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who played the giant woman in deuce bigalow
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Big Boy as Fluisa aka Jabba
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Big Boy
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Deuce Bigalow : Male Gigolo
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deuce bigalow : male gigolo
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Deuce Bigalow : Male Gigolo is a 1999 American sex comedy film directed by Mike Mitchell at his feature debut , written by Harris Goldberg and Rob Schneider , and starring Schneider as a hapless fishtank cleaner who goes into business as a male prostitute in an attempt to earn enough money to repair damage he caused while house - sitting . It was the first film released by Happy Madison Productions .
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Released on December 10 , 1999 , the film received negative reviews from critics and grossed $92 million worldwide on a $17 million budget . A sequel , titled Deuce Bigalow : European Gigolo , was released in 2005 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Soundtrack 5 Release 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical reception 6 Sequel 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( October 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Deuce Bigalow , an insecure fishtank cleaner ( aquarist ) , is fired for cleaning the tank at a public aquarium in the nude . Deuce is unsuccessful in attracting women , so he attempts to keep himself busy at work . On a house call , he meets an Argentinean male prostitute Antoine Laconte . Antoine is going on a business trip , and so asks Deuce to care for his lionfish and protect his home while he is away . Deuce accidentally sets Antoine 's kitchen on fire when trying to make a grilled cheese sandwich in the toaster , and breaks an expensive fish tank . Fearing Antoine will kill him , Deuce is forced to find a way to pay for the damage . Low - rent pimp T.J. Hicks offers to help Deuce make enough money to buy a new fish tank , and convinces Deuce to take over the absent Antoine 's role as a gigolo . Deuce decides to make the clients feel better about themselves , since he only desires to have sex with beautiful women . Deuce meets unusual clients but he still manages to get along with them , despite there being no sex involved , by helping them with certain issues in their lives . The clients include Carol , a woman who is severely narcoleptic , Ruth , who has Tourette Syndrome with coprolalia , and therefore is afraid of socializing , Fluisa , an obese woman weighing close to 750 pounds , and Tina , another woman has a pituitary gland disorder and is extremely tall . Deuce 's list of clients gradually increases , with each client being satisfied by much more fulfilling measures due to his evasion of sex with them . However , Deuce falls in love with one of his clients , Kate ( Arija Bareikis ) , who has a prosthetic leg . She later breaks up with Deuce when she finds out that he was a prostitute hired by her friends . Meanwhile , Deuce is being stalked by Detective Chuck Fowler , who demands Antoine 's `` black book '' of clients and threatens to take Deuce to jail if he does not comply . Deuce eventually helps Fowler please his wife by stripping and erotically dancing for her , and the two make amends . Deuce is still taken into custody on prostitution charges , as Fowler needs someone to bring in and Deuce 's own refusal to betray his newfound friend , T.J. ( whom Fowler described as another person of interest aside Deuce due to his previous acquaintance with Antoine ) , by turning him in . At the hearing , it is revealed that Deuce never slept with any of the clients except for Kate . Since Deuce gave back the money to Kate and was not paid for sex with her , he is cleared of all charges . Using the money he made , Deuce restores Antoine 's fish tank , although due to time constraints he is warned that the glass may not be installed properly . Unfortunately , Kate 's blind roommate accidentally kills the prize fish in Antoine 's aquarium when she starts the mixer that the fish was being kept in . Deuce buys a replacement fish and returns to Antoine 's house just in time . Antoine is suspicious , but can not figure out why . He taps the new aquarium and the glass shatters . Deuce then reveals his prostituting adventures to the bemused and furious Antoine . Enraged , Antoine tries to kill Deuce , and at one point shoots a crossbow bolt at him . The aforementioned overweight client , Fluisa , shows up , comes between the two men , and saves Deuce 's life ( she is not killed because the bolt hits her breasts , between which she has hidden a roast chicken ) . Antoine is then arrested by Detective Fowler , and Deuce marries Kate . The end sequences continues to follow the epilogue , Deuce 's father becomes a male prostitute , Fluisa underwent extensive liposuction and is now working as a model in Victoria 's Secret known as Naomi , Ruth opens up an all girls school for Tourette 's , Carol manages to fulfill her dream trip to France , T.J. starts his own reality show dedicated to his experiences as a male prostitute and an incarcerated Antoine marries Tina . Cast ( edit ) Rob Schneider as Deuce Bigalow William Forsythe as Detective Charles `` Chuck '' Fowler Eddie Griffin as Tiberius Jefferson `` T.J. '' Hicks Arija Bareikis as Kate Oded Fehr as Antoine Laconte Gail O'Grady as Claire Richard Riehle as Robert `` Bob '' Bigalow Jacqueline Obradors as Elaine Fowler Big Boy as Fluisa aka Jabba Amy Poehler as Ruth Torsten Voges as Tina Bree Turner as Allison Andrew Shaifer as Neil Allen Covert as Vic Norm MacDonald as bartender Elle King as Cookie Girl Adam Sandler ( voice ) as Offscreen passerby Production ( edit ) ( hide ) This section has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2014 ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Deuce Bigalow : Male Gigolo is the first film released by the Happy Madison Productions film production company . Adam Sandler served as the film 's executive producer . Sandler also shouted the insults `` Freak ! '' and other offscreen lines . Soundtrack ( edit ) Deuce Bigalow : Male Gigolo Soundtrack album by Various Artists Released December 14 , 1999 ( 1999 - 12 - 14 ) Recorded 1999 Genre Soundtrack Label Hollywood Records `` Call Me '' - Blondie `` Spill the Wine '' - Eric Burdon and War `` You Sexy Thing '' - Hot Chocolate `` Get Down Tonight '' - KC and the Sunshine Band `` Let 's Get It On '' - Marvin Gaye `` I 'm Not in Love '' - 10cc `` Magnet and Steel '' - Walter Egan `` No Worries '' - Hepcat `` Ca n't Smile Without You '' - Sean Beal `` Lift Me Up '' - Jeff Lynne `` Call Me '' - Emilia Maiello Release ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Deuce Bigalow : Male Gigolo opened theatrically on December 10 , 1999 in 2,154 venues and earned $12,224,016 in its opening weekend , ranking third in the North American box office behind Toy Story 2 's fourth weekend and fellow newcomer The Green Mile . The film ended its run , having grossed $65,538,755 in the United States and Canada , and $27,400,000 overseas for a worldwide total of $92,938,755 . Based on a $17 million budget , the film was a box office success . Critical reception ( edit ) The film received negative reviews from critics . On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , it holds a 26 % score based on 75 reviews , with an average rating of 4 / 10 . The site 's consensus states : `` According to critics , Deuce Bigalow is just too dumb and filled with old , tired gags . '' Metacritic reports a 30 out of 100 rating based on 26 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film one - and - a-half out of four stars , stating `` It 's the kind of picture those View n ' Brew theaters were made for , as long as you do n't View . '' Kendall Morgan from The Dallas Morning News writes in her review , `` Deuce Bigalow : Male Gigolo makes There 's Something About Mary look like Masterpiece Theatre . '' Sequel ( edit ) In 2005 , a sequel , Deuce Bigalow : European Gigolo , was released by Columbia Pictures instead of Touchstone Pictures . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` DEUCE BIGALOW : MALE GIGOLO ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . March 9 , 2000 . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Deuce Bigalow : Male Gigolo ( 1999 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for December 10 - 12 , 1999 '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . December 13 , 1999 . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Deuce Bigalow : Male Gigolo ( 1999 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Deuce Bigalow : Male Gigolo reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Deuce Bigalow : Male Gigolo Movie Review ( 1999 ) '' . Roger Ebert . Chicago Sun - Times . December 10 , 1999 . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Deuce Bigalow : Male Gigolo on IMDb Deuce Bigalow : Male Gigolo at Box Office Mojo Deuce Bigalow : Male Gigolo at Rotten Tomatoes Deuce Bigalow : Male Gigolo at Metacritic ( hide ) Films directed by Mike Mitchell Deuce Bigalow : Male Gigolo ( 1999 ) Surviving Christmas ( 2004 ) Sky High ( 2005 ) Shrek the Third ( 2007 ) Shrek Forever After ( 2010 ) Alvin and the Chipmunks : Chipwrecked ( 2011 ) The SpongeBob Movie : Sponge Out of Water ( 2015 ) Trolls ( 2016 ) The Lego Movie Sequel ( 2019 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deuce_Bigalow:_Male_Gigolo&oldid=800506092 '' Categories : 1999 films English - language films American films 1990s romantic comedy films 1990s sex comedy films American romantic comedy films American sex comedy films Directorial debut films Films about male prostitution Films shot in California Films shot in Florida Films directed by Mike Mitchell Films shot in Los Angeles Happy Madison films Touchstone Pictures films Hidden categories : Articles to be expanded from December 2014 Use mdy dates from March 2016 Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from October 2015 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles needing additional references from December 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Svenska Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 00 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuce%20Bigalow%3A%20Male%20Gigolo
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when does agt season 13 start on tv
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Season thirteen of the reality competition series America 's Got Talent premiered on May 29 , 2018 , on NBC . Howie Mandel , Mel B , Heidi Klum and Simon Cowell returned as judges for their respective ninth , sixth , sixth , and third seasons . Meanwhile , Tyra Banks returned for her second season as host .
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May 29 , 2018
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America 's Got Talent ( season 13 )
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america's got talent ( season 13 )
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America 's Got Talent Promotional poster for the season . Season 13 Broadcast from May 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 29 ) -- present ( present ) Judges Howie Mandel Mel B Heidi Klum Simon Cowell Host ( s ) Tyra Banks Broadcaster NBC Chronology ◀ 2018 Season thirteen of the reality competition series America 's Got Talent premiered on May 29 , 2018 , on NBC . Howie Mandel , Mel B , Heidi Klum and Simon Cowell returned as judges for their respective ninth , sixth , sixth , and third seasons . Meanwhile , Tyra Banks returned for her second season as host . The live shows return to the Dolby Theatre , beginning August 14 , 2018 . AGT is co-produced by FremantleMedia North America and Syco Entertainment , Cowell 's company . Dunkin Donuts is a sponsor for a fourth consecutive season . Contents 1 Preliminary auditions 1.1 Golden buzzer 2 Cut before Judge Cuts 3 Judge Cuts 3.1 Golden Buzzer 3.2 Week 1 3.3 Week 2 3.4 Week 3 3.5 Week 4 4 Quarterfinals 4.1 Week 1 5 Top 36 acts 6 International broadcast 7 Ratings 7.1 U.S. Nielsen ratings 7.2 Special episodes 8 Contestants who appeared in other seasons or shows 9 References 10 External links Preliminary auditions Season 13 judges and host Howie Mandel Mel B Heidi Klum Simon Cowell Tyra Banks The season had preliminary open call auditions in Orlando , Cincinnati , Savannah , Milwaukee , Houston , Las Vegas , New York City , Nashville , and Los Angeles . As in years past , prospective contestants could also submit online auditions . Auditions were taped from March 6 - 23 at the Pasadena Civic Auditorium in Los Angeles and began to air on May 29 , 2018 . Golden buzzer The golden buzzer returned for its fifth consecutive season . Any act that receives the golden buzzer during the judges ' auditions will be sent directly to the live shows and will not compete in the Judge Cuts round . In the first episode , Tyra Banks was the first to press the golden buzzer for acrobatic and dance group Zurcaroh . Simon Cowell was second to press it for 40 - year - old singer Michael Ketterer . Howie Mandel was third to press it for 13 year old singer Courtney Hadwin . Mel B was fourth to press it for 15 year old singer Amanda Mena . Heidi Klum was the final judge to use the golden buzzer , using it for 15 year old singer Makayla Phillips . Cut before Judge Cuts The following acts successfully advanced past preliminary auditions but were not seen in the competition again . Some acts were cut before the Judge Cuts episodes by producers , some only intended to perform once , others withdrew for personal reasons , or the reason for some was left unknown . Andy Huggins , Stand - up Comedian Annaliese Nock , Daredevil Bill Thrasher , Michael Jackson Impersonating Hula - Hooper Benjamin and Adam , Pole Acrobat Duo Blaise Ryndes , Bubbleologist Caroline Baran , Singer Chris Cox , Mentalist Darzana , Dance Group Duo Non Stop , Rolla Bolla Duo Duo Vital - x , Danger Act French Accent , Accordionist and Stand - up Comedian Front Pictures , Multimedia Performance Act Hamster Wheel , Rube Goldberg Trio The Janes , Vocal Group Jenny Klimantova , Hula - Hoop Artist Jimmy Ichihana , Magician Kenny Thomas , Motorcycle Stunt Performer Kaylee and Eddie , Dance Duo Laurent Piron , Magician Natalie Ong , Singer Nathan Spare , Fire Breather Pancakes , Dance Troupe Silicon Valley Girls , Acrobat Trio Srikanta Barefoot , Cyr Wheel Acrobat Virzi Triplets , Comedian Trio Judge Cuts The Judge Cuts rounds began airing on Tuesday , July 17 , 2018 . Like the previous season , one guest judge will join the judges ' panel each show and will be given one golden buzzer opportunity to send an act straight to the live shows . Eighteen acts perform each week instead of twenty as in the previous three seasons . Of the eighteen acts performing each week seven acts advance including the guest judge 's golden buzzer which immediately advances if used . Guest judges will not be given a red buzzer to use . Any act that will receive all four red buzzers will be immediately eliminated from the competition . The four guest judges are Ken Jeong , Olivia Munn , Martina McBride , and Chris Hardwick , who was also a guest judge in the previous season . The final Judge Cuts episode aired on August 7 , 2018 . This is the first Judge Cuts rounds in history where no acts received four red buzzers . Golden buzzer The golden buzzer also returned for the Judge Cuts round . Each week during the Judge Cuts a guest judge will have the option to use their golden buzzer on any act . An act that receives the golden buzzer during the Judge Cuts round will not face elimination and will advance automatically to the live shows . In the first week of the Judge Cuts Ken Jeong pressed his golden buzzer for the Voices of Hope Children 's Choir . In week 2 , Olivia Munn pressed her Golden Buzzer for Angel City Chorale . In the third week , Martina McBride pressed her Golden Buzzer for Quin and Misha , a ballroom dance duo . Chris Hardwick gave the season 's final Golden Buzzer for Flau'jae , a 14 - year old rapper , in the final week of the Judge Cuts . Key Buzzed Golden buzzer Advanced Quarterfinal Wildcard Eliminated Advanced Immediately Week 1 Guest judge : Ken Jeong Date : July 17 , 2018 Act Order Performance type Buzzes Result Cowell Klum Jeong Mel B Mandel Junior New System Dance Group Advanced Harold & Regan Dance Duo Eliminated Us the Duo Band Advanced Kevin Blake Magician Eliminated Mochi 5 Diabolo Artist Advanced Lilly Wikler 6 Animal Impressionist Eliminated Oscar and Pam 7 Singing Dog & Pianist Eliminated Daniel Emmet 8 Opera Singer Quarterfinal Wildcard Voices of Hope 9 Choir Advanced Immediately Aaron Crow 10 Danger Act Advanced Carmen Lynch 11 Stand - up Comedienne Eliminated Christina Wells 12 Singer Advanced Patches 13 Rapper Eliminated Andrew Johnston 14 Singer Eliminated Celina and Filiberto 15 Dance Duo Eliminated Trinh Tra My 16 Aerialist Eliminated Jack Tenney 17 Trampolinist Eliminated Duo Transcend 18 Trapeze Duo Advanced Jump up ^ Aaron Crow 's act was selected as the sneak preview or `` leaked '' video on America 's Got Talent 's social media channels before the actual broadcast . Week 2 Guest judge : Olivia Munn Date : July 24 , 2018 Act Order Performance type Buzzes Result Cowell Klum Munn Mel B Mandel Human Fountains Novelty Act Quarterfinal Wildcard Shin Lim Close - up Magician Advanced The Melisizwe Brothers Band Eliminated Macey Mac Singer / Guitarist Eliminated Sophie Fatu 5 Singer Eliminated Reyes del Swing 6 Salsa Dance Troupe Eliminated The Future Kingz 7 Dance Group Advanced Lioz Shem Tov 8 Comedy Mentalist Eliminated Angel City Chorale 9 Choir Advanced Immediately Shannon and Reckon 10 Dog Act Eliminated EXISDANCE 11 Multimedia Dance Act Eliminated Hans 12 Singer / Accordionist / Dancer Advanced Vivien Vajda 13 Jump Rope Acrobat Eliminated Rob Lake 14 Illusionist Advanced Leah Mathies 15 Singer / Guitarist Eliminated Hunter Price 16 Singer / Guitarist Eliminated Joseph O'Brien 17 Singer / Pianist Advanced Vicki Barbolak 18 Stand - up Comedienne Advanced Jump up ^ Shin Lim 's act was selected as the sneak preview or `` leaked '' video on America 's Got Talent 's social media channels before the actual broadcast . Jump up ^ Simon Cowell forced Joseph O'Brien to stop performing during his act . After given the opportunity , O'Brien chose to perform for a second time . His result is based off the second performance . Week 3 Guest judge : Martina McBride Date : July 31 , 2018 This is the second Judge Cuts episode in the show 's history in which an act with at least one `` X '' buzzer was nevertheless promoted to the live shows . Act Order Performance type Buzzes Result Cowell Klum McBride Mel B Mandel The Savitsky Cats Cat Act Advanced Blue Tokyo Acrobatic Dance Group Eliminated OC Music and Dance Orchestral Band Eliminated The PAC Dance Team Dance Group Advanced Angel Garcia 5 Singer Eliminated Jeffrey Li 6 Singer Eliminated Ms. Trysh 7 Singer Eliminated Kazi 8 Singer / Guitarist Eliminated Bone Hampton 9 Stand - up Comedian Eliminated Quin and Misha 10 Ballroom Dance Duo Advanced Immediately Noah Guthrie 11 Singer / Guitarist Advanced Jules and Jerome 12 Teeterboard Duo Eliminated Fratelli Rossi 13 Acrobatic Duo Eliminated Bensax International 14 Saxophonist Eliminated Oliver Graves 15 Stand - up Comedian Eliminated UDI Dance 16 Blacklight Dance Group Advanced We Three 17 Band Advanced The Sacred Riana 18 Illusionist Advanced Jump up ^ Simon Cowell forced Noah Guthrie to stop performing during his act . After given the opportunity , Guthrie chose to perform for a second time . His result is based off the second performance . Jump up ^ The Sacred Riana 's act was selected as the sneak preview or `` leaked '' video on America 's Got Talent 's social media channels before the actual broadcast . Week 4 Guest judge : Chris Hardwick Date : August 7 , 2018 This is the first time in America 's Got Talent Judge Cuts history where two or more acts that have been buzzed went on to the live shows . Act Order Performance type Buzzes Result Cowell Klum Hardwick Mel B Mandel Brian King Joseph Electric Violinist Advanced Yumbo Dump Comedy Duo Advanced Academy of Villains Dance Group Eliminated Da RepubliK Dance Group Advanced Berlin 5 Singer / Pianist Eliminated Sergey and Sasha 6 Acrobatic Duo Eliminated Flau'jae 7 Rapper Advanced Immediately Elijah Holt 8 Trampolinist Eliminated Sixto and Lucia 9 Quick Change Duo Eliminated Brody Ray 10 Singer / Guitarist Eliminated Ronnie Lamarque 11 Singer Eliminated Glennis Grace 12 Singer Advanced Diabolowalker 13 Diabolo Dance Group Eliminated Troy James 14 Contortionist Eliminated Street Drum Corps 15 Percussion Group Eliminated NUNNABOVE 16 Band Eliminated Lord Nil 17 Escape Artist Advanced Samuel J. Comroe 18 Stand - up Comedian Advanced Jump up ^ Lord Nil 's act was selected as the sneak preview or `` leaked '' video on America 's Got Talent 's social media channels before the actual broadcast . Quarterfinals The quarterfinals are set to be broadcast live from the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles starting on August 14 , 2018 . Twelve acts are set preform each week and the following night the results will be announced . Seven of the twelve acts will proceed to the semifinals . Each week viewers of the show also have the opportunity to send one act , determined by popular vote , using `` Google 's Instant Save '' via the America 's Got Talent app . Key Buzzed Advanced ( Won Public Vote ) Judges ' Choice Won Judges ' Choice Lost Judges ' Choice Google 's Instant Save Judges ' Wildcard Week 1 Dates : Performances -- August 14 , 2018 Results -- August 15 , 2018 Guest : Darci Lynne Farmer Top 36 acts Key Winner Runner - up Third Place Top 5 Finalist Semifinalist ( lost judges ' vote ) Semifinalist ( lost audience vote ) Quarterfinalist ( lost judges ' vote ) Quarterfinalist ( lost audience vote ) Golden buzzer ( Auditions ) Golden buzzer ( Judge Cuts ) Judges ' wild card ( quarterfinals ) Judges ' wild card ( semifinals ) Name of Act Age ( s ) Genre Act Hometown Quarterfinal Semifinal Result Aaron Crow 49 Danger Danger Act Bruges , Belgium Amanda Mena 15 Singing Singer Boston , Massachusetts Angel City Chorale 19 -- 88 Singing Choir Los Angeles , California Brian King Joseph 27 Music Electric Violinist Los Angeles , California Christina Wells 42 Singing Singer Houston , Texas Courtney Hadwin 13 Singing Singer County Durham , England Da RepubliK 15 -- 32 Dance Dance Group Santo Domingo , Dominican Republic Daniel Emmet 25 Singing Opera Singer Las Vegas , Nevada Duo Transcend 29 & 32 Acrobatics Trapeze Duo Salt Lake City , Utah Flau'jae 14 Music Rapper Savannah , Georgia Front Pictures 41 & 43 Variety Multimedia Performance Act Kiev , Ukraine Glennis Grace 39 Singing Singer Amsterdam , Netherlands Hans `` 19 '' Variety Singer / Accordionist / Dancer Adelaide , Australia Human Fountains 24 -- 29 Variety Novelty Act Los Angeles , California Joseph O'Brien 20 Singing Singer / Pianist Columbia , Tennessee Junior New System 18 -- 25 Dance Dance Group Manila , Philippines Lord Nil 38 Danger Escape Artist Italy Makayla Phillips 15 Singing Singer Canyon Lake , California Michael Ketterer 40 Singing Singer Anaheim , California Mochi 29 Variety Diabolo Artist Shizuoka , Japan Noah Guthrie 24 Singing Singer / Guitarist Greer , South Carolina Quin and Misha 70 & 35 Dance Ballroom Dance Duo Orlando , Florida Rob Lake 35 Magic Illusionist Norman , Oklahoma Samuel J. Comroe 30 Comedy Stand - up Comedian Los Angeles , California Shin Lim 26 Magic Close - up Magician Acton , Massachusetts The Future Kingz 7 -- 23 Dance Dance Group Chicago , Illinois The PAC Dance Team 15 -- 18 Dance Dance Group Sahuarita , Arizona The Sacred Riana 25 Magic Illusionist Jakarta , Indonesia The Savitsky Cats 24 & 45 Animal Cat Act Ukraine UDI Dance 20 -- 37 Dance Blacklight Dance Group Tomsk , Russia Us the Duo 27 & 28 Singing Band Los Angeles , California Vicki Barbolak 60 Comedy Stand - up Comedienne Oceanside , California Voices of Hope 5 -- 17 Singing Choir Orange County , California We Three 21 -- 27 Singing Band McMinnville , Oregon Yumbo Dump 31 & 34 Comedy Comedy Duo Tokyo , Japan Zurcaroh 8 -- 39 Acrobatics Acrobatic Group Götzis , Austria International Broadcast This season is being aired in Asia within 48 hours of being broadcast in the US . It airs on AXN starting May 31 , 2018 ( UTC + 8 ) . In the United Kingdom and Ireland the first episode was brought to Netflix on May 31 . In Singapore , the show was broadcast on MediaCorp Channel 5 every Thursday starting May 31 , 2018 . Ratings U.S. Nielsen ratings Episode Title First air date Timeslot ( EDT ) Rating ( 18 -- 49 ) Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) Nightly Rank Weekly Rank Auditions Week 1 May 29 , 2018 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.5 11 12.16 Auditions Week 2 June 5 , 2018 2.2 10 11.27 Auditions Week 3 June 12 , 2018 2.3 10 11.46 Auditions Week 4 June 19 , 2018 2.2 10 11.86 5 Auditions Week 5 June 26 , 2018 2.0 9 11.32 6 Auditions Week 6 July 10 , 2018 2.1 9 11.55 7 Judge Cuts 1 July 17 , 2018 2.1 9 11.33 8 Judge Cuts 2 July 24 , 2018 2.0 8 11.68 9 Judge Cuts 3 July 31 , 2018 2.1 9 11.83 10 Judge Cuts 4 August 7 , 2018 1.9 9 11.04 TBA 11 Quarterfinals , Week 1 ( Performances ) August 14 , 2018 TBA TBA TBA TBA TBA 12 Quarterfinals , Week 1 ( Results ) August 15 , 2018 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. TBA TBA TBA TBA TBA 13 Quarterfinals , Week 2 ( Performances ) August 21 , 2018 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. TBA TBA TBA TBA TBA 14 Quarterfinals , Week 2 ( Results ) August 22 , 2018 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. TBA TBA TBA TBA TBA 15 Quarterfinals , Week 3 ( Performances ) August 28 , 2018 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. TBA TBA TBA TBA TBA 16 Quarterfinals , Week 3 ( Results ) August 29 , 2018 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. TBA TBA TBA TBA TBA Special episodes Specials Title First air date Timeslot ( EDT ) Rating ( 18 -- 49 ) Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) Nightly Rank Weekly Rank S1 Best of Auditions July 11 , 2018 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 0.9 5 5.98 S2 Road to Lives August 9 , 2018 Thursday 8 : 00 p.m. 0.7 3.82 TBA Contestants who appeared in other seasons or shows Act Television show Season Result Notes Academy of Villains America 's Got Talent 7 Semifinalist Sergey and Sasha 10 Cut Before Judge Cuts Silicon Valley Girls 11 Cut Before Judge Cuts Auditioned as `` Trio Grace '' Junior New System Asia 's Got Talent Finalist Received the golden buzzer during the semifinals . The Sacred Riana Winner Yumbo Dump Semi-Finalist Aaron Crow Britain 's Got Talent 7 Semi-Finalist UDI 9 Finalist Wes - P 12 Semi-Finalist Auditioned as `` Mr. Uekusa '' Glennis Grace Eurovision Song Contest 50 ( 2005 ) Semi-Finalist Dutch contestant with `` My Impossible Dream '' Aaron Crow La France a un incroyable talent 11 Semi-Finalist David Pereira 8 Finalist Zurcaroh 12 Finalist Received the golden buzzer during the auditions . Noah Guthrie Glee 6 N / A Played Roderick Meeks Recurring role ; 12 episodes . David Pereira Got Talent España Finalist Lioz Shem Tov Israel 's Got Talent Semi-Finalist Jeffrey Li Little Big Shots N / A Rob Lake Masters of Illusion N / A Jimmy Ichihana Penn & Teller : Fool Us Non-Fooler Shin Lim Fooler Flau'jae The Rap Game Final Four Troy James Showtime At The Apollo N / A Glennis Grace Soundmixshow 10 ( 1994 ) Winner Sang `` One Moment in Time '' by Whitney Houston Courtney Hadwin The Voice Kids ( UK ) Finalist One - chair turn from Danny Jones . Angel Garcia La Voz Kids ( US ) Eliminated in the Battles Auditioned as `` Angelito Garcia '' . One - chair turn from Prince Royce . Amanda Mena Winner Three - chair turner and joined Team Royce . References Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` '' America 's Got Talent '' Renewed For Season 13 By NBC With All 4 Judges & Host Tyra Banks Returning `` . deadline.com . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` '' America 's Got Talent '' Judging Panel , Tyra Banks Set to Return for Season 13 `` . variety.com . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Maglio , Tony ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` '' AGT '' Brings Everyone Back : Howie , Simon , Mel B , Heidi , and Host Tyra Banks All Sign on for Summer 2018 `` . thewrap.com . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` NBC 's World of Dance , Ninja Warrior and AGT Get Summer Return Dates '' . tvline.com . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent Season 13 Auditions Start November 5 ( 9 Cities ) '' . 2paragraphs.com . September 20 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gerdes , Caroline ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` How To Audition For `` America 's Got Talent '' And Show Your Skills To The World `` . bustle.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sandoval , Michael ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` '' America 's Got Talent '' Returns To The Pasadena Civic Auditorium `` . socalmuse.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Seamayer , Zach ( May 30 , 2018 ) . `` Tyra Banks Presses Golden Buzzer For Amazing Acrobatic Dance Group On `` America 's Got Talent '' Premiere `` . Yahoo . Retrieved June 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Weigle , Lauren ( July 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' 2018 Golden Buzzer Winners So Far -- 7 / 17 / 2018 '' . Retrieved July 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` AMERICA 'S GOT TALENT - ( # 1311 ) `` LIVE QUARTER FINALS 1 '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved August 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` AMERICA 'S GOT TALENT - ( # 1312 ) `` LIVE RESULTS 1 '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved August 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` AMERICA 'S GOT TALENT Reveals the 36 Acts Headed to the Live Shows '' . 10 August 2018 . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 13 . first1 = missing last1 = in Authors list ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Aaron Crow '' . FANDOM . Retrieved 10 August 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Find Out Who Is Performing at Live Shows Week 1 - America 's Got Talent 2018 '' . Retrieved 11 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Brian King Joseph '' . FANDOM . Retrieved 10 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Quin and Misha '' . FANDOM . Retrieved 10 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Hawkes , Rebecca . `` Asia , America and Britain have Talent on AXN Deals News Rapid TV News '' . www.rapidtvnews.com . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent , Britain 's Got Talent Head to AXN in Asia -- TVASIA '' . TVASIA. 2018 - 04 - 12 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent S13 Show Info - Toggle '' . Toggle.sg. 2018 - 05 - 31 . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( May 31 , 2018 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' World of Dance ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 5 , 2018 ) . `` NBA Finals , ' America 's Got Talent ' start summer strong : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for May 28 - June 3 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' World of Dance ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 12 , 2018 ) . `` NBA Finals carry ABC again : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for June 4 - 10 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' and ' Beat Shazam ' adjust up , ' World of Dance ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' takes over No. 1 : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for June 11 - 17 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' takes over No. 1 : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for June - 19 - 24 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' World of Dance ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' takes over No. 1 : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for June - 26 - 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( July 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' 20 / 20 ′ adjusts up , ' The Outpost ' and ' World of Dance ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved July 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( July 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' and ' Big Brother ' dominate : Broadcast top 25 and network rankings for July 9 - 15 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( July 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' and all shows hold : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved July 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( July 24 , 2018 ) . `` MLB All - Star Game , ' America 's Got Talent ' lead : Broadcast top 25 and network rankings for July 16 - 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( July 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Last Defense ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved July 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( July 31 , 2018 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' leads again : Broadcast top 25 and network rankings for July 23 - 29 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Outpost ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved August 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' and NFL Preseason keep NBC on top : Broadcast top 25 and network rankings for July 30 -- August 5 '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved August 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Making It ' and ' The Outpost ' adjust down , ' Beat Shazam ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved August 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shows A-Z -- America 's got talent on nbc '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( July 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Originals ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved July 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Trial & Error , ' ' Big Brother , ' everything else adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved August 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` PH dance group Junior New System gets Golden Buzzer on ' Asia 's Got Talent ' '' . Rappler . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Indonesian magician The Sacred Riana is crowned winner of Asia 's Got Talent Season 2 '' . Straits Time . 14 December 2017 . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . Jump up ^ 彭嘉彬 ( 2017 - 10 - 20 ) . `` ( 亞洲 達人 秀 ) 肥 都 係 一種 才藝 ? 日本 相撲 手 組合 靠 大 肚 腩 過關 '' . 香港 01 ( in Chinese ) . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ Asia 's Got Talent ( 2017 - 11 - 30 ) . `` Yumbo Dump Semi-Final 3 -- VOTING CLOSED Asia 's Got Talent 2017 '' . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` International Dance Troop Wows On `` France 's Got Talent '' -- InspireMore `` . InspireMore . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` ' Glee ' Star Noah Guthrie Performed Rihanna 's ' Love on the Brain ' for ' America 's Got Talent ' : Watch '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Duke , Simon ( 2018 - 06 - 13 ) . `` Watch Peterlee schoolgirl Courtney Hadwin wow on The Voice Kids '' . nechronicle . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ La Voz Kids ( 2015 - 02 - 09 ) , Amanda Mena canta `` Because of You '' en La Voz Kids , retrieved 2018 - 07 - 09 External links Official website IMDB America 's Got Talent website Preceded by Season 12 ( 2017 ) America 's Got Talent Season 13 ( 2018 ) Succeeded by America 's Got Talent Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Winners Bianca Ryan Terry Fator Neal E. Boyd Kevin Skinner Michael Grimm Landau Eugene Murphy Jr . Olate Dogs Kenichi Ebina Mat Franco Paul Zerdin Grace VanderWaal Darci Lynne Farmer Runners - up The Millers Cas Haley Eli Mattson Bárbara Padilla Jackie Evancho Silhouettes Tom Cotter Taylor Williamson Emily West Drew Lynch The Clairvoyants Angelica Hale Third place Butterscotch Nuttin ' But Stringz Recycled Percussion Team iLuminate Oz Pearlman Jon Dorenbos Light Balance Other notable contestants Season 1 Taylor Ware Alexis Jordan Celtic Spring The Passing Zone Rappin ' Granny Leonid the Magnificent Jessica Sanchez Kevin Johnson Season 2 Jabbawockeez Julienne Irwin Kevin James Season 3 Kaitlyn Maher ZOOperstars ! Derrick Barry Season 4 Grandma Lee The Texas Tenors Thia Megia Season 5 ArcAttack Haspop Alice Tan Ridley Prince Poppycock Connor Doran The Strange Familiar Lindsey Stirling Season 6 Geechy Guy Anna Graceman POPLYFE Professor Splash Melissa Villaseñor Season 7 David Garibaldi and His CMYK 's Rudy Coby Trish Paytas Season 8 Cami Bradley Marty Brown Brad Byers Forte Branden James Jim Meskimen John Wing Jr . Season 9 Dan Naturman Wendy Liebman Miguel Dakota Quintavious Johnson The Willis Clan Mike Super Season 10 Stevie Starr Piff the Magic Dragon Myq Kaplan Freelusion Dance Company Metal Mulisha Fitz Army Kacey Jones Kayvon Zand Season 11 Ryan Stock & AmberLynn Tape Face Brian Justin Crum Cory Kahaney The Passing Zone Kadie Lynn Roberson Laura Bretan Zach Sherwin D.J. Demers Sos and Victoria Season 12 Bello Nock Colin Cloud Mandy Harvey Preacher Lawson Puddles Pity Party The Singing Trump Evie Clair Season 13 Aaron Crow Angel City Chorale Annaliese Nock Glennis Grace Rob Lake The Sacred Riana Zurcaroh Related America 's Got Talent : The Champions Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=America%27s_Got_Talent_(season_13)&oldid=854734750 '' Categories : America 's Got Talent seasons 2018 American television seasons Hidden categories : CS1 errors : missing author or editor CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) Wikipedia pages under 30 - 500 editing restriction Use mdy dates from March 2017 Official website not in Wikidata Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 12 : 21 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America%2527s%20Got%20Talent%20%28season%2013%29
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what does barium do in a ct scan
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Barium sulfate suspension , often simply called barium , is a contrast agent used during X-rays . Specifically it is used to improve visualization of the gastrointestinal tract ( esophagus , stomach , intestines ) on plain X-ray or computed tomography . It is taken by mouth or used rectally .
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improve visualization
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Barium sulfate suspension
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barium sulfate suspension
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Barium sulfate suspension , often simply called barium , is a contrast agent used during X-rays . Specifically it is used to improve visualization of the gastrointestinal tract ( esophagus , stomach , intestines ) on plain X-ray or computed tomography . It is taken by mouth or used rectally .
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Side effects include constipation , diarrhea , appendicitis , and if inhaled inflammation of the lungs . It is not recommended in people with intestinal perforation or bowel obstruction . Allergic reactions are rare . The use of barium during pregnancy is safe for the baby ; however , X-rays may result in harm . Barium sulfate suspension is typically made by mixing barium sulfate powder with water . It is a non-iodinated contrast media . Barium sulfate has been known since the Middle Ages . In the United States it had come into common medical use by 1910 . It is on the World Health Organization 's List of Essential Medicines , the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system . The wholesale cost in the developing world is about 37.80 to 79.33 USD per kilogram . In the United States a course of treatment is not very expensive . Some versions contain flavors to try to make it taste better . Contents ( hide ) 1 Medical uses 2 Side effects 3 Taste and texture 4 References Medical uses ( edit ) Barium sulfate suspensions are provided by a radiologist or radiographer in advance of , or during a CT scan or fluoroscopic study to allow for better computed tomography of the gastrointestinal tract . The patient is instructed to take nothing by mouth , which means to abstain from eating and drinking ( fasting ) , with the exception of drinking the barium sulfate suspension . The amount of time for this fast may vary , depending on the instructions given by the imaging facility and the area of the body to be scanned , but generally lasts for several hours prior to the scan . The patient generally skips one meal , along with abstaining from all liquids , clear or otherwise , during this time . Consumption of the barium sulfate suspension begins 90 minutes to two hours prior to the CT / Fluoroscopic scan , as instructed in the patient education provided . For a Barium Swallow or Dysphagiagram the barium is consumed after the study begins to discern if the patient has difficulties swallowing or masticating . Consumption is paced , beginning two hours before the scan is to occur , with levels marked on the provided container indicating how much is to be consumed between each of the two hours prior to the test . A small portion of the suspension is reserved for the minutes just before the test , to ensure that as much of the gastrointestinal tract as possible is coated . After the scan is complete , the patient is encouraged to eat and drink normally , with special attention to plenty of fluids . The barium sulfate is excreted through defecation , so extra fluid intake helps prevent constipation , which is a possible side effect ( see Johns Hopkins Medicine Health Library for an example of a possible patient education instruction sheet ) . Side effects ( edit ) Some patients with allergies or sensitive stomachs may choose to discuss alternatives to the barium sulfate suspension with their radiologist , but most patients find the common side effects more of an annoyance than a serious problem . Among the possible side effects , listed on MedlinePlus are nausea and diarrhea , which may begin as soon as 15 minutes after consumption begins and may persist through the day after the test is completed . Other side effects may include a feeling of weakness , pale skin , ringing in the ears , constipation , and vomiting . Patients may be strongly encouraged to avoid vomiting , as expelling a substantial quantity of the suspension may void its effect on the CT scan and produce unusable results , requiring a retest . As with most medications , if any severe side effects are experienced the patient is encouraged to contact their doctor or local poison control center immediately . Taste and texture ( edit ) Oral barium sulfate suspensions are sometimes described as having the consistency of a very thick glass of milk , or a very thin milkshake . Some patients may experience the texture as a chalky liquid , similar to calcium carbonate containing liquid antacids and with a slight medicinal taste . Dr. Roscoe Miller , in his article , `` Flavoring Barium Sulfate '' , noted that taste thresholds vary per person , and patient toleration of the medicine also varies . The suspension is typically homogeneous , smooth , and white in color . When the suspension is stored at room temperature ( some labels suggest 25 ° C ) , `` warm , thick milk '' is a common description of the general weight and consistency of the drink . If the test requires the suspension to travel quickly through upper gastrointestinal tract it may be given chilled . Many preparations of barium sulfate have added flavors to make them easier to tolerate . In general , the flavor is considered unpleasant , and is dependent on the exact makeup of the drink . Artificial flavors vary per preparation , and include vanilla , banana , pineapple , lemon , and cherry , among others . Because of the ease of the actual test , the paced two - hour consumption of the barium sulfate suspension is often considered the worst part of a CT scan . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Bontrager , Kenneth L. ; Lampignano , John ( 2013 ) . Textbook of Radiographic Positioning & Related Anatomy - Pageburst E-Book on VitalSource8 : Textbook of Radiographic Positioning & Related Anatomy - Pageburst E-Book on VitalSource . Elsevier Health Sciences . p. 461 . ISBN 0323136133 . ^ Jump up to : WHO Model Formulary 2008 ( PDF ) . World Health Organization . 2009 . p. 315 , 317 . ISBN 9789241547659 . Retrieved 8 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` E-Z - Paque - Summary of Product Characteristics ( SPC ) - ( eMC ) '' . www.medicines.org.uk . Retrieved 31 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` E-Z - CAT - Summary of Product Characteristics ( SPC ) - ( eMC ) '' . www.medicines.org.uk . Retrieved 31 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hamilton , Richart ( 2015 ) . Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia 2015 Deluxe Lab - Coat Edition . Jones & Bartlett Learning . p. 171 . ISBN 9781284057560 . Jump up ^ Krebs , Robert E. ( 2006 ) . The History and Use of Our Earth 's Chemical Elements : A Reference Guide . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 80 . ISBN 9780313334382 . Jump up ^ Mould , R.F. A Century of X-Rays and Radioactivity in Medicine : With Emphasis on Photographic Records of the Early Years . CRC Press . p . Chapter 11 . ISBN 9780750302241 . Jump up ^ `` WHO Model List of Essential Medicines ( 19th List ) '' ( PDF ) . World Health Organization . April 2015 . Retrieved 8 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Barium Sulfate '' . International Drug Price Indicator Guide . Retrieved 8 December 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/healthlibrary/test_procedures/gastroenterology/barium_swallow_92,P07688/ Jump up ^ http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a606010.html Jump up ^ http://www.spectrumxray.com/sites/default/files/pdfs/5-5_CT-Barium.pdf Jump up ^ Miller , Roscoe E. , MD ( 1966 ) . `` Flavoring Barium Sulfate '' American Journal of Roentgenology . http://www.ajronline.org/doi/pdf/10.2214/ajr.96.2.484 Jump up ^ http://www.drugs.com/pro/scan-c-suspension.html Jump up ^ http://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/safety/index.cfm?pg=sfty_contrast Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barium_sulfate_suspension&oldid=800500705 '' Categories : Radiocontrast agents World Health Organization essential medicines Hidden categories : Template : drugs.com link with non-standard subpage Articles without EBI source Chemical pages without ChemSpiderID Chemical pages without DrugBank identifier Articles without KEGG source Articles without InChI source Articles without UNII source Drugs with no legal status Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes RTT Talk Contents About Wikipedia ଓଡ଼ିଆ Edit links This page was last edited on 13 September 2017 , at 23 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barium%20sulfate%20suspension
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when is a medical certificate required for work
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Medical certificate
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medical certificate
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A medical certificate or doctor 's certificate is a written statement from a physician or other medically qualified health care provider which attests to the result of a medical examination of a patient . It can serve as a `` sick note '' ( documentation that an employee is unfit for work ) or evidence of a health condition .
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An aegrotat ( / ˈiːɡroʊtæt / ; from Latin aegrotat , meaning ' he / she is ill ' ) or sick note is a type of medical certificate excusing a student 's absence from school for reasons of illness . Contents 1 Purpose and applications 2 Aegrotat 3 Impact on occupation 4 Eligibility 5 Falsification 6 Validation 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Purpose and applications ( edit ) Medical certificates are sometimes required to obtain certain health benefits from an employer , to make an insurance claim , for tax purposes , or for certain legal procedures . Medical certificates are used to indicate eligibility of activity , such as the use of disabled parking . Medical certificates can also be used to describe a medical condition a person has , such as blindness . Medical certificates are often used to certify that someone is free of contagious diseases , drug addiction , mental illness , or other health issues . Health criteria are often required when making an application for something , such as an eye examination to get a driver 's license . Other times medical criteria are presented voluntarily by an applicant in a self - assessment , without either a doctor or access to the person 's medical record . Specific health criteria or medical history are required for certain jobs . In the United States , most aviators are required to possess a valid medical certificate that certifies sound health as part of the requirements for piloting an airplane or helicopter . While airman certificates are issued for life , the medical certificate expires and must be renewed periodically in order continue flying privileges . Sport pilots may use a valid state driver 's license in place of a medical certificate , and glider and hot air balloon pilots are not required to obtain them . Aegrotat ( edit ) The term aegrotat ( abbreviated as aegrot ) is used primarily in the United Kingdom and Commonwealth of Nations . In the context of British undergraduate degrees a student who is too ill to finish may be awarded an aegrotat degree if the student otherwise would have passed exams or other requirements . Impact on occupation ( edit ) Except in certain unique circumstances , a holder of a medical certificate in the National Aeronautics and Space Administration may not `` act as pilot in command or in any other capacity as a required flight crewmember of an aircraft '' . A patient with conditions such as : measles , chicken - pox , hepatitis A , leprosy , typhoid fever , and whooping cough , can return to work immediately after their healing phase or medical tests . Almost always the patient may only be allowed to return to work upon submission of a medical certificate . Eligibility ( edit ) Sometimes , there are standards and procedures in place , for workers in a certain field to be eligible to receive a medical certificate . Any airman at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration must give their employees access to the National Driver Register . On top of this , other tests which are required for first - , second - and third - class airmen are : eye , ear / nose / throat / equilibrium , mental , neurologic , and cardiovascular . The India List and India Office List 1905 explains that officers on `` Long Leave in Europe '' must , among other things , provide a medical certificate , which is obtained at the Medical Board of India Office . Practical Guide to Employees ' State Insurance Act , Rules and Regulations explains that under the ESI Act , the employee must obtain a medical certificate via the ESI Dispensary / Hospital , which then gets deposited at the nearest office of the ESI Corporation . Falsification ( edit ) As many illnesses can come about suddenly , sometimes the worker will not have enough time to receive a medical certificate , or may be too sick to obtain one . In other cases , the worker may not be bothered to go to the trouble of getting one , or may be lying about their illness and want to falsify a certificate to back up their story to their boss . There have been discussions regarding whether it is okay to fire someone for submitting a fabricated medical certificates . In many cases , it is deemed wrong , such as in Australia where a bank officer was dismissed after handing in a forged certificate , which prompted a Fair Work Australia Commissioner to say they had a `` continued lack of regard for the truth '' . Another example is a WA police officer who was stood down after committing the same offense . Sometimes it is not so black and white . In one case , a woman claimed she was `` coerced into falsifying ( a ) medical certificate ( which ultimately led to her being fired ) because she was ' being bullied and treated unfairly ' by two managers '' . There are some companies that sell fake medical certificates . Although the site Doctors Note Store sells `` fake sick notes and medical certificates for workers in Australia , New Zealand and the United Kingdom '' , they add that the `` fakes are for ' novelty use only ' '' . At Flinders University , `` providing a forged medical certificate '' is viewed as academic misconduct . In New South Wales , medical professionals who `` deliberately issue a false , misleading or inaccurate certificate '' can be charged under the Medical Practice Act . This is in response to The New South Wales Medical Board `` receiving numerous complaints from employers , insurers , the courts , etc regarding the quality , accuracy and truthfulness of sickness certificates '' . Validation ( edit ) In order to prove that one 's medical certificate is authentic , the following should be done and taken into consideration : Having it written in legible text , in the doctor 's handwriting , and without `` abbreviations or medical jargon '' . Should only include facts or observations made by the doctor , and each should be justified . Should include the date of appointment , how sick the patient is , the date they can go back to work , be addressed to the recipient of the certificate ( boss etc . ) , Should only be for something `` observed by the doctor '' or `` reported by the patient and deemed to be true by the doctor '' . Can be issued after the patient has taken sick leave , but it must include the date of appointment , and the length of time the employee should be out of work for . Should consider if the patient can return to work before they have fully healed , but with `` altered duties '' . Respect `` rights to confidentiality '' and consent of patient ( sometimes , the reason for sick leave may be personal and the patient may request it taken off the certificate , in which case `` it should be made clear to the patient that the information provided on the certificate may not be sufficient to attract sick leave and that an employer has the ultimate right to accept or to reject a certificate '' . Falsifying a medical certificate is a form of fraud . See also ( edit ) Birth certificate Death certificate References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Employers should not question a doctor 's certificate : AMA '' . Workplaceinfo.com.au. 2014 - 12 - 01 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor 's certificate questioned after MP skips parliament '' . Medical Observer. 2012 - 03 - 19 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ S. Ashtekar ( 1 January 2001 ) . Health and Healing : A Manual of Primary Health Care . Orient Blackswan . pp. 576 -- . ISBN 978 - 81 - 250 - 1624 - 3 . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Medical certificates '' . Workplaceinfo.com.au . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ Mohammad , Hassan ( 2016 ) . Shail Medical and Maitarniti Centre . Daira Dubai . ^ Jump up to : U.S. Department of Transportation , Federal Aviation Administration ( 2009 ) . Pilot 's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge . Government Printing Office . p. 16 - 2 . ISBN 0160823676 . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ A New Zealand university policy on aegrotat degrees Jump up ^ Staff , National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( 1982 ) . `` The Code of Federal Regulations of the United States of America '' : 12 . Jump up ^ Manual Of Community Nursing and Communicable Diseases . p. 487 . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Staff , National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( 1982 ) . `` The Code of Federal Regulations of the United States of America '' : 67 . Jump up ^ The India List and India Office List . p. 262 . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Practical Guide to Employees ' State Insurance Act , Rules and Regulations . p. 126 . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sacked for Submitting False Medical Certificates - Fair ? '' . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Employee sacked for creating false medical certificate '' . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Officer stood down for allegedly forging medical certificate '' . December 18 , 2008 . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sacked worker forged medical certificate and claimed she nearly died because the way she was treated '' . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Sick Notes & Medical Certificates '' . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` AMA warns over fake sick notes '' . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Important Changes to the University 's Student Policies and Procedures '' . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Medical Certificates Policy '' . p. 67 . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) One and another sample medical certificate Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Medical_certificate&oldid=851959634 '' Categories : Medicine in society Documents Talk Contents About Wikipedia Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 25 July 2018 , at 18 : 00 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical%20certificate
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who plays ray in star wars the last jedi
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Rey is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise , portrayed by English actress Daisy Ridley . First appearing as the main character in Star Wars : The Force Awakens , Rey is a scavenger who was left behind on the planet Jakku when she was a child , and later becomes involved with the Resistance 's conflict with the First Order when her solitary life is interrupted by BB - 8 , the droid of ace Resistance pilot Poe Dameron , and a runaway Stormtrooper named Finn .
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Daisy Ridley
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Rey ( Star Wars )
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rey ( star wars )
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Rey is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise , portrayed by English actress Daisy Ridley . First appearing as the main character in Star Wars : The Force Awakens , Rey is a scavenger who was left behind on the planet Jakku when she was a child , and later becomes involved with the Resistance 's conflict with the First Order when her solitary life is interrupted by BB - 8 , the droid of ace Resistance pilot Poe Dameron , and a runaway Stormtrooper named Finn .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 1.1 Creation and casting 1.2 Characterization 2 Appearances 2.1 Film 2.1. 1 The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) 2.1. 1.1 Related works and merchandising 2.1. 2 The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) 2.2 Television 2.2. 1 Forces of Destiny ( 2017 ) 2.3 Video games 3 Reception 3.1 General 3.2 Parentage 4 References 4.1 Citations 4.2 Sources 5 External links Development ( edit ) Creation and casting ( edit ) Screenwriter Michael Arndt said that he found Lucasfilm President Kathleen Kennedy 's offer to write the Star Wars sequel trilogy daunting in mid-2012 , but he became interested when it was explained to him that the tale was about the origin story of a female Jedi and he met with George Lucas . The character was a young woman known as Kira in the early stages of production , and Arndt described her as a `` loner , hothead , gear - head , badass '' . Arndt said that he struggled with introducing the young woman as the main character in his story while keeping her from being overshadowed after her early meeting with the Luke Skywalker character . Ridley recalled that director and writer J.J. Abrams originally intended to name the character `` Keera '' , however during filming in Abu Dhabi , Abrams revealed to Ridley that he was thinking of going with `` Rey '' . On creating a female lead for the new trilogy , Abrams stated that from his initial discussions with writer Lawrence Kasdan , he was excited at the concept of having a woman at the center of the story . He said that `` We always wanted to write Rey as the central character '' and that other female representation in the story was also important . Kennedy stated that , `` Rey is the new generation 's Luke Skywalker . '' Rey 's background as a scavenger was part of the developers attempting to portray her as `` the ultimate outsider and the ultimate disenfranchised person '' , due to their belief that a person of that nature would likely experience a prolonged journey compared to other types of people . Daisy Ridley was largely unknown before being cast for the role of Rey . Ridley said that she auditioned many times for the role over the course of seven months and had to keep her casting a secret for three months . She was announced as part of the cast at the end of April 2014 . She only had experience with small parts in TV shows . Her inexperience and lack of exposure were a crucial part of what convinced Abrams to give Ridley the role , as the previous installments had featured relatively unknown talent that would not experience heightened degrees of scrutiny . Abrams stated that Ridley `` was so funny and had a great spark '' , as well as having her act out an emotional scene , proclaiming that `` she nailed it on the first take . '' Abrams would go on to praise Ridley , stating `` She was born with this gift to be in a moment and make it her own . She simultaneously works from the inside out and the outside in . '' Kennedy proclaimed `` Daisy had a physicality and a self - confidence that was so important to the character we were looking for . She epitomizes that optimism where anything is possible . '' Director Dusan Lazarevic , who was present at the casting of Ridley for a role in British drama series Silent Witness , in addition to praising her acting range , stated `` She showed a combination of vulnerability and strength which gave her a complexity , and there was an intelligence in her eyes that was an indicator she could play quite a complicated part . '' Cailey Fleming was additionally cast to portray a young Rey . Although Ridley expressed that she was `` riddled with doubts and insecurities '' , she stated that Rey 's hopefulness is what she related to most in Rey , going on to say it `` was something driving me through the auditions -- even though it felt so insanely out of anything that I could 've imagined . '' Ridley recalled her shooting experience as starting off bumpy , with Abrams telling her that her first few takes were `` wooden '' . However , Ridley and Abrams had an `` incredibly collaborative '' process with creating Rey ; Ridley recalled that the character `` changed from when we first began , she became softer . And I think that 's probably me , because Americans tend not to understand me , so it helped , slowing down the speech and everything just made it softer than I am . '' On her character , Ridley has stated that Rey will have `` some impact in a girl power - y way '' , adding that the character `` does n't have to be one thing to embody a woman in a film . It just so happens she 's a woman but she transcends gender . She 's going to speak to men and women . '' In an interview with Elle , Ridley would continue describing her character , `` She 's so strong . She 's cool and smart and she can look after herself , '' adding `` Young girls can look at her and know that they can wear trousers if they want to . That they do n't have to show off their bodies . '' Composer John Williams said that he immediately loved Ridley in the film and that he found composing Rey 's theme an interesting challenge . He said that her theme does n't suggest a love theme , but rather a strong female adventurer character infused with the Force for a mature , thoughtful theme . Williams expressed that the `` musical grammar '' of Rey 's theme is not heroic , but instead conveys an adventurous tone that needs to illustrate empathy . '' Characterization ( edit ) Rey is introduced as a 19 - year - old woman in The Force Awakens . Rey is stubborn , headstrong , brave , optimistic , and maintains fierce loyalty to her friends . In comparison to Luke , Matthew Yglesias of Vox said that `` Rey is considerably less callow than Luke '' . Megan Garber of The Atlantic argued that Rey `` proves herself to be , in extremely short order , extremely adept as a fighter '' . Rey is highly Force - sensitive , which is revealed when she is presented with the lightsaber first owned by Anakin Skywalker , then his son Luke Skywalker . Without training , she is able to use advanced Force abilities and even defeat Kylo Ren in a duel , though he was already injured and using his power of the Dark side to fight being weakened by his pain . Appearances ( edit ) Film ( edit ) The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Rey lives alone on the planet Jakku , scraping a living through scavenging parts from ships while awaiting the return of the family that she was separated from as a child . She rescues the astromech droid BB - 8 and encounters the runaway stormtrooper Finn . Attacked by First Order troops , Rey steals and pilots the Millennium Falcon to evade them and escape Jakku . The smuggler Han Solo and his partner Chewbacca capture the Falcon in their freighter ship . When dangerous gangs confront Han on the freighter , Rey mistakenly unleashes Han 's vicious cargo . She saves Finn and they escape the freighter in the Falcon . Impressed with Rey , Han offers her a job on the Falcon ; however , Rey declines his offer , feeling that she has to return to Jakku . Model of Luke Skywalker 's lightsaber on display at Star Wars Launch Bay at Disney 's Hollywood Studios . After they convene at Maz Kanata 's castle on the planet Takodana to return BB - 8 to the Resistance , the First Order is alerted to their presence . Rey is drawn to the castle 's basement vault in which Maz has stored a lightsaber that belonged to Luke Skywalker and his father before him . Upon touching it , she experiences a terrifying vision : she sees a battle led by Kylo Ren , a flashback of her younger self being left behind on Jakku , and a vision of Luke , the last Jedi Master in the galaxy , who has been missing for several years . Maz argues that whoever abandoned her will never return to Jakku , and her only option is to seek out strength in the Force . Feeling overwhelmed , Rey rejects the lightsaber and flees into the forest . The First Order attacks Maz 's castle , and Ren captures Rey when the Resistance arrives . Ren takes her to Starkiller Base , where he probes her mind for the map piece that BB - 8 showed her . Ren uses the Force to read Rey 's mind , revealing Rey feels that Han is like the father she never had . Rey then resists him and reads Ren 's emotions , exposing his fear that he will never be as powerful as Darth Vader . Ren reports to his master , Supreme Leader Snoke , who commands that Rey be brought before him . Left alone with a stormtrooper guarding her , Rey uses a Jedi mind trick to get him to help free her . After sneaking around inside the base looking for a way to escape , she is elated to find Finn , Han , and Chewbacca have come for her . They watch in horror as Ren kills his own father , Han . As they try to escape the base through the forest , Ren challenges Rey and Finn , using his lightsaber . After Ren seriously injures Finn and disarms him of Luke 's lightsaber , Rey uses the Force to retrieve the weapon and battles the already wounded Ren . Initially overpowered , Rey rejects Ren 's offer to train her and uses the Force with the lightsaber to defeat him . After escaping the destroyed planet in the Millennium Falcon with Chewbacca and the wounded Finn , she returns to the Resistance base . While the Resistance celebrates the victory , Rey mourns Han 's death with Leia Organa and visits Finn , who is still unconscious . She decides to seek out Luke 's location , using information provided by BB - 8 and the re-activated R2 - D2 . Rey , Chewbacca , and R2 travel in the Falcon to the oceanic planet of Ahch - To ; upon finding Luke , Rey presents him with his lost lightsaber . Related works and merchandising ( edit ) Rey is featured in Star Wars : Before the Awakening ( 2015 ) by Greg Rucka , an anthology book for young readers that focuses on the lives of Poe , Rey and Finn before the events of The Force Awakens . Rey 's Survival Guide ( 2015 ) by Jason Fry is a first - person account from Rey 's perspective about herself and her home planet of Jakku . Rey is also a point of view character in the 2015 novelization of The Force Awakens by Alan Dean Foster . Fans noticed a lack of tie - in toys featuring Rey . Hasbro released a version of Monopoly based on The Force Awakens that excluded the Rey character . After receiving criticism , Hasbro stated that they did not include Rey to avoid revealing spoilers , and would be including Rey in future toy releases . Paul Southern , the head of Lucasfilm licensing , said that they wanted to protect the secrets that `` the Force awakens in Rey '' and that her character carries a lightsaber . He said that demand for Rey products was underestimated . Abrams said , `` I will say that it seems preposterous and wrong that the main character of the movie is not well represented in what is clearly a huge piece of the Star Wars world in terms of merchandising . '' Regarding Rey 's relative absence in Star Wars merchandising , CBBC presenter and voice actor Christopher Johnson stated : `` It still baffles me to this day that some toy manufacturers do n't think that girls want to play with ' superhero ' toys and that boys are n't interested in female characters . '' The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Rey is one of the central characters of The Last Jedi . Picking up directly where The Force Awakens left off , Rey presents Luke with his lightsaber , but Luke dismissively throws it aside and ignores Rey . She tells him that she has come on behalf of Leia and the Resistance to bring him home and end the fight against the First Order . Luke rejects this , and asks Rey why she personally came to Ahch - To . She confides in him her experiences with the Force , and tells him that she is afraid of her own abilities and potential . Luke eventually agrees to give Rey three lessons of the ways of the Force . Through these lessons , Rey demonstrates immense raw strength and a clear temptation toward the dark side of the Force that reminds Luke of Kylo Ren , who was once his nephew and student , Ben Solo . All the while , Rey feels a connection through the Force with Ren , who tells her that Luke tried to kill him while he was the Jedi master 's student . ( Luke later tells her that he was tempted to kill Ben after seeing a vision of the pain and suffering he would cause , but relented . ) In one of their conversations , Rey and Ren touch hands , and through this Rey swears that she is able to feel conflict within Ren , and becomes determined to turn him back to the light side . Rey asks Luke once more to come with her and rejoin the Resistance , but when he refuses , Rey , Chewbacca , and R2 - D2 leave without him . Ren takes Rey prisoner and brings her before Snoke . Snoke tells her that he created the Force connection between her and Ren as a trap to reach Luke . Snoke tortures and taunts Rey , showing her the attack on the Resistance transports , and eventually orders Ren to kill her . Ren instead kills Snoke , and he and Rey fight Snoke 's guards side by side . The duel won , Ren asks Rey to join him and create a new order separate from the legacies of Snoke and Luke , but Rey refuses . In an attempt to get her to turn , Ren reveals that Rey 's parents were two - bit junk dealers who sold her off for drinking money , and are long dead . Despite the revelation , Rey refuses to join him and uses the Force to summon Luke 's lightsaber , but Ren does so too , resulting in a standoff that ultimately tears the lightsaber in two . Shortly afterwards , Resistance leader Vice Admiral Holdo rams her cruiser into Snoke 's ship , separating Rey from Ren . Rey is later revealed to have made her way back to the Millennium Falcon , manning the guns as Chewbacca pilots , aiding the Resistance in fighting the First Order 's troops . Despite their best efforts , the battle turns out to be a loss for the Resistance , and Rey focuses her efforts on finding the surviving Resistance fighters to help evacuate them . Eventually she finds the Resistance fighters behind a dead end , and uses the Force to move the rocky barrier aside , clearing the path for them to board the Falcon . Rey reunites with Finn and Leia , and meets Poe Dameron for the first time aboard the Falcon . Rey feels Luke 's death through the Force , and reassures Leia that he met his end with `` peace and purpose '' . Rey asks Leia how they can rebuild the Resistance from what remains , and Leia , gesturing towards Rey , says that they now have all they need . Unknown to Leia , that includes the fact that Rey stole ancient Jedi books from Luke before he decided to burn them , thus enabling her to learn the ways of the order by herself . Television ( edit ) Forces of Destiny ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Rey stars in the micro-series Star Wars Forces of Destiny , voiced by Daisy Ridley . Video games ( edit ) The character of Rey appears in the video games Disney Infinity 3.0 and Lego Star Wars : The Force Awakens , both voiced by Ridley , as well as the strategy video game Star Wars : Force Arena . Reception ( edit ) General ( edit ) The character and Ridley 's performance have received critical acclaim . Joe Morgenstern of The Wall Street Journal proclaimed that Rey is `` a woman warrior with the stylish ferocity of a kung - fu star '' , praising `` the verve ( Ridley ) must have been born with plus the skill she must have acquired as a young actress coming up in England '' , later adding `` It 's hard to imagine what the movie -- and the sequels to come -- might have been if they 'd cast the wrong person , but here Daisy Ridley is in all her unassuming glory , and all 's right with the galaxy '' . Adam Howard of MSNBC stated that `` one of the most pleasant surprises of the film has been the strength of its lead female character '' , adding that some have likened Rey to a `` new feminist icon '' . Relatedly , Emily Rome of HitFix argued that Rey is `` everything we wanted in a Star Wars female character '' , praising her for being a character that is `` independent , skilled , scrappy , tough , and does n't need saving '' . In a personal essay , Nicole Sperling of Entertainment Weekly wrote about her daughters feeling empowered after viewing the film , stating , `` They never commented on how pretty Rey is . They never had to flinch because Rey was a sexual object to some man in power . They just felt strong . Equal '' . Some fans expressed opinions that Rey is too skilled , despite her inexperience during The Force Awakens , making her a `` Mary Sue '' - type character . Rome wrote that `` the speed with which Rey mastered Jedi mind tricks and lightsaber fighting with zero training is the stuff of fan fiction . Rey is geek feminist wish - fulfillment '' . Tasha Robinson of The Verge said that Rey `` keeps falling into standard - issue damsel - in - distress situations , then capably rescuing herself '' . Robinson conceded , `` let 's face it , Rey is kind of a Mary Sue character '' . However , Robinson went on write : `` She 's a fantasy wish - fulfillment character with outsized skills , an inhuman reaction time , and a clever answer to every question -- but so are the other major Star Wars heroes . '' Other outlets have argued that the term Mary Sue carries an inherent gender bias , and that categorizing Rey as one holds her to a double standard as the male characters from the original trilogy did not face comparable criticism . Caroline Framke of Vox wrote `` While my kneejerk reaction to criticism of Rey was that it 's absolutely in the wrong , I have to admit that questioning her merits is n't inherently misogynistic . The real problem is that there 's an undeniable false equivalence at play '' . Rey 's unique hairstyle attracted attention before and after The Force Awakens was released , being compared to Leia 's hairdo during the original trilogy with debate over whether it would become as popular . Richard Roeper described Ridley 's portrayal of Rey as `` a breakout performance '' , continuing by calling the character `` tough and resourceful and smart and brave '' . Ridley was nominated for a 2016 Saturn Award for Best Actress for her portrayal . The first Reel Women in Technology Award for a fictional character was awarded to the character Rey . Parentage ( edit ) The question of Rey 's parentage has been a significant point of discussion for the series , and has spawned numerous fan theories . The most popular theories are that she is the daughter of Luke Skywalker or Han Solo , or is Obi - Wan Kenobi 's granddaughter ( because of a scene where Rey hears Kenobi 's echoed voice following a vision in The Force Awakens ) . The view that she is Luke 's daughter is especially prominent , with fans and critics highlighting their story arc similarities , Star Wars being a Skywalker saga , Rey having a strong attachment to Luke 's lightsaber , and being exceptionally strong with the Force without any training . Some fan theories about Rey 's parentage pointed to `` Rey 's Theme '' featured in John Williams ' score of The Force Awakens , as the theme shared similarities with the themes for Darth Vader and Luke . Abrams stated that he intentionally withheld Rey 's last name and background in The Force Awakens . He said that he felt that the origin of Kylo Ren was the only thing that could be revealed in his film and that he knew `` quite a bit '' about Rey 's origin but would give courtesy to Star Wars : The Last Jedi director Rian Johnson by not saying any more . Former Star Wars : Episode IX director Colin Trevorrow stated that the answer of Rey 's origin would be `` deeply and profoundly satisfying '' and that Rey is `` important in this universe , not just in the context of The Force Awakens , but in the entire galaxy . She deserves it . '' Ridley said that she knew who Rey 's parents were . In The Last Jedi , Kylo Ren tells Rey that her parents were nobodies that sold Rey for drink money and that she had always known this deep down . Todd VanDerWerff of Vox equated this scene with Luke finding out that Darth Vader is his father , which was his greatest nightmare . To VanDerWerff , `` Rey 's greatest nightmare is being no one . '' He added that Kylo Ren `` has every reason to be lying '' in this instance because `` he 's trying to get Rey to let the past -- Jedi , Sith , Rebellion , Empire , First Order , etc. , etc. , etc. -- crumble to dust , '' but that `` in a weird way , it 's a kind of meta - commentary on a franchise that is seeking a new future , while still being indebted enough to its past that it continually recycles itself . '' He said that it is a good thing that `` Rey is the child of nobody of particular importance to the story so far . '' Josh Spiegel of The Hollywood Reporter stated that although some fans may be disappointed by the reveal that Rey 's parents are nobodies , `` it fits in perfectly with the message Rian Johnson sends all the way to the very last scene '' which is that `` knowing that Rey is both exceptionally gifted in the Force and also not a Skywalker or someone along those bloodlines emphasizes '' that `` the spirit of the Jedi extends beyond those like Luke , to anyone with a gift and the power to believe . '' Conversely , although Casey Cipriani of Bustle recognized that Kylo Ren might be right about Rey 's parents , she opined that he is `` unreliable '' and that `` we have to take what he says with a grain of salt and look elsewhere ( within the story ) for hints of Rey 's lineage . '' References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Pulver 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Favre 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Breznican 2017 . Jump up ^ Mroz 2017 . Jump up ^ Sadler 2016 . Jump up ^ Sadler 2017 . Jump up ^ Garis 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Goldman 2016 . Jump up ^ Kamp 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Waking the Giant '' 2015 . Jump up ^ Szostak 2015 . Jump up ^ Barrett 2017 . Jump up ^ Turner 2015 . Jump up ^ McKnight 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Siegel 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Saner 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Plattner 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Prudom 2015b . Jump up ^ Bartleet 2015 . Jump up ^ Yamato 2015a . Jump up ^ Greiving 2016 . Jump up ^ Dornbush 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rey , Kylo Ren , and More '' 2016 . Jump up ^ Yglesias 2015 . Jump up ^ Watkins 2016 . Jump up ^ Garber 2015 . Jump up ^ Lawler 2015 . Jump up ^ Cusamano 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A Galaxy of '' 2015 . Jump up ^ Fry 2015 . Jump up ^ Foster 2015 . Jump up ^ Yamato 2015b . Jump up ^ Gettell 2016 . Jump up ^ Fritz 2016 . Jump up ^ Breznican 2016 . Jump up ^ Patnaik 2016 . Jump up ^ Lambie 2016 . Jump up ^ Liebl 2015 . Jump up ^ Compendio 2017 . Jump up ^ Morgenstern 2015 . Jump up ^ Howard 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Rome 2015 . Jump up ^ Sperling 2015 . 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So jazzed to voice REY for Disney 's Lego Star Wars ! in ' Rey Strikes Back ' '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 -- via Twitter . Sadler , Helen ( @ helensadler ) ( August 24 , 2017 ) . `` Beyond excited to announce I 'm voicing REY ( and Captain Phasma ) in the New @ starwars BATTLEFRONT 2 ! ! 🙇 ♀ ️ # Battlefront2 # EAstarwars # Rey '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved September 3 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Saner , Emine ( November 28 , 2015 ) . `` How Daisy Ridley went from bit parts to lead in Star Wars : The Force Awakens '' . The Guardian . Retrieved December 19 , 2015 . Siegel , Tatiana ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` Next Gen 2015 : How Unknown Daisy Ridley 's ' Weird Feeling ' Helped Her Land ' Star Wars ' Role '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 20 , 2016 . Sperling , Nicole ( December 22 , 2015 ) . `` The Power of Rey '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . Spiegel , Josh ( December 16 , 2017 ) . `` The Most Satisfying Twist in ' The Last Jedi ' '' . 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Retrieved February 20 , 2016 . Yamato , Jen ( December 7 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' Cast on the Film 's Feminist ' Girl Power ' and Diversity '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved December 20 , 2015 . Yamato , Jen ( December 22 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars Merch 's Sexism Problem : # WheresRey Highlights Dearth in Female Toys '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Yglesias , Matthew ( December 22 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens is a movie we ca n't evaluate until we see Episode VIII '' . Vox . Retrieved January 1 , 2016 . 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difference between high pass and low pass filter
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A low - pass filter ( LPF ) is a filter that passes signals with a frequency lower than a certain cutoff frequency and attenuates signals with frequencies higher than the cutoff frequency . The exact frequency response of the filter depends on the filter design . The filter is sometimes called a high - cut filter , or treble - cut filter in audio applications . A low - pass filter is the complement of a high - pass filter .
