystyle q_ ( 1 ) - q_ ( 4 ) ) are the internal coordinates for stretching of each of the four C-H bonds . Illustrations of symmetry - adapted coordinates for most small molecules can be found in Nakamoto . Normal coordinates ( edit ) The normal coordinates , denoted as Q , refer to the positions of atoms away from their equilibrium positions , with respect to a normal mode of vibration . Each normal mode is assigned a single normal coordinate , and so the normal coordinate refers to the `` progress '' along that normal mode at any given time . Formally , normal modes are determined by solving a secular determinant , and then the normal coordinates ( over the normal modes ) can be expressed as a summation over the cartesian coordinates ( over the atom positions ) . The advantage of working in normal modes is that they diagonalize the matrix governing the molecular vibrations , so each normal mode is an independent molecular vibration , associated with its own spectrum of quantum mechanical states . If the molecule possesses symmetries , it will belong to a point group , and the normal modes will `` transform as '' an irreducible representation under that group . The normal modes can then be qualitatively determined by applying group theory and projecting the irreducible representation onto the cartesian coordinates . For example , when this treatment is applied to CO , it is found that the C =O stretches are not independent , but rather there is an O = C =O symmetric stretch and an O = C =O asymmetric stretch . symmetric stretching : the sum of the two C-O stretching coordinates ; the two C-O bond lengths change by the same amount and the carbon atom is stationary . Q = q + q asymmetric stretching : the difference of the two C-O stretching coordinates ; one C-O bond length increases while the other decreases . Q = q - q When two or more normal coordinates belong to the same irreducible representation of the molecular point group ( colloquially , have the same symmetry ) there is `` mixing '' and the coefficients of the combination can not be determined a priori . For example , in the linear molecule hydrogen cyanide , HCN , The two stretching vibrations are principally C-H stretching with a little C-N stretching ; Q = q + aq ( a < < 1 ) principally C-N stretching with a little C-H stretching ; Q = bq + q ( b < < 1 ) The coefficients a and b are found by performing a full normal coordinate analysis by means of the Wilson GF method . Newtonian mechanics ( edit ) The HCl molecule as an anharmonic oscillator vibrating at energy level E. D is dissociation energy here , r bond length , U potential energy . Energy is expressed in wavenumbers . The hydrogen chloride molecule is attached to the coordinate system to show bond length changes on the curve . Perhaps surprisingly , molecular vibrations can be treated using Newtonian mechanics to calculate the correct vibration frequencies . The basic assumption is that each vibration can be treated as though it corresponds to a spring . In the harmonic approximation the spring obeys Hooke 's law : the force required to extend the spring is proportional to the extension . The proportionality constant is known as a force constant , k . The anharmonic oscillator is considered elsewhere . F o r c e = − k Q ( \ displaystyle \ mathrm ( Force ) = - kQ \ ! ) By Newton 's second law of motion this force is also equal to a reduced mass , μ , times acceleration . F o r c e = μ d 2 Q d t 2 ( \ displaystyle \ mathrm ( Force ) = \ mu ( \ frac ( d ^ ( 2 ) Q ) ( dt ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) Since this is one and the same force the ordinary differential equation follows . μ d 2 Q d t 2 + k Q = 0 ( \ displaystyle \ mu ( \ frac ( d ^ ( 2 ) Q ) ( dt ^ ( 2 ) ) ) + kQ = 0 ) The solution to this equation of simple harmonic motion is Q ( t ) = A cos ⁡ ( 2 π ν t ) ; ν = 1 2 π k μ . ( \ displaystyle Q ( t ) = A \ cos ( 2 \ pi \ nu t ) ; \ \ \ nu = ( 1 \ over ( 2 \ pi ) ) ( \ sqrt ( k \ over \ mu ) ). \ ! ) A is the maximum amplitude of the vibration coordinate Q. It remains to define the reduced mass , μ . In general , the reduced mass of a diatomic molecule , AB , is expressed in terms of the atomic masses , m and m , as 1 μ = 1 m A + 1 m B . ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( \ mu ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( m_ ( A ) ) ) + ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( m_ ( B ) ) ) . ) The use of the reduced mass ensures that the centre of mass of the molecule is not affected by the vibration . In the harmonic approximation the potential energy of the molecule is a quadratic function of the normal coordinate . It follows that the force - constant is equal to the second derivative of the potential energy . k = ∂ 2 V ∂ Q 2 ( \ displaystyle k = ( \ frac ( \ partial ^ ( 2 ) V ) ( \ partial Q ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) When two or more normal vibrations have the same symmetry a full normal coordinate analysis must be performed ( see GF method ) . The vibration frequencies , ν are obtained from the eigenvalues , λ , of the matrix product GF . G is a matrix of numbers derived from the masses of the atoms and the geometry of the molecule . F is a matrix derived from force - constant values . Details concerning the determination of the eigenvalues can be found in . Quantum mechanics ( edit ) In the harmonic approximation the potential energy is a quadratic function of the normal coordinates . Solving the Schrödinger wave equation , the energy states for each normal coordinate are given by E n = h ( n + 1 2 ) ν = h ( n + 1 2 ) 1 2 π k m ( \ displaystyle E_ ( n ) = h \ left ( n+ ( 1 \ over 2 ) \ right ) \ nu = h \ left ( n+ ( 1 \ over 2 ) \ right ) ( 1 \ over ( 2 \ pi ) ) ( \ sqrt ( k \ over m ) ) \ ! ) , where n is a quantum number that can take values of 0 , 1 , 2 ... In molecular spectroscopy where several types of molecular energy are studied and several quantum numbers are used , this vibrational quantum number is often designated as v . The difference in energy when n ( or v ) changes by 1 is therefore equal to h ν ( \ displaystyle h \ nu ) , the product of the Planck constant and the vibration frequency derived using classical mechanics . For a transition from level n to level n + 1 due to absorption of a photon , the frequency of the photon is equal to the classical vibration frequency ν ( \ displaystyle \ nu ) ( in the harmonic oscillator approximation ) . See quantum harmonic oscillator for graphs of the first 5 wave functions , which allow certain selection rules to be formulated . For example , for a harmonic oscillator transitions are allowed only when the quantum number n changes by one , Δ n = ± 1 ( \ displaystyle \ Delta n = \ pm 1 ) but this does not apply to an anharmonic oscillator ; the observation of overtones is only possible because vibrations are anharmonic . Another consequence of anharmonicity is that transitions such as between states n = 2 and n = 1 have slightly less energy than transitions between the ground state and first excited state . Such a transition gives rise to a hot band . Intensities ( edit ) In an infrared spectrum the intensity of an absorption band is proportional to the derivative of the molecular dipole moment with respect to the normal coordinate . The intensity of Raman bands depends on polarizability . See also ( edit ) Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy Eckart conditions Fermi resonance GF method Infrared spectroscopy of metal carbonyls Lennard -- Jones potential Near infrared spectroscopy Nuclear resonance vibrational spectroscopy Resonance Raman spectroscopy Transition dipole moment References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Landau , L.D. ; Lifshitz , E.M. ( 1976 ) . Mechanics ( 3rd ed . ) . Pergamon Press . ISBN 0 - 08 - 021022 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Hollas , J.M. ( 1996 ) . Modern Spectroscopy ( 3rd ed . ) . John Wiley . p. 77 . ISBN 0471965227 . ^ Jump up to : Banwell , Colin N. ; McCash , Elaine M. ( 1994 ) . Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy ( 4th ed . ) . McGraw Hill . p. 71 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 707976 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Atkins , P.W. ; Paula , J. de ( 2006 ) . Physical Chemistry ( 8th ed . ) . New York : W.H. Freeman . p. 460 . ISBN 0716787598 . Jump up ^ Cotton , F.A. ( 1971 ) . Chemical Applications of Group Theory ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Wiley . ISBN 0471175706 . Jump up ^ Nakamoto , K. ( 1997 ) . Infrared and Raman spectra of inorganic and coordination compounds , Part A ( 5th ed . ) . New York : Wiley . ISBN 0471163945 . ^ Jump up to : Wilson , E.B. ; Decius , J.C. ; Cross , P.C. ( 1995 ) ( 1955 ) . Molecular Vibrations . New York : Dover . ISBN 048663941X . Jump up ^ Califano , S. ( 1976 ) . Vibrational States . New York : Wiley . ISBN 0471129968 . Jump up ^ Gans , P. ( 1971 ) . Vibrating Molecules . New York : Chapman and Hall . ISBN 0412102900 . Jump up ^ Hollas , J.M. ( 1996 ) . Modern Spectroscopy ( 3rd ed . ) . John Wiley . p. 21 . ISBN 0471965227 . Jump up ^ Atkins , P.W. ; Paula , J. de ( 2006 ) . Physical Chemistry ( 8th ed . ) . New York : W.H. Freeman . pp. 291 and 453 . ISBN 0716787598 . Jump up ^ Steele , D. ( 1971 ) . Theory of vibrational spectroscopy . Philadelphia : W.B. Saunders . ISBN 0721685803 . Further reading ( edit ) Sherwood , P.M.A. ( 1972 ) . Vibrational Spectroscopy of Solids . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0521084822 . External links ( edit ) Free Molecular Vibration code developed by Zs . Szabó and R. Scipioni Molecular vibration and absorption small explanation of vibrational spectra and a table including force constants . Character tables for chemically important point groups Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Molecular_vibration&oldid=807097994 '' Categories : Chemical physics Spectroscopy Molecular vibration Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Français Hrvatski Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Polski Русский Simple English 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 21 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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how can a president sign an executive order			Executive order	executive order	In the United States , an executive order is a directive issued by the President of the United States that manages operations of the federal government and has the force of law . The legal or constitutional basis for executive orders has multiple sources . Article Two of the United States Constitution gives the president broad executive and enforcement authority to use their discretion to determine how to enforce the law or to otherwise manage the resources and staff of the executive branch . The ability to make such orders is also based on express or implied Acts of Congress that delegate to the President some degree of discretionary power ( delegated legislation ) .	Like both legislative statutes and regulations promulgated by government agencies , executive orders are subject to judicial review and may be overturned if the orders lack support by statute or the Constitution . Major policy initiatives require approval by the legislative branch , but executive orders have significant influence over the internal affairs of government , deciding how and to what degree legislation will be enforced , dealing with emergencies , waging wars , and in general fine - tuning policy choices in the implementation of broad statutes . As the head of state and head of government of the United States , as well as Commander - in - Chief of the United States Armed Forces , only the President of the United States can issue an executive order . Contents 1 Basis in the United States Constitution 2 History and use 2.1 Franklin Roosevelt 3 Table of U.S. presidents using executive orders 4 Reaction 4.1 Legal conflicts 5 State governor executive orders 6 Presidential proclamation 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Basis in the United States Constitution ( edit ) The United States Constitution does not have a provision that explicitly permits the use of executive orders . The term executive power in Article II , Section 1 , Clause 1 of the Constitution is not entirely clear . The term is mentioned as direction to `` take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed '' and is part of Article II , Section 3 . The consequence of failing to comply could possibly be removal from office . The U.S. Supreme Court has held that all executive orders from the President of the United States must be supported by the Constitution , whether from a clause granting specific power , or by Congress delegating such to the executive branch . Specifically , such orders must be rooted in Article II of the US Constitution or enacted by the congress in statutes . Attempts to block such orders have been successful at times when such orders exceeded the authority of the president or could be better handled through legislation . The Office of the Federal Register is responsible for assigning the executive order a sequential number after receipt of the signed original from the White House and printing the text of the executive order in the daily Federal Register and Title 3 of the Code of Federal Regulations . History and use ( edit ) President Nixon signing an executive order , 1969 With the exception of William Henry Harrison , all presidents , beginning with George Washington in 1789 , have issued orders that in general terms can be described as executive orders . Initially , they took no set form . Consequently , such orders varied as to form and substance . The first executive order was issued by George Washington on June 8 , 1789 , addressed to the heads of the federal departments , instructing them `` to impress me with a full , precise , and distinct general idea of the affairs of the United States '' in their fields . The most famous executive order was by President Abraham Lincoln when he issued the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1 , 1863 . Political scientist Brian R. Dirck states : The Emancipation Proclamation was an executive order , itself a rather unusual thing in those days . Executive orders are simply presidential directives issued to agents of the executive department by its boss . Until the early 1900s , executive orders went mostly unannounced and undocumented and seen only by the agencies to which they were directed . That changed when the Department of State instituted a numbering scheme in 1907 , starting retroactively with United States Executive Order 1 issued on October 20 , 1862 , by President Abraham Lincoln . The documents that later came to be known as `` executive orders '' apparently gained their name from this order issued by Lincoln , which was captioned `` Executive Order Establishing a Provisional Court in Louisiana '' . This court functioned during the military occupation of Louisiana during the American Civil War , and Lincoln also used Executive Order 1 to appoint Charles A. Peabody as judge , and to designate the salaries of the court 's officers . President Truman 's Executive Order 10340 in Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer , 343 US 579 ( 1952 ) placed all steel mills in the country under federal control . This was found invalid because it attempted to make law , rather than clarify or act to further a law put forth by the Congress or the Constitution . Presidents since this decision have generally been careful to cite which specific laws they are acting under when issuing new executive orders . Likewise , when presidents believe their authority for issuing an executive order stems from within the powers outlined in the Constitution , the order will simply proclaim `` under the authority vested in me by the Constitution '' instead . Wars have been fought upon executive order , including the 1999 Kosovo War during Bill Clinton 's second term in office . However , all such wars have had authorizing resolutions from Congress . The extent to which the president may exercise military power independently of Congress and the scope of the War Powers Resolution remain unresolved constitutional issues , although all presidents since its passage have complied with the terms of the resolution while maintaining that they are not constitutionally required to do so . President Truman issued 907 executive orders , with 1,081 orders by Theodore Roosevelt , 1,203 orders by Calvin Coolidge , and 1,803 orders by Woodrow Wilson . Franklin D. Roosevelt has the distinction of making a record 3,522 executive orders . Franklin Roosevelt ( edit ) Prior to 1932 , uncontested executive orders had determined such issues as national mourning on the death of a president , and the lowering of flags to half - staff . President Franklin Roosevelt issued the first of his 3,522 executive orders on March 6 , 1933 , declaring a bank holiday , forbidding banks to release gold coin or bullion . Executive Order 6102 forbade the hoarding of gold coin , bullion and gold certificates . A further executive order required all newly mined domestic gold be delivered to the Treasury . By Executive Order 6581 , the president created the Export - Import Bank of the United States . On March 7 , 1934 , he established the National Recovery Review Board ( Executive Order 6632 ) . On June 29 , the president issued Executive Order 6763 `` under the authority vested in me by the Constitution '' , thereby creating the National Labor Relations Board . In 1934 , while Charles Evans Hughes was Chief Justice of the United States ( in the time period known as the Hughes Court ) , the Court found that the National Industrial Recovery Act ( NIRA ) was unconstitutional . The president then issued Executive Order 7073 `` by virtue of the authority vested in me under the said Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935 '' , reestablishing the National Emergency Council to administer the functions of the NIRA in carrying out the provisions of the Emergency Relief Appropriations Act . On June 15 , he issued Executive Order 7075 , which terminated NIRA and replaced it with the Office of Administration of the National Recovery Administration . In the years that followed , President Roosevelt replaced the outgoing judges with those more in line with his views , ultimately appointing Hugo Black , Stanley Reed , Felix Frankfurter , William O. Douglas , Frank Murphy , Robert H. Jackson and James F. Byrnes to the Court . Historically , only George Washington had equal or greater influence over Supreme Court appointments , choosing all of its original members . Justices Frankfurter , Douglas , Black , and Jackson dramatically checked presidential power by invalidating the executive order at issue in The Steel Seizure Case ( i.e. , Executive Order 10340 ) . In that case Roosevelt 's successor , President Truman , had ordered private steel production facilities seized in support of the Korean War effort , but the Court held the executive order was not within the power granted to the President by the Constitution . Table of U.S. presidents using executive orders ( edit ) President Number issued Starting with E.O. number George Washington 8 n / a John Adams n / a Thomas Jefferson n / a James Madison n / a James Monroe n / a John Quincy Adams n / a Andrew Jackson 12 n / a Martin van Buren 10 n / a William Henry Harrison 0 n / a John Tyler 17 n / a James K. Polk 18 n / a Zachary Taylor 5 n / a Millard Fillmore 12 n / a Franklin Pierce 35 n / a James Buchanan 16 n / a Abraham Lincoln 48 Andrew Johnson 79 Ulysses S. Grant 217 Rutherford B. Hayes 92 James Garfield 6 Chester Arthur 96 Grover Cleveland ( first term ) 113 Benjamin Harrison 143 Grover Cleveland ( second term ) 140 William McKinley 185 Theodore Roosevelt 1,081 William Howard Taft 724 Woodrow Wilson 1,803 Warren G. Harding 522 Calvin Coolidge 1,203 Herbert Hoover 968 5075 Franklin D. Roosevelt ( ~ 3.05 terms ) 3,522 6071 Harry S. Truman 907 9538 Dwight D. Eisenhower 484 10432 John F. Kennedy 214 10914 Lyndon B. Johnson 325 11128 Richard Nixon 346 11452 Gerald R. Ford 169 11798 Jimmy Carter 320 11967 Ronald Reagan 381 12287 George H.W. Bush 166 12668 Bill Clinton 308 12834 George W. Bush 291 13198 Barack Obama 276 13489 Donald Trump ( as of August 6 , 2018 ) 82 13765 Reaction ( edit ) Large policy changes with wide - ranging effects have been implemented through executive order , including the racial integration of the armed forces under Harry Truman and the desegregation of public schools under Dwight D. Eisenhower . Two extreme examples of an executive order are Franklin Roosevelt 's Executive Order 6102 `` forbidding the hoarding of gold coin , gold bullion , and gold certificates within the continental United States '' and Executive Order 9066 , which delegated military authority to remove any or all people in a military zone ( used to target Japanese - Americans and German - Americans in certain regions ) . The order was then delegated to General John L. DeWitt , and subsequently paved the way for all Japanese - Americans on the West Coast to be sent to internment camps for the duration of World War II . President George W. Bush issued Executive Order 13233 in 2001 , which restricted public access to the papers of former presidents . The order was criticized by the Society of American Archivists and other groups , who stated that it `` violates both the spirit and letter of existing U.S. law on access to presidential papers as clearly laid down in 44 USC 2201 -- 07 '' , and adding that the order `` potentially threatens to undermine one of the very foundations of our nation '' . President Barack Obama revoked Executive Order 13233 in January 2009 . The Heritage Foundation has accused presidents of abusing executive orders by using them to make laws without Congressional approval and moving existing laws away from their original mandates . Legal conflicts ( edit ) In 1935 , the Supreme Court overturned five of President Franklin Roosevelt 's executive orders ( 6199 , 6204 , 6256 , 6284 , 6855 ) . Executive Order 12954 , issued by President Bill Clinton in 1995 , attempted to prevent the federal government from contracting with organizations that had strike - breakers on the payroll ; a federal appeals court subsequently ruled that the order conflicted with the National Labor Relations Act , and invalidated the order . Congress has the power to overturn an executive order by passing legislation that invalidates it . Congress can also refuse to provide funding necessary to carry out certain policy measures contained with the order or to legitimize policy mechanisms . In the case of the former , the president retains the power to veto such a decision ; however , the Congress may override a veto with a two - thirds majority to end an executive order . It has been argued that a congressional override of an executive order is a nearly impossible event , due to the supermajority vote required and the fact that such a vote leaves individual lawmakers vulnerable to political criticism . On July 30 , 2014 , the Republican - led House of Representatives approved a resolution authorizing Speaker of the House John Boehner to sue President Barack Obama over claims that he exceeded his executive authority in changing a key provision of the Affordable Care Act ( `` Obamacare '' ) on his own and over what Republicans claimed had been `` inadequate enforcement of the health care law '' , which Republican lawmakers opposed . In particular , Republicans `` objected that the Obama administration delayed some parts of the law , particularly the mandate on employers who do not provide health care coverage '' . The suit was filed in the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia on November 21 , 2014 . Part of President Donald Trump 's executive order Protecting the Nation from Foreign Terrorist Entry into the United States , which temporarily banned entry to the US from citizens of seven Muslim - majority countries , including for permanent residents , was stayed by a federal court on January 28 , 2017 . State governor executive orders ( edit ) Executive orders issued by state governors are not the same as statutes passed by state legislatures , but do have the force of law in a similar way to the federal system . State executive orders are usually based on existing constitutional or statutory powers of the governor and do not require any action by the state legislature to take effect Executive orders may , for example , demand budget cuts from state government when the state legislature is not in session , and economic conditions take a downturn , thereby decreasing tax revenue below what was forecast when the budget was approved . Depending on the state constitution , a governor may specify what percentage each government agency must reduce by , and may exempt those that are already particularly underfunded , or can not put long - term expenses ( such as capital expenditures ) off until a later fiscal year . The governor may also call the legislature into special session . There are also other uses for gubernatorial executive orders . In 2007 , for example , George `` Sonny '' Perdue , governor of Georgia , issued an executive order for all of its state agencies to reduce water use during a major drought . This was also demanded of its counties ' water systems , but it is unclear whether the order would have the force of law . Presidential proclamation ( edit ) Main article : Presidential proclamation According to political expert Phillip J. Cooper , a presidential proclamation `` states a condition , declares a law and requires obedience , recognizes an event or triggers the implementation of a law ( by recognizing that the circumstances in law have been realized ) . '' Presidents define situations or conditions on situations that become legal or economic truth . These orders carry the same force of law as executive orders -- the difference between the two is that executive orders are aimed at those inside government while proclamations are aimed at those outside government . The administrative weight of these proclamations is upheld because they are often specifically authorized by congressional statute , making them `` delegated unilateral powers . '' Presidential proclamations are often dismissed as a practical presidential tool for policy making because of the perception of proclamations as largely ceremonial or symbolic in nature . However , the legal weight of presidential proclamations suggests their importance to presidential governance . See also ( edit ) Delegated legislation List of United States federal executive orders Presidential directive Presidential proclamation Presidential Determination Presidential memorandum Signing statement ( United States ) Decree Ukase ( Russian Federation ) Order in Council Ordonnance Military fiat References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` What is an Executive Order ? '' . Insights on Law and Society . Vol. 17 no . 1 . American Bar Association . Fall 2016 . ISSN 1531 - 2461 . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ John Contrubis , Executive Orders and Proclamations , CRS Report for Congress # 95 - 722A , March 9 , 1999 , Pp. 1 - 2 Jump up ^ Rebecca M. Patton , MSN , RN , CNOR , FAAN ; Margarete L. Zalon , PhD , RN , ACNS - BC , FAAN ; Ruth Ludwick , PhD , RN - BC , CNS , FAAN ( 13 November 2014 ) . Nurses Making Policy : From Bedside to Boardroom . Springer Publishing Company . p. 94 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8261 - 9892 - 1 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Richard D. Newbold , JD , MBA , CIPP / G ( 12 June 2008 ) . Newbold 's Biometric Dictionary for Military and Industry : 2nd Edition . AuthorHouse . p. 76 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4678 - 5979 - 0 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ SCOTUS , Myers v. United States , 272 U.S. 52 ( 1926 ) , Majority Opinion . Jump up ^ Southern reporter : Cases argued and determined in the courts of Alabama , Florida , Louisiana , Mississippi . West Publishing Company . 1986 . p. 723 . Jump up ^ Chester James Antieau ; William J. Rich ( 1997 ) . Modern Constitutional Law : The states and the federal government . West Group . p. 528 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7620 - 0194 - 1 . Jump up ^ American Bar Association ( January 1971 ) . ABA Journal . American Bar Association . p. 35 . ISSN 0747 - 0088 . Jump up ^ `` Executive orders page of the National Archives and Records Administration '' . Jump up ^ 93rd Cong. , 2nd sess. ( 1974 ) . Executive Orders in Times of War and National Emergency : Report of the Special Committee on National Emergencies and Delegated Emergency Powers , United States Senate . U.S. Govt . Print . Off . p. 23 . Jump up ^ DiBacco , Thomas V. ( 2014 - 08 - 14 ) . `` DiBACCO : George Washington had a pen , but no phone , for executive orders '' . The Washington Times . Archived from the original on 2016 - 05 - 14 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ Brian R. Dirck ( 2007 ) . The Executive Branch of Federal Government : People , Process , and Politics . ABC - CLIO . p. 102 . ^ Jump up to : Lord , Clifford et al. Presidential Executive Orders , p. 1 ( Archives Publishing Company , 1944 ) . Jump up ^ Relyea , Harold C. ( 26 November 2008 ) . `` Presidential Directives : Background and Overview '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . p. 1 . Order Code 98 - 611 GOV . ^ Jump up to : Gerhard Peters . `` The American Presidency Project / Executive Orders '' . Retrieved 26 August 2015 . Jump up ^ American Presidency Project , Executive Order 7075 ( 5 / 29 / 2009 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Executive Orders '' . Federal Register . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Executive Orders '' . White House Briefing Room . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Executive Order 13489 of January 21 , 2009 -- Presidential Records '' . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 22 . , Federal Register publication page and date : 74 FR 4669 , January 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gaziano , Todd F. ( 2001 - 02 - 21 ) . `` The Use and Abuse of Executive Orders and Other Presidential Directives '' . Legal Memorandum # 2 . The Heritage Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ Catherine Edwards , `` Emergency Rule , Abuse of Power ? '' Insight on the News , August 23 , 1999 , Pg. 18 Jump up ^ `` Chamber of Commerce of the United States , et al , v. Reich , 74 F. 3d 1322 ( D.C. Cir. 1996 ) '' . Public.Resource.org . Retrieved 7 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Harold Hongju Koh , The National Security Constitution : Sharing Power after the Iran - Contra Affair , 1990 , pg. 118 -- 19 Jump up ^ Deirdre Walsh , `` GOP - led House authorizes lawsuit against Obama '' . CNN.com , July 30 , 2014 Jump up ^ Michael McAuliff and Sam Levine , `` House Authorizes Lawsuit Against President Obama '' Huff Post : Politics , July 30 , 2014 , Jump up ^ Parker , Ashley ( 21 November 2014 ) . `` House G.O.P. Files Lawsuit in Battling Health Law '' -- via NYTimes.com . Jump up ^ `` Federal court halts Trump 's immigration ban '' . The Verge. 2017 - 01 - 28 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ About Executive Orders of the State of Colorado Jump up ^ About Executive Orders of the State of Georgia Jump up ^ About Executive Orders of the State of Washington Jump up ^ About Executive Orders of the State of Florida Jump up ^ About Executive Orders of the State of Utah Jump up ^ Phillip J. Cooper . 2002 . By Order of The President . University of Kansas Press . Page 116 . Jump up ^ Presidential Proclamations Project , University of Houston , Political Science Dept . Further reading ( edit ) Bush , Ann M. , `` Executive Disorder : The Subversion of the United States Supreme Court , 1914 - 1940 '' ( Amazon ) , 2010 . Mayer , Kenneth R. , With the Stroke of a Pen : Executive Orders and Presidential Power , Princeton University Press , 2002 . Warber , Adam L. , Executive Orders and the Modern Presidency : Legislating from the Oval Office , Lynne Rienner Publishers , 2006 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Executive orders of the United States . Wikisource has several original texts related to : United States executive orders Archive of U.S. Executive Orders Executive Orders : Issuance and Revocation Congressional Research Service Executive Orders at The American Presidency Project , Searchable Archive of Over 3,600 Executive Orders Executive Orders and Other Presidential Documents : Sources and Explanations , LLSDC.org Presidential Proclamations Project , University of Houston , Political Science Dept . Governor of Missouri 's executive orders 2012 - 1982 , Missouri Secretary of State 's Federal Register : The Daily Register of the United States Government Publishes executive orders shortly after receipt White House : List of executive orders of the current US administration shortly after issue Executive orders of Presidents of the United States Executive orders 1 -- 5074 ( 1789 -- 1929 ) 05075 -- 06070 ( Herbert Hoover ) 06071 -- 09537 ( Franklin D. Roosevelt ) 09538 -- 10431 ( Harry S. Truman ) 10432 -- 10913 ( Dwight D. Eisenhower ) 10914 -- 11127 ( John F. Kennedy ) 11128 -- 11451 ( Lyndon B. Johnson ) 11452 -- 11797 ( Richard Nixon ) 11798 -- 11966 ( Gerald Ford ) 11967 -- 12286 ( Jimmy Carter ) 12287 -- 12667 ( Ronald Reagan ) 12668 -- 12833 ( George H.W. Bush ) 12834 -- 13197 ( Bill Clinton ) 13198 -- 13488 ( George W. Bush ) 13489 -- 13764 ( Barack Obama ) 13765 -- 00000 ( Donald Trump ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Executive_order&oldid=853720283 '' Categories : United States executive orders Executive branch of the United States government Public administration Sources of law United States federal law Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano 日本語 Norsk Polski Simple English Svenska ไทย 中文 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 August 2018 , at 15 : 33 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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what kind of grass does the white house have	During the administrations of Rutherford B. Hayes and ( the first of ) Grover Cleveland the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers were engaged to reconfigure the South Lawn , reducing the size of Downing 's circular parade , and creating the current boundaries much as they presently are . Theodore Roosevelt who had engaged the architectural firm of McKim , Mead , and White to reconfigure and rebuild parts of the White House in 1902 , was influenced to remove the complex of Victorian era glass houses built up the West Colonnade and the site of the present West Wing . In 1934 , President Franklin Delano Roosevelt engaged Frederick Law Olmsted , Jr. to evaluate the grounds and recommend changes . Olmsted understood the need to offer presidents and their families a modicum of privacy balancing with the requirement for public views of the White House . The Olmsted plan presented the landscape largely as seen today : retaining or planting large specimen trees and shrubs on the perimeter to create boundaries for visual privacy , but punctuated with generous sight lines of the house from north and south . The lawn is planted with a grass variety called tall fescue ( Festuca arundinacea ) .	tall fescue ( Festuca arundinacea )	South Lawn ( White House )	south lawn ( white house )	The South Lawn at the White House in Washington , DC , is located directly south of the house , and is bordered on the east by East Executive Drive and the Treasury Building , and on the west by West Executive Drive and the Old Executive Office Building , and along its curved southern perimeter by South Executive Drive and a large circular public lawn called The Ellipse . Since the address of the White House is 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW , and the North Lawn faces Pennsylvania Avenue , the South Lawn is sometimes described as the back lawn of the White House .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Description and use 2 Design and horticulture 2.1 Specimen trees 2.2 Seasonal plantings 3 Amenities 3.1 Ceremonial gardens 3.2 Tennis court / basketball court 3.3 Swimming pool 3.4 Putting green 3.5 Children 's garden 3.6 Helicopter landing area 3.6. 1 1974 White House helicopter incident 3.7 Running track 3.8 Playground 3.9 Vegetable garden 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links Description and use ( edit ) The South Lawn presents a long north - south vista from the house . Open to the public until the Second World War , it is now a closed part of the White House grounds that provides a setting for official events like the State Arrival Ceremony as well as informal gatherings including the annual White House Egg Rolling Contest and staff barbecues . Marine One , the presidential helicopter , departs from and lands on the South Lawn . Design and horticulture ( edit ) When the White House was first occupied in 1800 the site of the South Lawn was an open meadow gradually descending to a large marsh , the Tiber Creek , and Potomac River beyond . Thomas Jefferson completed grading of the South Lawn , building up mounds on either side of a central lawn . Jefferson , working with architect Benjamin Henry Latrobe located a triumphal arch as a main entry point to the grounds , just southeast of the White House . Pierre - Charles L'Enfant's 1793 plan of the city of Washington , indicates a setting of terraced formal gardens descending to Tiber Creek . Later in 1850 , landscape designer Andrew Jackson Davis attempted to soften the geometry of the L'Enfant plan , incorporating a semicircular southern boundary and meandering paths . Andrew Jackson Davis 's changes included enlarging the South Lawn , creating a large circular lawn he termed the `` Parade or President 's Park '' and bordered by densely planted shrubs and trees . During the administration of Ulysses S. Grant the marsh to the south was drained , and the South Lawn received additional grading and 8 to 10 feet of fill to make the descent to the Potomac more gradual . During the administrations of Rutherford B. Hayes and ( the first of ) Grover Cleveland the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers were engaged to reconfigure the South Lawn , reducing the size of Downing 's circular parade , and creating the current boundaries much as they presently are . Theodore Roosevelt who had engaged the architectural firm of McKim , Mead , and White to reconfigure and rebuild parts of the White House in 1902 , was influenced to remove the complex of Victorian era glass houses built up the West Colonnade and the site of the present West Wing . In 1934 , President Franklin Delano Roosevelt engaged Frederick Law Olmsted , Jr. to evaluate the grounds and recommend changes . Olmsted understood the need to offer presidents and their families a modicum of privacy balancing with the requirement for public views of the White House . The Olmsted plan presented the landscape largely as seen today : retaining or planting large specimen trees and shrubs on the perimeter to create boundaries for visual privacy , but punctuated with generous sight lines of the house from north and south . The lawn is planted with a grass variety called tall fescue ( Festuca arundinacea ) . Specimen trees ( edit ) Trees on the South Lawn include the earliest remaining trees on the grounds to have been planted by a United States president -- President Andrew Jackson 's southern magnolias ( Magnolia grandiflora ) on either side of the South portico , Japanese threadleaf maple ( Acer palmatum dissectum ) , American elm ( Ulmus americana ) , white oak ( Quercus alba ) , white saucer magnolia ( Magnolia × soulangeana ) , Atlas cedar ( Cedrus atlantica ) , sugar maple ( Acer saccharum ) , and northern red oak ( Quercus rubra ) . Seasonal plantings ( edit ) The South Lawn pool and fountain is planted seasonally with borders of tulips edged by grape hyacinth ( Muscari armeniacum ) for spring , red geranium ( Pelargonium ) and Dusty Miller ( Senecio cineraria ) in summer , and chrysanthemum ( Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium ) in fall . Amenities ( edit ) Ceremonial gardens ( edit ) The two ceremonial gardens of the White House ( the Rose Garden and the Jacqueline Kennedy Garden ) face the South Lawn . The Rose Garden ( sometimes referred to as `` The Presidents Garden '' ) is located south - west of the main residence along the west colonnade , just outside the Oval Office . The Jacqueline Kennedy Garden is located south - east of the main residence along the east colonnade . The garden was dedicated by Lady Bird Johnson as the Jacqueline Kennedy Garden on April 22 , 1965 , although it has been called the `` First Lady 's Garden '' by some later administrations . Tennis court / basketball court ( edit ) A tennis court was first installed during the Theodore Roosevelt administration on the south lawn . Since then , the court has been moved several times , eventually landing in its current position in the south - west area . President Obama had basketball court lines and removable baskets installed so he could play full court basketball . Located just west of the tennis / basketball court is a half - court basketball area that also housed a horseshoe pit . Swimming pool ( edit ) The pool was installed in 1975 by President Gerald Ford . It is located directly south of the West Wing . The original pool at The White House was indoors , located in between the main residence and the West Wing , however President Nixon turned it into an area for the press . Putting green ( edit ) The putting green was first installed in 1954 by President Dwight D. Eisenhower who was an avid golfer . It was removed by President Nixon and later reinstalled by President George H.W. Bush in 1991 . However President Clinton moved it to its current location just south of the Rose Garden , a short walk from the Oval Office . Children 's Garden ( edit ) The children 's garden is located between the tennis court and basketball court to the south - west area of the property . The garden was a gift to the White House in 1968 from President Johnson and his wife . The garden supplies a secluded location for children to play in private . The garden features a goldfish pond in the sitting area . Footprints and handprints of various President 's children and grandchildren are embedded in various stones making up the walkway . Helicopter landing area ( edit ) The south lawn provides space for the Presidents helicopter , Marine One , to land directly on the White House grounds . The helicopter will take off and land in the grassy area directly south of the main residence . For aesthetic reasons , the lawn does not contain a full helipad , but rather three removable aluminum discs which accommodate the helicopter 's individual landing gear . 1974 White House helicopter incident ( edit ) The climax of the 1974 White House helicopter incident occurred on the South Lawn . Running track ( edit ) President Clinton had a quarter - mile long jogging track installed during his presidency in 1993 . An avid runner , Clinton would regularly want to go on runs , but his doing so greatly disrupted Washington traffic ; thus the track was built . Playground ( edit ) A playground was installed in 2009 under President Obama for his two children Sasha and Malia Obama . The playground is located just south of the Oval Office . Vegetable Garden ( edit ) Michelle Obama installed a vegetable garden during her husband 's Presidency on the far south area of the property . The vegetables grown are used at the White House for meals as well as donated to area shelters . The Obamas also installed a beehive on the south lawn . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Seale , William . ( 1996 ) . The White House Garden ... White House Historical Association . p. 22 . ISBN 0 - 912308 - 69 - 9 . Jump up ^ McEwan , Barbara . ( 1992 ) . White House Landscapes ... Walker and Company . pp. 142 -- 143 . ISBN 0802711928 . Jump up ^ Seale , William . ( 1996 ) . The White House Garden ... White House Historical Association . pp. 101 -- 102 . ISBN 0 - 912308 - 69 - 9 . Jump up ^ McEwan , Barbara . ( 1992 ) . White House Landscapes ... Walker and Company . pp. 151 , 162 . ISBN 0802711928 . ^ Jump up to : McEwan , Barbara . ( 1992 ) . White House Landscapes ... Walker and Company . pp. 181 -- 183 . ISBN 0802711928 . Jump up ^ McEwan , Barbara . ( 1992 ) . White House Landscapes ... Walker and Company . pp. 151 -- 158 . ISBN 0802711928 . Jump up ^ McEwan , Barbara . ( 1992 ) . White House Landscapes ... Walker and Company . p. 107 . ISBN 0802711928 . Jump up ^ `` Dale Haney hosts Ask the White House '' . Georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov. 2008 - 10 - 16 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ Seale , William . ( 1996 ) . The White House Garden ... White House Historical Association . pp. 74 -- 75 , 92 -- 93 . ISBN 0 - 912308 - 69 - 9 . Jump up ^ Seale , William . ( 1996 ) . The White House Garden ... White House Historical Association . pp. 104 -- 109 . ISBN 0 - 912308 - 69 - 9 . Jump up ^ James , Masters . `` The President 's club : How golf took over the White House '' . CNN . Retrieved 16 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Associated , Press . `` Bush Gets Putting Green on White House Lawn '' . LA Times . Retrieved 16 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Jones , Robert Trent , Jr . `` Robert Trent Jones Jr. on the history of the White House putting green '' . golf.com . Retrieved 16 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Freeze , Christopher . `` The Time a Stolen Helicopter Landed on the White House Lawn - Robert Preston 's wild ride . '' . Air & Space . Smithsonian . Retrieved 22 March 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Abbott James A. , and Elaine M. Rice . Designing Camelot : The Kennedy White House Restoration . Van Nostrand Reinhold : 1998 . ISBN 0 - 442 - 02532 - 7 . Clinton , Hillary Rodham . An Invitation to the White House : At Home with History . Simon & Schuster : 2000 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 85799 - 5 . Leish , Kenneth . The White House . Newsweek Book Division : 1972 . ISBN 0 - 88225 - 020 - 5 . McEwan , Barbara . `` White House Landscapes . '' Walker and Company : 1992 . ISBN 0 - 8027 - 1192 - 8 . Mellon , Rachel Lambert . The White House Gardens Concepts and Design of the Rose Garden . Great American Editions Ltd. : 1973 . Seale , William . The President 's House . White House Historical Association and the National Geographic Society : 1986 . ISBN 0 - 912308 - 28 - 1 . Seale , William , The White House : The History of an American Idea . White House Historical Association : 1992 , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 912308 - 85 - 0 . Seale , William . The White House Garden . White House Historical Association and the National Geographic Society : 1996 . ISBN 0 - 912308 - 69 - 9 . The White House : An Historic Guide . White House Historical Association and the National Geographic Society : 2001 . ISBN 0 - 912308 - 79 - 6 . External links ( edit ) History of the White House Gardens and Grounds White House Museum page on the White House grounds White House Complex White House Executive Residence Basement Basement Chief Floral Designer Ground floor China Room collection Office of the Curator Diplomatic Reception Room Library Map Room Vermeil Room State floor Blue Room Cross Hall East Room Entrance Hall Family Dining Room Grand Staircase Green Room Red Room South Portico State Dining Room Chief Usher Second floor Center Hall Dressing Room East Bedroom East Sitting Hall Family Kitchen Lincoln Bedroom Lincoln Sitting Room President 's Bedroom President 's Dining Room Private Sitting Room Queens ' Bedroom Queens ' Sitting Room Treaty Room Truman Balcony West Bedroom West Sitting Hall Yellow Oval Room Third floor Center Hall Diet Kitchen Linen Room Music Room Sun Room Work - out Room West Wing Cabinet Room Executive Office Oval Office Oval Office Study Press Briefing Room Roosevelt Room Situation Room East Wing Office of the First Lady Graphics and Calligraphy Office Presidential Emergency Operations Center White House Family Theater Social Secretary Visitors Office White House Military Office Grounds The Ellipse Jacqueline Kennedy Garden Lafayette Square North Lawn President 's Park Rose Garden South Lawn White House to Treasury Building tunnel Annex Eisenhower Executive Office Building New Executive Office Building White House Conference Center Blair House Trowbridge House Presidential Townhouse Nearby streets 15th Street 17th Street Constitution Avenue E Street East Executive Avenue H Street NW Hamilton Place Jackson Place Madison Place Pennsylvania Avenue State Place West Executive Avenue Coordinates : 38 ° 53 ′ 48 '' N 77 ° 02 ′ 12 '' W / 38.8966 ° N 77.0366 ° W / 38.8966 ; - 77.0366 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Lawn_(White_House)&oldid=800654877 '' Categories : Gardens in Washington , D.C. 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what do you mean by adapted physical education	Adapted physical education ( APE ) is the art and science of developing , implementing , and monitoring a carefully designed physical education instructional program for a learner with a disability , based on a comprehensive assessment , to give the learner the skills necessary for a lifetime of rich leisure , recreation , and sport experiences to enhance physical fitness and wellness . Adapted physical education generally refers to school - based programs for students ages 3 -- 21 .	the art and science of developing , implementing , and monitoring a carefully designed physical education instructional program for a learner with a disability , based on a comprehensive assessment , to give the learner the skills necessary for a lifetime of rich leisure , recreation , and sport experiences to enhance physical fitness and wellness	Adapted physical education	adapted physical education	Adapted physical education ( APE ) is the art and science of developing , implementing , and monitoring a carefully designed physical education instructional program for a learner with a disability , based on a comprehensive assessment , to give the learner the skills necessary for a lifetime of rich leisure , recreation , and sport experiences to enhance physical fitness and wellness . Adapted physical education generally refers to school - based programs for students ages 3 -- 21 .	Federal law mandates that physical education be provided to students with disabilities . Physical Education is defined as the development of physical and motor skills , fundamental motor skills and patterns , skills in aquatics , dance and individual and group games and sports ; including intramural and lifetime sports . Contents ( hide ) 1 Adapted Physical Education National Standards ( APENS ) 2 Key legislation 2.1 Education of all Handicapped Children Act of 1975 ( P.L. 94 -- 142 ) 2.2 Americans with Disabilities Act ( P.L. 101 -- 336 ) 2.3 Individuals with Disabilities Education Act ( IDEA ) 3 Individual Education Program or IEP 3.1 Purpose 3.2 Do all students with disabilities need an IEP for physical education ? 3.3 Placement options 3.4 IEP / IPEP 4 Section 504 Plan 4.1 What is the difference between an IEP and a Section 504 Plan ? 5 Use of technology 6 Teaching adapted physical education 6.1 Qualifications 6.2 Determining what to teach 6.3 Class format 7 Teaching for specific disabilities 7.1 Intellectual Disabilities 7.2 Learning disabilities 7.3 ADHD 7.4 Autism spectrum disorder 7.5 Deafness 7.6 Visual impairments 8 References 9 Further reading Adapted physical education National Standards ( apens ) ( edit ) The Adapted Physical Education National Standards promotes qualified , nationally certified educators to provide physical education services to students with disabilities . Key legislation ( edit ) Education of all handicapped children Act of 1975 ( PL 94 -- 142 ) ( edit ) The history of Adapted Physical Education began with the implementation of P.L. 94 -- 142 in 1975 . This act recognized physical education as a direct service . Specially designed physical education programs must be made available to every handicapped child receiving a Free , Appropriate Public Education ( FAPE ) . Americans with disabilities Act ( PL 101 -- 336 ) ( edit ) The Americans with Disabilities Act ( ADA ) was enacted in 1990 to prohibit the discrimination of individuals with disabilities in the public and private sectors . The ADA outlaws discrimination against a person with a disability in five spheres : employment , public services , transportation , public accommodations , and telecommunications . ADA requires accessibility in physical education facilities . Examples include : Weight rooms that accommodate wheelchair users , gym lockers that use combination locks , playgrounds surrounded by a fence , and well lighted gymnasiums to aid students with visual impairments . Individuals with disabilities education Act ( IDEA ) ( edit ) Enacted in 1990 ( and reauthorized in 1997 and 2004 ) , IDEA was the reauthorization of PL 94 -- 142 and continued the emphasis upon FAPE , IEP , LRE , and physical education as a direct educational service . With this reauthorization , person - first terminology was instituted , and emphasis was placed on the education of students with disabilities within the general curriculum and parent involvement in educational programming . Under Federal Law , in order to qualify for this special education programming , students must fall within one of the thirteen disability categories identified under IDEA and demonstrate an academic need . Individual education program or IEP ( edit ) An Individualized Educational Plan ( IEP ) can be defined as a plan for each student , ages 3 to 21 , who qualifies for special education services , based on an evaluation . All IEP 's are outcome - oriented giving assurance that the student will benefit from special education and have real opportunities , full participation , independent living , and economic self - efficiency . If a student is receiving adapted physical education services , it must be identified on the IEP and APE goals should be developed and implemented . IEPs are revised once a year by an IEP team . Individuals with an IEP should receive a reevaluation every three years . IEP 's are developed by the IEP team and based on comprehensive assessment as outlined by guidelines established in IDEA . Purpose ( edit ) Federal law mandates that each student receiving special education and related services must have an Individualized Education Program ( IEP ) developed for them . An IEP must be designed and written specifically for one student , outlining individualized needs , and used to establish an appropriate educational placement . Some consider the IEP to be a `` management '' program to guide appropriate service delivery , which includes the area of physical education . The IEP creates an opportunity for teachers , parents , school administrators , related services personnel and students ( when appropriate ) to work together to improve educational results for learners with disabilities . Do all students with disabilities need an IEP for physical education ? ( edit ) No , IDEA 2004 mandates each individual with a disability have an IEP developed if necessary to benefit their education . If an appropriate assessment is completed and the IEP team decides the student is not safe and / or successful in general physical education without supplementary aids and services , then an IEP is developed and services provided . A student can have IEP goals related to physical education needs regardless of their educational placement . Placement options ( edit ) What is the relationship between placement and the IEP ? Decisions based on IDEA qualifications are generally discussed and determined during an Individual Education Plan ( IEP ) meeting . IEP recommendations for services and supports must consider a student 's unique needs , as well as the Least Restrictive Environment ( LRE ) . '' The LRE will be based upon the assessment process and where the IEP goals can best be met . There are a variety of placement option which should be considered including : Full - time General PE ( GPE ) General PE with a younger class Part - time Adapted PE ( GPE for some units or parts of a lesson ) Reverse Mainstreaming Small Group or One on One PE Separate School Home / Hospital IEP / IPEP ( edit ) IPEP stands for Individual Physical Education Program . It is a written document that parallels the IEP in form and content but is specific to physical education . Unlike the IEP , the IPEP is not a legal document . Instead , it is a summary of assessment data and needs of a student . An IPEP provides recommendations for placement , services , and the teaching and learning conditions that will be best suited for each student . Section 504 Plan ( edit ) Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 protects the rights of individuals with disabilities in programs and activities that receive federal financial assistance , including federal funds . Section 504 provides that : `` No otherwise qualified individual with a disability in the United States ... shall , solely by reason of her or his disability , be excluded from the participation in , be denied the benefits of , or be subjected to discrimination under any program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance ... What is the difference between an IEP and a Section 504 Plan ? ( edit ) If a student has one of the thirteen disabilities identified by IDEA and demonstrates an educational need , special services are provided . These services are guided by the IEP . Students who do not meet the qualifications for IDEA but still have a disability and require some assistance to be able to participate in physical education would be candidates for a Section 504 Plan . A Section 504 Plan spells out the modifications and accommodations that will be needed for these students to have an opportunity to perform at the same level as their peers ( might include things like a wheelchair ramp , blood sugar monitoring , etc . ) . Use of technology ( edit ) With the development of new and improved technology with physical education , and especially adapted physical education , it is important for the APE teacher to know and understand different ways to implement technology for increased success for their students . APE teachers can develop an updated website regarding a fitness workout plan , in which students can download and follow at home with a sibling or parent . Students can be taught how to keep track of their physical fitness goals and record the data on a spreadsheet . Video files can also be used to demonstrate proper technique . Teachers can easily create videos of students doing an activity and download them onto an iPod or computer so students have an easily accessible reference to use during transition periods or after they graduate . Video files or iMovies can be utilized as report cards or as evidence of IEP goal attainment . In APE pedometers can easily be introduced into any lesson and taught how to use and how to keep track of steps . Teachers can also play appropriate and motivating music for aerobic activities . Video games are also starting to become more and more predominant in physical education classes , such games can be used outside of school as well . Some games are particularly accessible for individuals with disabilities including Wii and Eye Toy Play . New applications ( Apps ) are constantly being created to assist people with disabilities in numerous ways . With technology growing , APE teachers need to continue to develop as professionals in providing new ways to enhance their students physical development . Teaching Adapted physical education ( edit ) Qualifications ( edit ) Qualifications vary by state . In order to be qualified an educator must have met their state 's approved or recognized certification , licensing , registration , or other comparable requirements . While these vary by state , there are national standards set in place to allow somebody to become a Certified Adapted Physical Education Professional or CAPE . These requirements include A bachelor 's degree in physical education or equivalent ( sport science , kinesiology , etc . ) A minimum of 200 hours of practicum experiences in adapted physical education Completion of a minimum of 9 credits of coursework from a related field A valid teaching certificate in physical education Take the APENS National Certification Exam While certification will certainly help educators create well - developed adapted physical education programs , there are no requirements for local school districts to hire CAPE 's . Determining what to teach ( edit ) A physical education instructor will assess the needs of the students considering their employment opportunities and living arrangements after graduation . This will allow them to create an adapted physical education curriculum for students following the ABC planning process . The steps in this process are as follows . Define the student 's curriculum goals . Delineate the objectives for each curriculum goal . Determine the emphasis each goal should receive in the curriculum . Calculate the amount of time available . Calculate the average objective mastery time . Determine how much content can fit in the curriculum . Sequence the goals and objectives developmentally . Class format ( edit ) Class format is defined as the way in which members of the class are organized . There are seven class formats that are most commonly used in adapted physical education settings . One - to - one instruction : one teacher or assistant for every student . Small group : 3 - 10 students working together with a teacher or assistant . Large group : entire class participating together as a group . Mixed group : using various class formats within one class period . Peer teaching or tutoring : using classmates or students without disabilities from other classes for teaching and assisting students with disabilities . Teaching stations : several areas in which smaller subsets for the class rotate to practice skills . Self - paced independent work : each student works on individual goals at his or her own pace following directions on task cards or with guidance from the teacher or assistant . Teachers must find the best class format to help the student achieve the goals for the lesson . Teaching for specific disabilities ( edit ) Intellectual disabilities ( edit ) There are a number of general modifications that can be applied in a physical education environment for students with intellectual disabilities . The first set of modifications deal with communication . When instructing students use shorter sentences , use gestures or demonstrations as supplement to verbal cues , repeat directions and have students repeat directions back to you , provide praise often , and give more feedback . The next set of modifications deal with practice . Give students extra practice trials , build in more time for a student to master skills , make sure activities are perceived as fun , promote active participation , shorten activities to reduce problems with attention span , and allow choices in what activity will be done , when it will be done , where it will