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Low - pass filter
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low - pass filter
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A low - pass filter ( LPF ) is a filter that passes signals with a frequency lower than a certain cutoff frequency and attenuates signals with frequencies higher than the cutoff frequency . The exact frequency response of the filter depends on the filter design . The filter is sometimes called a high - cut filter , or treble - cut filter in audio applications . A low - pass filter is the complement of a high - pass filter .
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Low - pass filters exist in many different forms , including electronic circuits such as a hiss filter used in audio , anti-aliasing filters for conditioning signals prior to analog - to - digital conversion , digital filters for smoothing sets of data , acoustic barriers , blurring of images , and so on . The moving average operation used in fields such as finance is a particular kind of low - pass filter , and can be analyzed with the same signal processing techniques as are used for other low - pass filters . Low - pass filters provide a smoother form of a signal , removing the short - term fluctuations , and leaving the longer - term trend . Filter designers will often use the low - pass form as a prototype filter . That is , a filter with unity bandwidth and impedance . The desired filter is obtained from the prototype by scaling for the desired bandwidth and impedance and transforming into the desired bandform ( that is low - pass , high - pass , band - pass or band - stop ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Examples 1.1 Acoustics 1.2 Optics 1.3 Electronics 2 Ideal and real filters 3 Continuous - time low - pass filters 3.1 Laplace notation 4 Electronic low - pass filters 4.1 First order 4.1. 1 RC filter 4.1. 2 RL filter 4.2 Second order 4.2. 1 RLC filter 4.3 Higher order passive filters 4.4 Active electronic realization 4.5 Discrete - time realization 4.5. 1 Simple infinite impulse response filter 4.5. 2 Finite impulse response 4.5. 3 Fourier transformation 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Examples ( edit ) Examples of low - pass filters occur in acoustics , optics and electronics . Acoustics ( edit ) A stiff physical barrier tends to reflect higher sound frequencies , and so acts as a low - pass filter for transmitting sound . When music is playing in another room , the low notes are easily heard , while the high notes are attenuated . Optics ( edit ) An optical filter with the same function can correctly be called a low - pass filter , but conventionally is called a longpass filter ( low frequency is long wavelength ) , to avoid confusion . Electronics ( edit ) In an electronic low - pass RC filter for voltage signals , high frequencies in the input signal are attenuated , but the filter has little attenuation below the cutoff frequency determined by its RC time constant . For current signals , a similar circuit , using a resistor and capacitor in parallel , works in a similar manner . ( See current divider discussed in more detail below . ) Electronic low - pass filters are used on inputs to subwoofers and other types of loudspeakers , to block high pitches that they ca n't efficiently reproduce . Radio transmitters use low - pass filters to block harmonic emissions that might interfere with other communications . The tone knob on many electric guitars is a low - pass filter used to reduce the amount of treble in the sound . An integrator is another time constant low - pass filter . Telephone lines fitted with DSL splitters use low - pass and high - pass filters to separate DSL and POTS signals sharing the same pair of wires . Low - pass filters also play a significant role in the sculpting of sound created by analogue and virtual analogue synthesisers . See subtractive synthesis . Ideal and real filters ( edit ) The sinc function , the impulse response of an ideal low - pass filter . An ideal low - pass filter completely eliminates all frequencies above the cutoff frequency while passing those below unchanged ; its frequency response is a rectangular function and is a brick - wall filter . The transition region present in practical filters does not exist in an ideal filter . An ideal low - pass filter can be realized mathematically ( theoretically ) by multiplying a signal by the rectangular function in the frequency domain or , equivalently , convolution with its impulse response , a sinc function , in the time domain . However , the ideal filter is impossible to realize without also having signals of infinite extent in time , and so generally needs to be approximated for real ongoing signals , because the sinc function 's support region extends to all past and future times . The filter would therefore need to have infinite delay , or knowledge of the infinite future and past , in order to perform the convolution . It is effectively realizable for pre-recorded digital signals by assuming extensions of zero into the past and future , or more typically by making the signal repetitive and using Fourier analysis . Real filters for real - time applications approximate the ideal filter by truncating and windowing the infinite impulse response to make a finite impulse response ; applying that filter requires delaying the signal for a moderate period of time , allowing the computation to `` see '' a little bit into the future . This delay is manifested as phase shift . Greater accuracy in approximation requires a longer delay . An ideal low - pass filter results in ringing artifacts via the Gibbs phenomenon . These can be reduced or worsened by choice of windowing function , and the design and choice of real filters involves understanding and minimizing these artifacts . For example , `` simple truncation ( of sinc ) causes severe ringing artifacts , '' in signal reconstruction , and to reduce these artifacts one uses window functions `` which drop off more smoothly at the edges . '' The Whittaker -- Shannon interpolation formula describes how to use a perfect low - pass filter to reconstruct a continuous signal from a sampled digital signal . Real digital - to - analog converters use real filter approximations . Continuous - time low - pass filters ( edit ) The gain - magnitude frequency response of a first - order ( one - pole ) low - pass filter . Power gain is shown in decibels ( i.e. , a 3 dB decline reflects an additional half - power attenuation ) . Angular frequency is shown on a logarithmic scale in units of radians per second . There are many different types of filter circuits , with different responses to changing frequency . The frequency response of a filter is generally represented using a Bode plot , and the filter is characterized by its cutoff frequency and rate of frequency rolloff . In all cases , at the cutoff frequency , the filter attenuates the input power by half or 3 dB . So the order of the filter determines the amount of additional attenuation for frequencies higher than the cutoff frequency . A first - order filter , for example , reduces the signal amplitude by half ( so power reduces by a factor of 4 , or 6 dB ) , every time the frequency doubles ( goes up one octave ) ; more precisely , the power rolloff approaches 20 dB per decade in the limit of high frequency . The magnitude Bode plot for a first - order filter looks like a horizontal line below the cutoff frequency , and a diagonal line above the cutoff frequency . There is also a `` knee curve '' at the boundary between the two , which smoothly transitions between the two straight line regions . If the transfer function of a first - order low - pass filter has a zero as well as a pole , the Bode plot flattens out again , at some maximum attenuation of high frequencies ; such an effect is caused for example by a little bit of the input leaking around the one - pole filter ; this one - pole -- one - zero filter is still a first - order low - pass . See Pole -- zero plot and RC circuit . A second - order filter attenuates high frequencies more steeply . The Bode plot for this type of filter resembles that of a first - order filter , except that it falls off more quickly . For example , a second - order Butterworth filter reduces the signal amplitude to one fourth its original level every time the frequency doubles ( so power decreases by 12 dB per octave , or 40 dB per decade ) . Other all - pole second - order filters may roll off at different rates initially depending on their Q factor , but approach the same final rate of 12 dB per octave ; as with the first - order filters , zeroes in the transfer function can change the high - frequency asymptote . See RLC circuit . Third - and higher - order filters are defined similarly . In general , the final rate of power rolloff for an order - n ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle n ) all - pole filter is 6 n ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle 6n ) dB per octave ( i.e. , 20 n ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle 20n ) dB per decade ) . On any Butterworth filter , if one extends the horizontal line to the right and the diagonal line to the upper - left ( the asymptotes of the function ) , they intersect at exactly the cutoff frequency . The frequency response at the cutoff frequency in a first - order filter is 3 dB below the horizontal line . The various types of filters ( Butterworth filter , Chebyshev filter , Bessel filter , etc . ) all have different - looking knee curves . Many second - order filters have `` peaking '' or resonance that puts their frequency response at the cutoff frequency above the horizontal line . Furthermore , the actual frequency where this peaking occurs can be predicted without calculus , as shown by Cartwright et al . For third - order filters , the peaking and its frequency of occurrence can too be predicted without calculus as shown by Cartwright et al. See electronic filter for other types . The meanings of ' low ' and ' high ' -- that is , the cutoff frequency -- depend on the characteristics of the filter . The term `` low - pass filter '' merely refers to the shape of the filter 's response ; a high - pass filter could be built that cuts off at a lower frequency than any low - pass filter -- it is their responses that set them apart . Electronic circuits can be devised for any desired frequency range , right up through microwave frequencies ( above 1 GHz ) and higher . Laplace notation ( edit ) Continuous - time filters can also be described in terms of the Laplace transform of their impulse response , in a way that lets all characteristics of the filter be easily analyzed by considering the pattern of poles and zeros of the Laplace transform in the complex plane . ( In discrete time , one can similarly consider the Z - transform of the impulse response . ) For example , a first - order low - pass filter can be described in Laplace notation as : Output Input = K 1 τ s + 1 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( \ text ( Output ) ) ( \ text ( Input ) ) ) = K ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( \ tau s + 1 ) ) ) where s is the Laplace transform variable , τ is the filter time constant , and K is the gain of the filter in the passband . Electronic low - pass filters ( edit ) First order ( edit ) RC filter ( edit ) Passive , first order low - pass RC filter One simple low - pass filter circuit consists of a resistor in series with a load , and a capacitor in parallel with the load . The capacitor exhibits reactance , and blocks low - frequency signals , forcing them through the load instead . At higher frequencies the reactance drops , and the capacitor effectively functions as a short circuit . The combination of resistance and capacitance gives the time constant of the filter τ = R C ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle \ tau \ ; = \ ; RC ) ( represented by the Greek letter tau ) . The break frequency , also called the turnover frequency or cutoff frequency ( in hertz ) , is determined by the time constant : f c = 1 2 π τ = 1 2 π R C ( \ displaystyle f_ ( \ mathrm ( c ) ) = ( 1 \ over 2 \ pi \ tau ) = ( 1 \ over 2 \ pi RC ) ) or equivalently ( in radians per second ) : ω c = 1 τ = 1 R C ( \ displaystyle \ omega _ ( \ mathrm ( c ) ) = ( 1 \ over \ tau ) = ( 1 \ over RC ) ) This circuit may be understood by considering the time the capacitor needs to charge or discharge through the resistor : At low frequencies , there is plenty of time for the capacitor to charge up to practically the same voltage as the input voltage . At high frequencies , the capacitor only has time to charge up a small amount before the input switches direction . The output goes up and down only a small fraction of the amount the input goes up and down . At double the frequency , there 's only time for it to charge up half the amount . Another way to understand this circuit is through the concept of reactance at a particular frequency : Since direct current ( DC ) can not flow through the capacitor , DC input must flow out the path marked V o u t ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle V_ ( \ mathrm ( out ) ) ) ( analogous to removing the capacitor ) . Since alternating current ( AC ) flows very well through the capacitor , almost as well as it flows through solid wire , AC input flows out through the capacitor , effectively short circuiting to ground ( analogous to replacing the capacitor with just a wire ) . The capacitor is not an `` on / off '' object ( like the block or pass fluidic explanation above ) . The capacitor variably acts between these two extremes . It is the Bode plot and frequency response that show this variability . RL filter ( edit ) Main article : RL filter A resistor -- inductor circuit or RL filter is an electric circuit composed of resistors and inductors driven by a voltage or current source . A first order RL circuit is composed of one resistor and one inductor and is the simplest type of RL circuit . A first order RL circuit is one of the simplest analogue infinite impulse response electronic filters . It consists of a resistor and an inductor , either in series driven by a voltage source or in parallel driven by a current source . Second order ( edit ) RLC filter ( edit ) Main article : RLC circuit RLC circuit as a low - pass filter An RLC circuit ( the letters R , L and C can be in other orders ) is an electrical circuit consisting of a resistor , an inductor , and a capacitor , connected in series or in parallel . The RLC part of the name is due to those letters being the usual electrical symbols for resistance , inductance and capacitance respectively . The circuit forms a harmonic oscillator for current and will resonate in a similar way as an LC circuit will . The main difference that the presence of the resistor makes is that any oscillation induced in the circuit will die away over time if it is not kept going by a source . This effect of the resistor is called damping . The presence of the resistance also reduces the peak resonant frequency somewhat . Some resistance is unavoidable in real circuits , even if a resistor is not specifically included as a component . An ideal , pure LC circuit is an abstraction for the purpose of theory . There are many applications for this circuit . They are used in many different types of oscillator circuits . Another important application is for tuning , such as in radio receivers or television sets , where they are used to select a narrow range of frequencies from the ambient radio waves . In this role the circuit is often referred to as a tuned circuit . An RLC circuit can be used as a band - pass filter , band - stop filter , low - pass filter or high - pass filter . The RLC filter is described as a second - order circuit , meaning that any voltage or current in the circuit can be described by a second - order differential equation in circuit analysis . Higher order passive filters ( edit ) Higher order passive filters can also be constructed ( see diagram for a third order example ) . A third - order low - pass filter ( Cauer topology ) . The filter becomes a Butterworth filter with cutoff frequency ω = 1 when ( for example ) C = 4 / 3 farad , R = 1 ohm , L = 3 / 2 henry and L = 1 / 2 henry . Active electronic realization ( edit ) An active low - pass filter Another type of electrical circuit is an active low - pass filter . In the operational amplifier circuit shown in the figure , the cutoff frequency ( in hertz ) is defined as : f c = 1 2 π R 2 C ( \ displaystyle f_ ( \ text ( c ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 \ pi R_ ( 2 ) C ) ) ) or equivalently ( in radians per second ) : ω c = 1 R 2 C ( \ displaystyle \ omega _ ( \ text ( c ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( R_ ( 2 ) C ) ) ) The gain in the passband is − R / R , and the stopband drops off at − 6 dB per octave ( that is − 20 dB per decade ) as it is a first - order filter . Discrete - time realization ( edit ) For another method of conversion from continuous - to discrete - time , see Bilinear transform . Many digital filters are designed to give low - pass characteristics . Both infinite impulse response and finite impulse response low pass filters as well as filters using Fourier transforms are widely used . Simple infinite impulse response filter ( edit ) The effect of an infinite impulse response low - pass filter can be simulated on a computer by analyzing an RC filter 's behavior in the time domain , and then discretizing the model . A simple low - pass RC filter From the circuit diagram to the right , according to Kirchhoff 's Laws and the definition of capacitance : v in ( t ) − v out ( t ) = R i ( t ) ( \ displaystyle v_ ( \ text ( in ) ) ( t ) - v_ ( \ text ( out ) ) ( t ) = R \ ; i ( t ) ) ( V ) Q c ( t ) = C v out ( t ) ( \ displaystyle Q_ ( c ) ( t ) = C \ , v_ ( \ text ( out ) ) ( t ) ) ( Q ) i ( t ) = d Q c d t ( \ displaystyle i ( t ) = ( \ frac ( \ operatorname ( d ) Q_ ( c ) ) ( \ operatorname ( d ) t ) ) ) ( I ) where Q c ( t ) ( \ displaystyle Q_ ( c ) ( t ) ) is the charge stored in the capacitor at time t ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle t ) . Substituting equation Q into equation I gives i ( t ) = C d v out d t ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle i ( t ) \ ; = \ ; C ( \ frac ( \ operatorname ( d ) v_ ( \ text ( out ) ) ) ( \ operatorname ( d ) t ) ) ) , which can be substituted into equation V so that : v in ( t ) − v out ( t ) = R C d v out d t ( \ displaystyle v_ ( \ text ( in ) ) ( t ) - v_ ( \ text ( out ) ) ( t ) = RC ( \ frac ( \ operatorname ( d ) v_ ( \ text ( out ) ) ) ( \ operatorname ( d ) t ) ) ) This equation can be discretized . For simplicity , assume that samples of the input and output are taken at evenly spaced points in time separated by Δ T ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle \ Delta _ ( T ) ) time . Let the samples of v in ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle v_ ( \ text ( in ) ) ) be represented by the sequence ( x 1 , x 2 , ... , x n ) ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle ( x_ ( 1 ) , \ , x_ ( 2 ) , \ , \ ldots , \ , x_ ( n ) ) ) , and let v out ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle v_ ( \ text ( out ) ) ) be represented by the sequence ( y 1 , y 2 , ... , y n ) ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle ( y_ ( 1 ) , \ , y_ ( 2 ) , \ , \ ldots , \ , y_ ( n ) ) ) , which correspond to the same points in time . Making these substitutions : x i − y i = R C y i − y i − 1 Δ T ( \ displaystyle x_ ( i ) - y_ ( i ) = RC \ , ( \ frac ( y_ ( i ) - y_ ( i - 1 ) ) ( \ Delta _ ( T ) ) ) ) And rearranging terms gives the recurrence relation y i = x i ( Δ T R C + Δ T ) ⏞ Input contribution + y i − 1 ( R C R C + Δ T ) ⏞ Inertia from previous output . ( \ displaystyle y_ ( i ) = \ overbrace ( x_ ( i ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( \ Delta _ ( T ) ) ( RC+ \ Delta _ ( T ) ) ) \ right ) ) ^ ( \ text ( Input contribution ) ) + \ overbrace ( y_ ( i - 1 ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( RC ) ( RC+ \ Delta _ ( T ) ) ) \ right ) ) ^ ( \ text ( Inertia from previous output ) ) . ) That is , this discrete - time implementation of a simple RC low - pass filter is the exponentially weighted moving average y i = α x i + ( 1 − α ) y i − 1 where α ≜ Δ T R C + Δ T ( \ displaystyle y_ ( i ) = \ alpha x_ ( i ) + ( 1 - \ alpha ) y_ ( i - 1 ) \ qquad ( \ text ( where ) ) \ qquad \ alpha \ triangleq ( \ frac ( \ Delta _ ( T ) ) ( RC+ \ Delta _ ( T ) ) ) ) By definition , the smoothing factor 0 ≤ α ≤ 1 ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle 0 \ ; \ leq \ ; \ alpha \ ; \ leq \ ; 1 ) . The expression for α ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle \ alpha ) yields the equivalent time constant R C ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle RC ) in terms of the sampling period Δ T ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle \ Delta _ ( T ) ) and smoothing factor α ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle \ alpha ) : R C = Δ T ( 1 − α α ) ( \ displaystyle RC = \ Delta _ ( T ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 - \ alpha ) ( \ alpha ) ) \ right ) ) Recalling that f c = 1 2 π R C ( \ displaystyle f_ ( c ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 \ pi RC ) ) ) so R C = 1 2 π f c ( \ displaystyle RC = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 \ pi f_ ( c ) ) ) ) then α ( \ displaystyle \ alpha ) and f c ( \ displaystyle f_ ( c ) ) are related by : α = 2 π Δ T f c 2 π Δ T f c + 1 ( \ displaystyle \ alpha = ( \ frac ( 2 \ pi \ Delta _ ( T ) f_ ( c ) ) ( 2 \ pi \ Delta _ ( T ) f_ ( c ) + 1 ) ) ) and f c = α ( 1 − α ) 2 π Δ T ( \ displaystyle f_ ( c ) = ( \ frac ( \ alpha ) ( ( 1 - \ alpha ) 2 \ pi \ Delta _ ( T ) ) ) ) . If α = 0.5 ( \ displaystyle \ alpha \ ; = \ ; 0.5 ) , then the R C ( \ displaystyle RC ) time constant is equal to the sampling period . If α ≪ 0.5 ( \ displaystyle \ alpha \ ; \ ll \ ; 0.5 ) , then R C ( \ displaystyle RC ) is significantly larger than the sampling interval , and Δ T ≈ α R C ( \ displaystyle \ Delta _ ( T ) \ ; \ approx \ ; \ alpha RC ) . The filter recurrence relation provides a way to determine the output samples in terms of the input samples and the preceding output . The following pseudocode algorithm simulates the effect of a low - pass filter on a series of digital samples : / / Return RC low - pass filter output samples , given input samples , / / time interval dt , and time constant RC function lowpass ( real ( 0 ... n ) x , real dt , real RC ) var real ( 0 ... n ) y var real α : = dt / ( RC + dt ) y ( 0 ) : = α * x ( 0 ) for i from 1 to n y ( i ) : = α * x ( i ) + ( 1 - α ) * y ( i - 1 ) return y The loop that calculates each of the n outputs can be refactored into the equivalent : for i from 1 to n y ( i ) : = y ( i - 1 ) + α * ( x ( i ) - y ( i - 1 ) ) That is , the change from one filter output to the next is proportional to the difference between the previous output and the next input . This exponential smoothing property matches the exponential decay seen in the continuous - time system . As expected , as the time constant R C ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle RC ) increases , the discrete - time smoothing parameter α ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle \ alpha ) decreases , and the output samples ( y 1 , y 2 , ... , y n ) ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle ( y_ ( 1 ) , \ , y_ ( 2 ) , \ , \ ldots , \ , y_ ( n ) ) ) respond more slowly to a change in the input samples ( x 1 , x 2 , ... , x n ) ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle ( x_ ( 1 ) , \ , x_ ( 2 ) , \ , \ ldots , \ , x_ ( n ) ) ) ; the system has more inertia . This filter is an infinite - impulse - response ( IIR ) single - pole low - pass filter . Finite impulse response ( edit ) Finite - impulse - response filters can be built that approximate to the sinc function time - domain response of an ideal sharp - cutoff low - pass filter . In practice , the time - domain response must be time truncated and is often of a simplified shape ; in the simplest case , a running average can be used , giving a square time response . Fourier transformation ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) For minimum distortion the finite impulse response filter has an unbounded number of coefficients . For non-realtime filtering , to achieve a low pass filter , the entire signal is usually taken as a looped signal , the Fourier transform is taken , filtered in the frequency domain , followed by an inverse Fourier transform . Only O ( n log ( n ) ) operations are required compared to O ( n ) for the time domain filtering algorithm . This can also sometimes be done in real - time , where the signal is delayed long enough to perform the Fourier transformation on shorter , overlapping blocks . See also ( edit ) Electronics portal Baseband References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Long Pass Filters and Short Pass Filters Information , retrieved 2017 - 10 - 04 Jump up ^ Sedra , Adel ; Smith , Kenneth C. ( 1991 ) . Microelectronic Circuits , 3 ed . Saunders College Publishing . p. 60 . ISBN 0 - 03 - 051648 - X . Jump up ^ `` ADSL filters explained '' . Epanorama.net . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Home Networking -- Local Area Network '' . Pcweenie.com. 2009 - 04 - 12 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ Mastering Windows : Improving Reconstruction Jump up ^ K.V. Cartwright , P. Russell and E.J. Kaminsky , `` Finding the maximum magnitude response ( gain ) of second - order filters without calculus , '' Lat . Am. J. Phys . Educ . Vol. 6 , No. 4 , pp. 559 - 565 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cartwright , K.V. ; P. Russell ; E.J. Kaminsky ( 2013 ) . `` Finding the maximum and minimum magnitude responses ( gains ) of third - order filters without calculus '' ( PDF ) . Lat . Am. J. Phys . Educ. 7 ( 4 ) : 582 -- 587 . Jump up ^ Signal recovery from noise in electronic instrumentation -- TH Whilmshurst External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lowpass filters . Low - pass filter Low Pass Filter java simulator ECE 209 : Review of Circuits as LTI Systems , a short primer on the mathematical analysis of ( electrical ) LTI systems . ECE 209 : Sources of Phase Shift , an intuitive explanation of the source of phase shift in a low - pass filter . Also verifies simple passive LPF transfer function by means of trigonometric identity . ( hide ) Signal - processing filters Low - pass filter ( LPF ) High - pass filter ( HPF ) All - pass filter Band - pass filter Band - stop filter Electronic filter Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Low-pass_filter&oldid=806522732 '' Categories : Signal processing Linear filters Synthesiser modules Filter frequency response Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from September 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from March 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 October 2017 , at 15 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-pass%20filter
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the rajmahal hills are on the western side of the deccan plateau
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Rajmahal hills
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rajmahal hills
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The Rajmahal hills lie in Santhal Pargana of Jharkhand in India . They form the northernmost tip of the famed Gondwana land , and is the abode of Sauria Paharia and the Santhal tribes .
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Rajmahal Hills ( Rājmahal Hills ) is a hills ( class T - Hypsographic ) in State of Jharkhand ( Jharkhand ) , India ( Asia ) with the region font code of Asia / Pacific . It is located at an elevation of 333 meters above sea level . Volcanic activity in the Jurassic caused the formation of these hills . The hills are approximately located at 25 ° N 87 ° E / 25 ° N 87 ° E / 25 ; 87 The Rajmahal hills are named after the town of Rajmahal which lies in the east of Jharkhand . The hills are pointed in a north - south axis with an average elevation of 200 -- 300 metres ( 600 -- 1000 feet ) above mean sea level . It starts from Sahibganj district and ends up in Dumka district . The River Ganges wanders around the hills changing the direction of flow from east direction to south direction . The hills span over an area of one hundred and twenty miles . The upper regions of the Rajmahal hills are inhabited by the Sauria Pahariya tribe while the valleys are dominated by the Santhal tribe who use the land for cultivation . Fossils ( edit ) Rajmahal hills are home to plant fossils which are 68 to 145 million years old . The Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany in Lucknow has an impressive collection of these fossils . The fossils here have attracted geologists and palaeobotanists from all over the world . There are fears of these fossils disappearing now as the state government of Jharkhand has given out a mining lease in the area to private companies . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Khan , Mujibur Rahman ( 2012 ) . `` Rajmahal Hills '' . In Islam , Sirajul ; Jamal , Ahmed A. Banglapedia : National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh ( Second ed . ) . Asiatic Society of Bangladesh . Jump up ^ http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120213/jsp/jharkhand/story_15127318.jsp#.T8CYVrAS1vA Jump up ^ Rare fossils in India threatened This article related to a location in Jharkhand is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rajmahal_hills&oldid=803857819 '' Categories : Hills of Jharkhand Jharkhand geography stubs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from July 2013 All articles needing additional references Pages using infobox settlement with unknown parameters Jharkhand articles missing geocoordinate data All articles needing coordinates All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Languages Add links This page was last edited on 5 October 2017 , at 02 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajmahal%20hills
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why do we have a social security number
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The original purpose of this number was to track individuals ' accounts within the Social Security program . It has since come to be used as an identifier for individuals within the United States , although rare errors occur where duplicates do exist . As numbers are now assigned by the central issuing office of the SSA , it is unlikely that duplication will ever occur again . A few duplications did occur when prenumbered cards were sent out to regional SSA offices and ( originally ) Post Offices .
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Social Security number
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social security number
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In the United States , a Social Security number ( SSN ) is a nine - digit number issued to U.S. citizens , permanent residents , and temporary ( working ) residents under section 205 ( c ) ( 2 ) of the Social Security Act , codified as 42 U.S.C. § 405 ( c ) ( 2 ) . The number is issued to an individual by the Social Security Administration , an independent agency of the United States government . Although its primary purpose is to track individuals for Social Security purposes , the Social Security number has become a de facto national identification number for taxation and other purposes .
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A Social Security number may be obtained by applying on Form SS - 5 , Application for A Social Security Number Card . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Purpose and use 2.1 Non-universal status 2.2 Use required for federal tax purposes 3 Types of Social Security cards 4 Identity theft 5 Replacement numbers 6 Structure 6.1 Historical structure 6.2 Valid SSNs 6.3 Exhaustion and re-use 7 SSNs used in advertising 8 See also 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) Social Security numbers were first issued by the Social Security Administration in November 1935 as part of the New Deal Social Security program . Within three months , 25 million numbers were issued . On November 24 , 1936 , 1,074 of the nation 's 45,000 post offices were designated `` typing centers '' to type up Social Security cards that were then sent to Washington , D.C. On December 1 , 1936 , as part of the publicity campaign for the new program , Joseph L. Fay of the Social Security Administration selected a record from the top of the first stack of 1,000 records and announced that the first Social Security number in history was assigned to John David Sweeney , Jr. , of New Rochelle , New York . Before 1986 , people often did not obtain a Social Security number until the age of about 14 , since the numbers were used for income tracking purposes , and those under that age seldom had substantial income . The Tax Reform Act of 1986 required parents to list Social Security numbers for each dependent over the age of 5 for whom the parent wanted to claim a tax deduction . Before this act , parents claiming tax deductions were simply trusted not to lie about the number of children they supported . During the first year of the Tax Reform Act , this anti-fraud change resulted in seven million fewer minor dependents being claimed . The disappearance of these dependents is believed to have involved either children who never existed or tax deductions improperly claimed by non-custodial parents . In 1988 , the threshold was lowered to 2 years old , and in 1990 , the threshold was lowered yet again to 1 year old . Today , an SSN is required regardless of the child 's age to receive an exemption . Since then , parents have often applied for Social Security numbers for their children soon after birth ; today , it can be done on the application for a birth certificate . Purpose and use ( edit ) The original purpose of this number was to track individuals ' accounts within the Social Security program . It has since come to be used as an identifier for individuals within the United States , although rare errors occur where duplicates do exist . As numbers are now assigned by the central issuing office of the SSA , it is unlikely that duplication will ever occur again . A few duplications did occur when prenumbered cards were sent out to regional SSA offices and ( originally ) Post Offices . Employee , patient , student , and credit records are sometimes indexed by Social Security number . The U.S. Armed Forces has used the Social Security number as an identification number for Army and Air Force personnel since July 1 , 1969 , the Navy and Marine Corps for their personnel since January 1 , 1972 , and the Coast Guard for their personnel since October 1 , 1974 . Previously , the United States military used a much more complicated system of service numbers that varied by service . Beginning in June 2011 , DOD began removing the Social Security number from military identification cards . It is replaced by a unique DOD identification number , formerly known as the EDIPI . Non-universal status ( edit ) An old Social Security card with the `` not for identification '' message Social Security was originally a universal tax , but when Medicare was passed in 1965 , objecting religious groups in existence prior to 1951 were allowed to opt out of the system . Because of this , not every American is part of the Social Security program , and not everyone has a number . However , a social security number is required for parents to claim their children as dependents for federal income tax purposes , and the Internal Revenue Service requires all corporations to obtain SSNs ( or alternative identifying numbers ) from their employees , as described below . The Old Order Amish have fought to prevent universal Social Security by overturning rules such as a requirement to provide a Social Security number for a hunting license . Social Security cards printed from January 1946 until January 1972 expressly stated that people should not use the number and card for identification . Since nearly everyone in the United States now has an SSN , it became convenient to use it anyway and the message was removed . Since then , Social Security numbers have become de facto national identification numbers . Although some people do not have an SSN assigned to them , it is becoming increasingly difficult to engage in legitimate financial activities such as applying for a loan or a bank account without one . While the government can not require an individual to disclose their SSN without a legal basis , companies may refuse to provide service to an individual who does not provide an SSN . The card on which an SSN is issued is still not suitable for primary identification as it has no photograph , no physical description and no birth date . All it does is confirm that a particular number has been issued to a particular name . Instead , a driver 's license or state ID card is used as an identification for adults . Use required for federal tax purposes ( edit ) Internal Revenue Code section 6109 ( d ) provides : `` The social security account number issued to an individual for purposes of section 205 ( c ) ( 2 ) ( A ) of the Social Security Act ( codified as 42 U.S.C. § 405 ( c ) ( 2 ) ( A ) ) shall , except as shall otherwise be specified under regulations of the Secretary ( of the Treasury or his delegate ) , be used as the identifying number for such individual for purposes of this title ( the Internal Revenue Code , title 26 of the United States Code ) . '' The Internal Revenue Code also provides , when required by regulations prescribed by the Secretary ( of the Treasury or his delegate ) : Inclusion in returns : Any person required under the authority of this title to make a return , statement , or other document shall include in such return , statement , or other document such identifying number as may be prescribed for securing proper identification of such person . Furnishing number to other persons : Any person with respect to whom a return , statement , or other document is required under the authority of this title to be made by another person or whose identifying number is required to be shown on a return of another person shall furnish to such other person such identifying number as may be prescribed for securing his proper identification . According to U.S. Treasury regulations , any person who , after October 31 , 1962 , works as an employee for wages subject to Social Security taxes , Medicare taxes , or U.S. federal income tax withholdings is required to apply for `` an account number '' using `` Form SS - 5 . '' A taxpayer who is not eligible to have a Social Security number must obtain an alternative Taxpayer Identification Number . Types of Social Security cards ( edit ) Three different types of Social Security cards are issued . The most common type contains the cardholder 's name and number . Such cards are issued to U.S. citizens and U.S. permanent residents . There are also two restricted types of Social Security cards : One reads `` not valid for employment . '' Such cards can not be used as proof of work authorization , and are not acceptable as a List C document on the I - 9 form . The other reads `` valid for work only with DHS authorization '' , or the older , `` valid for work only with INS authorization . '' These cards are issued to people who have temporary work authorization in the U.S. They can satisfy the I - 9 requirement , if they are accompanied by a work authorization card . In 2004 Congress passed The Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act ; parts of which mandated that the Social Security Administration redesign the Social Security Number ( SSN ) Card to prevent forgery . From April 2006 through August 2007 , Social Security Administration ( SSA ) and Government Printing Office ( GPO ) employees were assigned to redesign the Social Security Number Card to the specifications of the Interagency Task Force created by the Commissioner of Social Security in consultation with the Secretary of Homeland Security . The new SSN card design utilizes both covert and overt security features created by the SSA and GPO design teams . Identity theft ( edit ) Dog tag from World War II ( possibly Army - Air Corps ) , labeled `` P '' for Protestant . Many citizens and privacy advocates are concerned about the disclosure and processing of Social Security numbers . Furthermore , researchers at Carnegie Mellon University have demonstrated an algorithm that uses publicly available personal information to reconstruct a given SSN . The SSN is frequently used by those involved in identity theft , since it is interconnected with many other forms of identification , and because people asking for it treat it as an authenticator . Financial institutions generally require an SSN to set up bank accounts , credit cards , and loans -- partly because they assume that no one except the person it was issued to knows it . Exacerbating the problem of using the Social Security number as an identifier is the fact that the Social Security card contains no biometric identifiers of any sort , making it essentially impossible to tell whether a person using a certain SSN truly belongs to someone without relying on other documentation ( which may itself have been falsely procured through use of the fraudulent SSN ) . Congress has proposed federal laws that restrict the use of SSNs for identification and bans their use for a number of commercial purposes -- e.g. , rental applications . The Internal Revenue Service ( IRS ) offers alternatives to SSNs in some places where providing untrusted parties with identification numbers is essential . Tax return preparers must obtain and use a Preparer Tax Identification Number ( PTIN ) to include on their client 's tax returns ( as part of signature requirements ) . Day care services have tax benefits , and even a sole proprietor should give parents an EIN ( employer identification number ) to use on their tax return . The Social Security Administration has suggested that , if asked to provide his or her Social Security number , a citizen should ask which law requires its use . In accordance with § 7213 of the 9 / 11 Commission Implementation Act of 2004 and 20 C.F.R. 422.103 ( e ) ( 2 ) , the number of replacement Social Security cards per person is generally limited to three per calendar year and ten in a lifetime . Identity confusion has also occurred because of the use of local Social Security numbers by the Federated States of Micronesia , the Republic of the Marshall Islands , and the Republic of Palau , whose numbers overlap with those of residents of New Hampshire and Maine . Replacement numbers ( edit ) A person can request a new Social Security number , but only under certain conditions ; Where sequential numbers assigned to members of the same family are causing problems . In the event of duplicates having been issued . In cases where the person has been a victim of domestic violence or harassment , and there is a clear need to change their number for their personal safety . When a person has been a victim of identity theft , and their Social Security number continues to be problematic . Where a person has a demonstrable religious objection to a number ( such as certain Christians being averse to the number 666 ) . For all of these conditions , credible third - party evidence such as a restraining order or police report , is required . Structure ( edit ) The Social Security number is a nine - digit number in the format `` AAA - GG - SSSS '' . The number is divided into three parts : the first three digits , known as the area number because they were formerly assigned by geographical region ; the middle two digits , known as the group number ; and the final four digits , known as the serial number . On June 25 , 2011 , the SSA changed the SSN assignment process to `` SSN randomization '' . SSN randomization affected the SSN assignment process in the following ways : It eliminated the geographical significance of the first three digits of the SSN , referred to as the area number , by no longer allocating specific numbers by state for assignment to individuals . It eliminated the significance of the highest group number assigned for each area number , and , as a result , the High Group List is frozen in time and can be used for validation of only those SSNs issued prior to the randomization implementation date ( see section `` Valid SSNs '' ) . Previously unassigned area numbers have been introduced for assignment , excluding area numbers 000 , 666 and 900 -- 99 . Because Individual Taxpayer Identification Numbers ( ITINs ) are issued by the Internal Revenue Service ( IRS ) , they were not affected by this SSA change . Historical structure ( edit ) Prior to 2011 , the first three digits or area number were assigned by geographical region . Prior to 1973 , cards were issued in local Social Security offices around the country and the area number represented the office code where the card was issued . This did not necessarily have to be in the area where the applicant lived , since a person could apply for their card in any Social Security office . Beginning in 1973 , when the SSA began assigning SSNs and issuing cards centrally from Baltimore , the area number was assigned based on the ZIP Code in the mailing address provided on the application for the original Social Security card . The applicant 's mailing address did not have to be the same as their place of residence . Thus , the area number did not necessarily represent the state of residence of the applicant regardless of whether the card was issued prior to , or after , 1973 . Wikipedia has a list of Social Security Area Numbers used in each state before the 2011 randomization process . Generally , numbers were assigned beginning in the northeast and moving south and westward , so that people applying from addresses on the east coast had the lowest numbers and those on the west coast had the highest numbers . As the areas assigned to a locality were exhausted , new areas from the pool were assigned , so some states had noncontiguous groups of numbers . The middle two digits or group number range from 01 to 99 . Even before SSN randomization , the group numbers were not assigned consecutively within an area . Instead , for administrative reasons , group numbers were issued in the following order : odd numbers from 01 through 09 . even numbers from 10 through 98 . even numbers from 02 through 08 . odd numbers from 11 through 99 . As an example , group number 98 would be issued before 11 . The last four digits are serial numbers . Before SSN randomization took effect , they represented a straight numerical sequence of digits from 0001 to 9999 within the group . Valid SSNs ( edit ) Prior to June 25 , 2011 , a valid SSN could not have an area number between 734 and 749 , or above 772 , the highest area number the Social Security Administration had allocated . Effective June 25 , 2011 , the SSA assigns SSNs randomly and allows for the assignment of area numbers between 734 and 749 and above 772 through the 800s . This should not be confused with Tax Identification Numbers ( TINs ) , which include additional area numbers . Some special numbers are never allocated : Numbers with all zeros in any digit group ( 000 - # # - # # # # , # # # - 00 - # # # # , # # # - # # - 0000 ) . Numbers with 666 or 900 - 999 ( Individual Taxpayer Identification Number ) in the first digit group . Until 2011 , the SSA published the last group number used for each area number . Since group numbers were allocated in a regular pattern , it was possible to identify an unissued SSN that contained an invalid group number . Now numbers are assigned randomly , and fraudulent SSNs are not easily detectable with publicly available information . Many online services , however , provide SSN validation . Unlike many similar numbers , no check digit is included . Exhaustion and reuse ( edit ) The Social Security Administration does not reuse Social Security numbers . It has issued over 450 million since the start of the program , and at a use rate of about 5.5 million per year it says it has enough to last several generations without reuse or changing the number of digits . However , there have been instances where multiple individuals have been inadvertently assigned the same Social Security number . SSNs used in advertising ( edit ) The promotional Social Security card as distributed by the F.W. Woolworth Company Some SSNs used in advertising have rendered those numbers invalid . One famous instance of this occurred in 1938 when the E.H. Ferree Company in Lockport , New York , decided to promote its product by showing how a Social Security card would fit into its wallets . A sample card , used for display purposes , was placed in each wallet , which was sold by Woolworth and other department stores across the country ; the wallet manufacturer 's vice president and treasurer Douglas Patterson used the actual SSN of his secretary , Hilda Schrader Whitcher . Even though the card was printed in red ( the real card is printed in blue ) and had `` Specimen '' printed across the front , many people used Whitcher 's SSN as their own . The Social Security Administration 's account of the incident also claims that the fake card was half the size of a real card , despite a miniature card 's being useless for its purpose and despite Whitcher 's holding two cards of apparently identical size in the accompanying photograph . Over time , the number that appeared ( 078 - 05 - 1120 ) has been claimed by a total of over 40,000 people as their own . The SSA initiated an advertising campaign stating that it was incorrect to use the number ( Hilda Whitcher was issued a new SSN ) . However , the number was found to be in use by 12 individuals as late as 1977 . More recently , Todd Davis distributed his SSN in advertisements for his company 's LifeLock identity theft protection service , which allowed his identity to be stolen over a dozen times . See also ( edit ) Cadastro de Pessoas Físicas Death Master File Feature creep INSEE code Italian fiscal code card Kennitala National Insurance number National Registration Identity Card NHI Number NIE Number Permanent account number Personally identifiable information PESEL PPS number Social Insurance Number Tax file number Uniform civil number Unique Population Registry Code References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Story of the Social Security Number '' . Ssa.gov . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Kouri , Jim ( March 9 , 2005 ) . `` Social Security Cards : De Facto National Identification '' . American Chronicle . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ 20 C.F.R. 422.103 ( b ) Jump up ^ `` Social Security Online '' . Ssa.gov . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The First Social Security Number and the Lowest Number '' . Social Security History . United States Social Security Administration . Retrieved July 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` First Applicant on Pension List '' . Ogden Standard Examiner . Ogden , Utah . December 2 , 1936 . p. 8 . Jump up ^ Long , Wayne S. ( Spring 1993 ) . `` Social Security Numbers Issued : A 20 - Year Review '' ( PDF ) . Social Security Journal . 56 ( 1 ) : 82 . Retrieved 23 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Jack ( 1993 ) . `` A strategy for assembling samples of adult twin pairs in the United States '' . Statistics in Medicine . 12 : 1693 -- 1702 . doi : 10.1002 / sim. 4780121805 . Retrieved 23 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tax Reform Act of 1986 '' . Social Security History . United States Social Security Administration . Retrieved July 27 , 2015 . ( `` Unlike the PIN the SSN is not universally assigned , nor is it issued at birth . In the U.S. , assignment of the SSN occurs traditionally when an individual joins the workforce , usually as a teenager . The age at SSN issuance , however , has been declining for decades `` and recent changes in the tax law now require that all infants claimed as dependants must have an SSN by one year of age . '' ) Jump up ^ Jeffrey B. Liebman ( December 2000 ) . `` Who Are the Ineligible EITC Recipients ? '' . National Tax Journal . 53 : 1165 -- 1186 . Jump up ^ `` Social Security Number Chronology '' . Social Security Administration . ^ Jump up to : `` Social Security Numbers For Children '' . Social Security Administration . Jump up ^ `` National Personnel Records Center '' . National Archives . Jump up ^ `` DOD removes SSAN from ID cards '' . Jump up ^ `` The Amish & Social Security '' . Amishnews.com . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Amish reject giving Social Security numbers to get licenses '' . The Chippewa Herald . August 30 , 1999 . Retrieved August 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Version History '' . Social Security History . United States Social Security Administration . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2012 . Retrieved July 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pear , Robert ( July 26 , 1998 ) . `` The Nation ; Not for Identification Purposes ( Just Kidding ) '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Social Security Number Not Required '' . Scribd.com. 2008 - 04 - 29 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ Charles H. Mullen , Associate Commissioner ( March 18 , 1998 ) , Letter to Mr. Scott McDonald ( PDF ) , Office of Public Enquiries , Social Security Administration , retrieved July 27 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Can I refuse to give my Social Security number to a private business ? '' . Frequently Asked Questions . United States Social Security Administration . May 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 26 U.S.C. § 6109 ( d ) . Jump up ^ See 26 U.S.C. § 6109 ( a ) . Jump up ^ See 26 C.F.R. sec . 31.6011 ( b ) - 2 ( a ) ( 1 ) ( ii ) . Jump up ^ `` New algorithm guesses SSNs using date and place of birth '' . Ars Technica . July 2009 . Jump up ^ Broache , Anne . `` Congress may slap restrictions on SSN use - CNET News '' . News.cnet.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 11 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Your Social Security Number And Card , `` How can I protect my Social Security number ? '' `` . Social Security Administration . Jump up ^ Meyer , Bill ( August 2009 ) . `` How many Americans ' Social Security numbers were officially duplicated for Pacific islanders ? '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Social Security : Frequently Asked Questions - Can I change my Social Security number ? '' . Social Security Administration . Retrieved 22 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Numbers for Domestic Violence Victims '' ( PDF ) . Social Security Administration . Retrieved 22 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Social Security Administration . `` The SSN Numbering Scheme '' . Retrieved December 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Social Security Number Randomization '' . Socialsecurity.gov . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The SSN Numbering Scheme '' . Socialsecurity.gov . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` List of valid area numbers '' . Social Security Administration . Retrieved October 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Taxpayer Identification Numbers ( TIN ) '' . Internal Revenue Service . ^ Jump up to : `` Which Social Security numbers are invalid ? '' . Social Security Administration . Retrieved October 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` RM 10201.035 Invalid Social Security Numbers ( SSNs ) '' . Program Operations Manual System ( POMS ) . United States Social Security Administration . June 23 , 2011 . Retrieved October 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` List currently allocated group numbers for each area number '' . Social Security Administration . Retrieved October 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Q20 : Are Social Security numbers reused after a person dies ? '' . Frequently Asked Questions . United States Social Security Administration . Retrieved July 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A tale of two women : same birthday , same Social Security number , same big - data mess '' . PC World . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The story of the most misused number of all time ... '' Social Security Administration . Jump up ^ Kim Zetter , CEO 's Identity Stolen 13 Times , Wired ( May 18 , 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Jaikumar Vijayan , LifeLock CEO said to be victim of identity theft 13 times , ComputerWorld ( May 19 , 2010 ) ) External links ( edit ) Social Security Administration Social Security Death Index Database listing over 85 million SSNs , all of which entered the public domain upon the death of their owners Replacing a Lost or Stolen Social Security Card The Woolworth Card : The SSN 078 - 05 - 1120 has been claimed by thousands of people since the late 1930s Social Security Cards Issued by Woolworth : `` The story of the most misused number of all time '' Complete list of area number groups from the Social Security Administration Social Security Administration 's FAQ for Social Security Numbers Social Security card application Hearing on Removing Social Security Numbers from Medicare Cards : Joint Hearing before the Subcommittee on Social Security and Subcommittee on Health of the Committee on Ways and Means , U.S. House of Representatives , One Hundred Twelfth Congress , Second Session , August 1 , 2012 Look up public information about Social Security Numbers derived from the SSN enumeration pattern prior to 2011 Carolyn Puckett ( 2009 ) . `` The Story of the Social Security Number '' . Social Security Bulletin . 69 ( 2 ) . ( PDF version ) Social Security ( United States ) Key articles History of Social Security Social Security Administration Social Security number Assistance programs Disability Determination Services Retirement Insurance Benefits Social Security Disability Insurance Supplemental Security Income Temporary Assistance for Needy Families Ticket to Work Unemployment benefits Health care Medicaid Medicare SCHIP Law Disability fraud FICA Revenue Act of 1942 Social Security Act Social Security Amendments of 1965 Social Security Death Index Social Security Trust Fund Windfall Elimination Provision Other Legacy debt Numident Office of the Chief Actuary Primary Insurance Amount Social Security debate ( United States ) Social Security Wage Base Years of coverage National identification numbers by country Australia Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil ( RG CPF CNPJ ) Bulgaria Canada China Croatia Denmark France Ghana Hong Kong Iceland India Indonesia Ireland Italy Macedonia Malaysia Mexico Montenegro Netherlands New Zealand Poland Russia Saudi Arabia Serbia Singapore Slovenia South Korea Spain ( DNI NIE ) Sri Lanka Sweden Taiwan Turkey United Kingdom United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_Security_number&oldid=832140587 '' Categories : National identification numbers Social Security ( United States ) Taxation in the United States Unique identifiers Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית 日本 語 Polski Română Русский ᏣᎳᎩ 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 March 2018 , at 02 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social%20Security%20number
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where does the term dumb waiter come from
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Dumbwaiter
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dumbwaiter
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A dumbwaiter is a small freight elevator or lift intended to carry objects rather than people . Dumbwaiters found within modern structures , including both commercial , public and private buildings , are often connected between multiple floors . When installed in restaurants , schools , hospitals , retirement homes or in private homes , the lifts generally terminate in a kitchen .
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The term seems to have been popularized in the United States in the 1840s , after the model of earlier `` dumbwaiters '' now known as serving trays and lazy Susans . The mechanical dumbwaiter was invented by George W. Cannon , a New York City inventor . Cannon first filed for the patent of a brake system ( US Patent no . 260776 ) that could be used for a dumbwaiter on January 6 , 1883 . Cannon later filed for the patent on the mechanical dumbwaiter ( US Patent No. 361268 ) on February 17 , 1887 . Cannon reportedly generated a vast amount of royalties from the dumbwaiter patents until his death in 1897 . Contents 1 Description 2 Regulations governing construction and operation 3 In history 4 In culture 5 Gallery 6 References 7 External links Description ( edit ) A simple dumbwaiter is a movable frame in a shaft , dropped by a rope on a pulley , guided by rails ; most dumbwaiters have a shaft , cart , and capacity smaller than those of passenger elevators , usually 45 to 450 kg ( 100 to 992 lbs . ) Before electric motors were added in the 1920s , dumbwaiters were controlled manually by ropes on pulleys . Early 20th - century building codes sometimes required fireproof dumbwaiter walls and self - closing fireproof doors and mention features such as buttons to control movement between floors and locks on doors preventing them from opening unless the cart is stopped at that floor . Dumbwaiter Lifts in London were extremely popular in the houses of the rich and privileged . Maids would use them to deliver laundry to the laundry room from different rooms in the house . They negated the need to carry handfuls of dirty washing through the house , saving time and preventing injury . A legal complaint about a Manhattan restaurant 's dumbwaiter in 1915 , which also mentions that food orders are shouted up and down the shaft , describes its operation and limitations as follows : ( There is ) ... great play between the cart of the dumb - waiter and the guides on which it runs , with the result that the running of the cart is accompanied by a loud noise . The rope which operates the cart of the dumb - waiter runs in a wheel with a very shallow groove , so that the rope is liable to and does at times slip off ... The cart has no shock absorbers at the top , so that when it strikes the top of the shaft or wheel there is a loud report ... ( T ) he ropes of the dumb - waiter strike such wall at frequent intervals with a loud report ... ( T ) he dumb - waiter is often negligently operated , by running it faster than necessary , and by letting it go down with a sudden fall . More recent dumbwaiters can be more sophisticated , using electric motors , automatic control systems , and custom freight containers of other kinds of elevators . Recently constructed book lifts in libraries and mail or other freight transports in office towers may be larger than many dumbwaiters in public restaurants and private homes , supporting loads as heavy as 450 kg ( 992 lbs ) . Regulations governing construction and operation ( edit ) Building codes have regulated the construction and operation of dumbwaiters in parts of North America since the 19th century . Modern dumbwaiters in the United States and Canada must comply with American Society of Mechanical Engineers ( ASME ) codes and , therefore , have features similar to those of passenger elevators . The construction , operation and usage of dumbwaiters varies widely according to country . In history ( edit ) After defecting from the Soviet underground in 1938 , Whittaker Chambers gave a last stash of stolen documents to his nephew - in - law , Nathan Levine , who hid them in a dumbwaiter on his mother 's house in Brooklyn . A decade later , Chambers asked his nephew to retrieve them ( which Chambers referred to as his `` life preserver '' ) . Handwritten and typewritten papers therein came from Alger Hiss and Harry Dexter White ( and became known as the `` Baltimore Documents '' ) . Microfilm contained therein was subpoenaed and sensationalized ( misnamed the `` Pumpkin Papers '' in the press ) by Richard M Nixon for HUAC . In culture ( edit ) Harold Pinter wrote a play in 1960 called The Dumb Waiter , in which a dumbwaiter forms a key element . In the 2005 movie Zathura : A Space Adventure , Danny uses his home 's dumbwaiter to hide from his brother , and later to move around the house without being seen by the Zorgons . In Littlest Pet Shop , Blythe uses a dumbwaiter to get to the Littlest Pet Shop building and back ( sometimes , the pets also use the dumbwaiter ) . In the 2018 film Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom , Maisie Lockwood uses her family mansion 's dumbwaiter to hide from the antagonist Eli Mills and later the hybrid dinosaur the Indoraptor . She also uses it to travel to its subbasement laboratory , where she meets Owen Grady and Claire Dearing . Gallery ( edit ) in Japan Matot Rope Pulled Dumbwaiter , circa 1940 Robert Toombs House References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : George R. Strakosch ( 1998 ) . The Vertical Transport Handbook . New York : John Wiley and Sons , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 16291 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Harry Robert Cullmer and Albert Bauer ( 1912 ) . Elevator Shaft Construction . New York : W.T. Comstock Company , 1912 . p. 30 . Limited Preview , Google Books , accessed August 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Quinion , Michael . World Wide Words : `` Lazy Susan '' . 24 Apr 2010 . Accessed 11 Aug 2013 . Jump up ^ United States . Patent Office ( 1883 ) . American Architect and Architecture , Volume 13 . Boston : J.R. Osgood & Company , 1883 . p. 11 . Limited Preview , Google Books , accessed October 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ United States . Patent Office ( 1887 ) . Official gazette of the United States Patent Office , Volume 39 , Issues 1 - 4 . Washington : Government Printing Office , 1887 . p. 252 . Limited Preview , Google Books , accessed October 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ J.H. Beers & Co ( 1897 ) . Commemorative biographical record of Dutchess County , New York . Chicago : J.H. Beers & Co. , 1897 . p. 258 . , retrieved October 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Anthony Avillo ( 2002 ) . Fireground Strategies . Tulsa : PennWell Books , 2002 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87814 - 840 - 0 . Jump up ^ http://www.tower-lifts.co.uk/goods-lifts/dumbwaiter-lifts/ Jump up ^ System , National Reporter ; Superior Court ( new York ) , New York ( State ) ; Court Of Appeals , New York ( State ) ; Supreme Court , New York ( State ) ; Company , West Publishing ( 1916 ) . `` DARR V. COHEN '' ( print and Web ) . New York Supplement , National Reporter System , New York ( State ) Superior Court . New York : West Publishing Company , 1916 . 158 ( c. 3 ) : 325 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 26 . Cases argued and determined in the Court of Appeals , Supreme and lower courts of record of New York State , with key number annotations . Via Google Books . ( Original from the University of California . Digitized August 3 , 2007 . ) Jump up ^ http://acelifts.com/dumbwaiter-lifts/ Jump up ^ See `` ASME Product Catalogue '' . ASME . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 26 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 26 . ASME A17. 1 covers safety for new elevators ; A17. 2 , elevator inspection ; A17. 3 , safety for existing elevators ; and A17. 4 , emergency procedures , including those applying to modern dumbwaiters . Jump up ^ Chambers , Whittaker ( 1952 ) . Witness . New York : Random House . pp. 799 ( total ) . LCCN 52005149 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Food elevators at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dumbwaiter&oldid=860752680 '' Categories : Building engineering Elevators Hidden categories : Articles containing German - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia 한국어 Suomi Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 22 September 2018 , at 20 : 19 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumbwaiter
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where do polar bears live on the map
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The polar bear is found in the Arctic Circle and adjacent land masses as far south as Newfoundland . Due to the absence of human development in its remote habitat , it retains more of its original range than any other extant carnivore . While they are rare north of 88 ° , there is evidence that they range all the way across the Arctic , and as far south as James Bay in Canada . Their southernmost range is near the boundary between the subarctic and humid continental climate zones . They can occasionally drift widely with the sea ice , and there have been anecdotal sightings as far south as Berlevåg on the Norwegian mainland and the Kuril Islands in the Sea of Okhotsk . It is difficult to estimate a global population of polar bears as much of the range has been poorly studied ; however , biologists use a working estimate of about 20 -- 25,000 or 22 -- 31,000 polar bears worldwide .
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Polar bear
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polar bear
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Ursus eogroenlandicus Ursus groenlandicus Ursus jenaensis Ursus labradorensis Ursus marinus Ursus polaris Ursus spitzbergensis Ursus ungavensis Thalarctos maritimus
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The polar bear ( Ursus maritimus ) is a carnivorous bear whose native range lies largely within the Arctic Circle , encompassing the Arctic Ocean , its surrounding seas and surrounding land masses . It is a large bear , approximately the same size as the omnivorous Kodiak bear ( Ursus arctos middendorffi ) . A boar ( adult male ) weighs around 350 -- 700 kg ( 772 -- 1,543 lb ) , while a sow ( adult female ) is about half that size . Although it is the sister species of the brown bear , it has evolved to occupy a narrower ecological niche , with many body characteristics adapted for cold temperatures , for moving across snow , ice and open water , and for hunting seals , which make up most of its diet . Although most polar bears are born on land , they spend most of their time on the sea ice . Their scientific name means `` maritime bear '' and derives from this fact . Polar bears hunt their preferred food of seals from the edge of sea ice , often living off fat reserves when no sea ice is present . Because of their dependence on the sea ice , polar bears are classified as marine mammals . Because of expected habitat loss caused by climate change , the polar bear is classified as a vulnerable species , and at least three of the nineteen polar bear subpopulations are currently in decline . However , at least two of the nineteen subpopulations are currently increasing , while another six are considered stable . For decades , large - scale hunting raised international concern for the future of the species , but populations rebounded after controls and quotas began to take effect . For thousands of years , the polar bear has been a key figure in the material , spiritual , and cultural life of circumpolar peoples , and polar bears remain important in their cultures . Historically , the polar bear has also been known as the white bear . Contents ( hide ) 1 Naming and etymology 2 Taxonomy and evolution 3 Population and distribution 4 Habitat 5 Physical characteristics 6 Life history and behaviour 6.1 Hunting and diet 6.1. 1 Dietary flexibility 6.2 Reproduction and lifecycle 6.2. 1 Maternity denning and early life 6.2. 2 Later life 6.2. 3 Life expectancy 6.3 Ecological role 6.4 Long - distance swimming and diving 7 Hunting 7.1 Indigenous people 7.2 History of commercial harvest 7.3 Contemporary regulations 7.3. 1 Canada 7.3. 2 Greenland 7.3. 3 Norway 7.3. 4 Russia 7.3. 5 United States 8 Conservation status , threats and controversies 8.1 Climate change 8.2 Pollution 8.3 Oil and gas development 8.4 Predictions 8.5 Controversy over species protection 9 In culture 9.1 Indigenous folklore 9.2 Symbols and mascots 9.3 Fiction 10 See also 11 References 12 Bibliography 13 Further reading 14 External links Naming and etymology Constantine John Phipps was the first to describe the polar bear as a distinct species in 1774 . He chose the scientific name Ursus maritimus , the Latin for ' maritime bear ' , due to the animal 's native habitat . The Inuit refer to the animal as nanook ( transliterated as nanuq in the Inupiat language ) . The Yupik also refer to the bear as nanuuk in Siberian Yupik . The bear is umka in the Chukchi language . In Russian , it is usually called бе́лый медве́дь ( bélyj medvédj , the white bear ) , though an older word still in use is ошку́й ( Oshkúj , which comes from the Komi oski , `` bear '' ) . In Quebec , the polar bear is referred to as ours blanc ( `` white bear '' ) or ours polaire ( `` polar bear '' ) . In the Norwegian - administered Svalbard archipelago , the polar bear is referred to as Isbjørn ( `` ice bear '' ) . The polar bear was previously considered to be in its own genus , Thalarctos . However , evidence of hybrids between polar bears and brown bears , and of the recent evolutionary divergence of the two species , does not support the establishment of this separate genus , and the accepted scientific name is now therefore Ursus maritimus , as Phipps originally proposed . Taxonomy and Evolution. Polar bears have evolved adaptations for Arctic life . For example , large furry feet and short , sharp , stocky claws give them good traction on ice . The bear family , Ursidae , is thought to have split from other carnivorans about 38 million years ago . The Ursinae subfamily originated approximately 4.2 million years ago . The oldest known polar bear fossil is a 130,000 to 110,000 - year - old jaw bone , found on Prince Charles Foreland in 2004 . Fossils show that between 10,000 and 20,000 years ago , the polar bear 's molar teeth changed significantly from those of the brown bear . Polar bears are thought to have diverged from a population of brown bears that became isolated during a period of glaciation in the Pleistocene from the eastern part of Siberia , ( from Kamchatka and the Kolym Peninsula ) . The evidence from DNA analysis is more complex . The mitochondrial DNA ( mtDNA ) of the polar bear diverged from the brown bear , Ursus arctos , roughly 150,000 years ago . Further , some clades of brown bear , as assessed by their mtDNA , are more closely related to polar bears than to other brown bears , meaning that the polar bear might not be considered a species under some species concepts . The mtDNA of extinct Irish brown bears is particularly close to polar bears . A comparison of the nuclear genome of polar bears with that of brown bears revealed a different pattern , the two forming genetically distinct clades that diverged approximately 603,000 years ago , although the latest research is based on analysis of the complete genomes ( rather than just the mitochondria or partial nuclear genomes ) of polar and brown bears , and establishes the divergence of polar and brown bears at 400,000 years ago . However , the two species have mated intermittently for all that time , most likely coming into contact with each other during warming periods , when polar bears were driven onto land and brown bears migrated northward . Most brown bears have about 2 percent genetic material from polar bears , but one population , the ABC Islands bears has between 5 percent and 10 percent polar bear genes , indicating more frequent and recent mating . Polar bears can breed with brown bears to produce fertile grizzly -- polar bear hybrids , rather than indicating that they have only recently diverged , the new evidence suggests more frequent mating has continued over a longer period of time , and thus the two bears remain genetically similar . However , because neither species can survive long in the other 's ecological niche , and because they have different morphology , metabolism , social and feeding behaviours , and other phenotypic characteristics , the two bears are generally classified as separate species . When the polar bear was originally documented , two subspecies were identified : Ursus maritimus maritimus by Constantine J. Phipps in 1774 , and Ursus maritimus marinus by Peter Simon Pallas in 1776 . This distinction has since been invalidated . One alleged fossil subspecies has been identified : Ursus maritimus tyrannus became extinct during the Pleistocene . U.m. tyrannus was significantly larger than the living subspecies . However , recent reanalysis of the fossil suggests that it was actually a type of brown bear . Population and distribution Polar bears investigate the submarine USS Honolulu 450 kilometres ( 280 mi ) from the North Pole The polar bear is found in the Arctic Circle and adjacent land masses as far south as Newfoundland . Due to the absence of human development in its remote habitat , it retains more of its original range than any other extant carnivore . While they are rare north of 88 ° , there is evidence that they range all the way across the Arctic , and as far south as James Bay in Canada . Their southernmost range is near the boundary between the subarctic and humid continental climate zones . They can occasionally drift widely with the sea ice , and there have been anecdotal sightings as far south as Berlevåg on the Norwegian mainland and the Kuril Islands in the Sea of Okhotsk . It is difficult to estimate a global population of polar bears as much of the range has been poorly studied ; however , biologists use a working estimate of about 20 -- 25,000 or 22 -- 31,000 polar bears worldwide . There are 19 generally recognized , discrete subpopulations , though polar bears are thought to exist only in low densities in the area of the Arctic Basin . The subpopulations display seasonal fidelity to particular areas , but DNA studies show that they are not reproductively isolated . The thirteen North American subpopulations range from the Beaufort Sea south to Hudson Bay and east to Baffin Bay in western Greenland and account for about 54 % of the global population . Play media Polar bears play - fighting The range includes the territory of five nations : Denmark ( Greenland ) , Norway ( Svalbard ) , Russia , the United States ( Alaska ) and Canada . These five nations are the signatories of the International Agreement on the Conservation of Polar Bears , which mandates cooperation on research and conservation efforts throughout the polar bear 's range . Modern methods of tracking polar bear populations have been implemented only since the mid-1980s , and are expensive to perform consistently over a large area . The most accurate counts require flying a helicopter in the Arctic climate to find polar bears , shooting a tranquilizer dart at the bear to sedate it , and then tagging the bear . In Nunavut , some Inuit have reported increases in bear sightings around human settlements in recent years , leading to a belief that populations are increasing . Scientists have responded by noting that hungry bears may be congregating around human settlements , leading to the illusion that populations are higher than they actually are . The Polar Bear Specialist Group of the IUCN Species Survival Commission takes the position that `` estimates of subpopulation size or sustainable harvest levels should not be made solely on the basis of traditional ecological knowledge without supporting scientific studies . '' Of the 19 recognized polar bear subpopulations , three are declining , six are stable , one is increasing , and nine have insufficient data , as of 2014 . Habitat Polar bear jumping on fast ice The polar bear is a marine mammal because it spends many months of the year at sea . However , it is the only living marine mammal with powerful , large limbs and feet that allow them to cover miles on foot and run on land . Its preferred habitat is the annual sea ice covering the waters over the continental shelf and the Arctic inter-island archipelagos . These areas , known as the `` Arctic ring of life '' , have high biological productivity in comparison to the deep waters of the high Arctic . The polar bear tends to frequent areas where sea ice meets water , such as polynyas and leads ( temporary stretches of open water in Arctic ice ) , to hunt the seals that make up most of its diet . Freshwater is limited in these environments because it is either locked up in snow or saline . Polar bears are able to produce water through the metabolism of fats found in seal blubber . Polar bears are therefore found primarily along the perimeter of the polar ice pack , rather than in the Polar Basin close to the North Pole where the density of seals is low . Annual ice contains areas of water that appear and disappear throughout the year as the weather changes . Seals migrate in response to these changes , and polar bears must follow their prey . In Hudson Bay , James Bay , and some other areas , the ice melts completely each summer ( an event often referred to as `` ice - floe breakup '' ) , forcing polar bears to go onto land and wait through the months until the next freeze - up . In the Chukchi and Beaufort seas , polar bears retreat each summer to the ice further north that remains frozen year - round . Physical characteristics Skull , as illustrated by N.N. Kondakov Polar bear skeleton Play media Captive polar bear swimming The only other bear similar in size to the polar bear is the Kodiak bear , which is a subspecies of brown bear . Adult male polar bears weigh 350 -- 700 kg ( 772 -- 1,543 lb ) and measure 2.4 -- 3 metres ( 7 ft 10 in -- 9 ft 10 in ) in total length . The Guinness Book of World Records listed the average male as having a body mass of 385 to 410 kg ( 849 to 904 lb ) and a shoulder height of 133 cm ( 4 ft 4 in ) , slightly smaller than the average male Kodiak bears . Around the Beaufort Sea , however , mature males reportedly average 450 kg ( 992 lb ) . Adult females are roughly half the size of males and normally weigh 150 -- 250 kg ( 331 -- 551 lb ) , measuring 1.8 -- 2.4 metres ( 5 ft 11 in -- 7 ft 10 in ) in length . Elsewhere , a slightly larger estimated average weight of 260 kg ( 573 lb ) was claimed for adult females . When pregnant , however , females can weigh as much as 500 kg ( 1,102 lb ) . The polar bear is among the most sexually dimorphic of mammals , surpassed only by the pinnipeds such as elephant seals . The largest polar bear on record , reportedly weighing 1,002 kg ( 2,209 lb ) , was a male shot at Kotzebue Sound in northwestern Alaska in 1960 . This specimen , when mounted , stood 3.39 m ( 11 ft 1 in ) tall on its hindlegs . The shoulder height of an adult polar bear is 122 to 160 cm ( 4 ft 0 in to 5 ft 3 in ) . While all bears are short - tailed , the polar bear 's tail is relatively the shortest amongst living bears , ranging from 7 to 13 cm ( 2.8 to 5.1 in ) in length . Compared with its closest relative , the brown bear , the polar bear has a more elongated body build and a longer skull and nose . As predicted by Allen 's rule for a northerly animal , the legs are stocky and the ears and tail are small . However , the feet are very large to distribute load when walking on snow or thin ice and to provide propulsion when swimming ; they may measure 30 cm ( 12 in ) across in an adult . The pads of the paws are covered with small , soft papillae ( dermal bumps ) , which provide traction on the ice . The polar bear 's claws are short and stocky compared to those of the brown bear , perhaps to serve the former 's need to grip heavy prey and ice . The claws are deeply scooped on the underside to assist in digging in the ice of the natural habitat . Research of injury patterns in polar bear forelimbs found injuries to the right forelimb to be more frequent than those to the left , suggesting , perhaps , right - handedness . Unlike the brown bear , polar bears in captivity are rarely overweight or particularly large , possibly as a reaction to the warm conditions of most zoos . The 42 teeth of a polar bear reflect its highly carnivorous diet . The cheek teeth are smaller and more jagged than in the brown bear , and the canines are larger and sharper . The dental formula is 3.1. 4.2 3.1. 4.3 Polar bears are superbly insulated by up to 10 cm ( 4 in ) of adipose tissue , their hide and their fur ; they overheat at temperatures above 10 ° C ( 50 ° F ) , and are nearly invisible under infrared photography . Polar bear fur consists of a layer of dense underfur and an outer layer of guard hairs , which appear white to tan but are actually transparent . Two genes that are known to influence melanin production , LYST and AIM1 , are both mutated in polar bears , possibly leading to the absence on this pigment in their fur . The guard hair is 5 -- 15 cm ( 2 -- 6 in ) over most of the body . Polar bears gradually moult from May to August , but , unlike other Arctic mammals , they do not shed their coat for a darker shade to provide camouflage in summer conditions . The hollow guard hairs of a polar bear coat were once thought to act as fiber - optic tubes to conduct light to its black skin , where it could be absorbed ; however , this hypothesis was disproved by a study in 1998 . The white coat usually yellows with age . When kept in captivity in warm , humid conditions , the fur may turn a pale shade of green due to algae growing inside the guard hairs . Males have significantly longer hairs on their forelegs , which increase in length until the bear reaches 14 years of age . The male 's ornamental foreleg hair is thought to attract females , serving a similar function to the lion 's mane . The polar bear has an extremely well developed sense of smell , being able to detect seals nearly 1.6 km ( 1 mi ) away and buried under 1 m ( 3 ft ) of snow . Its hearing is about as acute as that of a human , and its vision is also good at long distances . The polar bear is an excellent swimmer and often will swim for days . One bear swam continuously for 9 days in the frigid Bering Sea for 700 km ( 400 mi ) to reach ice far from land . She then travelled another 1,800 km ( 1,100 mi ) . During the swim , the bear lost 22 % of her body mass and her yearling cub died . With its body fat providing buoyancy , the bear swims in a dog paddle fashion using its large forepaws for propulsion . Polar bears can swim 10 km / h ( 6 mph ) . When walking , the polar bear tends to have a lumbering gait and maintains an average speed of around 5.6 km / h ( 3.5 mph ) . When sprinting , they can reach up to 40 km / h ( 25 mph ) . Life history and behaviour Subadult polar bear males frequently play - fight . During the mating season , actual fighting is intense and often leaves scars or broken teeth . Unlike brown bears , polar bears are not territorial . Although stereotyped as being voraciously aggressive , they are normally cautious in confrontations , and often choose to escape rather than fight . Satiated polar bears rarely attack humans unless severely provoked . However , due to their lack of prior human interaction , hungry polar bears are extremely unpredictable , fearless towards people and are known to kill and sometimes eat humans . Many attacks by brown bears are the result of surprising the animal , which is not the case with the polar bear . Polar bears are stealth hunters , and the victim is often unaware of the bear 's presence until the attack is underway . Whereas brown bears often maul a person and then leave , polar bear attacks are more likely to be predatory and are almost always fatal . However , due to the very small human population around the Arctic , such attacks are rare . Michio Hoshino , a Japanese wildlife photographer , was once pursued briefly by a hungry male polar bear in northern Alaska . According to Hoshino , the bear started running but Hoshino made it to his truck . The bear was able to reach the truck and tore one of the doors off the truck before Hoshino was able to drive off . In general , adult polar bears live solitary lives . Yet , they have often been seen playing together for hours at a time and even sleeping in an embrace , and polar bear zoologist Nikita Ovsianikov has described adult males as having `` well - developed friendships . '' Cubs are especially playful as well . Among young males in particular , play - fighting may be a means of practicing for serious competition during mating seasons later in life . Polar bears are usually quiet but do communicate with various sounds and vocalizations . Females communicate with their young with moans and chuffs , and the distress calls of both cubs and subadults consists of bleats . Cubs may hum while nursing . When nervous , bears produce huffs , chuffs and snorts while hisses , growls and roars are signs of aggression . Chemical communication can also be important : bears leave behind their scent in their tracks which allow individuals to keep track of one another in the vast Arctic wilderness . In 1992 , a photographer near Churchill took a now widely circulated set of photographs of a polar bear playing with a Canadian Eskimo Dog ( Canis lupus familiaris ) a tenth of its size . The pair wrestled harmlessly together each afternoon for ten days in a row for no apparent reason , although the bear may have been trying to demonstrate its friendliness in the hope of sharing the kennel 's food . This kind of social interaction is uncommon ; it is far more typical for polar bears to behave aggressively towards dogs . Hunting and diet Long muzzle and neck of the polar bear help it to search in deep holes for seals , while powerful hindquarters enable it to drag massive prey The polar bear is the most carnivorous member of the bear family , and throughout most of its range , its diet primarily consists of ringed ( Pusa hispida ) and bearded seals ( Erignathus barbatus ) . The Arctic is home to millions of seals , which become prey when they surface in holes in the ice in order to breathe , or when they haul out on the ice to rest . Polar bears hunt primarily at the interface between ice , water , and air ; they only rarely catch seals on land or in open water . The polar bear 's most common hunting method is called still - hunting : the bear uses its excellent sense of smell to locate a seal breathing hole , and crouches nearby in silence for a seal to appear . The bear may lay in wait for several hours . When the seal exhales , the bear smells its breath , reaches into the hole with a forepaw , and drags it out onto the ice . The polar bear kills the seal by biting its head to crush its skull . The polar bear also hunts by stalking seals resting on the ice : upon spotting a seal , it walks to within 90 m ( 100 yd ) , and then crouches . If the seal does not notice , the bear creeps to within 9 to 12 m ( 30 to 40 ft ) of the seal and then suddenly rushes forth to attack . A third hunting method is to raid the birth lairs that female seals create in the snow . A widespread legend tells that polar bears cover their black noses with their paws when hunting . This behaviour , if it happens , is rare -- although the story exists in the oral history of northern peoples and in accounts by early Arctic explorers , there is no record of an eyewitness account of the behaviour in recent decades . Polar bear feeding on a bearded seal Mature bears tend to eat only the calorie - rich skin and blubber of the seal , which are highly digestible , whereas younger bears consume the protein - rich red meat . Studies have also photographed polar bears scaling near - vertical cliffs , to eat birds ' chicks and eggs . For subadult bears , which are independent of their mother but have not yet gained enough experience and body size to successfully hunt seals , scavenging the carcasses from other bears ' kills is an important source of nutrition . Subadults may also be forced to accept a half - eaten carcass if they kill a seal but can not defend it from larger polar bears . After feeding , polar bears wash themselves with water or snow . Although polar bears are extraordinarily powerful , its primary prey species , the ringed seal , is much smaller than itself , and many of the seals hunted are pups rather than adults . Ringed seals are born weighing 5.4 kg ( 12 lb ) and grown to an estimated average weight of only 60 kg ( 130 lb ) . They also in places prey heavily upon the harp seal ( Pusa groenlandica ) or the harbor seal . The bearded seal , on the other hand , can be nearly the same size as the bear itself , averaging 270 kg ( 600 lb ) . Adult male bearded seals , at 350 to 500 kg ( 770 to 1,100 lb ) are too large for a female bear to overtake , and so are potential prey only for mature male bears . Large males also occasionally attempt to hunt and kill even larger prey items . It can kill an adult walrus ( Odobenus rosmarus ) , although this is rarely attempted . At up to 2,000 kg ( 4,400 lb ) and a typical adult mass range of 600 to 1,500 kg ( 1,300 to 3,300 lb ) , a walrus can be more than twice the bear 's weight , and has up to 1 - metre ( 3 ft ) - long ivory tusks that can be used as formidable weapons . A polar bear may charge a group of walruses , with the goal of separating a young , infirm , or injured walrus from the pod . They will even attack adult walruses when their diving holes have frozen over or intercept them before they can get back to the diving hole in the ice . Yet , polar bears will very seldom attack full - grown adult walruses , with the largest male walrus probably invulnerable unless otherwise injured or incapacitated . Since an attack on a walrus tends to be an extremely protracted and exhausting venture , bears have been known to back down from the attack after making the initial injury to the walrus . Polar bears have also been seen to prey on beluga whales ( Delphinapterus leucas ) and narwhals ( Monodon monoceros ) , by swiping at them at breathing holes . The whales are of similar size to the walrus and nearly as difficult for the bear to subdue . Most terrestrial animals in the Arctic can outrun the polar bear on land as polar bears overheat quickly , and most marine animals the bear encounters can outswim it . In some areas , the polar bear 's diet is supplemented by walrus calves and by the carcasses of dead adult walruses or whales , whose blubber is readily devoured even when rotten . Polar bears sometimes swim underwater to catch fish like the Arctic charr or the fourhorn sculpin . Some characteristic postures : at rest ; assessing a situation ; when feeding With the exception of pregnant females , polar bears are active year - round , although they have a vestigial hibernation induction trigger in their blood . Unlike brown and black bears , polar bears are capable of fasting for up to several months during late summer and early fall , when they can not hunt for seals because the sea is unfrozen . When sea ice is unavailable during summer and early autumn , some populations live off fat reserves for months at a time , as polar bears do not ' hibernate ' any time of the year . Being both curious animals and scavengers , polar bears investigate and consume garbage where they come into contact with humans . Polar bears may attempt to consume almost anything they can find , including hazardous substances such as styrofoam , plastic , car batteries , ethylene glycol , hydraulic fluid , and motor oil . The dump in Churchill , Manitoba was closed in 2006 to protect bears , and waste is now recycled or transported to Thompson , Manitoba . Dietary flexibility Although seal predation is the primary and an indispensable way of life for most polar bears , when alternatives are present they are quite flexible . Polar bears consume a wide variety of other wild foods , including muskox ( Ovibos moschatus ) , reindeer ( Rangifer tarandus ) , birds , eggs , rodents , crabs , other crustaceans and other polar bears . They may also eat plants , including berries , roots , and kelp ; however , none of these have been a significant part of their diet , except for beachcast marine mammal carcasses . Given the change in climate , with ice breaking up in areas such as the Hudson Bay earlier than it used to , polar bears are exploiting food resources such as snow geese and eggs , and plants such as lyme grass in increased quantities . When stalking land animals , such as muskox , reindeer , and even willow ptarmigan ( Lagopus lagopus ) , polar bears appear to make use of vegetative cover and wind direction to bring them as close to their prey as possible before attacking . Polar bears have been observed to hunt the small Svalbard reindeer ( R. t . platyrhynchus ) , which weigh only 40 to 60 kg ( 90 to 130 lb ) as adults , as well as the barren - ground caribou ( R. t . groenlandicus ) , which is about twice as heavy as that . Adult muskox , which can weigh 450 kg ( 1,000 lb ) or more , are a more formidable quarry . Although ungulates are not typical prey , the killing of one during the summer months can greatly increase the odds of survival during that lean period . Like the brown bear , most ungulate prey of polar bears is likely to be young , sickly or injured specimens rather than healthy adults . The polar bear 's metabolism is specialized to require large amounts of fat from marine mammals , and it can not derive sufficient caloric intake from terrestrial food . In their southern range , especially near Hudson Bay and James Bay , Canadian polar bears endure all summer without sea ice to hunt from . Here , their food ecology shows their dietary flexibility . They still manage to consume some seals , but they are food - deprived in summer as only marine mammal carcasses are an important alternative without sea ice , especially carcasses of the beluga whale . These alternatives may reduce the rate of weight loss of bears when on land . One scientist found that 71 % of the Hudson Bay bears had fed on seaweed ( marine algae ) and that about half were feeding on birds such as the dovekie and sea ducks , especially the long - tailed duck ( 53 % ) and common eider , by swimming underwater to catch them . They were also diving to feed on blue mussels and other underwater food sources like the green sea urchin. 24 % had eaten moss recently , 19 % had consumed grass , 34 % had eaten black crowberry and about half had consumed willows . This study illustrates the polar bear 's dietary flexibility but it does not represent its life history elsewhere . Most polar bears elsewhere will never have access to these alternatives , except for the marine mammal carcasses that are important wherever they occur . In Svalbard , polar bears were observed to kill white - beaked dolphins during spring , when the dolphins were trapped in the sea ice . The bears then proceeded to cache the carcasses , which remained and were eaten during the ice - free summer and autumn . Reproduction and lifecycle Cubs are born helpless and typically nurse for two and a half years Courtship and mating take place on the sea ice in April and May , when polar bears congregate in the best seal hunting areas . A male may follow the tracks of a breeding female for 100 km ( 60 mi ) or more , and after finding her engage in intense fighting with other males over mating rights , fights that often result in scars and broken teeth . Polar bears have a generally polygynous mating system ; recent genetic testing of mothers and cubs , however , has uncovered cases of litters in which cubs have different fathers . Partners stay together and mate repeatedly for an entire week ; the mating ritual induces ovulation in the female . After mating , the fertilized egg remains in a suspended state until August or September . During these four months , the pregnant female eats prodigious amounts of food , gaining at least 200 kg ( 440 lb ) and often more than doubling her body weight . Maternity denning and early life Mother and cub on Svalbard When the ice floes are at their minimum in the fall , ending the possibility of hunting , each pregnant female digs a maternity den consisting of a narrow entrance tunnel leading to one to three chambers . Most maternity dens are in snowdrifts , but may also be made underground in permafrost if it is not sufficiently cold yet for snow . In most subpopulations , maternity dens are situated on land a few kilometers from the coast , and the individuals in a subpopulation tend to reuse the same denning areas each year . The polar bears that do not den on land make their dens on the sea ice . In the den , she enters a dormant state similar to hibernation . This hibernation - like state does not consist of continuous sleeping ; however , the bear 's heart rate slows from 46 to 27 beats per minute . Her body temperature does not decrease during this period as it would for a typical mammal in hibernation . Between November and February , cubs are born blind , covered with a light down fur , and weighing less than 0.9 kg ( 2.0 lb ) , but in captivity they might be delivered in the earlier months . The earliest recorded birth of polar bears in captivity was on 11 October 2011 in the Toronto Zoo . On average , each litter has two cubs . The family remains in the den until mid-February to mid-April , with the mother maintaining her fast while nursing her cubs on a fat - rich milk . By the time the mother breaks open the entrance to the den , her cubs weigh about 10 to 15 kilograms ( 22 to 33 lb ) . For about 12 to 15 days , the family spends time outside the den while remaining in its vicinity , the mother grazing on vegetation while the cubs become used to walking and playing . Then they begin the long walk from the denning area to the sea ice , where the mother can once again catch seals . Depending on the timing of ice - floe breakup in the fall , she may have fasted for up to eight months . During this time , cubs playfully imitate the mother 's hunting methods in preparation for later life . Play media Cub nursing Female polar bears are noted for both their affection towards their offspring , and their valor in protecting them . Multiple cases of adoption of wild cubs have been confirmed by genetic testing . Adult male bears occasionally kill and eat polar bear cubs . As of 2006 , in Alaska , 42 % of cubs were reaching 12 months of age , down from 65 % in 1991 . In most areas , cubs are weaned at two and a half years of age , when the mother chases them away or abandons them . The Western Hudson Bay subpopulation is unusual in that its female polar bears sometimes wean their cubs at only one and a half years . This was the case for 40 % of cubs there in the early 1980s ; however by the 1990s , fewer than 20 % of cubs were weaned this young . After the mother leaves , sibling cubs sometimes travel and share food together for weeks or months . Later life Females begin to breed at the age of four years in most areas , and five years in the Beaufort Sea area . Males usually reach sexual maturity at six years ; however , as competition for females is fierce , many do not breed until the age of eight or ten . A study in Hudson Bay indicated that both the reproductive success and the maternal weight of females peaked in their mid-teens . Polar bears appear to be less affected by infectious diseases and parasites than most terrestrial mammals . Polar bears are especially susceptible to Trichinella , a parasitic roundworm they contract through cannibalism , although infections are usually not fatal . Only one case of a polar bear with rabies has been documented , even though polar bears frequently interact with Arctic foxes , which often carry rabies . Bacterial leptospirosis and Morbillivirus have been recorded . Polar bears sometimes have problems with various skin diseases that may be caused by mites or other parasites . Life expectancy Polar bears rarely live beyond 25 years . The oldest wild bears on record died at age 32 , whereas the oldest captive was a female who died in 1991 , age 43 . The causes of death in wild adult polar bears are poorly understood , as carcasses are rarely found in the species 's frigid habitat . In the wild , old polar bears eventually become too weak to catch food , and gradually starve to death . Polar bears injured in fights or accidents may either die from their injuries or become unable to hunt effectively , leading to starvation . Ecological role The polar bear is the apex predator within its range , and is a keystone species for the Arctic . Several animal species , particularly Arctic foxes ( Vulpes lagopus ) and glaucous gulls ( Larus hyperboreus ) , routinely scavenge polar bear kills . The relationship between ringed seals and polar bears is so close that the abundance of ringed seals in some areas appears to regulate the density of polar bears , while polar bear predation in turn regulates density and reproductive success of ringed seals . The evolutionary pressure of polar bear predation on seals probably accounts for some significant differences between Arctic and Antarctic seals . Compared to the Antarctic , where there is no major surface predator , Arctic seals use more breathing holes per individual , appear more restless when hauled out on the ice , and rarely defecate on the ice . The baby fur of most Arctic seal species is white , presumably to provide camouflage from predators , whereas Antarctic seals all have dark fur at birth . Brown bears tend to dominate polar bears in disputes over carcasses , and dead polar bear cubs have been found in brown bear dens . Wolves are rarely encountered by polar bears , though there are two records of Arctic wolf ( Canis lupus arctos ) packs killing polar bear cubs . Adult polar bears are occasionally vulnerable to predation by orcas ( Orcinus orca ) while swimming , but they are rarely reported as taken and bears are likely to avoid entering the water if possible if they detect an orca pod in the area . The melting sea ice in the Arctic may be causing an increase of orcas in the Arctic sea , which may increase the risk of predation on polar bears but also may benefit the bears by providing more whale carcasses that they can scavenge . The remains of polar bears have found in the stomachs of large Greenland sharks ( Somniosus microcephalus ) , although it certainly can not be ruled out that the bears were merely scavenged by this slow - moving , unusual shark . A rather unlikely killer of a grown polar bear has reportedly included a wolverine ( Gulo gulo ) , anecedotely reported to have suffocated a bear in a zoo with a bite to the throat during a conflict . This report may well be dubious , however . Polar bears are sometimes the host of arctic mites such as Alaskozetes antarcticus . Long - distance swimming and diving Researchers tracked 52 sows in the southern Beaufort Sea off Alaska with GPS system collars ; no boars were involved in the study due to males ' necks being too thick for the GPS - equipped collars . Fifty long - distance swims were recorded ; the longest at 354 kilometres ( 220 mi ) , with an average of 155 kilometres ( 96 mi ) . The length of these swims ranged from most of a day to ten days . Ten of the sows had a cub swim with them and after a year , six cubs survived . The study did not determine if the others lost their cubs before , during , or some time after their long swims . Researchers do not know whether or not this is a new behaviour ; before polar ice shrinkage , they opined that there was probably neither the need nor opportunity to swim such long distances . The polar bear may swim underwater for up to three minutes to approach seals on shore or on ice floes . Hunting Indigenous people Skins of hunted polar bears Polar bears have long provided important raw materials for Arctic peoples , including the Inuit , Yupik , Chukchi , Nenets , Russian Pomors and others . Hunters commonly used teams of dogs to distract the bear , allowing the hunter to spear the bear or shoot it with arrows at closer range . Almost all parts of captured animals had a use . The fur was used in particular to make trousers and , by the Nenets , to make galoshes - like outer footwear called tobok ; the meat is edible , despite some risk of trichinosis ; the fat was used in food and as a fuel for lighting homes , alongside seal and whale blubber ; sinews were used as thread for sewing clothes ; the gallbladder and sometimes heart were dried and powdered for medicinal purposes ; the large canine teeth were highly valued as talismans . Only the liver was not used , as its high concentration of vitamin A is poisonous . Hunters make sure to either toss the liver into the sea or bury it in order to spare their dogs from potential poisoning . Traditional subsistence hunting was on a small enough scale to not significantly affect polar bear populations , mostly because of the sparseness of the human population in polar bear habitat . History of commercial harvest In Russia , polar bear furs were already being commercially traded in the 14th century , though it was of low value compared to Arctic fox or even reindeer fur . The growth of the human population in the Eurasian Arctic in the 16th and 17th century , together with the advent of firearms and increasing trade , dramatically increased the harvest of polar bears . However , since polar bear fur has always played a marginal commercial role , data on the historical harvest is fragmentary . It is known , for example , that already in the winter of 1784 / 1785 Russian Pomors on Spitsbergen harvested 150 polar bears in Magdalenefjorden . In the early 20th century , Norwegian hunters were harvesting 300 bears per year at the same location . Estimates of total historical harvest suggest that from the beginning of the 18th century , roughly 400 to 500 animals were being harvested annually in northern Eurasia , reaching a peak of 1,300 to 1,500 animals in the early 20th century , and falling off as the numbers began dwindling . In the first half of the 20th century , mechanized and overpoweringly efficient methods of hunting and trapping came into use in North America as well . Polar bears were chased from snowmobiles , icebreakers , and airplanes , the latter practice described in a 1965 New York Times editorial as being `` about as sporting as machine gunning a cow . '' Norwegians used `` self - killing guns '' , comprising a loaded rifle in a baited box that was placed at the level of a bear 's head , and which fired when the string attached to the bait was pulled . The numbers taken grew rapidly in the 1960s , peaking around 1968 with a global total of 1,250 bears that year . Contemporary regulations Road sign warning about the presence of polar bears Concerns over the future survival of the species led to the development of national regulations on polar bear hunting , beginning in the mid-1950s . The Soviet Union banned all hunting in 1956 . Canada began imposing hunting quotas in 1968 . Norway passed a series of increasingly strict regulations from 1965 to 1973 , and has completely banned hunting since then . The United States began regulating hunting in 1971 and adopted the Marine Mammal Protection Act in 1972 . In 1973 , the International Agreement on the Conservation of Polar Bears was signed by all five nations whose territory is inhabited by polar bears : Canada , Denmark , Norway , the Soviet Union , and the United States . Member countries agreed to place restrictions on recreational and commercial hunting , ban hunting from aircraft and icebreakers , and conduct further research . The treaty allows hunting `` by local people using traditional methods '' . Norway is the only country of the five in which all harvest of polar bears is banned . The agreement was a rare case of international cooperation during the Cold War . Biologist Ian Stirling commented , `` For many years , the conservation of polar bears was the only subject in the entire Arctic that nations from both sides of the Iron Curtain could agree upon sufficiently to sign an agreement . Such was the intensity of human fascination with this magnificent predator , the only marine bear . '' Agreements have been made between countries to co-manage their shared polar bear subpopulations . After several years of negotiations , Russia and the United States signed an agreement in October 2000 to jointly set quotas for indigenous subsistence hunting in Alaska and Chukotka . The treaty was ratified in October 2007 . In September 2015 , the polar bear range states agreed upon a `` circumpolar action plan '' describing their conservation strategy for polar bears . Although the United States government has proposed that polar bears be transferred to Appendix I of CITES , which would ban all international trade in polar bear parts , polar bears currently remain listed under Appendix II . This decision was approved of by members of the IUCN and TRAFFIC , who determined that such an uplisting was unlikely to confer a conservation benefit . Canada Dogsleds are used for recreational hunting of polar bears in Canada . Polar bears were designated `` Not at Risk '' in April 1986 and uplisted to `` Special Concern '' in April 1991 . This status was re-evaluated and confirmed in April 1999 , November 2002 , and April 2008 . Polar bears continue to be listed as a species of special concern in Canada because of their sensitivity to overharvest and because of an expected range contraction caused by loss of Arctic sea ice . More than 600 bears are killed per year by humans across Canada , a rate calculated by scientists to be unsustainable for some areas , notably Baffin Bay . Canada has allowed sport hunters accompanied by local guides and dog - sled teams since 1970 , but the practice was not common until the 1980s . The guiding of sport hunters provides meaningful employment and an important source of income for northern communities in which economic opportunities are few . Sport hunting can bring CDN $20,000 to $35,000 per bear into northern communities , which until recently has been mostly from American hunters . The territory of Nunavut accounts for the location 80 % of annual kills in Canada . In 2005 , the government of Nunavut increased the quota from 400 to 518 bears , despite protests from the IUCN Polar Bear Specialist Group . In two areas where harvest levels have been increased based on increased sightings , science - based studies have indicated declining populations , and a third area is considered data - deficient . While most of that quota is hunted by the indigenous Inuit people , a growing share is sold to recreational hunters . ( 0.8 % in the 1970s , 7.1 % in the 1980s , and 14.6 % in the 1990s ) Nunavut polar bear biologist , Mitchell Taylor , who was formerly responsible for polar bear conservation in the territory , has insisted that bear numbers are being sustained under current hunting limits . In 2010 , the 2005 increase was partially reversed . Government of Nunavut officials announced that the polar bear quota for the Baffin Bay region would be gradually reduced from 105 per year to 65 by the year 2013 . The Government of the Northwest Territories maintain their own quota of 72 to 103 bears within the Inuvialuit communities of which some are set aside for sports hunters . Environment Canada also banned the export from Canada of fur , claws , skulls and other products from polar bears harvested in Baffin Bay as of 1 January 2010 . Because of the way polar bear hunting quotas are managed in Canada , attempts to discourage sport hunting would actually increase the number of bears killed in the short term . Canada allocates a certain number of permits each year to sport and subsistence hunting , and those that are not used for sport hunting are re-allocated to indigenous subsistence hunting . Whereas northern communities kill all the polar bears they are permitted to take each year , only half of sport hunters with permits actually manage to kill a polar bear . If a sport hunter does not kill a polar bear before his or her permit expires , the permit can not be transferred to another hunter . In August 2011 , Environment Canada published a national polar bear conservation strategy . Greenland In Greenland , hunting restrictions were first introduced in 1994 and expanded by executive order in 2005 . Until 2005 Greenland placed no limit on hunting by indigenous people . However , in 2006 it imposed a limit of 150 , while also allowed recreational hunting for the first time . Other provisions included year - round protection of cubs and mothers , restrictions on weapons used and various administrative requirements to catalogue kills . Norway Polar bear were hunted heavily in Svalbard , Norway throughout the 19th century and to as recently as 1973 , when the conservation treaty was signed . 900 bears a year were harvested in the 1920s and after World War II , there were as many as 400 -- 500 harvested annually . Some regulations of hunting did exist . In 1927 , poisoning was outlawed while in 1939 , certain denning sights were declared off limits . The killing of females and cubs was made illegal in 1965 . Killing of polar bears decreased somewhat 25 -- 30 years before the treaty . Despite this , the polar bear population continued to decline and by 1973 , only around 1000 bears were left in Svalbard . Only with the passage of the treaty did they begin to recover . Russia The Soviet Union banned the harvest of polar bears in 1956 ; however , poaching continued and is estimated to pose a serious threat to the polar bear population . In recent years , polar bears have approached coastal villages in Chukotka more frequently due to the shrinking of the sea ice , endangering humans and raising concerns that illegal hunting would become even more prevalent . In 2007 , the Russian government made subsistence hunting legal for indigenous Chukotkan peoples only , a move supported by Russia 's most prominent bear researchers and the World Wide Fund for Nature as a means to curb poaching . Polar bears are currently listed as `` Rare '' , of `` Uncertain Status '' , or `` Rehabilitated and rehabilitating '' in the Red Data Book of Russia , depending on population . In 2010 , the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment published a strategy for polar bear conservation in Russia . United States The Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972 afforded polar bears some protection in the United States . It banned hunting ( except by indigenous subsistence hunters ) , banned importing of polar bear parts ( except polar bear pelts taken legally in Canada ) , and banned the harassment of polar bears . On 15 May 2008 , the United States Department of the Interior listed the polar bear as a threatened species under the Endangered Species Act , citing the melting of Arctic sea ice as the primary threat to the polar bear . It banned all importing of polar bear trophies . Importing products made from polar bears had been prohibited from 1972 to 1994 under the Marine Mammal Protection Act , and restricted between 1994 and 2008 . Under those restrictions , permits from the United States Fish and Wildlife Service were required to import sport - hunted polar bear trophies taken in hunting expeditions in Canada . The permit process required that the bear be taken from an area with quotas based on sound management principles . Since 1994 , hundreds of sport - hunted polar bear trophies have been imported into the U.S. In 2015 , the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service published a draft conservation management plan for polar bears to improve their status under the Endangered Species Act and the Marine Mammal Protection Act . Conservation status , threats and controversies Map from the U.S. Geological Survey shows projected changes in polar bear habitat from 2001 to 2010 and 2041 to 2050 . Red areas indicate loss of optimal polar bear habitat ; blue areas indicate gain . Polar bear population sizes and trends are difficult to estimate accurately because they occupy remote home ranges and exist at low population densities . Polar bear fieldwork can also be hazardous to researchers . As of 2015 , the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) reports that the global population of polar bears is 22,000 to 31,000 , and the current population trend is unknown . Nevertheless , polar bears are listed as `` Vulnerable '' under criterion A3c , which indicates an expected population decrease of ≥ 30 % over the next three generations ( ~ 34.5 years ) due to `` decline in area of occupancy , extent of occurrence and / or quality of habitat '' . Risks to the polar bear include climate change , pollution in the form of toxic contaminants , conflicts with shipping , oil and gas exploration and development , and human - bear interactions including harvesting and possible stresses from recreational polar - bear watching . According to the World Wildlife Fund , the polar bear is important as an indicator of Arctic ecosystem health . Polar bears are studied to gain understanding of what is happening throughout the Arctic , because at - risk polar bears are often a sign of something wrong with the Arctic marine ecosystem . Climate change The International Union for Conservation of Nature , Arctic Climate Impact Assessment , United States Geological Survey and many leading polar bear biologists have expressed grave concerns about the impact of climate change , including the belief that the current warming trend imperils the survival of the polar bear . The key danger posed by climate change is malnutrition or starvation due to habitat loss . Polar bears hunt seals from a platform of sea ice . Rising temperatures cause the sea ice to melt earlier in the year , driving the bears to shore before they have built sufficient fat reserves to survive the period of scarce food in the late summer and early fall . Reduction in sea - ice cover also forces bears to swim longer distances , which further depletes their energy stores and occasionally leads to drowning . Thinner sea ice tends to deform more easily , which appears to make it more difficult for polar bears to access seals . Insufficient nourishment leads to lower reproductive rates in adult females and lower survival rates in cubs and juvenile bears , in addition to poorer body condition in bears of all ages . Mothers and cubs have high nutritional requirements , which are not met if the seal - hunting season is too short In addition to creating nutritional stress , a warming climate is expected to affect various other aspects of polar bear life : Changes in sea ice affect the ability of pregnant females to build suitable maternity dens . As the distance increases between the pack ice and the coast , females must swim longer distances to reach favored denning areas on land . Thawing of permafrost would affect the bears who traditionally den underground , and warm winters could result in den roofs collapsing or having reduced insulative value . For the polar bears that currently den on multi-year ice , increased ice mobility may result in longer distances for mothers and young cubs to walk when they return to seal - hunting areas in the spring . Disease - causing bacteria and parasites would flourish more readily in a warmer climate . Problematic interactions between polar bears and humans , such as foraging by bears in garbage dumps , have historically been more prevalent in years when ice - floe breakup occurred early and local polar bears were relatively thin . Increased human - bear interactions , including fatal attacks on humans , are likely to increase as the sea ice shrinks and hungry bears try to find food on land . Polar bear on Svalbard , starving due to the ice around the islands melting earlier than before The effects of climate change are most profound in the southern part of the polar bear 's range , and this is indeed where significant degradation of local populations has been observed . The Western Hudson Bay subpopulation , in a southern part of the range , also happens to be one of the best - studied polar bear subpopulations . This subpopulation feeds heavily on ringed seals in late spring , when newly weaned and easily hunted seal pups are abundant . The late spring hunting season ends for polar bears when the ice begins to melt and break up , and they fast or eat little during the summer until the sea freezes again . Due to warming air temperatures , ice - floe breakup in western Hudson Bay is currently occurring three weeks earlier than it did 30 years ago , reducing the duration of the polar bear feeding season . The body condition of polar bears has declined during this period ; the average weight of lone ( and likely pregnant ) female polar bears was approximately 290 kg ( 640 lb ) in 1980 and 230 kg ( 510 lb ) in 2004 . Between 1987 and 2004 , the Western Hudson Bay population declined by 22 % , although the population is currently listed as `` stable '' . As the climate change melts sea ice , the U.S. Geological Survey projects that two - thirds of polar bears will disappear by 2050 . In Alaska , the effects of sea ice shrinkage have contributed to higher mortality rates in polar bear cubs , and have led to changes in the denning locations of pregnant females . In recent years , polar bears in the Arctic have undertaken longer than usual swims to find prey , possibly resulting in four recorded drownings in the unusually large ice pack regression of 2005 . A new development is that polar bears have begun ranging to new territory . While not unheard of but still uncommon , polar bears have been sighted increasingly in larger numbers ashore , staying on the mainland for longer periods of time during the summer months , particularly in North Canada , traveling farther inland . This may cause an increased reliance on terrestrial diets , such as goose eggs , waterfowl and caribou , as well as increased human -- bear conflict . Pollution Polar bears accumulate high levels of persistent organic pollutants such as polychlorinated biphenyl ( PCBs ) and chlorinated pesticides . Due to their position at the top of the ecological pyramid , with a diet heavy in blubber in which halocarbons concentrate , their bodies are among the most contaminated of Arctic mammals . Halocarbons are known to be toxic to other animals , because they mimic hormone chemistry , and biomarkers such as immunoglobulin G and retinol suggest similar effects on polar bears . PCBs have received the most study , and they have been associated with birth defects and immune system deficiency . Many chemicals , such as PCBs and DDT , have been internationally banned due to the recognition of their harm on the environment . Their concentrations in polar bear tissues continued to rise for decades after being banned as these chemicals spread through the food chain . Since then , the trend seems to have discontinued , with tissue concentrations of PCBs declining between studies performed from 1989 to 1993 and studies performed from 1996 to 2002 . During the same time periods , DDT was notably lower in the Western Hudson Bay population only . Oil and gas development Oil and gas development in polar bear habitat can affect the bears in a variety of ways . An oil spill in the Arctic would most likely concentrate in the areas where polar bears and their prey are also concentrated , such as sea ice leads . Because polar bears rely partly on their fur for insulation and soiling of the fur by oil reduces its insulative value , oil spills put bears at risk of dying from hypothermia . Polar bears exposed to oil spill conditions have been observed to lick the oil from their fur , leading to fatal kidney failure . Maternity dens , used by pregnant females and by females with infants , can also be disturbed by nearby oil exploration and development . Disturbance of these sensitive sites may trigger the mother to abandon her den prematurely , or abandon her litter altogether . Predictions Steven Amstrup and other U.S. Geological Survey scientists have predicted two - thirds of the world 's polar bears may disappear by 2050 , based on moderate projections for the shrinking of summer sea ice caused by climate change , though the validity of this study has been debated . The bears could disappear from Europe , Asia , and Alaska , and be depleted from the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and areas off the northern Greenland coast . By 2080 , they could disappear from Greenland entirely and from the northern Canadian coast , leaving only dwindling numbers in the interior Arctic Archipelago . However , in the short term , some polar bear populations in historically colder regions of the Arctic may temporarily benefit from a milder climate , as multiyear ice that is too thick for seals to create breathing holes is replaced by thinner annual ice . Polar bears diverged from brown bears 400,000 -- 600,000 years ago and have survived past periods of climate fluctuation . It has been claimed that polar bears will be able to adapt to terrestrial food sources as the sea ice they use to hunt seals disappears . However , most polar bear biologists think that polar bears will be unable to completely offset the loss of calorie - rich seal blubber with terrestrial foods , and that they will be outcompeted by brown bears in this terrestrial niche , ultimately leading to a population decline . Controversy over species Protection Swimming Warnings about the future of the polar bear are often contrasted with the fact that worldwide population estimates have increased over the past 50 years and are relatively stable today . Some estimates of the global population are around 5,000 to 10,000 in the early 1970s ; other estimates were 20,000 to 40,000 during the 1980s . Current estimates put the global population at between 20,000 and 25,000 or 22,000 and 31,000 . There are several reasons for the apparent discordance between past and projected population trends : estimates from the 1950s and 1960s were based on stories from explorers and hunters rather than on scientific surveys . Second , controls of harvesting were introduced that allowed this previously overhunted species to recover . Third , the recent effects of climate change have affected sea ice abundance in different areas to varying degrees . Debate over the listing of the polar bear under endangered species legislation has put conservation groups and Canada 's Inuit at opposing positions ; the Nunavut government and many northern residents have condemned the U.S. initiative to list the polar bear under the Endangered Species Act . Many Inuit believe the polar bear population is increasing , and restrictions on commercial sport - hunting are likely to lead to a loss of income to their communities . In culture Engraving , made by Chukchi carvers in the 1940s on a walrus tusk , depicts polar bears hunting walrus Indigenous folklore For the indigenous peoples of the Arctic , polar bears have long played an important cultural and material role . Polar bear remains have been found at hunting sites dating to 2,500 to 3,000 years ago and 1,500 - year - old cave paintings of polar bears have been found in the Chukchi Peninsula . Indeed , it has been suggested that Arctic peoples ' skills in seal hunting and igloo construction has been in part acquired from the polar bears themselves . The Inuit and Alaska Natives have many folk tales featuring the bears including legends in which bears are humans when inside their own houses and put on bear hides when going outside , and stories of how the constellation that is said to resemble a great bear surrounded by dogs came into being . These legends reveal a deep respect for the polar bear , which is portrayed as both spiritually powerful and closely akin to humans . The human - like posture of bears when standing and sitting , and the resemblance of a skinned bear carcass to the human body , have probably contributed to the belief that the spirits of humans and bears were interchangeable . Among the Chukchi and Yupik of eastern Siberia , there was a longstanding shamanistic ritual of `` thanksgiving '' to the hunted polar bear . After killing the animal , its head and skin were removed and cleaned and brought into the home , and a feast was held in the hunting camp in its honor . To appease the spirit of the bear , traditional song and drum music was played , and the skull was ceremonially fed and offered a pipe . Only once the spirit was appeased was the skull be separated from the skin , taken beyond the bounds of the homestead , and placed in the ground , facing north . The Nenets of north - central Siberia placed particular value on the talismanic power of the prominent canine teeth . These were traded in the villages of the lower Yenisei and Khatanga rivers to the forest - dwelling peoples further south , who would sew them into their hats as protection against brown bears . It was believed that the `` little nephew '' ( the brown bear ) would not dare to attack a man wearing the tooth of its powerful `` big uncle '' , the polar bear . The skulls of killed polar bears were buried at sacred sites , and altars , called sedyangi , were constructed out of the skulls . Several such sites have been preserved on the Yamal Peninsula . Symbols and mascots Greenland 's 1911 five kroner note depicting a polar bear Coat of arms of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug in the Russian Federation Coat of arms of the Greenlandic Self - Rule government ( Kalaallit Nunaat ) Their distinctive appearance and their association with the Arctic have made polar bears popular icons , especially in those areas where they are native . The Canadian two - dollar coin carries an image of a lone polar bear on its reverse side , while a special millennium edition featured three . Vehicle license plates in the Northwest Territories and Nunavut in Canada are in the shape of a polar bear . The polar bear is the mascot of Bowdoin College , Maine , the University of Alaska Fairbanks , and the 1988 Winter Olympics held in Calgary . The Eisbären Berlin hockey team uses a roaring polar bear as their logo . Companies such as Coca - Cola , Polar Beverages , Nelvana , Bundaberg Rum , and Good Humor - Breyers have used images of the polar bear in advertising , while Fox 's Glacier Mints have featured a polar bear named Peppy as the brand mascot since 1922 . Fiction Polar bears are popular in fiction , particularly in books for children or teenagers . For example , The Polar Bear Son is adapted from a traditional Inuit tale . The animated television series Noah 's Island features a polar bear named Noah as the protagonist . Polar bears feature prominently in East ( also released as North Child ) by Edith Pattou , The Bear by Raymond Briggs ( adapted into an animated short in 1998 ) , and Chris d'Lacey 's The Fire Within series . The panserbjørne of Philip Pullman 's fantasy trilogy His Dark Materials are sapient , dignified polar bears who exhibit anthropomorphic qualities , and feature prominently in the 2007 film adaptation of The Golden Compass . The television series Lost features polar bears living on the tropical island setting . See also Charismatic megafauna Flagship species Umbrella species Polar Bears International International Polar Bear Day References ^ Jump up to : Wiig , Ø. ; Amstrup , S. ; Atwood , T. ; Laidre , K. ; Lunn , N. ; Obbard , M. ; Regehr , E. & Thiemann , G. ( 2015 ) . `` Ursus maritimus '' . The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . IUCN. 2015 : e. T22823A14871490 . doi : 10.2305 / IUCN. UK. 2015 - 4. RLTS. T22823A14871490. en . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Phipps , John ( 1774 ) . A voyage towards the North Pole undertaken by His Majesty 's command , 1773 . London : W. Bowyer and J. Nicols , for J. Nourse . p. 185 . Jump up ^ `` Polar bear , ( Ursus maritimus ) '' ( PDF ) . United States Fish and Wildlife service . Retrieved 9 September 2009 . Appearance . The polar bear is the largest member of the bear family , with the exception of Alaska 's Kodiak brown bears , which equal polar bears in size . Jump up ^ Kindersley , Dorling ( 2001 ) . Animal . New York City : DK Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7894 - 7764 - 5 . Jump up ^ Wozencraft , W.C. ( 2005 ) . `` Order Carnivora '' . In Wilson , D.E. ; Reeder , D.M. Mammal Species of the World : A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference ( 3rd ed . ) . Johns Hopkins University Press . p. 589 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 8221 - 0 . OCLC 62265494 . Jump up ^ Gunderson , Aren ( 2007 ) . `` Ursus Maritimus '' . Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan Museum of Zoology . Archived from the original on 24 October 2007 . Retrieved 27 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Stirling , Ian ; Guravich , Dan ( 1998 ) . Polar Bears . University of Michigan Press . p. 191 . 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Integrative and Comparative Biology . 44 ( 2 ) : 163 -- 176 . doi : 10.1093 / icb / 44.2. 163 . PMID 21680496 . ^ Jump up to : Polar Bears and Conservation , archived from the original on 2010 - 02 - 10 , retrieved 2015 - 12 - 29 Jump up ^ `` Polar bear FAQ '' . Polar Bears International . Archived from the original on 19 June 2009 . Retrieved 14 July 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Aars , pp. 33 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Supplementary material for Ursus maritimus Red List assessment ^ Jump up to : Campbell , Colin ; Lunau , Kate ( 25 January 2008 ) . `` The war over the polar bear : Who 's telling the truth about the fate of a Canadian icon ? '' . Maclean 's . Archived from the original on 3 May 2008 . Retrieved 30 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Aars , pp. 61 -- 62 Jump up ^ Stirling , Ian ( 1988 ) . `` Introduction '' . Polar Bears . Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press . ISBN 0 - 472 - 10100 - 5 . Jump up ^ Bernd G. Würsig ; J.G.M. Thewissen ( 2002 ) . Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals . 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The polar bear is the largest member of the bear family , with the exception of Alaska 's Kodiak brown bears , a brown bear subspecies , which equal polar bears in size . ^ Jump up to : Hemstock , p. 4 ^ Jump up to : Wood , G.L. ( 1983 ) . The Guinness Book of Animal Records . p. 240 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85112 - 235 - 9 . Jump up ^ Derocher , A.E. ; Wiig , Ø. ( 2002 ) . `` Postnatal growth in body length and mass of polar bears ( Ursus maritimus ) at Svalbard '' . Journal of Zoology. 256 ( 3 ) : 343 -- 349 . doi : 10.1017 / S0952836902000377 . Jump up ^ Ferguson , S.H. ; Taylor , M.K. ; Born , E.W. ; Rosing - Asvid , A. ; Messier , F. ( 1999 ) . `` Determinants of Home Range Size for Polar Bears ( Ursus maritimus ) '' . Ecology Letters. 2 ( 5 ) : 311 -- 318 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1461 - 0248.1999. 