take place , and with whom the child will participate in the activity with . One method to structure activities is known as level teaching . To accommodate for students with varying levels of intellectual disabilities a game will be designed with different levels . For example , if the specific sport is volleyball the instructor will set up 3 courts with different modifications at each court to accommodate for these varying levels of disability . Court 1 may have a set of cones designating opposing sides while Court 3 has a net set in place . Different rules may be applied to different courts as well , allowing every student to be challenged in a constructive way . The third set of modifications deal with curriculum . Adjust the general education curriculum to meet the needs of a student . For example , reduce the number of objectives that need to be mastered . If a student is severely delayed , an entirely new curriculum may need to be made . Activities may also need to provide early success which will encourage adherence . The final set of modifications deal with the environment . It should be structured and visually appealing . It is essential to reduce playing areas in order to eliminate distractions . Plan to structure the environment in a way that will allow you to deal with behavioral problems . Learning disabilities ( edit ) 1 in 5 students with learning disabilities will also have motor impairments . There are a number of ways to accommodate these students . Reduce class size : This allows teacher extra one on one time with students . Often a class of 20 - 30 students proves to be more effective than double or triple that in general physical education classes . Use peer tutors : Peers can be rained in how to provide specific skill feedback as well as modify activities so the student has higher success . This can be effective when class size can not be reduced . Offer learning strategies : Both teachers and peer tutors can provide strategies to help disorganized learners focus . This includes provided picture cues , video cues , and additional cues such as footprints on the floor to help a student understand what and how to perform an activity . Provide structured practice : Allow the student to get many practice opportunities . This will help them learn how to listen to and observe visual feedback for performance . Identify success : Reframe success for students in a way that does not focus on the end result . For example , using correct form in shooting should be a measure of success rather than making the basket . Use a variety of senses when giving instructions : Some students do better listening to instruction while others do better watching a demonstration . Others may do best when physically guided into the pattern . By incorporating many types of learning styles , students will be more likely to succeed . ADHD ( edit ) Students with attention - deficit / hyperactivity disorder may experience motor learning delays . Many strategies are available to minimize learning delays in students with ADHD . Positive feedback : There is a relationship between positive feedback given by a physical education teacher and students applying corrective feedback . Task sheets : A task sheet provides a progression of activities to be completed by the students and requires them to record their results . Task sheets can be turned in at the end of class . This allows students to assess their performance while acknowledging their need to improve their skills . Token economy or point system : This is a structured agreement between the student and teacher in which the student earns rewards by meeting a minimum expectation . At the end of class both the student and teacher initial the points earned . At the end of the month , the student may earn a reward of his or her choice provided by the teacher . Autism spectrum disorder ( edit ) Various strategies exist to allow students with autism to be successfully included in a physical education setting . Preparing for inclusion : It is essential to know the students needs , abilities , and preferences . It is also important to prepare the student . The physical education environment may be anxiety inducing for them . Because of this , educators can slowly introduce the student to the environment . They may also preview the class using visual organizers to describe the setting the student will be a part of . They may also make visual schedules prior to class . It is also important to prepare the peers by teaching them what autism is and behaviors associated with it . Instructing the student : There are a variety of methods for instructing students with autism . The first , environmental prompts . This involves the intentional use of equipment to encourage specific behaviors . The next is verbal prompts . This includes avoiding negative sentences . For example , instruction such as `` step with your right leg '' as opposed to `` do n't step with your left leg '' . Verbal prompts also include keeping phrases literal as well as provided concise instruction . It is also important to be consistent with language use . Peer tutors may also provide a lot of benefits for students in the physical education setting . Deafness ( edit ) Being deaf or hard of hearing typically has little impact on the development of motor skills , fitness levels , and participation in sports . However , it is still important to accommodate students who are deaf or hard of hearing in the physical education setting . Communicate using his or her preferred means of communication . When giving verbal instructions , make sure the student can see the instructors face clearly . Make sure you speak clearly and at a normal rate . Incorporate visual aids that have images or descriptive words . Repeat comments or questions made by the student 's classmates . This helps all students alike . Check for understanding by asking students to repeat directions or demonstrate a skill . If an interpreter is involved , make sure to speak directly to the student , rather than the interpreter . Visual impairments ( edit ) Children with visual impairments can play all of the same sports as their sighted peers , with some modifications . This may include a beeping ball or allowing blind player to walk around and feel the environment before they begin . Modifications can be made continuously until the best solution is found . Children with visual impairments and blindness may need more instruction and practice time to learn new concepts and movements . It is suggested that students receive pre-teaching before the start of a new unit . This can be done before school , after school , during orientation , or at home . Peer tutors may also be effective for students with visual impairments or blindness . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : ( Auxter , D , Pyfer , J , Zittel , L , & Roth , K. ( Ed . ) . ( 2010 ) . Principles and Methods of Adapted Physical Education and Recreation . New York , NY : McGraw - Hill . ) Jump up ^ `` Adapted Physical Education National Standards - What is Adapted Physical Education ? '' . www.apens.org . Jump up ^ -- Adapted Physical Education - North Carolina Department of Instruction Archived July 19 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Special Education Procedures for an IEP Re-evaluation '' . www.cesa7.org . Jump up ^ `` PE Central : Adapted Physical Education Web Sites '' . www.pecentral.org . Jump up ^ Conatser , P. , & Summar , C. ( 2004 , September / October ) . Individual Education Programs for Adapted Physical Education . Strategies , 18 ( 1 ) , 35 -- 28 . Jump up ^ Sherrill , Claudine ( 1998 ) . Adapted Physical Activity , Recreation and Sport : Cross Disciplinary and Lifespan . United States : McGraw - Hill Companies . pp. 145 -- 146 . ISBN 0 - 697 - 25887 - 4 . Jump up ^ ( Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 , as amended , 29 U.S.C. 794. ) Jump up ^ http://wsfcs.k12.nc.us/Page/284 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` NCHPAD 's Recent Videos : Videos : NCHPAD - Building Inclusive Communities '' . National Center on Health , Physical Activity and Disability ( NCHPAD ) . ^ Jump up to : Block , Martin ( 2016 ) . A Teacher 's Guide to Adapted Physical Education . Baltimore , Maryland : Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co. pp. 68 -- 74 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59857 - 669 - 6 . Jump up ^ Block , Martin ( 2016 ) . A Teacher 's Guide to Adapted Physical Education . Baltimore , Maryland : Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co. p. 101 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59857 - 669 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Block , Martin ( 2016 ) . A Teacher 's Guide to Adapted Physical Education . Baltimore , Maryland : Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co. pp. 234 -- 258 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59857 - 669 - 6 . Further reading ( edit ) Cortiella , C. ( 2005 ) . IDEA 2004 close - up : transition planning . Retrieved May 6 , 2010 , from http://www.sacramentoasis.com/docs/7-13-07/idea_2004_close_up.pdf https://web.archive.org/web/20101206040431/http://fchr.state.fl.us/fchr/resources/commissioners_speak_out/americans_with_disabilities_act_big_changes_in_2009 http://www.apens.org/15standards.html Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 , as amended , 29 U.S.C. 794 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110719094032/http://www.nhcs.k12.nc.us/sped/APE%20Pages/APE%20Web%20Page.htm http://www.pecentral.org/adapted/idea04.html http://wsfcs.k12.nc.us/Page/284 https://web.archive.org/web/20101222211723/http://nisd.net/reddixww/APE.htm Sherrill , Claudine . Adapted Physical Activity , Recreation and Sport : Crossdisciplinary AndLifespan . Fifth Edition . N.p. : McGraw - Hill Companies , n.d. Print . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adapted_physical_education&oldid=795614111 '' Categories : Physical education Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Français Polski Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 15 August 2017 , at 10 : 49 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adapted%20physical%20education	3,266
scientist who accurately measured the relative mass of an atom			Relative atomic mass	relative atomic mass	Relative atomic mass ( symbol : A ) or atomic weight is a dimensionless physical quantity defined as the ratio of the average mass of atoms of a chemical element in a given sample to one unified atomic mass unit . The unified atomic mass unit ( symbol : u or Da ) is defined as being ⁄ of the atomic mass of a carbon - 12 atom . Since both values in the ratio are expressed in the same unit ( u ) , the resulting value is dimensionless ; hence the value is said to be relative .	For a single given sample , the relative atomic mass of a given element is the weighted arithmetic mean of the masses of the individual atoms ( including their isotopes ) that are present in the sample . This quantity can vary substantially between samples because the sample 's origin ( and therefore its radioactive history or diffusion history ) may have produced unique combinations of isotopic abundances . For example , due to a different mixture of stable carbon - 12 and carbon - 13 isotopes , a sample of elemental carbon from volcanic methane will have a different relative atomic mass than one collected from plant or animal tissues . The more common , and more specific quantity known as standard atomic weight ( A ) is an application of the relative atomic mass values obtained from multiple different samples . It is sometimes interpreted as the expected range of the relative atomic mass values for the atoms of a given element from all terrestrial sources , with the various sources being taken from Earth . `` Atomic weight '' is often loosely and incorrectly used as a synonym for standard atomic weight ( incorrectly because standard atomic weights are not from a single sample ) . Standard atomic weight is nevertheless the most widely published variant of relative atomic mass . Additionally , the continued use of the term `` atomic weight '' ( for any element ) as opposed to `` relative atomic mass '' has attracted considerable controversy since at least the 1960s , mainly due to the technical difference between weight and mass in physics . Still , both terms are officially sanctioned by the IUPAC . The term `` relative atomic mass '' now seems to be replacing `` atomic weight '' as the preferred term , although the term `` standard atomic weight '' ( as opposed to the more correct `` standard relative atomic mass '' ) continues to be used . Contents 1 Definition 1.1 Current definition 1.2 Historical usage 2 Standard atomic weight 3 Other measures of the mass of atoms 4 Determination of relative atomic mass 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Definition ( edit ) Relative atomic mass is determined by the average atomic mass , or the weighted mean of the atomic masses of all the atoms of a particular chemical element found in a particular sample , which is then compared to the atomic mass of carbon - 12 . This comparison is the quotient of the two weights , which makes the value dimensionless ( no unit appended ) . This quotient also explains the word relative : the sample mass value is considered relative to that of carbon - 12 ... It is a synonym for atomic weight , though it is not to be confused with relative isotopic mass . Relative atomic mass is also frequently used as a synonym for standard atomic weight and these quantities may have overlapping values if the relative atomic mass used is that for an element from Earth under defined conditions . However , relative atomic mass ( atomic weight ) is still technically distinct from standard atomic weight because of its application only to the atoms obtained from a single sample ; it is also not restricted to terrestrial samples , whereas standard atomic weight averages multiple samples but only from terrestrial sources . Relative atomic mass is therefore a more general term that can more broadly refer to samples taken from non-terrestrial environments or highly specific terrestrial environments which may differ substantially from Earth - average or reflect different degrees of certainty ( e.g. in number of significant figures ) than those reflected in standard atomic weights . Current definition ( edit ) The prevailing IUPAC definitions ( as taken from the `` Gold Book '' ) are : atomic weight -- See : relative atomic mass and relative atomic mass ( atomic weight ) -- The ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit . Here the `` unified atomic mass unit '' refers to ⁄ of the mass of an atom of C in its ground state . The IUPAC definition of relative atomic mass is : An atomic weight ( relative atomic mass ) of an element from a specified source is the ratio of the average mass per atom of the element to 1 / 12 of the mass of an atom of C . The definition deliberately specifies `` An atomic weight ... '' , as an element will have different relative atomic masses depending on the source . For example , boron from Turkey has a lower relative atomic mass than boron from California , because of its different isotopic composition . Nevertheless , given the cost and difficulty of isotope analysis , it is common practice to instead substitute the tabulated values of standard atomic weights , which are ubiquitous in chemical laboratories and which are revised biennially by the IUPAC 's Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights ( CIAAW ) . Historical usage ( edit ) Older ( pre-1961 ) historical relative scales based on the atomic mass unit ( symbol : a.m.u. or amu ) used either the oxygen - 16 relative isotopic mass or else the oxygen relative atomic mass ( i.e. , atomic weight ) for reference . See the article on the history of the modern unified atomic mass unit for the resolution of these problems . Standard atomic weight ( edit ) Main article : Standard atomic weight The IUPAC commission CIAAW maintains an expectation - interval value for relative atomic mass ( or atomic weight ) on Earth named standard atomic weight . Standard atomic weight requires the sources be terrestrial , natural , and stable with regard to radioactivity . Also , there are requirements for the research process . For 84 stable elements , CIAAW has determined this standard atomic weight . These values are widely published and referred to loosely as ' the ' atomic weight of elements for real - life substances like pharmaceuticals and commercial trade . Also , CIAAW has published abridged ( rounded ) values and simplified values ( for when the Earthly sources vary systematically ) . Other measures of the mass of atoms ( edit ) Atomic mass ( m ) is the mass of a single atom , with unit Da or u ( the unified atomic mass unit ) . It defines the mass of a specific isotope , which is an input value for the determination of the relative atomic mass . An example for three silicon isotopes is given below . The relative isotopic mass is specifically the ratio of the mass of a single atom to the mass of a unified atomic mass unit . This value , too , is relative , and therefore dimensionless . Determination of relative atomic mass ( edit ) Main article : Isotope geochemistry Modern relative atomic masses ( a term specific to a given element sample ) are calculated from measured values of atomic mass ( for each nuclide ) and isotopic composition of a sample . Highly accurate atomic masses are available for virtually all non-radioactive nuclides , but isotopic compositions are both harder to measure to high precision and more subject to variation between samples . For this reason , the relative atomic masses of the 22 mononuclidic elements ( which are the same as the isotopic masses for each of the single naturally occurring nuclides of these elements ) are known to especially high accuracy . For example , there is an uncertainty of only one part in 38 million for the relative atomic mass of fluorine , a precision which is greater than the current best value for the Avogadro constant ( one part in 20 million ) . Isotope Atomic mass Abundance Standard Range Si 7001279769265324600 ♠ 27.976 926 532 46 ( 194 ) 92.2297 ( 7 ) % 92.21 -- 92.25 % Si 7001289764947000000 ♠ 28.976 494 700 ( 22 ) 4.6832 ( 5 ) % 4.67 -- 4.69 % Si 7001299737701710000 ♠ 29.973 770 171 ( 32 ) 3.0872 ( 5 ) % 3.08 -- 3.10 % The calculation is exemplified for silicon , whose relative atomic mass is especially important in metrology . Silicon exists in nature as a mixture of three isotopes : Si , Si and Si . The atomic masses of these nuclides are known to a precision of one part in 14 billion for Si and about one part in one billion for the others . However , the range of natural abundance for the isotopes is such that the standard abundance can only be given to about ± 0.001 % ( see table ) . The calculation is as follows : A ( Si ) = ( 7001279769300000000 ♠ 27.976 93 × 0.922297 ) + ( 7001289764900000000 ♠ 28.976 49 × 0.046832 ) + ( 7001299737700000000 ♠ 29.973 77 × 0.030872 ) = 28.0854 The estimation of the uncertainty is complicated , especially as the sample distribution is not necessarily symmetrical : the IUPAC standard relative atomic masses are quoted with estimated symmetrical uncertainties , and the value for silicon is 28.0855 ( 3 ) . The relative standard uncertainty in this value is 1 × 10 or 10 ppm . Apart from this uncertainty by measurement , some elements have variation over sources . That is , different sources ( ocean water , rocks ) have a different radioactive history and so different isotopic composition . To reflect this natural variability , the IUPAC made the decision in 2010 to list the standard relative atomic masses of 12 elements as an interval rather than a fixed number . See also ( edit ) International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ( IUPAC ) Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights ( CIAAW ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ( 1980 ) . `` Atomic Weights of the Elements 1979 '' . Pure Appl . Chem. 52 ( 10 ) : 2349 -- 84 . doi : 10.1351 / pac198052102349 . Jump up ^ International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ( 1993 ) . Quantities , Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry , 2nd edition , Oxford : Blackwell Science . ISBN 0 - 632 - 03583 - 8 . p. 41 . Electronic version . Jump up ^ Definition of element sample Jump up ^ de Bièvre , P. ; Peiser , H.S. ( 1992 ) . `` ' Atomic Weight ' -- The Name , Its History , Definition , and Units '' . Pure Appl . Chem. 64 ( 10 ) : 1535 -- 43 . doi : 10.1351 / pac199264101535 . Jump up ^ IUPAC , Compendium of Chemical Terminology , 2nd ed. ( the `` Gold Book '' ) ( 1997 ) . Online corrected version : ( 2006 -- ) `` relative atomic mass '' . Jump up ^ IUPAC Gold Book - atomic weight Jump up ^ IUPAC Gold Book - relative atomic mass ( atomic weight ) , A r Jump up ^ IUPAC Gold Book - unified atomic mass unit Jump up ^ Greenwood , Norman N. ; Earnshaw , Alan ( 1984 ) . Chemistry of the Elements . Oxford : Pergamon Press . pp. 21 , 160 . ISBN 0 - 08 - 022057 - 6 . Jump up ^ International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ( 2003 ) . `` Atomic Weights of the Elements : Review 2000 '' . Pure Appl . Chem. 75 ( 6 ) : 683 -- 800 . doi : 10.1351 / pac200375060683 . Jump up ^ IUPAC Gold Book - standard atomic weights Jump up ^ National Institute of Standards and Technology . Atomic Weights and Isotopic Compositions for All Elements . ^ Jump up to : Wapstra , A.H. ; Audi , G. ; Thibault , C. ( 2003 ) , The AME2003 Atomic Mass Evaluation ( Online ed . ) , National Nuclear Data Center . Based on : Wapstra , A.H. ; Audi , G. ; Thibault , C. ( 2003 ) , `` The AME2003 atomic mass evaluation ( I ) '' , Nuclear Physics A , 729 : 129 -- 336 , Bibcode : 2003NuPhA. 729 ... 129W , doi : 10.1016 / j. nuclphysa. 2003.11. 002 Audi , G. ; Wapstra , A.H. ; Thibault , C. ( 2003 ) , `` The AME2003 atomic mass evaluation ( II ) '' , Nuclear Physics A , 729 : 337 -- 676 , Bibcode : 2003NuPhA. 729 ... 337A , doi : 10.1016 / j. nuclphysa. 2003.11. 003 ^ Jump up to : Rosman , K.J.R. ; Taylor , P.D.P. ( 1998 ) , `` Isotopic Compositions of the Elements 1997 '' ( PDF ) , Pure and Applied Chemistry , 70 ( 1 ) : 217 -- 35 , doi : 10.1351 / pac199870010217 Jump up ^ Coplen , T.B. ; et al. ( 2002 ) , `` Isotopic Abundance Variations of Selected Elements '' ( PDF ) , Pure and Applied Chemistry , 74 ( 10 ) : 1987 -- 2017 , doi : 10.1351 / pac200274101987 Jump up ^ Meija , Juris ; Mester , Zoltán ( 2008 ) . `` Uncertainty propagation of atomic weight measurement results '' . Metrologia. 45 : 53 -- 62 . Bibcode : 2008Metro ... 45 ... 53M . doi : 10.1088 / 0026 - 1394 / 45 / 1 / 008 . Jump up ^ Holden , Norman E. ( 2004 ) . `` Atomic Weights and the International Committee -- A Historical Review '' . Chemistry International . 26 ( 1 ) : 4 -- 7 . Jump up ^ IUPAC - International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry : Atomic Weights of Ten Chemical Elements About to Change External links ( edit ) IUPAC Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights NIST relative atomic masses of all isotopes and the standard atomic weights of the elements Atomic Weights of the Elements 2011 Periodic table Periodic table forms Standard 18 - column 18 - column , detailed cells 32 - column , detailed cells Alternative Alternatives Janet 's left step table Extended Extension beyond the 7th period Aufbau Fricke Pyykkö Sets of elements By periodic table structure Groups 1 ( Alkali metals ) 2 ( Alkaline earth metals ) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 ( Pnictogens ) 16 ( Chalcogens ) 17 ( Halogens ) 18 ( Noble gases ) Periods 5 6 7 8 + Aufbau Fricke Pyykkö Blocks s - block p - block d - block f - block g - block Aufbau principle By metallicity Metals Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Lanthanides Actinides Transition metals Post-transition metals Metalloids Lists of metalloids by source Dividing line Nonmetals Reactive nonmetals Noble gases Other sets Nutritional elements Platinum - group metals ( PGM ) Rare - earth elements Refractory metals Precious metals Coinage metals Noble metal Heavy metals Native metals Transuranium elements Transactinide elements Major actinides Minor actinides Elements Lists By : Abundance ( in humans ) Atomic properties Nuclear stability Production Symbol Properties Atomic weight Crystal structure Electron affinity Electron configuration Electronegativity Allen Pauling Goldschmidt classification Maximum valence Data pages Abundance Atomic radius Boiling point Critical point Density Elasticity Electrical resistivity Electron affinity Electron configuration Electronegativity Hardness Heat capacity Heat of fusion Heat of vaporization Ionization energy Melting point Oxidation state Speed of sound Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion coefficient Vapor pressure History Element discoveries Mendeleev 's predictions Naming etymology controversies for places for people in East Asia See also IUPAC nomenclature systematic element name Trivial name Dmitri Mendeleev Book Chemistry Portal BNF : cb11978880x ( data ) GND : 4143329 - 4 LCCN : sh85009327 NDL : 00562390 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Relative_atomic_mass&oldid=864995720 '' Categories : Amount of substance Chemical properties Stoichiometry Periodic table Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Català Čeština Español فارسی Fiji Hindi Gaeilge Gaelg 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Македонски Bahasa Melayu Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Română Scots Simple English Slovenčina Soomaaliga Српски / srpski Tagalog ไทย 25 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 October 2018 , at 00 : 15 ( UTC ) . 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who are those identified by chapter one of the constitution as the source of government power			Constitution of Liberia	constitution of liberia	The Constitution of Liberia is the supreme law of the Republic of Liberia . The current constitution , which came into force on 6 January 1986 , replaced the Liberian Constitution of 1847 , which had been in force since the independence of Liberia . Much like the 1847 Constitution , the Constitution creates a system of government heavily modeled on the Federal Government of the United States .	Contents 1 Drafting process 2 Constitutional institutions 2.1 Presidency 2.2 Legislature 2.3 Judiciary 2.4 Autonomous agencies 3 Additional provisions 4 Amendment process 5 2011 amendment referendum 6 Past constitutions 7 References 8 External links Drafting process ( edit ) Following the overthrow and execution of President William Tolbert by a small group of soldiers led by Samuel Doe on April 12 , 1980 , the 1847 Constitution was suspended and governing power was assumed by the People 's Redemption Council led by Doe . Doe refused to assume the presidency , instead ruling by decree as the Chairman of the PRC . On April 12 , 1981 , Amos Sawyer , a political science professor at the University of Liberia , was appointed Chairman of the National Constitution Committee , a 25 - member body tasked with drafting a new constitution . In December 1982 , the Committee finished their draft constitution , and submitted it to the People 's Redemption Council in March 1983 . The PRC appointed a 59 - member Constitutional Advisory Committee to review the draft . On October 19 , 1983 , the CAA finished its review , having removed or altered several provisions . Among the changes made to the draft included an increase of presidential terms from four to six years , removal of an entrenchment provision that would have prevented amendments altering presidential term lengths and term limits , removal of a prohibition on government participation by military personnel , and deletion of provisions establishing two autonomous agencies charged with approving judicial candidates and investigating corruption . On July 3 , 1984 , the revised Constitution was submitted to a national referendum , where it was approved by 78.3 % of voters . Following the 1985 general election , the new Constitution came into effect on January 6 , 1986 with the inauguration of Doe and the newly elected Legislature of Liberia . Constitutional institutions ( edit ) Presidency ( edit ) Main article : President of Liberia The executive power of the state is vested in the President of Liberia , who is entrusted to faithfully execute the laws of the country . Among the changes made to the presidency from the previous constitution include the introduction of term limits , prohibiting the President from serving more than two terms , and the reduction of presidential terms from eight years to six . Additionally , the Constitution also requires that candidates for the presidency must own at least $25,000 in real property , an increase in the original $600 requirement in the 1847 Constitution . Furthermore , the President is immune from civil suits arising from actions taken during their tenure in office and arrest on criminal charges while in office , though the President may be prosecuted for criminal acts committed while in office upon vacating the presidency . The Constitution also includes new provisions allowing for the presidential appointment of a new Vice President , with the consent of both houses of the Legislature , in the event of the vacancy of the office . Furthermore , the Constitution provides that in the event of the assumption of the presidency by the Vice President in the event of the President 's death , resignation , incapacity or removal , the Vice President will be not considered to have served a term in office for the purpose of term limits . Legislature ( edit ) Main article : Legislature of Liberia The Constitution grants legislative power to the Legislature of Liberia . Few changes were made to the Legislature from the 1847 Constitution , which largely modeled the Liberian Congress on the United States Congress . However , due to the unitary nature of Liberia , the Legislature is not restricted in its power to make laws , so long as those laws do not violate any provision of the Constitution . Judiciary ( edit ) Main article : Supreme Court of Liberia The Constitution largely follows the model set by Article IV of the 1847 Constitution , vesting judicial powers in the Supreme Court of Liberia and any subordinate courts created by the Legislature . However , the Constitution places previously absent requirements on judicial appointees , requiring Supreme Court justices to have been counselors of the Supreme Court Bar for at least five years and requiring all other judges to have been either practicing attorneys for three years or a member of the Supreme Court Bar . Autonomous agencies ( edit ) Article 89 of the Constitution mandates the establishment of three independent agencies : Civil Service Commission National Election Commission General Auditing Commission Additional provisions ( edit ) While the 1847 Constitution had provided for political rights similar to those expressed in the United States Bill of Rights , the current constitution expands these rights to include a variety of economic and social rights . For instance , Article 6 provides for equal access to education , while Article 5 protects traditional Liberian culture . Article 8 establishes workers ' rights by prohibiting inhumane or dangerous working conditions , and Article 18 prohibits employment discrimination on the basis of gender , religion or ethnicity , as well as guaranteeing equal pay . Additionally , Article 14 explicitly invokes the separation of church and state and the prohibition of a state religion . Article 27 ( b ) of the Constitution retains the controversial nationality requirements of Article V , Section 13 of the 1847 Constitution , which limits citizenship to `` persons who are Negroes or of Negro descent . '' Article 95 ( a ) of the Constitution officially repeals the 1847 Constitution , while certifying that all laws enacted before the repeal remain in effect . Article 95 ( a ) , ( b ) and ( c ) also certifies the validity of all statutes , treaties , international agreements and financial obligations enacted by the People 's Redemption Council . Additionally , Article 97 prohibits any court from questioning the validity of actions taken by the PRC or bringing charges against any PRC member for the overthrow of the Tolbert administration , the repeal of the 1847 Constitution , the establishment of the PRC , the imposition of criminal penalties or the confiscation of property by the PRC during their term in power or the establishment of the new constitution . Amendment process ( edit ) Per Article 91 , constitutional amendments may be proposed by either a two - thirds vote of both houses of the Legislature , or by a petition signed by at least 10,000 registered voters and approved by a two - thirds vote in the Legislature . A proposed amendment must be ratified by two - thirds of voters in a popular referendum held no sooner than one year after its approval by the Legislature . Article 93 affirms that while the term limitations set forth in Article 50 may be amended , the term limitations of the President in office at the time of ratification of such an amendment remain in place . 