00090. x . Jump up ^ Perrin , William F. ; Bernd Würsig ; J.G.M. Thewissen ( 2008 ) . Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals ( 2nd ed . ) . San Diego , CA : Academic Press . p. 1009 . 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PMID 24813606 . Jump up ^ Uspenskii , S.M. ( 1977 ) . The Polar Bear . Moscow : Nauka . Jump up ^ Kolenosky G.B. 1987 . Polar bear . pp. 475 -- 485 in Wild furbearer management and conservation in North America ( M. Novak , J.A. Baker , M.E. Obbard , and B. Malloch , eds . ) . Ontario Fur Trappers Association , North Bay , Ontario , Canada . Jump up ^ `` Arctic Wildlife '' . Churchill Polar Bears . 2011 . Retrieved 27 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Koon , Daniel W. ( 1998 ) . `` Is polar bear hair fiber optic ? '' . Applied Optics. 37 ( 15 ) : 3198 -- 3200 . doi : 10.1364 / AO. 37.003198 . PMID 18273269 . Jump up ^ In unusually warm conditions , the hollow tubes provide an excellent home for algae . While the algae is harmless to the bears , it is often a worry to the zoos housing them , and affected animals are sometimes washed in a salt solution , or mild peroxide bleach to make the fur white again . Jump up ^ Derocher , Andrew E. ; Magnus Andersen ; Øystein Wiig ( 2005 ) . `` Sexual dimorphism of polar bears '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Mammalogy. 86 ( 5 ) : 895 -- 901 . doi : 10.1644 / 1545 - 1542 ( 2005 ) 86 ( 895 : SDOPB ) 2.0.CO ; 2 . JSTOR 4094434 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 01 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Rosing , pp. 20 -- 23 Jump up ^ Pagano , A. Am ( 2012 ) . `` Long - distance swimming by polar bears ( Ursus maritimus ) of the southern Beaufort Sea during years of extensive open water '' . Canadian Journal of Zoology. 90 : 663 -- 676 . doi : 10.1139 / z2012 - 033 . Jump up ^ Durner , George M. ; et al. ( 2011 ) . `` Consequences of long - distance swimming and travel over deep - water pack ice for a female polar bear during a year of extreme sea ice retreat '' . Polar Biology . 34 : 975 -- 984 . doi : 10.1007 / s00300 - 010 - 0953 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Stirling , Ian ( 1988 ) . `` behavior '' . Polar Bears . Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press . ISBN 0 - 472 - 10100 - 5 . Jump up ^ Polar Bears : VI . Behavior. , SeaWorld . Retrieved 21 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Matthews , pp. 27 -- 29 Jump up ^ Conflicts and Encounters . Polar Bears International . 2015 . Jump up ^ Polar Bear Attacks Surprisingly Rare . Kieran Mulvaney , Discovery News . August 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Bruemmer , pp. 25 -- 33 ^ Jump up to : Stirling , Ian ( 1988 ) . `` Distribution and Abundance '' . Polar Bears . Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press . ISBN 0 - 472 - 10100 - 5 . Jump up ^ Hoshino , M. Hoshino 's Alaska . Chronicle Books ( 2007 ) , ISBN 0811856518 . Jump up ^ Matthews , p. 95 ^ Jump up to : Naughton , D. ( 2014 ) . The Natural History of Canadian Mammals : Opossums and Carnivores . University of Toronto Press . pp. 251 -- 252 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4426 - 4483 - 0 . Jump up ^ Derocher , A.E. ; Van Parijs , S.M. ; Wiig , Ø. ( 2010 ) . `` Nursing vocalization of a polar bear cub '' . Ursus. 21 ( 2 ) : 189 -- 191 . doi : 10.2192 / 09SC025. 1 . 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Forecasting the range - wide status of polar bears at selected times in the 21st Century ( PDF ) . Reston , Virginia : U.S. Geological Survey . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 October 2007 . Retrieved 29 September 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Hemstock , pp. 24 -- 27 Jump up ^ Best , R.C. ( 1984 ) . `` Digestibility of ringed seals by the polar bear '' . Can . J. Zool. 63 : 1033 -- 1036 . doi : 10.1139 / z85 - 155 . Jump up ^ `` In pictures : Rock climbing polar bears '' . BBC News . 20 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Rosing - Asvid , A. ( 2006 ) . `` The influence of climate variability on polar bear ( Ursus maritimus ) and ringed seal ( Pusa hispida ) population dynamics '' . Canadian Journal of Zoology. 84 ( 3 ) : 357 -- 364 . doi : 10.1139 / z06 - 001 . ^ Jump up to : Derocher AE , Wiig Ø , Andersen M ( June 2002 ) . `` Diet composition of polar bears in Svalbard and the western Barents Sea '' . Polar Biology . 25 ( 6 ) : 448 -- 452 -- via ResearchGate . Jump up ^ Thiemann , G.W. ; Budge , S.M. ; Iverson , S.J. ; Stirling , I. ( 2007 ) . `` Unusual fatty acid biomarkers reveal age - and sex - specific foraging in polar bears ( Ursus maritimus ) '' . Canadian Journal of Zoology. 85 ( 4 ) : 505 -- 517 . doi : 10.1139 / z07 - 028 . Jump up ^ Thiemann , G.W. ; Iverson , S.J. ; Stirling , I. ; Obbard , M.E. ( 2011 ) . `` Individual patterns of prey selection and dietary specialization in an Arctic marine carnivore '' . Oikos. 120 ( 10 ) : 1469 -- 1478 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1600 - 0706.2011. 19277. x . ^ Jump up to : Calvert , Wendy ; Stirling , Ian ( 1990 ) . `` Bears : Their Biology and Management '' . Interactions between polar bears and overwintering walruses in the Central Canadian High Arctic . A Selection of Papers from the Eighth International Conference on Bear Research and Management , Victoria , British Columbia , Canada , February 1989 . 8 . pp. 351 -- 356 . doi : 10.2307 / 3872939 . 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( March 1961 ) . `` Comments on ' Carnivorous walrus and some Arctic zoonoses ' '' ( PDF ) . Arctic . 14 ( 1 ) : 76 -- 77 . doi : 10.14430 / arctic3663 . Retrieved 13 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Lunn , N.J. ; Stirling , Ian ( 1985 ) . `` The significance of supplemental food to polar bears during the ice - free period of Hudson Bay '' . Canadian Journal of Zoology. 63 ( 10 ) : 2291 -- 2297 . doi : 10.1139 / z85 - 340 . Jump up ^ Eliasson , Kelsey ( May 2004 ) . `` Hudson Bay Post -- Goodbye Churchil ( sic ) Dump '' . Archived from the original on 9 May 2008 . Retrieved 9 June 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Russell , Richard H. ( 1975 ) . `` The Food Habits of Polar Bears of James Bay and Southwest Hudson Bay in Summer and Autumn '' . Arctic . 28 ( 2 ) : 117 -- 129 . doi : 10.14430 / arctic2823 . Jump up ^ Gormezano , Linda J. ; Rockwell , Robert F. ( 2013 ) . `` What to eat now ? Shifts in polar bear diet during the ice - free season in western Hudson Bay '' . Ecology and Evolution. 3 ( 10 ) : 3509 -- 3523 . doi : 10.1002 / ece3. 740 . PMC 3797495 . PMID 24223286 . Jump up ^ Derocher , A.E. ; Wiig , Øystein ; Bangjord , G. ( 2000 ) . `` Predation of Svalbard reindeer by polar bears '' . Polar Biology . 23 ( 10 ) : 675 -- 678 . doi : 10.1007 / s003000000138 . ^ Jump up to : Brook , R.K. ; Richardson , E.S. ( 2002 ) . `` Observations of Polar Bear Predatory Behaviour toward Caribou '' . Arctic . 55 ( 2 ) : 193 -- 196 . doi : 10.14430 / arctic703 . Jump up ^ Ovsyanikov , N.G. ( 1996 ) . `` Interactions of polar bears with other large mammals , including man '' . Journal of Wildlife Research . 1 : 254 -- 259 . Jump up ^ Ramsay , M.A. ; Hobson , K.A. ( May 1991 ) . `` Polar bears make little use of terrestrial food webs : evidence from stable - carbon isotope analysis '' . Oecologia. 86 ( 4 ) : 598 -- 600 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00318328 . Jump up ^ Best , R.C. ( 1985 ) . `` Digestibility of ringed seals by the polar bear '' . Canadian Journal of Zoology. 63 ( 5 ) : 1033 -- 1036 . doi : 10.1139 / z85 - 155 . Jump up ^ Derocher , Andrew E. , Arctic ; Andriashek , Dennis ; Stirling , Ian ( 1993 ) . `` Terrestrial Foraging by Polar Bears During the Ice - Free Period in Western Hudson Bay '' . ARCTIC. 46 ( 3 ) : 251 -- 254 . CiteSeerX 10.1. 1.555. 1960 . doi : 10.14430 / arctic1350 . JSTOR 40511413 . Jump up ^ Aars , Jon ; Andersen , Magnus ; Brenière , Agnès ; Blanc , Samuel ( 1 June 2015 ) . `` White - beaked dolphins trapped in the ice and eaten by polar bears '' . Polar Research . 34 . doi : 10.3402 / polar. v34. 26612 . Retrieved 12 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Stirling , Ian ( 1988 ) . `` Reproduction '' . Polar Bears . Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press . ISBN 0 - 472 - 10100 - 5 . Jump up ^ Carpenter , Tom ( November -- December 2005 ) . `` Who 's Your Daddy ? '' . Canadian Geographic . 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( 26 December 2015 ) . `` Evidence of adoption , monozygotic twinning , and low inbreeding rates in a large genetic pedigree of polar bears '' . Polar Biology . 39 ( 8 ) : 1455 -- 1465 . bioRxiv 034009 . doi : 10.1007 / s00300 - 015 - 1871 - 0 . Jump up ^ Derocher , AE ; Wiig , Ø. ( 1999 ) . `` Infanticide and Cannibalism of Juvenile Polar Bears ( Ursus maritimus ) in Svalbard '' ( PDF ) . Arctic . 52 ( 3 ) : 307 -- 310 . doi : 10.14430 / arctic936 . ^ Jump up to : Regehr , Eric V. ; Amstrup , Steven C. ; Stirling , Ian ( 2006 ) . Written at Anchorage , Alaska . Polar bear population status in the Southern Beaufort Sea ( PDF ) . Reston , Virginia : U.S. Geological Survey . Open - File Report 2006 - 1337 . Retrieved 15 September 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Stirling , Ian ; Lunn , N.J. ; Iacozza , J. ( September 1999 ) . `` Long - term trends in the population ecology of polar bears in Western Hudson Bay in relation to climatic change '' ( PDF ) . Arctic . 52 ( 3 ) : 294 -- 306 . doi : 10.14430 / arctic935 . Retrieved 11 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Maternal success appeared to decline after this point , possibly because of an age - related impairment in the ability to store the fat necessary to rear cubs . Derocher , A.E. ; Stirling , I. ( 1994 ) . `` Age - specific reproductive performance of female polar bears ( Ursus maritimus ) '' . Journal of Zoology. 234 ( 4 ) : 527 -- 536 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1994. tb04863. x . ^ Jump up to : `` Polar bears in depth : Survival '' . Polar Bears International . p. 3 . Archived from the original on 8 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Larsen , Thor ; Kjos - Hanssen , Bjørn ( 1983 ) . `` Trichinella sp. in polar bears from Svalbard , in relation to hide length and age '' . Polar Research . 1 ( 1 ) : 89 -- 96 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1751 - 8369.1983. tb00734. x . Jump up ^ Hemstock , pp. 29 -- 35 Jump up ^ Wrigley , Robert E. ( Spring 2008 ) . `` The Oldest Living Polar Bear '' ( PDF ) . Polar Bears International Newsletter . Polar Bears International . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 June 2008 . Retrieved 9 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Climate impacts on polar bears Jump up ^ O'Harra , Dough ( 24 April 2005 ) Polar bears , grizzlies increasingly gather on North Slope . Anchorage Daily News . Jump up ^ `` ABC News : Grizzlies encroaching on polar bear Country '' . ABC News . Retrieved 10 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Richardson , E.S. ; Andriashek , D. ( 2006 ) . `` Wolf ( Canis lupus ) Predation of a Polar Bear ( Ursus maritimus ) Cub on the Sea Ice off Northwestern Banks Island , Northwest Territories , Canada '' . Arctic . 59 ( 3 ) : 322 -- 324 . doi : 10.14430 / arctic318 . Jump up ^ Peacock , E. , Derocher , A.E. , Thiemann , G.W. , & Stirling , I. ( 2011 ) . Conservation and management of Canada 's polar bears ( Ursus maritimus ) in a changing Arctic 1 1 This review is part of the virtual symposium `` Flagship Species -- Flagship Problems '' that deals with ecology , biodiversity and management issues , and climate impacts on species at risk and of Canadian importance , including the polar bear ( Ursus maritimus ) , Atlantic cod ( Gadus morhua ) , Piping Plover ( Charadrius melodus ) , and caribou ( Rangifer tarandus ) . Canadian Journal of Zoology , 89 ( 5 ) , 371 - 385 . Jump up ^ Ferguson , S.H. , Higdon , J.W. , & Westdal , K.H. ( 2012 ) . Prey items and predation behavior of killer whales ( Orcinus orca ) in Nunavut , Canada based on Inuit hunter interviews . Aquatic biosystems , 8 ( 1 ) , 3 . Jump up ^ Howden , Daniel ( 12 August 2008 ) . `` Clash of the fiercest predators as shark eats polar bear '' . The Independent . Retrieved 26 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Eagle , Dane . `` Greenland shark '' . Florida Museum of Natural History . Retrieved 26 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Allardyce , Mark ( 2000 ) . Wolverine -- A Look Into the Devils Eyes . pp. 20 , 165 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 905361 - 00 - 7 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Yereth ( 1 May 2012 ) . `` Polar bears can swim vast distances , study finds '' . Reuters . Retrieved 8 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Stirling , Ian ; van Meurs , Rinie ( 2015 ) . `` Longest recorded underwater dive by a polar bear '' . Polar Biology : 1 -- 4 . doi : 10.1007 / s00300 - 015 - 1684 - 1 . Retrieved 27 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Hogenboom , Melissa ( May 2015 ) . `` Polar Bear Breaks Diving Record '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Stirling , Ian ( 1988 ) . `` The Original Polar Bear Watchers '' . Polar Bears . Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press . ISBN 0 - 472 - 10100 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Lockwood , pp. 6 -- 9 ^ Jump up to : Uspensky , Savva Mikhailovich ( 1977 ) . Белый Медведь ( tr : Belyi Medved ' ) -- ( in Russian ) . Moscow : Nauka . Jump up ^ As a carnivore , which feeds largely upon fish - eating carnivores , the polar bear ingests large amounts of vitamin A that is stored in their livers . The resulting high concentrations cause Hypervitaminosis A , Rodahl , K. ; Moore , T. ( 1943 ) . `` The vitamin A content and toxicity of bear and seal liver '' . The Biochemical Journal . 37 ( 2 ) : 166 -- 168 . doi : 10.1042 / bj0370166 . PMC 1257872 . PMID 16747610 . ^ Jump up to : Lockwood , pp. 31 -- 36 Jump up ^ `` Polar Bear Management '' . Government of the Northwest Territories . Archived from the original on 4 May 2008 . Retrieved 14 March 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Bruemmer , pp. 93 -- 111 Jump up ^ Polar Bears : A Complete Guide to Their Biology and Behavior Jump up ^ Proceedings of the 2nd Working Meeting of Polar Bear Specialists . Polar Bears . Morges , Switzerland : IUCN . February 1970 . Archived from the original on 4 May 2008 . Retrieved 24 October 2007 . Jump up ^ International Agreement on the Conservation of Polar Bears , 15 November 1973 , Oslo Jump up ^ Stirling , Ian Foreword in Rosing , Norbert ( 1996 ) . The World of the Polar Bear . Willowdale , ON : Firefly Books Ltd . ISBN 1 - 55209 - 068 - X . Jump up ^ `` U.S. and Russia sign pact to protect the polar bear '' . The New York Times . 17 October 2000 . Retrieved 12 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` US - Russia Polar Bear Treaty Ratified '' . ScienceDaily. 18 October 2007 . Retrieved 12 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Circumpolar Action Plan : Conservation Strategy for Polar Bears Jump up ^ Did Polar Bears Really Lose at CITES ? Jump up ^ PBSG statement on proposed transfer of polar bear to CITES Appendix I Jump up ^ COSEWIC Assessment - Polar Bear Jump up ^ Freeman , M.M.R. ; Wenzel , G.W. ( March 2006 ) . `` The nature and significance of polar bear conservation hunting in the Canadian Arctic '' . Arctic . 59 ( 1 ) : 21 -- 30 . doi : 10.14430 / arctic360 . ^ Jump up to : Wenzel , George W. ( September 2004 ) . `` Polar bear as a resource : An overview '' ( PDF ) . Yellowknife : 3rd NRF Open Meeting . Retrieved 3 December 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nunavut hunters can kill more polar bears this year '' . CBC News . 10 January 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Rethink polar bear hunt quotas , scientists tell Nunavut hunters '' . CBC News . 4 July 2005 . Retrieved 20 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Stirling , Ian ; Derocher , Andrew E. ( 2007 ) . `` Melting under pressure : The real scoop on climate warming and polar bears '' ( PDF ) . The Wildlife Professional ( published Fall 2007 ) . 1 ( 3 ) : 24 -- 27 , 43 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 15 October 2011 . Retrieved 17 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Mitchell K. ( 6 April 2006 ) . `` Review of CBD Petition '' ( PDF ) . Letter to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 February 2007 . Retrieved 8 September 2007 . ^ Jump up to : George , Jane ( April 2010 ) . `` Nunavut hunters still enraged over bear quotas '' . Iqaluit . Retrieved 4 April 2010 . Jump up ^ National Polar Bear Conservation Strategy for Canada Archived 1 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Rose , Naomi A. ( 16 February 2006 ) Hitting Polar Bears When They Are Down . The Humane Society of the United States . Jump up ^ Aars , J. ; Andersen , M. ; Kovac , K.M. ( January 2005 ) . `` Polar Bears in Svalbard '' ( PDF ) . Norwegian Polar Institute . Retrieved 31 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Myers , Steven Lee ( 16 April 2007 ) . `` Russia tries to save polar bears with legal hunt '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 12 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Red Data Book of Russia : Marine Mammals : Carnivores Jump up ^ Strategy for Polar Bear Conservation in the Russian Federation ^ Jump up to : US Fish and Wildlife Service . `` Environmental Conservation Online System '' . Archived from the original on 17 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bear Facts : Harvesting / Hunting '' . Polar Bears International . Archived from the original on 27 March 2008 . Retrieved 14 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Support the Polar Bear Protection Act '' . The Humane Society of the United States Jump up ^ http://www.fws.gov/alaska/PDFs/PBRT%20Recovery%20Plan%20Book.pdf Jump up ^ Malcolm Alexander Ramsay ( 1949 -- 2000 ) Jump up ^ WWF : A Leader in Polar Bear Conservation . Retrieved : 1 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Stirling , Ian ; Parkinson , Claire L. ( September 2006 ) . `` Possible effects of climate warming on selected populations of polar bears ( Ursus maritimus ) in the Canadian Arctic '' ( PDF ) . Arctic . 59 ( 3 ) : 261 -- 275 . doi : 10.14430 / arctic312 . ISSN 0004 - 0843 . Retrieved 15 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Stirling , Ian ; Lunn , N.J. ; Iacozza , John ; Elliott , Campbell ; Obbard , Martyn ( March 2004 ) . `` Polar bear distribution and abundance on the Southwestern Hudson Bay coast during open water season , in relation to population trends and annual ice patterns '' ( PDF ) . Arctic . 57 ( 1 ) : 15 -- 26 . doi : 10.14430 / arctic479 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 September 2007 . Retrieved 15 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Barber , D.G. ; J. Iacozza ( March 2004 ) . `` Historical analysis of sea ice conditions in M'Clintock Channel and the Gulf of Boothia , Nunavut : implications for ringed seal and polar bear habitat '' . Arctic . 57 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 14 . doi : 10.14430 / arctic478 . Jump up ^ Appenzeller , T. and Dimick , D.R. ( 2004 ) `` The Heat is On , '' National Geographic 206 : 2 -- 75 . cited in Flannery , Tim ( 2005 ) . The Weather Makers . Toronto , Ontario : HarperCollins . pp. 101 -- 103 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 200751 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Arctic Climate Impact Assessment ( 2004 ) . Impact of a Warming Arctic : Arctic Impact Climate Assessment : Key Finding 4 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 61778 - 2 . OCLC 56942125 ... ^ Jump up to : Monnett , Charles ; Gleason , Jeffrey S. ( July 2006 ) . `` Observations of mortality associated with extended open - water swimming by polar bears in the Alaskan Beaufort Sea '' . Polar Biology . 29 ( 8 ) : 681 -- 687 . doi : 10.1007 / s00300 - 005 - 0105 - 2 . Jump up ^ Booker , Christopher ( 27 June 2009 ) . `` Polar bear expert barred by global warmists '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 12 August 2009. ) Jump up ^ Regehr , E.V. ; Lunn , N.J. ; Amstrup , N.C. ; Stirling , I. ( 2007 ) . `` Effects of earlier sea ice breakup on survival and population size of polar bears in western Hudson Bay '' . Journal of Wildlife Management . 71 ( 8 ) : 2673 -- 2683 . doi : 10.2193 / 2006 - 180 . ^ Jump up to : `` Global Warming and Polar Bears - National Wildlife Federation '' . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ The proportion of maternity dens on sea ice has changed from 62 % between the years 1985 through 1994 , to 37 % over the years 1998 through 2004 . Thus now the Alaskan population more resembles the world population in that it is more likely to den on land . Fischbach , A.S. ; Amstrup , S.C. ; Douglas , D.C. ( 2007 ) . `` Landward and eastward shift of Alaskan polar bear denning associated with recent sea ice changes '' . Polar Biology . 30 ( 11 ) : 1395 -- 1405 . doi : 10.1007 / s00300 - 007 - 0300 - 4 . Jump up ^ Harvey , Chelsea . `` Next Up from Climate Change : More Polar Bears on Land , Potentially Running into Humans '' The Washington Post . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 Jump up ^ Marris , Emma . ( 2014 ) As Seas Ice Shrinks , Can Polar Bears Survive on Land ? '' National Geographic . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Next Up from Climate Change : More Polar Bears on Land , Potentially Running into Humans '' The Washington Post . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Polar Bears at the Top of POPs '' . The Science and the Environment Bulletin . Environment Canada . May -- June 2000 . Retrieved 20 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Skaare , J.U. ; Larsen , H.J.R. ; Lie , E. ; Bernhoft , A. ; Derocher , A.E. ; Norstrom , R. ; Ropstad , E. ; Lunn , N.F. ; Wiig , Ø. ( 2002 ) . `` Ecological risk assessment of persistent organic pollutants in the arctic '' ( PDF ) . Toxicology. 181 -- 182 : 193 -- 7 . doi : 10.1016 / S0300 - 483X ( 02 ) 00280 - 9 . PMID 12505309 . Archived from the original on 3 March 2010 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Verreault , J. ; Muir , D.C.G. ; Norstrom , R.J. ; Stirling , I. ; Fisk , A.T. ; Gabrielsen , G.W. ; Derocher , A.E. ; Evans , T.J. ; Dietz , R. ; Sonne , C. ; Sandala , G.M. ; Gebbink , W. ; Riget , F.F. ; Born , E.W. ; Taylor , M.K. ; Nagy , J. ; Letcher , R.J. ( 2005 ) . `` Chlorinated hydrocarbon contaminants and metabolites in polar bears ( Ursus maritimus ) from Alaska , Canada , East Greenland , and Svalbard : 1996 − 2002 '' ( PDF ) . Science of the Total Environment. 351 -- 352 : 369 -- 90 . doi : 10.1016 / j. scitotenv. 2004.10. 031 . PMID 16115663 . Archived from the original on 3 March 2010 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ Armstrong , J. Scott ; Green , Kesten C. ; Soon , Willie ( 2008 ) . `` Polar Bear Population Forecasts : A Public Policy Forecasting Audit '' . Interfaces. 38 ( 5 ) : 382 -- 405 . CiteSeerX 10.1. 1.372. 4617 . doi : 10.1287 / inte. 1080.0383 . Jump up ^ Amstrup , Steven C. ; Caswell , Hal ; DeWeaver , Eric ; Stirling , Ian ; Douglas , David C. ; Marcot , Bruce G. ; Hunter , Christine M. ( 2009 ) . `` Rebuttal of `` Polar Bear Population Forecasts : A Public - Policy Forecasting Audit '' `` . Interfaces. 39 ( 4 ) : 353 -- 369 . doi : 10.1287 / inte. 1090.0444 . Jump up ^ Amstrup , Steven C. ( 2011 ) . `` Polar Bears and climate change : Certainties , uncertainties , and hope in a warming world '' . In R.T. Watson ; T.J. Cade ; M. Fuller ; G. Hunt ; E. Potapov . Gyrfalcons and Ptarmigan in a Changing World . I . The Peregrine Fund , Boise , Idaho , USA . pp. 11 -- 20 . doi : 10.4080 / gpcw. 2011.0100 . Jump up ^ Gormezano , Linda J. ; Rockwell , Robert F. ; Dias , João Miguel ( 10 June 2015 ) . `` The Energetic Value of Land - Based Foods in Western Hudson Bay and Their Potential to Alleviate Energy Deficits of Starving Adult Male Polar Bears '' . PLOS ONE . 10 ( 6 ) : e0128520 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0128520 . PMC 4489586 . PMID 26061693 . Jump up ^ Rode , Karyn D. ; Robbins , Charles T. ; Nelson , Lynne ; Amstrup , Steven C. ( April 2015 ) . `` Can polar bears use terrestrial foods to offset lost ice - based hunting opportunities ? '' . Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. 13 ( 3 ) : 138 -- 145 . doi : 10.1890 / 140202 . Jump up ^ `` Marine Mammals Management : Polar Bear '' . U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service , Alaska . Retrieved 9 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` WWF -- Polar bear status , distribution & population '' . World Wildlife Foundation . Retrieved 22 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Krauss , Clifford ( 27 May 2006 ) . `` Bear hunting caught in global warming debate '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 11 March 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Derocher , Andrew . `` Ask the experts : Are polar bear populations increasing ? '' . Polar Bears International . Archived from the original on 29 February 2008 . Retrieved 9 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Bruemmer , p. 101 . In a meeting of the five circumpolar nations on 6 September 1965 , estimates of the worldwide population ranged from 5,000 to 19,000 . `` The truth was , no one knew ... Scientific research had been sketchy and knowledge of the polar bear was based largely on stories brought back by explorers and hunters . '' Jump up ^ `` Nunavut MLAs condemn U.S. proposal to make polar bears threatened species '' . CBC News . 4 June 2007 . Archived from the original on 13 October 2007 . Retrieved 15 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Inuit reject U.S. polar bear proposal '' . CBC News . 21 June 2007 . Archived from the original on 8 July 2007 . Retrieved 15 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Northern Research Forum . Polar bear as a resource . A position paper presented for the 3rd NRF Open Meeting in Yellowknife and Rae Edzo , Canada . 15 -- 18 September 2004 Jump up ^ Kochnev AA , Etylin VM , Kavry VI , Siv - Siv EB , Tanko IV ( 17 -- 19 December 2002 ) . `` Ritual Rites and Customs of the Natives of Chukotka connected with the Polar Bear '' . Preliminary report submitted for the meeting of the Alaska Nanuuq Commission ( Nome , Alaska , USA ) : 1 -- 3 . Jump up ^ `` Order Authorizing the Issue of a Two Dollar Circulation Coin Commemorating the Millenium and Specifying its Characteristics , SOR / 2000 - 245 '' . CanLII. 2011 - 11 - 19 . Archived from the original on 6 June 2009 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Journey Staff '' . `` Our Coca - Cola Polar bears '' . Coca - Cola . Retrieved 31 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Fox 's Glacier Family '' . Fox 's Confectionary . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2007 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ Dabcovich , Lydia ( 1997 ) . The polar bear son : An Inuit tale . New York : Clarion Books . ISBN 0 - 395 - 72766 - 9 . Jump up ^ East ( 2003 ) , A novel by Edith Pattou , Fantastic Fiction Jump up ^ The Bear , Toonhound Jump up ^ The Fire Within , Chris d'Lacey's official website Jump up ^ `` The Golden Compass : The Bear Facts '' . CG Society . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( 31 January 2010 ) . `` 13 Questions with the Producers of Lost : Polar Bears , the Smoke Monster , and the Man in Black '' . TV Guide . Retrieved 17 March 2014 . Bibliography Aars , Jon , ed . ( June 2005 ) . 14th Working Meeting of the IUCN / SSC Polar Bear Specialist Group ( PDF ) . 32 . Nicholas J. Lunn and Andrew E. Derocher . Seattle , Washington , United States : IUCN . ISBN 2 - 8317 - 0959 - 8 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 9 April 2008 . Retrieved 19 April 2008 . Bruemmer , Fred ( 1989 ) . World of the Polar Bear . Toronto , Ontario , Canada : Key Porter Books . ISBN 1 - 55013 - 107 - 9 . Hemstock , Annie ( 1999 ) . The Polar Bear . Manakato , MN : Capstone Press . ISBN 0 - 7368 - 0031 - X . Lockwood , Sophie ( 2006 ) . Polar Bears . Chanhassen , MN : The Child 's World . ISBN 1 - 59296 - 501 - 6 . Matthews , Downs ( 1993 ) . Polar Bear . San Francisco , CA : Chronicle Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8118 - 0204 - 8 . Rosing , Norbert ( 1996 ) . The World of the Polar Bear . Willowdale , ON : Firefly Books Ltd . ISBN 1 - 55209 - 068 - X . Further reading Ice Bear : The Cultural History of an Arctic Icon by Michael Engelhard , 2016 , University of Washington Press External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Polar bears . Wikispecies has information related to Ursus maritimus National Wildlife Federation 's Polar Bear Page ARKive -- images and movies of the polar bear ( Ursus maritimus ) Map of polar bear ranges and denning areas in Nunavut from Nunavut Planning Commission BBC Nature : Polar bear news , and video clips from BBC programmes past and present . Photos , facts , videos from Polar Bears International that funds population , preservation , and DNA studies of the polar bear Map : Here 's where the polar bears are vanishing Extant Carnivora species Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Mammalia Infraclass : Eutheria Superorder : Laurasiatheria Suborder Feliformia Nandiniidae Nandinia African palm civet ( N. binotata ) Herpestidae ( Mongooses ) Atilax Marsh mongoose ( A. paludinosus ) Bdeogale Bushy - tailed mongoose ( B. crassicauda ) Jackson 's mongoose ( B. jacksoni ) Black - footed mongoose ( B. nigripes ) Crossarchus Alexander 's kusimanse ( C. alexandri ) Angolan kusimanse ( C. ansorgei ) Common kusimanse ( C. obscurus ) Flat - headed kusimanse ( C. platycephalus ) Cynictis Yellow mongoose ( C. penicillata ) Dologale Pousargues 's mongoose ( D. dybowskii ) Galerella Angolan slender mongoose ( G. flavescens ) Black mongoose ( G. nigrata ) Somalian slender mongoose ( G. ochracea ) Cape gray mongoose ( G. pulverulenta ) Slender mongoose ( G. sanguinea ) Helogale Ethiopian dwarf mongoose ( H. hirtula ) Common dwarf mongoose ( H. parvula ) Herpestes Short - tailed mongoose ( H. brachyurus ) Indian gray mongoose ( H. edwardsii ) Indian brown mongoose ( H. fuscus ) Egyptian mongoose ( H. ichneumon ) Small Asian mongoose ( H. javanicus ) Long - nosed mongoose ( H. naso ) Collared mongoose ( H. semitorquatus ) Ruddy mongoose ( H. smithii ) Crab - eating mongoose ( H. urva ) Stripe - necked mongoose ( H. vitticollis ) Ichneumia White - tailed mongoose ( I. albicauda ) Liberiictus Liberian mongoose ( L. kuhni ) Mungos Gambian mongoose ( M. gambianus ) Banded mongoose ( M. mungo ) Paracynictis Selous ' mongoose ( P. selousi ) Rhynchogale Meller 's mongoose ( R. melleri ) Suricata Meerkat ( S. suricatta ) Hyaenidae ( Hyenas ) Crocuta Spotted hyena ( C. crocuta ) Hyaena Brown hyena ( H. brunnea ) Striped hyena ( H. hyaena ) Proteles Aardwolf ( P. cristatus ) Felidae Large family listed below Viverridae Large family listed below Eupleridae Small family listed below Family Felidae Felinae Acinonyx Cheetah ( A. jubatus ) Caracal Caracal ( C. caracal ) African golden cat ( C. aurata ) Catopuma Bay cat ( C. badia ) Asian golden cat ( C. temminckii ) Felis European wildcat ( F. silvestris ) African wildcat ( F. lybica ) Jungle cat ( F. chaus ) Black - footed cat ( F. nigripes ) Sand cat ( F. margarita ) Chinese mountain cat ( F. bieti ) Domestic cat ( F. catus ) Leopardus Ocelot ( L. pardalis ) Margay ( L. wiedii ) Pampas cat ( L. colocola ) Geoffroy 's cat ( L. geoffroyi ) Kodkod ( L. guigna ) Andean mountain cat ( L. jacobita ) Oncilla ( L. tigrinus ) Southern tigrina ( L. guttulus ) Leptailurus Serval ( L. serval ) Lynx Canadian lynx ( L. canadensis ) Eurasian lynx ( L. lynx ) Iberian lynx ( L. pardinus ) Bobcat ( L. rufus ) Otocolobus Pallas 's cat ( O. manul ) Pardofelis Marbled cat ( P. marmorata ) Prionailurus Fishing cat ( P. viverrinus ) Leopard cat ( P. bengalensis ) Sundaland leopard cat ( P. javanensis ) Flat - headed cat ( P. planiceps ) Rusty - spotted cat ( P. rubiginosus ) Puma Cougar ( P. concolor ) Herpailurus Jaguarundi ( H. yagouaroundi ) Pantherinae Panthera Lion ( P. leo ) Jaguar ( P. onca ) Leopard ( P. pardus ) Tiger ( P. tigris ) Snow leopard ( P. uncia ) Neofelis Clouded leopard ( N. nebulosa ) Sunda clouded leopard ( N. diardi ) Family Viverridae ( includes Civets ) Paradoxurinae Arctictis Binturong ( A. binturong ) Arctogalidia Small - toothed palm civet ( A. trivirgata ) Macrogalidia Sulawesi palm civet ( M. musschenbroekii ) Paguma Masked palm civet ( P. larvata ) Paradoxurus Golden wet - zone palm civet ( P. aureus ) Asian palm civet ( P. hermaphroditus ) Jerdon 's palm civet ( P. jerdoni ) Golden palm civet ( P. zeylonensis ) Hemigalinae Chrotogale Owston 's palm civet ( C. owstoni ) Cynogale Otter civet ( C. bennettii ) Diplogale Hose 's palm civet ( D. hosei ) Hemigalus Banded palm civet ( H. derbyanus ) Prionodontinae ( Asiatic linsangs ) Prionodon Banded linsang ( P. linsang ) Spotted linsang ( P. pardicolor ) Viverrinae Civettictis African civet ( C. civetta ) Genetta ( Genets ) Abyssinian genet ( G. abyssinica ) Angolan genet ( G. angolensis ) Bourlon 's genet ( G. bourloni ) Crested servaline genet ( G. cristata ) Common genet ( G. genetta ) Johnston 's genet ( G. johnstoni ) Rusty - spotted genet ( G. maculata ) Pardine genet ( G. pardina ) Aquatic genet ( G. piscivora ) King genet ( G. poensis ) Servaline genet ( G. servalina ) Haussa genet ( G. thierryi ) Cape genet ( G. tigrina ) Giant forest genet ( G. victoriae ) Poiana African linsang ( P. richardsonii ) Leighton 's linsang ( P. leightoni ) Viverra Malabar large - spotted civet ( V. civettina ) Large - spotted civet ( V. megaspila ) Malayan civet ( V. tangalunga ) Large Indian civet ( V. zibetha ) Viverricula Small Indian civet ( V. indica ) Family Eupleridae Euplerinae Cryptoprocta Fossa ( C. ferox ) Eupleres Eastern falanouc ( E. goudotii ) Western falanouc ( E. major ) Fossa Malagasy civet ( F. fossana ) Galidiinae Galidia Ring - tailed mongoose ( G. elegans ) Galidictis Broad - striped Malagasy mongoose ( G. fasciata ) Grandidier 's mongoose ( G. grandidieri ) Mungotictis Narrow - striped mongoose ( M. decemlineata ) Salanoia Brown - tailed mongoose ( S. concolor ) Durrell 's vontsira ( S. durrelli ) ( hide ) Suborder Caniformia ( cont . below ) Ursidae ( Bears ) Ailuropoda Giant panda ( A. melanoleuca ) Helarctos Sun bear ( H. malayanus ) Melursus Sloth bear ( M. ursinus ) Tremarctos Spectacled bear ( T. ornatus ) Ursus American black bear ( U. americanus ) Brown bear ( U. arctos ) Polar bear ( U. maritimus ) Asian black bear ( U. thibetanus ) Mephitidae Conepatus ( Hog - nosed skunks ) Molina 's hog - nosed skunk ( C. chinga ) Humboldt 's hog - nosed skunk ( C. humboldtii ) American hog - nosed skunk ( C. leuconotus ) Striped hog - nosed skunk ( C. semistriatus ) Mephitis Hooded skunk ( M. macroura ) Striped skunk ( M. mephitis ) Mydaus Sunda stink badger ( M. javanensis ) Palawan stink badger ( M. marchei ) Spilogale ( Spotted skunks ) Southern spotted skunk ( S. angustifrons ) Western spotted skunk ( S. gracilis ) Eastern spotted skunk ( S. putorius ) Pygmy spotted skunk ( S. pygmaea ) Procyonidae Bassaricyon ( Olingos ) Eastern lowland olingo ( B. alleni ) Northern olingo ( B. gabbii ) Western lowland olingo ( B. medius ) Olinguito ( B. neblina ) Bassariscus Ring - tailed cat ( B. astutus ) Cacomistle ( B. sumichrasti ) Nasua ( Coatis inclusive ) White - nosed coati ( N. narica ) South American coati ( N. nasua ) Nasuella ( Coatis inclusive ) Western mountain coati ( N. olivacea ) Eastern mountain coati ( N. meridensis ) Potos Kinkajou ( P. flavus ) Procyon Crab - eating raccoon ( P. cancrivorus ) Raccoon ( P. lotor ) Cozumel raccoon ( P. pygmaeus ) Ailuridae Ailurus Red panda ( A. fulgens ) Suborder Caniformia ( cont . above ) Otariidae ( Eared seals ) ( includes fur seals and sea lions ) ( Pinniped inclusive ) Arctocephalus South American fur seal ( A. australis ) Australasian fur seal ( A. forsteri ) Galápagos fur seal ( A. galapagoensis ) Antarctic fur seal ( A. gazella ) Juan Fernández fur seal ( A. philippii ) Brown fur seal ( A. pusillus ) Guadalupe fur seal ( A. townsendi ) Subantarctic fur seal ( A. tropicalis ) Callorhinus Northern fur seal ( C. ursinus ) Eumetopias Steller sea lion ( E. jubatus ) Neophoca Australian sea lion ( N. cinerea ) Otaria South American sea lion ( O. flavescens ) Phocarctos New Zealand sea lion ( P. hookeri ) Zalophus California sea lion ( Z. californianus ) Galápagos sea lion ( Z. wollebaeki ) Odobenidae ( Pinniped inclusive ) Odobenus Walrus ( O. rosmarus ) Phocidae ( Earless seals ) ( Pinniped inclusive ) Cystophora Hooded seal ( C. cristata ) Erignathus Bearded seal ( E. barbatus ) Halichoerus Gray seal ( H. grypus ) Histriophoca Ribbon seal ( H. fasciata ) Hydrurga Leopard seal ( H. leptonyx ) Leptonychotes Weddell seal ( L. weddellii ) Lobodon Crabeater seal ( L. carcinophagus ) Mirounga ( Elephant seals ) Northern elephant seal ( M. angustirostris ) Southern elephant seal ( M. leonina ) Monachus Mediterranean monk seal ( M. monachus ) Hawaiian monk seal ( M. schauinslandi ) Ommatophoca Ross seal ( O. rossi ) Pagophilus Harp seal ( P. groenlandicus ) Phoca Spotted seal ( P. largha ) Harbor seal ( P. vitulina ) Pusa Caspian seal ( P. caspica ) Ringed seal ( P. hispida ) Baikal seal ( P. sibirica ) Canidae Large family listed below Mustelidae Large family listed below Family Canidae ( includes dogs ) Atelocynus Short - eared dog ( A. microtis ) Canis Side - striped jackal ( C. adustus ) African golden wolf ( C. anthus ) Golden jackal ( C. aureus ) Coyote ( C. latrans ) Gray wolf ( C. lupus ) Black - backed jackal ( C. mesomelas ) Red wolf ( C. rufus ) Ethiopian wolf ( C. simensis ) Cerdocyon Crab - eating fox ( C. thous ) Chrysocyon Maned wolf ( C. brachyurus ) Cuon Dhole ( C. alpinus ) Lycalopex Culpeo ( L. culpaeus ) Darwin 's fox ( L. fulvipes ) South American gray fox ( L. griseus ) Pampas fox ( L. gymnocercus ) Sechuran fox ( L. sechurae ) Hoary fox ( L. vetulus ) Lycaon African wild dog ( L. pictus ) Nyctereutes Raccoon dog ( N. procyonoides ) Otocyon Bat - eared fox ( O. megalotis ) Speothos Bush dog ( S. venaticus ) Urocyon Gray fox ( U. cinereoargenteus ) Island fox ( U. littoralis ) Vulpes ( Foxes ) Bengal fox ( V. bengalensis ) Blanford 's fox ( V. cana ) Cape fox ( V. chama ) Corsac fox ( V. corsac ) Tibetan sand fox ( V. ferrilata ) Arctic fox ( V. lagopus ) Kit fox ( V. macrotis ) Pale fox ( V. pallida ) Rüppell 's fox ( V. rueppelli ) Swift fox ( V. velox ) Red fox ( V. vulpes ) Fennec fox ( V. zerda ) Family Mustelidae Lutrinae ( Otters ) Aonyx African clawless otter ( A. capensis ) Oriental small - clawed otter ( A. cinerea ) Enhydra Sea otter ( E. lutris ) Hydrictis Spotted - necked otter ( H. maculicollis ) Lontra North American river otter ( L. canadensis ) Marine otter ( L. felina ) Neotropical otter ( L. longicaudis ) Southern river otter ( L. provocax ) Lutra Eurasian otter ( L. lutra ) Hairy - nosed otter ( L. sumatrana ) Lutrogale Smooth - coated otter ( L. perspicillata ) Pteronura Giant otter ( P. brasiliensis ) Mustelinae ( including badgers ) Arctonyx Hog badger ( A. collaris ) Eira Tayra ( E. barbara ) Galictis Lesser grison ( G. cuja ) Greater grison ( G. vittata ) Gulo Wolverine ( G. gulo ) Ictonyx Saharan striped polecat ( I. libyca ) Striped polecat ( I. striatus ) Lyncodon Patagonian weasel ( L. patagonicus ) Martes ( Martens ) American marten ( M. americana ) Yellow - throated marten ( M. flavigula ) Beech marten ( M. foina ) Nilgiri marten ( M. gwatkinsii ) European pine marten ( M. martes ) Japanese marten ( M. melampus ) Sable ( M. zibellina ) Pekania Fisher ( P. pennanti ) Meles Japanese badger ( M. anakuma ) Asian badger ( M. leucurus ) European badger ( M. meles ) Mellivora Honey badger ( M. capensis ) Melogale ( Ferret - badgers ) Bornean ferret - badger ( M. everetti ) Chinese ferret - badger ( M. moschata ) Javan ferret - badger ( M. orientalis ) Burmese ferret - badger ( M. personata ) Mustela ( Weasels and Ferrets ) Amazon weasel ( M. africana ) Mountain weasel ( M. altaica ) Stoat ( M. erminea ) Steppe polecat ( M. eversmannii ) Colombian weasel ( M. felipei ) Long - tailed weasel ( M. frenata ) Japanese weasel ( M. itatsi ) Yellow - bellied weasel ( M. kathiah ) European mink ( M. lutreola ) Indonesian mountain weasel ( M. lutreolina ) Black - footed ferret ( M. nigripes ) Least weasel ( M. nivalis ) Malayan weasel ( M. nudipes ) European polecat ( M. putorius ) Siberian weasel ( M. sibirica ) Back - striped weasel ( M. strigidorsa ) Egyptian weasel ( M. subpalmata ) Neovison ( Minks ) American mink ( N. vison ) Poecilogale African striped weasel ( P. albinucha ) Taxidea American badger ( T. taxus ) Vormela Marbled polecat ( V. peregusna ) Mammals portal Animals portal Biology portal Arctic portal Taxon identifiers Wd : Q33609 ADW : Ursus_maritimus ARKive : ursus - maritimus EoL : 328580 EPPO : URSUMA Fauna Europaea : 305357 Fossilworks : 52609 GBIF : 2433451 iNaturalist : 41644 ITIS : 180542 IUCN : 22823 MSW : 14000987 NCBI : 29073 Plazi : 69EC19A8 - CBBA - C433 - 243D - 5386D0139FEF Species+ : 9128 uBio : 105411 WoRMS : 137085 ZooBank : 3D05D9D0 - EDC8 - 45EF - BBAF - 230706B49834 LCCN : sh85104130 GND : 4151473 - 7 NDL : 01006575 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polar_bear&oldid=837453620 '' Categories : IUCN Red List vulnerable species Polar bears Apex predators Carnivorans of Europe Carnivorans of North America Fauna of Siberia Holarctic fauna Inuit culture Mammals of the Arctic Mammals of Asia Mammals of Canada Mammals of Europe Mammals of Greenland Mammals of the United States Marine mammals Mammals described in 1774 Vulnerable animals Vulnerable biota of Europe Vulnerable fauna of North America Vulnerable fauna of the United States ESA threatened species Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2011 Pages containing links to subscription - only content Articles with dead external links from December 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 maint : Unfit url Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use Canadian English from December 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Canadian English Good articles Articles with ' species ' microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Use dmy dates from July 2014 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Wikinews Afrikaans አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés Asturianu Авар Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Diné bizaad Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut Iñupiak Íslenska Italiano עברית Kalaallisut ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Кырык мары Ladino Лезги Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs La . lojban . Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Перем Коми ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Саха тыла Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Tsetsêhestâhese Türkçe Удмурт Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 Zazaki 中文 109 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 April 2018 , at 22 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar%20bear
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all i want is some truth john lennon
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Gimme Some Truth
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gimme some truth
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`` Gimme Some Truth '' ( originally spelled `` Give Me Some Truth '' ) is a protest song written and performed by John Lennon . It was first released on his 1971 album Imagine . `` Gimme Some Truth '' contains various political references emerging from the time it was written , during the latter years of the Vietnam War .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 2 Lyrics 3 Personnel 4 Cover versions and performances by other artists 5 Other works named after the song 6 References 7 External links Origins ( edit ) Work on the song began as early as January 1969 during The Beatles ' Get Back sessions , which would eventually evolve into Let It Be . Bootleg recordings of the group performing songs that would eventually go onto the members ' solo recordings feature a few performances of `` Gimme Some Truth '' . Lyrics ( edit ) The song expresses Lennon 's frustration with deceptive politicians ( `` short - haired yellow - bellied sons of Tricky Dicky '' ) , with hypocrisy , and with chauvinism ( `` tight - lipped condescending mommy 's little chauvinists '' ) . The song encapsulates some widely held feelings of the time , when many people were participating in protest rallies against their governments . `` Gimme Some Truth '' uses a reference to the nursery rhyme `` Old Mother Hubbard '' ( about a woman going to get her dog a bone , only to discover that her cupboard is empty ) as verb . The song 's mention of `` soft - soap '' employs that slang verb in its classic sense − i.e. , insincere flattery that attempts to convince someone to do or to think something , as in the case of politicians who use specious or beguiling rhetoric to quell public unrest or to propagandise unfairly . Personnel ( edit ) John Lennon -- vocals , electric guitar George Harrison -- electric guitar , slide guitar Nicky Hopkins -- piano Rod Linton -- acoustic guitar Andy Davis -- acoustic guitar Klaus Voormann -- bass Alan White -- drums Cover versions and performances by other artists ( edit ) Billy Idol 's band Generation X recorded it as B - side to `` King Rocker '' in 1978 . It appeared on the USA release of their eponymous first album and also appears as a bonus track on the remastered version of 1979 's Valley of the Dolls The Wonder Stuff included `` Gimme Some Truth '' on the expanded version of the 1989 album Hup . Sam Phillips recorded a version for her 1994 album Martinis & Bikinis . Ash released it as a B - side to `` Angel Interceptor '' in 1995 . Travis 's version is a B - side to `` More Than Us '' , released in 1998 , and also appears on the various artists compilation `` Causes 1 '' released in 2011 . Pearl Jam has covered this song live on numerous occasions . On the 2007 compilation album Instant Karma : The Amnesty International Campaign to Save Darfur , The Wallflowers ' frontman Jakob Dylan ( son of Bob Dylan ) covers the song and Dhani Harrison ( son of George Harrison ) reprises his father 's role as lead guitarist . Mexican group Jaguares made another cover version for the same album . Primal Scream recorded this song as a B - side to their `` Country Girl '' single in 2006 . Matthew Sweet and Susanna Hoffs released a version on their 2009 collaboration Under the Covers , Vol. 2 . Lydia Canaan internet released a cover of the song as a single in 2014 . Drive By Truckers covered this song live at the 40 Watt club in Athens Georgia on 2 / 16 / 2017 and 2 / 18 / 2017 . Other works named after the song ( edit ) A 2000 direct - to - video documentary film showing the recording sessions and evolution of Imagine took its title , Gimme Some Truth : The Making of John Lennon 's Imagine Album , from this song . Jon Wiener took the title of this song for his 1999 book , Gimme Some Truth : The John Lennon FBI Files , about Nixon 's attempt to deport Lennon in 1972 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Generation X ( US ) -- Generation X : Songs , Reviews , Credits , Awards '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 1 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Ankeny , Jason . `` Martinis & Bikinis -- Sam Phillips : Songs , Reviews , Credits , Awards '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 1 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pearl Jam -- Gimme Some Truth ( Live at the Garden'03 ) -- John Lennon -- cover '' . youtube.com. 29 October 2012 . Retrieved 1 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Five Horizons ) 2003 Concert Chronology part 3 '' . Five Horizons . Retrieved 1 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Stephen . `` Under the Covers , Vol. 2 -- Matthew Sweet : Songs , Reviews , Credits , Awards '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 1 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gimme Some Truth '' -- Lydia Canaan Jump up ^ Wiener , Jon ( 3 February 2000 ) . Gimme Some Truth : The John Lennon FBI Files . University of California Press . p. 368 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 21646 - 4 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics John Lennon Discography Song list Studio albums John Lennon / Plastic Ono Band Imagine Mind Games Walls and Bridges Rock ' n ' Roll with Yoko Ono Unfinished Music No. 1 : Two Virgins Unfinished Music No. 2 : Life with the Lions Wedding Album Some Time in New York City Double Fantasy Milk and Honey Live albums Live Peace in Toronto 1969 Live Jam Live in New York City Compilations Shaved Fish The John Lennon Collection Menlove Ave . Lennon Legend : The Very Best of John Lennon Wonsaponatime Instant Karma : All - Time Greatest Hits Acoustic Peace , Love & Truth Working Class Hero : The Definitive Lennon Power to the People : The Hits Icon Box sets Lennon John Lennon Anthology John Lennon Signature Box Gimme Some Truth Books In His Own Write A Spaniard in the Works Skywriting by Word of Mouth Films Beatles films Erection ( 1971 ) Sweet Toronto ( 1971 ) Imagine ( 1972 ) John and Yoko : A Love Story ( 1985 ) Imagine : John Lennon ( 1988 ) Two of Us ( 2000 ) In His Life : The John Lennon Story ( 2000 ) The U.S. vs. John Lennon ( 2006 ) The Killing of John Lennon ( 2006 ) Chapter 27 ( 2007 ) I Met the Walrus ( 2007 ) Nowhere Boy ( 2009 ) Lennon Naked ( 2010 ) LennoNYC ( 2010 ) Family Cynthia Lennon ( first wife ) Julian Lennon ( son ) Yoko Ono ( second wife ) Sean Lennon ( son ) Alfred Lennon ( father ) Julia Lennon ( mother ) Julia Baird ( half - sister ) Mimi Smith ( aunt ) George Smith ( marital uncle ) Related People / artists The Quarrymen The Beatles Plastic Ono Band David Peel The Lower East Side Band The Dirty Mac May Pang Harry Nilsson John Sinclair Rosaura Lopez Albums The Pope Smokes Dope Pussy Cats Roots : John Lennon Sings the Great Rock & Roll Hits A Toot and a Snore in ' 74 Imagine : John Lennon Working Class Hero : A Tribute to John Lennon S.I.R. John Winston Ono Lennon The U.S. vs. John Lennon Instant Karma : The Amnesty International Campaign to Save Darfur The 30th Annual John Lennon Tribute : Live from the Beacon Theatre , NYC Lennon Bermuda Songs `` That 's My Life ( My Love And My Home ) '' `` The Immigrant '' `` All Those Years Ago '' `` Empty Garden ( Hey Hey Johnny ) '' `` Here Today '' `` Life Is Real ( Song for Lennon ) '' `` Roll On John '' `` The Late Great Johnny Ace '' `` Working Class Hero '' Other media Lennon Remembers Marx & Lennon : The Parallel Sayings The Lost Lennon Tapes Toronto Rock and Roll Revival Come Together : A Night for John Lennon 's Words and Music ( concert ) Lennon ( musical ) Lennon Legend : The Very Best of John Lennon ( DVD ) The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus Articles Death 251 Menlove Avenue Bagism Bed - In The Beatles discography Nutopia Lennon -- McCartney Liverpool John Lennon Airport More popular than Jesus John Lennon Museum John Lennon 's musical instruments The Dakota Strawberry Fields John Lennon Park John Lennon Peace Monument Imagine Peace Tower LennonOno Grant for Peace Lennon Wall Book John Lennon singles discography Lifetime 1969 `` Give Peace a Chance '' / `` Remember Love '' ( Ono ) `` Cold Turkey '' / `` Do n't Worry Kyoko ( Mummy 's Only Looking for Her Hand in the Snow ) '' ( Ono ) 1970 `` Instant Karma ! '' / `` Who Has Seen the Wind ? '' ( Ono ) `` Mother '' / `` Why '' ( Ono ) 1971 `` Power to the People '' / `` Open Your Box '' ( Ono ) ( UK ) `` Power to the People '' / `` Touch Me '' ( Ono ) ( US ) `` Imagine '' / `` It 's So Hard '' ( US ) `` Happy Xmas ( War Is Over ) '' / `` Listen , the Snow Is Falling '' ( Ono ) 1972 `` Woman Is the Nigger of the World '' / `` Sisters O Sisters '' ( Ono ) 1973 `` Mind Games '' / `` Meat City '' `` Whatever Gets You thru the Night '' / `` Beef Jerky '' `` # 9 Dream '' / `` What You Got '' `` Ya Ya '' / `` Be-Bop - A-Lula '' ( Germany only ) `` Stand by Me '' / `` Move Over Ms. L '' `` Imagine '' / `` Working Class Hero '' ( UK ) 1977 `` Stand by Me '' / `` Woman Is the Nigger of the World '' ( reissue ) ( US ) 1980 `` ( Just Like ) Starting Over '' / `` Kiss Kiss Kiss '' ( Ono ) Posthumous 1981 `` Woman '' / `` Beautiful Boys '' ( Ono ) `` Watching the Wheels '' / `` Yes , I 'm Your Angel '' ( Ono ) ( UK ) `` Watching the Wheels '' / `` Beautiful Boy ( Darling Boy ) '' ( US ) 1982 `` Love '' / `` Give Me Some Truth '' 1984 `` Nobody Told Me '' / `` O ' Sanity '' ( Ono ) `` Borrowed Time '' / `` Your Hands '' ( Ono ) `` I 'm Stepping Out '' / `` Sleepless Night '' ( Ono ) `` Every Man Has a Woman Who Loves Him '' / `` It 's Alright '' ( Ono ) 1985 `` Jealous Guy '' / `` Going Down on Love '' 1986 `` Rock and Roll People '' ( promo ) 1998 `` I 'm Losing You '' ( promo ) Unreleased 1972 `` The Luck of the Irish '' / `` Attica State '' ( release pulled after receiving an Apple catalogue number ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gimme_Some_Truth&oldid=832759380 '' Categories : 1971 songs John Lennon songs Protest songs Songs written by John Lennon Song recordings produced by John Lennon Song recordings produced by Phil Spector Song recordings produced by Yoko Ono 1982 singles Songs about Richard Nixon Hidden categories : EngvarB from September 2013 Use dmy dates from September 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with Module : String errors Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano 日本 語 Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 27 March 2018 , at 21 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimme%20Some%20Truth
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how many games did the new york giants win in 2017
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2017 New York Giants season Head coach Ben McAdoo ( fired week 13 , 2 -- 10 record ) Steve Spagnuolo ( interim , 1 -- 3 record ) General manager Jerry Reese ( fired week 13 ) Kevin Abrams ( interim ) Dave Gettleman ( week 17 ) Owner John Mara Steve Tisch Home field MetLife Stadium Results Record 3 -- 13 Division place 4th NFC East Playoff finish Did not qualify Pro Bowlers SS Landon Collins Uniform ← 2016 Giants seasons 2018 →
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3
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2017 New York Giants season
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2017 new york giants season
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The 2017 New York Giants season was the franchise 's 93rd season in the National Football League , the eighth playing their home games at MetLife Stadium and the second and final under head coach Ben McAdoo . Coming fresh off an 11 -- 5 season from one year ago , the Giants had high hopes of a Super Bowl Championship and were an expected playoff contender with high expectations . However , things quickly took a dark turn after key injuries and controversial decisions towards the team . A disastrous and unexpected 0 -- 5 start to their season ( their second in 5 years ) , coupled with major injuries to the team , including star wide receiver Odell Beckham Jr. , had the Giants suffer to a franchise worst 3 -- 13 record . By Week 10 , after losing to the previously winless 49ers , the Giants were standing at 1 -- 8 , their worst record since 1980 . The Giants were officially eliminated from playoff contention on November 26 , 2017 when the Falcons defeated the Buccaneers 34 - 20 , the Panthers defeated the Jets 35 -- 27 and the Eagles defeated the Bears 31 - 3 .
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On November 28 , it was announced that Geno Smith was to start against the Raiders , which snapped Eli Manning 's 210 consecutive games started streak , the longest in the NFL at the time . It started controversy , with present and former teammates , opponents , fans , executives , and TV and radio show hosts coming into Manning 's defense . With that move , the Giants became the last team in the NFL to have started an African - American quarterback in at least one game . After a 24 -- 17 loss to the Raiders in Week 13 , with the Giants standing at 2 -- 10 , both Ben McAdoo and General Manager Jerry Reese were relieved of duties , leaving Steve Spagnuolo the interim Head Coach and Kevin Abrams as the interim General Manager . These were the first mid-season staff firings since the 1976 Giants ' season . Manning was then renamed the starter for the Week 14 game against the Cowboys . With a 34 - 29 loss to the Philadelphia Eagles in Week 15 , the Giants tied the record of losses they set before ( 12 ) , but after a 23 -- 0 loss to the Cardinals in Week 16 , the Giants fell to 2 -- 13 , setting a new record for most losses in a single season in franchise history , eclipsing the previous record of 12 , done five times : 1966 , 1974 , 1980 , 1983 and 2003 and the worst under a 16 - game schedule format . The Giants ultimately finished the season 3 -- 13 , their worst record in a 16 - game season , worst winning percentage since 1974 , the worst record in the Eli Manning era , their worst record since 2003 , finished dead last in the NFC East for the first time since 2003 , and second - worst in the league behind the winless Browns . The Giants also went 1 - 11 against the NFC in 2017 and 1 - 5 against the NFC East . On Friday , December 29 , 2017 , Dave Gettleman was hired as the general manager for the team . Gettleman quickly address the offensive line issues which led to the release of offensive tackle Bobby Hart and the benching of Ereck Flowers . Flowers started all games to this point being the only consistent starter on the offensive line . Contents 1 Offseason 1.1 Free agents signed 2 Draft 3 Staff 4 Final roster 5 Schedule 5.1 Preseason 5.2 Regular season 5.3 Game summaries 5.3. 1 Week 1 : at Dallas Cowboys 5.3. 2 Week 2 : vs. Detroit Lions 5.3. 3 Week 3 : at Philadelphia Eagles 5.3. 4 Week 4 : at Tampa Bay Buccaneers 5.3. 5 Week 5 : vs. Los Angeles Chargers 5.3. 6 Week 6 : at Denver Broncos 5.3. 7 Week 7 : vs. Seattle Seahawks 5.3. 8 Week 9 : vs. Los Angeles Rams 5.3. 9 Week 10 : at San Francisco 49ers 5.3. 10 Week 11 : vs. Kansas City Chiefs 5.3. 11 Week 12 : at Washington Redskins 5.3. 12 Week 13 : at Oakland Raiders 5.3. 13 Week 14 : vs. Dallas Cowboys 5.3. 14 Week 15 : vs. Philadelphia Eagles 5.3. 15 Week 16 : at Arizona Cardinals 5.3. 16 Week 17 : vs. Washington Redskins 6 Standings 6.1 Division 6.2 Conference 7 References Offseason ( edit ) Free agents signed ( edit ) Date Position Player Free agent tag 2016 Team New Team Notes March 8 WR Brandon Marshall New York Jets New York Giants March 10 TE Rhett Ellison Minnesota Vikings New York Giants March 12 OL D.J. Fluker San Diego Chargers New York Giants March 17 DE Jason Pierre - Paul New York Giants New York Giants March 20 QB Geno Smith New York Jets New York Giants March 20 CB Valentino Blake Tennessee Titans New York Giants March 22 RB Shaun Draughn San Francisco 49ers New York Giants Draft ( edit ) Main article : 2017 NFL Draft 2017 New York Giants Draft Round Selection Player Position College 23 Evan Engram TE Ole Miss 55 Dalvin Tomlinson DT Alabama 87 Davis Webb QB California 140 Wayne Gallman RB Clemson 5 167 Avery Moss DE Youngstown State 6 200 Adam Bisnowaty OT Pittsburgh Notes The Giants ' original fourth - round selection was moved to the back of the fourth round , after all of the compensatory selections , but no more than 12 picks after where their pick would have been positioned , as part of the punishment for illegal use of a walkie - talkie on their sideline during week 14 of the 2016 season . Staff ( edit ) 2017 New York Giants staff Front office President / CEO -- John Mara Chairman / Executive Vice President -- Steve Tisch General Manager -- Dave Gettleman Assistant General Manager -- Kevin Abrams Senior Vice President of Player Personnel -- Chris Mara Director of Pro Personnel -- Ken Sternfeld Director of Player Development -- David Tyree Head coaches Head Coach -- Ben McAdoo Interim Head Coach / Defensive Coordinator -- Steve Spagnuolo Offensive coaches Offensive Coordinator -- Mike Sullivan Quarterbacks -- Frank Cignetti Jr . Running Backs -- Craig Johnson Wide Receivers -- Adam Henry Tight Ends -- Kevin M. Gilbride Offensive Line -- Mike Solari Assistant Offensive Line -- Lunda Wells Offensive Assistant -- Ryan Roeder Defensive coaches Defensive Line -- Patrick Graham Assistant Defensive Line -- Rob Leonard Linebackers -- Bill McGovern Secondary / Cornerbacks -- Tim Walton Secondary / Safeties -- Dave Merritt Defensive Assistant -- Bobby Blick Strength and conditioning Strength and Conditioning -- Aaron Wellman Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Markus Paul Director of Performance Nutrition / Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Pratik Patel Performance Manager -- Joe Danos Final roster ( edit ) 2017 New York Giants final roster Quarterbacks 10 Eli Manning 3 Geno Smith 5 Davis Webb Running backs 26 Orleans Darkwa 22 Wayne Gallman 28 Paul Perkins 43 Shane Smith FB 34 Shane Vereen Wide receivers 86 Marquis Bundy 18 Roger Lewis 83 Kalif Raymond 19 Travis Rudolph 84 Hunter Sharp 87 Sterling Shepard Tight ends 89 Jerell Adams 85 Rhett Ellison 88 Evan Engram 81 Ryan O'Malley Offensive linemen 61 Nick Becton T 66 Adam Bisnowaty T 74 Ereck Flowers T 73 John Greco T 75 Jon Halapio G 77 John Jerry G 69 Brett Jones C 71 Damien Mama G 63 Chad Wheeler T Defensive linemen 96 Jay Bromley DT 98 Damon Harrison DT 91 Avery Moss DE 78 Romeo Okwara DE 90 Jason Pierre - Paul DE 99 Robert Thomas DT 94 Dalvin Tomlinson DT 54 Olivier Vernon DE 72 Kerry Wynn DE Linebackers 55 Ray - Ray Armstrong OLB 48 Akeem Ayers OLB 59 Devon Kennard OLB 39 Derrick Mathews OLB 46 Calvin Munson MLB 47 Kelvin Sheppard MLB Defensive backs 33 Andrew Adams FS 29 Nat Berhe SS 37 Ross Cockrell CB 25 Brandon Dixon CB 23 Darryl Morris CB 36 Ryan Murphy SS 41 Dominique Rodgers - Cromartie CB 27 Darian Thompson FS Special teams 51 Zak DeOssie LS 2 Aldrick Rosas K 9 Brad Wing P Reserve lists 24 Eli Apple CB ( Susp . ) 64 Josh Banks DT ( IR ) 13 Odell Beckham Jr . WR ( IR ) 52 Jonathan Casillas OLB ( IR ) 21 Landon Collins SS ( IR ) 38 Donte Deayon CB ( IR ) 65 Jessamen Dunker G ( IR ) 76 D.J. Fluker G ( IR ) 93 B.J. Goodson MLB ( IR ) 58 Curtis Grant OLB ( IR ) 17 Dwayne Harris WR ( IR ) 68 Bobby Hart OT ( IR ) 44 Mark Herzlich MLB ( IR ) 20 Janoris Jenkins CB ( IR ) 82 Keeon Johnson WR ( IR ) 12 Tavarres King WR ( IR ) 15 Brandon Marshall WR ( IR ) 80 Darius Powe WR ( IR ) 67 Justin Pugh G ( IR ) 70 Weston Richburg C ( IR ) 57 Keenan Robinson OLB ( IR ) 45 Deontae Skinner OLB ( IR ) 97 Ishaq Williams DE ( IR ) Practice squad 62 Ethan Cooper G 6 Amba Etta - Tawo WR 31 Jeremiah McKinnon CB 30 Tim Scott CB 8 Canaan Severin WR 60 Kristjan Sokoli DT 79 Jordan Williams DE Rookies in italics 53 Active , 23 Inactive , 7 Practice squad Schedule ( edit ) Preseason ( edit ) Week Date Opponent Result Record Game site NFL.com recap August 11 Pittsburgh Steelers L 12 -- 20 0 -- 1 MetLife Stadium Recap August 21 at Cleveland Browns L 6 -- 10 0 -- 2 FirstEnergy Stadium Recap August 26 New York Jets W 32 -- 31 1 -- 2 MetLife Stadium Recap August 31 at New England Patriots W 40 -- 38 2 -- 2 Gillette Stadium Recap Regular season ( edit ) The Giants came into their season fresh from their 2016 campaign when they went 11 - 5 . However with key injuries and course starter controversies , and a disastrous 0 - 5 start , the Giants fell apart and finished their campaign at a disappointing 3 - 13 record . After a 31 - 21 loss to the previously winless San Francisco 49ers , the Giants were at 1 - 8 , their worst record since going 1 - 9 in 1980 . After losing to the Washington Redskins on Thanksgiving Day in Week 12 , the Giants were mathematically eliminated from playoff contention three days later after the Panthers defeated the Jets 35 - 27 and their rival Eagles defeated the Bears 31 - 3 . Quarterback Eli Manning 's benching snapped a record 210 games started by Manning , with Geno Smith playing as starter against the Raiders . After a 24 - 17 loss to the Raiders , it was revealed that both head coach Ben McAdoo and GM Jerry Reese were relieved of their duties with the Giants , with Steve Spagnuolo and Kevin Abrams as the interim head coach and GM , accounted for the first mid-season staff firings since the 1976 season ; Manning was back in starting position in Week 14 against the Cowboys . In a 34 - 29 loss to the Philadelphia Eagles in Week 15 , the Giants tied their record of losses they set five times before , but after a 23 - 0 loss to the Cardinals , the Giants were shutout for the first time since Week 6 of the 2014 season and set a terrible record for highest losing percentage in franchise history and exceeded their loss total from the previous five times they have lost only twelve games . The Giants close out the season 3 - 13 , the worst record in 16 games and at the bottom of the NFC East for the first time since 2003 . Week Date Opponent Result Record Game site NFL.com recap September 10 at Dallas Cowboys L 3 -- 19 0 -- 1 AT&T Stadium Recap September 18 Detroit Lions L 10 -- 24 0 -- 2 MetLife Stadium Recap September 24 at Philadelphia Eagles L 24 -- 27 0 -- 3 Lincoln Financial Field Recap October 1 at Tampa Bay Buccaneers L 23 -- 25 0 -- 4 Raymond James Stadium Recap 5 October 8 Los Angeles Chargers L 22 -- 27 0 -- 5 MetLife Stadium Recap 6 October 15 at Denver Broncos W 23 -- 10 1 -- 5 Sports Authority Field at Mile High Recap 7 October 22 Seattle Seahawks L 7 -- 24 1 -- 6 MetLife Stadium Recap 8 Bye 9 November 5 Los Angeles Rams L 17 -- 51 1 -- 7 MetLife Stadium Recap 10 November 12 at San Francisco 49ers L 21 -- 31 1 -- 8 Levi 's Stadium Recap 11 November 19 Kansas City Chiefs W 12 -- 9 ( OT ) 2 -- 8 MetLife Stadium Recap 12 November 23 at Washington Redskins L 10 -- 20 2 -- 9 FedExField Recap 13 December 3 at Oakland Raiders L 17 -- 24 2 -- 10 Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum Recap 14 December 10 Dallas Cowboys L 10 -- 30 2 -- 11 MetLife Stadium Recap 15 December 17 Philadelphia Eagles L 29 -- 34 2 -- 12 MetLife Stadium Recap 16 December 24 at Arizona Cardinals L 0 -- 23 2 -- 13 University of Phoenix Stadium Recap 17 December 31 Washington Redskins W 18 -- 10 3 -- 13 MetLife Stadium Recap Note : Intra-division opponents are in bold text . Game summaries ( edit ) Week 1 : at Dallas Cowboys ( edit ) Week One : New York Giants at Dallas Cowboys -- Game summary Total Giants 0 0 0 Cowboys 13 0 19 at AT&T Stadium , Arlington , Texas Date : September 10 Game time : 8 : 30 p.m. EDT / 7 : 30 p.m. CDT Game weather : Played indoors ( retractable roof closed ) Game attendance : 93,183 Referee : Carl Cheffers TV announcers ( NBC ) : Al Michaels , Cris Collinsworth and Michele Tafoya Recap , Gamebook show Game information First quarter DAL -- Dan Bailey 21 - yard field goal , 6 : 25 . Cowboys 3 -- 0 . Drive : 9 plays , 51 yards , 2 : 58 . Second quarter DAL -- Dan Bailey 48 - yard field goal , 12 : 45 . Cowboys 6 -- 0 . Drive : 14 plays , 41 yards , 7 : 38 . DAL -- Jason Witten 12 - yard pass from Dak Prescott ( Dan Bailey kick ) , 1 : 41 . Cowboys 13 -- 0 . Drive : 6 plays , 65 yards , 2 : 07 . DAL -- Dan Bailey 42 - yard field goal , 0 : 05 . Cowboys 16 -- 0 . Drive : 7 plays , 51 yards , 1 : 14 . Third quarter NYG -- Aldrick Rosas 25 - yard field goal , 5 : 16 . Cowboys 16 -- 3 . Drive : 16 plays , 68 yards , 9 : 44 . Fourth quarter DAL -- Dan Bailey 36 - yard field goal , 1 : 55 . Cowboys 19 -- 3 . Drive : 11 plays , 34 yards , 5 : 53 . Top passers NYG -- Eli Manning -- 29 / 38 , 220 yards , INT DAL -- Dak Prescott -- 24 / 39 , 268 yards , TD Top rushers NYG -- Paul Perkins -- 7 rushes , 16 yards DAL -- Ezekiel Elliott -- 24 rushes , 104 yards Top receivers NYG -- Roger Lewis -- 4 receptions , 54 yards DAL -- Terrance Williams -- 6 receptions , 68 yards Top tacklers NYG -- DAL -- Odell Beckham was declared out before the game due to his ankle injury . The loss of Beckham was too steep for the Giants to overcome who barely mustered 200 yards . The Cowboys set the pace early and were on the field for 47 plays in the first half . The loss dropped the Giants to 0 - 1 . They are 1 - 9 in Week 1 games against the Cowboys , with their only win coming in 2016 . Week 2 : vs. Detroit Lions ( edit ) Week Two : Detroit Lions at New York Giants -- Game summary Total Lions 7 10 0 7 24 Giants 0 7 0 10 at MetLife Stadium , East Rutherford , New Jersey Date : September 18 Game time : 8 : 30 p.m. EDT Game weather : 72 ° F ( 22 ° C ) , cloudy Game attendance : 77,004 Referee : John Parry TV announcers ( ESPN ) : Sean McDonough , Jon Gruden and Lisa Salters Recap , Gamebook show Game information First quarter DET -- Marvin Jones 27 - yard pass from Matthew Stafford ( Matt Prater kick ) . Lions 7 -- 0 . Drive : 9 plays , 54 yards , 5 : 43 . Second quarter NYG -- Evan Engram 18 - yard pass from Eli Manning ( Aldrick Rosas kick ) . Tied 7 -- 7 . Drive : 8 plays , 75 yards , 4 : 05 . DET -- Eric Ebron 7 - yard pass from Matthew Stafford ( Matt Prater kick ) . Lions 14 -- 7 . Drive : 5 plays , 29 yards , 2 : 52 . DET -- Matt Prater 56 - yard field goal . Lions 17 -- 7 . Drive : 6 plays , 37 yards , 2 : 29 . Third quarter NYG -- Aldrick Rosas 25 - yard field goal . Lions 17 -- 10 . Drive : 