2011 amendment referendum ( edit ) Main article : Liberian constitutional referendum , 2011 On 17 August 2010 , the Legislature passed four amendments to the Constitution . The four amendments proposed would have : Decreased the residency requirement for presidential and vice presidential candidates in Article 52 from ten to five years ; Increased the mandated retirement of judges from 70 to 75 ; Changed the date of national elections set in Article 83 from the second Tuesday in October to the second Tuesday in November ; Allowed House and Senate elections to use first - past - the - post voting , while retaining the two - round system for presidential elections . In a referendum held on 23 August 2011 , all four amendments failed to garner the required two - thirds majority for approval . Past constitutions ( edit ) Before the adoption of the current constitution , Liberia was governed by its original constitution , ratified prior to its independence in 1847 : Liberian Constitution of 1847 Additionally , Liberia was governed by two constitutions during the rule by the American Colonization Society under the Commonwealth of Liberia : Liberian Constitution of 1820 Liberian Constitution of 1838 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Liberia to Conduct National Referendum Ahead 2011 Elections '' . Shout - Africa . September 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Liberia voters reject all 4 items on referendum '' . Associated Press . Google News . August 31 , 2011 . Retrieved August 31 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) `` CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF LIBERIA '' . onliberia.org. 1984 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 09 - 04 . Liberia articles History Colonization ( 1821 -- 1847 ) Americo - Liberian rule ( 1847 -- 1980 ) Samuel Doe era ( 1980 -- 1989 ) First Liberian Civil War ( 1989 -- 1997 ) 1998 Monrovia clashes Second Liberian Civil War ( 1999 -- 2003 ) 2014 Ebola virus epidemic Geography Cities Environmental issues Forests Islands Mountains Rivers Wildlife Politics Administrative divisions Constitution Elections Cabinet Foreign relations Government ministries Human rights Judiciary Law enforcement Parliament Political parties President Military Economy Agriculture Central bank Communications Dollar ( currency ) Energy Tourism Transportation Society Corruption Crime Demographics Education Ethnic groups Health Languages Public holidays Religion Women Culture Cinema Coat of arms Cuisine Flag Media Music Polygamy Sport Outline Index Portal Constitutions of Africa Sovereign states Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde ( Cabo Verde ) Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast ( Côte d'Ivoire ) Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe States with limited recognition Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Dependencies and other territories Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla ( Spain ) Madeira ( Portugal ) Mayotte / Réunion ( France ) Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha ( United Kingdom ) Western Sahara Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Liberia&oldid=834155206 '' Categories : Constitutions by country Liberian law Politics of Liberia Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles in need of updating from February 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Français Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 4 April 2018 , at 06 : 27 ( UTC ) . 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why is christ the redeemer statue a wonder			Christ the Redeemer ( statue )	christ the redeemer ( statue )		Christ the Redeemer Coordinates 22 ° 57 ′ 7 '' S 43 ° 12 ′ 38 '' W / 22.95194 ° S 43.21056 ° W / - 22.95194 ; - 43.21056 Coordinates : 22 ° 57 ′ 7 '' S 43 ° 12 ′ 38 '' W / 22.95194 ° S 43.21056 ° W / - 22.95194 ; - 43.21056 Location Corcovado mountain , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil Designer Designed by sculptor Paul Landowski and built by engineer Heitor da Silva Costa in collaboration with Albert Caquot . Sculptor Gheorghe Leonida created the face Material Soapstone Height 30 metres ( 98 ft ) and 38 metres ( 125 ft ) tall with its pedestal Completion date Dedicated October 12 , 1931 Consecrated October 12 , 2006 New Seven Wonders of the World July 7 , 2007 National Historic Heritage of Brazil Designated Reference no . 1478 Christ the Redeemer ( Portuguese : Cristo Redentor , standard Brazilian Portuguese : ( ˈkɾistu ʁedẽˈtoʁ ) , local pronunciation : ( ˈkɾiɕtŭ̻ xe̞dẽ̞ˈtoɦ ) ) is an Art Deco statue of Jesus Christ in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , created by French sculptor Paul Landowski and built by Brazilian engineer Heitor da Silva Costa , in collaboration with French engineer Albert Caquot . Romanian sculptor Gheorghe Leonida fashioned the face . Constructed between 1922 and 1931 , the statue is 30 metres ( 98 ft ) high , excluding its 8 - metre ( 26 ft ) pedestal . The arms stretch 28 metres ( 92 ft ) wide . The statue weighs 635 metric tons ( 625 long , 700 short tons ) , and is located at the peak of the 700 - metre ( 2,300 ft ) Corcovado mountain in the Tijuca Forest National Park overlooking the city of Rio de Janeiro . A symbol of Christianity across the world , the statue has also become a cultural icon of both Rio de Janeiro and Brazil , and is listed as one of the New7Wonders of the World . It is made of reinforced concrete and soapstone . Contents 1 History 2 Restoration 3 Similar structures 4 Gallery 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links History ( edit ) A view of the Corcovado before the construction , 19th century Aerial view of the statue . Vincentian priest , Pedro Maria Boss , first suggested placing a Christian monument on Mount Corcovado in the mid 1850s to honor Princess Isabel , princess regent of Brazil and the daughter of Emperor Pedro II , but the project was not approved . In 1889 the country became a republic , and due to the separation of church and state , the proposed statue was dismissed . The Catholic Circle of Rio made a second proposal for a landmark statue on the mountain in 1920 . The group organized an event called Semana do Monumento ( `` Monument Week '' ) to attract donations and collect signatures to support the building of the statue . The organization was motivated by what they perceived as ' Godlessness ' in the society . The donations came mostly from Brazilian Catholics . The designs considered for the `` Statue of the Christ '' included a representation of the Christian cross , a statue of Jesus with a globe in his hands , and a pedestal symbolizing the world . The statue of Christ the Redeemer with open arms , a symbol of peace , was chosen . Local engineer Heitor da Silva Costa designed the statue . French sculptor Paul Landowski created the work . In 1922 , Landowski commissioned fellow Parisian Romanian sculptor Gheorghe Leonida , who studied sculpture at the Fine Arts Conservatory in Bucharest and in Italy . A group of engineers and technicians studied Landowski 's submissions and felt building the structure of reinforced concrete ( designed by Albert Caquot ) instead of steel was more suitable for the cross-shaped statue . The concrete making up the base was supplied from Limhamn , Sweden . The outer layers are soapstone , chosen for its enduring qualities and ease of use . Construction took nine years , from 1922 to 1931 and cost the equivalent of US $250,000 ( equivalent to $3,400,000 in 2017 ) and the monument opened on October 12 , 1931 . During the opening ceremony , the statue was to be lit by a battery of floodlights turned on remotely by Italian shortwave radio inventor Guglielmo Marconi , stationed 5,700 miles ( 9,200 km ) away in Rome but because of bad weather , the lights were activated on - site . In October 2006 , on the 75th anniversary of the statue 's completion , Archbishop of Rio , Cardinal Eusebio Oscar Scheid , consecrated a chapel , named after Brazil 's patron saint -- Our Lady of the Apparition , under the statue , allowing Catholics to hold baptisms and weddings there . Lightning struck the statue during a violent thunderstorm on February 10 , 2008 , causing some damage to the fingers , head and eyebrows . The Rio de Janeiro state government initiated a restoration effort to replace some of the outer soapstone layers and repair the lightning rods on the statue . Lightning damaged it again , on January 17 , 2014 , dislodging a finger on the right hand . In 2010 , a massive restoration of the statue began . Work included cleaning , replacing the mortar and soapstone on the exterior , restoring iron in the internal structure , and waterproofing the monument . Vandals attacked the statue during renovation , spraying paint along the arm . Mayor Eduardo Paes called the act `` a crime against the nation '' . The culprits later apologized and presented themselves to the police . In reference to Brazil striker Ronaldo 's usual goal celebration of both arms outstretched , the Pirelli tyre company ran a 1998 commercial in which he replaced the statue while in an Inter Milan strip . The commercial was controversial with the Catholic Church . In 2015 two Russian and Ukrainian urban explorers , Vadim Makhorov and Vitaly Raskalov from Ontheroofs , climbed the statue with captured video footage and photos . Restoration ( edit ) A panoramic view of the statue at the top of Corcovado Mountain with Sugarloaf Mountain ( centre ) and Guanabara Bay in the background . Christ the Redeemer at night as seen from Tijuca Forest Corcovado Rack Railway In 1990 , several organizations , including the Archdiocese of Rio de Janeiro , media company Grupo Globo , oil company Shell do Brasil , environmental regulator IBAMA , National Institute of Historic and Artistic Heritage , and the city government of Rio de Janeiro entered an agreement to conduct restoration work . More work on the statue and its environs was conducted in 2003 and early 2010 . In 2003 , a set of escalators , walkways , and elevators were installed to facilitate access to the platform surrounding the statue . The four - month restoration in 2010 focused on the statue itself . The statue 's internal structure was renovated and its soapstone mosaic covering was restored by removing a crust of fungi and other microorganisms and repairing small cracks . The lightning rods located in the statue 's head and arms were also repaired , and new lighting fixtures were installed at the foot of the statue . The restoration involved one hundred people and used more than 60,000 pieces of stone taken from the same quarry as the original statue . During the unveiling of the restored statue , it was illuminated with green - and - yellow lighting in support of the Brazil national football team playing in the 2010 FIFA World Cup . Maintenance work needs to be conducted periodically due to the strong winds and erosion to which the statue is exposed , as well as lightning strikes . The original pale stone is no longer available in sufficient quantities , and replacement stones are increasingly darker in hue . Similar structures ( edit ) Christ the Redeemer in Rio Verde , Goiás , Brazil Cristo del Otero in Palencia , Spain built in 1930 ( 21 m ) Cerro del Cubilete in Guanajuato , Mexico , inspired by Rio 's Christ the Redeemer ( 23 m ) Christ Blessing in Manado , North Sulawesi , Indonesia ( 30 m ) Christ of Havana in Havana , Cuba , inspired by Christ the Redeemer ( 20 m ) Christ of the Abyss in various underwater locations Christ of the Ozarks in Arkansas , United States , inspired by Rio 's Christ the Redeemer ( 20 m ) Christ of Vũng Tàu in Vietnam ( 32 m ) Christ the King in Świebodzin , Poland ( 33 m ) Christ the Redeemer of the Andes ( Argentina / Chile ) Christ the Sacred Heart of Jesus , Ibiza , Spain , inspired by Christ the Redeemer ( 23 m ) Cristo Blanco in Cusco , Peru Cristo de la Concordia in Cochabamba , Bolivia Cristo de las Noas in Torreón , Mexico ( 22 m ) Cristo del Pacífico in Lima , Peru , erected in 2011 ( 37 m ) Patung Yesus Kristus in Mansinam Island , West Papua , Indonesia ( 30 m ) Cristo Redentore ( Christ the Redeemer ) of Maratea , Italy ( 21 m ) Cristo Rei ( Christ the King ) in Almada , Portugal ( 28 m ) Cristo Rei of Dili in Dili , Timor - Leste ( 27 m ) Cristo Rei , Madeira on Madeira island , completed in 1927 ( 15 m ) Cristo Rei in Lubango , Angola ( 14 m ) Statue of Jesus Christ on the top of Sagrat Cor , Barcelona , Spain Tas - Salvatur , Malta ( 12 m ) Statue of Jesus Christ , Monte Urgull , Donostia - San Sebastian , Spain - 12 m Jesus de Greatest in Imo , Nigeria , Africa 's tallest statue of Jesus and fifth tallest statue on the continent ( 8.53 m ) Cristo del Picacho in Tegucigalpa , Honduras Cristo Redentor , Puerto Plata , Dominican Republic Christ The King Lebanon Another imitation statue of Christ the Redeemer is at Nellore , Andhra Pradesh , India. ( Shrish Patil ) imitation at Kovalam , near Trivandrum , Kerala , India . Christ the Redeemer of Malacca is on the Portuguese Settlement Square in Melaka , Malaysia ( 20 ' tall ) Cristo Rey in Colombia ( 26 m ) Gallery ( edit ) The statue Access escalators Christ the Redeemer after restoration The statue illuminated in yellow and green , the colors of Brazil , during the 2014 FIFA World Cup . Christ the Redeemer lit in the colours of the French flag after the November 2015 Paris attacks The Corcovado and Christ the Redeemer as seen from Sugarloaf Mountain . See also ( edit ) Sanctuary of Christ the Redeemer at Google Cultural Institute Approximate heights of various notable statues : 1 . Statue of Unity 240 m ( incl. 58 m base ) 2 . Spring Temple Buddha 153 m ( incl. 25 m pedestal and 20 m throne ) 3 . Statue of Liberty 93 m ( incl. 47 m pedestal ) 4 . The Motherland Calls 87 m ( incl. 2 m pedestal ) 5 . Christ the Redeemer 38 m ( incl. 8 m pedestal ) List of statues by height References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Murray , Lorraine . `` Christ the Redeemer ( last updated 13 January 2014 ) '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Giumbelli , Emerson ( 2014 ) . Símbolos Religiosos em Controvérsia ( in Portuguese ) . São Paulo . 244 . ISBN 978 - 85 - 7816 - 137 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` The New Seven Wonders of the World '' . Hindustan Times . July 8 , 2007 . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . Retrieved July 11 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Christ the Redeemer '' . TIME . October 26 , 1931 . Retrieved July 11 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Brazil : Crocovado mountain -- Statue of Christ '' . Travel Channel . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2007 . Retrieved July 7 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sanctuary Status for Rio landmark '' . BBC News . October 13 , 2006 . Retrieved July 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Cristo Corcovado by Sergi Lla on Prezi '' . Prezi.com . Retrieved October 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristo Redentor -- Histórico da Construção '' ( in Portuguese ) . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Victor , Duilo . `` Redentor , carioca até a alma '' ( in Portuguese ) . Jornal do Brasil . Retrieved July 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Phil , Damon ( June 29 , 1983 ) . `` Vote now for Phoneheng '' . The Sun . London . Jump up ^ `` Cristo Redentor : santuário carioca que virou símbolo da cidade no mundo '' . Prefeitura da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro . October 20 , 2014 . ( in Portuguese ) Jump up ^ https://www.realtid.se/skanska-vi-ar-oskyldiga-till-underverket Jump up ^ http://www.kristianstadsbladet.se/kultur/article1570427/Oppna-Kristusarmar-som-har-haft-skiftande-betydelse.html Jump up ^ `` Cristo Redentor vai passar por restauração até junho ( '' Christ the Redeemer under restoration ' til June `` ) '' . Estadão . Jump up ^ Moratelli , Valmir . `` Cristo Redentor , castigado por raios , passa por ampla reforma ( Christ the Redeemer , punished by lightnings , go by ample refit ) '' . Último Segundo . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2010 . Retrieved April 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cristo Redentor renovado para 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Rio de Janeiro Government . December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lightning breaks finger off Rio 's Christ '' . The Age . January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Vandals cover Rio 's Christ statue with graffiti '' . Reuters. April 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Tabak , Bernardo . `` Estátua do Cristo Redentor é alvo de pichação '' . Globo . Jump up ^ Infosur hoy : Christ the Redeemer to get new outfit Archived July 14 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Pirelli e le metamorfosi della pubblicità '' . Corriere Della Sera . Retrieved 19 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2014 : Brazil furious over Christ the Redeemer statue in Rio de Janeiro in Italian football colours '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 18 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Climbing Christ the Redeemer youtube video '' . Ontheroofs . December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Climbing Christ the Redeemer ontheroofs story with photos and video '' . Ontheroofs . December 10 , 2015 . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Millward , David ( December 12 , 2015 ) . `` Watch the stunning footage taken by photographers who climbed Rio 's 125 - feet tall Christ the Redeemer Statue '' . The Telegraph . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Brazil 's Christ state returns after renovation '' . BBC News . July 1 , 2010 . Retrieved July 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Christ the Redeemer se la come , YouTube video , accessed January 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Reforma no cartão - postal '' . Veja Rio . May 18 , 2010 . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2010 . Retrieved May 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bowater , Donna ; Mulvey , Stephen ; Misra , Tanvi ( March 10 , 2014 ) . `` Arms wide open '' . BBC Online . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kompas Cyber Media . `` Presiden Resmikan Patung Yesus Kristus di Pulau Mansinam -- Kompas.com Regional '' . Regional.kompas.com . Retrieved October 15 , 2015 . Further reading ( edit ) Blanes , Ruy Llera ( 2014 ) . `` Review : Giumbelli , Emerson ( 2014 ) , Símbolos Religiosos em Controvérsia . São Paulo : Terceiro Nome '' . Vibrant : Virtual Brazilian Anthropology ( in Portuguese ) . 11 ( 2 ) : 470 -- 472 . doi : 10.1590 / S1809 - 43412014000200016 . ISSN 1809 - 4341 . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2010 . Giumbelli , Emerson ( 2008 ) . `` A modernidade do Cristo Redentor '' . Dados ( in Portuguese ) . 51 ( 1 ) : 75 -- 105 . doi : 10.1590 / S0011 - 52582008000100003 . ISSN 0011 - 5258 . Giumbelli , Emerson & Bosisio , Izabella ( 2010 ) . `` A Política de um Monumento : as Muitas Imagens do Cristo Redentor '' . Debates do NER ( in Portuguese ) . 2 ( 18 ) : 173 -- 192 . ISSN 1982 - 8136 . Giumbelli , Emerson ( 2013 ) . `` O Cristo Pichado '' . Ponto Urbe . Revista do Núcleo de Antropologia Urbana da USP ( in Portuguese ) ( 12 ) . doi : 10.4000 / pontourbe. 586 . ISSN 1981 - 3341 . Ranquetat - Júnior , Cesar Alberto ( 2012 ) . Laicidade à brasileira : um estudo sobre a controvérsia em torno da presença de símbolos religiosos em espaços públicos ( Doutorado em Antropologia Social ) ( in Portuguese ) . UFRGS. 310 pp. Retrieved December 7 , 2015 . Ranquetat - Júnior , Cesar Alberto ( 2015 ) . `` Giumbelli , Emerson . Símbolos Religiosos em Controvérsia . São Paulo : Terceiro Nome , 2014 '' . Debates do NER ( in Portuguese ) . 1 ( 27 ) : 429 -- 437 . ISSN 1982 - 8136 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cristo Redentor do Rio de Janeiro . Official website Corcovado Train Map ( in Portuguese ) Poliakoff , Martyn . `` Soapstone @ Cristo Redentor '' . The Periodic Table of Videos . University of Nottingham . 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what is the weather like in england all year round			Climate of the United Kingdom	climate of the united kingdom	The United Kingdom straddles the higher mid-latitudes between 49 ° and 61 ° N. It is on the western seaboard of Afro - Eurasia , the world 's largest land mass . Since the UK is always in or close to the path of the polar front jet stream , frequent changes in pressure and unsettled weather are typical . Many types of weather can be experienced in a single day . In general the climate of the UK is cool and often cloudy , and hot temperatures are infrequent .	The climate in the United Kingdom is defined as a temperate oceanic climate , or Cfb on the Köppen climate classification system , a classification it shares with most of north - west Europe . Regional climates are influenced by the Atlantic Ocean and latitude . Northern Ireland , Wales and western parts of England and Scotland , being closest to the Atlantic Ocean , are generally the mildest , wettest and windiest regions of the UK , and temperature ranges here are seldom extreme . Eastern areas are drier , cooler , less windy and also experience the greatest daily and seasonal temperature variations . Northern areas are generally cooler , wetter and have slightly larger temperature ranges than southern areas . The UK is mostly under the influence of the maritime polar air mass from the north - west . Northern Ireland and the west of Scotland are the most exposed to the maritime polar air mass which brings cool moist air ; the east of Scotland and north - east England are more exposed to the continental polar air mass which brings cold dry air . South and south - east of England are the least exposed to Polar air masses from the north - west , and on occasion see continental tropical air mass from the south , which brings warm dry air in the summer . If the air masses are strong enough in their respective areas during the summer , there can sometimes be a large difference in temperature between the far north of Scotland ( including the Islands ) and south - east of England -- often a difference of 10 -- 15 ° C ( 18 - 27 ° F ) but sometimes of as much as 20 ° C ( 36 ° F ) or more . In the height of summer the Northern Isles could have temperatures around 15 ° C ( 59 ° F ) and areas around London could reach 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 England 2 Northern Ireland 3 Scotland 4 Wales 5 Seasons 5.1 Spring 5.2 Summer 5.3 Autumn 5.4 Winter 6 Sunshine and cloud 7 Atlantic Ocean 8 Winds 9 Rainfall 10 Temperature 11 Severe weather 12 Tornadoes 13 Climate history 14 Monthly temperature extremes 15 Climate change 16 See also 17 Notes 18 References 19 External links England ( edit ) Köppen climate types in England England generally has higher maximum & minimum temperatures than the other areas of the UK , though Wales has higher minima from November to February , and Northern Ireland has higher maxima from December to February . England is also sunnier throughout the year , but unlike Wales , Northern Ireland & Scotland , the sunniest month is July , totalling 193.5 hours . It rains on fewer days in every month throughout the year than the rest of the UK , and rainfall totals are less in every month , with the driest month , May , averaging 58.4 mm ( 2.30 in ) . The climate of south - west England displays a seasonal temperature variation , although it is less extreme than most of the United Kingdom . Gales are less common in England compared to Scotland ; however on some occasions there can be strong winds , and rarely , the remains of Atlantic hurricanes and tropical storms . Some events such as the Great Storm of 1987 occurred near to the UK and caused damage in England . The prevailing wind direction for England is from the south - west . ( hide ) England weather averages Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average maximum temperature ° C ( ° F ) 6.4 ( 43.5 ) 6.6 ( 43.9 ) 9.1 ( 48.4 ) 11.8 ( 53.2 ) 15.6 ( 60.1 ) 18.6 ( 65.5 ) 20.4 ( 68.7 ) 20.1 ( 68.2 ) 17.5 ( 63.5 ) 14.0 ( 57.2 ) 9.4 ( 48.9 ) 7.3 ( 45.1 ) 13.1 ( 55.6 ) Average minimum temperature ° C ( ° F ) 1.2 ( 34.2 ) 0.9 ( 33.6 ) 2.0 ( 35.6 ) 3.9 ( 39.0 ) 6.8 ( 44.2 ) 9.7 ( 49.5 ) 11.7 ( 53.1 ) 11.5 ( 52.7 ) 9.6 ( 49.3 ) 7.2 ( 44.5 ) 3.6 ( 38.5 ) 2.0 ( 35.6 ) 5.9 ( 42.6 ) Sunshine hours 54.2 74.3 107.6 155.2 190.6 182.6 193.5 182.5 137.2 103.1 64.5 47.3 1492.7 Rainfall mm ( inches ) 82.9 ( 3.3 ) 60.3 ( 2.4 ) 64.0 ( 2.5 ) 58.7 ( 2.3 ) 58.4 ( 2.3 ) 61.8 ( 2.4 ) 62.6 ( 2.5 ) 69.3 ( 2.7 ) 69.7 ( 2.7 ) 91.7 ( 3.6 ) 88.2 ( 3.5 ) 87.2 ( 3.4 ) 854.8 ( 33.7 ) Rainfall ≥ 1 mm days 13.2 10.4 11.5 10.4 9.9 9.6 9.5 9.9 9.9 12.6 13.1 12.7 132.8 Source : Met Office ( 1981 -- 2010 averages ) ( hide ) Climate data for England Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 17.6 ( 63.7 ) 19.7 ( 67.5 ) 25.6 ( 78.1 ) 29.4 ( 84.9 ) 32.8 ( 91 ) 35.6 ( 96.1 ) 36.7 ( 98.1 ) 38.5 ( 101.3 ) 35.6 ( 96.1 ) 29.9 ( 85.8 ) 21.1 ( 70 ) 17.7 ( 63.9 ) 38.5 ( 101.3 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) − 26.1 ( − 15 ) − 20.6 ( − 5.1 ) − 21.1 ( − 6 ) − 15.0 ( 5 ) − 9.4 ( 15.1 ) − 5.6 ( 21.9 ) − 1.7 ( 28.9 ) − 2.0 ( 28.4 ) − 5.6 ( 21.9 ) − 10.6 ( 12.9 ) − 15.5 ( 4.1 ) − 25.2 ( − 13.4 ) − 26.1 ( − 15 ) Source : The Met Office Climate data from selected English weather stations ( hide ) Climate data for Sheffield Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° C ( ° F ) 6.4 ( 43.5 ) 6.7 ( 44.1 ) 9.3 ( 48.7 ) 11.8 ( 53.2 ) 15.7 ( 60.3 ) 18.3 ( 64.9 ) 20.8 ( 69.4 ) 20.6 ( 69.1 ) 17.3 ( 63.1 ) 13.3 ( 55.9 ) 9.2 ( 48.6 ) 7.2 ( 45 ) 13.1 ( 55.6 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 1.6 ( 34.9 ) 1.6 ( 34.9 ) 3.1 ( 37.6 ) 4.4 ( 39.9 ) 7.0 ( 44.6 ) 10.0 ( 50 ) 12.4 ( 54.3 ) 12.1 ( 53.8 ) 10.0 ( 50 ) 7.2 ( 45 ) 4.2 ( 39.6 ) 2.6 ( 36.7 ) 6.4 ( 43.5 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 86.5 ( 3.406 ) 63.4 ( 2.496 ) 67.9 ( 2.673 ) 62.5 ( 2.461 ) 55.5 ( 2.185 ) 66.7 ( 2.626 ) 51.0 ( 2.008 ) 63.5 ( 2.5 ) 64.3 ( 2.531 ) 73.9 ( 2.909 ) 77.7 ( 3.059 ) 91.9 ( 3.618 ) 824.7 ( 32.469 ) Source : The Met Office ( hide ) Climate data for Birmingham Elmdon , 99m asl , 1971 -- 2000 , extremes 1901 -- ( sunshine 1961 -- 1990 ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 15.0 ( 59 ) 18.1 ( 64.6 ) 23.7 ( 74.7 ) 26.0 ( 78.8 ) 30.0 ( 86 ) 31.6 ( 88.9 ) 32.9 ( 91.2 ) 34.9 ( 94.8 ) 29.8 ( 85.6 ) 26.8 ( 80.2 ) 18.7 ( 65.7 ) 15.7 ( 60.3 ) 34.9 ( 94.8 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) 6.7 ( 44.1 ) 7.1 ( 44.8 ) 9.8 ( 49.6 ) 12.7 ( 54.9 ) 16.0 ( 60.8 ) 19.0 ( 66.2 ) 21.3 ( 70.3 ) 20.8 ( 69.4 ) 17.8 ( 64 ) 13.6 ( 56.5 ) 9.5 ( 49.1 ) 6.9 ( 44.4 ) 13.4 ( 56.1 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 1.4 ( 34.5 ) 1.1 ( 34 ) 2.9 ( 37.2 ) 4.2 ( 39.6 ) 7.1 ( 44.8 ) 10.0 ( 50 ) 12.1 ( 53.8 ) 11.8 ( 53.2 ) 9.7 ( 49.5 ) 6.8 ( 44.2 ) 3.8 ( 38.8 ) 1.6 ( 34.9 ) 6.0 ( 42.8 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) − 20.8 ( − 5.4 ) − 13.7 ( 7.3 ) − 11.6 ( 11.1 ) − 6.6 ( 20.1 ) − 3.8 ( 25.2 ) − 0.8 ( 30.6 ) 1.2 ( 34.2 ) 2.2 ( 36 ) − 1.8 ( 28.8 ) − 6.8 ( 19.8 ) − 8.9 ( 16 ) − 18.5 ( − 1.3 ) − 20.8 ( − 5.4 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 73.2 ( 2.882 ) 51.4 ( 2.024 ) 55.8 ( 2.197 ) 61.9 ( 2.437 ) 61.3 ( 2.413 ) 65.6 ( 2.583 ) 63.8 ( 2.512 ) 66.7 ( 2.626 ) 68.1 ( 2.681 ) 82.7 ( 3.256 ) 74.8 ( 2.945 ) 79.7 ( 3.138 ) 805 ( 31.69 ) Mean monthly sunshine hours 49.7 60.0 101.5 129.2 178.0 186.2 181.0 166.8 134.3 97.2 64.2 46.9 1,395 Source # 1 : Royal Dutch Meteorological Institute Source # 2 : National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( hide ) Climate data for Manchester ( MAN ) , elevation : 69 m or 226 ft , 1981 - 2010 normals , extremes 1958 - 2004 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 14.3 ( 57.7 ) 16.5 ( 61.7 ) 21.7 ( 71.1 ) 25.1 ( 77.2 ) 26.7 ( 80.1 ) 31.3 ( 88.3 ) 32.2 ( 90 ) 33.7 ( 92.7 ) 28.4 ( 83.1 ) 25.6 ( 78.1 ) 17.7 ( 63.9 ) 15.1 ( 59.2 ) 33.7 ( 92.7 ) Mean maximum ° C ( ° F ) 12.4 ( 54.3 ) 12.6 ( 54.7 ) 15.6 ( 60.1 ) 19.1 ( 66.4 ) 23.1 ( 73.6 ) 25.5 ( 77.9 ) 26.9 ( 80.4 ) 27.0 ( 80.6 ) 23.1 ( 73.6 ) 18.9 ( 66 ) 15.4 ( 59.7 ) 13.2 ( 55.8 ) 28.7 ( 83.7 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) 7.3 ( 45.1 ) 7.6 ( 45.7 ) 10.0 ( 50 ) 12.6 ( 54.7 ) 16.1 ( 61 ) 18.6 ( 65.5 ) 20.6 ( 69.1 ) 20.3 ( 68.5 ) 17.6 ( 63.7 ) 13.9 ( 57 ) 10.0 ( 50 ) 7.4 ( 45.3 ) 13.5 ( 56.3 ) Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) 4.5 ( 40.1 ) 4.6 ( 40.3 ) 6.7 ( 44.1 ) 8.8 ( 47.8 ) 11.9 ( 53.4 ) 14.6 ( 58.3 ) 16.6 ( 61.9 ) 16.4 ( 61.5 ) 14.0 ( 57.2 ) 10.7 ( 51.3 ) 7.1 ( 44.8 ) 4.6 ( 40.3 ) 10.0 ( 50 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 1.7 ( 35.1 ) 1.6 ( 34.9 ) 3.3 ( 37.9 ) 4.9 ( 40.8 ) 7.7 ( 45.9 ) 10.5 ( 50.9 ) 12.6 ( 54.7 ) 12.4 ( 54.3 ) 10.3 ( 50.5 ) 7.4 ( 45.3 ) 4.2 ( 39.6 ) 1.8 ( 35.2 ) 6.6 ( 43.9 ) Mean minimum ° C ( ° F ) − 4.8 ( 23.4 ) − 4.2 ( 24.4 ) − 2.4 ( 27.7 ) − 0.9 ( 30.4 ) 2.3 ( 36.1 ) 5.2 ( 41.4 ) 8.0 ( 46.4 ) 7.2 ( 45 ) 4.6 ( 40.3 ) 0.5 ( 32.9 ) − 2.4 ( 27.7 ) − 5.7 ( 21.7 ) − 7.4 ( 18.7 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) − 12.0 ( 10.4 ) − 13.1 ( 8.4 ) − 9.7 ( 14.5 ) − 4.9 ( 23.2 ) − 1.7 ( 28.9 ) 0.8 ( 33.4 ) 5.4 ( 41.7 ) 3.6 ( 38.5 ) 0.8 ( 33.4 ) − 4.7 ( 23.5 ) − 7.5 ( 18.5 ) − 13.5 ( 7.7 ) − 13.5 ( 7.7 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 72.3 ( 2.846 ) 51.4 ( 2.024 ) 61.2 ( 2.409 ) 54.0 ( 2.126 ) 56.8 ( 2.236 ) 66.1 ( 2.602 ) 63.9 ( 2.516 ) 77.0 ( 3.031 ) 71.5 ( 2.815 ) 92.5 ( 3.642 ) 81.5 ( 3.209 ) 80.7 ( 3.177 ) 828.8 ( 32.63 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 1.0 mm ) 13.1 9.7 12.3 11.2 10.4 11.1 10.9 12.0 11.1 13.6 14.1 13.5 142.9 Average snowy days 6 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 Average relative humidity ( % ) 87 86 85 85 85 87 88 89 89 89 88 87 88 Mean monthly sunshine hours 52.5 73.9 99.0 146.9 188.3 172.5 179.7 166.3 131.2 99.3 59.5 47.1 1,416.2 Source # 1 : Met Office NOAA ( relative humidity and snow days 1961 - 1990 ) Source # 2 : KNMI ( hide ) Climate data for Shanklin , Isle of Wight 1981 -- 2010 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° C ( ° F ) 8.1 ( 46.6 ) 7.9 ( 46.2 ) 10.0 ( 50 ) 12.3 ( 54.1 ) 15.6 ( 60.1 ) 18.2 ( 64.8 ) 20.4 ( 68.7 ) 20.5 ( 68.9 ) 18.3 ( 64.9 ) 15.0 ( 59 ) 11.3 ( 52.3 ) 8.8 ( 47.8 ) 13.9 ( 56.9 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 3.5 ( 38.3 ) 2.9 ( 37.2 ) 4.3 ( 39.7 ) 5.4 ( 41.7 ) 8.4 ( 47.1 ) 11.1 ( 52 ) 13.4 ( 56.1 ) 13.8 ( 56.8 ) 11.8 ( 53.2 ) 9.5 ( 49.1 ) 6.2 ( 43.2 ) 4.0 ( 39.2 ) 7.9 ( 46.1 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 90.8 ( 3.575 ) 65.5 ( 2.579 ) 66.0 ( 2.598 ) 53.4 ( 2.102 ) 52.1 ( 2.051 ) 46.3 ( 1.823 ) 47.1 ( 1.854 ) 54.6 ( 2.15 ) 70.5 ( 2.776 ) 115.0 ( 4.528 ) 108.6 ( 4.276 ) 101.0 ( 3.976 ) 870.9 ( 34.288 ) Average precipitation days 13.1 9.8 10.4 9.1 8.2 7.6 6.9 7.4 8.9 12.7 12.7 12.9 119.7 Mean monthly sunshine hours 68.2 89.8 132.9 201.4 241.1 247.7 262.3 240.9 173.1 122.3 82.6 60.7 1,923 Source : Met Office ( hide ) Climate data for Bognor Regis 7m asl , 1981 - 2010 , extremes 1960 - Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° C ( ° F ) 7.8 ( 46 ) 7.9 ( 46.2 ) 10.2 ( 50.4 ) 12.8 ( 55 ) 16.0 ( 60.8 ) 18.6 ( 65.5 ) 20.9 ( 69.6 ) 21.0 ( 69.8 ) 18.8 ( 65.8 ) 15.3 ( 59.5 ) 11.3 ( 52.3 ) 8.6 ( 47.5 ) 14.1 ( 57.4 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 3.1 ( 37.6 ) 2.7 ( 36.9 ) 4.3 ( 39.7 ) 5.8 ( 42.4 ) 9.0 ( 48.2 ) 11.7 ( 53.1 ) 14.0 ( 57.2 ) 13.9 ( 57 ) 11.9 ( 53.4 ) 9.3 ( 48.7 ) 5.8 ( 42.4 ) 3.6 ( 38.5 ) 7.9 ( 46.3 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 76.2 ( 3 ) 49.6 ( 1.953 ) 56.1 ( 2.209 ) 46.8 ( 1.843 ) 44.4 ( 1.748 ) 44.0 ( 1.732 ) 44.9 ( 1.768 ) 51.3 ( 2.02 ) 58.9 ( 2.319 ) 91.9 ( 3.618 ) 83.4 ( 3.283 ) 81.8 ( 3.22 ) 729.3 ( 28.713 ) Average rainy days 12.5 9.0 9.7 8.8 7.6 7.3 6.5 7.3 8.3 11.2 11.6 11.7 111.5 Mean monthly sunshine hours 75.4 94.6 130.9 198.6 233.0 237.9 252.5 236.7 174.1 131.9 88.5 66.7 1,920.8 Source : Met Office ( 1 ) ( hide ) Climate data for Bournemouth Hurn 10m asl , 1981 -- 2010 , Extremes 1960 -- Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° C ( ° F ) 8.4 ( 47.1 ) 8.5 ( 47.3 ) 11.0 ( 51.8 ) 13.5 ( 56.3 ) 17.0 ( 62.6 ) 19.8 ( 67.6 ) 22.1 ( 71.8 ) 22.0 ( 71.6 ) 19.3 ( 66.7 ) 15.3 ( 59.5 ) 11.5 ( 52.7 ) 8.7 ( 47.7 ) 14.8 ( 58.6 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 1.5 ( 34.7 ) 1.2 ( 34.2 ) 2.7 ( 36.9 ) 3.8 ( 38.8 ) 7.2 ( 45 ) 9.8 ( 49.6 ) 11.9 ( 53.4 ) 11.6 ( 52.9 ) 9.4 ( 48.9 ) 7.1 ( 44.8 ) 3.7 ( 38.7 ) 1.6 ( 34.9 ) 6 ( 42.7 ) Average rainfall mm ( inches ) 86.9 ( 3.421 ) 62.5 ( 2.461 ) 64.7 ( 2.547 ) 53.9 ( 2.122 ) 49.5 ( 1.949 ) 51.6 ( 2.031 ) 47.8 ( 1.882 ) 51.8 ( 2.039 ) 65.3 ( 2.571 ) 100.7 ( 3.965 ) 100.5 ( 3.957 ) 100.0 ( 3.937 ) 835.2 ( 32.882 ) Average rainy days 12.8 9.6 10.8 9.1 8.8 7.7 7.9 7.3 9.0 12.6 12.5 12.3 120.4 Mean monthly sunshine hours 66.5 84.5 121.4 185.1 218.5 229.5 232.0 214.6 159.1 115.2 80.1 60.3 1,766.8 Source : Met Office Northern Ireland ( edit ) See also : Climate of Ireland Northern Ireland is warmer than Scotland throughout the year . Maximum temperatures are milder than in Wales from December to April , and milder than in England from December to February , but Northern Ireland is cooler during the rest of the year . Sunshine totals in every month are more than those of Scotland , but less than those of the rest of Great Britain . Northern Ireland is drier and has fewer rainy days than Scotland throughout the year , except in May , when it rains on more days . Northern Ireland is also drier than Wales in every month , yet it rains on more days . The rainiest month is January , when 17.8 days have more than 1 mm ( 0.04 in ) of rain on average . ( hide ) Northern Ireland weather averages Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average maximum temperature ° C ( ° F ) 6.7 ( 44.1 ) 7.1 ( 44.8 ) 8.9 ( 48.0 ) 11.1 ( 52.0 ) 14.2 ( 57.6 ) 16.5 ( 61.7 ) 18.4 ( 65.1 ) 18.1 ( 64.6 ) 15.7 ( 60.3 ) 12.5 ( 54.5 ) 9.2 ( 48.6 ) 7.5 ( 45.5 ) 12.2 ( 54.0 ) Average minimum temperature ° C ( ° F ) 1.2 ( 34.2 ) 1.2 ( 34.2 ) 2.3 ( 36.1 ) 3.3 ( 37.9 ) 5.6 ( 42.1 ) 8.3 ( 46.9 ) 10.6 ( 51.1 ) 10.2 ( 50.4 ) 8.3 ( 46.9 ) 6.1 ( 43.0 ) 3.1 ( 37.6 ) 2.0 ( 35.6 ) 5.2 ( 41.4 ) Sunshine hours 41.0 60.1 90.0 140.8 175.9 150.9 139.6 138.0 113.1 85.5 52.8 31.9 1219.7 Rainfall mm ( inches ) 119.1 ( 4.7 ) 86.5 ( 3.4 ) 93.4 ( 3.7 ) 70.6 ( 2.8 ) 68.1 ( 2.7 ) 72.1 ( 2.8 ) 73.2 ( 2.9 ) 90.8 ( 3.6 ) 94.4 ( 3.7 ) 114.5 ( 4.5 ) 110.5 ( 4.4 ) 118.5 ( 4.7 ) 1111.6 ( 43.8 ) Rainfall ≥ 1 mm days 17.8 14.1 16.4 12.4 12.6 12.4 13.1 13.9 14.4 16.4 16.7 16.9 177.0 Source : Met Office ( 1971 -- 2000 averages ) ( hide ) Climate data for Northern Ireland Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 16.4 ( 61.5 ) 17.8 ( 64 ) 21.7 ( 71.1 ) 24.5 ( 76.1 ) 28.0 ( 82.4 ) 30.8 ( 87.4 ) 30.8 ( 87.4 ) 30.6 ( 87.1 ) 27.8 ( 82 ) 24.1 ( 75.4 ) 18.5 ( 65.3 ) 16.0 ( 60.8 ) 30.8 ( 87.4 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) − 17.5 ( 0.5 ) − 15.0 ( 5 ) − 14.8 ( 5.4 ) − 8.5 ( 16.7 ) − 6.5 ( 20.3 ) − 2.4 ( 27.7 ) − 1.1 ( 30 ) − 1.9 ( 28.6 ) − 3.2 ( 26.2 ) − 7.2 ( 19 ) − 12.2 ( 10 ) − 18.7 ( − 1.7 ) − 18.7 ( − 1.7 ) Source : The Met Office Scotland ( edit ) Main article : Climate of Scotland Scotland has the coolest weather of any country in the United Kingdom throughout the year ( with the climate at altitude varying into Cfc ) , with average minimum temperatures in January of − 0.2 ° C ( 31.6 ° F ) . Scotland is also the wettest country in every month , apart from May , June and December , when Wales is wetter . The wettest month is January , with 170.5 mm ( 6.71 in ) on average . Scotland is also the cloudiest country throughout the year , apart from June and July , when Northern Ireland is . Scotland 1971 - 2000 Climate chart ( explanation ) J J J O 171 5 0 123 5 0 139 7 86 9 79 13 5 85 15 7 92 17 9 107 17 9 140 14 7 163 11 5 166 7 170 6 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° C Precipitation totals in mm ( show ) Imperial conversion J J J O 6.7 41 32 4.9 41 32 5.5 44 34 3.4 49 36 3.1 55 40 3.4 59 45 3.6 62 49 4.2 62 49 5.5 57 45 6.4 51 41 6.5 45 36 6.7 42 33 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° F Precipitation totals in inches ( hide ) Scotland weather averages Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average maximum temperature ° C ( ° F ) 5.0 ( 41.0 ) 5.2 ( 41.4 ) 6.9 ( 44.4 ) 9.3 ( 48.7 ) 12.8 ( 55.0 ) 14.9 ( 58.8 ) 16.9 ( 62.4 ) 16.6 ( 61.9 ) 13.9 ( 57.0 ) 10.8 ( 51.4 ) 7.4 ( 45.3 ) 5.7 ( 42.3 ) 10.5 ( 50.9 ) Average minimum temperature ° C ( ° F ) - 0.2 ( 31.6 ) - 0.1 ( 31.8 ) 0.9 ( 33.6 ) 2.1 ( 35.8 ) 4.5 ( 40.1 ) 7.2 ( 45.0 ) 9.3 ( 48.7 ) 9.2 ( 48.6 ) 7.2 ( 45.0 ) 4.9 ( 40.8 ) 2.0 ( 35.6 ) 0.5 ( 32.9 ) 4.0 ( 39.2 ) Sunshine hours 30.8 58.1 87.6 128.2 173.2 153.2 145.0 137.5 104.4 74.5 43.2 24.7 1160.4 Rainfall mm ( inches ) 170.5 ( 6.7 ) 123.4 ( 4.9 ) 138.5 ( 5.5 ) 86.2 ( 3.4 ) 79.0 ( 3.1 ) 85.1 ( 3.4 ) 92.1 ( 3.6 ) 107.4 ( 4.2 ) 139.7 ( 5.5 ) 162.6 ( 6.4 ) 165.9 ( 6.5 ) 169.6 ( 6.7 ) 1520.1 ( 59.8 ) Rainfall ≥ 1 mm days 18.6 14.8 17.3 13.0 12.2 12.7 13.3 14.1 15.9 17.7 17.9 18.2 185.8 Source : Met Office ( 1971 -- 2000 averages ) ( hide ) Climate data for Scotland Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 18.3 ( 64.9 ) 17.9 ( 64.2 ) 23.6 ( 74.5 ) 27.2 ( 81 ) 30.9 ( 87.6 ) 32.2 ( 90 ) 32.8 ( 91 ) 32.9 ( 91.2 ) 32.2 ( 90 ) 27.4 ( 81.3 ) 20.6 ( 69.1 ) 18.3 ( 64.9 ) 32.9 ( 91.2 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) − 27.2 ( − 17 ) − 27.2 ( − 17 ) − 22.8 ( − 9 ) − 13.3 ( 8.1 ) − 7.7 ( 18.1 ) − 5.6 ( 21.9 ) − 2.5 ( 27.5 ) − 4.5 ( 23.9 ) − 6.7 ( 19.9 ) − 11.7 ( 10.9 ) − 23.3 ( − 9.9 ) − 27.2 ( − 17 ) − 27.2 ( − 17 ) Source : The Met Office Aberdeen Climate chart ( explanation ) J J J O 75 6 0 54 6 0 61 8 59 10 55 13 5 56 16 8 59 18 10 62 18 10 73 15 8 84 12 5 84 8 79 6 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° C Precipitation totals in mm Source : Meteo France ( show ) Imperial conversion J J J O 43 32 2.1 43 32 2.4 46 34 2.3 50 37 2.2 55 41 2.2 61 46 2.3 64 50 2.4 64 50 2.9 59 46 3.3 54 41 3.3 46 36 3.1 43 34 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° F Precipitation totals in inches Edinburgh Climate chart ( explanation ) J J J O 67 7 47 7 51 9 40 11 48 14 6 61 17 9 65 19 11 60 19 11 63 16 9 75 13 6 62 9 60 7 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° C Precipitation totals in mm Source : Met Office ( show ) Imperial conversion J J J O 2.6 45 34 1.9 45 34 48 36 1.6 52 39 1.9 57 43 2.4 63 48 2.6 66 52 2.4 66 52 2.5 61 48 55 43 2.4 48 37 2.4 45 34 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° F Precipitation totals in inches Glasgow Climate chart ( explanation ) J J J O 148 7 104 7 112 9 63 11 67 14 7 66 16 10 73 19 12 92 19 11 112 16 9 143 12 6 126 9 135 7 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° C Precipitation totals in mm Source : Met Office ( show ) Imperial conversion J J J O 5.8 45 34 4.1 45 34 4.4 48 37 2.5 52 39 2.6 57 45 2.6 61 50 2.9 66 54 3.6 66 52 4.4 61 48 5.6 54 43 5 48 39 5.3 45 34 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° F Precipitation totals in inches Lerwick Climate chart ( explanation ) J J J O 142 5 120 5 124 6 70 8 53 10 5 58 12 7 66 14 10 83 14 10 106 12 8 141 10 6 146 7 142 6 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° C Precipitation totals in mm Source : Met Office ( show ) Imperial conversion J J J O 5.6 41 34 4.7 41 34 4.9 43 36 2.8 46 37 2.1 50 41 2.3 54 45 2.6 57 50 3.3 57 50 4.2 54 46 5.6 50 43 5.7 45 39 5.6 43 36 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° F Precipitation totals in inches Wales ( edit ) Wales has warmer temperatures throughout the year than Scotland , and has milder winter minima than England , but cooler winter maxima than Northern Ireland . Wales is wetter throughout the year than Northern Ireland and England , but has fewer rainy days than Northern Ireland ; meaning that rainfall tends to be more intense . Wales is also drier than Scotland in every month apart from May , June and December , and there are fewer days with rain than in Scotland . Sunshine totals throughout the year are more than that of Scotland and Northern Ireland , but less than that of neighbouring England . May is the sunniest month , averaging 186.8 hours . Wales 1971 - 2000 Climate chart ( explanation ) J J J O 158 7 114 7 119 9 86 11 81 15 6 86 17 9 78 19 11 106 19 11 124 16 9 153 13 7 157 9 173 7 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° C Precipitation totals in mm ( show ) Imperial conversion J J J O 6.2 44 34 4.5 44 34 4.7 47 36 3.4 52 38 3.2 58 43 3.4 62 47 3.1 66 52 4.2 66 51 4.9 61 48 6 55 44 6.2 49 39 6.8 45 36 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° F Precipitation totals in inches ( hide ) Wales weather averages Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average maximum temperature ° C ( ° F ) 6.5 ( 43.7 ) 6.6 ( 43.9 ) 8.6 ( 47.5 ) 11.0 ( 51.8 ) 14.5 ( 58.1 ) 16.8 ( 62.2 ) 19.1 ( 66.4 ) 18.8 ( 65.8 ) 16.2 ( 61.2 ) 12.8 ( 55.0 ) 9.3 ( 48.7 ) 7.4 ( 45.3 ) 12.3 ( 54.1 ) Average minimum temperature ° C ( ° F ) 1.3 ( 34.3 ) 1.1 ( 34.0 ) 2.4 ( 36.3 ) 3.4 ( 38.1 ) 6.0 ( 42.8 ) 8.6 ( 47.5 ) 10.9 ( 51.6 ) 10.7 ( 51.3 ) 8.8 ( 47.8 ) 6.5 ( 43.7 ) 3.7 ( 38.7 ) 2.2 ( 36.0 ) 5.5 ( 41.9 ) Sunshine hours 42.8 63.4 94.2 148.0 186.8 167.0 181.8 168.7 125.8 90.4 54.9 35.4 1359.3 Rainfall mm ( inches ) 158.4 ( 6.2 ) 113.8 ( 4.5 ) 118.5 ( 4.7 ) 85.7 ( 3.4 ) 80.6 ( 3.2 ) 86.0 ( 3.4 ) 78.3 ( 3.1 ) 105.8 ( 4.2 ) 123.8 ( 4.9 ) 152.9 ( 6.0 ) 156.6 ( 6.2 ) 173.1 ( 6.8 ) 1433.5 ( 56.4 ) Rainfall ≥ 1 mm days 17.4 13.4 15.1 11.7 11.5 11.4 10.3 12.2 13.0 15.8 16.7 17.1 165.5 Source : Met Office ( 1971 -- 2000 averages ) ( hide ) Climate data for Wales Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 18.3 ( 64.9 ) 18.7 ( 65.7 ) 23.9 ( 75 ) 26.2 ( 79.2 ) 29.2 ( 84.6 ) 33.7 ( 92.7 ) 34.6 ( 94.3 ) 35.2 ( 95.4 ) 31.1 ( 88 ) 28.2 ( 82.8 ) 22.4 ( 72.3 ) 18.0 ( 64.4 ) 35.2 ( 95.4 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) − 23.3 ( − 9.9 ) − 20.0 ( − 4 ) − 21.7 ( − 7.1 ) − 11.2 ( 11.8 ) − 6.1 ( 21 ) − 4.0 ( 24.8 ) − 1.5 ( 29.3 ) − 2.8 ( 27 ) − 5.5 ( 22.1 ) − 9.4 ( 15.1 ) − 18.0 ( − 0.4 ) − 22.7 ( − 8.9 ) − 23.3 ( − 9.9 ) Source : The Met Office Seasons ( edit ) Spring ( edit ) Spring is the period from March to May . Spring is generally a calm , cool season , particularly because the Atlantic has lost much of its heat throughout the autumn and winter . As the sun rises higher in the sky and the days get longer , temperatures slowly rise , but the solar effect is mitigated somewhat by the effect of the cool ocean waters and westerly winds that blow across them . There is a fair chance of snow earlier in the season when temperatures are colder - often in March . Some of the country 's heaviest snowfalls of recent years have happened in the first half of March , and snow showers can occur infrequently until mid-April . They have been known to develop as late as mid-May over some areas of the country , such as in 2013 when snow was recorded on 14 May over parts of Staffordshire , Herefordshire and Wales . Snow was also recorded at lower levels in early June 1975 . More recently , there was a disruptive snow event between 26 and 29 April 2016 across much of Northern England and Scotland , which was unusually the only significant snow event of the winter 2015 / 16 . Snow , frost and ice can be disruptive and damaging to flowering plants , particularly later in the spring . Early spring can be quite cold , and occasionally the lowest temperatures of the year can occur in March , as it did at Heathrow Airport on 5 March 2001 , 4 March 2006 and 8 March 2011 . Temperatures below freezing are not unusual in March , even in the south of the UK . On the other hand , high temperatures above 30 ° C are generally rare but can occur on occasion ; most recently on 25 May 2012 . It was even hotter on 27 May 2005 , when 31.9 ° C was recorded in London . Rarely , the hottest day of the year can be in spring . As stated below , 27 May was the hottest day of the year in 2012 in most parts of the UK . In Aberdaron , the hottest day of 2011 was very early on in the year on 21 April . Temperatures in March seldom reach 20 ° C , as they did in 1990 , 1993 , 2012 and 2017 , and this temperature is usually reached for the first time in April or May . Throughout spring , there can be very dramatic temperature swings between day night . On 9 April 2017 , night - time temperatures fell to just 3 ° C at Northolt , but 25 ° C was reached in the afternoon . Warmth in Spring depends almost entirely on the strength of the sun , and can trigger thunderstorms and downpours . Mean temperatures in Spring are markedly influenced by latitude . Most of Scotland and the mountains of Wales and northern England are the coolest areas of the UK , with average temperatures ranging from − 0.6 to 5.8 ° C ( 30.9 to 42.4 ° F ) . The southern half of England experiences the warmest spring temperatures of between 8.8 and 10.3 ° C ( 47.8 and 50.5 ° F ) . Summer ( edit ) Summer lasts from June to August and is the warmest and usually the sunniest season . Rainfall totals can have a wide local variation due to localised thundershowers . These thundershowers mainly occur in southern , eastern , and central England and are less frequent and severe in the north and west . Climatic differences at this time of year are more influenced by latitude and proximity to the ocean . Temperatures are the highest in southern and central areas and lowest in the north . Hot weather above 27 ° C in most places and in most years occurs on multiple days per year , but more frequently in London and south - east England and less so in parts of Scotland . The record maximum is 38.5 ° C ( 101.3 ° F ) recorded in Faversham , Kent on 10 August 2003 . Autumn ( edit ) Autumn in the United Kingdom lasts from September to November . The season is notorious for being unsettled -- as cool polar air moves southwards following the sun , it meets the warm air of the tropics and produces an area of great disturbance along which the country lies . This combined with the warm ocean due to heating throughout the spring and summer , produces the unsettled weather of autumn . In addition , when the air is particularly cold temperatures on land may be colder than the ocean , resulting in significant amounts of condensation and clouds which bring rain to the country . Atlantic depressions during this time can become intense and winds of hurricane force ( greater than 119 km / h or 74 mph ) can be recorded . Western areas , being closest to the Atlantic , experience these severe conditions to a significantly greater extent than eastern areas . As such , autumn , particularly the latter part , is often the stormiest time of the year . One particularly intense depression was the Great Storm of 1987 . A very severe storm affected the UK on 27 October 2002 which , at Mumbles head near Swansea , recorded maximum sustained wind speeds of over 123 km / h , equivalent to a category 1 hurricane . The autumn of 2013 was also littered with severe storms , including the St. Jude 's Storm on 28 October 2013 . Autumn can also be a cold season at times - in recent years , very low temperatures and heavy snowfall have been recorded during November 1985 , November 1993 & November 2010 , which set a new record low of - 18.0 ° C in Wales on 28 November 2010 . At Northolt , the coldest temperature of the year 2016 was set on 30 November . Snow also fell rather widely across the UK on 28 & 29 October 2008 , causing traffic problems where it settled on the M4 . Even further south , low temperatures can be recorded , with temperatures well below freezing as far south as Heathrow Airport between 29 & 31 October 1997 - for context , the low of 30 October 1997 recorded was lower than any recorded at this station in March , November or December 1997 and even the following January 1998 - only the low temperatures on 2 & 4 February 1998 prevented it from being the lowest temperature of the winter at this station . The first frosts of the winter are usually recorded between October & December , but they are quite unusual in September except on high ground when the surrounding ocean is at or near its warmest . It is not particularly unusual for September to be warmer than June , as it was in 1999 . However , the United Kingdom sometimes experiences an ' Indian Summer ' , where temperatures particularly by night can be very mild and rarely fall below 10 ° C ( 50 ° F ) . Such events are aided by the surrounding Atlantic Ocean and seas being at their warmest , keeping the country in warm air , despite the relatively weak sun . Examples of this were in 1985 , 1999 , 2005 , 2006 , 2011 and 2016 where September saw above average temperatures which felt more like a continuation of summer than autumn . Autumns since 2000 have generally been very mild with notable extremes of precipitation ; the UK has seen some of its wettest and driest autumns since the millennium. 2011 and 2016 were notable as many areas of the country recorded their highest temperatures of the year in September and October ( for example , 28.2 ° C at Hawarden on 1 October , 26.3 ° C at St. Athan on 2 October 2011 and the UK 's highest temperature of 2016 on 13 September with 34.4 ° C at Gravesend ) . Coastal areas in the southern half of England have on average the warmest autumns , with mean temperatures of 10.7 to 13.0 ° C ( 51.3 to 55.4 ° F ) . Mountainous areas of Wales and northern England , and almost all of Scotland , experience mean temperatures between 1.7 and 7.5 ° C ( 35.1 and 45.5 ° F ) . Hardiness zones in the British Isles . Based on the USDA system and used to indicate growing conditions for plants . Winter ( edit ) Winter in the UK is defined as lasting from December to February . The season is generally cool , wet , windy , and cloudy . Temperatures at night rarely drop below − 10 ° C ( 14 ° F ) and in the day rarely rise above 15 ° C ( 59 ° F ) . Precipitation is plentiful throughout the season , though snow is relatively infrequent despite the country 's high latitude : The only areas with significant snowfall are the Scottish Highlands and the Pennines , where at higher elevations a colder climate determines the vegetation , mainly temperate coniferous forest , although deforestation has severely decreased forest area . For a majority of the landmass snow is possible but not frequent , apart from the higher altitudes , where snow can lie 1 -- 5 months or even beyond 6 months . Towards the later part of the season the weather usually stabilises with less wind , less precipitation and lower temperatures . This change is particularly pronounced near the coasts mainly because the Atlantic ocean is often at its coldest during this time after being cooled throughout the autumn and the winter . The early part of winter however is often unsettled and stormy ; often the wettest and windiest time of the year . Snow cover on The Saddle in the Scottish Highlands Snow falls intermittently and mainly affects northern and eastern areas , high ground in Wales and especially the mountains of Scotland , where there is often enough snow lying to permit skiing at some of the five Scottish ski resorts . These resorts usually operate between December and April , depending on the snowfall . Frequently in the mountains potent depressions may move in from the north in the form of ' polar lows ' , introducing heavy snow and often blizzard - like conditions to parts of the United Kingdom , particularly Scotland . Blizzards have become rarer in the 21st century , although much of England was affected by one on 30 January 2003 . During periods of light winds and high pressure frost and fog can become a problem and can pose a major hazard for drivers on the roads . Mean winter temperatures in the UK are most influenced by proximity to the sea . The coldest areas are the mountains of Wales and northern England , and inland areas of Scotland , averaging − 3.6 to 2.3 ° C ( 25.5 to 36.1 ° F ) . Coastal areas , particularly those in the south and west , experience the mildest winters , on average 5 to 8.7 ° C ( 41.0 to 47.7 ° F ) . Hardiness zones in the UK are high , ranging from zone 7 in the Scottish Highlands , the Pennines and Snowdonia , to zone 10 on the Isles of Scilly . Most of the UK lies in zones 8 or 9 . In zone 7 , the average lowest temperature each year is between − 17.7 and − 12.3 ° C ( 0.1 and 9.9 ° F ) , and in zone 10 , this figure is between − 1.1 and 4.4 ° C ( 30.0 and 39.9 ° F ) . Snow in the UK falls almost every year , but in small quantities . The UK can suffer extreme winters like 1684 , 1740 , 1795 ( when London received its record lowest temperature of − 21.1 ° C ( − 6.0 ° F ) ) , 1947 and 1963 . In 1963 it snowed on Boxing Day , and snow lasted in most areas until 6 March , with blizzards through February , which had significant and documented effects on the FA Cup - Wrexham were forced to play on sand for one tie . In modern times snow has generally become rarer , but the UK can still get heavy falls , such as in 1978 / 79 , 1981 / 82 , 1986 / 87 and 1990 / 91 . The winter of 2008 / 09 produced the heaviest snowfall since 1991 between 1 and 3 February , and the winter of 2009 - 10 was even more severe , with many parts of the United Kingdom experiencing the coldest and snowiest winters since 1978 / 79 ; temperatures plummeted to − 22.3 ° C ( − 8.1 ° F ) at Altnaharra , Sutherland -- close to the − 22.9 ° C ( − 9.2 ° F ) recorded at the southernmost part of the globe in the same period . The lowest temperature ever recorded in the UK was − 27.2 ° C ( − 17.0 ° F ) which was recorded on 10 January 1982 and 11 February 1895 in Braemar , Scotland and on 30 December 1995 in Altnaharra , Scotland . December 2010 was the coldest December in 120 years ; the CET ( Central England Temperature ) was - 0.7 ° C ; it was the coldest month since February 1986 , and the coldest December since 1890 . Many places had heavy snowfall and extreme cold , temperatures regularly fell below − 10.0 ° C ( 14.0 ° F ) ) across many areas . However , the cold subsided after Christmas Day , 2010 . November 2010 saw an extremely severe cold snap , with lows of − 18.0 ° C ( − 0.4 ° F ) ) in Llysdinam on 28 November . The month saw temperatures below average , despite what was actually a very mild first half . Spring 2013 was also notoriously cold : March 2013 was the coldest month of the winter ( and indeed 2013 as a whole ) , which is quite striking given that December 2012 , January and February 2013 were all also below average in terms of temperature . The following winter was the opposite - in many places , only on 11 and 12 January was any snow recorded ( some places having no snow at all ) , and the entire country was battered by a series of severe depressions and storms . The St Jude 's Day storm first affected the UK on 26 October 2013 , and many places saw no respite until a high swept across the country on 2 March 2014 . Parts of the Somerset levels remained under water for most of the winter and well into spring . Record - equalling gusts of 142 mph were recorded off the north coast of Scotland on 5 December 2013 , with notably severe storms also recorded on 2 November 2013 , 24 December 2013 , 3 January 2014 and 14 February 2014 . In the 1990s and 2000s , most of the winters were milder and usually wetter than average with daytime temperatures going below freezing a rare occurrence . In fact , the winter of 1995 / 1996 was the only one which was defined as below average in terms of the UK as a whole , although February 1991 saw heavy snowfall & January 1997 was cold in the South . The winters of 2008 / 09 , 2009 / 10 and 2010 / 11 have however seen a different pattern with these three winters being defined as below or well below average with large snowfall amounts widespread and very low temperatures ; this was the first time three consecutive cold winters in the UK have occurred since the 1960s . Since the winter of 2012 / 2013 , winters have been mild ( exceptionally so in 2013 / 2014 and 2015 / 2016 ) , although exceptionally wet . The winter of 2014 / 2015 was an oddity , in that it was generally quiet and sunny . December 2014 & January 2015 were a little milder than the average , February 2015 was close to normal . The winter of 2016 / 17 was very nearly a very cold winter owing to the presence and position of high pressure , although ultimately only November 2016 was cold widely as a whole . Early December 2016 was cool and January 2017 was cold in the south - east , with much of the rest of England and Wales near the 1961 - 1990 average . At Northolt , the average minimum for January 2017 was below freezing for the first time since December 2010 . December 2015 became the wettest calendar month ever recorded in the United Kingdom , with January 2016 becoming the second wettest . In these months , some northern and western parts had 2 to 4 times as much rainfall as normal . December 2015 was also the warmest December averaged over the whole UK , and had the highest positive anomaly for any month in the Central England temperature series which began in 1659 ( CET was 9.7 ° C , this is warmer than even any March ) . Most areas of southern England had average monthly temperatures 5 - 6 ° C above normal . Some plants flowered that would normally do so in the Spring or even Summer . Hardly any stations in Wales and Southern England recorded any air frosts and temperatures were often comparable to those of April or May . The maximum recorded temperature was 17.2 ° C at Teignmouth in Devon and Plockton and Achnagart in the highlands of Scotland on 16th . The lowest daily mean temperature during December 2015 at Heathrow Airport was still 8.2 ° C on 9 December , comparable to the average daily high for the calendar month . Remarkably , December 2015 did not break any national records for high temperatures , just failing to reach the maximum England temperature of 17.7 ° C recorded on 2 December 1985 in Chivenor , Devon and on 11 December 1994 in Penkridge , Staffordshire . Despite the warmth , it was the dullest December since 1989 . Sunshine and cloud ( edit ) A sunny spring day The average total annual sunshine in the United Kingdom is 1339.7 hours , which is just under 30 % of the maximum possible ( The maximum hours of sunshine possible in one year is approximately 4476 hours ) . Generally the United Kingdom sees frequent cloudy skies due to its high latitude and oceanic controlled climate . The lowest sunshine hours are found in northern parts of the country and the highest in the southern parts and southern coast of England . The counties of Dorset , Hampshire , Sussex and Kent are the sunniest areas , which have annual average totals of around 1,750 hours of sunshine per year . Northern , western and mountainous areas are generally the cloudiest areas of the UK , with some mountainous areas receiving fewer than 1,000 hours of sunshine a year . An overcast day in Plymouth , south - west England Valley areas such as the South Wales Valleys , due to their north - south orientation , receive less sunshine than lowland areas because the mountains on either side of the valley obscure the sun in the early morning and late evening . This is noticeable in winter where there are only a few hours of sunshine . The mountains of Wales , northern England and Scotland can be especially cloudy with extensive mist and fog . Near the coast , sea fog may develop in the spring and early summer . Radiation fog may develop over inland areas of Great Britain and can persist for hours or even days in the winter and can pose a major hazard for drivers and aircraft . On occasions blocking anticyclones ( high pressure systems ) may move over the United Kingdom , which can persist for weeks or even months . The subsided , dry air often results in clear skies and few clouds , bringing frosty nights in winter and warm days in the summer . Average hours of sunshine in winter range from 38 -- 108 hours in some mountainous areas and western Scotland , up to 217 hours in the south and east of England ; while average hours of sunshine in summer range from 294 -- 420 hours in northern Scotland and Northern Ireland , to 600 -- 760 hours in southern English coastal counties . The most sunshine recorded in one month was 383.9 hours at Eastbourne ( East Sussex ) in July 1911 . Atlantic ocean ( edit ) One of the greatest influences on the climate of the UK is the Atlantic Ocean and especially the Gulf Stream , which carries warm water up from lower latitudes and modifies the high latitude air masses that pass across the UK . This thermohaline circulation has a powerful moderating and warming effect on the country 's climate . This warm water current warms the climate to such a great extent that if the current did not exist then temperatures in winter would be about 10 ° C ( 18 ° F ) lower than they are today and similar to eastern Russia or Canada near the same latitude . The current allows England to have vineyards at the same latitude that Canada has polar bears . These warm ocean currents also bring substantial amounts of humidity which contributes to the notoriously wet climate that western parts of the UK experience . The extent of the Gulf Stream 's contribution to the actual temperature in western Europe is a matter of dispute . It has been argued that atmospheric waves that bring warm air northwards contribute to the warmer temperatures than thermohaline circulation . Winds ( edit ) Further information : List of atmospheric pressure records in Europe The high latitude and proximity to a large ocean to the west means that the United Kingdom experiences strong winds . The prevailing wind is from the south - west , but it may blow from any direction for sustained periods of time . Winds are strongest near westerly facing coasts and exposed headlands . Gales -- which are defined as winds with speeds of 51 to 101 km / h ( 32 to 63 mph ) -- are strongly associated with the passage of deep depressions across the country . The Hebrides experience on average 35 days of gale a year ( a day where there are gale - force winds ) while inland areas in England and Wales receive fewer than 5 days of gale a year . Areas of high elevation tend to have higher wind speeds than low elevations , and Great Dun Fell in Cumbria ( at 857 m or 2,812 ft ) averaged 114 days of gale a year during the period 1963 to 1976 . The highest gust recorded at a low level in England was 191 km / h ( 119 mph ) at Gwennap Head in Cornwall on 15 December 1979 , and a 115 mph gust was also recorded at Shoreham - By - Sea on 16 October 1987 . A disputed 122 mph gust was recorded on 16 October 1987 at Gorleston in Norfolk during the Great Storm of 1987 . In Scotland , Fraserburgh in Aberdeenshire recorded 229 km / h ( 142 mph ) on 13 February 1989 , which was equalled during Cyclone Xaver on 5 December 2013 . Wales ' highest wind speed gust of 200 km / h ( 124 mph ) was set at Rhoose , Vale of Glamorgan on 28 October 1989 . Especially potent storm systems typically affect the UK during autumn and winter , with the winters of 1989 / 1990 and 2013 / 2014 particularly notable for the frequency and potency of storm systems . An unofficial gust of 194 mph was recorded on the Shetland Isles during the New Year 's Day Storm on 1 January 1992 , and an equal unofficial 194 mph wind gust is claimed to have been set in the Cairngorm Mountains on 19 December 2008 . Barometric pressure plays a role in storm systems . For the United Kingdom , record figures for barometric pressure recordings are : Highest - 1053.6 mb ( Aberdeen , 31 January 1902 ) Lowest - 925.6 mb ( Ochtertyre , 26 January 1884 ) Notably a low pressure storm system affected the UK with a central pressure of 914.0 mb on 10 January 1993 , however this figure is not recorded over the UK but out in the Atlantic , despite the system affecting the UK . Rainfall ( edit ) Rainfall amounts can vary greatly across the United Kingdom and generally the further west and the higher the elevation , the greater the rainfall . The mountains of Wales , Scotland , the Pennines in Northern England and the moors of South West England are the wettest parts of the country , and in some of these places as much as 4,577 millimetres ( 180.2 in ) of rain can fall annually , making these locations some of the wettest in Europe . The wettest spot in the United Kingdom is Crib Goch , in Snowdonia , which has averaged 4,473 millimetres ( 176.1 in ) rain a year over the past 30 years . Most rainfall in the United Kingdom comes from North Atlantic depressions which roll into the country throughout the year from the west or southwest and are particularly frequent and intense in the autumn and winter . They can on occasions bring prolonged periods of heavy rain , and flooding is quite common . Parts of England are surprisingly dry , which is contrary to the stereotypical view -- London receives just below 650 millimetres ( 25.6 in ) per annum , which is less than Rome , Sydney , or New York City . In East Anglia it typically rains on about 113 days per year . Most of the south , south - east and East Anglia receive less than 700 millimetres ( 27.6 in ) of rain per year . The English counties of Essex , Cambridgeshire - as well as parts of North Yorkshire , the East Riding of Yorkshire , Suffolk and Norfolk - are amongst the driest in the UK , with an average annual rainfall of around 600 millimetres ( 23.6 in ) . This is due to a mild rainshadow effect , due to mountainous parts of the South West , Wales and Cumbria blocking the moist airflow across the country to the east . In some years rainfall totals in Essex and South Suffolk can be below 450 millimetres ( 17.7 in ) ( especially areas around Colchester , Clacton and Ipswich ) - less than the average annual rainfall in Jerusalem , Beirut and even some semi-arid parts of the world . Parts of the United Kingdom have had drought problems in recent years , particularly in 2004 - 2006 . Fires broke out in some areas , even across the normally damp higher ground of north - west England and Wales . The landscape in much of England and east Wales became very parched , even near the coast ; water restrictions were in place in some areas . July 2006 was the hottest month on record for the United Kingdom and much of Europe , however England has had warmer spells of 31 days which did not coincide with a calendar month -- in 1976 and 1995 . As well as low rainfall , drought problems were made worse by the fact that the driest parts of England also have the highest population density , and therefore highest water consumption . The drought problems ended in the period from October 2006 to January 2007 , which had well above average rainfall . December 2015 was the wettest month ever recorded in the United Kingdom . The average rainfall for the month was almost doubled . Temperature ( edit ) Generally the United Kingdom has cool to mild winters and warm summers with moderate variation in temperature throughout the year . In England the average annual temperature varies from 8.5 ° C ( 47.3 ° F ) in the north to 11 ° C ( 51.8 ° F ) in the south , but over the higher ground this can be several degrees lower . This small variation in temperature is to a large extent due to the moderating effect the Atlantic ocean has -- water has a much greater specific heat capacity than air and tends to heat and cool slowly throughout the year . This has a warming influence on coastal areas in winter and a cooling influence in summer . The ocean is at its coldest in February or early March , thus around coastal areas February is often the coldest month , but inland there is little to choose between February and January as the coldest . Temperatures tend to drop lowest on late winter nights inland , in the presence of high pressure , clear skies , light winds and when there is snow on the ground . On occasions , cold polar or continental air can be drawn in over the United Kingdom to bring very cold weather . The floors of inland valleys away from warming influence of the sea can be particularly cold as cold , dense air drains into them . A temperature of − 26.1 ° C ( − 15.0 ° F ) was recorded under such conditions at Edgmond in Shropshire on 10 January 1982 , the coldest temperature recorded in England and Wales . The following day the coldest maximum temperature in England , at − 11.3 ° C ( 11.7 ° F ) , was recorded at the same site . On average the warmest winter temperatures occur on the south and west coasts , however , warm temperatures occasionally occur due to a foehn wind warming up downwind after the crossing the mountains . Temperatures in these areas can rise to 15 ° C ( 59 ° F ) in winter on rare occasions This is a particularly notable event in northern Scotland , mainly Aberdeenshire , where these high temperatures can occur in midwinter when the sun only reaches about 10 ° above the horizon . July is on average the warmest month , and the highest temperatures tend to occur away from the Atlantic in southern , eastern and central England , where summer temperatures can rise above 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) . It soared to 38.5 ° C ( 101.3 ° F ) in Faversham , Kent on 10 August 2003 : the highest temperature ever recorded in the United Kingdom . Absolute temperature ranges Country Maximum temperatures Minimum temperatures ° C ° F Location and date ° C ° F Location and date England 38.5 101.3 Faversham , Kent on 10 August 2003 − 26.1 − 15.0 Edgmond , near Newport , Shropshire on 10 January 1982 Wales 35.2 95.4 Hawarden Bridge , Flintshire on 2 August 1990 − 23.3 − 9.9 Rhayader , Radnorshire on 21 January 1940 Scotland 32.9 91.2 Greycrook , Scottish Borders on 9 August 2003 − 27.2 − 17.0 Braemar , Aberdeenshire on 11 February 1895 and 10 January 1982 Altnaharra , Sutherland on 30 December 1995 Northern Ireland 30.8 87.4 Knockarevan , near Belleek , County Fermanagh on 30 June 1976 Belfast on 12 July 1983 − 18.6 − 1.5 Castlederg , County Tyrone on 23 December 2010 Severe weather ( edit ) While the United Kingdom is not particularly noted for extreme weather , it does sometimes occur , and events such as floods and drought may be experienced . The summer of 1976 , for example , experienced temperatures as high as 35 ° C ( 95 ° F ) , and it was so dry the country suffered drought and water shortages . Extended periods of extreme weather , such as the droughts of 1975 -- 1976 , summer 2006 , and spring 2012 , the long hot summers of 1911 , 1976 , 2003 and 2006 , and the winters of 1946 -- 1947 , 1962 -- 1963 , 2009 -- 2010 , and 2010 -- 2011 are often caused by blocking anti-cyclones which can persist for several days , weeks , or even months . In winter they can bring long periods of cold dry weather and in summer long periods of hot dry weather . Hurricane Gordon 's path There have also been occurrences of severe flash floods caused by intense rainfall ; the most severe was the Lynmouth disaster of 1952 in which 34 people died and 38 houses and buildings were completely destroyed . In the summer of 2004 , a severe flash flood devastated the town of Boscastle in Cornwall . However , the worst floods in the United Kingdom in modern times occurred in the North Sea flood of 1953 . A powerful storm from the Atlantic moved around Scotland and down the east coast of England . As it moved south it produced a storm surge which was magnified as the North Sea became narrower further south . By the time the storm affected south - east England and the Netherlands , the surge had reached the height of 3.6 metres ( 12 ft ) . Over 300 people were killed by the floods in eastern England . Thunderstorms are most common in southern and eastern England , and least common in the north and west . In London , thunderstorms occur on average 14 -- 19 days a year , while in most of Northern Ireland and the west of Scotland thunderstorms occur on around 3 days a year . Occasionally , thunderstorms can be severe and produce large hailstones as seen in Ottery St Mary , Devon in October 2008 , where drifts reached 1.8 metres ( 5 ft 11 in ) . Strong winds occur mainly in the autumn and winter months associated with low pressure systems and Scotland experiences hurricane - force winds in most winters . The Gale of January 1976 , Great Storm of 1987 ( 23 fatalities ) and the Burns ' Day storm of 1990 ( 97 fatalities ) are particularly severe examples ; Scotland saw winds of 142 mph during Cyclone Xaver in 2013 . The most rain recorded to fall on a single day was 279 mm at Martinstown ( Dorset ) on 18 July 1955 , but also 243 mm fell at Bruton , Somerset on 28 June 1917 . Heavy rain also fell between 20 and 25 June in 2007 ; some areas experienced a month 's rainfall in one day . Four people died in the flooding and over £ 1.5 billion of damage to businesses and properties was caused . Tropical cyclones themselves do not affect the UK due to the seas being too cold -- they need temperatures above 26.5 ° C ( 79.7 ° F ) to remain active . The waters near the UK , the Atlantic Ocean , only have temperatures of 2 to 18 ° C ( 36 to 64 ° F ) , so any tropical cyclone that does come anywhere near the UK has said to have undergone a process called extratropical transition . This now means it is an extratropical cyclone , which the UK frequently experiences . The Great Storm of 1987 was a very deep depression which formed in the Bay of Biscay , which also contained the remnants of Hurricane Floyd . Hurricane Lili of 1996 and Hurricane Gordon of 2006 both crossed the UK as strong extratropical cyclones with tropical storm - force winds , causing transport closures , power - cuts and flooding in Northern Ireland , Scotland and South West England . In 2011 , the remnants of Hurricane Katia passed over northwestern Scotland with winds near 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) . Tornadoes ( edit ) It is internationally recognised that the United Kingdom has a higher incidence of tornadoes , measured by unit area of land , than any other country in the world . Dr T. Theodore Fujita ( inventor of the Fujita scale ) , an American meteorologist , was the first to recognise the UK as the top site for tornadoes in 1973 . The United Kingdom has at least 33 tornadoes per year , more than any other country in the world relative to its land area . Although most tornadoes are weak , there are occasional destructive events , for example , the Birmingham tornado of 2005 and the London tornado of 2006 . Both registered F2 on the Fujita scale and both caused significant damage and injury . The largest ever recorded was thought to have been an F4 , again in London in 1091 . The most deadly occurred on 28 December 1879 . All 74 lives were lost when a passenger train plunged from the Tay Bridge ( Tayside ) into the Tay Estuary , when the middle section of the bridge collapsed . Although the bridge was poorly constructed and had already been weakened in earlier gales ( including the pre-existing winds at the time of the tragedy ) , the ultimate failure is believed to have been caused by two or three waterspouts which were sighted close to the bridge immediately before the accident . A tornado also developed in London on 3 July 2007 . The UK also holds the title for the highest known ' outbreak ' of tornadoes outside of the United States . The largest tornado outbreak in Britain is also the largest tornado outbreak known anywhere in Europe . On 23 November 1981 , 105 tornadoes were spawned by a cold front in the space of 5.25 hours . Excepting Derbyshire , every county in a triangular area from Gwynedd to Humberside to Essex was hit by at least one tornado , while Norfolk was hit by at least 13 . Very fortunately most tornadoes were short - lived and also weak ( the strongest was around T5 on the TORRO Tornado Scale ) and no deaths occurred . Southern England between the Isle of Wight and Beachy Head has been recognised as a ' hotspot ' for tornadoes and waterspouts . The area ( known as ' The Isle of Wight and South Coast Anomaly ' ) has seen significant activity and is thought to be due to the shedding of vortices , downwind of the Isle of Wight , under certain weather conditions . Birmingham tornado July 2005 Climate history ( edit ) The climate of the United Kingdom has not always been the way it is today . During some periods it was much warmer and in others it was much colder . The last glacial period was a period of extreme cold weather that lasted for tens of thousands of years and ended about 10,000 years ago . During this period the temperature was so low that much of the surrounding ocean froze and a great ice sheet extended over all of the United Kingdom except the south of England ( connected to mainland Europe via the dry English Channel ) and southern coastal areas of Wales . The cold period from the 16th to the mid-19th centuries is known as the Little Ice Age . The temperature records in England are continuous back to the mid 17th century . The Central England temperature ( CET ) record is the oldest in the world , and is a compound source of cross-correlated records from several locations in central England . Precipitation records date back to the eighteenth century and the modern England and Wales Precipitation series begins in 1766 . A detailed narrative account of the weather of every year from 1913 to 1942 , with photographs of plants taken on the same day in each of those years , may be found in Willis ( 1944 ) . As with many parts of the world , over the last century the United Kingdom has reported a warming trend in temperatures . While some of this may be due to a recovery from the cooler period of climate mid 20th century ( particularly the 1960s ) the last 20 years has nonetheless seen an unprecedented level of warm weather . This rise in temperatures is illustrated by the most recent dataset ( 1981 -- 2010 ) for Belfast and Cambridge Botanical Gardens , and the same data 50 years previous ( 1931 -- 1960 ) . ( hide ) Climate data for Belfast , 1931 - 1960 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° C ( ° F ) 6.0 ( 42.8 ) 6.8 ( 44.2 ) 9.2 ( 48.6 ) 11.8 ( 53.2 ) 14.9 ( 58.8 ) 17.5 ( 63.5 ) 18.4 ( 65.1 ) 18.3 ( 64.9 ) 16.1 ( 61 ) 12.6 ( 54.7 ) 9.1 ( 48.4 ) 6.9 ( 44.4 ) 12.3 ( 54.1 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 1.5 ( 34.7 ) 1.5 ( 34.7 ) 2.7 ( 36.9 ) 3.9 ( 39 ) 6.1 ( 43 ) 9.2 ( 48.6 ) 11.0 ( 51.8 ) 10.7 ( 51.3 ) 9.2 ( 48.6 ) 6.8 ( 44.2 ) 4.1 ( 39.4 ) 2.9 ( 37.2 ) 5.8 ( 42.4 ) Source : Stadtklima ( hide ) Climate data for Belfast , 1981 - 2010 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° C ( ° F ) 7.1 ( 44.8 ) 7.4 ( 45.3 ) 9.5 ( 49.1 ) 11.9 ( 53.4 ) 15.0 ( 59 ) 17.4 ( 63.3 ) 19.1 ( 66.4 ) 18.5 ( 65.3 ) 16.3 ( 61.3 ) 12.8 ( 55 ) 9.5 ( 49.1 ) 7.4 ( 45.3 ) 12.7 ( 54.8 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 1.8 ( 35.2 ) 1.7 ( 35.1 ) 2.9 ( 37.2 ) 4.3 ( 39.7 ) 6.8 ( 44.2 ) 9.6 ( 49.3 ) 11.6 ( 52.9 ) 11.4 ( 52.5 ) 9.5 ( 49.1 ) 6.9 ( 44.4 ) 4.0 ( 39.2 ) 2.1 ( 35.8 ) 6.1 ( 42.9 ) Source : Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute ( hide ) Climate data for Change in monthly mean temperatures at Belfast between 1931 - 1960 and 1981 - 2010 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° C ( ° F ) + 1.1 C + 0.6 C + 0.3 C + 0.1 C + 0.1 C - 0.1 C + 0.7 C + 0.2 C + 0.2 C + 0.4 C + 0.5 C + 0.4 C + 0.36 C Average low ° C ( ° F ) + 0.3 C + 0.2 C + 0.2 C + 0.4 C + 0.7 C + 0.4 C + 0.6 C + 0.7 C + 0.3 C + 0.1 C - 0.1 C - 0.8 C + 0.25 C Source : Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute As the above tables show , all months except December at Belfast exhibit warming when both maximum and minimum temperatures are taken into account . ( hide ) Climate data for Cambridge , 1931 - 1960 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° C ( ° F ) 6.3 ( 43.3 ) 7.2 ( 45 ) 10.5 ( 50.9 ) 13.7 ( 56.7 ) 17.2 ( 63 ) 20.5 ( 68.9 ) 22.2 ( 72 ) 22.0 ( 71.6 ) 19.2 ( 66.6 ) 14.6 ( 58.3 ) 9.9 ( 49.8 ) 7.3 ( 45.1 ) 14.2 ( 57.6 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 0.6 ( 33.1 ) 0.5 ( 32.9 ) 1.6 ( 34.9 ) 3.8 ( 38.8 ) 6.5 ( 43.7 ) 9.7 ( 49.5 ) 11.8 ( 53.2 ) 11.5 ( 52.7 ) 9.5 ( 49.1 ) 6.1 ( 43 ) 3.5 ( 38.3 ) 1.7 ( 35.1 ) 5.6 ( 42 ) Source : Stadtklima ( hide ) Climate data for Cambridge , 1981 - 2010 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° C ( ° F ) 7.5 ( 45.5 ) 7.9 ( 46.2 ) 11.1 ( 52 ) 13.8 ( 56.8 ) 17.5 ( 63.5 ) 20.4 ( 68.7 ) 23.1 ( 73.6 ) 22.8 ( 73 ) 19.5 ( 67.1 ) 15.2 ( 59.4 ) 10.5 ( 50.9 ) 7.6 ( 45.7 ) 14.7 ( 58.5 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 1.4 ( 34.5 ) 1.1 ( 34 ) 3.0 ( 37.4 ) 4.3 ( 39.7 ) 7.3 ( 45.1 ) 10.2 ( 50.4 ) 12.4 ( 54.3 ) 12.2 ( 54 ) 10.0 ( 50 ) 7.2 ( 45 ) 3.9 ( 39 ) 1.7 ( 35.1 ) 6.2 ( 43.2 ) Source : Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute ( hide ) Climate data for Change in monthly mean temperatures at Cambridge between 1931 - 1960 and 1981 - 2010 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° C ( ° F ) + 1.2 C + 0.7 C + 0.6 C + 0.1 C + 0.3 C - 0.1 C + 0.9 C + 0.8 C + 0.3 C + 0.6 C + 0.6 C + 0.3 C + 0.52 C Average low ° C ( ° F ) + 0.8 C + 0.6 C + 1.4 C + 0.5 C + 0.8 C + 0.5 C + 0.6 C + 0.7 C + 0.5 C + 1.1 C + 0.4 C + 0.0 C + 0.66 C Source : Stadtklima Again , a similar warming trend is shown for the South East of England , albeit slightly more pronounced with no month recording a fall in overall mean temperatures . Monthly temperature Extremes ( edit ) ( hide ) Climate data for United Kingdom Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 18.3 ( 64.9 ) 19.7 ( 67.5 ) 25.6 ( 78.1 ) 29.4 ( 84.9 ) 32.8 ( 91 ) 35.6 ( 96.1 ) 36.7 ( 98.1 ) 38.5 ( 101.3 ) 35.6 ( 96.1 ) 29.9 ( 85.8 ) 22.4 ( 72.3 ) 18.3 ( 64.9 ) 38.5 ( 101.3 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) 6.4 ( 43.5 ) 6.6 ( 43.9 ) 8.9 ( 48 ) 11.4 ( 52.5 ) 14.7 ( 58.5 ) 17.3 ( 63.1 ) 19.4 ( 66.9 ) 19.1 ( 66.4 ) 16.5 ( 61.7 ) 12.8 ( 55 ) 9.1 ( 48.4 ) 6.7 ( 44.1 ) 12.4 ( 54.3 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 0.9 ( 33.6 ) 0.7 ( 33.3 ) 2.1 ( 35.8 ) 3.4 ( 38.1 ) 6.0 ( 42.8 ) 8.8 ( 47.8 ) 10.9 ( 51.6 ) 10.8 ( 51.4 ) 8.8 ( 47.8 ) 6.2 ( 43.2 ) 3.3 ( 37.9 ) 1.1 ( 34 ) 5.3 ( 41.5 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) − 27.2 ( − 17 ) − 27.2 ( − 17 ) − 22.8 ( − 9 ) − 15.0 ( 5 ) − 9.4 ( 15.1 ) − 5.6 ( 21.9 ) − 2.5 ( 27.5 ) − 4.5 ( 23.9 ) − 6.7 ( 19.9 ) − 11.7 ( 10.9 ) − 23.3 ( − 9.9 ) − 27.2 ( − 17 ) − 27.2 ( − 17 ) Source : Met Office Absolute temperature ranges Month Maximum temperatures Minimum temperatures ° C ° F Location and date ° C ° F Location and date January 18.3 64.9 Aber , Gwynedd ( 27 Jan 1958 ) Aber , Gwynedd ( 10 Jan 1971 ) Aboyne , Aberdeenshire ( 26 Jan 2003 ) Inchmarlo , Kincardineshire ( 26 Jan 2003 ) − 27.2 − 17.0 Braemar , Aberdeenshire ( 10 Jan 1982 ) February 19.7 67.5 Greenwich Observatory , London ( 13 Feb 1998 ) − 27.2 − 17.0 Braemar , Aberdeenshire ( 11 Feb 1895 ) March 25.6 78.1 Mepal , Cambridgeshire ( 29 Mar 1968 ) − 22.8 − 9.0 Logie Coldstone , Aberdeenshire ( 14 Mar 1958 ) April 29.4 84.9 Camden Square , London ( 16 Apr 1949 ) − 15.0 5.0 Newton Rigg , Cumbria ( 2 Apr 1917 ) May 32.8 91.0 Camden Square , London ( 22 May 1922 ) Horsham , West Sussex ( 29 May 1944 ) Tunbridge Wells , Kent ( 29 May 1944 ) Regent 's Park , London ( 29 May 1944 ) − 9.4 15.1 Lynford , Norfolk ( 4 May 1941 ) Lynford , Norfolk ( 11 May 1941 ) Fort Augustus , Highland ( 15 May 1941 ) June 35.6 96.1 Camden Square , London ( 29 Jun 1957 ) Southampton Mayflower Park ( 28 Jun 1976 ) − 5.6 21.9 Dalwhinnie , Highland ( 9 Jun 1955 ) Santon Downham , Norfolk ( 1 Jun 1962 ) Santon Downham , Norfolk ( 3 Jun 1962 ) July 36.7 98.1 Heathrow , London ( 1 Jul 2015 ) − 2.5 27.5 Lagganlia , Highland ( 15 Jul 1977 ) August 38.5 101.3 Brogdale , Faversham , Kent ( 10 Aug 2003 ) − 4.5 23.9 Lagganlia , Highland ( 21 Aug 1973 ) September 35.6 96.1 Bawtry , Hesley Hall , South Yorkshire ( 2 Sep 1906 ) − 6.7 19.9 Dalwhinnie , Highland ( 26 Sep 1942 ) October 29.9 85.8 Gravesend , Kent ( 1 Oct 2011 ) − 11.7 10.9 Braemar , Aberdeenshire ( 25 Oct 1859 ) Dalwhinnie , Highland ( 28 Oct 1948 ) November 22.4 72.3 Trawsgoed , Ceredigion ( 1 Nov 2015 ) − 23.3 − 9.9 Braemar , Aberdeenshire ( 14 Nov 1919 ) December 18.3 64.9 Achnashellach , Highland ( 2 Dec 1948 ) − 27.2 − 17.0 Altnaharra , Highland ( 30 Dec 1995 ) A disputed temperature of 42 ° C was set at an airfield in Wisley , Surrey on 18 July 2006 . It has been suggested that the reading for this temperature should in fact have been 32 ° C. It is worth noting that the Met Office expected temperatures to surpass the August 2003 record during the July 2006 heatwave , and it is still speculated that both heatwaves did set higher temperatures than those officially recorded . Climate change ( edit ) Main article : Climate change in the United Kingdom Central estimates produced by the Met Office predict average annual temperature to increase by 2 ° C ( 4 ° F ) and the warmest summer day to increase by 3 ° C ( 6 ° F ) by the 2050s . Average winter rainfall is also likely to increase and most areas will see a slight decrease in annual rainfall . According to the Met Office , in the UK , the decade from 2000 - 2009 was the warmest since instrumental record dating started in 1850 . See also ( edit ) England portal Air pollution in the United Kingdom Climate of Scotland Climate of south - west England European windstorm Geography of the United Kingdom List of natural disasters in the United Kingdom Record UK daily rainfall amounts UK Meteorological Office 2005 United Kingdom snow events Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ In accordance with World Meteorological Organization ( WMO ) recommendations , the Met Office maintains long - term averages of the UK climate , based on standard 30 - year periods . The latest 30 - year period is for1981 - 2010 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Peel , M.C. ; Finlayson B.L. ; McMahon , T.A. ( 2007 ) . `` Updated world map of the Köppen -- Geiger climate classification '' . Hydrol . Earth Syst . Sci. 11 : 1633 -- 1644 . doi : 10.5194 / hess - 11 - 1633 - 2007 . ISSN 1027 - 5606 . ( direct : Final Revised Paper ) ^ Jump up to : `` England averages '' . Met Office . 2012 . Archived from the original on 10 April 2013 . Retrieved 6 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Manchester 1981 - 2010 Averages '' . Met Office . Retrieved 30 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Birmingham 1971 -- 2000 & Extremes '' . KNMI . Retrieved 1 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Birmingham 1961 -- 1990 & Extremes '' . NOAA . Retrieved 1 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester Ringway 1961 - 1990 '' . NOAA . Retrieved 30 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester ringway extreme values '' . KNMI . Retrieved 30 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester ringway 1981 - 2010 mean extreme values '' . KNMI . Retrieved 2 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Shanklin Climatic Averages 1981 - 2010 '' . Met Office . Retrieved 25 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hurn Climatic Averages 1981 -- 2010 '' . Met Office . Retrieved 23 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` N Ireland 1971 -- 2000 averages '' . Met Office . 2001 . Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 . Retrieved 14 August 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Scotland 1971 -- 2000 averages '' . Met Office . 2001 . Archived from the original on 30 April 2004 . Retrieved 14 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Meteo France . `` METEO % % % par Météo - France - Prévisions météo du monde gratuites à 10 jours '' . Jump up ^ `` Royal Botanic Gardens Edinburgh climate '' . Jump up ^ `` UK climate '' . Archived from the original on 25 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` UK climate '' . Archived from the original on 7 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wales 1971 -- 2000 averages '' . Met Office . 2001 . Archived from the original on 29 September 2007 . Retrieved 14 August 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mean Temperature Spring Average '' . Met Office . Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 . Retrieved 14 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` National Meteorological Library and Archive Fact sheet 2 -- Thunderstorms '' ( PDF ) . Met Office UK . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 13 August 2014 . Retrieved 9 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mean Temperature Summer Average '' . Met Office . Archived from the original on 9 January 2007 . Retrieved 23 March 2007 . Jump up ^ http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/interesting/aug03maxtemps.html Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 7 April 2012 . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . Jump up ^ https://en.tutiempo.net/climate/10-2002/ws-36090.html Jump up ^ http://www.london-weather.eu/article.138.html Jump up ^ Jones , Sam ( 3 October 2011 ) . `` UK weather returns to normal after record - breaking heatwave '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/sep/13/uks-hottest-september-day-since-1949-32c-heathrow ^ Jump up to : `` Mean Temperature Autumn Average '' . Met Office . Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 . Retrieved 14 August 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mean Temperature Winter Average '' . Met Office . Archived from the original on 31 May 2010 . Retrieved 14 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Hardiness Zone Map for Europe '' . GardenWeb. 1999 . Retrieved 23 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Hardiness Zones -- Details '' . United States National Arboretum. 2003 . Archived from the original on 17 August 2011 . Retrieved 23 December 2007 . Jump up ^ http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/summaries/2016/january Jump up ^ http://www.trevorharley.com/trevorharley/weather_web_pages/british_weather_in_december.htm Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-35228779 ^ Jump up to : http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/public/weather/climate-extremes/#?tab=climateExtremes Jump up ^ http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/summaries/2015/december Jump up ^ `` UK 1971 -- 2000 averages '' . Met Office . Archived from the original on 5 July 2009 . Retrieved 4 August 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Met Office : English Climate '' . Met Office . Archived from the original on 25 May 2007 . Retrieved 4 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Sunshine Duration Winter Average '' . Met Office . Archived from the original on 29 September 2007 . Retrieved 4 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Sunshine Duration Summer Average '' . Met Office . Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 . Retrieved 4 August 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Seager , Richard ( 2006 ) . `` The Source of Europe 's Mild Climate '' . American Scientist. 94 ( 4 ) : 334 -- 341 . doi : 10.1511 / 2006.60. 334 . Jump up ^ Rhines , P.B. and Häkkinen , S. Is the Oceanic Heat Transport in the North Atlantic Irrelevant to the Climate in Europe ? Archived 16 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine . OSAF Newsletter , September 2003 Jump up ^ https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/earth/4141762/Highlands-mountain-claims-strongest-UK-wind.html Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 28 October 2012 . Retrieved 11 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rainfall Amount ( mm ) Annual Average '' . Met Office . Archived from the original on 19 July 2013 . Retrieved 13 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Clark , Ross ( 28 October 2006 ) . `` The wetter , the better '' . London : The Independent . Retrieved 2 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Philip , Catherine ( 28 July 2005 ) . `` 40 die as one year 's rain falls in a day '' . London : The Times . Retrieved 2 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Mayor of London Environment '' . Mayor of London . Archived from the original on 7 October 2007 . Retrieved 31 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` East Anglia 1971 -- 2000 averages '' . Met Office . Archived from the original on 29 September 2007 . Retrieved 4 August 2007 . Jump up ^ McKie , Robin ( 15 October 2006 ) . `` Official : this summer is the longest , hottest ever '' . London : The Observer . Retrieved 5 November 2006 . Jump up ^ Carrington , Damian . `` December 2015 was the wettest month ever recorded in UK '' . Jump up ^ `` December 2015 breaks records '' . Met Office . Retrieved 5 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Met Office : Scottish Climate '' . Met Office . Archived from the original on 27 May 2007 . Retrieved 4 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` UK climate - Extremes - Met Office '' . Archived from the original on 20 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Amy T. Lennard ; Neil MacDonald ; Janet Hooke . `` Analysis of drought characteristics for improved understanding of a water resource system '' ( PDF ) . IAHS . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 3 March 2016 . Retrieved 9 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Days of Thunder Annual Average '' . Met Office . Archived from the original on 29 September 2007 . Retrieved 14 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Hailstorm sparks ' absolute chaos ' '' . BBC News . 30 October 2008 . Retrieved 30 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Deadly storm and tidal surge batter northern Europe '' . BBC News . 