10 plays , 68 yards , 5 : 45 . Fourth quarter DET -- Jamal Agnew 88 - yard punt return ( Matt Prater kick ) . Lions 24 -- 10 . Drive : 3 plays , 9 yards , 1 : 45 . Top passers DET -- Matthew Stafford -- 15 / 21 , 122 yards , 2 TD NYG -- Eli Manning -- 22 / 32 , 239 yards , TD , INT Top rushers DET -- Ameer Abdullah -- 17 carries , 86 yards NYG -- Shane Vereen -- 6 carries , 28 yards Top receivers DET -- Eric Ebron -- 5 receptions , 42 yards , TD NYG -- Evan Engram -- 4 receptions , 49 yards , TD Top tacklers DET -- Darius Slay -- 6 tackles , 2 assists NYG -- Dominique Rodgers - Cromartie -- 8 tackles , 3 assists Even with a limited Odell Beckham Jr. the Giants struggled mightily against the Lions . Rookie tight end Evan Engram scored his first career touchdown . However , a 88 - yard punt return touchdown sealed the Giants fate . With the loss , the Giants dropped to 0 - 2 . Week 3 : at Philadelphia Eagles ( edit ) Week Three : New York Giants at Philadelphia Eagles -- Game summary Total Giants 0 0 0 24 24 Eagles 0 7 7 13 27 at Lincoln Financial Field , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Date : September 24 Game time : 1 : 00 p.m. EDT Game weather : 89 ° F ( 32 ° C ) , sunny Game attendance : 69,596 Referee : Jerome Boger TV announcers ( Fox ) : Joe Buck , Troy Aikman and Erin Andrews Recap , Gamebook show Game information First quarter No Scoring Second quarter PHI - LeGarrette Blount 1 - yard rush ( Jake Elliott kick ) , 9 : 29 . Eagles 7 -- 0 . Drive : 18 plays , 90 yards , 9 : 34 Third quarter PHI - Zach Ertz 3 - yard pass from Carson Wentz ( Jake Elliott kick ) , 5 : 15 . Eagles 14 -- 0 . Drive : 7 plays , 18 yards , 3 : 43 Fourth quarter NYG - Odell Beckham Jr. 10 - yard pass from Eli Manning ( Aldrick Rosas kick ) , 12 : 39 . Eagles 14 -- 7 . Drive : 5 plays , 55 yards , 2 : 10 NYG - Odell Beckham Jr. 4 - yard pass from Eli Manning ( Aldrick Rosas kick ) , 10 : 53 . Tie 14 -- 14 . Drive : 4 plays , 33 yards , 1 : 20 NYG - Sterling Shepard 77 - yard pass from Eli Manning ( Aldrick Rosas kick ) , 7 : 12 . Giants 21 -- 14 . Drive : 2 plays , 78 yards , 0 : 40 PHI - Corey Clement 15 - yard rush ( Jake Elliott kick ) , 5 : 40 . Tie 21 -- 21 . Drive : 4 plays , 39 yards , 1 : 32 NYG - Aldrick Rosas 41 - yard field goal , 3 : 08 . Giants 24 -- 21 . Drive : 7 plays , 39 yards , 2 : 32 PHI - Jake Elliott 46 - yard field goal , 0 : 51 . Tie 24 -- 24 . Drive : 8 plays , 62 yards , 2 : 17 PHI - Jake Elliott 61 - yard field goal , 0 : 00 . Eagles 27 -- 24 . Drive : 3 plays , 19 yards , 0 : 13 Top passers NYG -- Eli Manning : 35 / 47 , 366 yards , 3 TD , 2 INT PHI -- Carson Wentz : 21 / 31 , 176 yards , TD Top rushers NYG -- Orleans Darkwa : 7 rushes , 22 yards , Paul Perkins : 9 rushes , 22 yards PHI -- Wendell Smallwood : 12 rushes , 71 yards Top receivers NYG -- Sterling Shepard : 7 receptions , 133 yards , TD PHI -- Alshon Jeffery : 4 receptions , 56 yards Top tacklers NYG -- Keenan Robinson : 7 tackles , 3 assists PHI -- Jalen Mills : 9 tackles , 3 assists A huge rally in the 4th quarter was overshadowed by rookie kicker Jake Elliott when he kicked a game winning 61 - yard field goal to drop the Giants to 0 - 3 and their fourth straight loss in Philadelphia . It was the longest game winning field goal as time expired since 2006 . Week 4 : at Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( edit ) Week Four : New York Giants at Tampa Bay Buccaneers -- Game summary Total Giants 0 10 7 6 23 Buccaneers 13 0 9 25 at Raymond James Stadium , Tampa , Florida Date : October 1 Game time : 4 : 05 p.m. EDT Game weather : 91 ° F ( 33 ° C ) , cloudy Game attendance : 63,916 Referee : Craig Wrolstad TV announcers ( Fox ) : Kenny Albert , Ronde Barber and Kristina Pink Recap , Gamebook show Game information First quarter TB -- Mike Evans 6 - yard pass from Jameis Winston ( Nick Folk kick ) , 7 : 47 . Buccaneers 7 -- 0 . Drive : 4 plays , 56 yards , 2 : 01 . TB -- O.J. Howard 58 - yard pass from Jameis Winston ( kick failed ) , 3 : 00 . Buccaneers 13 -- 0 . Drive : 2 plays , 70 yards , 0 : 45 . Second quarter NYG -- Aldrick Rosas 30 - yard field goal , 7 : 17 . Buccaneers 13 -- 3 . Drive : 11 plays , 52 yards , 4 : 36 . NYG -- Eli Manning 14 - yard run ( Aldrick Rosas kick ) , 3 : 17 . Buccaneers 13 -- 10 . Drive : 7 plays , 62 yards , 3 : 12 . TB -- Nick Folk 20 - yard field goal , 0 : 32 . Buccaneers 16 -- 10 . Drive : 12 plays , 73 yards , 2 : 45 . Third quarter NYG -- Wayne Gallman 4 - yard pass from Eli Manning ( Aldrick Rosas kick ) , 4 : 19 . Giants 17 -- 16 . Drive : 11 plays , 61 yards , 5 : 51 . Fourth quarter TB -- Cameron Brate 14 - yard pass from Jameis Winston ( pass failed ) , 7 : 44 . Buccaneers 22 -- 17 . Drive : 4 plays , 57 yards , 1 : 41 . NYG -- Rhett Ellison 2 - yard pass from Eli Manning ( pass failed ) , 3 : 16 . Giants 23 -- 22 . Drive : 10 plays , 75 yards , 4 : 28 . TB -- Nick Folk 34 - yard field goal , 0 : 00 . Buccaneers 25 -- 22 . Drive : 9 plays , 59 yards , 3 : 16 . Top passers NYG -- Eli Manning -- 30 / 49 , 288 yards , 2 TD TB -- Jameis Winston -- 22 / 38 , 332 yards , 3 TD Top rushers NYG -- Wayne Gallman -- 11 carries , 42 yards TB -- Jacquizz Rodgers -- 16 carries , 83 yards Top receivers NYG -- Odell Beckham Jr. -- 7 receptions , 90 yards TB -- Adam Humphries -- 6 receptions , 70 yards Top tacklers NYG -- TB -- Just like in Philadelphia , the Giants were beaten by a game winning field goal to drop to 0 - 4 . Week 5 : vs. los Angeles Chargers ( edit ) Week Five : Los Angeles Chargers at New York Giants -- Game summary Total Chargers 0 10 7 10 27 Giants 9 0 7 6 22 at MetLife Stadium , East Rutherford , New Jersey Date : October 8 Game time : 1 : 00 p.m. EDT Game weather : 76 ° F ( 24 ° C ) , cloudy Game attendance : 77,373 Referee : Jeff Triplette TV announcers ( CBS ) : Ian Eagle , Dan Fouts and Evan Washburn Recap , Gamebook show Game information First quarter NYG -- Spencer Pulley fumble out of bounds in end zone for a Safety , 8 : 53 . Giants 2 -- 0 . NYG -- Orleans Darkwa 23 - yard run ( Aldrick Rosas kick ) , 2 : 16 . Giants 9 -- 0 . Drive : 5 plays , 64 yards , 2 : 19 . Second quarter LAC -- Melvin Gordon 6 - yard pass from Philip Rivers ( Nick Novak kick ) , 13 : 01 . Giants 9 -- 7 . Drive : 8 plays , 77 yards , 4 : 15 . LAC -- Nick Novak 20 - yard field goal , 0 : 06 . Chargers 10 -- 9 . Drive : 12 plays , 49 yards , 2 : 36 . Third quarter NYG -- Roger Lewis 29 - yard pass from Eli Manning ( Aldrick Rosas kick ) , 6 : 46 . Giants 16 -- 10 . Drive : 9 plays , 80 yards , 4 : 10 . LAC -- Hunter Henry 25 - yard pass from Philip Rivers ( Nick Novak kick ) , 0 : 40 . Chargers 17 -- 16 . Drive : 12 plays , 92 yards , 6 : 06 . Fourth quarter NYG -- Odell Beckham Jr. 48 - yard pass from Eli Manning ( pass failed ) , 13 : 31 . Giants 22 -- 17 . Drive : 5 plays , 75 yards , 2 : 09 . LAC -- Nick Novak 31 - yard field goal , 4 : 50 . Giants 22 -- 20 . Drive : 11 plays , 48 yards , 4 : 15 . LAC -- Melvin Gordon 10 - yard pass from Philip Rivers ( Nick Novak kick ) , 2 : 58 . Chargers 27 -- 22 . Drive : 3 plays , 11 yards , 0 : 48 . Top passers LAC -- Philipp Rivers -- 21 / 44 , 258 yards , 3 TD , INT NYG -- Eli Manning -- 21 / 36 , 225 yards , 2 TD , INT Top rushers LAC -- Melvin Gordon -- 20 carries , 105 yards NYG -- Orleans Darkwa -- 8 carries , 69 yards , TD Top receivers LAC -- Melvin Gordon -- 6 receptions , 58 yards , 2 TD NYG -- Odell Beckham Jr. -- 5 receptions , 97 yards , TD Top tacklers LAC -- NYG -- The Giants suffered a ton of injuries throughout the game including star wide receiver Odell Beckham Jr . It was later revealed he fractured his fibula . The Giants blew a 4th quarter lead and dropped to 0 -- 5 for the first time since 2013 . This was their fourth straight loss to the Chargers . Week 6 : at Denver Broncos ( edit ) Week Six : New York Giants at Denver Broncos -- Game summary Total Giants 14 23 Broncos 0 0 7 10 at Sports Authority Field at Mile High , Denver , Colorado Date : October 15 Game time : 8 : 30 p.m. EDT / 6 : 30 p.m. MDT Game weather : 61 ° F ( 16 ° C ) , clear Game attendance : 76,721 Referee : Bill Vinovich TV announcers ( NBC ) : Al Michaels , Cris Collinsworth and Michele Tafoya Recap , Gamebook show Game information First quarter NYG -- Aldrick Rosas 25 - yard field goal , 6 : 54 . Giants 3 -- 0 . Drive : 13 plays , 69 yards , 7 : 02 . Second quarter NYG -- Evan Engram 5 - yard pass from Eli Manning ( Aldrick Rosas kick ) , 12 : 30 . Giants 10 -- 0 . Drive : 7 plays , 75 yards , 3 : 23 . DEN -- Brandon McManus 28 - yard field goal , 4 : 21 . Giants 10 -- 3 . Drive : 9 plays , 70 yards , 3 : 06 . NYG -- Janoris Jenkins 43 - yard interception return ( Aldrick Rosas kick ) , 0 : 48 . Giants 17 -- 3 . Third quarter NYG -- Aldrick Rosas 51 - yard field goal , 8 : 08 . Giants 20 -- 3 . Drive : 6 plays , 30 yards , 2 : 45 . Fourth quarter DEN -- Jeff Heuerman 13 - yard pass from Trevor Siemian ( Brandon McManus kick ) , 4 : 07 . Giants 20 -- 10 . Drive : 7 plays , 58 yards , 2 : 03 . NYG -- Aldrick Rosas 40 - yard field goal , 0 : 27 . Giants 23 -- 10 . Drive : 7 plays , 19 yards , 3 : 40 . Top passers NYG -- Eli Manning -- 11 / 19 , 128 yards , TD DEN -- Trevor Siemian -- 29 / 50 , 376 yards , TD , 2 INT Top rushers NYG -- Orleans Darkwa -- 21 rushes , 117 yards DEN -- Jamaal Charles -- 5 rushes , 19 yards Top receivers NYG -- Evan Ingram -- 5 receptions , 82 yards , TD DEN -- Demaryius Thomas -- 10 receptions , 133 yards With numerous injuries in the receiving core from the Week 5 game and against a heavily favored Broncos team , the Giants pulled a massive upset to snap a 5 - game losing streak and defeat Denver for the first time since 2005 . This is also Manning 's first career win in Denver . Janoris Jenkins returned a Trevor Siemian interception for a touchdown in the win , his first as a member of the Giants and Orleans Darkwa had his first 100 - yard game . Week 7 : vs. Seattle Seahawks ( edit ) Week Seven : Seattle Seahawks at New York Giants -- Game summary Total Seahawks 0 7 14 24 Giants 0 7 0 0 7 at MetLife Stadium , East Rutherford , New Jersey Date : October 22 Game time : 4 : 25 p.m. EDT Game weather : 75 ° F ( 24 ° C ) , partly cloudy Game attendance : 78,527 Referee : Tony Corrente TV announcers ( CBS ) : Andrew Catalon and James Lofton Recap , Gamebook show Game information First quarter No scoring plays Second quarter NYG -- Evan Engram 5 - yard pass from Eli Manning ( Aldrick Rosas kick ) , 11 : 51 . Giants 7 -- 0 . Drive : 2 plays , 17 yards , 0 : 42 . SEA -- Blair Walsh 39 - yard field goal , 0 : 42 . Giants 7 -- 3 . Drive : 8 plays , 49 yards , 1 : 57 . Third quarter SEA -- Doug Baldwin 22 - yard pass from Russell Wilson ( Blair Walsh kick ) , 7 : 30 . Seahawks 10 -- 7 . Drive : 4 plays , 59 yards , 1 : 17 . Fourth quarter SEA -- Paul Richardson 38 - yard pass from Russell Wilson ( Blair Walsh kick ) , 9 : 34 . Seahawks 17 -- 7 . Drive : 1 play , 38 yards , 0 : 15 . SEA -- Jimmy Graham 1 - yard pass from Russell Wilson ( Blair Walsh kick ) , 2 : 14 . Seahawks 24 -- 7 . Drive : 12 plays , 50 yards , 5 : 56 . Top passers SEA -- Russell Wilson -- 27 / 39 , 334 yards , 3 TD NYG -- Eli Manning -- 19 / 39 , 134 yards , TD Top rushers SEA -- Thomas Rawls -- 11 rushes , 36 yards NYG -- Orleans Darkwa -- 9 rushes , 35 yards Top receivers SEA -- Doug Baldwin -- 9 receptions , 92 yards , TD NYG -- Evan Engram -- 6 receptions , 60 yards , TD Top tacklers SEA -- K.J. Wright -- 6 solo tackles , 5 assisted NYG -- Keenan Robinson -- 6 solo tackles , 3 assisted This game was the first time the Giants played an interconference game on CBS since the 1993 season finale on January 2 , 1994 against the Cowboys ( before Fox took over the NFC contract in the 1994 season ) . The Giants defense played well in the first half , aided by an NFL record 10 play goal line stand , but unraveled in the second half as they tired out . They could n't be saved by their weak wide receiving corps , along with a struggling run game that sealed their fate . With the loss , the Giants fell to 1 - 6 and lost to the Seahawks for the 4th straight time . Week 9 : vs. los Angeles Rams ( edit ) Week Nine : Los Angeles Rams at New York Giants -- Game summary Total Rams 7 20 21 51 Giants 7 0 7 17 at MetLife Stadium , East Rutherford , New Jersey Date : November 5 Game time : 1 : 00 p.m. EST Game weather : 56 ° F ( 13 ° C ) , cloudy Game attendance : 76,877 Referee : Ed Hochuli TV announcers ( Fox ) : Kenny Albert , Ronde Barber and Kristina Pink Recap , Gamebook show Game information First quarter LAR -- Tyler Higbee 8 - yard pass from Jared Goff ( Greg Zuerlein kick ) , 11 : 03 . Rams 7 -- 0 . Drive : 4 plays , 52 yards , 1 : 50 . NYG -- Tavarres King 5 - yard pass from Eli Manning ( Aldrick Rosas kick ) , 3 : 22 . Tied 7 -- 7 . Drive : 14 plays , 67 yards , 7 : 39 . Second quarter LAR -- Greg Zuerlein 27 - yard field goal , 14 : 55 . Rams 10 -- 7 . Drive : 9 plays , 66 yards , 3 : 24 . LAR -- Robert Woods 52 - yard pass from Jared Goff ( Greg Zuerlein kick ) , 9 : 39 . Rams 17 -- 7 . Drive : 6 plays , 50 yards , 3 : 35 . LAR -- Sammy Watkins 67 - yard pass from Jared Goff ( Greg Zuerlein kick ) , 7 : 28 . Rams 24 -- 7 . Drive : 2 plays , 71 yards , 0 : 35 . NYG -- Aldrick Rosas 50 - yard field goal , 4 : 06 . Rams 24 -- 10 . Drive : 8 plays , 44 yards , 3 : 17 . LAR -- Greg Zuerlein 46 - yard field goal , 1 : 18 . Rams 27 -- 10 . Drive : 4 plays , 2 yards , 1 : 21 . Third quarter LAR -- Todd Gurley 1 - yard run ( Greg Zuerlein kick ) , 11 : 42 . Rams 34 -- 10 . Drive : 7 plays , 75 yards , 3 : 26 . LAR -- Robert Woods 4 - yard pass from Jared Goff ( Greg Zuerlein kick ) , 6 : 34 . Rams 41 -- 10 . Drive : 4 plays , 45 yards , 1 : 30 . LAR -- Todd Gurley 4 - yard run ( Greg Zuerlein kick ) , 3 : 34 . Rams 48 -- 10 . Drive : 3 plays , 18 yards , 1 : 26 . Fourth quarter NYG -- Evan Engram 10 - yard pass from Eli Manning ( Aldrick Rosas kick ) , 9 : 40 . Rams 48 -- 17 . Drive : 6 plays , 72 yards , 3 : 00 . LAR -- Greg Zuerlein 47 - yard field goal , 3 : 03 . Rams 51 -- 17 . Drive : 10 plays , 46 yards , 6 : 40 . Top passers LAR -- Jared Goff -- 14 / 22 , 311 yards , 4 TD NYG -- Eli Manning -- 20 / 36 , 220 yards , 2 TD , INT Top rushers LAR -- Todd Gurley -- 16 rushes , 59 yards , 2 TD NYG -- Orleans Darkwa -- 16 rushes , 71 yards Top receivers LAR -- Robert Woods -- 4 receptions , 70 yards , 2 TD NYG -- Evan Engram -- 4 receptions , 70 yards , TD Top tacklers LAR -- NYG -- A bunch of miscues and 3 turnovers from the offense led the Rams dominate the entire game . The Giants allowed 51 points , the most points allowed at home since 1964 against the Cleveland Browns . The loss also dropped the Giants 1 - 7 . This was the first loss to the Rams since 2001 and their first home loss to the Rams since 2000 . This was also the most points the Giants allowed since they lost 52 -- 49 to the Saints in 2015 . Despite all the miscues , Eli Manning became the 7th quarterback in NFL history to reach 50,000 career passing yards . Week 10 : at San Francisco 49ers ( edit ) Week Ten : New York Giants at San Francisco 49ers -- Game summary Total Giants 6 7 0 8 21 49ers 14 0 14 31 at Levi 's Stadium , Santa Clara , California Date : November 12 Game time : 4 : 25 p.m. EST / 1 : 25 p.m. PST Game weather : 68 ° F ( 20 ° C ) , sunny Game attendance : 70,133 Referee : Jerome Boger TV announcers ( Fox ) : Chris Myers , Daryl Johnston and Laura Okmin Recap , Gamebook show Game information First quarter SF -- Robbie Gould 43 - yard field goal , 12 : 44 . 49ers 3 -- 0 . Drive : 5 plays , 35 yards , 2 : 20 . NYG -- Aldrick Rosas 47 - yard field goal , 7 : 28 . Tied 3 -- 3 . Drive : 10 plays , 46 yards , 5 : 17 . NYG -- Aldrick Rosas 42 - yard field goal , 1 : 11 . Giants 6 -- 3 . Drive : 6 plays , 40 yards , 2 : 27 . Second quarter SF -- Marquise Goodwin 83 - yard pass from C.J. Beathard ( Robbie Gould kick ) , 8 : 10 . 49ers 10 -- 6 . Drive : 3 plays , 85 yards , 2 : 01 . NYG -- Evan Engram 9 - yard pass from Eli Manning ( Aldrick Rosas kick ) , 2 : 13 . Giants 13 -- 10 . Drive : 10 plays , 75 yards , 5 : 51 . SF -- Garrett Celek 47 - yard pass from C.J. Beathard ( Robbie Gould kick ) , 0 : 37 . 49ers 17 -- 13 . Drive : 6 plays , 76 yards , 1 : 40 . Third quarter No scoring plays . Fourth quarter SF -- C.J. Beathard 11 - yard run ( Robbie Gould kick ) , 15 : 00 . 49ers 24 -- 13 . Drive : 11 plays , 61 yards , 5 : 46 . SF -- Matt Breida 33 - yard run ( Robbie Gould kick ) , 9 : 27 . 49ers 31 -- 13 . Drive : 6 plays , 62 yards , 3 : 32 . NYG -- Roger Lewis 14 - yard pass from Eli Manning ( Orleans Darkwa run ) , 1 : 07 . 49ers 31 -- 21 . Drive : 15 plays , 90 yards , 4 : 34 . Top passers NYG -- Eli Manning -- 28 / 37 , 273 yards , 2 TD SF -- C.J. Beathard -- 19 / 25 , 288 yards , 2 TD , INT Top rushers NYG -- Orleans Darkwa -- 14 rushes , 70 yards SF -- Carlos Hyde -- 17 rushes , 98 yards Top receivers NYG -- Sterling Shepard -- 11 receptions , 142 yards SF -- Marquise Goodwin -- 1 reception , 83 yards , TD Top tacklers NYG -- SF -- Attempting to get their second win of the season , the Giants were upset by the previously winless 49ers . Their defense was porous , allowing over 450 yards of offense . Eli Manning played a strange game . He finished with a 113.9 passer rating , but the Giants only had 13 points until a meaningless 4th quarter drive . The Giants dropped 1 - 8 , their worst start since 1980 . Despite the loss , Eli Manning had his 208th consecutive start at quarterback , tying his brother Peyton Manning for 2nd in NFL history in that regard . Week 11 : vs. Kansas City Chiefs ( edit ) Week Eleven : Kansas City Chiefs at New York Giants -- Game summary OT Total Chiefs 0 0 6 0 9 Giants 0 6 0 12 at MetLife Stadium , East Rutherford , New Jersey Date : November 19 Game time : 1 : 00 p.m. EST Game weather : 50 ° F ( 10 ° C ) , mostly cloudy Game attendance : 76,363 Referee : Brad Allen TV announcers ( CBS ) : Ian Eagle , Dan Fouts and Evan Washburn Recap , Gamebook show Game information First quarter No scoring plays . Second quarter NYG -- Orleans Darkwa 1 - yard run ( kick failed ) , 13 : 26 . Giants 6 -- 0 . Drive : 6 plays , 26 yards , 2 : 17 . KC -- Harrison Butker 31 - yard field goal , 4 : 09 . Giants 6 -- 3 . Drive : 15 plays , 61 yards , 9 : 17 . Third quarter No scoring plays . Fourth quarter KC -- Harrison Butker 31 - yard field goal , 13 : 30 . Tied 6 -- 6 . Drive : 7 plays , 54 yards , 3 : 05 . NYG -- Aldrick Rosas 26 - yard field goal , 1 : 38 . Giants 9 -- 6 . Drive : 5 plays , 15 yards , 0 : 29 . KC -- Harrison Butker 23 - yard field goal , 0 : 01 . Tied 9 -- 9 . Drive : 9 plays , 69 yards , 1 : 37 . Overtime NYG -- Aldrick Rosas 23 - yard field goal , 1 : 54 . Giants 12 -- 9 . Drive : 10 plays , 77 yards , 4 : 00 . Top passers KC -- Alex Smith -- 27 / 40 , 230 yards , 2 INT NYG -- Eli Manning -- 19 / 35 , 205 yards Top rushers KC -- Kareem Hunt -- 18 carries , 73 yards NYG -- Orleans Darkwa -- 20 carries , 74 yards , TD Top receivers KC -- Travis Kelce -- 8 receptions , 109 yards NYG -- Roger Lewis -- 5 receptions , 55 yards Top tacklers KC -- NYG -- Attempting to stop a 3 - game losing streak , the Giants returned home to host the Kansas City Chiefs led by Alex Smith and Kareem Hunt . In a defensive battle , the Giants picked off the Chiefs 3 times and Roger Lewis made a 4th and 6 catch in the red zone to set up Aldrick Rosas kicked the game winning field goal in OT to improve the Giants to 2 - 8 . This was the Giants first home win of the season . Eli Manning made his 209th consecutive start at quarterback , passing Peyton Manning for 2nd in NFL history , only trailing Brett Favre ( 297 ) . Week 12 : at Washington Redskins ( edit ) NFL on Thanksgiving Day Week Twelve : New York Giants at Washington Redskins -- Game summary Total Giants 0 7 0 10 Redskins 0 7 10 20 at FedExField , Landover , Maryland Date : November 23 Game time : 8 : 30 p.m. EST Game weather : 33 ° F ( 1 ° C ) , clear Game attendance : 73,210 Referee : Terry McAulay TV announcers ( NBC ) : Al Michaels , Cris Collinsworth and Michele Tafoya Recap , Gamebook show Game information First quarter No scoring plays . Second quarter NYG -- Aldrick Rosas 30 - yard field goal , 4 : 00 . Giants 3 -- 0 . Drive : 16 plays , 60 yards , 8 : 29 . WAS -- Nick Rose 28 - yard field goal , 0 : 13 . Tied 3 -- 3 . Drive : 4 plays , 38 yards , 0 : 51 . Third quarter WAS -- Jamison Crowder 15 - yard pass from Kirk Cousins ( Nick Rose kick ) , 6 : 32 . Redskins 10 -- 3 . Drive : 6 plays , 50 yards , 3 : 31 . NYG -- Janoris Jenkins 53 - yard interception return ( Aldrick Rosas kick ) , 2 : 52 . Tied 10 -- 10 . Fourth quarter WAS -- Josh Doctson 14 - yard pass from Kirk Cousins ( Nick Rose kick ) , 3 : 31 . Redskins 17 -- 10 . Drive : 8 plays , 60 yards , 5 : 02 . WAS -- Nick Rose 33 - yard field goal , 1 : 49 . Redskins 20 -- 10 . Drive : 4 plays , 4 yards , 0 : 23 . Top passers NYG -- Eli Manning -- 13 / 27 , 113 yards , INT WAS -- Kirk Cousins -- 19 / 31 , 242 yards , 2 TD , INT Top rushers NYG -- Wayne Gallman -- 9 carries , 37 yards WAS -- Samaje Perine -- 24 carries , 100 yards Top receivers NYG -- Roger Lewis -- 3 receptions , 26 yards WAS -- Jamison Crowder -- 7 receptions , 141 yards , TD Top tacklers NYG -- WAS -- The Giants offense struggled the entire game and was held to only one first down in the second half . The Giants dropped to 2 - 9 and were eliminated from playoff contention on the following Sunday after the Panthers defeated the Jets 35 - 27 and the Eagles defeated the Bears 31 - 3 . As he would be benched the next week , Eli Manning 's streak of 210 consecutive starts by a quarterback is currently second in NFL history . As of the end of the 2017 season , Philip Rivers is the current quarterback iron man and is expected to finish the regular season with over 200 consecutive starts . The current NFL iron man across all positions is punter Shane Lechler , with over 250 consecutive games played . Week 13 : at oakland Raiders ( edit ) Week Thirteen : New York Giants at Oakland Raiders -- Game summary Total Giants 7 0 0 10 17 Raiders 7 0 14 24 at Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum , Oakland , California Date : December 3 Game time : 4 : 25 p.m. EST / 1 : 25 p.m. PST Game weather : 58 ° F ( 14 ° C ) , sunny Game attendance : 54,994 Referee : Pete Morelli TV announcers ( Fox ) : Kenny Albert , Ronde Barber and Kristina Pink Recap , Gamebook show Game information First quarter OAK -- Marshawn Lynch 51 - yard run ( Giorgio Tavecchio kick ) , 12 : 26 . OAK 7 -- 00 . Drive : 3 plays , 60 yards , 1 : 31 . NYG -- Orleans Darkwa 1 - yard run ( Aldrick Rosas kick ) , 0 : 06 . Tie 7 -- 7 . Drive : 11 plays , 74 yards , 5 : 16 . Second quarter OAK -- Giorgio Tavecchio 39 - yard field goal , 3 : 37 . OAK 10 -- 7 . Drive : 12 plays 47 yards , 5 : 16 . Third quarter No scoring plays . Fourth quarter OAK -- DeAndré Washington 9 - yard run ( Giorgio Tavecchio kick ) , 10 : 18 . OAK 17 -- 7 . Drive : 8 plays , 79 yards , 4 : 42 . NYG -- Evan Engram 10 - yard pass from Geno Smith ( Aldrick Rosas kick ) , 5 : 16 . OAK 17 -- 14 . Drive : 9 plays 88 yards , 5 : 02 . OAK -- Johnny Holton 9 - yard pass from Derek Carr ( Giorgio Tavecchio kick ) , 3 : 23 . OAK 24 -- 14 . Drive : 4 plays , 68 yards , 1 : 53 . NYG -- Aldrick Rosas 52 - yard field goal , 1 : 38 . OAK 24 -- 17 . Drive : 9 plays , 46 yards , 1 : 45 . Top passers NYG -- Geno Smith 21 / 34 , 212 yards , 1 TD OAK -- Derek Carr 22 / 36 , 287 yards , 1 TD Top rushers NYG -- Orleans Darkwa 14 rushes , 32 yards , 1 TD OAK -- Marshawn Lynch 17 rushes , 101 yards , 1 TD Top receivers NYG -- Evan Engram 7 receptions , 99 yards , 1 TD OAK -- Cordarrelle Patterson 4 receptions , 97 yards Top tacklers NYG -- Kelvin Sheppard 8 tackles OAK -- NaVorro Bowman , Nicholas Morrow 9 tackles For the first time since November 2004 , Eli Manning did not start the game in favor of Geno Smith in a moved that was universally panned by the football community . Present and former teammates , opponents , fans , executives , TV and radio show hosts quickly came to Manning 's defense . It was also the first time a Manning did not start in an NFL game since Week 17 of the 1997 NFL season . An attempted comeback fell short dropping the Giants to 2 - 10 , their worst record since 1976 . Geno completed 21 - 34 passes for 212 yards and 1 touchdown and lost 2 redzone fumbles . The following day , the Giants announced that Head Coach Ben McAdoo and General Manager Jerry Reese had been relieved of their duties . Week 14 : vs. Dallas Cowboys ( edit ) Week Fourteen : Dallas Cowboys at New York Giants -- Game summary Total Cowboys 7 0 20 30 Giants 0 10 0 0 10 at MetLife Stadium , East Rutherford , New Jersey Date : December 10 Game time : 1 : 00 p.m. EST Game weather : 39 ° F ( 4 ° C ) , fair Game attendance : 78,125 Referee : Walt Anderson TV announcers ( Fox ) : Kevin Burkhardt , Charles Davis and Pam Oliver Recap , Gamebook show Game information First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter Top passers DAL -- NYG -- Top rushers DAL -- NYG -- Top receivers DAL -- NYG -- Top tacklers DAL -- NYG -- With Eli Manning back in the starting position , both the Giants and Cowboys were tied up at 10 heading into the 4th quarter until Dallas scored 20 unanswered points and shutout the struggling Giants offense in the 2nd half to drop the Giants to 2 - 11 . This is the first time the Giants lost more than 10 games in a season since 2003 and first under the Eli Manning era . Week 15 : vs. Philadelphia Eagles ( edit ) Week Fifteen : Philadelphia Eagles at New York Giants -- Game summary Total Eagles 7 14 10 34 Giants 13 10 6 0 29 at MetLife Stadium , East Rutherford , New Jersey Date : December 17 Game time : 1 : 00 p.m. EST Game weather : 35 ° F ( 2 ° C ) , cloudy Game attendance : 76,896 Referee : Brad Allen TV announcers ( Fox ) : Thom Brennaman , Chris Spielman and Peter Schrager Recap , Gamebook show Game information First quarter NYG -- Orleans Darkwa 1 - yard rush ( kick blocked ) , 9 : 04 . Giants 6 -- 0 . Drive : 13 plays , 76 yards , 5 : 56 . PHI -- Alshon Jeffery 3 - yard pass from Nick Foles ( Jake Elliott kick ) , 5 : 28 . Eagles 7 -- 6 . Drive : 7 plays , 38 yards , 3 : 36 . NYG -- Tavarres King 13 - yard pass from Eli Manning ( Aldrick Rosas kick ) , 1 : 26 . Giants 13 -- 7 . Drive : 10 plays , 75 yards , 4 : 02 . Second quarter NYG -- Sterling Shepard 67 - yard pass from Eli Manning ( Aldrick Rosas kick ) , 13 : 44 . Giants 20 -- 7 . Drive : 3 plays , 75 yards , 1 : 03 . PHI -- Zach Ertz 10 - yard pass from Nick Foles ( Jake Elliott kick ) , 4 : 49 . Giants 20 -- 14 . Drive : 5 plays , 20 yards , 1 : 24 . PHI -- Trey Burton 13 - yard pass from Nick Foles ( Jake Elliott kick ) , 2 : 20 . Eagles 21 -- 20 . Drive : 3 plays , 18 yards , 0 : 56 . NYG -- Aldrick Rosas 28 - yard field goal , 0 : 27 . Giants 23 -- 21 . Drive : 11 plays , 50 yards , 1 : 53 . Third quarter PHI -- Jake Elliott 28 - yard field goal , 9 : 18 . Eagles 24 -- 23 . Drive : 11 plays , 64 yards , 5 : 42 . PHI -- Nelson Agholor 10 - yard pass from Nick Foles ( Jake Elliott kick ) , 5 : 47 . Eagles 31 -- 23 . Drive : 5 plays , 64 yards , 2 : 51 . NYG -- Tavarres King 57 - yard pass from Eli Manning ( pass failed ) , 1 : 57 . Eagles 31 -- 29 . Drive : 8 plays , 75 yards , 3 : 50 . Fourth quarter PHI -- Jake Elliott 20 - yard field goal , 3 : 56 . Eagles 34 -- 29 . Drive : 14 plays , 60 yards , 7 : 30 . Top passers PHI -- Nick Foles : 24 / 38 , 237 yards , 4 TD NYG -- Eli Manning : 37 / 57 , 434 yards , 3 TD , INT Top rushers PHI -- Jay Ajayi : 12 rushes , 49 yards NYG -- Wayne Gallman : 8 rushes , 39 yards Top receivers PHI -- Nelson Agholor : 7 receptions , 59 yards , TD NYG -- Sterling Shepard : 11 receptions , 139 yards , TD Top tacklers PHI -- Nigel Bradham : 8 tackles , 3 assists , Rodney McLeod : 7 tackles , 4 assists NYG -- Eli Apple : 7 tackles , 2 assists , Darian Thompson : 6 tackles , 3 assists Poor special team mishaps and an attempted comeback that fell 6 - yards short led the Eagles to win in a thriller of a game to drop the Giants to 2 - 12 despite the Giants going up 20 - 7 at one point and , tying their worst record since 1974 . They also got swept by the Eagles which allowed them to clinch a first round bye , and the loss dropped the Giants to 0 - 5 in the division . Despite their miscues , the Giants dominated on offense going for just under 500 yards and Eli Manning had his best performance this season . With a Redskins 20 - 15 win over the Cardinals , the Giants will finish in 4th place in the NFC East for the first time since 2003 . The Giants are now 4 - 14 against the Eagles despite leading the series 84 - 82 - 2 . Week 16 : at arizona Cardinals ( edit ) Week Sixteen : New York Giants at Arizona Cardinals -- Game summary Total Giants 0 0 0 0 0 Cardinals 7 6 7 23 at University of Phoenix Stadium , Glendale , Arizona Date : December 24 Game time : 4 : 25 p.m. EST / 2 : 25 p.m. MST Game weather : Played indoors ( retractable roof closed ) Game attendance : 63,850 Referee : John Parry TV announcers ( Fox ) : Dick Stockton , Mark Schlereth and Shannon Spake Recap , Gamebook show Game information First quarter ARI -- Phil Dawson 21 - yard field goal , 5 : 29 . Cardinals 3 -- 0 . Drive : 9 plays , 46 yards , 5 : 16 . Second quarter ARI -- Larry Fitzgerald 13 - yard pass from Drew Stanton ( Phil Dawson kick ) , 1 : 01 . Cardinals 10 -- 0 . Drive : 9 plays , 79 yards , 2 : 04 . Third quarter ARI -- John Brown 15 - yard pass from Drew Stanton ( Phil Dawson kick ) , 9 : 25 . Cardinals 17 -- 0 . Drive : 11 plays , 75 yards , 5 : 32 . Fourth quarter ARI -- Robert Nkemdiche 21 - yard fumble return ( Phil Dawson kick ) , 14 : 50 . Cardinals 23 -- 0 . Top passers NYG -- Eli Manning -- 27 / 45 , 263 yards , 2 INT ARI -- Drew Stanton -- 20 / 34 , 209 yards , 2 TD , 2 INT Top rushers NYG -- Wayne Gallman -- 10 carries , 18 yards ARI -- Kerwynn Williams -- 16 carries , 51 yards Top receivers NYG -- Rhett Ellison -- 4 receptions , 60 yards ARI -- Larry Fitzgerald -- 9 receptions , 119 yards , 1 TD Top tacklers NYG -- ARI -- Shutout for the first time since October 2014 , the Giants offense could n't get into the end zone and their only chance at points came on a miss field goal by Aldrick Rosas . The Giants dropped to 2 - 13 and clinched their worst record in franchise history . Week 17 : vs. Washington Redskins ( edit ) Week Seventeen : Washington Redskins at New York Giants -- Game summary Total Redskins 7 0 0 10 Giants 15 0 0 18 at MetLife Stadium , East Rutherford , New Jersey Date : December 31 Game time : 1 : 00 p.m. EST Game weather : 16 ° F ( − 9 ° C ) , partly cloudy Game attendance : 76,269 Referee : John Hussey TV announcers ( Fox ) : Sam Rosen , Matt Millen and Jennifer Hale Recap , Gamebook show Game information First quarter NYG -- Orleans Darkwa 75 - yard run ( kick blocked ) , 14 : 43 . Giants 6 -- 0 . Drive : 2 plays , 75 yards , 0 : 17 . NYG -- Hunter Sharp 16 - yard pass from Eli Manning ( pass failed ) , 12 : 42 . Giants 12 -- 0 . Drive : 2 plays , 19 yards , 0 : 41 . WAS -- Kirk Cousins 12 - yard run ( Dustin Hopkins kick ) , 7 : 55 . Giants 12 -- 7 . Drive : 2 plays , 20 yards , 0 : 45 . NYG -- Aldrick Rosas 23 - yard field goal , 4 : 49 . Giants 15 -- 7 . Drive : 9 plays , 70 yards , 3 : 06 . Second quarter WAS -- Dustin Hopkins 49 - yard field goal , 0 : 00 . Giants 15 -- 10 . Drive : 1 plays , 0 yards , 0 : 04 . Third quarter No scoring plays . Fourth quarter NYG -- Aldrick Rosas 29 - yard field goal , 14 : 09 . Giants 18 -- 10 . Drive : 10 plays , 52 yards , 3 : 32 . Top passers WAS -- Kirk Cousins -- 20 / 37 , 158 yards , 3 INT NYG -- Eli Manning -- 10 / 28 , 132 yards , TD , INT Top rushers WAS -- Kapri Bibbs -- 12 carries , 47 yards NYG -- Orleans Darkwa -- 20 carries , 154 yards , TD Top receivers WAS -- Kapri Bibbs -- 8 receptions , 53 yards NYG -- Rhett Ellison -- 5 receptions , 63 yards Top tacklers WAS -- NYG -- In a huge upset , led by their defense who allowed only 10 points and got 3 interceptions along with 3 sacks , along with a surging run game with over 250 yards on the ground . Orleans Darkwa set a new career high with 154 yards . The Giants defeated the Redskins 18 - 10 to improve to 3 - 13 . With the Colts victory , the Giants locked in the # 2 pick in the 2018 NFL draft . This was the Giants ' only win against a division rival or an NFC team during the season . Standings ( edit ) Division ( edit ) NFC East view talk PCT DIV CONF PF PA STK Philadelphia Eagles 13 0 . 813 5 -- 1 10 -- 2 457 295 L1 Dallas Cowboys 9 7 0 . 563 5 -- 1 7 -- 5 354 332 W1 Washington Redskins 7 9 0 . 438 1 -- 5 5 -- 7 342 388 L1 New York Giants 13 0 . 188 1 -- 5 1 -- 11 246 388 W1 Conference ( edit ) NFC # Team Division PCT DIV CONF SOS SOV STK Division leaders Philadelphia Eagles East 13 0 . 813 5 -- 1 10 -- 2 . 461 . 433 L1 Minnesota Vikings North 13 0 . 813 5 -- 1 10 -- 2 . 492 . 447 W3 Los Angeles Rams West 11 5 0 . 688 4 -- 2 7 -- 5 . 504 . 460 L1 New Orleans Saints South 11 5 0 . 688 4 -- 2 8 -- 4 . 535 . 483 L1 Wild Cards 5 Carolina Panthers South 11 5 0 . 688 3 -- 3 7 -- 5 . 539 . 500 L1 6 Atlanta Falcons South 10 6 0 . 625 4 -- 2 9 -- 3 . 543 . 475 W1 Did not qualify for the playoffs 7 Detroit Lions North 9 7 0 . 563 5 -- 1 8 -- 4 . 496 . 368 W1 8 Seattle Seahawks West 9 7 0 . 563 4 -- 2 7 -- 5 . 492 . 444 L1 9 Dallas Cowboys East 9 7 0 . 563 5 -- 1 7 -- 5 . 496 . 438 W1 10 Arizona Cardinals West 8 8 0 . 500 3 -- 3 5 -- 7 . 488 . 406 W2 11 Green Bay Packers North 7 9 0 . 438 2 -- 4 5 -- 7 . 539 . 357 L3 12 Washington Redskins East 7 9 0 . 438 1 -- 5 5 -- 7 . 539 . 429 L1 13 San Francisco 49ers West 6 10 0 . 375 1 -- 5 3 -- 9 . 512 . 438 W5 14 Tampa Bay Buccaneers South 5 11 0 . 313 1 -- 5 3 -- 9 . 555 . 375 W1 15 Chicago Bears North 5 11 0 . 313 0 -- 6 1 -- 11 . 559 . 500 L1 16 New York Giants East 13 0 . 188 1 -- 5 1 -- 11 . 531 . 458 W1 Tiebreakers ^ Jump up to : Philadelphia claimed the No. 1 seed over Minnesota based on winning percentage vs. common opponents . Philadelphia 's cumulative record against Carolina , Chicago , LA Rams and Washington was 5 -- 0 , compared to Minnesota 's 4 -- 1 cumulative record against the same four teams . ^ Jump up to : LA Rams claimed the No. 3 seed over New Orleans based on head - to - head victory . ^ Jump up to : New Orleans clinched the NFC South division over Carolina based on head - to - head sweep . ^ Jump up to : Detroit finished ahead of Dallas and Seattle based on conference record , while Seattle finished ahead of Dallas based on head - to - head victory . ^ Jump up to : Green Bay finished ahead of Washington based on record vs. common opponents . Green Bay 's cumulative record against Dallas , Minnesota , New Orleans and Seattle was 2 -- 3 , compared to Washington 's 1 -- 4 cumulative record against the same four teams . ^ Jump up to : Tampa Bay finished ahead of Chicago based on head - to - head victory . Jump up ^ When breaking ties for three or more teams under the NFL 's rules , they are first broken within divisions , then comparing only the highest ranked remaining team from each division . Legend w -- Clinched wild card x -- Clinched playoff berth y -- Clinched division z -- Clinched first - round bye * -- Clinched home - field advantage References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.sbnation.com/2017/11/28/16712310/geno-smith-first-black-quarterback-eli-manning-new-york-giants Jump up ^ Press , Associated ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` Giants fire coach Ben McAdoo and general manager Jerry Reese , source says '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . New York Giants Founded in 1925 Based and headquartered in East Rutherford , New Jersey Franchise Franchise Seasons Coaches Players First - round draft picks Quarterbacks History 1925 -- 78 1979 -- 93 1994 -- present Financial history Stadiums Polo Grounds Yankee Stadium Yale Bowl Shea Stadium Giants Stadium MetLife Stadium Culture Cleveland Bulldogs The Duke Crunch Bunch Gatorade shower Big Blue Wrecking Crew I 'm going to Disney World ! Little Giants `` New York Groove '' `` We Fly High '' `` The Masseuse '' ( Seinfeld episode ) Big Fan Bob Sheppard Jim Hall Yankee Stadium Legacy License Plate Guy `` Everybody Hates Big Bird '' ( Everybody Hates Chris episode ) Lore Sneakers Game The Greatest Game Ever Played The Fumble Wide Right 2007 game vs. New England Patriots Helmet Catch The Comeback Rivalries Dallas Cowboys Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins San Francisco 49ers New York Jets Key personnel Owners : John Mara , Steve Tisch General Manager : Dave Gettleman Head Coach : Pat Shurmur Division championships ( 16 ) 1933 1934 1935 1938 1939 1941 1941 1944 1946 1986 1989 1990 1997 2000 2005 2008 2011 Conference championships ( 11 ) 1956 1958 1959 1961 1962 1963 1986 1990 2000 2007 2011 League championships ( 8 ) 1927 1934 1938 1956 1986 ( XXI ) 1990 ( XXV ) 2007 ( XLII ) 2011 ( XLVI ) Retired numbers 7 11 14 14 16 32 40 42 50 56 Ring of Honor Jessie Armstead Carl Banks Tiki Barber Mark Bavaro Al Blozis Rosey Brown Harry Carson Charlie Conerly Frank Gifford Pete Gogolak Mel Hein Jim Lee Howell Sam Huff Dave Jennings Tuffy Leemans Dick Lynch Jack Mara Tim Mara Wellington Mara George Martin Joe Morrison Charlie Conerly Steve Owen Bill Parcells Andy Robustelli Phil Simms Michael Strahan Ken Strong Lawrence Taylor Bob Tisch Y.A. Tittle Amani Toomer Emlen Tunnell Brad Van Pelt Alex Webster George Young Tom Coughlin Michael Strahan Justin Tuck Ernie Accorsi Media Broadcasters Radio network Bob Papa Carl Banks Howard Cross Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : East Division Seasons ( 93 ) 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold New York Giants seasons 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Bold indicates NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 69 ) or Super Bowl ( 1966 -- ) victory Italics indicates NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 69 ) or Super Bowl ( 1966 -- ) appearance 2017 NFL season AFC East North South West East North South West NFC Buffalo Baltimore Houston Denver Dallas Chicago Atlanta Arizona Miami Cincinnati Indianapolis Kansas City NY Giants Detroit Carolina LA Rams New England Cleveland Jacksonville LA Chargers Philadelphia Green Bay New Orleans San Francisco NY Jets Pittsburgh Tennessee Oakland Washington Minnesota Tampa Bay Seattle Draft NFL playoffs NFL Honors Pro Bowl Super Bowl LII Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_New_York_Giants_season&oldid=845223737 '' Categories : 2017 National Football League season by team New York Giants seasons 2017 in sports in New Jersey 21st century in East Rutherford , New Jersey Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 10 June 2018 , at 09 : 13 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%20New%20York%20Giants%20season
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when did the i pad air 2 come out
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In October 2014 , Apple released the iPad Air 2 and the iPad Mini 3 . The iPad Air 2 is the first iOS device to feature a triple core CPU and 2GB of RAM . As well as being thinner and faster than its predecessor , the iPad Air , it features Touch ID and is available with a gold color option . The iPad Mini 3 is similar than the iPad Mini 2 in design and hardware , but also includes Touch ID and available in gold color .
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October 2014
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IPad
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ipad
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iPad ( / ˈaɪpæd / EYE - pad ) is a line of tablet computers designed , developed and marketed by Apple Inc. , which run the iOS mobile operating system . The first iPad was released on April 3 , 2010 ; the most recent iPad models are the iPad ( 2017 ) , released on March 24 , 2017 , and the 10.5 - inch ( 270 mm ) and 12.9 - inch ( 330 mm ) 2G iPad Pro released on June 13 , 2017 . The user interface is built around the device 's multi-touch screen , including a virtual keyboard . All iPads can connect via Wi - Fi ; some models also have cellular connectivity .
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As of January 2015 , Apple had sold more than 250 million iPads , though sales peaked in 2013 and it is now the second-most popular kind of tablet computer , by sales , after Android - based types . An iPad can shoot video , take photos , play music , and perform Internet functions such as web - browsing and emailing . Other functions -- games , reference , GPS navigation , social networking , etc. -- can be enabled by downloading and installing apps . As of March 2016 , the App Store has more than one million apps for the iPad by Apple and third parties . There have been seven versions of the iPad . The first generation established design precedents , some of which , such as the home button placement , have persisted through all models . The 2nd - generation iPad ( iPad 2 ) introduced a new thinner design , a dual - core Apple A5 processor , and VGA front - facing and 720p rear - facing cameras designed for FaceTime video calling . The third generation added a Retina Display , the new Apple A5X processor with a quad - core graphics processor , a 5 - megapixel camera , HD 1080p video recording , voice dictation , and 4G ( LTE ) . The fourth generation added the Apple A6X processor and replaced the 30 - pin connector with an all - digital Lightning connector . The iPad Air added the Apple A7 processor and the Apple M7 motion coprocessor , and reduced the thickness for the first time since the iPad 2 . The iPad Air 2 added the Apple A8X processor , the Apple M8 motion coprocessor , an 8 - megapixel camera , and the Touch ID fingerprint sensor ; and further reduced the thickness . The iPad introduced in 2017 added the Apple A9 processor , while sacrificing some of the improvements the iPad Air 2 introduced in exchange for a lower launch price . There have been four versions of the iPad Mini , all of which have a screen size of 7.9 inches ( 20 cm ) . The first generation has similar internal specifications as the iPad 2 but uses the Lightning connector instead . The iPad Mini 2 added the Retina Display , the Apple A7 processor , and the Apple M7 motion coprocessor , closely matching the internal specifications of the iPad Air . The iPad Mini 3 added the Touch ID fingerprint sensor . The iPad Mini 4 features the Apple A8 and the Apple M8 motion coprocessor . There have been two generations of the iPad Pro . The first generation came with 9.7 '' and 12.9 '' screen sizes , while the second came with 10.5 '' and 12.9 '' sizes . The iPad Pros have unique features such as the Smart Connector and the ability to use the Apple Pencil stylus , which are exclusive to this series of iPads . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Hardware 2.1 Screen and input 2.2 Audio and output 2.3 Battery 2.4 Storage 2.5 Cellular connectivity 2.6 Accessories 3 Software 3.1 Interface 3.2 Multimedia 3.3 Internet connectivity 3.4 Applications 3.5 iBooks 4 Model comparison 4.1 iPad series 4.2 iPad Mini series 4.3 iPad Pro series 5 Restrictions 5.1 Digital rights management 5.2 Jailbreaking 5.3 Censorship 6 Reception 6.1 Reaction to the announcement 6.2 Reviews 6.3 Recognition 7 Usage 7.1 Market share 7.2 Business 7.3 Education and healthcare 7.4 Consumer usage 8 Timeline 9 See also 10 References 11 External links History Steve Jobs , Apple 's then CEO , introducing the iPad . Apple 's first tablet from 1993 Apple co-founder Steve Jobs said in a 1983 speech that the company 's strategy is really simple . What we want to do is we want to put an incredibly great computer in a book that you can carry around with you and learn how to use in 20 minutes ... and we really want to do it with a radio link in it so you do n't have to hook up to anything and you 're in communication with all of these larger databases and other computers . Apple 's first tablet computer was the Newton MessagePad 100 , introduced in 1993 , powered by an ARM6 processor core developed by ARM , a 1990 spinout of Acorn Computers in which Apple invested . Apple also developed a prototype PowerBook Duo based tablet , the PenLite , but decided not to sell it in order to avoid hurting MessagePad sales . Apple released several more Newton - based PDAs ; the final one , the MessagePad 2100 , was discontinued in 1998 . Apple re-entered the mobile - computing markets in 2007 with the iPhone . Smaller than the iPad , but featuring a camera and mobile phone , it pioneered the multi-touch finger - sensitive touchscreen interface of Apple 's iOS mobile operating system . By late 2009 , the iPad 's release had been rumored for several years . Such speculation mostly talked about `` Apple 's tablet '' ; specific names included iTablet and iSlate . The iPad was announced on January 27 , 2010 , by Steve Jobs at an Apple press conference at the Yerba Buena Center for the Arts in San Francisco . Jobs later said that Apple had begun developing the iPad before the iPhone . Jonathan Ive in 1991 had created an industrial design for a stylus - based tablet , the Macintosh Folio , as his first project for Apple ; by 2004 his studio at the company was participating in the development of a large tablet prototype , which he later described as `` very crude , involving projectors '' . Ive stated that after seeking to produce the tablet first , he came to agree with Jobs that the phone was more important , as the tablet 's innovations would work as well in it . The iPad 's internal codename was K48 , which was revealed in the court case surrounding leaking of iPad information before launch . Apple began taking pre-orders for the first - generation iPad on March 12 , 2010 . The only major change to the device between its announcement and being available to pre-order was the change of the behavior of the side switch to perform either sound muting or screen rotation locking ( user selectable ) . The Wi - Fi version of the iPad went on sale in the United States on April 3 , 2010 . The Wi - Fi + 3G version was released on April 30 . 3G service in the United States is provided by AT&T and was initially sold with two prepaid contract - free data plan options : one for unlimited data and the other for 250 MB per month at half the price . On June 2 , 2010 , AT&T announced that effective June 7 the unlimited plan would be replaced for new customers with a 2 GB plan at slightly lower cost ; existing customers would have the option to keep the unlimited plan . The plans are activated on the iPad itself and can be cancelled at any time . Initially , the iPad was only available to order at the Apple Store , but has since become available for purchase through retailers including Amazon , Walmart , and network operators . The iPad was launched in countries including Australia , Canada , France , Germany , Japan and the United Kingdom on May 28 . Online pre-orders in those countries began on May 10 . Apple released the iPad in Hong Kong , Ireland , Mexico , New Zealand and Singapore on July 23 , 2010 . Israel briefly prohibited importation of the iPad because of concerns that its Wi - Fi might interfere with other devices . On September 17 , 2010 , the iPad was officially launched in China . 300,000 iPads were sold on their first day of availability . By May 3 , 2010 , Apple had sold a million iPads ; this was in half the time it took Apple to sell the same number of first - generation iPhones . After passing the one million mark they continued selling rapidly reaching 3 million sales after 80 days . During the October 18 , 2010 , financial conference call , Steve Jobs announced that Apple had sold more iPads than Macs for the fiscal quarter . In total , Apple sold more than 15 million first - generation iPads prior to the launch of the iPad 2 -- selling more than all other tablet PCs combined since the iPad 's release . and reaching 75 % of tablet PC sales at the end of 2010 . Jobs unveiled the iPad 2 at a March 2 , 2011 , press conference . About 33 % thinner than its predecessor and 15 % lighter , the iPad 2 has a better processor , a dual core Apple A5 that Apple says is twice as fast as its predecessor for CPU operations and up to nine times as fast for GPU operations . The iPad 2 includes front and back cameras that support the FaceTime videophone application , as well as a three - axis gyroscope . It retained the original 's 10 ‐ hour battery life and had a similar pricing scheme . The successor to the iPad 2 was unveiled on March 7 , 2012 , by Apple CEO Tim Cook at the Yerba Buena Center for the Arts . The new iPad contained a new dual core A5X processor with quad - core graphics , and a Retina Display with a resolution of 2048 by 1536 pixels , more than 50 percent more pixels than a standard 1,920 by 1,080 high definition TV screen . A brief controversy erupted when it was revealed that the LTE advertised did not work in some countries . On October 23 , 2012 , Apple announced the fourth generation iPad , which began shipping on November 2 , 2012 . The new hardware includes an A6X processor , HD FaceTime camera , improved LTE compatibility , and the all - digital Lightning connector . It is available in the same storage increments and pricing structure as the third generation . Following the announcement of the fourth - generation iPad , the previous generation was discontinued . Alongside the launch of the fourth generation hardware , Apple announced the iPad Mini . With a screen measuring 7.9 inches , it is aimed at the emerging sector of smaller tablets such as the Kindle Fire and Nexus 7 . The hardware of the new iPad Mini is similar to the iPad 2 , with a 1024 by 768 pixel resolution screen and a dual core A5 processor , but is 53 % lighter and 7.2 mm thick . It was released on November 2 , 2012 , in 16 GB , 32 GB , and 64 GB capacities and WiFi or Wi ‐ Fi + Cellular versions . On October 22 , 2013 , Apple introduced the fifth generation of iPad , called the iPad Air , and the second generation of iPad Mini , called iPad Mini 2 that comes with a Retina Display . The iPad Air went on sale on November 1 , 2013 , starting at $499 , while the iPad Mini 2 was released on November 12 , 2013 , starting at $399 . In the first quarter of 2014 , Apple reported that it had sold 25 million iPads , an all - time quarterly record , compared to 22.9 million in the year - ago quarter . In October 2014 , Apple released the iPad Air 2 and the iPad Mini 3 . The iPad Air 2 is the first iOS device to feature a triple core CPU and 2GB of RAM . As well as being thinner and faster than its predecessor , the iPad Air , it features Touch ID and is available with a gold color option . The iPad Mini 3 is similar than the iPad Mini 2 in design and hardware , but also includes Touch ID and available in gold color . In September 2015 , the iPad Pro was announced , which included a 12.9 - inch screen , and a 9.7 - inch version was announced in March 2016 , with the addition of 256 GB option for both iPad Pro models . On March 21 , 2017 , a new iPad was announced . The hardware includes an A9 processor and is designed to be a budget version of the iPad . In June 2017 , the iPad Pro 's second generation hardware was announced to have 12.9 and 10.5 - inch screens . Hardware Screen and input The iPad 's ( first two generations ) touchscreen display is a 1024 by 768 pixel , 7.75 × 5.82 in ( 197 × 148 mm ) liquid - crystal display ( diagonal 9.7 in ( 246.4 mm ) ) , with fingerprint - and scratch - resistant glass . Steve Jobs said a 7 - inch screen would be `` too small to express the software '' and that 10 inches was the minimum for a tablet screen . Like the iPhone , the iPad is designed to be controlled by bare fingers ; normal , non-conductive gloves and styli do not work , although there are special gloves and capacitive styli designed for this use . The display responds to other sensors : an ambient light sensor to adjust screen brightness and a 3 - axis accelerometer to sense iPad orientation and switch between portrait and landscape modes . Unlike the iPhone and iPod Touch 's built - in applications , which work in three orientations ( portrait , landscape - left and landscape - right ) , the iPad 's built - in applications support screen rotation in all four orientations , including upside - down . Consequently , the device has no intrinsic `` native '' orientation ; only the relative position of the home button changes . There are four physical switches on the iPad , including a home button near the display that returns the user to the main menu , and three plastic physical switches on the sides : wake / sleep and volume up / down , plus a software - controlled switch whose function has changed with software updates . Originally the switch locked the screen to its current orientation , but the iOS 4.2 changed it to a mute switch , with rotation lock now available in an onscreen menu . In the iOS 4.3 update , released with the iPad 2 , a setting was added to allow the user to specify whether the side switch was used for rotation lock or mute . The first generation iPad had no camera ; the iPad 2 has a front VGA camera and a rear - facing 720p camera , both capable of still images ( but these are only taken at a low quality 0.3 megapixels ) and 30 fps video . The rear - facing camera has a 5 × digital zoom for still images only . Both shoot photo and video in a 4 : 3 fullscreen aspect ratio , unlike the iPhone 4 , which shoots in a 16 : 9 widescreen aspect ratio . Unlike the iPhone , the iPad does not support tap to focus , but does allow a tap to set auto exposure . The cameras allow FaceTime video messaging with iPhone 4 , fourth generation iPod Touch , and Snow Leopard , Lion , and Mountain Lion Macs . Audio and output The iPad has two internal speakers reproducing left and right channel audio located on the bottom - right of the unit . In the original iPad , the speakers push sound through two small sealed channels leading to the three audio ports carved into the device , while the iPad 2 has its speakers behind a single grill . A volume switch is on the right side of the unit . A 3.5 - mm TRRS connector audio - out jack on the top - left corner of the device provides stereo sound for headphones with or without microphones and / or volume controls . The iPad also contains a microphone that can be used for voice recording . The built - in Bluetooth 2.1 + EDR interface allows wireless headphones and keyboards to be used with the iPad . However iOS does not currently support file transfer via Bluetooth . iPad also features 1024 × 768 VGA video output for limited applications , screen capture , connecting an external display or television through an accessory adapter . Battery The iPad uses an internal rechargeable lithium - ion polymer ( LiPo ) battery . The batteries are made in Taiwan by Simplo Technology ( 60 % ) and Dynapack International Technology . The iPad is designed to be charged with a high current of 2 amperes using the included 10 W USB power adapter and USB cord with a USB connector at one end and a 30 - pin dock connector at the other end . While it can be charged by a standard USB port from a computer , these are limited to 500 milliamperes ( 0.5 amps ) . As a result , if the iPad is running while powered by a normal USB computer port , it may charge very slowly , or not at all . High - power USB ports found in newer Apple computers and accessories provide full charging capabilities . Apple claims that the battery for both generations of iPad can provide up to 10 hours of video , 140 hours of audio playback , or one month on standby . Like any rechargeable battery technology , the iPad 's battery loses capacity over time , but is not designed to be user - replaceable . In a program similar to the battery - replacement program for the iPod and the original iPhone , Apple will replace an iPad that does not hold an electrical charge with a refurbished iPad for a fee of US $99 plus $6.95 shipping . As a different unit is supplied , user data is not preserved . The refurbished unit will have a new case . The warranty on the refurbished unit may vary between jurisdictions . Independent companies also provide a battery replacement service , returning the original unit with new battery but original case . Alternatively it is possible for a technically competent user to buy and install a new battery . The task does not require soldering , but is technically challenging . Storage The iPad was released with three capacity options for storage : 16 , 32 , or 64 GB of internal flash memory . On January 29 , 2013 , Apple announced a 128 GB model of the fourth generation iPad , which was released on February 5 . All data is stored on the internal flash memory , with no option to expand storage . Apple sells a `` camera connection kit '' with an SD card reader , but it can only be used to transfer photos and videos . On March 21 , 2016 , Apple announced a 256 GB model of the iPad Pro , which was released on March 31 . In 2017 , Apple released a 10.5 - inch iPad Pro and a revised 12.9 - inch iPad Pro with a 512 GB option , the first of its kind on an iOS device . Cellular connectivity iPad models come in two basic variants : Wi - Fi only and Wi - Fi with cellular support . The cellular variants however do not support circuit - switched voice calls and texts , only data connectivity . The side of the Wi - Fi + 3G iPad had a micro-SIM slot ( not mini-SIM ) . The 3G iPad can be used with any compatible GSM carrier , unlike the iPhone , which is usually sold ' locked ' to specific carriers . On the first generations of the iPad in the U.S. , data network access via T - Mobile 's network was limited to slower EDGE cellular speeds because T - Mobile 's 3G Network at the time used different frequencies . The second generation iPad introduced a third tier of models with CDMA support for Verizon Wireless in the United States , available separately from the AT&T capable version . The iPad up to the 4th generation uses a Micro-SIM , while the first generation iPad Mini uses a nano - SIM as introduced with the iPhone 5 . The iPad mini is available with two different frequency bands worldwide . Both devices support the same quad - band GSM and quad - band UMTS frequencies , but one variant also supports LTE bands 4 and 17 ( principally intended for use on the U.S. AT&T network ) , while the other adds support for LTE bands 1 , 3 , 5 , 13 , 25 and CDMA EV - DO Rev. A and Rev. B . The 5th generation iPad and 2nd generation iPad mini introduced support for many additional LTE bands worldwide . The iPad Air and Mini with Retina display cellular models come in two variants each , all of which support nano - SIMs , quad - band GSM , penta - band UMTS , and dual - band CDMA EV - DO Rev. A and B. Additionally , one variant of each iPad also supports LTE bands 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 7 , 8 , 13 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 25 and 26 while the other variant supports LTE bands 1 , 2 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 8 , 18 , 19 , 20 and TD - LTE bands 38 , 39 and 40 . Apple 's ability to handle many different bands in one device allowed it to offer , for the first time , a single iPad variant which supports all the cellular bands and technologies deployed by all the major North American wireless providers at the time of the device 's introduction . Moreover , with T - Mobile USA selling the iPad Air and Mini with Retina display , these models became the first iPads that were made available for purchase directly from all four nationwide U.S. wireless carriers ( and , as previously indicated , with all U.S. carriers now selling the same hardware variant of the device ) . Accessories Main article : iPad accessories Apple offers several iPad accessories , most of which are adapters for the proprietary 30 - pin dock connector , the iPad 's only port besides the headphone jack . A dock holds the iPad upright at an angle , and has a dock connector and audio line out port . Each generation of iPad requires a corresponding dock . A dock that included a physical keyboard was only supported for the original iPad , but all generations are compatible with Bluetooth keyboards that also work with Macs and PCs . The iPad can be charged by a standalone power adapter ( `` wall charger '' ) also used for iPods and iPhones , and a 10 W charger is included with the iPad . Apple sells a camera connection kit that consists of two separate adapters for the dock connector , one to USB Type A , the other an SD card reader . Adapter can be used to transfer photos and videos and to plug USB audio card or MIDI keyboard . A third party sells an adapter that includes USB , SD , and microSD on a single unit . An adapter to VGA connectors allows the iPad to work with external monitors and projectors . Another adapter mirrors the screen onto HDMI compatible devices in 1080p and works with all apps and rotations . Unlike other adapters , it allows the iPad to charge through another dock connector . While the HDMI adapter was released with and advertised for the second generation iPad , it also works with the first - generation iPad , the iPhone 4 , and the fourth generation iPod Touch . Smart Covers are screen protectors that magnetically attach and align to the face of the iPad 2 , 3 , or 4 . The cover has three folds which allow it to convert into a stand , which is also held together by magnets . While original iPad owners could purchase a black case that included a similarly folding cover , the Smart Cover is meant to be more minimal , easily detachable , and protects only the screen . Smart Covers have a microfiber bottom that cleans the front of the iPad ( which wakes up when the cover is removed ) . There are five different colors of both polyurethane and leather , with leather being more expensive . Smart Covers are not compatible with the original iPad . In June 2012 , Apple started selling the Smart Case - a case with the combined function of a smart cover and a back protection case which is compatible with the iPad 2 , and iPad 3rd & 4th generation devices . Software Main articles : iOS and iOS version history Like the iPhone , with which it shares a development environment the iPad only runs its own software , software downloaded from Apple 's App Store , and software written by developers who have paid for a developer 's license on registered devices . The iPad runs almost all third - party iPhone applications , displaying them at iPhone size or enlarging them to fill the iPad 's screen . Developers may also create or modify apps to take advantage of the iPad 's features , and there are one million apps optimized for the iPad , as of March 2016 . Application developers use iOS SDK for developing applications for iPad . The iPad originally shipped with a customized iPad - only version of iPhone OS , dubbed v3. 2 . On September 1 , it was announced the iPad would get iOS 4.2 by November 2010 ; to fulfill this Apple released iOS 4.2. 1 to the public on November 22 . Interface The interface is centred around the home screen , a graphical list of available applications . The home screen can be accessed at any time by a hardware button below the screen , closing an open application in the process . Users can also add and delete icons from the dock , which is the same on every home screen . Each home screen holds up to twenty icons , and the dock holds up to six icons . Users can delete Web Clips and third - party applications at any time , and may select only certain applications for transfer from iTunes . Apple 's default programs , however , may not be removed . Almost all input is given through the touch screen , which understands complex gestures using multi-touch . The iPad 's interaction techniques enable the user to move the content up or down by a touch - drag motion of the finger . For example , zooming in and out of web pages and photos is done by placing two fingers on the screen and spreading them farther apart or bringing them closer together , a gesture known as `` pinching '' . Scrolling through a long list or menu is achieved by sliding a finger over the display from bottom to top , or vice versa to go back . In either case , the list moves as if it is pasted on the outer surface of a wheel , slowly decelerating as if affected by friction . In this way , the interface simulates the physics of a real object . Other user - centered interactive effects include horizontally sliding sub-selection , the vertically sliding keyboard and bookmarks menu , and widgets that turn around to allow settings to be configured on the other side . Menu bars are found at the top and bottom of the screen when necessary . Their options vary by program , but always follow a consistent style motif . In menu hierarchies , a `` back '' button in the top - left corner of the screen displays the name of the parent folder . Multimedia The layout of the music library is similar to an iPod or current Symbian S60 phones . The iPad can sort its media library by songs , artists , albums , videos , playlists , genres , composers , podcasts , audiobooks , and compilations . Options are always presented alphabetically , except in playlists , which retain their order from iTunes . The iPhone uses a large font that allows users plenty of room to touch their selection . Users can rotate their device horizontally to landscape mode to access Cover Flow , likewise this feature may be disabled if purposely wishing to view a screen from another angle . Like on iTunes , this feature shows the different album covers in a scroll - through photo library . Scrolling is achieved by swiping a finger across the screen . Alternatively , headset controls can be used to pause , play , skip , and repeat tracks . The iPad supports gapless playback . Like the fifth - generation iPods introduced in 2005 , the iPad can play digital video , allowing users to watch TV shows and movies in widescreen . Double - tapping switches between widescreen and fullscreen video playback . The iPad allows users to purchase and download songs from the iTunes Store directly to their iPad . It includes software that allows the user to upload , view , and email photos taken with the camera . The user zooms in and out of photos by sliding two fingers further apart or closer together , much like Safari . The Camera application also lets users view the camera roll , the pictures that have been taken with the iPad 's camera . Those pictures are also available in the Photos application , along with any transferred from iPhoto or Aperture on a Mac , or Photoshop on a Windows PC . Internet connectivity The iPad can use Wi - Fi network trilateration from Skyhook Wireless to provide location information to applications such as Google Maps . The 3G model supports A-GPS to allow its position to be calculated with GPS or relative to nearby cellphone towers ; it also has a black strip on the back to aid 3G reception . The iPad has a headphone jack and a proprietary Apple dock connector , but no Ethernet or USB port . However , the Apple Camera Connection Kit accessory provides two dock connector adapters for importing photos and videos via USB and SD memory cards . Applications The iPad comes with several applications , including Safari , Mail , Photos , Video , iPod , iTunes , App Store , iBooks , Maps , Notes , Calendar , and Contacts . Several are improved versions of applications developed for the iPhone or Mac . The iPad syncs with iTunes on a Mac or Windows PC . Apple ported its iWork suite from the Mac to the iPad , and sells pared down versions of Pages , Numbers , and Keynote apps in the App Store . Although the iPad is not designed to replace a mobile phone , a user can use a wired headset or the built - in speaker and microphone and place telephone calls over Wi - Fi or 3G using a VoIP application . As of June 2012 , there were about 225,000 iPad specific apps on the App Store . In December 2010 , Reuters reported that iPhone and iPad users have lodged a lawsuit against Apple alleging that some applications were passing their information to third party advertisers without consent . IBooks Further information : iBookstore The iPad has an optional iBooks application that can be downloaded from the App Store , which displays books and other ePub - format content downloaded from the iBookstore . For the iPad launch on April 3 , 2010 , the iBookstore is available only in the United States . Several major book publishers including Penguin Books , HarperCollins , Simon & Schuster and Macmillan have committed to publishing books for the iPad . Despite its being a direct competitor to both the Amazon Kindle and Barnes & Noble Nook , both Amazon.com and Barnes & Noble have made Kindle and Nook apps available for the iPad . In February 2010 , Condé Nast said it would sell iPad subscriptions for several of its magazines by June . In April 2010 , The New York Times announced that it would begin publishing daily on the iPad . The `` Top News '' section is available free of charge , and the remainder on payment of a subscription . Major news organizations , including The Wall Street Journal , the BBC , and Reuters have released iPad applications . NewsCorp created an iPad - only publication , The Daily , in February 2011 . It ceased operations in December 2012 . Model comparison iPad series Legend : Discontinued Current ( hide ) Table of iPad series Model iPad ( 1st generation ) iPad 2 iPad ( 3rd generation ) iPad ( 4th generation ) iPad Air iPad Air 2 iPad ( 2017 ) Image Initial operating system iOS 3.2 iOS 4.2. 1 iOS 5.1 iOS 6.0 iOS 7.0. 3 iOS 8.1 iOS 10.3 Highest supported operating system iOS 5.1. 1 iOS 9.3. 5 iOS 10.3. 3 iOS 11.0 Model Number A1219 ( WiFi ) A1337 ( WiFi + 3G ) A1395 ( WiFi ) A1397 ( WiFi + 3G CDMA ) A1396 ( WiFi + 3G GSM ) A1416 ( WiFi ) A1403 ( WiFi + Cellular VZ ) A1430 ( WiFi + Cellular ) A1458 ( WiFi ) A1459 ( WiFi + Cellular ) A1460 ( WiFi + Cellular MM ) A1474 ( WiFi ) A1475 ( WiFi + Cellular ) A1476 ( Wi - Fi + Cellular TD - LTE ) A1566 ( WiFi ) A1567 ( WiFi + Cellular ) A1822 ( WiFi ) A1823 ( WiFi + Cellular ) Announcement date January 27 , 2010 March 2 , 2011 March 7 , 2012 16 , 32 , 64 GB : October 23 , 2012 128 GB : January 29 , 2013 October 22 , 2013 October 16 , 2014 March 21 , 2017 Release date April 3 , 2010 March 11 , 2011 March 16 , 2012 16 , 32 , 64 GB : November 2 , 2012 128 GB : February 5 , 2013 16 GB re-released : March 18 , 2014 November 1 , 2013 16 , 64 , 128 GB : October 22 , 2014 32 GB and 128GB re-released September 7 , 2016 March 24 , 2017 Discontinued March 2 , 2011 32 , 64 GB : March 7 , 2012 16 GB : March 18 , 2014 October 23 , 2012 16 , 32 , 64 , 128 GB : October 22 , 2013 16 GB re-released : October 16 , 2014 64 , 128 GB : October 16 , 2014 16 , 32 GB : March 21 , 2016 128 GB : March 21 , 2016 16 , 64 GB : September 7 , 2016 32 , 128 GB ( re-released ) : March 21 , 2017 Launch price Wi - Fi models : 16 GB $499 , 32 GB $599 , 64 GB $699 Wi - Fi + 3G models : 16 GB $629 , 32 GB $729 , 64 GB $829 Wi - Fi models : 16 GB $499 , 32 GB $599 , 64 GB $699 Wi - Fi + 3G models : 16 GB $629 , 32 GB $729 , 64 GB $829 Wi - Fi models : 16 GB $499 , 32 GB $599 , 64 GB $699 Wi - Fi + Cellular models : 16 GB $629 , 32 GB $729 , 64 GB $829 Wi - Fi models : 16 GB $499 , 32 GB $599 , 64 GB $699 , 128 GB $799 Wi - Fi + Cellular models : 16 GB $629 , 32 GB $729 , 64 GB $829 , 128 GB $929 Wi - Fi models : 16 GB $499 , 32 GB $599 , 64 GB $699 , 128 GB $799 Wi - Fi + Cellular models : 16 GB $629 , 32 GB $729 , 64 GB $829 , 128 GB $929 Wi - Fi models : 16 GB $499 , 64 GB $599 , 128 GB $699 Wi - Fi + Cellular models : 16 GB $629 , 64 GB $729 , 128 GB $829 Wi - Fi models : 32 GB $329 , 128 GB $429 Wi - Fi + Cellular models : 32 GB $459 , 128 GB $559 SoC Apple A4 Apple A5 Apple A5X Apple A6X Apple A7 Apple A8X Apple A9 Motion coprocessor N / A N / A N / A N / A Apple M7 Apple M8 Apple M9 CPU 1 GHz ARM Cortex - A8 1 GHz dual - core ARM Cortex - A9 1.4 GHz dual - core Apple Swift 1.4 GHz dual - core Apple Cyclone 1.5 GHz tri-core Apple Typhoon 1.85 GHz dual - core Apple Twister GPU PowerVR SGX535 Dual - core PowerVR SGX543MP2 Quad - core PowerVR SGX543MP4 Quad - core PowerVR SGX554MP4 Quad - core PowerVR G6430 Octa - core PowerVR GXA6850 PowerVR GT7600 Memory 256 MB DDR RAM built into Apple A4 package 512 MB DDR2 RAM ( 1066 Mbit / s data rate ) built into Apple A5 package 1 GB LPDDR2 RAM 1 GB LPDDR3 RAM 2 GB LPDDR3 RAM 2 GB LPDDR4 RAM Storage 16 , 32 , or 64 GB 16 , 32 , 64 , or 128 GB 16 , 64 , or 128 GB 32GB or 128GB Display 9.7 inches ( 250 mm ) multi-touch display with LED backlighting and a fingerprint and scratch - resistant coating Additionally : Fully laminated display , Antireflective coating Without : Fully laminated display , Antireflective coating 1024 × 768 pixels at 132 ppi 2048 × 1536 pixels at 264 ppi ( Retina Display ) Camera Back N / A 0.7 MP still 720 p HD 30 fps and 5 × digital zoom video 5 MP , ƒ / 2.4 still 1080p HD 30fps and 5 × digital zoom video 8 MP , ƒ / 2.4 still 1080p HD 30fps and 3 × digital zoom video Front N / A 0.3 MP with VGA - quality still and videocamera 1.2 MP , ƒ / 2.2 still , 720p video Audio codec Cirrus Logic 338S1213 Wireless Wi - Fi Wi - Fi ( 802.11 a / b / g / n ) , Bluetooth 2.1 + EDR Wi - Fi ( 802.11 a / b / g / n ) , Bluetooth 4.0 Wi - Fi ( 802.11 a / b / g / n / ac ) , Bluetooth 4.0 Wi - Fi + 3G / Cellular In addition to above : 3G cellular HSDPA , 2G cellular EDGE on 3G models In addition to above and left : 3G transitional LTE on Cellular model Geolocation Wi - Fi Wi - Fi , Apple location databases Additionally : iBeacon microlocation Wi - Fi + 3G / Cellular Assisted GPS , Apple databases , Cellular network Additionally : GLONASS Additionally : iBeacon microlocation Environmental sensors Accelerometer , ambient light sensor , magnetometer Additionally : gyroscope Additionally : barometer Battery 3.75 V 24.8 W h ( 6,613 mA h ) 3.8 V 25 W h ( 6,944 mA h ) 3.7 V 43 W h ( 11,560 mA h ) 3.73 V 32.9 W h ( 8,820 mA h ) 3.76 V 27.62 W h ( 7,340 mA h ) 32.4 W h Dimensions 9.56 in × 7.47 in × 0.528 in ( 242.8 mm × 189.7 mm × 13.4 mm ) 9.5 in × 7.31 in × 0.346 in ( 241.3 mm × 185.7 mm × 8.8 mm ) 9.5 × 7.31 × 0.37 in ( 241.3 × 185.7 × 9.4 mm ) 9.4 in × 6.6 in × 0.295 in ( 238.8 mm × 167.6 mm × 7.5 mm ) 9.4 in × 6.6 in × 0.24 in ( 238.8 mm × 167.6 mm × 6.1 mm ) 9.4 in × 6.6 in × 0.29 in ( 238.8 mm × 167.6 mm × 7.4 mm ) Weight Wi - Fi model : 1.5 lb ( 680 g ) Wi - Fi + 3G model : 1.6 lb ( 730 g ) Wi - Fi model : 1.325 lb ( 601 g ) Wi - Fi + 3G GSM ( AT&T / global ) model : 1.351 lb ( 613 g ) Wi - Fi + 3G CDMA ( Verizon ) model : 1.338 lb ( 607 g ) Wi - Fi model : 1.44 lb ( 650 g ) Wi - Fi + Cellular model : 1.46 lb ( 660 g ) Wi - Fi model : 1.034 lb ( 469 g ) Wi - Fi + Cellular model : 1.054 lb ( 478 g ) Wi - Fi model : 0.96 lb ( 437 g ) Wi - Fi + Cellular model : 0.98 lb ( 444 g ) Wi - Fi model : 1.03 lb ( 469 g ) Wi - Fi + Cellular model : 1.05 lb ( 478 g ) Mechanical keys Home , sleep , volume rocker , variable function switch ( originally screen rotation lock , mute in iOS 4.2 , either in 4.3 and later ) Without variable function switch Connector 30 - pin dock connector Lightning Connector Additional Features Touch ID ( finger - print scanner in home button ) Greenhouse gas emissions 130 kg CO e 180 kg CO e 170 kg CO e 210 kg CO e 190 kg CO e IPad Mini series Main article : iPad Mini Legend : Discontinued Current ( hide ) Table of iPad Mini series Model iPad Mini ( 1st generation ) iPad Mini 2 iPad Mini 3 iPad Mini 4 Image Initial operating system iOS 6.0 iOS 7.0 iOS 8.1 iOS 9.0 Highest supported operating system iOS 9.3. 5 iOS 11.0 Model Number A1432 ( Wi - Fi ) A1454 ( Wi - Fi + Cellular ) A1455 ( Wi - Fi + Cellular MM ) A1489 ( Wi - Fi ) A1490 ( Wi - Fi + Cellular ) A1491 ( Wi - Fi + Cellular TD - LTE ) A1599 ( Wi - Fi ) A1600 ( Wi - Fi + Cellular ) A1601 ( Wi - Fi + Cellular TD - LTE ) A1538 ( Wi - Fi ) A1550 ( Wi - Fi + Cellular ) Announcement date October 23 , 2012 October 22 , 2013 October 16 , 2014 September 9 , 2015 Release date November 2 , 2012 November 12 , 2013 October 22 , 2014 September 9 , 2015 Discontinued 32 , 64 GB : October 22 , 2013 16 GB : June 19 , 2015 64 , 128 GB : October 16 , 2014 16 GB : September 7 , 2016 32 GB : March 21 , 2017 September 9 , 2015 16 GB and 64 GB : September 7 , 2016 32 GB : March 21 , 2017 128 GB : In Production Launch price Wi - Fi models : 16 GB US $329 , 32 GB US $429 , 64 GB US $529 Wi - Fi + Cellular models : 16 GB $459 , 32 GB $559 , 64 GB $659 Wi - Fi models : 16 GB $399 , 32 GB $499 , 64 GB $599 , 128 GB $699 Wi - Fi + Cellular models : 16 GB $529 , 32 GB $629 , 64 GB $729 , 128 GB $829 Wi - Fi models : 16 GB $399 , 64 GB $499 , 128 GB $599 Wi - Fi + Cellular models : 16 GB $529 , 64 GB $629 , 128 GB $729 Wi - Fi models : 16 GB $399 , 64 GB $499 , 128 GB $599 Wi - Fi + Cellular models : 16 GB $529 , 64 GB $629 , 128 GB $729 SoC Apple A5 Apple A7 Apple A8 Motion coprocessor N / A Apple M7 Apple M8 CPU 1 GHz dual - core ARM Cortex - A9 1.3 GHz dual - core Apple Cyclone 1.5 GHz dual - core Apple Typhoon GPU Dual - core PowerVR SGX543MP2 Quad - core PowerVR G6430 Quad - core PowerVR GX6450 Memory 512 MB DDR2 RAM built into Apple A5 package 1 GB LPDDR3 RAM 2 GB LPDDR3 RAM Storage 16 , 32 , or 64 GB 16 , 32 , 64 , or 128 GB 16 , 64 , or 128 GB Display 7.9 inches ( 200 mm ) multi-touch display with LED backlighting and a fingerprint and scratch - resistant coating 1024 × 768 pixels at 163 ppi 2048 × 1536 pixels at 326 ppi ( Retina Display ) Camera Back 1080p HD still and video camera 5 MP , 30fps and 5 × digital zoom 1080p HD still and video camera 8 MP , 30fps and 3 × digital zoom Front 1.2 MP still , 720p video Wireless Wi - Fi Wi - Fi ( 802.11 a / b / g / n ) , Bluetooth 4.0 Wi - Fi ( 802.11 a / b / g / n / ac ) , Bluetooth 4.2 Wi - Fi + Cellular In addition to above : 3G transitional LTE on Cellular model Geolocation Wi - Fi Wi - Fi , Apple location databases Additionally : iBeacon microlocation Wi - Fi + Cellular Assisted GPS , GLONASS , Apple databases , Cellular network Additionally : iBeacon microlocation Environmental sensors Accelerometer , gyroscope , ambient light sensor , magnetometer Additionally : barometer Battery 3.72 V 16.5 W h ( 4,440 mA h ) 3.75 V 24.3 W h ( 6,471 mA h ) 3.82 V 19.32 W h ( 5,124 mA h ) Dimensions 7.87 in × 5.3 in × 0.28 in ( 199.9 mm × 134.6 mm × 7.1 mm ) 7.87 in × 5.3 in × 0.29 in ( 199.9 mm × 134.6 mm × 7.4 mm ) 8 in × 5.3 in × 0.24 in ( 203.2 mm × 134.6 mm × 6.1 mm ) Weight Wi - Fi model : 0.68 lb ( 310 g ) Wi - Fi + Cellular model : 0.69 lb ( 310 g ) Wi - Fi model : 0.73 lb ( 330 g ) Wi - Fi + Cellular model : 0.75 lb ( 340 g ) Wi - Fi model : 0.65 lb ( 290 g ) Wi - Fi + Cellular model : 0.67 lb ( 300 g ) Mechanical keys Home , sleep , volume rocker , variable function switch ( originally screen rotation lock , mute in iOS 4.2 , either in 4.3 and later ) Without variable function switch Connector Lightning Additional Features N / A Touch ID ( finger - print scanner in home button ) Greenhouse gas emissions 95 kg CO e 170 kg CO e 120 kg CO e The iPad is assembled by Foxconn , which also manufactures Apple 's iPod , iPhone and Mac Mini , in its largest plant in Shenzhen , China , and by Pegatron in Shanghai , China . In April 2011 , Foxconn announced that it would be moving production of the iPad and other Apple products to Brazil where it could begin production before the end of 2011 . iSuppli estimated that each first - generation iPad 16 GB Wi - Fi version costs US $259.60 to manufacture , a total that excludes research , development , licensing , royalty and patent costs . Apple does not disclose the makers of iPad components , but teardown reports and analysis from industry insiders indicate that various parts and their suppliers include : Apple A4 , A5 and A5X SoC : Samsung . NAND flash RAM chips : Toshiba and Samsung ( 64 GB model ) . Touch - screen chips : Broadcom . IPS Display ( 1st & 2nd generation ) : LG Display . IPS Display ( 3rd generation ) : Samsung . Touch panels : Wintek ( after TPK Touch Solutions was unable to fulfill its orders , delaying the iPad 's release from late March to early April ) . Case : Catcher Technologies . Batteries : 60 % are made in Taiwan by Simplo Technology , 40 % by Dynapack International . Accelerometer : STMicroelectronics . IPad Pro series Main article : iPad Pro Legend : Discontinued Current ( hide ) Table of iPad Pro series Model iPad Pro ( 1st generation ) iPad Pro ( 2nd generation ) Screen Size 12.9 - inch 9.7 - inch 12.9 - inch 10.5 - inch Image Initial operating system iOS 9.1 iOS 9.3 IOS 10.3. 2 iOS 10.3. 2 Highest supported operating system iOS 11.0 Model Number A1584 ( Wi - Fi ) A1652 ( Wi - Fi + Cellular ) A1673 ( Wi - Fi ) A1674 or A1675 ( Wi - Fi + Cellular ) A1670 ( Wi - Fi ) A1671 ( Wi - Fi + Cellular ) A1701 ( Wi - Fi ) A1709 ( Wi - Fi + Cellular ) Announcement date September 9 , 2015 March 21 , 2016 June 5 , 2017 Release date November 11 , 2015 March 31 , 2016 June 13 , 2017 Launch price Wi - Fi models : 32 GB -- US $ 799 128 GB -- US $ 949 256 GB -- US $ 1,099 Wi - Fi + Cellular models : 128 GB -- US $ 1,079 256 GB -- US $ 1,229 Wi - Fi models : 32 GB -- US $599 128 GB -- US $749 256 GB -- US $899 Wi - Fi + Cellular models : 32 GB -- US $729 128 GB -- US $879 256 GB -- US $1,029 Wi - Fi models : 64 GB -- US $799 256 GB -- US $899 512 GB -- US $1,099 Wi - Fi + Cellular models : 64 GB -- US $929 256 GB -- US $1,029 512 GB -- US $1,229 Wi - Fi models : 64 GB -- US $649 256 GB -- US $749 512 GB -- US $949 Wi - Fi + Cellular models : 64 GB -- US $779 256 GB -- US $879 512 GB -- US $1,079 SoC Apple A9X Apple A10X Motion coprocessor Apple M9 Apple M10 CPU 2.26 GHz ( 9.7 `` : 2.16 GHz ) dual - core Apple Twister 2.34 GHz hexa - core GPU 12 - core PowerVR Series 7XT Memory 4 GB LPDDR4 RAM 2 GB LPDDR4 RAM 4GB LPDDR4 RAM Display 12.9 inches ( 330 mm ) ( diagonal ) multi-touch display with LED backlighting and an oleophobic , fingerprint and scratch - resistant coating , Antireflective coating 9.7 inches ( 250 mm ) ( diagonal ) multi-touch display with LED backlighting and an oleophobic and scratch - resistant coating , Wide color display , True Tone display , Fully laminated display , Antireflective coating 12.9 inches ( 330 mm ) ( diagonal ) multi-touch display with LED backlighting and an oleophobic and scratch - resistant coating , Wide color display , True Tone display , Fully laminated display , Antireflective coating , ProMotion display ( 120 Hertz refresh rate ) 10.5 inches ( 270 mm ) ( diagonal ) multi-touch display with LED backlighting and an oleophobic and scratch - resistant coating , Wide color display , True Tone display , Fully laminated display , Antireflective coating , ProMotion display ( 120 Hertz refresh rate ) 2732 - by - 2048 pixel resolution 264 ppi ( Retina Display ) 2048 - by - 1536 pixel resolution at 264 ppi ( Retina Display ) 2732 - by - 2048 pixel resolution at 264 ppi ( Retina Display ) 2224 - by - 1668 pixel resolution at 264 ppi ( Retina Display ) Camera iSight 8 MP , ƒ / 2.4 aperture , HDR for photos , Autofocus , five - element lens , Hybrid IR filter , Backside illumination , Face Detection , Exposure control , Panorama ( up to 43 MP ) , Burst mode , Tap to focus , Photo geotagging , Timer mode , Video Recording , 1080p video recording ( 30 fps ) , Slo - mo video support for 720p at 120 fps , Time - lapse video , Video image stabilization , 3 × digital zoom , Video geotagging 12 MP , ƒ / 2.2 aperture , Auto HDR for photos , five - element lens , Hybrid IR filter , Backside illumination , Autofocus with Focus Pixels , Improved face detection , Exposure control , Panorama ( up to 63 MP ) , Burst mode , Tap to focus , Photo geotagging , Timer mode , Video Recording , Cinematic video stabilization , 4K video recording ( 30 fps ) , 1080p HD video recording at 30 fps or 60 fps , Slo - mo video support for 1080p at 120 fps and 720p at 240 fps , Time - lapse video , 3 × digital zoom , Live Photos , True Tone LED flash , Sapphire crystal lens cover , Improved local tone mapping , Improved noise reduction , Video geotagging 12 MP , ƒ / 1.8 aperture , Auto HDR for photos , Autofocus with Focus Pixels , six - element lens , Hybrid IR filter , Backside illumination , Improved face detection , Exposure control , Panorama ( up to 63 MP ) , Burst mode , Tap to focus , Photo and video geotagging , Timer mode , Video Recording , Cinematic video stabilization , 4K video recording ( 30 fps ) , 1080p HD video recording at 30fps or 60fps , Slo - mo video support for 1080p at 120 fps and 720p at 240 fps , Time - lapse video , 3 × digital zoom , True Tone LED flash , Sapphire crystal lens cover , Improved local tone mapping , Improved noise reduction FaceTime 1.2 MP , ƒ / 2.2 aperture , 720p HD video recording , Auto HDR for photos and videos , Backside illumination , Exposure control , Burst mode , Timer mode and Face Detection 5 MP , ƒ / 2.2 aperture , 720p HD video recording , Retina Flash , Auto HDR for photos and videos , Backside illumination , Exposure control , Burst mode , Timer mode and Face Detection 7 MP ƒ / 2.2 aperture , 1080p HD video recording , Auto HDR for photos and videos , Backside illumination , Exposure control , Burst mode , Timer mode and Face Detection Wireless Wi - Fi Wi - Fi ( 802.11 a / b / g / n / ac ) ; dual channel ( 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz ) ; HT80 with MIMO Bluetooth 4.2 technology Wi - Fi + Cellular Above plus : UMTS / HSPA / HSPA+ / DC - HSDPA ( 850 , 900 , 1700 / 2100 , 1900 , 2100 MHz ) ; GSM / EDGE ( 850 , 900 , 1800 , 1900 MHz ) , CDMA EV - DO Rev. A and Rev. B ( 800 , 1900 MHz ) , LTE ( Bands 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 7 , 8 , 13 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 25 , 26 , 28 , 29 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 ) , Data only , Includes Apple SIM ( U.S. , UK , and Germany only ) Above plus : UMTS / HSPA / HSPA+ / DC - HSDPA ( 850 , 900 , 1700 / 2100 , 1900 , 2100 MHz ) ; GSM / EDGE ( 850 , 900 , 1800 , 1900 MHz ) , CDMA EV - DO Rev. A and Rev. B ( 800 , 1900 MHz ) , LTE Advanced ( Bands 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 7 , 8 , 12 , 13 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 ) , Data only , Embedded Apple SIM Geolocation Wi - Fi Wi - Fi , Apple location databases , iBeacon microlocation Wi - Fi + Cellular Assisted GPS , GLONASS , Apple databases , Cellular network , iBeacon microlocation Environmental sensors Accelerometer , gyroscope , ambient light sensor , magnetometer , barometer Battery 3.77 V 38.8 W h ( 10,307 mA h ) rechargeable lithium ‐ polymer battery 3.82 V 27.91 W h ( 7306mA h ) rechargeable lithium ‐ polymer battery 3.77 V 30.8 W h ( 8134 mA h ) rechargeable lithium ‐ polymer battery Dimensions 305.7 mm ( 12.04 in ) ( h ) 220.6 mm ( 8.69 in ) ( w ) 6.9 mm ( 0.27 in ) ( d ) 240 mm ( 9.4 in ) ( h ) 169.5 mm ( 6.67 in ) ( w ) 6.1 mm ( 0.24 in ) ( d ) 305.7 mm ( 12.04 in ) ( h ) 220.6 mm ( 8.69 in ) ( w ) 6.9 mm ( 0.27 in ) ( d ) 250.6 mm ( 9.87 in ) ( h ) 174.1 mm ( 6.85 in ) ( w ) 6.1 mm ( 0.24 in ) ( d ) Weight Wi - Fi model : 1.57 lb ( 710 g ) Wi - Fi + Cellular model : 1.59 lb ( 720 g ) Wi - Fi : 437 g ( 0.963 lb ) Wi - Fi + Cellular : 444 g ( 0.979 lb ) Wi - Fi model : 677 g ( 1.49 lb ) Wi - Fi + Cellular model : 692 g ( 1.53 lb ) Wi - Fi : 469 g ( 1.03 lb ) Wi - Fi + Cellular 477 g ( 1.05 lb ) Mechanical keys Home , sleep , volume rocker Connector Lightning Connector , Apple Smart Connector Additional Features Four speaker audio Greenhouse gas emissions 240 kg CO e 210 kg CO e 122 kg CO e 100 kg CO e Restrictions Digital rights management For more details on the digital rights management restrictions , see iOS ( Apple ) § Digital rights management . The iPad does not employ digital rights management ( DRM ) , but the OS prevents users from copying or transferring certain content outside of Apple 's platform without authorization , such as TV shows , movies , and apps . Also , the iPad 's development model requires anyone creating an app for the iPad to sign a non-disclosure agreement and pay for a developer subscription . Critics argue Apple 's centralized app approval process and control of the platform itself could stifle software innovation . Of particular concern to digital rights advocates is Apple 's ability to remotely disable or delete apps on any iPad at any time . Digital rights advocates , including the Free Software Foundation , Electronic Frontier Foundation , and computer engineer and activist Brewster Kahle , have criticized the iPad for its digital rights restrictions . In April 2010 , Paul Sweeting , an analyst with GigaOM , was quoted by National Public Radio as saying , `` With the iPad , you have the anti-Internet in your hands ... It offers ( the major media companies ) the opportunity to essentially re-create the old business model , wherein they are pushing content to you on their terms rather than you going out and finding content , or a search engine discovering content for you . '' But Sweeting also thought that the limitations imposed by Apple impart the feeling of a safe neighborhood , saying , `` Apple is offering you a gated community where there 's a guard at the gate , and there 's probably maid service , too . '' Laura Sydell , the article 's author , concludes , `` As more consumers have fears about security on the Internet , viruses and malware , they may be happy to opt for Apple 's gated community . '' The Russian government has switched from iPads to Android devices over security concerns . Jailbreaking For more details on iPad jailbreaking , see iOS jailbreaking . Like certain iOS devices , the iPad can be `` jailbroken '' , depending on which version of iOS it is running , thus allowing applications and programs that are not authorized by Apple to run on the device . Once it is jailbroken , users are able to download many applications previously unavailable through the App Store via unofficial installers such as Cydia , as well as illegally pirated applications . Apple claims jailbreaking `` can '' void the factory warranty on the device in the United States even though jailbreaking is legal . The iPad , released in April 2010 , was first jailbroken in May 2010 with the Spirit jailbreak for iOS version 3.1. 2 . The iPad can be jailbroken on iOS versions 4.3 through 4.3. 3 with the web - based tool JailbreakMe 3.0 ( released in July 2011 ) , and on iOS versions including 5.0 and 5.0. 1 using redsn0w Absinthe 2.0 was released on May 25 , 2012 as the first jailbreak method for all iOS 5.1. 1 devices except the 32 nm version of the iPad 2 . Censorship Apple 's App Store , which provides iPhone and iPad applications , imposes censorship of content , which has become an issue for book publishers and magazines seeking to use the platform . The Guardian newspaper described the role of Apple as analogous to that of British magazine distributor WH Smith , which for many years imposed content restrictions . Due to the exclusion of pornography from the App Store , YouPorn and others changed their video format from Flash to H. 264 and HTML5 specifically for the iPad . In an e-mail exchange with Ryan Tate from Valleywag , Steve Jobs claimed that the iPad offers `` freedom from porn '' , leading to many upset replies including Adbustings in Berlin by artist Johannes P. Osterhoff and in San Francisco during WWDC10 . Reception On May 28 , 2010 , the iPad was released in Australia , Canada , and Japan , as well as in several larger European countries . Media reaction to the launch was mixed . The media noted the positive response from fans of the device , with thousands of people queued on the first day of sale in a number of these countries . Protesters of manufacturing conditions of the iPad in San Francisco in 2010 Reaction to the announcement Media reaction to the iPad announcement was mixed . Walter Mossberg wrote , `` It 's about the software , stupid '' , meaning hardware features and build are less important to the iPad 's success than software and user interface , his first impressions of which were largely positive . Mossberg also called the price `` modest '' for a device of its capabilities , and praised the ten - hour battery life . Others , including PC Advisor and the Sydney Morning Herald , wrote that the iPad would also compete with proliferating netbooks , most of which use Microsoft Windows . The base model 's $499 price was lower than pre-release estimates by the tech press , Wall Street analysts , and Apple 's competitors , all of whom were expecting a much higher entry price point . CNET also criticized the iPad for its apparent lack of wireless sync which other portable devices such as Microsoft 's Zune have had for a number of years . The built - in iTunes app is able to download from the Internet as well . Reviews Reviews of the iPad have been generally favorable . Walt Mossberg then , of The Wall Street Journal called it a `` pretty close '' laptop killer . David Pogue of The New York Times wrote a `` dual '' review , one part for technology - minded people , and the other part for non-technology - minded people . In the former section , he notes that a laptop offers more features for a cheaper price than the iPad . In his review for the latter audience , however , he claims that if his readers like the concept of the device and can understand what its intended uses are , then they will enjoy using the device . PC Magazine 's Tim Gideon wrote , `` you have yourself a winner '' that `` will undoubtedly be a driving force in shaping the emerging tablet landscape . '' Michael Arrington of TechCrunch said , `` the iPad beats even my most optimistic expectations . This is a new category of device . But it also will replace laptops for many people . '' PC World criticized the iPad 's file sharing and printing abilities , and Ars Technica said sharing files with a computer is `` one of our least favorite parts of the iPad experience . '' The media also praised the quantity of applications , as well as the bookstore and other media applications . In contrast they criticized the iPad for being a closed system and mentioned that the iPad faces competition from Android - based tablets , that outsold iPads in 2013 , surpassing iPads in the second quarter of 2013 , and have overtaken iPad 's installed base , and has lost majority of web browsing to Android , by StatCounter estimates , in South America , Africa , most of Asia -- many large countries there and in Eastern Europe . The Independent criticized the iPad for not being as readable in bright light as paper but praised it for being able to store large quantities of books . After its UK release , The Daily Telegraph said the iPad 's lack of Adobe Flash support was `` annoying . '' Recognition The iPad was selected by Time magazine as one of the 50 Best Inventions of the Year 2010 , while Popular Science chose it as the top gadget behind the overall `` Best of What 's New 2010 '' winner Groasis Waterboxx . Usage Market share iPad tablets still have a wide margin globally on second most used Android tablets . The market share , however , differs widely by regions ; and the iPad has lost market share globally , every year since 2012 ( when StatCounter started tracking tablets separately ) . According to StatCounter statistics , that tracks web use and gives operating system / platform share based on it , the iPad has lost majority of use in South America to Android , did also lose majority while gaining back in Asia and in Africa has lost by a wide margin , where Android is up to 70 % . Business While the iPad is mostly used by consumers , it also has been taken up by business users . Within 90 days of its release , the iPad managed to penetrate 50 % of Fortune 100 companies . Some companies are adopting iPads in their business offices by distributing or making available iPads to employees . Examples of uses in the workplace include attorneys responding to clients , medical professionals accessing health records during patient exams , and managers approving employee requests . A survey by Frost & Sullivan shows that iPad usage in office workplaces is linked to the goals of increased employee productivity , reduced paperwork , and increased revenue . The research firm estimates that `` The mobile - office application market in North America may reach $6.85 billion in 2015 , up from an estimated $1.76 billion ( in 2010 ) . '' Since March 2011 , the US Federal Aviation Administration has approved the iPad for in - cockpit use to cut down on the paper consumption in several airlines . In 2011 , Alaska Airlines became the first airline to replace pilots ' paper manuals with iPads , weighing 0.68 kg compared to 11 kg for the printed flight manuals . It hopes to have fewer back and muscle injuries . More than a dozen airlines have followed suit , including United , which has distributed 11,000 iPads to cockpits . Also , many airlines now offer their inflight magazine as a downloadable application for the iPad . Education and healthcare The iPad has several uses in the classroom , and has been praised as a valuable tool for homeschooling . Soon after the iPad was released , it was reported that 81 % of the top book apps were for children . The iPad has also been called a revolutionary tool to help children with autism learn how to communicate and socialize more easily . In the healthcare field , iPads and iPhones have been used to help hospitals manage their supply chain . For example , Novation , a healthcare contracting services company , developed VHA PriceLynx ( based on the mobile application platform of business intelligence software vendor MicroStrategy ) , a business intelligence app to help health care organizations manage its purchasing procedures more efficiently and save money for hospitals . Guillermo Ramas of Novation states , `` Doctors wo n't walk around a hospital with a laptop . With an iPad it 's perfect to walk around the hospital with as long as they have the information they need . '' In 2013 , Gianna Chien ( aged 14 ) presented to more than 8,000 doctors at the Heart Rhythm Society meeting that Apple iPad 2 can , in some cases , interfere with life - saving heart devices ( pace maker ) because of the magnets inside . Apple 's webpage has advised pacemaker users to keep iPads at least 6 - inches away from the pacemaker . Consumer usage In the United States , fans attending Super Bowl XLV , the first Super Bowl since the iPad was released , could use an official National Football League ( NFL ) app to navigate Cowboys Stadium . In 2011 , the Tampa Bay Buccaneers became the first NFL club to discontinue the use of paper copies of playbooks , and instead distributed all players their playbook and videos in electronic format via an iPad 2 . The iPad is able to support many music creation applications in addition to the iTunes music playback software . These include sound samplers , guitar and voice effects processors , sequencers for synthesized sounds and sampled loops , virtual synthesizers and drum machines , theremin - style and other touch responsive instruments , drum pads and many more . Gorillaz 's 2010 album , The Fall , was created almost exclusively using the iPad by Damon Albarn while on tour with the band . The music video for Luna Sea 's 2012 single , `` Rouge '' , was filmed entirely on an iPad . The iPad has also greatly increased social television use . Viewers can use the iPad as a convenient second networked computer ( or `` second screen '' ) for communicating with other viewers or with the television provider . Viewers can use a web browser or specialised applications to discuss a program with other viewers , while it is being broadcast , while content providers may use the second screen to interact with viewers in real time . For example , the latter facility allows content providers to conduct real - time polls or to collect comments about the program , that can be displayed as text on the main television screen . Viewer interaction via a second screen is becoming increasingly popular . Timeline Source : Apple press release library See also Apple Inc. portal Book : Apple Inc . Pen computing for a broad history of gesture - based user interfaces Apple media events for Apple media events in general . Comparison of : Tablet computers iOS devices E-book readers Microsoft Surface References Jump up ^ Buchanan , Matt ( March 5 , 2010 ) . `` Official : iPad Launching Here April 3 , Pre-Orders March 12 '' . Gizmodo . Gawker Media . Retrieved March 4 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` iPad Available in US on April 3 '' ( Press release ) . Apple . March 5 , 2010 . Retrieved March 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` iPad Wi - Fi + 3G Models Available in US on April 30 '' ( Press release ) . Apple . April 20 , 2010 . Retrieved April 20 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` iPad Air 2 goes on sale in ' limited supply ' at Apple Stores and John Lewis '' . The Enquirer . October 22 , 2014 . Retrieved November 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` iPad Mini 3 arrives in the UK priced from £ 319 '' . The Enquirer . October 22 , 2014 . Retrieved November 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kastrenakes , Jacob ( April 3 , 2015 ) . `` The iPad 's 5th anniversary : a timeline of Apple 's category - defining tablet '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Crothers , Brooke ( January 27 , 2010 ) . `` Inside the iPad : Apple 's new ' A4 ' chip '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Djuric , Miroslav ( April 3 , 2010 ) . `` iPad Wi - Fi Teardown '' . Ifixit.com . p. 2 . Retrieved April 17 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` iPad 2 Wi - Fi Teardown '' . iFixit . Retrieved March 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` iPad 3 teardown -- iFixit -- Page 3 '' . iFixit . Retrieved March 16 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Apple iPad Air 2 Review '' . Anandtech . November 7 , 2014 . Retrieved November 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Murphy , Samantha ( February 5 , 2013 ) . `` Apple 's 128GB iPad Now on Sale '' . Mashable . Retrieved March 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` iPad -- Technical specifications and accessories for iPad '' . Apple Inc . January 27 , 2010 . Retrieved January 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Djuric , Miroslav ( April 3 , 2010 ) . `` Apple A4 Teardown '' . iFixit . Retrieved April 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Apple iPad 2 GPU Performance Explored PowerVR SGX543MP2 Benchmarked '' . Anandtech . Retrieved March 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Apple A8X 's GPU - GXA6850 , Even Better Than I Thought '' . Anandtech . November 11 , 2014 . Retrieved November 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ iPad sales keep shrinking -- down another 20 percent - Recode Jump up ^ ' Clearance sale ' shows Apple 's iPad is over . It 's done The Register Jump up ^ `` Gartner Says Worldwide Tablet Sales Grew 68 Percent in 2013 , With Android Capturing 62 Percent of the Market '' ( Press release ) . Gartner . March 3 , 2014 . 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Retrieved March 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fleishman , Glenn ( February 2 , 2010 ) . `` Can You Get By with 250 MB of Data Per Month ? '' . TidBits . Retrieved February 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sheth , Niraj ( January 28 , 2010 ) . `` AT&T Gets A Vote Of Confidence From Apple With iPad Win '' . The Wall Street Journal . Dow Jones & Company . Retrieved January 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` AT&T Announces New Lower - Priced Wireless Data Plans to Make Mobile Internet More Affordable to More People '' ( Press release ) . AT&T . June 2 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2010 . Retrieved July 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` iPad with ultrafast wireless '' . Apple . Retrieved July 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Menn , Joseph ; Bradshaw , Tim ( May 27 , 2010 ) . `` Apple in control of iPad 's Europe launch '' . Financial Times . Retrieved May 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` iPad Available in Nine More Countries on May 28 '' ( Press release ) . Apple . May 7 , 2010 . Retrieved May 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Choo , Evelyn ( July 23 , 2010 ) . `` Eager fans in Singapore snap up iPad '' . Channel News Asia . Retrieved January 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Apple announces NZ iPad release date '' . www.stuff.co.nz . July 20 , 2010 . Retrieved January 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` iPad Available in Nine More Countries This Friday '' ( Press release ) . Apple . July 19 , 2010 . Retrieved January 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Israel retira prohibición para importación del iPad Tecnología '' ( in Spanish ) . El Nacional . March 23 , 2010 . Retrieved May 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Massive crowds turn out for iPad launch '' . China Daily . Xinhua . September 18 , 2010 . Retrieved September 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Harvey , Mike ( April 6 , 2010 ) . `` iPad launch marred by technical glitches '' . The Times . UK . Retrieved June 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Jim ( May 3 , 2010 ) . `` Apple Sells 1 Million iPads '' . CNBC . Retrieved May 4 , 2010 . 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Jump up ^ `` IOS 4.3 , GarageBand , and IMovie : What You Need to Know '' . PC World . IDG . Retrieved March 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The New iPad is Official '' . Engadget . AOL . February 28 , 2012 . Retrieved March 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Arthur , Charles ; Quinn , Ben ( February 28 , 2012 ) . `` iPad 3 rumoured to launch next week '' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Apple unveils new iPad with high - definition screen '' . BBC . March 7 , 2012 . Retrieved July 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Reardon , Marguerite ( March 12 , 2012 ) . `` Will 4G LTE devices ever roam internationally ? '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Apple Introduces iPad mini '' . Apple . October 23 , 2012 . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Stein , Scott ( March 18 , 2014 ) . `` iPad ( fall 2012 ) review '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . 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Vox Media . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Apple announces new 10.5 - inch iPad Pro '' . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bosker , Bianca ( May 25 , 2011 ) . `` Apple 's ' iPad 2 ' Wo n't Be A Smaller , 7 - Inch Version , Steve Jobs Suggests '' . The Huffington Post . AOL . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pogue , David ( January 13 , 2007 ) . `` Ultimate iPhone FAQs List , Part 2 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Expo Notes : iPad cases , touch gloves hot items on expo floor Tablets MacUser '' . Macworld . Retrieved May 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Broida , Rick ( January 28 , 2010 ) . `` Want to take notes on an iPad ? Here 's your stylus '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lal Shimpi , Brian Klug & Vivek Gowri , Anand ( April 7 , 2010 ) . `` Apple 's iPad - The AnandTech Review '' . AnandTech . p. 4 . Retrieved August 9 , 2012 . The display rotates smoothly to orient itself properly regardless of how you 're holding it . Jump up ^ `` iPad 's ' Mute ' Switch Replaced With Screen Rotation Lock . '' . MacRumors . March 12 , 2010 . Retrieved March 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Klug , Brian ; Shimpi , Anand Lal ; Gowri , Vivek ( March 19 , 2011 ) . `` The Apple iPad 2 Review '' . AnandTech . Retrieved July 29 , 2012 . Tapping on the preview exposes for the tapped region , but since the rear camera is fixed focus , focus does n't change . Jump up ^ Goldman , David ( March 2 , 2011 ) . `` IPad 2 : Thinner , faster , and with a Steve Jobs surprise '' . CNNMoney . Retrieved March 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` iPad - Make your iPad even better with accessories '' . Apple . Retrieved July 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` iPad 's lack of Flash / USB / Bluetooth is all about lock - in ( updated ) '' . ZDNet . CBS Interactive . February 1 , 2010 . Retrieved June 19 , 2010 . 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EE Times . Retrieved April 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Madway , Gabriel ( April 1 , 2010 ) . `` Special Report : iPad striptease : It 's what 's inside that counts '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ `` Samsung Supplies Apple With Touch Screen for New IPad '' . Bloomberg L.P . Retrieved April 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Oliver , Sam ( March 26 , 2010 ) . `` Delays cause Apple to switch iPad touch - panel orders to Wintek '' . Apple Insider . Retrieved April 17 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Harmsen , Peter ( April 2 , 2010 ) . `` Under the radar , Apple 's Asian suppliers work furiously '' . Google News . Google . Agence France - Presse . Retrieved April 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Maisto , Michelle ( June 10 , 2010 ) . `` Apple iPhone 4 to Trigger Gyroscope Onslaught : iSuppli '' . eWeek . Retrieved June 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Review : The 10.5 - inch iPad Pro is much more `` pro '' than what it replaces `` . Ars Technica . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 17 . 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Jump up ^ Gideon , Tim ( March 31 , 2010 ) . `` Apple iPad ( Wi - Fi ) '' . PC Magazine . Retrieved April 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Arrington , Michael ( April 2 , 2010 ) . `` The Unauthorized TechCrunch iPad Review '' . TechCrunch . AOL . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mediati , Nick ( April 5 , 2010 ) . `` iPad Struggles at Printing and Sharing Files '' . PC World . IDG . Retrieved May 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cheng , Jacqui ( April 7 , 2010 ) . `` Ars Technica reviews the iPad '' . Ars Technica . Condé Nast . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Phelan , David ( May 26 , 2010 ) . `` The iPad : what is it good for ? '' . The Independent . UK . Retrieved May 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bevan , Kate ( May 31 , 2010 ) . `` The best iPad media apps '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved June 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Android Ecosystem Takes the Baton from Apple iPad in the Tablet Race '' . ABIresearch . September 27 , 2013 . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tablet Installed Base to Reach Tipping Point in 2014 as Android Surpasses iOS '' . ABIresearch . June 20 , 2014 . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://gs.statcounter.com/#tablet-os-ww-monthly-201508-201508-map Jump up ^ Beaumont , Claudine ( May 24 , 2010 ) . `` Lack of Flash support on iPad ' annoying ' , say consumers '' . Daily Telegraph . UK . Retrieved April 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McCracken , Harry ( November 11 , 2010 ) . `` The 50 Best Inventions of 2010 : iPad '' . Time . Retrieved November 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Best of What 's New 2010 : Gadgets '' . Popular Science . Retrieved December 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Jannot , Mark ( November 5 , 2010 ) . `` Best of What 's New 2010 : Our 100 Innovations of the Year '' . Popular Science . Retrieved December 16 , 2010 . 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runner up of icc t20 cricket tournament 2007
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2007 ICC World Twenty20 Dates 11 September -- 24 September Administrator ( s ) International Cricket Council Cricket format Twenty20 International Tournament format ( s ) Group stage and Knockout Host ( s ) South Africa Champions India ( 1st title ) Runners - up Pakistan Participants 12 ( from 16 entrants ) Matches played 27 Player of the series Shahid Afridi Most runs Matthew Hayden ( 265 ) Most wickets Umar Gul ( 13 ) Official website www.icc-cricket.com 2009 →
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Pakistan
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2007 ICC World Twenty20
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2007 icc world twenty20
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2007 ICC World Twenty20 Dates 11 September -- 24 September Administrator ( s ) International Cricket Council Cricket format Twenty20 International Tournament format ( s ) Group stage and Knockout Host ( s ) South Africa Champions India ( 1st title ) Runners - up Pakistan Participants 12 ( from 16 entrants ) Matches played 27 Player of the series Shahid Afridi Most runs Matthew Hayden ( 265 ) Most wickets Umar Gul ( 13 ) Official website www.icc-cricket.com 2009 → The 2007 ICC World Twenty20 was the inaugural Twenty20 cricket world championship , contested in South Africa from 11 to 24 September 2007 . Twelve teams took part in the thirteen - day tournament -- the ten Test - playing nations and the finalists of the 2007 WCL Division One tournament : Kenya and Scotland . India won the tournament , beating Pakistan in the final . Contents ( hide ) 1 Rules and regulations 2 Qualification 3 Squads 4 Group Stages 4.1 Group A 4.2 Group B 4.3 Group C 4.4 Group D 5 Super 8s 5.1 Group E 5.2 Group F 6 Knockout stages 6.1 Semi-finals 6.2 Final 7 Records and statistics 8 Venues 9 Match officials 10 Media coverage 11 References 12 External links Rules and regulations ( edit ) ICC World T20 2007 BAN vs RSA During the group stage and Super Eight , points were awarded to the teams as follows : Results Points Win 2 points No Result 1 point Loss 0 points In case of a tie ( i.e. , both teams score exactly the same number of runs at the end of their respective innings ) , a bowl - out decided the winner . This was applicable in all stages of the tournament . The bowl - out was used to determine the result of only one game in this tournament -- the Group D game between India and Pakistan on 14 September ( scorecard ) . Within each group ( both group stage and Super Eight stage ) , teams were ranked against each other based on the following criteria : Higher number of points If equal , higher number of wins If still equal , higher net run rate If still equal , lower bowling strike rate If still equal , result of head to head meeting . Qualification ( edit ) See also : 2007 ICC World Cricket League Division One By finishing first and second in the 2007 WCL Division One , Kenya and Scotland qualified for the World Twenty20 . Squads ( edit ) Main article : 2007 ICC World Twenty20 squads Group stages ( edit ) The 12 participant teams were divided into four groups of three teams each . The groups were determined based on the rankings of the teams in Twenty20 as of 1 March 2007 . The top two teams from each group went through to the second stage of the tournament . All times given are South African Standard Time ( UTC + 02 : 00 ) Group a ( edit ) Team Seed Pts Pld NR NRR South Africa A1 0 0 + 0.974 Bangladesh A3 0 + 0.149 West Indies A2 0 0 0 − 1.233 Group A saw the only exit of a seeded team when the West Indies were eliminated after losing both their matches . Their first loss came after Chris Gayle 's record 117 runs was not enough to prevent South Africa from winning . 11 September 18 : 00 ( scorecard ) West Indies 205 / 6 ( 20 overs ) South Africa 208 / 2 ( 17.4 overs ) Chris Gayle 117 ( 57 ) Johan van der Wath 2 / 33 ( 4 ) Herschelle Gibbs 90 ( 55 ) Fidel Edwards 1 / 21 ( 3 ) South Africa won by 8 wickets Wanderers Stadium , Johannesburg Umpires : Mark Benson ( Eng ) and Daryl Harper ( Aus ) Player of the match : Chris Gayle ( WI ) Vernon Philander , Morne Morkel ( both SA ) and Ramnaresh Sarwan , Fidel Edwards ( both WI ) all made their T20I debuts . Chris Gayle became the first person to hit a century in an official Twenty20 International . He also scored the most sixes in one innings of Twenty20 with 10 . The West Indian first - wicket partnership of 145 between Chris Gayle and Devon Smith was the highest in Twenty20 international cricket . The West Indies beat their own record of giving away the most extras in a Twenty20 match , with 28 ( 4 leg - byes , 23 wides and a no - ball ) . 13 September 10 : 00 ( scorecard ) West Indies 164 / 8 ( 20 overs ) Bangladesh 165 / 4 ( 18 overs ) Devon Smith 51 ( 52 ) Shakib Al Hasan 4 / 34 ( 4 ) Aftab Ahmed 62 ( 49 ) Ramnaresh Sarwan 2 / 10 ( 2 ) Bangladesh won by 6 wickets Wanderers Stadium , Johannesburg Umpires : Mark Benson ( Eng ) and Nigel Llong ( Eng ) Player of the match : Mohammad Ashraful ( Ban ) South Africa and Bangladesh qualified for the Super 8s as a result of this match . 15 September 18 : 00 ( scorecard ) Bangladesh 144 ( 20.0 overs ) South Africa 146 / 3 ( 18.5 overs ) Aftab Ahmed 36 ( 14 ) Shaun Pollock 3 / 40 ( 3.3 ) Graeme Smith 41 ( 34 ) Abdur Razzak 2 / 26 ( 4 ) South Africa won by 7 wickets Newlands Cricket Ground , Cape Town Umpires : Asad Rauf ( Pak ) and Tony Hill ( NZ ) Player of the match : Morne Morkel ( SA ) Group B ( edit ) Team Seed Pts Pld NR NRR Australia B1 0 + 0.987 England B2 0 + 0.209 Zimbabwe B3 0 − 1.196 Group B started with World Champions Australia being defeated by Zimbabwe , Brendan Taylor scored 64 ( not out ) and saw the Africans home with one ball to spare . 12 September 18 : 00 ( scorecard ) Australia 138 / 9 ( 20 overs ) Zimbabwe 139 / 5 ( 19.5 overs ) Brad Hodge 35 ( 22 ) Elton Chigumbura 3 / 20 ( 3 ) Brendan Taylor 64 * ( 46 ) Stuart Clark 2 / 22 ( 4 ) Zimbabwe won by 5 wickets Newlands Cricket Ground , Cape Town Umpires : Asad Rauf ( Pak ) and Tony Hill ( NZ ) Player of the match : Brendan Taylor ( Zim ) Tatenda Taibu , Vusi Sibanda , Tawanda Mupariwa ( Zim ) and Brad Hodge , Mitchell Johnson ( both Aus ) all made their T20I debuts . 13 September 14 : 00 ( scorecard ) England 188 / 9 ( 20 overs ) Zimbabwe 138 / 8 ( 20 overs ) Kevin Pietersen 79 ( 37 ) Elton Chigumbura 4 / 31 ( 4 ) Brendan Taylor 47 ( 39 ) Dimitri Mascarenhas 3 / 18 ( 4 ) England won by 50 runs Newlands Cricket Ground , Cape Town Umpires : Asad Rauf ( Pak ) and Ian Howell ( SA ) Player of the match : Kevin Pietersen ( Eng ) Luke Wright , Darren Maddy and Chris Schofield ( Eng ) all made their T20I debuts . 14 September 14 : 00 ( scorecard ) England 135 all out ( 20 overs ) Australia 136 / 2 ( 14.5 overs ) Andrew Flintoff 31 ( 19 ) Nathan Bracken 3 / 16 ( 4 ) Matthew Hayden 67 * ( 43 ) Andrew Flintoff 1 / 25 ( 4 ) Australia won by 8 wickets Newlands Cricket Ground , Cape Town Umpires : Asad Rauf ( Pak ) and Ian Howell ( SA ) Player of the match : Nathan Bracken ( Aus ) Australia and England qualified for the Super 8s as a result of this match . Group C ( edit ) Team Seed Pts Pld NR NRR Sri Lanka C2 0 0 + 4.721 New Zealand C1 0 + 2.396 Kenya C3 0 0 0 − 8.047 In the first match Kenya scored the lowest Twenty20 International total of 73 against New Zealand and went on to lose with 12.2 overs and 9 wickets to spare . Kenya 's fate was sealed when they allowed Sri Lanka to post a Twenty20 world record of 260 in the group 's second match . Kenya were then bowled out for 88 and lost by a record 172 runs . 12 September 10 : 00 ( scorecard ) Kenya 73 ( 16.5 overs ) New Zealand 74 / 1 ( 7.4 overs ) Collins Obuya 18 ( 25 ) Mark Gillespie 4 / 7 ( 2.5 ) Lou Vincent 27 ( 20 ) Thomas Odoyo 1 / 22 ( 3 ) New Zealand won by 9 wickets Kingsmead , Durban Umpires : Billy Doctrove ( WI ) and Simon Taufel ( Aus ) Player of the match : Mark Gillespie ( NZ ) Nehemiah Odhiambo , Maurice Ouma ( Ken ) and Chris Martin ( cricketer ) , Daniel Vettori ( NZ ) all made their T20I debuts . Kenya 's score of 73 all out was the lowest ever score in a Twenty20 International . 14 September 10 : 00 ( scorecard ) Sri Lanka 260 / 6 ( 20 overs ) Kenya 88 ( 19.3 overs ) Sanath Jayasuriya 88 ( 44 ) Jimmy Kamande 3 / 48 ( 4 ) Alex Obanda 21 ( 25 ) Tillakaratne Dilshan 2 / 4 ( 1.3 ) Sri Lanka won by 172 runs Wanderers Stadium , Johannesburg Umpires : Daryl Harper ( Aus ) and Nigel Llong ( Eng ) Player of the match : Sanath Jayasuriya ( SL ) Jehan Mubarak and Gayan Wijekoon ( both SL ) made their T20I debuts . Sri Lanka 's score of 260 for six was the highest recorded in any top - level Twenty20 match . They also recorded the largest margin of victory in Twenty20 Internationals . Sri Lanka and New Zealand qualified for the Super 8s as a result of this match . 15 September 14 : 00 ( scorecard ) New Zealand 164 / 7 ( 20 overs ) Sri Lanka 168 / 3 ( 18.5 overs ) Ross Taylor 62 ( 42 ) Dilhara Fernando 2 / 31 ( 4 ) Sanath Jayasuriya 61 ( 44 ) Daniel Vettori 2 / 23 ( 4 ) Sri Lanka won by 7 wickets Wanderers Stadium , Johannesburg Umpires : Mark Benson ( Eng ) Daryl Harper ( Aus ) Player of the match : Sanath Jayasuriya ( SL ) Group D ( edit ) Team Seed Pts Pld NR NRR India D2 0 + 0.000 Pakistan D1 0 + 1.275 Scotland D3 0 − 2.550 India and Pakistan played in the first ever World Twenty20 bowl - out . India 's bowlers defeated Pakistan 3 -- 0 . 12 September 14 : 00 ( scorecard ) Pakistan 171 / 9 ( 20 overs ) Scotland 120 ( 19.5 overs ) Younis Khan 41 ( 29 ) Craig Wright 3 / 29 ( 4 ) Fraser Watts 46 ( 35 ) Shahid Afridi 4 / 19 ( 4 ) Pakistan won by 51 runs Kingsmead , Durban Umpires : Steve Davis ( Aus ) and Simon Taufel ( Aus ) Player of the match : Shahid Afridi 13 September 18 : 00 ( scorecard ) India Scotland Match Abandoned -- No Result Kingsmead , Durban Umpires : Steve Davis ( Aus ) and Simon Taufel ( Aus ) Pakistan qualified for the Super 8s as a result of this match . 14 September 18 : 00 ( scorecard ) India 141 / 9 ( 20 overs ) Pakistan 141 / 7 ( 20 overs ) Robin Uthappa 50 ( 39 ) Mohammad Asif 4 / 18 ( 4 ) Misbah - ul - Haq 53 ( 35 ) Irfan Pathan 2 / 20 ( 4 ) Match tied , India won bowl - out ( 3 -- 0 , Ind XXX , Pak OOO ) Kingsmead , Durban Umpires : Billy Doctrove ( WI ) and Simon Taufel ( Aus ) Player of the match : Mohammad Asif Sohail Tanvir ( Pak ) made his T20I debut . After the match ended in a tie , the winner was decided out of a bowl out . India won the bowl out and qualified for the Super 8s as a result of this match . Super 8s ( edit ) This tournament 's Super Eight format was designed such that the top 2 seeds from each group was pre-decided at the start of the tournament . The actual performance of the team in the Group Stage played no role in determining if the team qualified into Super Eight Group E or F. For example , in Group C , though Sri Lanka finished with more points than New Zealand , for the purpose of the Super Eight groupings , New Zealand retained the group 's top seed position ( C1 ) while Sri Lanka retained the group 's second seed position ( C2 ) . In case a third - seeded team qualified ahead of the two top - seeded teams , it took on the seed of the eliminated team . This only happened in Group A , where Bangladesh ( original seed A3 ) qualified ahead of West Indies ( original seed A2 ) and therefore took on the A2 spot in Group F. The other seven top seeds qualified . The eight teams were divided into two groups of four teams each . The two top teams from each Super Eight group qualified for the semi-finals . Group E ( edit ) Team Pts Pld NR NRR India 0 + 0.750 New Zealand 0 + 0.050 South Africa 0 − 0.116 England 0 0 0 − 0.700 16 September 10 : 00 ( scorecard ) New Zealand 190 ( 20 overs ) India 180 / 9 ( 20 overs ) Brendon McCullum 45 ( 31 ) Harbhajan Singh 2 / 24 ( 4 ) Gautam Gambhir 51 ( 33 ) Daniel Vettori 4 / 20 ( 4 ) New Zealand won by 10 runs Wanderers Stadium , Johannesburg Umpires : Mark Benson ( Eng ) and Nigel Llong ( Eng ) Player of the match : Daniel Vettori ( NZ ) 16 September 18 : 00 ( scorecard ) South Africa 154 / 8 ( 20 overs ) England 135 / 7 ( 20 overs ) Albie Morkel 43 ( 20 ) Stuart Broad 3 / 37 ( 4 ) Owais Shah 36 ( 31 ) Albie Morkel 2 / 12 ( 2 ) South Africa won by 19 runs Newlands Cricket Ground , Cape Town Umpires : Asad Rauf ( Pak ) and Tony Hill ( NZ ) Player of the match : Albie Morkel ( SA ) 18 September 10 : 00 ( scorecard ) New Zealand 164 / 9 ( 20 overs ) England 159 / 8 ( 20 overs ) Craig McMillan 57 ( 31 ) James Anderson 2 / 24 ( 4 ) Darren Maddy 50 ( 31 ) Shane Bond 2 / 20 ( 4 ) New Zealand won by 5 runs Kingsmead , Durban Umpires : Billy Doctrove ( WI ) and Simon Taufel ( Aus ) Player of the match : Craig McMillan ( NZ ) 19 September 14 : 00 ( scorecard ) New Zealand 153 / 8 ( 20 overs ) South Africa 158 / 4 ( 19.1 overs ) Craig McMillan 48 ( 25 ) Morné Morkel 4 / 16 ( 4 ) Justin Kemp 89 * ( 56 ) Mark Gillespie 2 / 11 ( 3.1 ) South Africa won by 6 wickets Kingsmead , Durban Umpires : Billy Doctrove ( WI ) and Simon Taufel ( Aus ) Player of the match : Justin Kemp ( SA ) Nathan McCullum ( NZ ) made his T20I debut . England eliminated and lost the chance to play the semis as a result of this match . 19 September 18 : 00 ( scorecard ) India 218 / 4 ( 20 overs ) England 200 / 6 ( 20 overs ) Virender Sehwag 68 ( 42 ) Chris Tremlett 2 / 45 ( 4 ) Vikram Solanki 43 ( 31 ) Irfan Pathan 3 / 37 ( 4 ) India won by 18 runs Kingsmead , Durban Umpires : Billy Doctrove ( WI ) and Simon Taufel ( Aus ) Player of the match : Yuvraj Singh ( IND ) Rohit Sharma , Joginder Sharma ( Ind ) and Chris Tremlett ( Eng ) made their T20I debuts . Yuvraj Singh scored the fastest fifty in an official Twenty20 International from just 12 deliveries faced ( previous best was 20 balls by Mohammed Ashraful in the same tournament ) and also became the fourth cricketer in all official forms of cricket and the first in Twenty20 to hit 6 sixes in an over . Stuart Broad was the bowler . This was the highest score against a Test team during the tournament . 20 September 18 : 00 ( scorecard ) India 153 / 5 ( 20 overs ) South Africa 116 / 9 ( 20 overs ) Rohit Sharma 50 ( 40 ) Shaun Pollock 2 / 17 ( 4 ) Albie Morkel 36 ( 37 ) R.P. Singh 4 / 13 ( 4 ) India won by 37 runs Kingsmead , Durban Umpires : Billy Doctrove ( WI ) and Simon Taufel ( Aus ) Player of the match : Rohit Sharma ( Ind ) After three teams finished on equal points New Zealand and India advanced to the semi-finals by having higher net run rates . The hosts , South Africa , were eliminated as a result of this match . Group F. ( edit ) Team Pts Pld NR NRR Pakistan 6 0 0 + 0.843 Australia 0 + 2.256 Sri Lanka 0 − 0.697 Bangladesh 0 0 0 − 2.031 16 September 14 : 00 ( scorecard ) Bangladesh 123 / 8 ( 20 overs ) Australia 124 / 1 ( 13.5 overs ) Tamim Iqbal 32 ( 40 ) Brett Lee 3 / 27 ( 4 ) Matthew Hayden 73 * ( 48 ) Mashrafe Mortaza 0 / 27 ( 3.5 ) Australia won by 9 wickets Newlands Cricket Ground , Cape Town Umpires : Asad Rauf ( Pak ) and Ian Howell ( SA ) Player of the match : Brett Lee ( Aus ) Brett Lee took the first ever hat - trick in a T20I match . 17 September 18 : 00 ( scorecard ) Pakistan 189 / 6 ( 20 overs ) Sri Lanka 156 / 9 ( 20 overs ) Shoaib Malik 57 ( 31 ) Lasith Malinga 3 / 43 ( 4 ) Chamara Silva 38 ( 27 ) Shahid Afridi 3 / 18 ( 4 ) Pakistan won by 33 runs Wanderers Stadium , Johannesburg Umpires : Daryl Harper ( Aus ) and Nigel Llong ( Eng ) Player of the match : Younis Khan ( Pak ) 18 September 14 : 00 ( scorecard ) Australia 164 / 7 ( 20 overs ) Pakistan 165 / 4 ( 19.1 overs ) Michael Hussey 37 ( 25 ) Sohail Tanvir 3 / 31 ( 4 ) Misbah - ul - Haq 66 ( 42 ) Stuart Clark 3 / 27 ( 4 ) Pakistan won by 6 wickets Wanderers Stadium , Johannesburg Umpires : Mark Benson ( Eng ) and Nigel Llong ( Eng ) Player of the match : Misbah - ul - Haq ( Pak ) 18 September 18 : 00 ( scorecard ) Sri Lanka 147 / 5 ( 20 overs ) Bangladesh 83 ( 15.5 overs ) Jehan Mubarak 31 * ( 19 ) Mahmudullah 1 / 19 ( 4 ) Aftab Ahmed 18 ( 11 ) Sanath Jayasuriya 2 / 4 ( 1.5 ) Sri Lanka won by 64 runs Wanderers Stadium , Johannesburg Umpires : Mark Benson ( Eng ) and Daryl Harper ( Aus ) Player of the match : Dilhara Fernando ( Sri ) Pakistan qualified for the semi-finals as a result of this match . Bangladesh was eliminated from the tournament . 20 September 10 : 00 ( scorecard ) Sri Lanka 101 ( 19.3 overs ) Australia 102 / 0 ( 10.2 overs ) Jehan Mubarak 28 ( 26 ) Stuart Clark 4 / 20 ( 4 ) Matthew Hayden 58 * ( 38 ) Australia won by 10 wickets Newlands Cricket Ground , Cape Town Umpires : Asad Rauf ( Pak ) and Ian Howell ( SA ) Player of the match : Stuart Clark ( Aus ) Australia qualified for the semi-finals as a result of this match . Sri Lanka was eliminated from the tournament . This was the first time a team chased a total in the tournament with all 10 wickets intact , making it the biggest margin of victory in terms of wickets . 20 September 14 : 00 ( scorecard ) Bangladesh 140 ( 19.4 overs ) Pakistan 141 / 6 ( 19 overs ) Junaid Siddique 71 ( 49 ) Shoaib Malik 2 / 15 ( 2 ) Shahid Afridi 39 ( 15 ) Abdur Razzak 2 / 16 ( 4 ) Pakistan won by 4 wickets Newlands Cricket Ground , Cape Town Umpires : Ian Howell ( SA ) and Tony Hill ( NZ ) Player of the match : Junaid Siddique ( Ban ) Knockout stages ( edit ) Semi-finals Final 22 September -- Newlands Cricket Ground , Cape Town New Zealand 143 / 8 ( 20 ov ) Pakistan 147 / 4 ( 18.5 ov ) 24 September -- Wanderers Stadium , Johannesburg Pakistan 152 ( 19.3 ov ) India 157 / 5 ( 20 ov ) 22 September -- Kingsmead , Durban India 188 / 5 ( 20 ov ) Australia 173 / 7 ( 20 ov ) Semi-finals ( edit ) 22 September 13 : 00 ( scorecard ) New Zealand 143 / 8 ( 20 overs ) Pakistan 147 / 4 ( 18.5 overs ) Ross Taylor 37 * ( 23 ) Umar Gul 3 / 15 ( 4 ) Imran Nazir 59 ( 41 ) Scott Styris 1 / 14 ( 3 ) Pakistan won by 6 wickets Newlands Cricket Ground , Cape Town Attendance : 18 734 Umpires : Daryl Harper ( AUS ) and Simon Taufel ( AUS ) Player of the match : Umar Gul ( Pak ) 22 September 18 : 00 ( scorecard ) India 188 / 5 ( 20 overs ) Australia 173 / 7 ( 20 overs ) Yuvraj Singh 70 ( 30 ) Mitchell Johnson 2 / 31 ( 4 ) Matthew Hayden 62 ( 47 ) Sreesanth 2 / 12 ( 4 ) India won by 15 runs Kingsmead , Durban Umpires : Asad Rauf ( PAK ) and MR Benson ( ENG ) Player of the match : Yuvraj Singh ( IND ) Final ( edit ) Main article : 2007 ICC World Twenty20 Final 24 September 14 : 00 ( scorecard ) India 157 / 5 ( 20 overs ) Pakistan 152 all out ( 19.3 overs ) Gautam Gambhir 75 ( 54 ) Umar Gul 3 / 38 ( 4 ) Misbah - ul - Haq 43 ( 38 ) Irfan Pathan 3 / 16 ( 4 ) India won by 5 runs Wanderers Stadium , Johannesburg Attendance : 32,217 Umpires : Mark Benson ( ENG ) , Simon Taufel ( AUS ) Player of the match : Irfan Pathan ( Ind ) Yusuf Pathan ( Ind ) made his T20I debut . India won the toss and chose to bat on what was considered to be a traditionally batsman - friendly pitch at the Bullring . Umar Gul took the wickets of both Yuvraj Singh and Mahendra Singh Dhoni , leaving India with 157 / 5 in 20 overs ; only Gautam Gambhir ( 75 from 54 balls ) produced a notable innings . A 21 - run over from Sreesanth swung the game towards Pakistan . However , Irfan Pathan ( 3 -- 16 ) and Joginder Sharma ( 2 -- 20 ) slowed the scoring dramatically . With Pakistan needing 54 from 24 balls , Misbah - ul - Haq hit 3 sixes off Harbhajan Singh in one over . Sreesanth was also dispatched for 2 sixes but took the wicket of Sohail Tanvir , as Pakistan went into the last over needing 13 runs to win , with only 1 wicket remaining . Joginder Sharma bowled a wide first ball , followed by a dot ball . Misbah followed by taking six off a full - toss ; Pakistan needed just 6 runs to win from the last four balls . Misbah attempted to hit the next ball with a paddle - scoop over fine leg , but he only managed to sky the ball , and it was caught at short fine - leg by Sreesanth , leaving Pakistan all out for 152 runs . Irfan Pathan was awarded the Man of the Match for his spell , which included 3 wickets for 16 runs , including that of Man of the Series , Shahid Afridi . Records and statistics ( edit ) Main article : 2007 ICC World Twenty20 statistics Venues ( edit ) All matches were played at the following three grounds : Newlands Cricket Ground , Cape Town Sahara Stadium Kingsmead , Durban Wanderers Stadium , Johannesburg Match officials ( edit ) Main article : 2007 ICC World Twenty20 officials The umpires were selected from the Elite Panel of ICC Umpires and the ICC International umpire panel and the referees from the Panel of ICC Referees . Media coverage ( edit ) Coverage of the 2007 ICC World Twenty20 was as follows : Television networks Africa -- Supersport ( Live ) Australia -- Fox Sports ( Live ) Australia -- Nine Network Bangladesh -- Bangladesh Television ( In group stage 2 Bangladesh match only ) ( Live ) Canada -- Asian Television Network ( Live ) Caribbean -- Caribbean Media Corporation ( Live ) India -- ESPN ( Live ) -- English India -- STAR Cricket ( Live ) -- Hindi Jamaica -- Television Jamaica ( Live ) Middle East -- Ten Sports ( Live ) New Zealand -- SKY Network Television ( Live ) Pakistan -- GEO Super ( Live ) Pakistan -- Pakistan Television Corporation ( Live ) Sri Lanka -- Sirasa Network ( Live ) United Kingdom -- Sky Sports ( Live ) United States -- DirecTV CricketTicket ( Live ) Radio Networks Africa -- All Jazz Radio Australia -- Australian live radio Bangladesh -- DhakaFM Canada -- CBC radio one Caribbean ; Radio airplay India -- All India Radio Jamaica -- Radio Jamaica Limited Middle East -- Top Fm radio New Zealand -- Radio pacific Pakistan -- Radio Pakistan Sri Lanka -- Radio Sri Lanka , Sinhala Radio Service United Kingdom -- BBC Radio 5 Live United States -- WHTZ - FM -- Z - 100 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` T20 World Cup 2007 '' . cricketwa . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ Soni , Paresh ( 24 September 2007 ) . `` ICC World Twenty20 '' . BBC . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 24 . India beat Pakistan in the World Twenty20 final by five runs to clinch their first major trophy since 1983 . Jump up ^ Playing conditions Archived 20 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine. , from ICC World Twenty20 homepage , retrieved 12 September 2007 Jump up ^ Final WorldTwenty20 Playing conditions Archived 11 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine. , from ICC World Twenty20 homepage , retrieved 12 September 2007 Jump up ^ A long way from home `` ... place among the big boys in the inaugural Twenty20 World Championship in South Africa this September ... '' from Cricinfo , retrieved 9 April 2007 Jump up ^ `` Twenty20 WC : India , Pak in same group '' . Rediff.com. 13 June 2007 . Archived from the original on 17 May 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Twenty20 World Championship Schedule announced '' . SportsAustralia.com. 15 May 2007 . Archived from the original on 17 May 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ Tournament format , from ICC World Twenty20 homepage , retrieved 8 September 2007 Jump up ^ Veera , Sriram ( 16 September 2007 ) . `` Hayden and Lee power Australian win '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Arch rivals sight redemption in dream T20 final '' . AFP . 23 September 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 25 . With fellow master - blasters Dhoni and Pakistan 's Shahid Afridi both due to take the field at the batsman - friendly Wanderers here , a sell - out crowd on what is a bank holiday in South Africa can expect another run-fest . External links ( edit ) Recent rule changes for Twenty20 Cricket . Follow the link to download a . pdf file of ALL the rules Wikinews has news related to : 2007 Twenty20 World Championship Official Website 2007 World Twenty20 Championship Latest News CricketEurope article on ICC World Twenty20 Cricinfo article on ground allocation Sky Sports News BBC Sport article on fixture announcement Official fixture list , from Cricket South Africa Match Statistics & Results on ESPNcricinfo Progressive ICC rankings for Tests , ODIs and Twenty20 on ESPNcricinfo India vs New Zealand 2007 ICC Twenty20 world cup 13th Match summary ICC World Twenty20 Tournaments South Africa 2007 England 2009 West Indies 2010 Sri Lanka 2012 Bangladesh 2014 India 2016 Australia 2020 India 2021 Qualifying 2007 2009 2012 2014 2016 2020 Finals 2007 2009 2012 2014 2016 Squads 2007 2009 2012 2014 2016 Statistics 2007 2009 2012 2014 2016 Awards Format History Hosts Qualification Records Centuries Teams Officials Trophy 2007 ICC World Twenty20 general information Squads Officials Stats & Records International cricket in 2007 -- 08 Preceding season : International cricket in 2007 September 2007 2007 ICC World Twenty20 October 2007 Pakistan v South Africa India v Australia Intercontinental Cup November 2007 Sri Lanka v England Australia v Sri Lanka India v Pakistan South Africa v New Zealand Zimbabwe v West Indies December 2007 Chappell -- Hadlee Trophy Australia v India South Africa v West Indies New Zealand v Bangladesh January 2008 Pakistan v Zimbabwe February 2008 ICC U / 19 Cricket World Cup Commonwealth Bank Series New Zealand v England Bangladesh v South Africa Women 's Ashes March 2008 India v South Africa West Indies v Sri Lanka Bangladesh v Ireland Following season : International cricket in 2008 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2007_ICC_World_Twenty20&oldid=848205017 '' Categories : 2007 ICC World Twenty20 2007 in South African cricket ICC World Twenty20 International cricket competitions in 2007 International cricket competitions in South Africa September 2007 sports events Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from February 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Deutsch Français हिन्दी Italiano മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu नेपाली ଓଡ଼ିଆ Polski සිංහල தமிழ் اردو 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 June 2018 , at 12 : 24 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%20ICC%20World%20Twenty20
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who is the leader of the united kingdom 2017
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The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom is the head of Her Majesty 's Government in the United Kingdom . The Prime Minister ( informally abbreviated to PM ) and Cabinet ( consisting of all the most senior ministers , most of whom are government department heads ) are collectively accountable for their policies and actions to the Monarch , to Parliament , to their political party and ultimately to the electorate . The office is one of the Great Offices of State . The current holder of the office , Theresa May , leader of the Conservative Party , was appointed by the Queen on 13 July 2016 .
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Theresa May
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Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
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prime minister of the united kingdom
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The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom is the head of Her Majesty 's Government in the United Kingdom . The Prime Minister ( informally abbreviated to PM ) and Cabinet ( consisting of all the most senior ministers , most of whom are government department heads ) are collectively accountable for their policies and actions to the Monarch , to Parliament , to their political party and ultimately to the electorate . The office is one of the Great Offices of State . The current holder of the office , Theresa May , leader of the Conservative Party , was appointed by the Queen on 13 July 2016 .