6 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Harvey J.E. Rodda , Max A. Little , Rose G. Wood , Nina MacDougall , Patrick E. McSharry ( 2009 ) . A digital archive of extreme rainfalls in the British Isles from 1866 to 1968 based on British Rainfall Archived 22 November 2009 at the Wayback Machine. , Weather 64 ( 3 ) : 71 - 75 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 May 2013 . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . The coastal temperature network and ferry route programme : long - term temperature and salinity observations , A.E. Joyce , Cefas . Jump up ^ `` Hurricanes '' . The BBC . Retrieved 14 April 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.torro.org.uk/site/tfaq.php Jump up ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/manchester/hi/people_and_places/nature/newsid_9001000/9001614.stm Jump up ^ Nikolai Dotzek . `` An updated estimate of tornado occurrence in Europe '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 7 April 2004 . Retrieved 9 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Tornado Climatology '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.torro.org.uk/site/whirlwind_info.php ^ Jump up to : Doe , Robert K. ( 2016 ) . Extreme Weather : Forty Years of the Tornado and Storm Research Organisation ( TORRO ) . Chichester : Wiley . pp. 72 -- 74 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 95109 - 5 . Jump up ^ Willis , J.H. , ( 1944 ) Weatherwise , London , George Allen and Unwin . Jump up ^ `` Belfast 1931 - 60 '' . Stadtklima . Retrieved 8 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Belfast 1981 - 2010 '' . KNMI . Retrieved 8 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cambridge 1931 - 60 '' . Stadtklima . Retrieved 8 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cambridge 1981 - 2010 '' . KNMI . Retrieved 8 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Climate Records '' . Met Office . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UKCP Map '' . The Met Office . Archived from the original on 5 July 2009 . Retrieved 9 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Updates to our decadal forecast '' . The Met Office . Retrieved 27 February 2013 . External links ( edit ) Met Office Climate of Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Vatican City States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Other entities European Union Weather events in the United Kingdom Climate of the United Kingdom Drought in the United Kingdom Avalanches Lewes 1836 Buachaille Etive Mòr 2009 Coldwaves Winter 1683 -- 84 Great Frost of 1709 Winter 1894 -- 95 Winter 1946 -- 47 Winter 1962 -- 63 Winter 1981 -- 82 Winter 1985 -- 86 January -- March 1987 Winter 1990 -- 91 October 2008 February 2009 Winter 2009 -- 10 Winter 2010 -- 11 February 2012 March -- April 2013 February -- March 2018 Flash floods Louth 1920 Lynmouth 1952 Chew Stoke 1968 Glasgow 2002 Boscastle 2004 Morpeth 2008 Floods Holmfirth 1738 , 1777 , 1944 Thames 1928 Thames 1947 South England 1968 Autumn 2000 Summer 2007 Sheffield 2009 November 2009 April 2012 to Early 2013 Winter 2013 -- 14 Somerset Levels 2013 -- 14 Winter 2015 -- 16 June 2016 Heat waves Droughts `` Great Stink '' 1858 August - September 1906 Summer 1911 Summer 1955 Summer 1976 July 1983 August 1990 Summer 1995 August 1997 2003 June - July 2006 April 2011 September - October 2011 March 2012 July 2013 June 2017 Storm surges South England 1287 North Sea 1287 Bristol Channel 1607 1928 Thames flood North Sea 1953 North Sea 1976 North Sea 1978 North Sea 2007 Irish Sea & North Sea 2013 Thunderstorms Widecombe - in - the - Moor 1638 Tornadoes London 1091 Great Malvern 1761 Birmingham 2005 London 2006 West Midlands and Wales 2011 Windstorms December 1703 November 1824 August 1848 October 1859 February 1871 December 1879 October 1881 January 1968 January 1976 October 1987 January 1990 December 1998 January 2007 December 2011 January 2012 October 2013 December 2013 Christmas 2013 New Year 2014 February 2014 Windstorm seasons 2015 -- 16 Abigail Desmond Eva 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 Ophelia Snow events January 1881 April 1981 Early March 2013 Late March 2013 March 2018 Other Great Smog of Winter 1952 Disputed tsunami Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate_of_the_United_Kingdom&oldid=841138078 '' Categories : Climate of the United Kingdom Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from February 2018 Articles needing additional references from November 2006 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español עברית Русский Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 14 May 2018 , at 06 : 54 . 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adrian's baby's name in secret life	Portrayed by Francia Raisa , Adrian is the daughter of Ruben Enriquez and Cindy Lee , and the ex-wife of Ben . She is 20 years old . Adrian is both book smart and street smart , hard - edged and emotional . Although she is a straight - A student and a majorette , she has a reputation for being a drama queen and the `` school slut '' . She also has strong feelings for Ricky despite claiming she does n't anymore since they stopped speaking to each other . Adrian grew up never knowing who her father was , until she went on a search to find him . Her father ended up marrying her mother after 16 years of being apart from each other . Adrian and her parents now live next door to the Juergens family . Her mother is a flight attendant and her father is a District Attorney . Like Ricky , Adrian is also known to use sex to deal with pain . In the episode `` Be My , Be My Baby '' , she reveals that she first had sex when she was fifteen , with her childhood best friend Antonio , who was moving away in order to get cancer treatments . Adrian was infuriated after she found out that Ricky kissed Amy , believing that it went beyond kissing , even though it was a mostly innocent encounter . Adrian had a one - night - stand with Ben in retaliation , and ended up becoming pregnant with his child . She had her mind set on abortion , but she eventually backed out and decided to keep the baby . Adrian 's decision to keep the baby received a lot of positive support from her father and even Amy , who had called her to let her know that she was giving Adrian the same offer of a friendship between them that she had given her in the past , because their children might end up becoming friends . Adrian later finds out that she is having a baby girl , which both she and Ben are excited about , and she and Ben later get married . Adrian gives birth to their daughter Mercy , who is tragically stillborn due to heart failure . Adrian and Ben are both absolutely devastated by Mercy 's death . After this , Ben realizes he no longer loves Adrian , and that he may never have truly loved her . Ben decides that he wants a divorce . When she finds this out , Adrian tries to get pregnant again , believing that they will fall back in love and be happy again if she has another baby . When this does n't work , she decides he should leave . After Ben left , Adrian realized she still loved Ricky , so she decided to date a guy named Dante in an attempt to make Ricky jealous . In the process , she meets Dante 's brother , Omar , and begins dating him , because Dante left the country without an explanation . But Ricky had other plans - he ended up proposing to Amy at their graduation . Adrian wants one last kiss from Ricky , to see if she still has feelings for him . At the graduation party , she receives the kiss and is happy to discover that the kiss leaves her unmoved ; however , Omar is at the party and is offended by Adrian kissing Ricky , and leaves . Disconsolate , Adrian has sex with Henry . The next day , she realizes that she has made a mistake , and repeatedly calls Omar , who does not answer her calls . To her surprise , Dante arrives back from his semester abroad . When she tells him that she has been seeing his brother , he breaks up with her . Adrian and her best friend Grace are fed up with boys , and decide to enroll in summer school together . Shortly after , Adrian gets a letter in the mail , stating that she is legally divorced from Ben . She then completes summer school and shows signs of still being in love with Ricky . She falls back in love with Omar , but denies his proposal of marriage , wanting to wait until her schooling is complete .	Mercy	List of the Secret life of the American teenager characters	list of the secret life of the american teenager characters	The Secret Life of the American Teenager is a television series created by Brenda Hampton . It first premiered on ABC Family on July 1 , 2008 and ran until June 3 , 2013 . The show features a regular cast of characters , which began with eleven people in its first season . Since then , characters have left the show , with new main characters having both been written in and out of the series . In addition , Secret Life features multiple guest stars each week , some having larger roles than others .	The plot focuses on the character of Amy Juergens after becoming accidentally pregnant at band camp . It explores how the pregnancy affects her , her peers , and her family . After her sister starts high school , Amy finds how virtually everyone at school carries a secret or an unexpected problem . Amy is the mother of John Juergens . Contents ( hide ) 1 Main characters 1.1 Amy Juergens 1.2 Richard `` Ricky '' Underwood 1.3 Adrian Lee - Boykewich 1.4 Benjamin `` Ben '' Boykewich 1.5 Ashley Juergens 1.6 Jack Pappas 1.7 Grace Bowman 1.8 George Juergens 1.9 Anne Juergens 1.10 Leo Boykewich 2 Recurring characters 2.1 Nora Underwood 2.2 Henry Miller & Alice Valko 2.3 Marc Molina 2.4 Mimsy Scott Levy 2.5 Kathleen Bowman 2.6 Tom Bowman 2.7 Dr. Marshall Bowman 2.8 Madison Cooperstein 2.9 Lauren Treacy 2.10 Jason Treacy 2.11 Dr. Jeff Tseguay 2.12 Betty Boykewich 2.13 Robert `` Bob '' Underwood 2.14 Margaret Shakur 2.15 Cindy Lee Enriquez 2.16 Ruben Enriquez 2.17 Rev. Sam Stone 2.18 Griffin 2.19 Grant 2.20 Katelyn O'Malley 2.21 Dylan 2.22 Jesse 2.23 Kathy 2.24 Ethan 3 Minor characters 3.1 Mrs. Virginia Molina 3.2 John Juergens Underwood 3.3 Mrs. Stone 3.4 Peter 3.5 Mercedes 4 References Main characters ( edit ) Amy Juergens ( edit ) Portrayed by Shailene Woodley , Amy gets pregnant after a one - night stand at band camp before her freshman year of high school . At the beginning of the series , she is 15 years old . Upon entering high school , Amy begins a relationship with Ben Boykewich ( also 15 ) , a supportive classmate with whom she falls in love . She confesses her pregnancy to her two best friends , Madison and Lauren , who accidentally spread the rumor that Amy had sex with Ricky . During this time , Amy 's 13 - year - old sister Ashley discovers her pregnancy due to Amy 's recent weight gain and erratic behavior , but promises to keep her secret from their parents . Ben proposes to Amy after finding out , because he genuinely loves her , and feels he would be a better father than Ricky due to his family 's financial stability . After Amy tells her parents , she contemplates having an abortion , as she is afraid of her peers ' perceptions . She changes her mind , but is still adamant about not returning to school . Ricky reaches out to Amy during this time , saying that he wants to be involved with what happens to the baby . Amy plans to go live with her grandmother Mimsy , but is unable to go after discovering that Mimsy is suffering from Alzheimer 's disease , and is moving into assisted care living . Amy returns to school , but is uncomfortable with being known as `` the pregnant girl '' . Halfway through her pregnancy , Amy 's mother Anne informs her that in order to keep the baby , she will have to find a job and daycare . Anne intends to get a job to replace the loss of her husband George 's income as they prepare for divorce . Amy is surprised , since she assumed that her mother would stay home and look after the baby , as she had with her daughters . As a result , Amy and Ben get married using fake IDs , but they learn afterwards that the marriage was void since they were both underage . Amy then decides on adoption , and discovers that her father 's longtime employee Donovan and his husband Leon want to adopt the baby . The adoption fails due to Ricky 's interference , and she ultimately decides to keep the baby due to the love and support of her family and friends . After Amy decides to keep the baby , Grace and Adrian throw her a baby shower , where Amy then goes into labor . While in the hospital , Amy reprimands Ricky for getting her pregnant , but then realizes that she was equally responsible for what had happened . She gives birth to their son , John , whom she lets Ashley name , and begins to struggle with motherhood . After breaking up with Ben during her sophomore year , Amy briefly dates Jimmy , the son of her mother 's ex-boyfriend , but their relationship ends after he finds a condom in her purse . Not knowing this at first , Amy thinks that Jimmy broke up with her because she was a bad kisser , and asks Ricky to kiss her just to be sure . Adrian finds out about the kiss , and sleeps with Ben in order to get back at both of them ( however , Adrian believed it was more than a kiss until Ricky informs her after Adrian and Ben 's one - night - stand . ) Amy and Ben quickly reconcile and get back together around the end of the year . After being accepted into a summer music program in New York , Amy decides to go but is surprised to learn that the program is for teen mothers . During this time , Ben reveals to Amy that Adrian had gotten pregnant from their one - night stand , and that he had been keeping her pregnancy from Amy for several weeks . After breaking up with Ben , she develops feelings for Ricky when he comes to visit . She tells him that if he really wants to be with her , he has to stop sleeping around , and get tested for any sexually transmitted diseases or infections . At the beginning of season four , Amy and Ricky are together and are trying to be a real family for their son . After the stillborn death of Ben and Adrian 's daughter , Amy and Ricky begin a sexual relationship . Three months later , Amy moves herself and John into Ricky 's little apartment over the butcher shop where he works . Amy decides she wants to marry Ricky , but he thinks she 's moving too fast . Later he proposes at their graduation , where he is also valedictorian . At a graduation party , Ricky kisses Adrian one last time ; something Amy allowed . The next day , Ricky is surprised that Amy is n't in a hurry to marry , but is content with just being engaged until she feels the time is right for them to marry . Later in the season , Amy thinks she is pregnant again and becomes very moody . Although she finds out that she is not pregnant , she is still irritable . Ricky takes her back to where they first met and Amy begins to become a little more happy and appreciative of Ricky , and more excited about his proposal to her . Shortly after Amy discovers her mother is a lesbian , she tells Ricky that they should just run off and get married , to which Ricky agrees . Amy tells everyone that Ricky and her eloped in the season 5 premiere , keeping the fact they changed their minds at the last minute and are in fact not married a secret . Eventually she breaks off the relationship and goes to college in New York , leaving John with Ricky . Richard `` Ricky '' Underwood ( edit ) Portrayed by Daren Kagasoff , Ricky Underwood is the lead male character . His father , Bob , is a drug addict who beat Ricky 's mother Nora and sexually abused Ricky as a young child . His mother was both a drug addict and an alcoholic who never helped him out of fear . Ricky was taken away from his parents after the abuse came to light , and put into foster care . As a teenager , Ricky attended Ulysses S. Grant High School , where he was the drummer in the high school marching band and had a reputation of being a promiscuous bad boy . He used to see a therapist , Lauren 's father Dr. Ken Fields , who he occasionally visits for advice as an adult . The summer before Ricky 's sophomore year , he impregnated Amy Juergens after a one - night stand at band camp , finding out about her pregnancy a few months later . Despite his misgivings over being a good father , Ricky is shown to love and care for his son John . He and Amy go on a date in the fall finale of season 3 and she makes him get tested before considering having sex with him . Ricky tests disease - free , and chooses to not have sex with anyone other than Amy . Their first time having sex occurred in the wake of dealing with the news of Ben and Adrian 's stillborn daughter . Amy and John soon move in with Ricky . Amy finds messages left by Adrian , after telling her she 's in love with Ricky . Amy gets caught by Ricky , with him stating they should spend some time apart if she ca n't trust him . Ricky eventually apologizes to Amy and they get back together . Amy tries to get Ricky to propose by doing `` wild '' things such as giving him a milkshake and a bath . Ricky ends up being the Valedictorian , and at the end of his speech he proposes to Amy . At the graduation party Amy allows Ricky to kiss Adrian one last time to give closure to her . Ricky wants to know when Amy wants to get married , and is taken aback when Amy does n't seem to be in a hurry to plan their wedding . Amy then has a pregnancy scare , and Ricky is supportive and takes Amy to band camp so she can be happy . Amy told everyone that Ricky and her eloped in the season 5 premiere even though they pulled out at the last minute . Eventually Amy breaks up with him and leaves John in his care while she goes to New York to attend college . Adrian Lee - Boykewich ( edit ) Portrayed by Francia Raisa , Adrian is the daughter of Ruben Enriquez and Cindy Lee , and the ex-wife of Ben . She is 20 years old . Adrian is both book smart and street smart , hard - edged and emotional . Although she is a straight - A student and a majorette , she has a reputation for being a drama queen and the `` school slut '' . She also has strong feelings for Ricky despite claiming she does n't anymore since they stopped speaking to each other . Adrian grew up never knowing who her father was , until she went on a search to find him . Her father ended up marrying her mother after 16 years of being apart from each other . Adrian and her parents now live next door to the Juergens family . Her mother is a flight attendant and her father is a District Attorney . Like Ricky , Adrian is also known to use sex to deal with pain . In the episode `` Be My , Be My Baby '' , she reveals that she first had sex when she was fifteen , with her childhood best friend Antonio , who was moving away in order to get cancer treatments . Adrian was infuriated after she found out that Ricky kissed Amy , believing that it went beyond kissing , even though it was a mostly innocent encounter . Adrian had a one - night - stand with Ben in retaliation , and ended up becoming pregnant with his child . She had her mind set on abortion , but she eventually backed out and decided to keep the baby . Adrian 's decision to keep the baby received a lot of positive support from her father and even Amy , who had called her to let her know that she was giving Adrian the same offer of a friendship between them that she had given her in the past , because their children might end up becoming friends . Adrian later finds out that she is having a baby girl , which both she and Ben are excited about , and she and Ben later get married . Adrian gives birth to their daughter Mercy , who is tragically stillborn due to heart failure . Adrian and Ben are both absolutely devastated by Mercy 's death . After this , Ben realizes he no longer loves Adrian , and that he may never have truly loved her . Ben decides that he wants a divorce . When she finds this out , Adrian tries to get pregnant again , believing that they will fall back in love and be happy again if she has another baby . When this does n't work , she decides he should leave . After Ben left , Adrian realized she still loved Ricky , so she decided to date a guy named Dante in an attempt to make Ricky jealous . In the process , she meets Dante 's brother , Omar , and begins dating him , because Dante left the country without an explanation . But Ricky had other plans - he ended up proposing to Amy at their graduation . Adrian wants one last kiss from Ricky , to see if she still has feelings for him . At the graduation party , she receives the kiss and is happy to discover that the kiss leaves her unmoved ; however , Omar is at the party and is offended by Adrian kissing Ricky , and leaves . Disconsolate , Adrian has sex with Henry . The next day , she realizes that she has made a mistake , and repeatedly calls Omar , who does not answer her calls . To her surprise , Dante arrives back from his semester abroad . When she tells him that she has been seeing his brother , he breaks up with her . Adrian and her best friend Grace are fed up with boys , and decide to enroll in summer school together . Shortly after , Adrian gets a letter in the mail , stating that she is legally divorced from Ben . She then completes summer school and shows signs of still being in love with Ricky . She falls back in love with Omar , but denies his proposal of marriage , wanting to wait until her schooling is complete . Benjamin `` Ben '' Boykewich ( edit ) Portrayed by Ken Baumann , Benjamin `` Ben '' Boykewich 15 - year - old son of Leo Boykewich , is Amy 's high school boyfriend and first love . He meets Amy after his best friend Alice points her out one day at school , and they begin dating and fall in love . He offers to marry Amy when he finds out she 's pregnant , but she declined his offer at the time . When Amy 's mother Anne , tells her that she must support her baby on her own , she changed her mind and decides to marry Ben , as his family is financially stable . Amy and Ben get married with fake ID 's , but discoverver that their marriage is null and void because they are both minors . They eventually break up after Amy 's baby is born and Ben ca n't handle seeing her bond with Ricky . Adrian finds out she is pregnant with Ben 's baby after a one - night stand essentially ruining Ben 's chances of a relationship with Amy and they eventually get together . They marry and move in together before their baby is born with the financial support of Ben 's father . After their baby is born stillborn Ben ca n't handle Adrian anymore and decides to divorce her against her wishes . At the end of the series , Ben follows Amy to New York , only to give up on her after Amy realizes that she was never really in love with Ben , and he was never really in love with her . The two then go their separate ways . Ashley Juergens ( edit ) Portrayed by India Eisley , Ashley Juergens is the youngest daughter of Anne and George , and Amy 's younger sister . She is mature , observant , and sarcastic , tending to speak in a low , monotone voice . Ashley is the first member in the Juergens family to learn of Amy 's pregnancy . She is often forgotten by her family and remarks that she could get away with anything . However , Ashley 's main concern is keeping her family together . Ashley believed that Amy 's baby would reunite her dividing family and worked hard to discourage Amy from adoption . After the baby was born , she named her nephew John since she thought it was simple and classic . During the third season she developed feelings for Ricky . She stays away from Ricky , for benefit of Amy and Ricky , but is told to back down by Amy so that she and Ricky can see if they can try to be a couple . Ashley passes her GED after a brief stint in home - schooling and travels across the US with her new friend , Toby . They end up broke in Florida and stay with his grandmother , earning money with various part - time jobs . Ashley returns home the day after Ricky 's graduation and announces that she will be attending college in Florida in the fall . In season 5 , Ashley 's relationship with Toby has progressed into a sexual relationship . Her father is very upset once hearing this , but Ashley explains that they are in love and practicing safe - sex . After coming back from a trip to Europe with her mother , she finds out that she was accepted to a cooking school in Italy . Both George and Anne say no to the idea , so she ends up running away with the help of her grandmother Mimsy , who gives her ten thousand dollars . Jack Pappas ( edit ) Portrayed by Greg Finley II , Jack Pappas is a college freshman and quarterback on the football team . His stepfather , Reverend Stone , is the minister of the church where he and Grace first met . He cheats on Grace in the first episode when he has oral sex with Adrian , and is then caught kissing her at the school dance . Grace eventually forgives him , and they start to date in secret because of her parent 's disapproval . To Jack 's dismay , Ricky pretends to be dating Grace as a cover for her parent 's . Their relationship ends again when a security camera catches Ricky saving Grace from two men after Jack left her in a bad part of town . He is shown to be clearly jealous over Ricky , which prompts him to tell Grace that he only started dating her because his step - father asked him to . He eventually breaks up with Grace and moves in with Tom in Grace 's family 's guest house , even though he still loves Grace . He later dates Madison and they break up after summer vacation . Jack and Madison reunite , and although they are back together , Madison becomes very jealous that Jack is living with Grace 's family . He moves out of the guest house and into the big house ( where Grace lives ) because Tom 's new girlfriend and her children move into the guest house with Tom . Jack 's room is next to Grace 's which makes Madison even more nervous about their relationship . Later on , Jack and Madison break up , because he is still in love with Grace . Jack is chosen to give the invocation at the graduation ceremony , and Grace helps him write it . At the end of season 4 they share a kiss to see if they still have feelings for each other . The kiss is captured on a cell phone , and the picture is sent to Grace 's current boyfriend , Daniel . Jack is jubilant when Grace 's boyfriend breaks up with her , but Grace 's mother suggests that since he is going to college in a few months , perhaps he 'd be better off just being friends with Grace and taking advantage of new college experiences . He tries to date by sleeping with a girl named Clementine , who is an old friend of Ricky 's , but realizes that he still wants to be with Grace . After they get back together , Grace discovers his recent relationship with Clementine , and has trouble trusting him . Jack is in critical condition after a pimp beat him with a baseball bat in his dorm room for paying an underage prostitute without sex and helping her escape . Jack eventually ends up marrying Madison . They also move to New York . Jack becomes a coach at St. Francis Grace Bowman ( edit ) Portrayed by Megan Park , Grace Bowman is the biological daughter of Marshall and Kathleen Bowman and the younger sister of the adopted Tom Bowman. Grace is 18 years old . She is in 12th grade , and an ex-cheerleader . At the beginning of the show , Grace was a devout religious person and does her best to be stay true to her religion . Originally , she was in a relationship with Jack , but they had a lot of disagreements over whether or not to have sex . Grace believed in waiting till marriage , and even wore a promise ring to prove it . She and Jack later break up after he has oral sex with Adrian . She briefly becomes involved with Ricky , but breaks up with him after discovering that he 's still sleeping with Adrian. Grace and Jack get back together when Amy has John . In the second season opener , she and Jack decide to have sex . She quickly regrets her decision after the sudden death of her father . She later on becomes involved with Grant , the cousin of Griffin . Grant and Grace bond over their shared desire to become doctors , and strengthen that bond over a summer at MED camp . In her endeavors to become a doctor , she visits Africa with her doctor step - father , where she cheats on Grant with Daniel , a college student . Grant and Grace later break up and she begins to date Daniel , but their relationship is n't smooth due to his greater maturity . Grace becomes jealous of Daniel 's ex-girlfriend at the graduation party and Daniel leaves . Grace and Jack share a kiss the next morning after the party , which is captured on a cell phone by Daniel 's ex-girlfriend , Raven . Raven texts the picture to Daniel , and he breaks up with Grace , realizing that she still has feelings for Jack . Grace later confesses to Adrian that she thinks she may still be in love with Jack . She and Jack end their engagement and she moves to New York and becomes a doctor . George Juergens ( edit ) Portrayed by Mark Derwin , George Juergens is the estranged husband of Anne Juergens , the father of Amy , Ashley and Robbie Juergens , and the maternal grandfather of John Juergens . George is a comically blunt , somewhat immature and often oblivious man , but one who loves his family and tries hard to protect them and keep them together . His first wife was Kathleen Bowman , a woman who married him for sex . George , a furniture salesman , met Anne while she was in college . He and Anne eloped shortly after discovering Anne was pregnant with Amy . Two years later , they had Ashley . It is later found out that he cheated on Anne with other women . The two get a divorce and remarried and separate again . He also has another son with Anne , Robie . He currently lives at his children 's childhood home with his dog . When everyone moves out , he invites Ricky 's mother , Nora , to move in with him as a roommate . She moves into Ashley 's garage bedroom . George and Anne still feel a spark for each other , but Anne seems intent on seeing the divorce go through . After George realizes Anne really is gay and he has no more feelings for her , he starts to date his first wife Kathleen ( Grace and Tom 's mother ) again . They realize they still have their spark and that they are still in love . Anne Juergens ( edit ) Portrayed by Molly Ringwald , Anne Juergens is the daughter of Mimsy and Robert , the divorced wife of George Juergens , the mother of Amy , Ashley and Robbie Juergens and the maternal grandmother of John Juergens . She is a responsible , practical , and naturally independent woman who tries to install the same virtues in her daughters . Anne met George while she was majoring in Women 's Studies at college . When Anne discovered she had become pregnant with Amy , she reluctantly dropped out of college , married George and became a wife . Two years later , she had Ashley , and another 14 years after that , she had Robbie . She and George separated after she became tired of his womanizing and realized that she was not happy in the marriage . She dated an architect for a while , and they planned to marry when she became pregnant , thinking it was his child ; he later confessed that he could not have children , and she realized that Robbie was George 's son . She lived with her mother for a while after her separation from George , but when her mother went into a home for Alzheimer 's patients , she was on her own , and began to see a high school sweetheart for companionship , but the relationship did n't go anywhere . She and George made an attempt to get back together and she took over the design portion of his furniture business , but again she finds poorly - hidden evidence that he was unfaithful , and resumed divorce proceedings . In season 5 , after George spreads the truth as a rumor around town , Anne Juergens comes out to her family as a lesbian . She walks in her house one day when Nora ( Ricky 's birth mother ) was having an AA meeting with all lesbians attending . Anne gets to know one of them closely and invited her to stay the night . They plan to go out on a date . Leo Boykewich ( edit ) Steve Schirripa portrays Leo Boykewich , Ben 's widowed father . He owns the local butcher shop , and is known as `` The Sausage King '' . Leo is one of the first people to suspect Amy 's pregnancy due to her huge appetite and nausea . He even supported Ben 's decision to marrying Amy since he met Ben 's mother when they were in high school . He 's usually portrayed as the voice of reason for many of the characters on the shows . Such as when he tells Ben off for believing that he can support Amy 's baby with his money . He gives Ben and Ricky jobs at the butcher shop as a way to help support Amy . In the second season , Leo begins to date a woman named Betty , who is the prostitute Tom had once hired . We later learn from Betty that she was very upfront about her profession the first day she introduced herself to Leo , because she was afraid of embarrassing him . He later proposes to Betty , but she explains that she may still be married to her ex . He promises to hunt down her husband , who turns out to be dead , and they get married in an elaborate ceremony . Leo takes Ricky under his wing by allowing him to live in the upstairs apartment . He is upset when Ben and Adrian discover they are having a baby , and tries to caution Ben from marrying Adrian just because she is pregnant . Ben is insistent , however , so Leo purchases a condo for the newlyweds . When Ben is ambivalent about being married , Leo sternly tells him that he made the choice , and he now has to make the best of it . When the baby is stillborn , Leo tearfully breaks the news to Ben and Adrian 's friends at the hospital , and then later supports Ben 's decision to get a divorce . In Season 4 , Leo questions whether or not he wants to be married to Betty anymore when he suspects that his longtime assistant , Camille , is in love with him . Even so , Leo decides to stick with the marriage because he believes that is the right thing to do . Betty later decides that she wants a divorce and Leo agrees to it . He later sends Camille flowers and a bracelet and invites her out to dinner . While talking in the car on the way to dinner Camille kisses Leo , and the two are later seen together at graduation . They get married in the fifth season , and decide to adopt a young girl who was the under - aged prostitute that Jack helped . Recurring characters ( edit ) The following is a list of characters that are , or at one time were , a recurring guest on the series . Nora Underwood ( edit ) Anne Ramsay portrays Nora Underwood , Ricky 's biological mother . For the majority of the first season , she is a distant character in Ricky 's past . She has been to jail a few times due to drug possession and Ricky often felt bitter towards her because she failed to protect him from his father 's abuse . But in Season 3 , episode 7 , she comes back into his life , to spend time with her son before she gets put back in jail . Ruben Enriquez ( Adrian 's father ) , as a DA helps Ricky get his mother out of jail , as he is willing to try and forgive her . Later on in the season , the two begin to repair the relationship , however , she was unsure about telling him she has a girlfriend , but she later does , and is gratified when Ricky seems pleased for her . The relationship does n't last , though , and after a night of binge drinking ( with the purported intent of convincing Ben that he should n't drink ) she moves out of Margaret and Shakur 's home and moves in with George Juergens , who initially tries to make a play for her , but remains pals when he discovers that she is a lesbian . She is very proud of Ricky 's accomplishments in spite of his shaky childhood . Henry Miller & Alice Valko ( edit ) Allen Evangelista portrays Henry ' Hank ' Miller , has been Ben 's friend since the third grade . He is now dating Alison ' Alice ' Valko ( who is portrayed by Amy Rider ) , who has also become a friend of Ben 's and some of the girls in school . Alice is very smart and knows a lot of factual information , while Henry is a bit more social . They have and discuss sex quite often , but fairly maturely . In the first episode , Alice pointed out Amy to Ben . In season 4 Henry breaks up with Alice and the two try `` shared custody '' of Ben , which is awkward and does n't work out . In the 13th episode of Season 4 , Alice walks into a bedroom after a graduation party to find Henry in bed with Adrian . Angrily , she tells Ben what she found , and Ben tells Henry he is no longer welcome in his home . After Ben finds out that he can no longer date Dylan , a sad conversation with Alice turns into sex . Henry thinks that there is something going on that he does n't know about and pressures Alice to tell him . Ben does n't know that Alice told Henry , and is mad at him for kissing Dylan . Marc Molina ( edit ) Jorge Pallo portrays Marc Molina , who was the school guidance counselor and was a big hit with the girls at the start of the school year . Before Amy reveals her pregnancy to her two best friends , Lauren and Madison , they gab about the new counselor , asking if she has something better to talk about than him . He 's always helping people , especially Ben and Adrian . He disappeared before the season break , with people saying that he ran off with Adrian , but no one really knew why he was gone . It was later revealed that he left to get married . We later find out that his wife was his crazy girlfriend that he talked about with Ben and also that he was once a cop until his wife made him quit the force . Marc believes he married the wrong person , but it is revealed that his wife is pregnant when she comes to Amy 's baby shower . He eventually resigned because he needed a better job to support his growing family . Mimsy Scott Levy ( edit ) Alice Hirson portrays Mimsy , Anne 's mother , Amy , Ashley and Robie 's grandmother and John Juergens great - grandmother . She has the beginnings of Alzheimer 's disease and recently moved to an assisted care home . It is stated that she likes everyone better than Anne , and Anne is reluctant to tell her about anything in her life , such as her marital problems with George as well as her pregnancy . Anne and Amy worry about her sometimes . Mimsy is reported as having suffered a slight stroke and therefore , Anne and George miss John 's first birthday to go to her side . Mimsy surprises Anne and George with the news that she has married a gentleman named Eugene Levy . In season 5 , Ashley takes advantage of her Alzheimer 's and convinces Mimsy to give her $10,000 to run away to Italy for cooking school . Alice Hirson previously portrayed Jenny Jackson , mother of Annie Camden in 7th Heaven . Kathleen Bowman ( edit ) Josie Bissett , of Melrose Place fame , portrays Kathleen Bowman , who is the mother of Grace Bowman , adoptive mother of Tom Bowman , the ex-wife of George Juergens , and new wife of Jeff Tseguay . She cheated on George during their marriage . As a teen , Kathleen 's mother did not let her have any physical contact with any boys . She told Grace that she only married George for sex . She waited until she married Marshall Bowman to have sex with him . She becomes a widow after Marshall dies in a private jet crash and began dating a younger man named Dr. Jeff Tseguay , a gynecologist , much to Grace 's displeasure . Kathleen and Jeff are so excited that Grace suddenly seems to be in favor of the marriage that they impulsively decide to marry right away . Kathleen therefore changed her name from `` Bowman '' to `` Tseguay '' . Kathleen tries to balance supervising Tom 's special needs with his desire to be independent , and tries to get Grace to behave responsibly when it comes to sex . Kathleen then gets back together with George Juergens in a serious relationship . Tom Bowman ( edit ) Luke Zimmerman portrays Tom Bowman , Grace 's adopted older brother , who has Down Syndrome . His mother died earlier in his life , then he was adopted by the Bowmans . With the normal drives of a young man , he is interested in sex -- at one point , he calls an `` escort '' service and a prostitute named Betty comes in response to his call . They do not have sex , but she spends the evening talking with him and allowing him to confess his frustrations . Later , he meets Tammy and wants to marry her , despite having only been on one date with her . Tammy ends up marrying someone else . He sometimes refers to Ricky as `` Drummer Boy '' and cares deeply about Grace . He mistakes Adrian 's manipulation of him to borrow money as interest in him , and tries to respond , with no luck . When it is first announced that Adrian is pregnant , Tom proposes to her , and promises to take care of her . She gently refuses him . He and Jack share the Bowman 's guesthouse for a while when Tom is impatient for more independence that Kathleen is willing to allow him . Jack moves into the main house when Tom begins dating a woman with two children that he met on the bus on his way to work as a Vice President of Human Resources . Dr. Marshall Bowman ( edit ) John Schneider portrays Dr. Marshall Bowman , Grace 's overprotective father . He 's also the partner of the Juergens ' pediatrician , Dr. Hightower , which is how he found out about Amy 's pregnancy . Marshall later admits to Ricky that his brother was sexually abused by his neighbor and later committed suicide . Marshall dies when his private jet crashes , leaving Grace thinking the crash was all her fault because she had sex with her boyfriend , Jack , after Marshall told her not to . His body was cremated and spread on a hole in a golf course . It was discovered in Season 4 , that Marshall had a relationship with another woman while he was in Zimbabwe and they had a son together named Jacob . Madison Cooperstein ( edit ) Renee Olstead portrays Madison Mildred Cooperstein . She is in 12th grade , she 's one of Amy 's best friends , and her values are defined by her Catholicism . Madison unintentionally spreads gossip and rumors , though she is a well - meaning girl . She dated Lauren 's brother , Jason , and unintentionally spread the news of Amy 's pregnancy . She feels ignored by Amy because she is spending more time with Ben than with her . Madison broke up with Jason but started to have feelings over the breakup . It is revealed that her mother died . Madison seems to have a crush on Jack and might have done something with him over the summer . She does not want a relationship with Jack despite fooling around with him . After Jack and Grace 's relationship fizzles , Jack begins to date Madison . Madison , hoping to reassure Jack that she is a `` free spirit '' and does n't want to trap him , tells Jack that she 's not interested in children or marriage . This causes Jack to rethink the relationship because , as he tells her , the whole idea of dating is to find someone that you might want to marry . Since she says she does n't want to marry , perhaps he should be dating elsewhere . Madison quickly recants and tells Jack that she is interested in a family and children , but not for a long time . They resume their relationship , and while Madison is seriously considering having sex with Jack , she confesses that she is n't quite ready , wanting the occasion to be special and wearing a pretty dress and having her make - up done . Jack tells her that he is fine with waiting . So , to get around having actual sex , Madison and Jack often have oral sex . After school ends , Madison sleeps over at the Bowman guest house ( where Jack stays ) and lies about where she spent the night . When her dad gets an email from Lauren , he forbids Madison and Jack to date . Madison later tries to date her former supervisor , whom her father discovers lied about his age , and proceeds to kick him out of his home . Madison lost her virginity to Jack after Adrian and Ben 's wedding , but because she and Jack regret having sex , they decide to discontinue any sexual activity . At the graduation party Madison has sex with Lauren 's boyfriend , Jesse . Lauren tells her that she hates her , orders her out of her house when Madison comes to apologize , and rips up a photo of the two of them . Lauren forgives her . Then they go to Berkeley because of their amazing singing voices . Then her and Jack get back together move to New York . They also get married . She becomes a great Broadway singer and Jack becomes a coach . Lauren Treacy ( edit ) Camille Winbush portrays Lauren Treacy , who is also in the 12th grade and one of Amy 's best friends . She is smart , practical , and seems to be the voice of reason for Amy . Her father is Ricky 's therapist . Along with Madison , Lauren also accidentally spread the news of Amy 's pregnancy . She made out with Ricky one night in his car . She also feels ignored by Amy . Her parents are divorced , and her mother is remarried . Lauren is now dating Jesse , and plans to have sex with him when Madison and Jack have sex . After her parents find out that she and Jesse slept over at Jack 's guest house and she lied about it , her father and mother ban her from seeing and being with Jesse . She and Jesse break up , but then get back together when they realize they still care for each other . Jesse throws an all - night graduation party , where he drinks too much and ends up in bed with Madison after Lauren makes it clear that she neither intends to drink or have sex that night . Angrily , she breaks up with Jesse and tells Madison that she hates her . Camille Winbush also previously guest starred on 7th Heaven for 6 episodes as Lynn Hamilton . Jason Treacy ( edit ) Andrew McFarlane portrays Jason Treacy , Lauren 's older brother and Madison Cooperstein 's ex-boyfriend . He 's a member of the Grant High Football team and portrayed as an excellent student , proven by the fact that he was the only other student besides Grace Bowman to be accepted into the Young Healers Camp program , for students who aspire to be doctors . At med camp , he and Grace became extremely attracted to one another because of all the time they spent together , and eventually they kissed . However , before returning home , they agreed to only be friends , but Jason still broke up with Madison before the next school year began . Along with Grace and her new boyfriend , Grant , he also attended the Young Healers Camp again the following summer . Dr. Jeff Tseguay ( edit ) Reid Scott portrays Dr. Jeff Tseguay , Grace 's step - father . Jeff met Kathleen during the aftermath of Marshall 's death -- his brother died in the same plane crash that killed Marshall . Kathleen and Jeff 's relationship is inadvertently discovered by Jack when he is in a drug store and witnesses Kathleen and Jeff purchasing contraceptives . He agrees not to tell Grace , but Kathleen decides to go ahead and tell Grace anyway , knowing that her interest in another man only six months after Marshall 's death will deeply upset her . One evening , Kathleen is at Jeff 's house and Jeff decides not to answer a phone call from his mother . His mother becomes concerned and bursts in on the couple talking in bed , much to Jeff 's chagrin , Kathleen 's embarrassment , and his mother 's interest . Their relationship escalates quickly , and upon Grace 's pretense at encouragement , they decide to marry . The day after the wedding , Jeff talks to Grace and tells her that he feels that they got off on the wrong foot , and , as her new stepfather and as an obstetrician / gynecologist , invites her to talk about her misgivings . During the talk , Grace begins to sort out her conflicted feelings about sex . Jeff later joins a medical team working for an extended period in Africa , where Grace visits him and meets Daniel . Jeff invites Kathleen to join him in Africa for a few months , and although tempted , she does n't feel that she can leave Tom and Grace . Betty Boykewich ( edit ) Jennifer Coolidge portrays Betty , who meets and interests Leo Boykewich . She is upfront about telling him that she has been a prostitute , because she does n't want him embarrassed when he finds out , but he decides he does n't care . He discovers that she ca n't marry him because she is still married to a man she has n't seen in a long time . Leo locates her husband , only to find that he has died , and he proposes . When Ben is conflicted over having sex with Adrian , Betty offers to listen to his problems , but Ben rudely turns her away , telling her he does n't need advice from a prostitute . She is hurt , but soon bounces back . When Ben sincerely apologizes for his outburst , she assures him that she has already forgotten it , and goes on to encourage Ben to act on his feelings . Betty and Leo are married in a lavish wedding with Ben inviting all his friends to celebrate . Betty clumsily but earnestly attempts to console Adrian after the loss their baby . In season 4 she decides that she realizes that Leo is not happy and tells him she wants a divorce and wants to go to college . In one of the last episodes of the season her mother dies and while awaiting a flight on her soon - to - be ex-husband's private jet she is approached by a divorce lawyer . Robert `` Bob '' Underwood ( edit ) Bryan Callen portrays Robert `` Bob '' Underwood , Ricky 's biological father who has been to jail for drugs and child molestation . In Season 1 during one episode he comes back to find Ricky , and wants to sell Ricky and Amy 's baby . Later , he is caught with drugs and sent back to prison . Bryan Callen also previously guest starred on 7th Heaven for 9 episodes as George ' Vic ' Vickery Petrowski . Margaret Shakur ( edit ) L. Scott Caldwell portrays Margaret Shakur , Ricky 's foster mother and John Juergens ' foster grandmother . Margaret and her husband love Ricky as their own , and are proud to be his parents . Later , Margaret and Sanjay have dinner with Anne and George to discuss Ricky 's custody case , and expressing a desire to be a part of John 's life . Margaret helped Adrian with her decision about whether or not to terminate her unplanned pregnancy . Later , Ricky 's birth mother , Nora , moves in with Margaret and Sanjay when starting her life over , and they have become good friends . Margaret decides to take in one of Ricky 's former foster brothers , Ethan , who ends up in juvenile detention after sexting nude pictures of an underage girl to his friends when she breaks up with him . Because of overcrowding in juvenile detention , Ethan will return to live with Margaret . Cindy Lee Enriquez ( edit ) Paola Turbay portrays Cindy Lee , Adrian 's mother . Cindy got pregnant with Adrian as a teenager on purpose because she wanted the love of a baby , but her guilt of trapping Ruben Enriquez , Adrian 's father , into being a father caused her to keep Ruben out of their lives . She raised Adrian alone and worked as a flight attendant ; causing her to be away from home a lot . At the start of the show , she and George Jurgens had an affair that ended around the time George found out about Amy 's pregnancy . She was also unaware of Adrian 's affairs and her moniker as the `` school slut '' until Ruben told her . Despite this , Cindy continues to work , leaving Adrian alone , where Adrian continues to have sex . Cindy and Ruben later reunite after he leaves his wife , and she declines a job promotion in New York so they could get married . After a minor case of cold feet , Cindy and Ruben decide to get married the day before Leo and Betty 's wedding in a judge 's office . Much to Cindy 's consternation , Ruben 's mother has sent a completely inappropriate wedding dress to wear -- an ugly red , flouncy dress several sizes too large . After a moment of anger , Cindy shrugs and she and Ruben are married , with Adrian as a witness . When Adrian reveals that she 's pregnant , Cindy tells her daughter that she will stand behind Adrian , whether or not she decides to have an abortion . This spawns an argument between her and Ruben since he 's Catholic . They later make up and support Adrian 's decision to have the baby . Cindy and her husband are present for Adrian and Ben 's wedding , and she later try 's to comfort her daughter after the baby 's stillbirth . Ruben Enriquez ( edit ) Philip Anthony - Rodriguez portrays Ruben Enriquez , Adrian 's father and the ex-boyfriend of Cindy . He was not involved with Adrian during her childhood years because he and Cindy made a deal not to see each other . When Adrian eventually finds him , Ruben tells Adrian he wants nothing do with her , but later decides to help her turn her life around for the better . Ruben is an Assistant District Attorney and is married for the third time . Adrian is his second biological child ( he has a biological son in Mexico ) , however , he is the stepfather to two sons . For confidentiality reasons , he could not tell Adrian that he had known the truth about Ricky having been sexually abused . He and Cindy marry before a judge , `` Fast Eddy '' , the day before Leo and Betty marry . When his daughter becomes pregnant , Ruben strongly objects to the idea of her having an abortion . This causes conflict between Ruben and his wife , who supports Adrian 's decision . Adrian chose to keep the baby , and Ruben could n't have been happier . When Adrian 's daughter , later named `` Mercy '' is born stillborn , he blames himself for pushing Adrian to keep the baby instead of having an abortion . Rev. Sam Stone ( edit ) Tom Virtue portrays Rev. Sam Stone , Jack 's stepfather and the minister at the local church . Jack told him why Grace thinks her dad died . He tried , unsuccessfully , to make Grace see that she and Jack having sex had nothing to with her father 's death . He also helped Amy find couples to adopt her unborn baby ( John ) when she was pregnant . After offered a job at his Alma Mater in Phoenix , Arizona as the head of the Philosophy department , he gives up the church and moves with his wife , leaving Jack to complete his senior year . He makes a cameo appearance to marry Ben and Adrian . Griffin ( edit ) Brando Eaton portrays Griffin , who is in 9th grade like Ashley , and is her friend . He and Ashley clicked as friends when he asked her to sit with him at lunch . After she asks him if all he wants is to have sex with her , Griffin tells Ashley that he is gay . George likes Griffin after meeting him because Ashley did not pick a guy friend who only wants her for sex . It 's revealed that his two older brothers are also gay . He fixes Ashley up with his cousin , Grant , and brings his date , Michael , to Leo and Betty 's wedding . After Ashley uses Grant , Griffin decides to introduce him to Grace Bowman . In return , Grace introduces Griffin to Peter , a guy she knew from church , and it was an instant connection for both couples . Grant ( edit ) Grant Harvey portrays Grant , Griffin 's awkward but engaging cousin , who is not gay and is interested in Ashley . He is put up to a blind date with Ashley by Griffin , and finds himself attracted to her . At first , George is n't concerned , thinking that since Grant is related to Griffin , he must be gay , too . He is taken aback to discover that Grant is not gay , but decides to trust Ashley not to make the same mistake that Amy did . He wants to have sex with Ashley . After a party held by Leo and Ben , Grant finds interest in Grace , and is now dating her . He and Grace stay abstinent through their summer at Med Camp , and have sex after school starts when Grant 's parents are out of town . Grant then told Grace that he loved her . Later , Grant 's parents come to the Bowman - Tseguay residence and it is found that Grant 's father is quite old , but charms the hearts of both Grace and Kathleen ... Katelyn O'Malley ( edit ) Beverley Mitchell portrays Katelyn O'Malley . Mitchell is the third person from the show that previously starred on 7th Heaven ; Mackenzie Rosman was the second , playing a recurring role as Zoe and Christopher Michael was the first , playing the football coach . Katelyn is the most recent school guidance counselor . It is revealed in season 4 that like Ben and Adrian , she lost a child when her baby died of SIDS . She also explains that her marriage fell apart as well when her husband became an alcoholic . Dylan ( edit ) Dylan is introduced during the graduation party . Henry points her out and Ben goes after her . Dylan 's parents are very protective over her and it takes a while for them to be convinced that it is okay for them to date . Ben 's dad and Dylan 's parents catch Dylan and her friends smoking pot in Ben 's room . They are then forbidden to see each other . After some convincing they are allowed to go out again but they accidentally burn down Dylan 's school , and they are forbidden to see each other again . Even though her friend , Wendy , told her that she overheard Ben telling Amy that he still loves her , she still wants to date Ben . They come up with this idea that her parents could meet Henry and pretend to go out with Henry , but instead meet Ben . Ben 's dad finds out and forbids him from going . At her house , Henry is mad at Ben for sleeping with Alice and plans to make revenge by going out with Dylan for real . So he forces her to stay home and have a real date . Dylan is furious with Henry , but they still kiss . Dylan then finds out that Ben and Alice slept together and does n't really want to go out with Ben anymore so she gives Henry a chance . She is portrayed by Ana Lucasey . Jesse ( edit ) Austin Stowell portrays Jesse . He became Lauren 's boyfriend in season 2 . After sleeping at Jack 's guest room with Madison and Lauren , Lauren is banned from seeing Jesse . At his graduation party , where he drinks too much , Lauren discovers him sleeping with Madison . Kathy ( edit ) Kathy is portrayed by Cierra Ramirez , introduced in the 100th episode as a new freshman who Amy mentors as part of a senior project . She got pregnant by her much older ex-boyfriend , and plans on giving her baby girl up for adoption . She is initially wary about talking to Amy because unlike her , she chose to raise a child as a teenager . Kathy eventually opens up to her about her worries on not having friends because of her condition . She currently lives with her grandmother because her parents kicked her out . Kathy explains early on that even though her baby will have an open adoption , she has no plans to be involved in the child 's life . She meets Ethan and they start connecting about their histories and even go on a double - date with Amy and Ricky . Their relationship hits a speed bump in the road after Ethan makes a disastrous first impression to the prospective parents , who later tell Kathy to break - up with him . They quickly get back together in the fall season finale . In the holiday special , Kathy goes into labor on Christmas Eve and gives birth to a baby girl on Christmas Day . The adoptive parents name her Hedy . She is portrayed by Cierra Ramirez . Ethan ( edit ) Played by Michael Grant , Ethan is Ricky 's 14 - year - old foster brother who ran away from their house a few years after stealing a knife from Margaret and Shaker . He first appears when he gets into trouble for sending naked pictures of his ex-girlfriend to everyone in his contacts , which ultimately lands him in juvenile detention . Margaret decides to take him in again , and forces him to go back to school . In season 4 he is forced to go to summer school and immediately gets into trouble for stealing condoms from the nurse 's office . Despite his actions , Ricky still tries to install sense in him remembering his early days before he met Amy . He begins dating Kathy , who is pregnant with her ex-boyfriend's child . They decide to take their relationship slow , but Ethan has trouble respecting Kathy 's boundaries . Such as when he meets the perspective parent 's of Kathy 's unborn daughter , and asks rude and personal questions about them . Kathy breaks up with him when her perspective parent 's think he is too unstable to be around . Ethan later confides to Kathy that his biological father injured him when he was a kid , causing his distrust in adults . After meeting Kathy , Ethan tries several times to get advice from Ben on how to be a good boyfriend to someone who is having a child with another guy , but Ben show 's no interest in helping him . In the episode `` Holly Rollers '' , he is shown to be a talented piano player . Then him and Amy start getting closer and closer while Amy and Ricky get farther . Minor characters ( edit ) The following is a list of characters that appear on the show , but usually do not add to the overall plot or story line of the series . Mrs. Virginia Molina ( edit ) Constance Marie portrays Mrs. Virginia Molina , Mr. Molina 's new wife . They are expecting a baby around the same time as Amy . She shows up at Amy 's baby shower after being invited by Joe . John Juergens Underwood ( edit ) Amy and Ricky 's now three - year - old son whom they conceived on a night at band camp when Amy was a freshman and when Ricky was a sophomore in high school . Ashley ( Amy 's sister ) is the one who suggested John 's name because `` his life was going to be complicated already , so we might as well give him an easy name . '' His birthday is 06 / 06 / 09 . His parents Amy and Ricky break apart from their marriage plans and Amy goes to college , leaving Ricky as a single father . Mrs. Stone ( edit ) Kristin Bauer van Straten portrays Mrs. Stone , Jack 's mother . She met her second husband at grief counseling . Her voice is heard once yelling at Jack when he throws a football into the window . She and her husband tell Jack about his new job in Arizona , requiring Jack to find a new place to live to prevent him from relocating during his senior year . And at one of the last episodes of 2012 she shows up at the last few minutes of the show to pray while Jack lies in his hospital room comotized he comes back after jack gets into coma Peter ( edit ) Kristopher Higgins portrays Peter , who is introduced in the Season 3 episode `` Chicken Little '' . Peter becomes a love interest for Griffin when Grace sets them up believing Peter is gay . After talking with both his father and Griffin , Peter comes out as gay , and pursues a relationship with Griffin . Mercedes ( edit ) Katelyn Tarver portrays Mercedes , who is one of the friends of Dylan , Raven , and Wendy . Her first appearance was in Smokin ' Like a Virgin , although she was probably at Dylan 's party ( before everyone ended up at the cabin next door , where Jesse and everyone else from the main cast was ) . She went over to Ben 's house with Dylan and she smoked pot because she was depressed after her mom died and her mom had a prescription . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ShowRY listings : The Secret Life of the American Teenager '' . TheFutonCritic.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2009 . ( hide ) The Secret Life of the American Teenager Seasons Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Production Episode list Character list Brenda Hampton Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_Secret_Life_of_the_American_Teenager_characters&oldid=838046357 '' Categories : Lists of American television series characters The Secret Life of the American Teenager Lists of drama television characters Lists of teen drama characters Hidden categories : Articles to be expanded from October 2016 All articles to be expanded Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 24 April 2018 , at 16 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20The%20Secret%20Life%20of%20the%20American%20Teenager%20characters	3,270

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