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The office is not established by any statute or constitutional document but exists only by long - established convention , which stipulates that the monarch must appoint as Prime Minister the person most likely to command the confidence of the House of Commons ; this individual is typically the leader of the political party or coalition of parties that holds the largest number of seats in that chamber . The position of Prime Minister was not created ; it evolved slowly and erratically over three hundred years due to numerous acts of Parliament , political developments , and accidents of history . The office is therefore best understood from a historical perspective . The origins of the position are found in constitutional changes that occurred during the Revolutionary Settlement ( 1688 -- 1720 ) and the resulting shift of political power from the Sovereign to Parliament . Although the Sovereign was not stripped of the ancient prerogative powers and legally remained the head of government , politically it gradually became necessary for him or her to govern through a Prime Minister who could command a majority in Parliament . By the 1830s the Westminster system of government ( or cabinet government ) had emerged ; the Prime Minister had become primus inter pares or the first among equals in the Cabinet and the head of government in the United Kingdom . The political position of Prime Minister was enhanced by the development of modern political parties , the introduction of mass communication ( inexpensive newspapers , radio , television and the internet ) , and photography . By the start of the 20th century the modern premiership had emerged ; the office had become the pre-eminent position in the constitutional hierarchy vis - à - vis the Sovereign , Parliament and Cabinet . Prior to 1902 , the Prime Minister sometimes came from the House of Lords , provided that his government could form a majority in the Commons . However as the power of the aristocracy waned during the 19th century the convention developed that the Prime Minister should always sit in the lower house . As leader of the House of Commons , the Prime Minister 's authority was further enhanced by the Parliament Act of 1911 which marginalised the influence of the House of Lords in the law - making process . The Prime Minister is ex officio also First Lord of the Treasury and Minister for the Civil Service . Certain privileges , such as residency of 10 Downing Street , are accorded to Prime Ministers by virtue of their position as First Lord of the Treasury . Contents ( hide ) 1 Authority 2 Constitutional background 3 Foundations 3.1 Revolutionary settlement 3.2 Treasury Bench 3.3 Standing Order 66 3.4 Beginnings of the Prime Minister 's party leadership 3.5 Cabinet 3.6 `` One Party Government '' 3.7 Treasury Commission 4 Early Prime Ministers 4.1 `` First '' Prime Minister 4.2 Ambivalence and denial 5 `` First among equals '' 5.1 Emergence of Cabinet government 5.2 Loyal Opposition 5.3 Great Reform Act and the Premiership 5.4 Populist Prime Ministers 6 Modern premiership 6.1 Parliament Act and the premiership 6.2 `` Presidential '' Premiership 6.3 Powers and constraints 7 Precedence , privileges and form of address 8 Living former Prime Ministers 9 Lists and groupings 10 Notes 11 References 12 Works cited 13 External links Authority ( edit ) The Prime Minister is the head of Her Majesty 's Government in the United Kingdom . As the `` Head of Her Majesty 's Government '' the modern Prime Minister leads the Cabinet ( the Executive ) . In addition , the Prime Minister leads a major political party and generally commands a majority in the House of Commons ( the lower House of the legislature ) . As such , the incumbent wields both significant legislative and executive powers . Under the British system , there is a unity of powers rather than separation . In the House of Commons , the Prime Minister guides the law - making process with the goal of enacting the legislative agenda of their political party . In an executive capacity , the Prime Minister appoints ( and may dismiss ) all other Cabinet members and ministers , and co-ordinates the policies and activities of all government departments , and the staff of the Civil Service . The Prime Minister also acts as the public `` face '' and `` voice '' of Her Majesty 's Government , both at home and abroad . Solely upon the advice of the Prime Minister , the Sovereign exercises many statutory and prerogative powers , including high judicial , political , official and Church of England ecclesiastical appointments ; the conferral of peerages and some knighthoods , decorations and other important honours . Constitutional background ( edit ) Main article : Constitution of the United Kingdom United Kingdom This article is part of a series on the politics and government of the United Kingdom Constitution ( show ) Constitution Cabinet Manual Erskine May Taxation The Crown ( show ) British Monarchy Monarch Queen Elizabeth II Heir apparent The Prince of Wales Royal family Succession to the British throne Royal prerogative Executive ( show ) HM Government Prime Minister Theresa May Cabinet Current ministry Her Majesty 's Civil Service Departments Executive agencies Public bodies Privy Council Crown - in - Council Queen Elizabeth II Legislature ( show ) Parliament ( 56th Parliament ) Crown - in - Parliament Queen Elizabeth II House of Lords Lord Speaker The Lord Fowler House of Commons Speaker John Bercow Leader of the Opposition Jeremy Corbyn Her Majesty 's Loyal Opposition Shadow Cabinet State Opening of Parliament Prime Minister 's Questions Act of Parliament Statutory Instruments Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court President The Baroness Hale of Richmond Deputy President The Lord Mance Judges of the Supreme Court Courts of the United Kingdom Courts of England and Wales Courts of Scotland Courts of Northern Ireland Devolution ( show ) Joint Ministerial Committee Scotland Government Parliament Wales Government National Assembly Reserved matters Northern Ireland Executive Assembly Administrative geography ( show ) England Subdivisions of England Local government in England Scotland Subdivisions of Scotland Local government in Scotland Wales Local government in Wales Northern Ireland Local government in Northern Ireland Elections ( show ) Parliament constituencies Political parties Last election Next election Referendums Foreign relations ( show ) History Foreign policy UK and the United Nations Politics of the European Union Commonwealth of Nations United Kingdom portal Other countries Atlas The British system of government is based on an uncodified constitution , meaning that it is not set out in any single document . The British constitution consists of many documents and most importantly for the evolution of the Office of the Prime Minister , it is based on customs known as constitutional conventions that became accepted practice . In 1928 , Prime Minister H.H. Asquith described this characteristic of the British constitution in his memoirs : In this country we live ... under an unwritten Constitution . It is true that we have on the Statute - book great instruments like Magna Carta , the Petition of Right , and the Bill of Rights which define and secure many of our rights and privileges ; but the great bulk of our constitutional liberties and ... our constitutional practices do not derive their validity and sanction from any Bill which has received the formal assent of the King , Lords and Commons . They rest on usage , custom , convention , often of slow growth in their early stages , not always uniform , but which in the course of time received universal observance and respect . The relationships between the Prime Minister and the Sovereign , Parliament and Cabinet are defined largely by these unwritten conventions of the constitution . Many of the Prime Minister 's executive and legislative powers are actually royal prerogatives which are still formally vested in the Sovereign , who remains the head of state . Despite its growing dominance in the constitutional hierarchy , the Premiership was given little formal recognition until the 20th century ; the legal fiction was maintained that the Sovereign still governed directly . The position was first mentioned in statute only in 1917 , in the schedule of the Chequers Estate Act . Increasingly during the 20th century , the office and role of Prime Minister featured in statute law and official documents ; however , the Prime Minister 's powers and relationships with other institutions still largely continue to derive from ancient royal prerogatives and historic and modern constitutional conventions . Prime Ministers continue to hold the position of First Lord of the Treasury and , since November 1968 , that of Minister for the Civil Service , the latter giving them authority over the civil service . Under this arrangement , Britain might appear to have two executives : the Prime Minister and the Sovereign . The concept of `` the Crown '' resolves this paradox . The Crown symbolises the state 's authority to govern : to make laws and execute them , impose taxes and collect them , declare war and make peace . Before the `` Glorious Revolution '' of 1688 , the Sovereign exclusively wielded the powers of the Crown ; afterwards , Parliament gradually forced monarchs to assume a neutral political position . Parliament has effectively dispersed the powers of the Crown , entrusting its authority to responsible ministers ( the Prime Minister and Cabinet ) , accountable for their policies and actions to Parliament , in particular the elected House of Commons . Although many of the Sovereign 's prerogative powers are still legally intact , constitutional conventions have removed the monarch from day - to - day governance , with ministers exercising the royal prerogatives , leaving the monarch in practice with three constitutional rights : to be kept informed , to advise , and to warn . Foundations ( edit ) Revolutionary Settlement ( edit ) See also : Glorious Revolution Because the Premiership was not intentionally created , there is no exact date when its evolution began . A meaningful starting point , however , is 1688 -- 9 when James II fled England and the Parliament of England confirmed William and Mary as joint constitutional monarchs , enacting legislation that limited their authority and that of their successors : the Bill of Rights ( 1689 ) , the Mutiny Bill ( 1689 ) , the Triennial Bill ( 1694 ) , the Treason Act ( 1696 ) and the Act of Settlement ( 1701 ) . Known collectively as the Revolutionary Settlement , these acts transformed the constitution , shifting the balance of power from the Sovereign to Parliament . They also provided the basis for the evolution of the office of Prime Minister , which did not exist at that time . Treasury Bench ( edit ) Late in the 17th century Treasury Ministers began to attend the Commons regularly . They were given a reserved place , called the Treasury Bench , to the Speaker 's right where the Prime Minister and senior Cabinet members sit today . The Revolutionary Settlement gave the Commons control over finances and legislation and changed the relationship between the Executive and the Legislature . For want of money , Sovereigns had to summon Parliament annually and could no longer dissolve or prorogue it without its advice and consent . Parliament became a permanent feature of political life . The veto fell into disuse because Sovereigns feared that if they denied legislation , Parliament would deny them money . No Sovereign has denied royal assent since Queen Anne vetoed the Scottish Militia Bill in 1708 . Treasury officials and other department heads were drawn into Parliament serving as liaisons between it and the Sovereign . Ministers had to present the government 's policies , and negotiate with Members to gain the support of the majority ; they had to explain the government 's financial needs , suggest ways of meeting them and give an account of how money had been spent . The Sovereign 's representatives attended Commons sessions so regularly that they were given reserved seats at the front , known as the Treasury Bench . This is the beginning of `` unity of powers '' : the Sovereign 's Ministers ( the Executive ) became leading members of Parliament ( the Legislature ) . Today the Prime Minister ( First Lord of the Treasury ) , the Chancellor of the Exchequer ( responsible for The Budget ) and other senior members of the Cabinet sit on the Treasury bench and present policies in much the same way Ministers did late in the 17th century . Standing Order 66 ( edit ) After the Revolution , there was a constant threat that non-government members of Parliament would ruin the country 's finances by proposing ill - considered money bills . Vying for control to avoid chaos , the Crown 's Ministers gained an advantage in 1706 , when the Commons informally declared , `` That this House will receive no petition for any sum of money relating to public Service , but what is recommended from the Crown . '' On 11 June 1713 , this non-binding rule became Standing Order 66 : that `` the Commons would not vote money for any purpose , except on a motion of a Minister of the Crown . '' Standing Order 66 remains in effect today ( though renumbered as no . 48 ) , essentially unchanged for three hundred years . Empowering Ministers with sole financial initiative had an immediate and lasting impact . Apart from achieving its intended purpose -- to stabilise the budgetary process -- it gave the Crown a leadership role in the Commons ; and , the Lord Treasurer assumed a leading position among Ministers . The power of financial initiative was not , however , absolute . Only Ministers might initiate money bills , but Parliament now reviewed and consented to them . Standing Order 66 therefore represents the beginnings of Ministerial responsibility and accountability . The term `` Prime Minister '' appears at this time as an unofficial title for the leader of the government , usually the Head of the Treasury . Jonathan Swift , for example , wrote in 1713 about `` those who are now commonly called Prime Minister among us '' , referring to Sidney Godolphin , 1st Earl of Godolphin and Robert Harley , Queen Anne 's Lord Treasurers and chief ministers . Since 1721 , every head of the Sovereign 's government -- with one exception in the 18th century ( William Pitt the Elder ) and one in the 19th ( Lord Salisbury ) -- has been First Lord of the Treasury . Beginnings of the Prime Minister 's party leadership ( edit ) Political parties first appeared during the Exclusion Crisis of 1678 -- 1681 . The Whigs , who believed in limited monarchy , wanted to exclude James Stuart from succeeding to the throne because he was a Catholic . The Tories , who believed in the `` Divine Right of Kings '' , defended James ' hereditary claim . Political parties were not well organised or disciplined in the 17th century . They were more like factions with `` members '' drifting in and out , collaborating temporarily on issues when it was to their advantage , then disbanding when it was not . A major deterrent to the development of opposing parties was the idea that there could only be one `` King 's Party '' and to oppose it would be disloyal or even treasonous . This idea lingered throughout the 18th century . Nevertheless it became possible at the end of the 17th century to identify Parliaments and Ministries as being either `` Whig '' or `` Tory '' in composition . Cabinet ( edit ) The modern Prime Minister is also the leader of the Cabinet . A convention of the constitution , the modern Cabinet is a group of ministers who formulate policies . As the political heads of government departments Cabinet Ministers ensure that policies are carried out by permanent civil servants . Although the modern Prime Minister selects Ministers , appointment still rests with the Sovereign . With the Prime Minister as its leader , the Cabinet forms the executive branch of government . The term `` Cabinet '' first appears after the Revolutionary Settlement to describe those ministers who conferred privately with the Sovereign . The growth of the Cabinet met with widespread complaint and opposition because its meetings were often held in secret and it excluded the ancient Privy Council ( of which the Cabinet is formally a committee ) from the Sovereign 's circle of advisers , reducing it to an honorary body . The early Cabinet , like that of today , included the Treasurer and other department heads who sat on the Treasury bench . However , it might also include individuals who were not members of Parliament such as household officers ( e.g. the Master of the Horse ) and members of the royal family . The exclusion of non-members of Parliament from the Cabinet was essential to the development of ministerial accountability and responsibility . Both William and Anne appointed and dismissed Cabinet members , attended meetings , made decisions , and followed up on actions . Relieving the Sovereign of these responsibilities and gaining control over the Cabinet 's composition was an essential part of evolution of the Premiership . This process began after the Hanoverian Succession . Although George I ( 1714 -- 1727 ) attended Cabinet meetings at first , after 1717 he withdrew because he did not speak fluent English and was bored with the discussions . George II ( 1727 -- 1760 ) occasionally presided at Cabinet meetings but his grandson , George III ( 1760 -- 1820 ) , is known to have attended only two during his 60 - year reign . Thus , the convention that Sovereigns do not attend Cabinet meetings was established primarily through royal indifference to the everyday tasks of governance . The Prime Minister became responsible for calling meetings , presiding , taking notes , and reporting to the Sovereign . These simple executive tasks naturally gave the Prime Minister ascendancy over his Cabinet colleagues . Although the first three Hanoverians rarely attended Cabinet meetings they insisted on their prerogatives to appoint and dismiss ministers and to direct policy even if from outside the Cabinet . It was not until late in the 18th century that Prime Ministers gained control over Cabinet composition ( see section Emergence of Cabinet Government below ) . `` One party government '' ( edit ) British governments ( or Ministries ) are generally formed by one party . The Prime Minister and Cabinet are usually all members of the same political party , almost always the one that has a majority of seats in the House of Commons . Coalition governments ( a ministry that consists of representatives from two or more parties ) and minority governments ( a one - party ministry formed by a party that does not command a majority in the Commons ) are relatively rare . `` One party government '' , as this system is sometimes called , has been the general rule for almost three hundred years . Early in his reign , William III ( 1689 -- 1702 ) preferred `` Mixed Ministries '' ( or coalitions ) consisting of both Tories and Whigs . William thought this composition would dilute the power of any one party and also give him the benefit of differing points of view . However , this approach did not work well because the members could not agree on a leader or on policies , and often worked at odds with each other . In 1697 , William formed a homogeneous Whig ministry . Known as the Junto , this government is often cited as the first true Cabinet because its members were all Whigs , reflecting the majority composition of the Commons . Anne ( 1702 -- 1714 ) followed this pattern but preferred Tory Cabinets . This approach worked well as long as Parliament was also predominantly Tory . However , in 1708 , when the Whigs obtained a majority , Anne did not call on them to form a government , refusing to accept the idea that politicians could force themselves on her merely because their party had a majority . She never parted with an entire Ministry or accepted an entirely new one regardless of the results of an election . Anne preferred to retain a minority government rather than be dictated to by Parliament . Consequently , her chief ministers Sidney Godolphin , 1st Earl of Godolphin and Robert Harley , who were called `` Prime Minister '' by some , had difficulty executing policy in the face of a hostile Parliament . William 's and Anne 's experiments with the political composition of the Cabinet illustrated the strengths of one party government and the weaknesses of coalition and minority governments . Nevertheless , it was not until the 1830s that the constitutional convention was established that the Sovereign must select the Prime Minister ( and Cabinet ) from the party whose views reflect those of the majority in Parliament . Since then , most ministries have reflected this one party rule . Despite the `` one party '' convention , Prime Ministers may still be called upon to lead either minority or coalition governments . A minority government may be formed as a result of a `` hung parliament '' in which no single party commands a majority in the House of Commons after a general election or the death , resignation or defection of existing members . By convention the serving Prime Minister is given the first opportunity to reach agreements that will allow them to survive a vote of confidence in the House and continue to govern . The last minority government was led by Labour Prime Minister Harold Wilson for eight months after the February 1974 general election produced a hung parliament . In the October 1974 general election , the Labour Party gained 18 seats , giving Wilson a majority of three . A hung parliament may also lead to the formation of a coalition government in which two or more parties negotiate a joint programme to command a majority in the Commons . Coalitions have also been formed during times of national crisis such as war . Under such circumstances , the parties agree to temporarily set aside their political differences and to unite to face the national crisis . Coalitions are rare : since 1721 , there have been fewer than a dozen . When the general election of 2010 produced a hung parliament , the Conservative and Liberal Democrat parties agreed to form the Cameron -- Clegg coalition , the first coalition in seventy years . The previous coalition in the UK before 2010 was led by Conservative Prime Minister Winston Churchill during most of the Second World War , from May 1940 to May 1945 . Clement Attlee , the leader of the Labour Party , served as deputy Prime Minister . After the general election of 2015 , the nation returned to one party government after the Tories won an outright majority . Treasury Commission ( edit ) The Premiership is still largely a convention of the constitution ; its legal authority is derived primarily from the fact that the Prime Minister is also First Lord of the Treasury . The connection of these two offices -- one a convention , the other a legal office -- began with the Hanoverian Succession in 1714 . When George I succeeded to the British throne in 1714 , his German ministers advised him to leave the office of Lord High Treasurer vacant because those who had held it in recent years had grown overly powerful , in effect , replacing the Sovereign as head of the government . They also feared that a Lord High Treasurer would undermine their own influence with the new King . They therefore suggested that he place the office in `` commission '' , meaning that a committee of five ministers would perform its functions together . Theoretically , this dilution of authority would prevent any one of them from presuming to be the head of the government . The King agreed and created the Treasury Commission consisting of the First Lord of the Treasury , the Second Lord , and three Junior Lords . No one has been appointed Lord High Treasurer since 1714 ; it has remained in commission for three hundred years . The Treasury Commission ceased to meet late in the 18th century but has survived , albeit with very different functions : the First Lord of the Treasury is now the Prime Minister , the Second Lord is the Chancellor of the Exchequer ( and actually in charge of the Treasury ) , and the Junior Lords are government Whips maintaining party discipline in the House of Commons ; they no longer have any duties related to the Treasury , though when subordinate legislation requires the consent of the Treasury it is still two of the Junior Lords who sign on its behalf . Early Prime Ministers ( edit ) `` First '' Prime Minister ( edit ) Since the office evolved rather than being instantly created , it may not be totally clear - cut who was the first Prime Minister . However , this appellation is traditionally given to Sir Robert Walpole , who became First Lord of the Treasury in 1721 . Portrait of Sir Robert Walpole , studio of Jean - Baptiste van Loo , 1740 . Walpole is considered to have been Britain 's first Prime Minister . In 1720 , the South Sea Company , created to trade in cotton , agricultural goods and slaves , collapsed , causing the financial ruin of thousands of investors and heavy losses for many others , including members of the royal family . King George I called on Robert Walpole , well known for his political and financial acumen , to handle the emergency . With considerable skill and some luck , Walpole acted quickly to restore public credit and confidence , and led the country out of the crisis . A year later , the King appointed him First Lord of the Treasury , Chancellor of the Exchequer , and Leader of the House of Commons -- making him the most powerful minister in the government . Ruthless , crude , and hard - working , he had a `` sagacious business sense '' and was a superb manager of men . At the head of affairs for the next two decades , Walpole stabilised the nation 's finances , kept it at peace , made it prosperous , and secured the Hanoverian Succession . Walpole demonstrated for the first time how a chief minister -- a Prime Minister -- could be the actual Head of the Government under the new constitutional framework . First , recognising that the Sovereign could no longer govern directly but was still the nominal head of the government , he insisted that he was nothing more than the `` King 's Servant '' . Second , recognising that power had shifted to the Commons , he conducted the nation 's business there and made it dominant over the Lords in all matters . Third , recognising that the Cabinet had become the executive and must be united , he dominated the other members and demanded their complete support for his policies . Fourth , recognising that political parties were the source of ministerial strength , he led the Whig party and maintained discipline . In the Commons , he insisted on the support of all Whig members , especially those who held office . Finally , he set an example for future Prime Ministers by resigning his offices in 1742 after a vote of confidence , which he won by just 3 votes . The slimness of this majority undermined his power , even though he still retained the confidence of the Sovereign . Ambivalence and denial ( edit ) For all his contributions , Walpole was not a Prime Minister in the modern sense . The King -- not Parliament -- chose him ; and the King -- not Walpole -- chose the Cabinet . Walpole set an example , not a precedent , and few followed his example . For over 40 years after Walpole 's fall in 1742 , there was widespread ambivalence about the position . In some cases , the Prime Minister was a figurehead with power being wielded by other individuals ; in others there was a reversion to the `` chief minister '' model of earlier times in which the Sovereign actually governed . At other times , there appeared to be two Prime Ministers . During Britain 's participation in the Seven Years ' War , for example , the powers of government were divided equally between the Duke of Newcastle and William Pitt , 1st Earl of Chatham , leading to them both alternatively being described as Prime Minister . Furthermore , many thought that the title `` Prime Minister '' usurped the Sovereign 's constitutional position as `` head of the government '' and that it was an affront to other ministers because they were all appointed by and equally responsible to the Sovereign . For these reasons there was a reluctance to use the title . Although Walpole is now called the `` first '' Prime Minister , the title was not commonly used during his tenure . Walpole himself denied it . In 1741 , during the attack that led to Walpole 's downfall , Samuel Sandys declared that `` According to our Constitution we can have no sole and prime minister . '' In his defence , Walpole said `` I unequivocally deny that I am sole or Prime Minister and that to my influence and direction all the affairs of government must be attributed . '' George Grenville , Prime Minister in the 1760s , said it was `` an odious title '' and never used it . Lord North , the reluctant head of the King 's Government during the American War of Independence , `` would never suffer himself to be called Prime Minister , because it was an office unknown to the Constitution . '' Denials of the Premiership 's legal existence continued throughout the 19th century . In 1806 , for example , one member of the Commons said , `` the Constitution abhors the idea of a prime minister '' . In 1829 , Lord Lansdowne said , `` nothing could be more mischievous or unconstitutional than to recognise by act of parliament the existence of such an office . '' By the turn of the 20th century the Premiership had become , by convention , the most important position in the constitutional hierarchy . Yet there were no legal documents describing its powers or acknowledging its existence . The first official recognition given to the office had only been in the Treaty of Berlin in 1878 , when Disraeli signed as `` First Lord of the Treasury and Prime Minister of her Britannic Majesty '' . Incumbents had no statutory authority in their own right . As late as 1904 , Arthur Balfour explained the status of his office in a speech at Haddington : `` The Prime Minister has no salary as Prime Minister . He has no statutory duties as Prime Minister , his name occurs in no Acts of Parliament , and though holding the most important place in the constitutional hierarchy , he has no place which is recognised by the laws of his country . This is a strange paradox . '' In 1905 the position was given some official recognition when the `` Prime Minister '' was named in the order of precedence , outranked , among non-royals , only by the Archbishops of Canterbury and York , the Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland and the Lord Chancellor . The first Act of Parliament to mention the Premiership -- albeit in a schedule -- was the Chequers Estate Act on 20 December 1917 . This law conferred the Chequers Estate owned by Sir Arthur and Lady Lee , as a gift to the Crown for use as a country home for future Prime Ministers . Unequivocal legal recognition was given in the Ministers of the Crown Act 1937 , which made provision for payment of a salary to the person who is both `` the First Lord of the Treasury and Prime Minister '' . Explicitly recognising two hundred years ' of ambivalence , the Act states that it intended `` To give statutory recognition to the existence of the position of Prime Minister , and to the historic link between the Premiership and the office of First Lord of the Treasury , by providing in respect to that position and office a salary of ... '' The Act made a distinction between the `` position '' ( Prime Minister ) and the `` office '' ( First Lord of the Treasury ) , emphasising the unique political character of the former . Nevertheless , the brass plate on the door of the Prime Minister 's home , 10 Downing Street , still bears the title of `` First Lord of the Treasury '' , as it has since the 18th century as it is officially the home of the First Lord and not the Prime Minister . `` First among equals '' ( edit ) Emergence of Cabinet government ( edit ) Main articles : Westminster system and Cabinet of the United Kingdom Despite the reluctance to legally recognise the Premiership , ambivalence toward it waned in the 1780s . During the first 20 years of his reign , George III ( 1760 -- 1820 ) tried to be his own `` prime minister '' by controlling policy from outside the Cabinet , appointing and dismissing ministers , meeting privately with individual ministers , and giving them instructions . These practices caused confusion and dissension in Cabinet meetings ; King George 's experiment in personal rule was generally a failure . After the failure of Lord North 's ministry ( 1770 -- 1782 ) in March 1782 due to Britain 's defeat in the American Revolutionary War and the ensuing vote of no confidence by Parliament , the Marquess of Rockingham reasserted the Prime Minister 's control over the Cabinet . Rockingham assumed the Premiership `` on the distinct understanding that measures were to be changed as well as men ; and that the measures for which the new ministry required the royal consent were the measures which they , while in opposition , had advocated . '' He and his Cabinet were united in their policies and would stand or fall together ; they also refused to accept anyone in the Cabinet who did not agree . King George threatened to abdicate but in the end reluctantly agreed out of necessity : he had to have a government . From this time , there was a growing acceptance of the position of Prime Minister and the title was more commonly used , if only unofficially . Associated initially with the Whigs , the Tories started to accept it . Lord North , for example , who had said the office was `` unknown to the constitution '' , reversed himself in 1783 when he said , `` In this country some one man or some body of men like a Cabinet should govern the whole and direct every measure . '' In 1803 , William Pitt the Younger , also a Tory , suggested to a friend that `` this person generally called the first minister '' was an absolute necessity for a government to function , and expressed his belief that this person should be the minister in charge of the finances . William Pitt the Younger addressing the House of Commons . Pitt 's 19 years as Prime Minister followed by Lord Liverpool 's 15 , led the Tory Party to accept the office as a convention of the constitution . The Tories ' wholesale conversion started when Pitt was confirmed as Prime Minister in the election of 1784 . For the next 17 years until 1801 ( and again from 1804 to 1806 ) , Pitt , the Tory , was Prime Minister in the same sense that Walpole , the Whig , had been earlier . Their conversion was reinforced after 1810 . In that year , George III , who had suffered periodically from mental instability ( due to a blood disorder now known as porphyria ) , became permanently insane and spent the remaining 10 years of his life unable to discharge his duties . The Prince Regent was prevented from using the full powers of Kingship . The Regent became George IV in 1820 , but during his 10 - year reign was indolent and frivolous . Consequently , for 20 years the throne was virtually vacant and Tory Cabinets led by Tory Prime Ministers filled the void , governing virtually on their own . The Tories were in power for almost 50 years , except for a Whig ministry from 1806 to 1807 . Lord Liverpool was Prime Minister for 15 years ; he and Pitt held the position for 34 years . Under their long , consistent leadership , Cabinet government became a convention of the constitution . Although subtle issues remained to be settled , the Cabinet system of government is essentially the same today as it was in 1830 . Gladstone 's Cabinet of 1868 , painted by Lowes Cato Dickinson . Use a cursor to see who is who . Under this form of government , called the Westminster system , the Sovereign is head of state and titular head of Her Majesty 's Government . She selects as her Prime Minister the person who is able to command a working majority in the House of Commons , and invites him or her to form a government . As the actual Head of Government , the Prime Minister selects his Cabinet , choosing its members from among those in Parliament who agree or generally agree with his intended policies . He then recommends them to the Sovereign who confirms his selections by formally appointing them to their offices . Led by the Prime Minister , the Cabinet is collectively responsible for whatever the government does . The Sovereign does not confer with members privately about policy , nor attend Cabinet meetings . With respect to actual governance , the monarch has only three constitutional rights : to be kept informed , to advise , and to warn . In practice this means that the Sovereign reviews state papers and meets regularly with the Prime Minister , usually weekly , when she may advise and warn him or her regarding the proposed decisions and actions of Her Government . Loyal Opposition ( edit ) Main article : Her Majesty 's Most Loyal Opposition ( United Kingdom ) The modern British system includes not only a government formed by the majority party ( or coalition of parties ) in the House of Commons but also an organised and open opposition formed by those who are not members of the governing party . Called Her Majesty 's Most Loyal Opposition , they occupy the benches to the Speaker 's left . Seated in the front , directly across from the ministers on the Treasury Bench , the leaders of the opposition form a `` Shadow Government '' , complete with a salaried `` Shadow Prime Minister '' , the Leader of the Opposition , ready to assume office if the government falls or loses the next election . The House of Commons early 19th century . The Loyal Opposition occupy the benches to the Speaker 's left . Seated in the front , the leaders of the opposition form a `` Shadow Government '' , complete with a salaried `` Shadow Prime Minister '' ready to assume office if the government falls or loses the next election . Opposing the King 's government was considered disloyal , even treasonous , at the end of the 17th century . During the 18th century this idea waned and finally disappeared as the two party system developed . The expression `` His Majesty 's Opposition '' was coined by John Hobhouse , 1st Baron Broughton . In 1826 , Broughton , a Whig , announced in the Commons that he opposed the report of a Bill . As a joke , he said , `` It was said to be very hard on His Majesty 's ministers to raise objections to this proposition . For my part , I think it is much more hard on His Majesty 's Opposition to compel them to take this course . '' The phrase caught on and has been used ever since . Sometimes rendered as the `` Loyal Opposition '' , it acknowledges the legitimate existence of the two party system , and describes an important constitutional concept : opposing the government is not treason ; reasonable men can honestly oppose its policies and still be loyal to the Sovereign and the nation . Informally recognized for over a century as a convention of the constitution , the position of Leader of the Opposition was given statutory recognition in 1937 by the Ministers of the Crown Act . Great Reform Act and the Premiership ( edit ) Main article : Reform Act 1832 British Prime Ministers have never been elected directly by the public . A Prime Minister need not be a party leader ; David Lloyd George was not a party leader during his service as prime Minister during World War I , and neither was Ramsay MacDonald from 1931 to 1935 . Prime Ministers have taken office because they were members of either the Commons or Lords , and either inherited a majority in the Commons or won more seats than the opposition in a general election . Lord Grey , often called the first modern Prime Minister Inscription on Grey 's Monument , Newcastle upon Tyne , England ( click image to enlarge ) Since 1722 , most Prime Ministers have been members of the Commons ; since 1902 , all have had a seat there . Like other members , they are elected initially to represent only a constituency . Former Prime Minister Tony Blair , for example , represented Sedgefield in County Durham from 1983 to 2007 . He became Prime Minister because in 1994 he was elected Labour Party leader and then led the party to victory in the 1997 general election , winning 418 seats compared to 165 for the Conservatives and gaining a majority in the House of Commons . Neither the Sovereign nor the House of Lords had any meaningful influence over who was elected to the Commons in 1997 or in deciding whether or not Blair would become Prime Minister . Their detachment from the electoral process and the selection of the Prime Minister has been a convention of the constitution for almost 200 years . Prior to the 19th century , however , they had significant influence , using to their advantage the fact that most citizens were disenfranchised and seats in the Commons were allocated disproportionately . Through patronage , corruption and bribery , the Crown and Lords `` owned '' about 30 % of the seats ( called `` pocket '' or `` rotten boroughs '' ) giving them a significant influence in the Commons and in the selection of the Prime Minister . In 1830 , Charles Grey , the 2nd Earl Grey and a life - long Whig , became Prime Minister and was determined to reform the electoral system . For two years , he and his Cabinet fought to pass what has come to be known as the Great Reform Bill of 1832 . The greatness of the Great Reform Bill lay less in substance than in symbolism . As John Bright , a liberal statesman of the next generation , said , `` It was not a good Bill , but it was a great Bill when it passed . '' Substantively , it increased the franchise by 65 % to 717,000 ; with the middle class receiving most of the new votes . The representation of 56 rotten boroughs was eliminated completely , together with half the representation of 30 others ; the freed up seats were distributed to boroughs created for previously disenfranchised areas . However , many rotten boroughs remained and it still excluded millions of working class men and all women . Symbolically , however , the Reform Act exceeded expectations . It is now ranked with Magna Carta and the Bill of Rights as one of the most important documents of the British constitutional tradition . First , the Act removed the Sovereign from the election process and the choice of Prime Minister . Slowly evolving for 100 years , this convention was confirmed two years after the passage of the Act . In 1834 , King William IV dismissed Melbourne as Premier , but was forced to recall him when Robert Peel , the King 's choice , could not form a working majority . Since then , no Sovereign has tried to impose a Prime Minister on Parliament . Second , the Bill reduced the Lords ' power by eliminating many of their pocket boroughs and creating new boroughs in which they had no influence . Weakened , they were unable to prevent the passage of more comprehensive electoral reforms in 1867 , 1884 , 1918 and 1928 when universal equal suffrage was established . Disraeli and Gladstone Race to Pass the Reform Bill , Punch , 1867 The rivalry between Disraeli and Gladstone helped to identify the position of Prime Minister with specific personalities . ( Disraeli is in the lead looking back over his shoulder at Gladstone . ) Ultimately , this erosion of power led to the Parliament Act of 1911 , which marginalised the Lords ' role in the legislative process and gave further weight to the convention that had developed over the previous century that a Prime Minister can not sit in the House of Lords . The last to do so was Robert Gascoyne - Cecil , 3rd Marquess of Salisbury , from 1895 to 1902 . Throughout the 19th century , governments led from the Lords had often suffered difficulties governing alongside ministers who sat in the Commons . Grey set an example and a precedent for his successors . He was primus inter pares ( first among equals ) , as Bagehot said in 1867 of the Prime Minister 's status . Using his Whig victory as a mandate for reform , Grey was unrelenting in the pursuit of this goal , using every Parliamentary device to achieve it . Although respectful toward the King , he made it clear that his constitutional duty was to acquiesce to the will of the people and Parliament . The Loyal Opposition acquiesced too . Some disgruntled Tories claimed they would repeal the Bill once they regained a majority . But in 1834 , Robert Peel , the new Conservative leader , put an end to this threat when he stated in his Tamworth Manifesto that the Bill was `` a final and irrevocable settlement of a great constitutional question which no friend to the peace and welfare of this country would attempt to disturb '' . Populist Prime Ministers ( edit ) Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone cultivated the public image as a man of the people by circulating pictures like this of himself cutting down oak trees with an axe . Photo by Elliott & Fry The Premiership was a reclusive office prior to 1832 . The incumbent worked with his Cabinet and other government officials ; he occasionally met with the Sovereign , and attended Parliament when it was in session during the spring and summer . He never went out on the stump to campaign , even during elections ; he rarely spoke directly to ordinary voters about policies and issues . After the passage of the Great Reform Bill , the nature of the position changed : Prime Ministers had to go out among the people . The Bill increased the electorate to 717,000 . Subsequent legislation ( and population growth ) raised it to 2 million in 1867 , 5.5 million in 1884 and 21.4 million in 1918 . As the franchise increased , power shifted to the people and Prime Ministers assumed more responsibilities with respect to party leadership . It naturally fell on them to motivate and organise their followers , explain party policies , and deliver its `` message '' . Successful leaders had to have a new set of skills : to give a good speech , present a favourable image , and interact with a crowd . They became the `` voice '' , the `` face '' and the `` image '' of the party and ministry . Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli cultivated a public image as an Imperialist with grand gestures such as conferring on Victoria the title `` Empress of India '' . Robert Peel , often called the `` model Prime Minister '' , was the first to recognise this new role . After the successful Conservative campaign of 1841 , J.W. Croker said in a letter to Peel , `` The elections are wonderful , and the curiosity is that all turns on the name of Sir Robert Peel . It 's the first time that I remember in our history that the people have chosen the first Minister for the Sovereign . Mr. Pitt 's case in ' 84 is the nearest analogy ; but then the people only confirmed the Sovereign 's choice ; here every Conservative candidate professed himself in plain words to be Sir Robert Peel 's man , and on that ground was elected . '' Benjamin Disraeli and William Ewart Gladstone developed this new role further by projecting `` images '' of themselves to the public . Known by their nicknames `` Dizzy '' and the `` Grand Old Man '' , their colourful , sometimes bitter , personal and political rivalry over the issues of their time -- Imperialism vs. Anti-Imperialism , expansion of the franchise , labour reform , and Irish Home Rule -- spanned almost twenty years until Disraeli 's death in 1881 . Documented by the penny press , photographs and political cartoons , their rivalry linked specific personalities with the Premiership in the public mind and further enhanced its status . Gladstone During the Midlothian Campaign 1879 Speaking directly to the people for the first time , Gladstone 's Midlothian campaign symbolises a major change in the role of the Prime Minister . ( Gladstone is seated in the centre ; Rosebery , a future Prime Minister , is sitting on the carpet in front . ) Each created a different public image of himself and his party . Disraeli , who expanded the Empire to protect British interests abroad , cultivated the image of himself ( and the Conservative Party ) as `` Imperialist '' , making grand gestures such as conferring the title `` Empress of India '' on Queen Victoria in 1876 . Gladstone , who saw little value in the Empire , proposed an anti-Imperialist policy ( later called `` Little England '' ) , and cultivated the image of himself ( and the Liberal Party ) as `` man of the people '' by circulating pictures of himself cutting down great oak trees with an axe as a hobby . Gladstone went beyond image by appealing directly to the people . In his Midlothian campaign -- so called because he stood as a candidate for that county -- Gladstone spoke in fields , halls and railway stations to hundreds , sometimes thousands , of students , farmers , labourers and middle class workers . Although not the first leader to speak directly to voters -- both he and Disraeli had spoken directly to party loyalists before on special occasions -- he was the first to canvass an entire constituency , delivering his message to anyone who would listen , encouraging his supporters and trying to convert his opponents . Publicised nationwide , Gladstone 's message became that of the party . Noting its significance , Lord Shaftesbury said , `` It is a new thing and a very serious thing to see the Prime Minister on the stump . '' Campaigning directly to the people became commonplace . Several 20th century Prime Ministers , such as David Lloyd George and Winston Churchill , were famous for their oratorical skills . After the introduction of radio , motion pictures , television , and the internet , many used these technologies to project their public image and address the nation . Stanley Baldwin , a master of the radio broadcast in the 1920s and 1930s , reached a national audience in his talks filled with homely advice and simple expressions of national pride . Churchill also used the radio to great effect , inspiring , reassuring and informing the people with his speeches during the Second World War . Two recent Prime Ministers , Margaret Thatcher and Tony Blair ( who both spent a decade or more as prime Minister ) , achieved celebrity status like rock stars , but have been criticised for their more ' presidential ' style of leadership . According to Anthony King , `` The props in Blair 's theatre of celebrity included ... his guitar , his casual clothes ... footballs bounced skilfully off the top of his head ... carefully choreographed speeches and performances at Labour Party conferences . '' Modern Premiership ( edit ) Parliament Act and the Premiership ( edit ) Main articles : Parliament Act 1911 , Parliament Act 1949 , and Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949 In addition to being the leader of a great political party and the head of Her Majesty 's Government , the modern Prime Minister directs the law - making process , enacting into law his or her party 's programme . For example , Tony Blair , whose Labour party was elected in 1997 partly on a promise to enact a British Bill of Rights and to create devolved governments for Scotland and Wales , subsequently stewarded through Parliament the Human Rights Act ( 1998 ) , the Scotland Act ( 1998 ) and the Government of Wales Act ( 1998 ) . From its appearance in the fourteenth century Parliament has been a bicameral legislature consisting of the Commons and the Lords . Members of the Commons are elected ; those in the Lords are not . Most Lords are called `` Temporal '' with titles such as Duke , Marquess , Earl and Viscount . The balance are Lords Spiritual ( prelates of the Anglican Church ) . For most of the history of the Upper House , Lords Temporal were landowners who held their estates , titles and seats as an hereditary right passed down from one generation to the next -- in some cases for centuries . In 1910 , for example , there were nineteen whose title was created before 1500 . Until 1911 , Prime Ministers had to guide legislation through the Commons and the Lords and obtain majority approval in both houses for it to become law . This was not always easy , because political differences often separated the chambers . Representing the landed aristocracy , Lords Temporal were generally Tory ( later Conservative ) who wanted to maintain the status quo and resisted progressive measures such as extending the franchise . The party affiliation of members of the Commons was less predictable . During the 18th century its makeup varied because the Lords had considerable control over elections : sometimes Whigs dominated it , sometimes Tories . After the passage of the Great Reform Bill in 1832 , the Commons gradually became more progressive , a tendency that increased with the passage of each subsequent expansion of the franchise . Asquith 's Cabinet Reacts to the Lords ' Rejection of the `` People 's Budget '' -- a satirical cartoon , 1909 . Prime Minister Asquith 's government welcomed the Lords ' veto of the `` People 's Budget '' ; it moved the country toward a constitutional crisis over the Lords ' legislative powers . ( Asquith makes the announcement while David Lloyd George holds down a jubilant Winston Churchill . ) In 1906 , the Liberal party , led by Sir Henry Campbell - Bannerman , won an overwhelming victory on a platform that promised social reforms for the working class . With 379 seats compared to the Conservatives ' 132 , the Liberals could confidently expect to pass their legislative programme through the Commons . At the same time , however , the Conservative Party had a huge majority in the Lords ; it could easily veto any legislation passed by the Commons that was against their interests . For five years , the Commons and the Lords fought over one bill after another . The Liberals pushed through parts of their programme , but the Conservatives vetoed or modified others . When the Lords vetoed the `` People 's Budget '' in 1909 , the controversy moved almost inevitably toward a constitutional crisis . An important vote : the House of Lords voting for the Parliament Act 1911 . From the Drawing by S. Begg The Parliament Act 1911 eliminated the Lords ' veto power over legislation approved by the House of Commons . Indirectly , it also further enhanced the dominance of the Prime Minister in the constitutional hierarchy . In 1910 , Prime Minister H.H. Asquith introduced a bill `` for regulating the relations between the Houses of Parliament '' which would eliminate the Lords ' veto power over legislation . Passed by the Commons , the Lords rejected it . In a general election fought on this issue , the Liberals were weakened but still had a comfortable majority . At Asquith 's request , King George V then threatened to create a sufficient number of new Liberal Peers to ensure the bill 's passage . Rather than accept a permanent Liberal majority , the Conservative Lords yielded , and the bill became law . The Parliament Act 1911 established the supremacy of the Commons . It provided that the Lords could not delay for more than one month any bill certified by the Speaker of the Commons as a money bill . Furthermore , the Act provided that any bill rejected by the Lords would nevertheless become law if passed by the Commons in three successive sessions provided that two years had elapsed since its original passage . The Lords could still delay or suspend the enactment of legislation but could no longer veto it . Subsequently the Lords `` suspending '' power was reduced to one year by the Parliament Act 1949 . Indirectly , the Act enhanced the already dominant position of Prime Minister in the constitutional hierarchy . Although the Lords are still involved in the legislative process and the Prime Minister must still guide legislation through both Houses , the Lords no longer have the power to veto or even delay enactment of legislation passed by the Commons . Provided that he controls the Cabinet , maintains party discipline , and commands a majority in the Commons , the Prime Minister is assured of putting through his legislative agenda . `` Presidential '' Premiership ( edit ) `` British Presidency '' redirects here . For the political units in British India , see Presidencies and provinces of British India . Churchill waving to crowds after announcing the surrender of Nazi Germany in May 1945 . The classic view of Cabinet Government was laid out by Walter Bagehot in The English Constitution ( 1867 ) in which he described the prime minister as the primus ‐ inter ‐ pares ( `` first among equals '' ) . The view was questioned by Richard Crossman in The Myths of Cabinet Government ( 1972 ) and by Tony Benn . They were both members of the Labour governments of the 1960s and thought that the position of the Prime Minister had acquired more power so that Prime Ministerial Government was a more apt description . Crossman stated that the increase the power of the prime minister resulted from power of centralised political parties , the development of a unified civil service , and the grown of the Prime Minister 's private office and Cabinet secretariat . Graham Allen ( a Government Whip during Tony Blair 's first government ) made the case in The Last Prime Minister : Being Honest About the UK Presidency ( 2003 ) that in fact the office of prime minister has presidential powers , as did the political scientist Michael Foley in The British Presidency ( 2000 ) . In Tony Blair 's government , many sources such as former ministers have suggested that decision - making was controlled by him and Gordon Brown , and the Cabinet was no longer used for decision - making . Former ministers such as Clare Short and Chris Smith have criticised the lack of decision - making power in Cabinet . When she resigned , Short denounced `` the centralisation of power into the hands of the Prime Minister and an increasingly small number of advisers '' . The Butler Review of 2004 condemned Blair 's style of `` sofa government '' . However the power that a prime minister has over his or her cabinet colleagues is directly proportional to the amount of support that they have with their political parties and this is often related to whether the party considers them to be an electoral asset or liability . Also when a party is divided into factions a Prime Minister may be forced to include other powerful party members in the Cabinet for party political cohesion . The Prime Minister 's personal power is also curtailed if their party is in a power - sharing arrangement , or a formal coalition with another party ( as happened in the coalition government of 2010 to 2015 ) . Powers and constraints ( edit ) When commissioned by the Sovereign , a potential Prime Minister 's first requisite is to `` form a Government '' -- to create a cabinet of ministers that has the support of the House of Commons , of which they are expected to be a member . The Prime Minister then formally kisses the hands of the Sovereign , whose royal prerogative powers are thereafter exercised solely on the advice of the Prime Minister and Her Majesty 's Government ( `` HMG '' ) . The Prime Minister has weekly audiences with the Sovereign , whose rights are constitutionally limited : `` to warn , to encourage , and to be consulted '' ; the extent of the Sovereign 's ability to influence the nature of the Prime Ministerial advice is unknown , but presumably varies depending upon the personal relationship between the Sovereign and the Prime Minister of the day . The Prime Minister will appoint all other cabinet members ( who then become active Privy Counsellors ) and ministers , although consulting senior ministers on their junior ministers , without any Parliamentary or other control or process over these powers . At any time , the PM may obtain the appointment , dismissal or nominal resignation of any other minister ; the PM may resign , either purely personally or with the whole government . The Prime Minister generally co-ordinates the policies and activities of the Cabinet and Government departments , acting as the main public `` face '' of Her Majesty 's Government . Although the Commander - in - Chief of the British Armed Forces is legally the Sovereign , under constitutional practice the Prime Minister can declare war , and through the Secretary of State for Defence ( whom the PM may appoint and dismiss , or even appoint himself or herself to the position ) as chair of the Defence Council the power over the deployment and disposition of British forces . The Prime Minister can authorise , but not directly order , the use of Britain 's nuclear weapons and the Prime Minister is hence a Commander - in - Chief in all but name . The Prime Minister makes all the most senior Crown appointments , and most others are made by Ministers over whom the PM has the power of appointment and dismissal . Privy Counsellors , Ambassadors and High Commissioners , senior civil servants , senior military officers , members of important committees and commissions , and other officials are selected , and in most cases may be removed , by the Prime Minister . The PM also formally advises the Sovereign on the appointment of Archbishops and Bishops of the Church of England , but the PM 's discretion is limited by the existence of the Crown Nominations Commission . The appointment of senior judges , while constitutionally still on the advice of the Prime Minister , is now made on the basis of recommendations from independent bodies . Peerages , knighthoods , and most other honours are bestowed by the Sovereign only on the advice of the Prime Minister . The only important British honours over which the Prime Minister does not have control are the Order of the Garter , the Order of the Thistle , the Order of Merit , the Royal Victorian Order , and the Venerable Order of Saint John , which are all within the `` personal gift '' of the Sovereign . The Prime Minister appoints officials known as the `` Government Whips '' , who negotiate for the support of MPs and to discipline dissenters . Party discipline is strong since electors generally vote for individuals on the basis of their party affiliation . Members of Parliament may be expelled from their party for failing to support the Government on important issues , and although this will not mean they must resign as MPs , it will usually make re-election difficult . Members of Parliament who hold ministerial office or political privileges can expect removal for failing to support the Prime Minister . Restraints imposed by the Commons grow weaker when the Government 's party enjoys a large majority in that House , or among the electorate . In most circumstances , however , the Prime Minister can secure the Commons ' support for almost any bill by internal party negotiations , with little regard to Opposition MPs . However , even a government with a healthy majority can on occasion find itself unable to pass legislation . For example , on 9 November 2005 , Tony Blair 's Government was defeated over plans which would have allowed police to detain terror suspects for up to 90 days without charge , and on 31 January 2006 , was defeated over certain aspects of proposals to outlaw religious hatred . On other occasions , the Government alters its proposals to avoid defeat in the Commons , as Tony Blair 's Government did in February 2006 over education reforms . Formerly , a Prime Minister whose government lost a Commons vote would be regarded as fatally weakened , and the whole government would resign , usually precipitating a general election . In modern practice , when the Government party has an absolute majority in the House , only loss of supply and the express vote `` that this House has no confidence in Her Majesty 's Government '' are treated as having this effect ; dissenters on a minor issue within the majority party are unlikely to force an election with the probable loss of their seats and salaries . Likewise , a Prime Minister is no longer just `` first amongst equals '' in HM Government ; although theoretically the Cabinet might still outvote the PM , in practice the PM progressively entrenches his or her position by retaining only personal supporters in the Cabinet . In occasional reshuffles , the Prime Minister can sideline and simply drop from Cabinet the Members who have fallen out of favour : they remain Privy Counsellors , but the Prime Minister decides which of them are summoned to meetings . The Prime Minister is responsible for producing and enforcing the Ministerial Code . Precedence , privileges and form of address ( edit ) Main articles : List of peerages held by Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom and Orders of precedence in the United Kingdom Chequers Court , the Prime Minister 's official country home By tradition , before a new Prime Minister can occupy 10 Downing Street , they are required to announce to the country and the world that they have `` kissed hands '' with the reigning monarch , and have thus become Prime Minister . This is usually done by saying words to the effect of : Her Majesty the Queen ( His Majesty the King ) has asked me to form a government and I have accepted . Throughout the United Kingdom , the Prime Minister outranks all other dignitaries except members of the Royal Family , the Lord Chancellor , and senior ecclesiastical figures . In 2010 the Prime Minister received £ 142,500 including a salary of £ 65,737 as a member of parliament . Until 2006 , the Lord Chancellor was the highest paid member of the government , ahead of the Prime Minister . This reflected the Lord Chancellor 's position at the head of the judicial pay scale . The Constitutional Reform Act 2005 eliminated the Lord Chancellor 's judicial functions and also reduced the office 's salary to below that of the Prime Minister . The Prime Minister is customarily a member of the Privy Council and thus entitled to the appellation `` The Right Honourable '' . Membership of the Council is retained for life . It is a constitutional convention that only a Privy Counsellor can be appointed Prime Minister . Most potential candidates have already attained this status . The only case when a non-Privy Counsellor was the natural appointment was Ramsay MacDonald in 1924 . The issue was resolved by appointing him to the Council immediately prior to his appointment as Prime Minister . According to the now defunct Department for Constitutional Affairs , the Prime Minister is made a Privy Counsellor as a result of taking office and should be addressed by the official title prefixed by `` The Right Honourable '' and not by a personal name . Although this form of address is employed on formal occasions , it is rarely used by the media . As `` Prime Minister '' is a position , not a title , the incumbent should be referred to as `` the Prime Minister '' . The title `` Prime Minister '' ( e.g. `` Prime Minister James Smith '' ) is technically incorrect but is sometimes used erroneously outside the United Kingdom , and has more recently become acceptable within it . Within the UK , the expression `` Prime Minister Smith '' is never used , although it , too , is sometimes used by foreign dignitaries and news sources . 10 Downing Street , in London , has been the official place of residence of the Prime Minister since 1732 ; they are entitled to use its staff and facilities , including extensive offices . Chequers , a country house in Buckinghamshire , gifted to the government in 1917 , may be used as a country retreat for the Prime Minister . Living former Prime Ministers ( edit ) Further information : Living Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom There are four living former British Prime Ministers : Sir John Major ( age 75 ) ( 1990 -- 1997 ) Tony Blair ( age 64 ) ( 1997 -- 2007 ) Gordon Brown ( age 67 ) ( 2007 -- 2010 ) David Cameron ( age 51 ) ( 2010 -- 2016 ) The four former Prime Ministers and Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg ( second from right ) in 2011 Upon retirement , it is customary for the Sovereign to grant a Prime Minister some honour or dignity . The honour bestowed is commonly , but not invariably , membership of the United Kingdom 's most senior order of chivalry , the Order of the Garter . The practice of creating a retired Prime Minister a Knight ( or , in the case of Margaret Thatcher , a Lady ) of the Garter ( KG and LG respectively ) has been fairly prevalent since the mid-nineteenth century . Upon the retirement of a Prime Minister who is Scottish , it is likely that the primarily Scottish honour of Knight of the Thistle ( KT ) will be used instead of the Order of the Garter , which is generally regarded as an English honour . Historically it has also been common for Prime Ministers to be granted a peerage upon retirement from the Commons , which elevates the individual to the House of Lords . Formerly , the peerage bestowed was usually an earldom , with Churchill offered a dukedom . From the 1960s onward , life peerages were preferred , although in 1984 Harold Macmillan was created Earl of Stockton . Sir Alec Douglas - Home , Harold Wilson , James Callaghan and Margaret Thatcher accepted life peerages , although Douglas - Home had previously disclaimed his hereditary title as Earl of Home . Edward Heath did not accept a peerage of any kind and nor have any of the Prime Ministers to retire since 1990 ; although Heath and Major were later appointed as Knights of the Garter . The most recent former Prime Minister to die was Margaret Thatcher ( served 1979 -- 1990 ) on 8 April 2013 , aged 87 . Lists and groupings ( edit ) List of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom ( graphical ) List of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom List of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom by tenure List of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom by age List of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom by longevity Historical rankings of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom List of United Kingdom Parliament constituencies represented by sitting Prime Ministers List of fictional Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom Living Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom List of current heads of government in the United Kingdom and dependencies Air transport of the Royal Family and Government of the United Kingdom List of peerages held by Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom Prime Ministerial Car ( United Kingdom ) Prime Minister 's Questions Records of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom Spouse of the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Children of the Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom Prime Minister 's Office Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Sovereign 's prerogative powers are sometimes called reserve powers . They include the sole authority to dismiss a Prime Minister and government of the day in extremely rare and exceptional circumstances , and other essential powers ( such as withholding Royal Assent , and summoning and proroguing Parliament ) to preserve the stability of the nation . These reserve powers can be exercised without the consent of Parliament . Reserve powers , in practice , are the court of absolute last resort in resolving situations that fundamentally threaten the security and stability of the nation as a whole and are almost never used . Jump up ^ Once in office , the Prime Minister fills not only Cabinet level positions but many other government offices ( up to 90 appointments ) , selected mostly from the House of Commons , distributing them to party members , partly as a reward for their loyalty . The power to make so many appointments to government offices is one of the most effective means the Prime Minister has of maintaining party discipline in the Commons . Jump up ^ See e.g. the various orders prescribing fees to be taken in public offices Jump up ^ The 18th - century ambivalence causes problems for researchers trying to identify who was a Prime Minister and who was not . Every list of Prime Ministers may omit certain politicians . For instance , unsuccessful attempts to form ministries -- such as the two - day government formed by the Earl of Bath in 1746 , often dismissed as the `` Silly Little Ministry '' -- may be included in a list or omitted , depending on the criteria selected . Jump up ^ This event also marks the beginnings of collective Cabinet responsibility . This principle states that the decisions made by any one Cabinet member become the responsibility of the entire Cabinet . Jump up ^ Except Lord Home , who resigned his peerage to stand in a by - election soon after becoming Prime Minister Jump up ^ As early as 1839 , the former Prime Minister Duke of Wellington had argued in the House of Lords that `` I have long entertained the view that the Prime Minister of this country , under existing circumstances , ought to have a seat in the other House of Parliament , and that he would have great advantage in carrying on the business of the Sovereign by being there . '' Quoted in Barnett , p. 246 Jump up ^ The last Prime Minister to be a member of the Lords during any part of his tenure was Alec Douglas - Home , 14th Earl of Home in 1963 . Lord Home was the last Prime Minister who was a hereditary peer , but , within days of attaining office , he disclaimed his peerage , abiding by the convention that the Prime Minister should sit in the House of Commons . A junior member of his Conservative Party who had already been selected as candidate in a by - election in a staunch Conservative seat stood aside , allowing Home to contest and win the by - election , and thus procure a seat in the lower House . Jump up ^ Even after death their rivalry continued . When Disraeli died in 1881 , Gladstone proposed a state funeral , but Disraeli 's will specified that he have a private funeral and be buried next to his wife . Gladstone replied , `` As ( Disraeli ) lived , so he died -- all display , without reality or genuineness . '' Disraeli , for his part , once said that GOM ( the acronym for `` Grand Old Man '' ) really stood for `` God 's Only Mistake '' . Jump up ^ Following a series of reforms in the twentieth century the Lords now consists almost entirely of appointed members who hold their title only for their own lifetime . As of 11 June 2012 the Lords had 763 members ( excluding 49 who were on leave of absence or otherwise disqualified from sitting ) , compared to 646 in the Commons . Jump up ^ Campbell - Bannerman retired and died in 1908 Jump up ^ These include : in England and Wales , the Anglican Archbishops of Canterbury and York ; in Scotland , the Lord High Commissioner and the Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland ; in Northern Ireland , the Anglican and Roman Catholic Archbishops of Armagh and Dublin and the Moderator of the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church . Jump up ^ This circumstance is somewhat confused , however , as since the Great Reform Act 1832 , only seven Scots have served as Prime Minister . Of these , two -- Bonar Law and Ramsay MacDonald -- died while still sitting in the Commons , not yet having retired ; another , the Earl of Aberdeen , was appointed to both the Order of the Garter and the Order of the Thistle ; yet another , Arthur Balfour , was appointed to the Order of the Garter , but represented an English constituency and may not have considered himself entirely Scottish ; and of the remaining three , the Earl of Rosebery became a KG , Alec Douglas - Home became a KT , and Gordon Brown remained in the House of Commons as a backbencher until 2015 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.un.int/protocol/sites/www.un.int/files/Protocol%20and%20Liaison%20Service/hspmfm.pdf Jump up ^ Salaries of Members of Her Majesty 's Government from 9th June 2017 Jump up ^ What is the annual salary of an MP ? Jump up ^ https://www.gov.uk/government/ministers/prime-minister Jump up ^ `` The principles of government formation ( Section 2.8 ) '' . The Cabinet Manual ( 1st ed . ) . Cabinet Office . October 2011 . p. 14 . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . Prime Ministers hold office unless and until they resign . If the Prime Minister resigns on behalf of the Government , the Sovereign will invite the person who appears most likely to be able to command the confidence of the House to serve as Prime Minister and to form a government . Jump up ^ `` George I '' . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Prime Minister definition '' . Cambridge Dictionaries Online . Cambridge University Press . Retrieved 12 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Le May , 98 -- 99 . Walter Bagehot , an authority on 19th - century British government , said this unity is `` the efficient secret '' of its constitution . Bagehot 's description of the `` efficient part '' of the British constitution is quoted by Le May and many other standard texts : `` The efficient secret of the English Constitution may be described as the close union , the nearly complete fusion , of the executive and legislative powers . No doubt , by the traditional theory , as it exists in all the books , the goodness of our constitution consists in the entire separation of the legislative and executive authorities , but in truth its merit consists in their singular approximation . The connecting link is the Cabinet ... A Cabinet is a combing committee -- a hyphen which joins a buckle which fastens the legislative part of the State to the executive part of the State . In its origin it belongs to the one , in its functions it belongs to the other . '' Jump up ^ Barnett , pp. 245 -- 246 Jump up ^ King , pp. 3 -- 8 . King makes the point that much of the British constitution is in fact written and that no constitution is written down in its entirety . The distinctive feature of the British constitution , he says , is that it is not codified . Jump up ^ Quoted in Hanchant , p. 209 Jump up ^ Low , p. 155 . In 1902 , for example , Arthur Balfour said , `` The Prime Minister has no salary as Prime Minister . He has no statutory duties as Prime Minister , his name occurs in no Acts of Parliament , and though holding the most important place in the constitutional hierarchy , he has no place which is recognized by the laws of his country . This is a strange paradox '' Jump up ^ Low , p. 255 `` There is no distinction , '' said Gladstone , `` more vital to the practice of the British constitution or to the right judgement upon it than the distinction between the Sovereign and the Crown . '' Jump up ^ Bagehot , p. 67 Jump up ^ Low , pp 255 -- 258 Jump up ^ Knappen , pp. 448 -- 451 Jump up ^ Smith , pp. 371 -- 373 Jump up ^ Smith , p. 382 Jump up ^ `` Standing Orders of the House of Commons '' ( PDF ) . London , United Kingdom : Parliament of the United Kingdom . 16 December 2009 . p. 65 . Jump up ^ Roseveare , p. 80 Jump up ^ Smith , pp. 372 -- 373 Jump up ^ Dodd , p. 50 There are a few instances of the use of `` Prime '' or `` First '' Minister in the 17th century . After the Restoration in 1660 , for example , Lord Clarendon was encouraged to assume the title of `` First Minister '' in the new government rather than accept a specific office . According to the Duke of Ormonde , however , `` He ( Clarendon ) could not consent to enjoy a pension out of the Exchequer under no other title or pretense but being First Minister ... ( an office ) so newly translated out of French into English that it was not enough understood to be liked and everyone would detest it for the burden it was attended with . '' Jump up ^ Marriott , p. 87 ^ Jump up to : Barnett , p. 249 Jump up ^ Barnett , p. 247 Jump up ^ Jennings , p. 59 Jump up ^ Dodd , p. 79 . In 1691 , for example , a Lord protested , that `` ' Cabinet - Council ' is not a word to be found in our Law - books . We know it not before : we took it for a nick - name . Nothing can fall out more unhappily , than to have a distinction made of the ' Cabinet ' and ' Privy - Council ' ... If some of the Privy - Council men be trusted , and some not , to whom is a gentleman to apply ? Must he ask , `` Who is a Cabinet - Counsellor ? ... I am sure , these distinctions of some being more trusted than others have given great dissatisfaction . '' Jump up ^ Smith , p. 383 Jump up ^ Marriott , pp. 75 -- 76 Jump up ^ Dodd , p. 66 `` Is it not hard '' Anne said , `` that men of sense and honour will not promote the good of their country , because everything in the world is not done as they desire ? '' ^ Jump up to : Smith , pp. 379 -- 382 Jump up ^ Marriott , pp. 76 -- 83 Jump up ^ Smith , pp. 376 -- 379 Jump up ^ Marriott , p. 107 Jump up ^ Smith , p. 384 Jump up ^ Pike , pp. 22 -- 23 Jump up ^ Taylor , Stephen ( 2002 ) . `` Robert Walpole '' . In Eccleshall , Robert ; Walker , Graham . Biographical Dictionary of British Prime Ministers . Routledge . p. 10 . Jump up ^ Smith , p. 385 . He worked tirelessly to maintain the King 's confidence , and sometimes resorted to bribery . On the accession of George II in 1727 , for example , Walpole gave the new King an additional £ 100,000 for his personal use to maintain his offices . Jump up ^ Marriott , pp. 77 -- 81 . The preceding paragraph is a paraphrase of Hearn 's famous list of Walpole 's contributions to the evolution of the office of Prime Minister in his book Government of England , p. 220 , quoted by Marriott . Jump up ^ Smith , pp. 385 -- 387 Jump up ^ Marriott , p. 86 . During most periods of British history , there have been Chief Ministers who have had many of the attributes of a modern Prime Minister such as Dunstan of Glastonbury under Edgar , Ranulf Flambard under William II , Cardinal Wolsey and Thomas Cromwell under Henry VIII , and many others . ^ Jump up to : Marriott , p. 88 Jump up ^ Low , p. 156 Jump up ^ Low , pp. 156 -- 157 Jump up ^ Walpole , pp. 213 -- 214 ^ Jump up to : Barnett , p. 245 Jump up ^ Bogdanor , Vernon ( 2 February 2007 ) . `` A dictatoror ( sic ) first among equals ? '' . Times Higher Education . Retrieved 3 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Chris Bryant , Parliament : The Biography ( Volume II - Reform ) , Random House , 2014 . p. 45 Jump up ^ Low , pp. 160 -- 161 . In his memoirs , Gleanings , Gladstone lamented the Prime Ministry 's unseemly status in the government hierarchy : `` Nowhere in the wide world , '' he said , `` does so great a substance cast so small a shadow . Nowhere is there a man who has so much power with so little to show for it in the way of formal title or prerogative . '' Jump up ^ Marriott , p. 85 Jump up ^ Rozenberg , Joshua ( 3 June 1998 ) . `` UK Politics : Talking Politics -- Conventions of the constitution '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2 November 2008 . Jump up ^ See letter , dated , `` Downing Street , 30 June 1742 '' , from Horace Walpole to Sir Horace Mann : `` I am writing to you in one of the charming rooms towards the Park : it is I am willing to enjoy this sweet corner while I may , for we are soon to quit it . Mrs. Sandys came yesterday to give us warning ; Lord Wilmington has lent it to them . Sir Robert might have had it for his own at first : but would only take it as First Lord of the Treasury . He goes into a small house of his own in Arlington Street , opposite to where we formerly lived '' . ( Horace Walpole 's Letters , ed . Cunningham , 1857 , I , p. 246 . ) British History Online , From : ' No. 10 , Downing Street ' , Survey of London : volume 14 : St Margaret , Westminster , part III : Whitehall II ( 1931 ) , pp. 113 -- 141 . Date accessed : 21 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Feely , Terence ( 1982 ) . No. 10 , The Private Lives of Six Prime Ministers . Sidgwick and Jackson ISBN 0 - 283 - 98893 - 2 . Jump up ^ Low , pp. 141 -- 142 Jump up ^ Dodd , p. 127 Jump up ^ Pares , p. 175 in a letter to the King written at the same time , North repeated the idea , `` That in critical times , it is necessary that there should be one directing Minister , who should plan the whole of the operations of government , so far as to make them co-operate zealously & actively with his designs even tho ' contrary to their own . '' Jump up ^ Gladstone 's Cabinet of 1868 , Lowes Cato Dickinson , ref . NPG 5116 , National Portrait Gallery , London , accessed January 2010 Jump up ^ Shannon , Richard ( 1984 ) . Gladstone : 1809 - 1865 ( p. 342 ) . p. 580 . ISBN 0807815918 . Retrieved 30 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Marriott , pp 92 -- 93 Bagehot enumerated the three rights of a constitutional Monarch as `` the right to be consulted , the right to encourage , the right to warn '' Jump up ^ Marriott , pp 78 -- 83 . Marriott enumerates five characteristics of modern Cabinet Government : 1 . exclusion of the Sovereign , 2 . close correspondence of party affiliation between the Cabinet and the majority in Parliament , 3 . homogeneity of the Cabinet , 4 . collective responsibility , and 5 . ascendency of the Prime Minister . Jump up ^ Foord , p. 1 Laughter followed Hobhouse 's remark but George Tierney , a leading Whig , repeated the phrase and added a definition . `` My honourable friend , '' he said , `` could not have invented a better phrase to designate us than that which he has adopted , for we are certainly to all intents and purposes a branch of His Majesty 's Government . '' Jump up ^ Blake , Robert ( 1993 ) . `` How Churchill Became Prime Minister '' . In Blake , Robert B. ; Louis , William Roger . Churchill . Oxford : Clarendon Press . pp. 262 -- 263 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 820626 - 7 . Jump up ^ Smith , pp. 37 -- 38 Jump up ^ Marriott , pp. 219 -- 222 Jump up ^ Pike , pp. 188 -- 194 Jump up ^ Minney , p. 216 . Contemporaries seemed to sense from the beginning that history was being made . Lord Creevey , for example , recorded in his diary , `` I dined in Downing Street with Lady Grey ... After dinner the private secretary to the Prime Minister and myself being alone , I ascertained that although Lord Grey was gone to Brighton ostensibly to prick for Sheriffs for the year , his great object was to put his plan of reform before the King , previous ... to its being proposed to the House of Commons . A ticklish operation , this ! to propose to a Sovereign a plan for reducing his own power and patronage . However , there is the plan all cut and dry , and the Cabinet unanimous upon it ... Grey is determined to fight it out to a dissolution of Parliament , if his plan is beat in the Commons . My eye , what a crisis ! '' Jump up ^ Trevelyan , p. 272 Jump up ^ Marriott , pp. 222 -- 223 Jump up ^ Smith , pp. 437 -- 444 Jump up ^ Smith , pp. 454 , 468 , 486 , and 489 Jump up ^ Jennings , p. 21 Jump up ^ Pike , p. 219 Jump up ^ Rosebery , p. 27 . Lord Rosebery , later a Prime Minister himself , said of Peel : `` the model of all Prime Ministers . It is more than doubtful , indeed , if it be possible in this generation , when the burdens of Empire and of office have so incalculably grown , for any Prime Minister to discharge the duties of his high office with the same thoroughness or in the same spirit as Peel ... Peel kept a strict supervision over every department : he seems to have been master of the business of each and all of them ... it is probable that no Prime Minister ever fulfilled so completely and thoroughly the functions of the office , parliamentary , administrative , and general as Sir Robert Peel . '' Jump up ^ Hanham , pp. 63 -- 64 Jump up ^ Bigham , p. 318 . Disraeli and Victoria thought the tactic was unconstitutional . `` Such conduct '' , the Queen said , `` is unheard of and the only excuse is -- that he is not quite sane . '' Jump up ^ Pike , p. 389 Jump up ^ King , pp. 319 -- 320 Jump up ^ Tuchman , p 391 Jump up ^ `` House of Lords : Breakdown of Lords by party strength and type of peerage '' . 1 May 2008 . Archived from the original on 14 May 2008 . Retrieved 25 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` House of Commons : State of the parties '' . 23 May 2008 . Archived from the original on 11 May 2008 . Retrieved 25 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Smith , p. 477 , Jump up ^ Tuchman , p 365 . The Liberal majority was actually much larger in practice because on most issues they could rely on the votes of 51 Labour and Lib - Lab representatives and 83 Irish Nationalists . Their majority was so large and unprecedented -- they had more seats than all other parties combined -- that one Conservative called it a `` hideous abnormality '' . Jump up ^ Furthermore , Arthur Balfour , the defeated Conservative Prime Minister and now Leader of the Opposition , declared that the House of Lords was the `` watchdog of the constitution '' ; it had an obligation to promote stability by rejecting `` radical '' legislation proposed by `` zealots '' who may have a temporary numerical advantage in the Commons . David Lloyd George , the new Liberal President of the Board of Trade and a future Prime Minister , said the Lords `` ... is not the watchdog of the British Constitution . It is Mr Balfour 's poodle ! '' Smith , p. 478 Jump up ^ Smith , pp 478 -- 480 . Although the Liberals did pass the Trade Disputes Act , the Workmen 's Compensation Act , the Labour Exchanges Act , the Trade Boards Act , and the Housing , Town Planning , &c . Act , the Lords vetoed an Education Bill , a land reform bill , a Licensing Bill , and a Plural Voting Bill ; they mutilated and mauled an Agricultural Holdings Bill and an Irish Town Tenants Bill , and they almost rejected the Old - Age Pensions Act . Jump up ^ Knappen , pp 554 -- 555 Jump up ^ Smith , p. 482 , Jump up ^ Knappen , p. 555 ^ Jump up to : Fairclough , Paul ( 2002 ) . `` 6.1 The Primemister '' . Advanced Government and Politics . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 913434 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , Andy ( 1998 ) . `` Prime ministerial government '' . UK Government & Politics . Heinemann . pp. 113 -- 114 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 435 - 33158 - 0 . Jump up ^ Allen , Graham ( 14 February 2017 ) . The Last Prime Minister : Being Honest About the UK Presidency . Andrews UK Limited . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84540 - 609 - 7 . Jump up ^ Foley , Michael ( 2000 ) . `` Chapter 1 : The Blair revolution and presidential standard '' . The British Presidency . Manchester University Press . pp. 1 - 26 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7190 - 5016 - 9 . Jump up ^ Foster , Christopher ( 2005 ) . `` Chapter 12 Blair 's Cabinet : Monarchy Returns '' . British Government in Crisis . Hart Publishing . Jump up ^ `` Short launches broadside on Blair '' . BBC News . 12 May 2003 . Retrieved 23 April 2006 . Jump up ^ Palekar , S.A. ( 2008 ) . `` Position of the Prime Minister '' . Comparative Politics and Government . PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. p. 37 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 203 - 3335 - 2 . Jump up ^ Bagehot , Walter ( 1867 ) . The English Constitution . Project Gutenburg Ebook . Retrieved 25 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Booth , Jenny ( 7 February 2006 ) . `` Blair defends school reform climbdown '' . The Times . London . Jump up ^ Cameron , David ( 11 May 2010 ) . `` David Cameron becomes PM : Full Downing Street statement '' . BBC News . Retrieved 11 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Prime Minister Gordon Brown arrives at Downing Street on YouTube Jump up ^ Transfer of Power from James Callaghan to Margaret Thatcher on YouTube Jump up ^ May , Theresa ( 13 July 2016 ) . `` Prime Minister Theresa May promises ' a better Britain ' - the full speech '' . Total Politics . Retrieved 13 July 2016 . Jump up ^ A new politics : cutting Ministerial pay , Number10.gov.uk , 13 May 2010 , archived from the original on 18 June 2010 , retrieved 19 June 2010 Jump up ^ An example of `` Prime Minister '' being used as a title , even by Number 10 Downing Street . `` PM attends European Council '' . 16 September 2010 . Retrieved 17 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Rasor , Eugene L. ( 2000 ) . Winston S. Churchill , 1874 -- 1965 : a comprehensive historiography and annotated bibliography . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 205 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 30546 - 7 . Works cited ( edit ) Bagehot , Walter ( 1963 ) ( 1867 ) . The English Constitution . Wm . Collins & Sons . ISBN 0 - 521 - 46535 - 4 . Chrimes , S.B. ( 1947 ) . English Constitutional History . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 404 - 14653 - 8 . Barnett , Hilaire ( 2009 ) . Constitutional & Administrative Law ( 7th ed . ) . Abingdon , Oxfordshire : Routledge - Cavendish . Dodd , A.H. ( 1956 ) . The Growth of Responsible Government from James the First to Victoria . London : Routledge and Kegan Paul . Farnborough , Thomas Erskine , 1st Baron ( 1896 ) . Constitutional History of England since the Accession of George the Third ( 11th ed . ) . London : Longmans , Green and Co . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Foord , Archibald S. ( 1964 ) . His Majesty 's Opposition . Clarendon Press , Oxford . ISBN 0 - 313 - 21974 - 5 . Hanchant , W.L. ( 1943 ) . England Is Here -- Speeches and Writings of the Prime Ministers of England . Bodley Head . Jennings , Ivor ( 1959 ) . `` The Formation of a Government '' . Cabinet Government ( 3rd ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . King , Anthony ( 2007 ) . The British Constitution . Oxford University Press , Oxford . ISBN 0 - 9691436 - 3 - X . Knappen , M.M. ( 1942 ) . Constitutional and Legal History of England . Harcourt , Brace & Company . ISBN 0 - 8377 - 2335 - 3 . Le May , G.H.L. ( 1979 ) . The Victorian Constitution , Conventions , Usages and Contingencies . Duckworth . Leonard , Dick ( 2014 ) . A History of British Prime Ministers , Walpole to Cameron . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 1 - 137 - 33804 - 4 . Low , S. ( 1904 ) . The Governance of England . T. Fisher Unwin , London . ISBN 0 - 521 - 38155 - X . Marriott , J.A.R. ( 1925 ) . English Political Institutions . Oxford University Press , Oxford . Pike , E. Royston ( 1968 ) . Britain 's Prime Ministers : From Walpole to Wilson . Odhams Books . ISBN 0 - 600 - 72032 - 2 . Roseveare , Henry ( 1973 ) . Treasury , 1660 -- 1870 : The Foundations of Control . Allen and Unwin . ISBN 0 - 04 - 942115 - 8 . Smith , Goldwin ( 1990 ) . A Constitutional and Legal History of England . Dorset Press . ISBN 0 - 88029 - 474 - 4 . Tuchman , Barbara W. ( 1966 ) . The Proud Tower , A Portrait of the World before the War , 1890 -- 1914 . The Macmillan Company . ISBN 0 - 345 - 40501 - 3 . -- ( 1984 ) . The March of Folly , From Troy to Vietnam . Random House . ISBN 0 - 345 - 30823 - 9 . Van Thal , Herbert , ed. ( 1974 ) . The Prime Ministers , From Sir Robert Walpole to Edward Heath . Stein and Day . ISBN 0 - 8128 - 1738 - 9 . Walpole , S. ( 2009 ) . Essays Political and Biographical . BiblioBazaar , llc . ISBN 1 - 113 - 70982 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Prime ministers of the United Kingdom . Number 10 official website Photos from the Prime Minister 's Office Parliament of the United Kingdom . ( 2004 ) . Official Website . 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what is the rank of ensign in the navy
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In the United States Navy , the rank of ensign superseded passed midshipman in 1862 . Ensign is the junior commissioned officer rank in the United States Navy , the United States Coast Guard , the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Officer Corps , and the PHS Commissioned Corps . This rank is also used in the U.S. Maritime Service and the U.S. Naval Sea Cadet Corps . Ensign ranks below lieutenant junior grade , and it is equivalent to a second lieutenant in the U.S. Army , the Marine Corps , and the Air Force .
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Ensign ( rank )
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ensign ( rank )
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Ensign ( / ˈɛnsən / , Late Middle English , from Old French enseigne ( 12c . ) `` mark , symbol , signal ; flag , standard , pennant '' , from Latin insignia ( plural ) ) is a junior rank of a commissioned officer in the armed forces of some countries , normally in the infantry or navy . As the junior officer in an infantry regiment was traditionally the carrier of the ensign flag , the rank acquired the name . This rank has generally been replaced in army ranks by second lieutenant . Ensigns were generally the lowest ranking commissioned officer , except where the rank of subaltern existed . In contrast , the Arab rank of ensign , لواء , liwa ' , derives from the command of units with an ensign , not the carrier of such a unit 's ensign , and is today the equivalent of a major general .
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In Thomas Venn 's 1672 Military and Maritime Discipline in Three Books , the duties of ensigns are to include not only carrying the colour but assisting the captain and lieutenant of a company and in their absence , have their authority . `` Ensign '' is enseigne in French , and chorąży in Polish , each of which derives from a term for a flag . The Spanish alférez and Portuguese alferes is a junior officer rank below lieutenant associated with carrying the flag , and so is often translated as `` ensign '' . Unlike the rank in other languages , its etymology has nothing to do with flags , but instead comes from the Arabic for `` cavalier '' or `` knight '' . Fähnrich in German comes from an older German military title , Fahnenträger ( flag bearer ) ; however , it is an officer cadet rank , not a junior officer - the same applies to the Dutch vaandrig , which has a parallel etymology . In the German Landsknecht armies ( c. 1480 ) , the equivalent rank of a Cornet existed for those men who carried the troop standard ( known as a `` cornet '' ) . It is still used in the artillery and cavalry units of the Netherlands ( kornet ) . The NATO rank code is OF - 1 ( junior ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Argentina 2 France and Canada 3 Austria and Germany 4 Estonia 5 New Zealand 6 Norway 7 Poland 8 Romania 9 Russia 10 Slovakia 11 Sweden 12 United Kingdom 13 United States 14 In popular culture 15 See also 16 References 17 External links Argentina ( edit ) In Argentina , the rank of ensign is used by both the air force and the gendarmerie . It is , however , used differently in the two services . The air force uses the rank for newly qualified officers , while the gendarmerie uses `` ensign '' ranks as an equivalent for the army 's `` lieutenant '' ranks . Argentine Air Force Rank Argentine Gendarmerie Rank Equivalent Commonwealth Ranks for comparison Ensign Subensign Acting pilot officer / 2nd lieutenant Lieutenant Ensign Pilot officer / 2nd lieutenant First lieutenant First ensign Flying officer / lieutenant The other armed forces of Argentina have ranks equivalent to ensign : subteniente ( which can be translated into English as `` sublieutenant '' ) in the army and guardiamarina ( midshipman ) in the navy `` . In the army , the most junior sublieutenant in a regiment ( or other unit ) is also the flag carrier . France and canada ( edit ) Enseigne de vaisseau de première classe Enseigne de vaisseau de deuxième classe During the Ancien Régime in France , as in other countries , the ensign ( enseigne ) was the banner of an infantry regiment . As in other countries , the name began to be used for the officers who carried the ensign . It was renamed sub-lieutenant ( sous - lieutenant ) at the end of the 18th century . The Navy used a rank of ship - of - the - line ensign ( enseigne de vaisseau ) , which was the first officer rank . It was briefly renamed ship - of - the - line sub-lieutenant ( sous - lieutenant de vaisseau ) in the end of the 18th century , but its original name was soon restored . Nowadays , the rank is still used in the Marine Nationale : Ship - of - the - line ensign ( enseigne de vaisseau ) is the name of the two lowest officer ranks ( which are distinguished from one another as `` first class '' , equal to an army lieutenant , and `` second class '' , equal to an army sub-lieutenant . ) Both ranks of ensign use the style lieutenant . French - speaking Canadian Naval officers also use the terms of enseigne de vaisseau de deuxième classe and de première classe as the French term for acting sub-lieutenant and sub-lieutenant respectively . However , French - Canadian sub-lieutenants use the short form of enseigne instead of lieutenant . The rank `` ensign '' is also used to refer to second lieutenants ( NATO OF - 1 ) in household regiments of the Canadian Army . Austria and Germany ( edit ) Main article : Fähnrich German Army and Air Force rank insignia Austrian Army rank insignia Fähnrich which has a parallel etymology to ensign , containing the corresponding German word stem of `` flag '' in it , is a German and an Austrian officer cadet rank . The word Fähnrich comes from an older German military title , Fahnenträger ( literally : `` flag carrier '' ) , and first became a distinct military rank on 1 January 1899 . The German Fähnrich is a non-commissioned officer promoted from the rank of Fahnenjunker ( German Army ) or Seekadett ( German Navy ) . Fähnrich is equivalent to Feldwebel ( staff sergeant ) , but with additional responsibilities as an officer cadet . If successful , he may be promoted to Oberfähnrich ( German Army , equivalent to Hauptfeldwebel , or sergeant first class ) or to Oberfähnrich zur See ( German Navy ) , before being made an officer . The German rank Fähnrich should not be translated into English as `` ensign '' to avoid the possible misconception that this would be an officer 's rank , and the English navy rank `` ensign '' should not be translated as `` Fähnrich '' but as `` Leutnant zur See '' , which is the German equivalent . The Cornet , originally equal in rank to the Fähnrich in the 17th and 18th century , was the lowest grade of commissioned officers . Estonia ( edit ) In Estonian Defence Forces the equivalent of `` ensign '' is lipnik . It is used mainly as a rank for reserve officers . New Zealand ( edit ) Shoulder insignia of an RNZN ensign The Royal New Zealand Navy , unlike the Royal Navy -- whose uniforms , insignia , and traditions it inherited -- created the ensign grade to equal the lowest commissioned RNZAF grade of pilot officer and the New Zealand Army grade of second lieutenant . It ranks above the grade of midshipman . Like the grade of pilot officer , it uses a single thin strip of braid . The fact that the Royal Navy has no real equivalent to the lowest commissioned Royal Air Force and British Army grades was one of the driving factors behind the RNZN 's decision to create the ensign grade . Another was that , at the time , New Zealand was actively involved with the United States Armed Forces , so it made sense to balance the rank system out with that used by the United States Navy . Norway ( edit ) Norwegian Navy fenrik insignia Norwegian Army and Home Guard fenrik insignia The Royal Norwegian Navy , the Norwegian Army and the Royal Norwegian Air Force 's equivalent of ensign is fenrik ( the rank below lieutenant ) . It was previously referred to as second lieutenant ( Norwegian : sekondløytnant ) , while the rank of lieutenant was called premier lieutenant . The rank is obtained after attending befalsskolen for one year , from which the candidate emerges as a sergeant , and serving as a sergeant for three additional years . The rank is known to have been temporarily given to soldiers with rank equivalent of non-commissioned officers , indicating skills and performance beyond their rank , in contract based operative service ( UN , NATO ) . This is highly uncommon and the rank is reverted after the contract period ends . A fenrik serves as a NATO ( OF - 1 ) second lieutenant , but the function of the rank differs drastically from other armies . Although it is an officer rank , it strongly resembles an NCO rank in practice . Fenriks are usually former experienced sergeants without officer education , and usually fill such roles as squad leaders and platoon sergeants . This is due to the lack of an NCO - corps in the Norwegian Army . The historical background for this is that Norway 's NCO corps was discontinued on 1 July 1975 , and the senior NCOs currently serving were given officer ranks . NCOs ranking as oversersjant were given the officer rank of fenrik , NCOs ranking as stabssersjant were given the rank of lieutenant , and - in accordance with `` Hærordningen av 1 . januar 1977 '' - the most senior of the NCOs ranking as stabsserjant were given the rank of captain . The corresponding ranks for the Royal Norwegian Navy were overkvartermester ( kvartermester I klasse ) and flaggkvartermester . The corresponding ranks for the Royal Norwegian Air Force were vingsersjant and stabssersjant . The rank insignia is worn on the sleeves ( navy dress uniform only ) , on the shoulders of service uniforms or - more recently - on the chest . The chest placement is of newer date , and was introduced with the M - 2000 uniform , which is worn by both noncommissioned ranks and officers in all branches of the Norwegian Defence . Poland ( edit ) The Polish Army equivalent of `` ensign '' is `` chorąży '' ( the Polish for `` ensign '' or `` flag '' being `` chorągiew '' ) . In Poland , `` ensign '' is not an officer rank - it is an NCO equivalent . Before the 2007 reform , soldiers at the rank of chorąży formed a separate corps above the NCOs . The different ranks are as follows : Junior ensign Ensign Senior ensign Senior staff ensign Romania ( edit ) The Romanian Navy equivalent of `` ensign '' is aspirant . Russia ( edit ) The present - day Russian Army linguistic equivalent is the non-commissioned officer ( NCO ) rank of praporshchik ( Russian : пра́порщик ) , and the Russian Navy equivalent is mitshman ( Russian : ми́чман ) . Slovakia ( edit ) In the Armed Forces of the Slovak Republic , the equivalent of `` ensign '' is slobodník . Sweden ( edit ) In the Swedish Armed Forces , Fänrik is the lowest rank among commissioned officers . United kingdom ( edit ) Until 1871 , when it was replaced by second lieutenant , ensign was the lowest rank of commissioned officer in infantry regiments of the British Army ( except fusilier and rifle regiments , and the Marines , which always used second lieutenant ) . It was the duty of officers of this rank to carry the colours of the regiment . In the 16th century , `` ensign '' was corrupted into `` ancient '' , and was used in the two senses of a banner and the bearer of the banner . Today , the term `` ensign '' is still used by the Foot Guards regiments , for instance during the ceremony of trooping the colour . The equivalent cavalry rank was cornet , also being derived from the name of a banner . 1856 to 1871 British Ensign 's collar rank insignia United States ( edit ) The ranks of ensign and cornet were abolished in the United States Army in the Army Organization Act of 1815 . In the United States Navy , the rank of ensign superseded passed midshipman in 1862 . Ensign is the junior commissioned officer rank in the United States Navy , the United States Coast Guard , the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Officer Corps , and the PHS Commissioned Corps . This rank is also used in the U.S. Maritime Service and the U.S. Naval Sea Cadet Corps . Ensign ranks below lieutenant junior grade , and it is equivalent to a second lieutenant in the U.S. Army , the Marine Corps , and the Air Force . Depending on the warfare community , an ensign may go directly to a warship after being commissioned to serve as a division officer , or he or she may serve up one to two years of specialty training before reporting to a combat unit ( e.g. flight school , weapons systems school , navigator school , submarine school , amphibious warfare school , radar school ) . Ensigns who become division officers are responsible for leading a group of petty officers and enlisted men in one of the ship 's divisions ( for example , engineering , navigation , communications , sensors or weapons ) while at the same time receiving on - the - job training in leadership , naval systems , programs , and policies from higher - ranking officers and from enlisted men and women . Navy and Coast Guard ensigns wear collar insignia of a single gold bar and because of this share the nickname `` butterbars '' with Army , Air Force , and Marine Corps second lieutenants , who wear the same insignia . Within the U.S. Public Health Service , those wearing the rank of ensign are part of a commissioned officer student training , and extern program ( COSTEP ) , either junior , for those with more than a year remaining of education in a commissionable degree ( JRCOSTEP ) , or senior , for those within one year of graduating with a commissionable degree ( SRCOSTEP ) . Some officers may hold a permanent rank of ensign based on their experience and education , but then can hold the temporary rank of lieutenant , junior grade . Insignia of an ensign with the United States Navy United States Coast Guard United States NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps Note : Pin - on insignia for all U.S. services shown here are incorrectly depicted as U.S. Army / U.S. Air Force second lieutenant insignia ; the U.S. Naval Services ( U.S. Navy , U.S. Marine Corps , and U.S. Coast Guard ) , as well as the U.S. Public Health Service and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , use a gold - colored bar that does not have beveled edges . ( See the illustration at Lieutenant ( navy ) # Rank insignia for correct depiction of non-beveled edge bars . ) In popular culture ( edit ) Ensign is used as the most junior officer rank throughout the Star Trek Universe . Ensign is a junior rank within the Martian Congressional Republic Navy in the TV series The Expanse . See also ( edit ) U.S. Navy officer rank insignia Comparative military ranks Sub-lieutenant Signifer Vexillarius References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Subaltern '' . Ranks . Southern Gunners . Retrieved 31 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Troy , Michael . `` Rank of Ensign in Revolutionary Army '' . All Experts : U.S. History . About.com . Archived from the original on 29 June 2013 . Retrieved 31 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Venn , Thomas ; Tacquet , Andrew & ( tr ) Lacey , John ( translator ) Military and Maritime Discipline in Three Books R Pawlet , 1672 Jump up ^ `` Argentine Army official website , ranks of the army compared with those of the air force and navy '' . Jump up ^ The cavalry regiments used the term cornette ( cornet ) and the dragoon regiments used guidon . Jump up ^ p. 970 Tucker , Spencer C. The Encyclopedia Of the War Of 1812 ABC - CLIO , 25 / 04 / 2012 Jump up ^ http://www.usphs.gov/student/ Jump up ^ `` Starfleet ranks '' . Memory Alpha . Division Officer 's Guide . James Stavridis and Robert Girrier . Naval Institute Press , 2004 . ISBN 1 - 59114 - 799 - 9 . External links ( edit ) The Definition of Ensigns - Chapter I . United States uniformed services commissioned officer and officer candidate ranks Pay grade / branch of service Officer candidate O - 1 O - 2 O - 3 O - 4 O - 5 O - 6 O - 7 O - 8 O - 9 O - 10 O - 11 Special grade Insignia ( 2 ) Army CDT / OC 2LT 1LT CPT MAJ LTC COL BG MG LTG GEN GA GAS Marine Corps Midn / Cand 2ndLt 1stLt Capt Maj LtCol Col BGen MajGen LtGen Gen Navy MIDN / OC ENS LTJG LT LCDR CDR CAPT RDML RADM VADM ADM FADM AN Air Force Cadet / OT / OC 2d Lt 1st Lt Capt Maj Lt Col Col Brig Gen Maj Gen Lt Gen Gen GAF Coast Guard CDT / OC ENS LTJG LT LCDR CDR CAPT RDML RADM VADM ADM PHS Corps ENS LTJG LT LCDR CDR CAPT RADM RADM VADM ADM NOAA Corps OC ENS LTJG LT LCDR CDR CAPT RDML RADM VADM No universal insignia for officer candidate rank ; Navy candidate insignia shown Official 1945 proposal for General of the Armies insignia ; John J. Pershing 's GAS insignia : ; George Dewey 's Admiral of the Navy insignia : Rank used for specific officers in wartime only , not permanent addition to rank structure Grade is authorized by the U.S. Code for use but has not been created Grade has never been created or authorized USAF and U.S. Army insignia shown United States warrant officer ranks W - 1 W - 2 W - 3 W - 4 W - 5 Army WO1 CW2 CW3 CW4 CW5 Marine Corps WO1 CWO2 CWO3 CWO4 CWO5 Navy WO1 CWO2 CWO3 CWO4 CWO5 Air Force WO1 CWO2 CWO3 CWO4 CWO5 Coast Guard WO1 CWO2 CWO3 CWO4 PHS Corps NOAA Corps Grade inactive Grade is authorized for use by U.S. Code but has not been created Grade never created or authorized Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ensign_(rank)&oldid=839679541 '' Categories : Military ranks Military ranks of Germany Military ranks of the British Army Military ranks of the United States Coast Guard Military ranks of the United States Navy Naval ranks Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from May 2008 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Russian - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Eesti Ελληνικά Français Italiano Lietuvių Português Русский Simple English Suomi Українська 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 May 2018 , at 00 : 15 . 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how does the necessary and proper clause affect the power of congress
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Necessary and Proper Clause
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necessary and proper clause
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The Necessary and Proper Clause , also known as the Elastic Clause , the Basket Clause , the Coefficient Clause , and the Sweeping Clause , is a provision in Article One of the United States Constitution , located at section 8 , clause 18 .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Text 2 History leading up to ratification 3 National bank 4 Landmark decision by Chief Justice Marshall 5 Later applications 6 Name of the clause 7 See also 8 References Text ( edit ) The Necessary and Proper Clause is as follows : The Congress shall have Power ... To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers , and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States , or in any Department or Officer thereof . History leading up to ratification ( edit ) According to the Articles of Confederation , `` Each state retains its sovereignty , freedom , and independence , and every power , jurisdiction , and right , which is not by this Confederation expressly delegated '' ( emphasis added ) . Thus , the Continental Congress had no powers incidental to those which were `` expressly delegated '' by the Articles of Confederation . By contrast , the Necessary and Proper Clause expressly confers incidental powers upon Congress , while no other clauses in the Constitution do so by themselves . The draft Necessary and Proper Clause provoked controversy during discussions of the proposed constitution , and its inclusion became a focal point of criticism for those opposed to the Constitution 's ratification . While Anti-Federalists expressed concern that the clause would grant the federal government boundless power , Federalists argued that the clause would only permit execution of power already granted by the Constitution . Alexander Hamilton spoke vigorously for this second interpretation in The Federalist Papers . At this time James Madison concurred with Hamilton , arguing in Federalist No. 44 that without this clause , the constitution would be a `` dead letter '' . At the Virginia Ratifying Convention , Patrick Henry took the opposing view , saying that the clause would lead to limitless federal power that would inevitably menace individual liberty . National bank ( edit ) For several decades after the Constitution was ratified , the interpretation of the Necessary and Proper Clause continued to be a powerful bone of contention between the Democratic - Republican Party and the Federalist Party , and several other political parties in the United States . The first practical example of this contention came in 1791 , when Hamilton used the clause to defend the constitutionality of the creation of the First Bank of the United States , the first federal bank in the new nation 's history . Concerned that monied Northern aristocrats would take advantage of the bank to exploit the South , Madison argued that Congress lacked the constitutional authority to charter a bank . Hamilton countered that the bank was a reasonable means of carrying out powers related to taxation and the borrowing of funds , claiming the clause applied to activities reasonably related to constitutional powers , not just those that were absolutely necessary to carry out said powers . To embarrass Madison , his contrary claims from The Federalist Papers were read aloud in Congress : `` No axiom is more clearly established in law or in reason than wherever the end is required , the means are authorized ; wherever a general power to do a thing is given , every particular power for doing it is included . '' Eventually , Southern opposition to the bank and to Hamilton 's plan to have the federal government assume the war debts of the states was mollified by the transfer of the nation 's capital from its temporary seat in Philadelphia to a more southerly permanent seat on the Potomac , and the bill , along with the establishment of a national mint , was passed by Congress and signed by President Washington . Landmark decision by Chief Justice Marshall ( edit ) This clause , as justification for the creation of a national bank , was put to the test in 1819 in the case of McCulloch v. Maryland , wherein the state of Maryland had attempted to impede the operations of the Second Bank of the United States by imposing a tax on out - of - state banks , of which the Second Bank of the United States was the only one . The court ruled against Maryland , and Chief Justice John Marshall , Hamilton 's longtime Federalist ally , wrote the opinion , which stated that while the Constitution did not explicitly give permission to create a federal bank , it conferred upon Congress an implied power to do so under the Necessary and Proper Clause so that Congress could realize or fulfill its express taxing and spending powers . The case reaffirmed Hamilton 's view that legislation reasonably related to express powers was constitutional . Marshall wrote : We admit , as all must admit , that the powers of the Government are limited , and that its limits are not to be transcended . But we think the sound construction of the Constitution must allow to the national legislature that discretion with respect to the means by which the powers it confers are to be carried into execution which will enable that body to perform the high duties assigned to it in the manner most beneficial to the people . Let the end be legitimate , let it be within the scope of the Constitution , and all means which are appropriate , which are plainly adapted to that end , which are not prohibited , but consistent with the letter and spirit of the Constitution , are constitutional . The court in McCulloch v. Maryland held that federal laws could be necessary without being `` absolutely necessary '' , and noted that `` The clause is placed among the powers of Congress , not among the limitations on those powers . '' At the same time , the court retained the power of judicial review established in Marbury v. Madison , declaring that it had the power to strike down laws that departed from those powers : `` Should Congress , in the execution of its powers , adopt measures which are prohibited by the Constitution , or should Congress , under the pretext of executing its powers , pass laws for the accomplishment of objects not intrusted to the Government , it would become the painful duty of this tribunal , should a case requiring such a decision come before it , to say that such an act was not the law of the land . '' As Chief Justice Marshall put it , the Necessary and Proper Clause `` purport ( s ) to enlarge , not to diminish the powers vested in the government . It purports to be an additional power , not a restriction on those already granted . '' Without this clause in the Constitution , there would have been a dispute about whether the express powers imply incidental powers , whereas this clause resolved that dispute by making the incidental powers to be expressed instead of implied . In a related case following the Civil War , the clause was employed ( in combination with other enumerated powers ) to give the federal government virtually complete control over currency . Later applications ( edit ) The clause has been paired with the Commerce Clause to provide the constitutional basis for a wide variety of federal laws . For instance , various reforms involved in the New Deal were found to be necessary and proper enactments of the objective of regulating interstate commerce . Indeed , the influence of the Necessary and Proper Clause and its broader interpretation under McCulloch v. Maryland ( 1819 ) in American jurisprudence can be seen in cases generally thought to simply involve the Commerce Clause . In Wickard v. Filburn ( 1942 ) , the Supreme Court upheld a federal statute making it a crime for a farmer to produce more wheat than was allowed under price controls and production controls , even if the excess production was for the farmer 's own personal consumption . The Necessary and Proper Clause was used to justify the regulation of production and consumption . Also , in addition to this combination of clauses being used to uphold federal laws affecting economic activity , they also were used to justify federal criminal laws . For example , Congress in the Federal Kidnapping Act ( 1932 ) made it a federal crime to transport a kidnapped person across state lines , because the transportation would be an act of interstate activity over which the Congress has power . It has also provided justification for a wide range of criminal laws relating to interference with the federal government 's rightful operation , including federal laws against assaulting or murdering federal employees . In National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius ( 2012 ) , the Supreme Court ruled that the individual mandate of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act can not be upheld under the Necessary and Proper Clause . Chief Justice John Roberts wrote in his ruling that the mandate can not `` be sustained under the Necessary and Proper Clause as an integral part of the Affordable Care Act 's other reforms . Each of this Court 's prior cases upholding laws under that Clause involved exercises of authority derivative of , and in service to , a granted power . ( ... ) The individual mandate , by contrast , vests Congress with the extraordinary ability to create the necessary predicate to the exercise of an enumerated power and draw within its regulatory scope those who would otherwise be outside of it . Even if the individual mandate is `` necessary '' to the Affordable Care Act 's other reforms , such an expansion of federal power is not a `` proper '' means for making those reforms effective . '' According to its proponents , this ruling in NFIB v. Sebelius returns the Necessary and Proper clause to its original interpretation outlined by John Marshall in McCulloch v. Maryland . According to David Kopel , the clause `` simply restates the background principle that Congress can exercise powers which are merely ' incidental ' to Congress 's enumerated powers . '' Name of the Clause ( edit ) The specific term `` Necessary and Proper Clause '' was coined in 1926 by Associate Justice Louis Brandeis , writing for the majority in the Supreme Court decision in Lambert v. Yellowley , 272 U.S. 581 ( 1926 ) , wherein the court upheld a law restricting medicinal use of alcohol as a necessary and proper exercise of power under the 18th Amendment establishing Prohibition in the United States . This phrase has become the label of choice for this constitutional clause , and it was universally adopted by the courts , and it received Congress 's imprimatur in Title 50 of the United States Code , section 1541 ( b ) ( 1994 ) , in the purpose and policy of the War Powers Resolution . See also ( edit ) McCulloch v. Maryland United States v. Comstock Wickard v. Filburn Federalist No. 33 Federalist No. 44 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Popular Names of Constitutional Provisions ( 29 December 2008 ) . `` Popular Names of Constitutional Provisions '' . Gallager Law Library of the University of Washington School of Law . Retrieved 2 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Vile , John . The Constitutional Convention of 1787 : A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of America 's Founding , Volume 1 , p. 591 ( ABC - CLIO 2005 ) . Jump up ^ Watkins Jr. , William J. ( 2004 ) . Reclaiming the American Revolution . Jump up ^ Chernow , Ron ( 2004 ) . Alexander Hamilton . Jump up ^ Allgor , Catherine ( 2006 ) . A Perfect Union . McMillan . ^ Jump up to : `` McCulloch v. Maryland 17 U.S. 316 ( 1819 ) '' . Justia . Jump up ^ McCulloch v. Maryland , 17 U.S. 316 , 420 ( 1819 ) quoted in Printz v. United States , 521 U.S. 898 ( 1997 ) ( Stevens , J. , dissenting , joined by Souter , Ginsburg & Breyer , JJ . ) . ^ Jump up to : Levy , Richard . The Power to Legislate , p. 104 ( Greenwood Publishing Group 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Legal Tender Cases ( Juilliard v. Greenman ) , 110 U.S. 421 , 449 ( 1884 ) . Jump up ^ Gardbaum , Steven ( 1996 ) . `` Rethinking Constitutional Federalism '' . Jump up ^ Wickard v. Filburn , 317 U.S. 111 ( 1942 ) Jump up ^ `` United States v. Comstock 560 U.S. 126 ( 2010 ) '' . Justia . Jump up ^ Roberts Jr. , John G. ( 28 June 2012 ) . `` The Supreme Court Decision on Obama 's Health Care Law '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 1 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Kopel , David ( 28 June 2012 ) . `` Major limits on the Congress 's powers , in an opinion worthy of John Marshall '' . SCOTUSblog . Retrieved 1 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` US CODE : Title 50 , 1541 . Purpose and policy '' . Law.cornell.edu . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 06 . ( hide ) United States Constitution Text ( via Wikisource ) Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments 1 -- 10 Amendments 11 -- 27 Unsuccessful Proposed Amendments Debates in State Conventions on the Adoption of the Constitution Preamble and articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified Bill of Rights 5 6 7 8 9 10 Others 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Amendment Child Labor Repealed Eighteenth Amendment Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights List of Amendments Bill of Rights ( Amendments 1 -- 10 ) Reconstruction Amendments ( Amendments 13 -- 15 ) Amendment proposals in Congress Convention to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Rhode Island ratification Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Bills of credit Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Petition Postal Presentment Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Congressional enforcement Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) Worldwide influence US Government Portal Law Portal Wikipedia book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Necessary_and_Proper_Clause&oldid=812998963 '' Categories : Clauses of the United States Constitution Legal history of the United States Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia 한국어 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 December 2017 , at 03 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necessary%20and%20Proper%20Clause
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who has the most gold medals this year
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List of multiple Olympic gold medalists
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list of multiple olympic gold medalists
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The page lists individuals who have won three or more gold medals at the Olympics .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 List of most Olympic gold medals over career 1.1 Timeline 2 List of most career gold medals in individual events 3 See also 4 References List of most Olympic gold medals over career ( edit ) This is a partial list of multiple Olympic gold medalists , listing people who have won four or more Olympic gold medals . Medals won in the 1906 Intercalated Games are not included . ( If they were , Ray Ewry would be second on the list with 10 gold ) . It includes top - three placings in 1896 and 1900 , before medals were awarded for top - three placings . For simplicity , when an athlete has won medals for more than one nation , only the last nation he or she represented is mentioned here . The Olympics listed for each athlete only include games in which they won medals . See the particular article on the athlete for more details on when and for what nation an athlete competed . More medals are available in some events than others , and the number of events in which medals are available overall has changed over time . Names in Bold denote people that have competed in the most recent Olympics , namely 2018 Pyeongchang Winter Olympics and 2016 Rio Summer Olympics . No . Athlete Nation Sport Years Games Gender Gold Silver Bronze Total Phelps , Michael Michael Phelps United States Swimming 2004 -- 2016 Summer 23 28 Latynina , Larisa Larisa Latynina Soviet Union Gymnastics 1956 -- 1964 Summer 9 5 18 Nurmi , Paavo Paavo Nurmi Finland Athletics 1920 -- 1928 Summer 9 0 12 Spitz , Mark Mark Spitz United States Swimming 1968 -- 1972 Summer 9 11 5 Lewis , Carl Carl Lewis United States Athletics 1984 -- 1996 Summer 9 0 10 6 Bjørgen , Marit Marit Bjørgen Norway Cross-country skiing 2002 -- 2018 Winter 8 15 7 Bjørndalen , Ole Einar Ole Einar Bjørndalen Norway Biathlon 1998 -- 2014 Winter 8 13 8 Dæhlie , Bjørn Bjørn Dæhlie Norway Cross-country skiing 1992 -- 1998 Winter 8 0 12 Fischer , Birgit Birgit Fischer East Germany Germany Canoeing 1980 -- 2004 Summer 8 0 12 10 Kato , Sawao Sawao Kato Japan Gymnastics 1968 -- 1976 Summer 8 12 Thompson , Jenny Jenny Thompson United States Swimming 1992 -- 2004 Summer 8 12 12 Biondi , Matt Matt Biondi United States Swimming 1984 -- 1992 Summer 8 11 13 Bolt , Usain Usain Bolt Jamaica Athletics 2008 -- 2016 Summer 8 0 0 8 Ewry , Ray Ray Ewry United States Athletics 1900 -- 1908 Summer 8 0 0 8 15 Andrianov , Nikolai Nikolai Andrianov Soviet Union Gymnastics 1972 -- 1980 Summer 7 5 15 16 Shakhlin , Boris Boris Shakhlin Soviet Union Gymnastics 1956 -- 1964 Summer 7 13 17 Čáslavská , Věra Věra Čáslavská Czechoslovakia Gymnastics 1960 -- 1968 Summer 7 0 11 18 Chukarin , Viktor Viktor Chukarin Soviet Union Gymnastics 1952 -- 1956 Summer 7 11 19 Gerevich , Aladár Aladár Gerevich Hungary Fencing 1932 -- 1960 Summer 7 10 20 Mangiarotti , Edoardo Edoardo Mangiarotti Italy Fencing 1936 -- 1960 Summer 6 5 13 21 Werth , Isabell Isabell Werth Germany Equestrian 1992 -- 2016 Summer 6 0 10 22 Lochte , Ryan Ryan Lochte United States Swimming 2004 -- 2016 Summer 6 12 23 Felix , Allyson Allyson Felix United States Athletics 2004 -- 2016 Summer 6 0 9 Van Innis , Hubert Hubert Van Innis Belgium Archery 1900 -- 1920 Summer 6 0 9 Yegorova , Lyubov Lyubov Yegorova Unified Team Russia Cross-country skiing 1992 -- 1994 Winter 6 0 9 26 Nakayama , Akinori Akinori Nakayama Japan Gymnastics 1968 -- 1972 Summer 6 10 27 Vezzali , Valentina Valentina Vezzali Italy Fencing 1996 -- 2012 Summer 6 9 28 Fredriksson , Gert Gert Fredriksson Sweden Canoeing 1948 -- 1960 Summer 6 8 29 Hoy , Chris Chris Hoy Great Britain Cycling 2000 -- 2012 Summer 6 0 7 Kenny , Jason Jason Kenny Great Britain Cycling 2008 -- 2016 Summer 6 0 7 31 Scherbo , Vitaly Vitaly Scherbo Unified Team Belarus Gymnastics 1992 -- 1996 Summer 6 0 10 32 Ahn Hyun - Soo Viktor Ahn South Korea Russia Short track speed skating 2006 -- 2014 Winter 6 0 8 Klimke , Reiner Reiner Klimke United Team of Germany West Germany Equestrian 1964 -- 1988 Summer 6 0 8 34 Kovács , Pál Pál Kovács Hungary Fencing 1936 -- 1960 Summer 6 0 7 35 Kárpáti , Rudolf Rudolf Kárpáti Hungary Fencing 1948 -- 1960 Summer 6 0 0 6 Nadi , Nedo Nedo Nadi Italy Fencing 1912 -- 1920 Summer 6 0 0 6 Otto , Kristin Kristin Otto East Germany Swimming 1988 Summer 6 0 0 6 Skoblikova , Lidia Lidia Skoblikova Soviet Union Speed skating 1960 -- 1964 Winter 6 0 0 6 Van Dyken , Amy Amy Van Dyken United States Swimming 1996 -- 2000 Summer 6 0 0 6 40 Wüst , Ireen Ireen Wüst Netherlands Speed skating 2006 -- 2018 Winter 5 5 11 41 Ono , Takashi Takashi Ono Japan Gymnastics 1952 -- 1964 Summer 5 13 42 Osburn , Carl Carl Osburn United States Shooting 1912 -- 1924 Summer 5 11 43 Hall , Jr. , Gary Gary Hall , Jr . United States Swimming 1996 -- 2004 Summer 5 10 Keleti , Ágnes Ágnes Keleti Hungary Gymnastics 1952 -- 1956 Summer 5 10 45 Comăneci , Nadia Nadia Comăneci Romania Gymnastics 1976 -- 1980 Summer 5 9 Thorpe , Ian Ian Thorpe Australia Swimming 2000 -- 2004 Summer 5 9 47 Ritola , Ville Ville Ritola Finland Athletics 1924 -- 1928 Summer 5 0 8 48 Astakhova , Polina Polina Astakhova Soviet Union Gymnastics 1956 -- 1964 Summer 5 10 49 Pechstein , Claudia Claudia Pechstein Germany Speed skating 1992 -- 2006 Winter 5 9 50 Lipă , Elisabeta Elisabeta Lipă Romania Rowing 1984 -- 2004 Summer 5 8 51 Endo , Yukio Yukio Endo Japan Gymnastics 1960 -- 1968 Summer 5 0 7 Fourcade , Martin Martin Fourcade France Biathlon 2014 -- 2018 Winter 5 0 7 Peirsol , Aaron Aaron Peirsol United States Swimming 2000 -- 2008 Summer 5 0 7 54 Tsukahara , Mitsuo Mitsuo Tsukahara Japan Gymnastics 1968 -- 1976 Summer 5 9 55 Adrian , Nathan Nathan Adrian United States Swimming 2008 -- 2016 Summer 5 8 Wiggins , Bradley Bradley Wiggins Great Britain Cycling 2000 -- 2016 Summer 5 8 57 Egerszegi , Krisztina Krisztina Egerszegi Hungary Swimming 1988 -- 1996 Summer 5 7 Jager , Tom Tom Jager United States Swimming 1984 -- 1992 Summer 5 7 Lazutina , Larisa Larisa Lazutina Unified Team Russia Cross-country skiing 1992 -- 1998 Winter 5 7 Lee , Willis A. Willis A. Lee United States Shooting 1920 Summer 5 7 Thunberg , Clas Clas Thunberg Finland Speed skating 1924 -- 1928 Winter 5 7 Vollmer , Dana Dana Vollmer United States Swimming 2004 -- 2016 Summer 5 7 Winkler , Hans Günter Hans Günter Winkler United Team of Germany West Germany Equestrian 1956 -- 1976 Summer 5 7 Wu Minxia China Diving 2004 -- 2016 Summer 5 7 65 Alsgaard , Thomas Thomas Alsgaard Norway Cross-country skiing 1994 -- 2002 Winter 5 0 6 Heida , Anton Anton Heida United States Gymnastics 1904 Summer 5 0 6 Kim , Nellie Nellie Kim Soviet Union Gymnastics 1976 -- 1980 Summer 5 0 6 Kozák , Danuta Danuta Kozák Hungary Canoeing 2008 -- 2016 Summer 5 0 6 Ledecky , Katie Katie Ledecky United States Swimming 2012 -- 2016 Summer 5 0 6 Lilloe - Olsen , Ole Ole Lilloe - Olsen Norway Shooting 1920 -- 1924 Summer 5 0 6 Schollander , Don Don Schollander United States Swimming 1964 -- 1968 Summer 5 0 6 72 Blair , Bonnie Bonnie Blair United States Speed skating 1988 -- 1994 Winter 5 0 6 Damian , Georgeta Georgeta Damian Romania Rowing 2000 -- 2008 Summer 5 0 6 Franklin , Missy Missy Franklin United States Swimming 2012 -- 2016 Summer 5 0 6 Lane , Alfred Alfred Lane United States Shooting 1912 -- 1920 Summer 5 0 6 Redgrave , Steve Steve Redgrave Great Britain Rowing 1984 -- 2000 Summer 5 0 6 Weissmuller , Johnny Johnny Weissmuller United States Swimming , Water polo 1924 -- 1928 Summer 5 0 6 Zou Kai China Gymnastics 2008 -- 2012 Summer 5 0 6 79 Chen Ruolin China Diving 2008 -- 2016 Summer 5 0 0 5 Davydova , Anastasia Anastasia Davydova Russia Synchronized swimming 2004 -- 2012 Summer 5 0 0 5 Fisher , Morris Morris Fisher United States Shooting 1920 -- 1924 Summer 5 0 0 5 Heiden , Eric Eric Heiden United States Speed skating 1980 Winter 5 0 0 5 Ishchenko , Natalia Natalia Ishchenko Russia Synchronized swimming 2008 -- 2016 Summer 5 0 0 5 Romashina , Svetlana Svetlana Romashina Russia Synchronized swimming 2008 -- 2016 Summer 5 0 0 5 85 Smetanina , Raisa Raisa Smetanina Soviet Union Unified Team Cross-country skiing 1976 -- 1992 Winter 5 10 86 Popov , Alexander Alexander Popov Unified Team Russia Swimming 1992 -- 2000 Summer 5 0 9 87 Torres , Dara Dara Torres United States Swimming 1984 -- 2008 Summer 12 88 Ender , Kornelia Kornelia Ender East Germany Swimming 1972 -- 1976 Summer 0 8 Fraser , Dawn Dawn Fraser Australia Swimming 1956 -- 1964 Summer 0 8 90 Jernberg , Sixten Sixten Jernberg Sweden Cross-country skiing 1956 -- 1964 Winter 9 Tourischeva , Ludmilla Ludmilla Tourischeva Soviet Union Gymnastics 1968 -- 1976 Summer 9 92 Groß , Ricco Ricco Groß Germany Biathlon 1992 -- 2006 Winter 8 Miez , Georges Georges Miez Switzerland Gymnastics 1924 -- 1936 Summer 8 Olsen , Otto Otto Olsen Norway Shooting 1920 -- 1924 Summer 8 Svendsen , Emil Hegle Emil Hegle Svendsen Norway Biathlon 2010 -- 2018 Winter 8 96 Patzaichin , Ivan Ivan Patzaichin Romania Canoeing 1968 -- 1984 Summer 0 7 97 Nemov , Alexei Alexei Nemov Russia Gymnastics 1996 -- 2000 Summer 6 12 98 Kramer , Sven Sven Kramer Netherlands Speed skating 2006 -- 2018 Winter 9 99 Aamodt , Kjetil André Kjetil André Aamodt Norway Alpine skiing 1992 -- 2006 Winter 8 de Bruijn , Inge Inge de Bruijn Netherlands Swimming 2000 -- 2004 Summer 8 Fischer , Sven Sven Fischer Germany Biathlon 1994 -- 2006 Winter 8 Kulakova , Galina Galina Kulakova Soviet Union Cross-country skiing 1972 -- 1980 Winter 8 Lezak , Jason Jason Lezak United States Swimming 2000 -- 2012 Summer 8 Matthes , Roland Roland Matthes East Germany Swimming 1968 -- 1976 Summer 8 Schmitt , Allison Allison Schmitt United States Swimming 2008 -- 2016 Summer 8 106 Ballangrud , Ivar Ivar Ballangrud Norway Speed skating 1928 -- 1936 Winter 7 Liberg , Einar Einar Liberg Norway Shooting 1908 -- 1924 Summer 7 108 Delfino , Giuseppe Giuseppe Delfino Italy Fencing 1952 -- 1964 Summer 0 6 d'Oriola , Christian Christian d'Oriola France Fencing 1948 -- 1956 Summer 0 6 Gaudin , Lucien Lucien Gaudin France Fencing 1920 -- 1928 Summer 0 6 Grevers , Matt Matt Grevers United States Swimming 2008 -- 2012 Summer 0 6 Guo Jingjing China Diving 2000 -- 2008 Summer 0 6 Jong - oh , Jin Jin Jong - oh South Korea Shooting 2004 -- 2016 Summer 0 6 Korbut , Olga Olga Korbut Soviet Union Gymnastics 1972 -- 1976 Summer 0 6 Kostelić , Janica Janica Kostelić Croatia Alpine skiing 2002 -- 2006 Winter 0 6 Kuske , Kevin Kevin Kuske Germany Bobsleigh 2002 -- 2018 Winter 0 6 117 Trillini , Giovanna Giovanna Trillini Italy Fencing 1992 -- 2008 Summer 8 118 Daniels , Charles Charles Daniels United States Swimming 1904 -- 1908 Summer 7 Kitajima , Kosuke Kosuke Kitajima Japan Swimming 2004 -- 2012 Summer 7 Spooner , Lloyd Lloyd Spooner United States Shooting 1920 Summer 7 Trickett , Libby Libby Trickett Australia Swimming 2004 -- 2012 Summer 7 122 Domracheva , Darya Darya Domracheva Belarus Biathlon 2010 -- 2018 Winter 6 Ignat , Doina Doina Ignat Romania Rowing 1992 -- 2008 Summer 6 Kim Soo - Nyung South Korea Archery 1988 -- 2000 Summer 6 Novikova - Belova , Elena Elena Novikova - Belova Soviet Union Fencing 1968 -- 1976 Summer 6 Rose , Murray Murray Rose Australia Swimming 1956 -- 1960 Summer 6 Sidyak , Viktor Viktor Sidyak Soviet Union Fencing 1968 -- 1980 Summer 6 Svan , Gunde Gunde Svan Sweden Cross-country skiing 1984 -- 1988 Winter 6 van Moorsel , Leontien Leontien van Moorsel Netherlands Cycling 2000 -- 2004 Summer 6 Wagner - Augustin , Katrin Katrin Wagner - Augustin Germany Canoeing 2000 -- 2012 Summer 6 Wang Meng China Short track speed skating 2006 -- 2010 Winter 6 132 Ainslie , Ben Ben Ainslie Great Britain Sailing 1996 -- 2012 Summer 0 5 Artemov , Vladimir Vladimir Artemov Soviet Union Gymnastics 1988 Summer 0 5 Ashford , Evelyn Evelyn Ashford United States Athletics 1984 -- 1992 Summer 0 5 Evans , Janet Janet Evans United States Swimming 1988 -- 1992 Summer 0 5 Ferguson , Ian Ian Ferguson New Zealand Canoeing 1984 -- 1988 Summer 0 5 Fonst , Ramón Ramón Fonst Cuba Fencing 1900 -- 1904 Summer 0 5 Fu Mingxia China Diving 1992 -- 2000 Summer 0 5 Grishin , Yevgeny Yevgeny Grishin Soviet Union Speed skating 1956 -- 1964 Winter 0 5 Hefford , Jayna Jayna Hefford Canada Ice hockey 1998 -- 2014 Winter 0 5 Klochkova , Yana Yana Klochkova Ukraine Swimming 2000 -- 2004 Summer 0 5 Kolehmainen , Hannes Hannes Kolehmainen Finland Athletics 1912 -- 1920 Summer 0 5 Koss , Johann Olav Johann Olav Koss Norway Speed skating 1992 -- 1994 Winter 0 5 Lange , André André Lange Germany Bobsleigh 2002 -- 2010 Winter 0 5 Louganis , Greg Greg Louganis United States Diving 1976 -- 1988 Summer 0 5 Muratov , Valentin Valentin Muratov Soviet Union Gymnastics 1952 -- 1956 Summer 0 5 Naber , John John Naber United States Swimming 1976 Summer 0 5 Nykänen , Matti Matti Nykänen Finland Ski jumping 1984 -- 1988 Winter 0 5 Pahud de Mortanges , Charles Charles Pahud de Mortanges Netherlands Equestrian 1924 -- 1936 Summer 0 5 Sheppard , Mel Mel Sheppard United States Athletics 1908 -- 1912 Summer 0 5 Szabo , Ecaterina Ecaterina Szabo Romania Gymnastics 1984 Summer 0 5 Tikhonov , Alexander Alexander Tikhonov Soviet Union Biathlon 1968 -- 1980 Winter 0 5 Wang Nan China Table tennis 2000 -- 2008 Summer 0 5 Wickenheiser , Hayley Hayley Wickenheiser Canada Ice hockey 1998 -- 2014 Winter 0 5 Williams , Venus Venus Williams United States Tennis 2000 -- 2016 Summer 0 5 Zátopek , Emil Emil Zátopek Czechoslovakia Athletics 1948 -- 1952 Summer 0 5 Zimyatov , Nikolay Nikolay Zimyatov Soviet Union Cross-country skiing 1980 -- 1984 Winter 0 5 158 Kulcsár , Győző Győző Kulcsár Hungary Fencing 1964 -- 1976 Summer 0 6 159 Beerbaum , Ludger Ludger Beerbaum West Germany Germany Equestrian 1988 -- 2016 Summer 0 5 Biles , Simone Simone Biles United States Gymnastics 2016 Summer 0 5 Boron , Kathrin Kathrin Boron Germany Rowing 1992 -- 2008 Summer 0 5 Chun Lee - Kyung South Korea Short track speed skating 1994 -- 1998 Winter 0 5 Edwards , Teresa Teresa Edwards United States Basketball 1984 -- 2000 Summer 0 5 Geisenberger , Natalie Natalie Geisenberger Germany Luge 2010 -- 2018 Winter 0 5 Hurley , Marcus Marcus Hurley United States Cycling 1904 Summer 0 5 Li Xiaopeng China Gymnastics 2000 -- 2008 Summer 0 5 Olsen , Jon Jon Olsen United States Swimming 1992 -- 1996 Summer 0 5 Pozdnyakov , Stanislav Stanislav Pozdnyakov Unified Team Russia Fencing 1992 -- 2004 Summer 0 5 Richards - Ross , Sanya Sanya Richards - Ross United States Athletics 2004 -- 2012 Summer 0 5 Susanu , Viorica Viorica Susanu Romania Rowing 2000 -- 2008 Summer 0 5 Zampori , Giorgio Giorgio Zampori Italy Gymnastics 1912 -- 1924 Summer 0 5 172 Ammann , Simon Simon Ammann Switzerland Ski jumping 2002 -- 2010 Winter 0 0 Arlt , Tobias Tobias Arlt Germany Luge 2014 -- 2018 Winter 0 0 Bird , Sue Sue Bird United States Basketball 2004 -- 2016 Summer 0 0 Blankers - Koen , Fanny Fanny Blankers - Koen Netherlands Athletics 1948 Summer 0 0 Catchings , Tamika Tamika Catchings United States Basketball 2004 -- 2016 Summer 0 0 Cologna , Dario Dario Cologna Switzerland Cross-country skiing 2010 -- 2018 Winter 0 0 Cuthbert , Betty Betty Cuthbert Australia Athletics 1956 -- 1964 Summer 0 0 Darnyi , Tamás Tamás Darnyi Hungary Swimming 1988 -- 1992 Summer 0 0 Deng Yaping China Table tennis 1992 -- 1996 Summer 0 0 Dillard , Harrison Harrison Dillard United States Athletics 1948 -- 1952 Summer 0 0 Elvstrøm , Paul Bert Paul Bert Elvstrøm Denmark Sailing 1948 -- 1960 Summer 0 0 Ermakova , Anastasia Anastasia Ermakova Russia Synchronized swimming 2004 -- 2008 Summer 0 0 Farah , Mohamed Mohamed Farah Great Britain Athletics 2012 -- 2016 Summer 0 0 Fuchs , Jenő Jenő Fuchs Hungary Fencing 1908 -- 1912 Summer 0 0 Icho , Kaori Kaori Icho Japan Wrestling 2004 -- 2016 Summer 0 0 Johnson , Michael Michael Johnson United States Athletics 1992 -- 2000 Summer 0 0 Korzeniowski , Robert Robert Korzeniowski Poland Athletics 1996 -- 2004 Summer 0 0 Kraenzlein , Alvin Alvin Kraenzlein United States Athletics 1900 Summer 0 0 Krayzelburg , Lenny Lenny Krayzelburg United States Swimming 2000 -- 2004 Summer 0 0 Krovopuskov , Viktor Viktor Krovopuskov Soviet Union Fencing 1976 -- 1980 Summer 0 0 Leslie , Lisa Lisa Leslie United States Basketball 1996 -- 2008 Summer 0 0 McCormick , Pat Pat McCormick United States Diving 1952 -- 1956 Summer 0 0 Oerter , Al Al Oerter United States Athletics 1956 -- 1968 Summer 0 0 Ouellette , Caroline Caroline Ouellette Canada Ice hockey 2002 -- 2014 Winter 0 0 Owens , Jesse Jesse Owens United States Athletics 1936 Summer 0 0 Pavesi , Carlo Carlo Pavesi Italy Fencing 1952 -- 1960 Summer 0 0 Pinsent , Matthew Matthew Pinsent Great Britain Rowing 1992 -- 2004 Summer 0 0 Radmilovic , Paulo Paulo Radmilovic Great Britain Water polo , Swimming 1908 -- 1920 Summer 0 0 Saint Cyr , Henri Henri Saint Cyr Sweden Equestrian 1952 -- 1956 Summer 0 0 Salnikov , Vladimir Vladimir Salnikov Soviet Union Swimming 1980 -- 1988 Summer 0 0 Schuhmann , Carl Carl Schuhmann Germany Gymnastics , Wrestling 1896 Summer 0 0 Taurasi , Diana Diana Taurasi United States Basketball 2004 -- 2016 Summer 0 0 Trott , Laura Laura Trott Great Britain Cycling 2012 -- 2016 Summer 0 0 Uphoff , Nicole Nicole Uphoff West Germany Germany Equestrian 1988 -- 1992 Summer 0 0 Virén , Lasse Lasse Virén Finland Athletics 1972 -- 1976 Summer 0 0 Wassberg , Thomas Thomas Wassberg Sweden Cross-country skiing 1980 -- 1988 Winter 0 0 Wendl , Tobias Tobias Wendl Germany Luge 2014 -- 2018 Winter 0 0 Williams , Serena Serena Williams United States Tennis 2000 -- 2012 Summer 0 0 Wöckel , Bärbel Bärbel Wöckel East Germany Athletics 1976 -- 1980 Summer 0 0 Yining , Zhang Zhang Yining China Table tennis 2004 -- 2008 Summer 0 0 Timeline ( edit ) This is a progressive list of Olympians that have held the record for most titles won . It includes titles won in 1896 and 1900 , before gold medals were awarded for first place . All record - holders have competed at Summer Games rather than Winter Games . Michael Phelps , holder of the record for the most Olympic gold medals , with one of his medals at the 2008 Summer Olympics Gold medals Date Athlete Nation Sport Record gold - medal event Earlier gold - medal events Gender 1896 - 04 - 06 James Connolly United States Athletics Triple jump -- Robert Garrett United States Athletics Discus 1896 - 04 - 07 Ellery Clark United States Athletics Long jump Thomas Burke United States Athletics 400 metres Robert Garrett United States Athletics Shot put see above 1896 - 04 - 09 Edwin Flack Australia Athletics 800 metres 1896 - 1 Fritz Hofmann , Konrad Böcker , Alfred Flatow , Gustav Flatow , Georg Hilmar , Fritz Manteuffel , Karl Neukirch , Richard Röstel , Gustav Schuft , Carl Schuhmann , Hermann Weingärtner Germany Gymnastics Team horizontal bar 1896 - 1 Carl Schuhmann Germany Gymnastics Vault see previous Hermann Weingärtner Germany Gymnastics Horizontal bar see above 1896 - 04 - 10 Alfred Flatow Germany Gymnastics Parallel bars see above 1896 - 04 - 11 Carl Schuhmann Germany Wrestling Greco - Roman see above 1900 - 07 - 16 Alvin Kraenzlein United States Athletics 200 metre hurdles 1900 - 1 , 2 , 3 1904 - 08 - 05 Marcus Hurley United States Cycling 1 mile 1904 - 1 , 2 , 3 1904 - 08 - 29 Ray Ewry United States Athletics Standing long jump 1900 - 1 , 2 , 3 5 1904 - 08 - 31 Standing high jump 6 1904 - 09 - 03 Standing triple jump 7 1908 - 07 - 20 Athletics Standing long jump 8 1908 - 07 - 23 Standing high jump 1924 - 07 - 13 Paavo Nurmi Finland Athletics Team cross-country 1920 - 1 , 2 , 3 1924 - 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 9 1928 - 07 - 29 Athletics 10000 metres 1964 - 10 - 23 Larisa Latynina Soviet Union Gymnastics Floor exercise 1956 - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 1960 - 5 , 6 , 7 1964 - 8 1972 - 09 - 04 Mark Spitz United States Swimming 4 × 100 metre medley relay 1968 - 1 , 2 1972 - 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 1996 - 07 - 29 Carl Lewis United States Athletics Long jump 1984 - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 1988 - 5 , 6 1992 - 7 , 8 2008 - 08 - 12 Michael Phelps United States Swimming 200 metre freestyle 2004 - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 2008 - 7 , 8 10 2008 - 08 - 13 200 metre butterfly 11 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay 12 2008 - 08 - 15 200 metre individual medley 13 2008 - 08 - 16 100 metre butterfly 14 2008 - 08 - 17 4 × 100 metre medley relay 15 2012 - 07 - 31 Swimming 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay 16 2012 - 08 - 02 200 metre individual medley 17 2012 - 08 - 03 100 metre butterfly 18 2012 - 08 - 04 4 × 100 metre medley relay 19 2016 - 08 - 07 Swimming 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay 20 2016 - 08 - 09 200 metre butterfly 21 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay 22 2016 - 08 - 11 200 metre individual medley 23 2016 - 08 - 13 4 × 100 metre medley relay List of most career gold medals in individual events ( edit ) This list currently includes all Olympians with three or more gold medals won as individuals ( not as part of a team of two or more ) . No . Athlete Nation Sport Years Games Gender Gold Silver Bronze Total Phelps , Michael Michael Phelps United States Swimming 2004 -- 2016 Summer 13 16 Ewry , Ray Ray Ewry United States Athletics 1900 -- 1908 Summer 8 0 0 8 Čáslavská , Věra Věra Čáslavská Czechoslovakia Gymnastics 1964 -- 1968 Summer 7 0 8 Lewis , Carl Carl Lewis United States Athletics 1984 -- 1996 Summer 7 0 8 5 Latynina , Larisa Larisa Latynina Soviet Union Gymnastics 1956 -- 1964 Summer 6 5 14 6 Andrianov , Nikolai Nikolai Andrianov Soviet Union Gymnastics 1972 -- 1980 Summer 6 12 7 Dæhlie , Bjørn Bjørn Dæhlie Norway Cross-country skiing 1992 -- 1998 Winter 6 0 9 Nurmi , Paavo Paavo Nurmi Finland Athletics 1920 -- 1928 Summer 6 0 9 9 Shakhlin , Boris Boris Shakhlin Soviet Union Gymnastics 1956 -- 1964 Summer 6 10 10 Bolt , Usain Usain Bolt Jamaica Athletics 2008 -- 2016 Summer 6 0 0 6 Skoblikova , Lidia Lidia Skoblikova Soviet Union Speed skating 1960 -- 1964 Winter 6 0 0 6 12 Bjørgen , Marit Marit Bjørgen Norway Cross-country skiing 2002 -- 2018 Winter 5 10 13 Bjørndalen , Ole Einar Ole Einar Bjørndalen Norway Biathlon 1998 -- 2014 Winter 5 9 Chukarin , Viktor Viktor Chukarin Soviet Union Gymnastics 1952 -- 1956 Summer 5 9 Kato , Sawao Sawao Kato Japan Gymnastics 1968 -- 1976 Summer 5 9 16 Comăneci , Nadia Nadia Comăneci Romania Gymnastics 1976 -- 1980 Summer 5 7 Egerszegi , Krisztina Krisztina Egerszegi Hungary Swimming 1988 -- 1996 Summer 5 7 Fredriksson , Gert Gert Fredriksson Sweden Canoeing 1948 -- 1960 Summer 5 7 Thunberg , Clas Clas Thunberg Finland Speed skating 1924 -- 1928 Winter 5 7 20 Scherbo , Vitaly Vitaly Scherbo Unified Team Belarus Gymnastics 1992 -- 1996 Summer 5 0 9 21 Blair , Bonnie Bonnie Blair United States Speed skating 1988 -- 1994 Winter 5 0 6 22 Heiden , Eric Eric Heiden United States Speed skating 1980 Winter 5 0 0 5 23 Wüst , Ireen Ireen Wüst Netherlands Speed skating 2006 -- 2018 Winter 9 24 Yegorova , Lyubov Lyubov Yegorova Unified Team Russia Cross-country skiing 1992 -- 1994 Winter 0 7 25 Aamodt , Kjetil André Kjetil André Aamodt Norway Alpine skiing 1992 -- 2006 Winter 8 Nakayama , Akinori Akinori Nakayama Japan Gymnastics 1968 -- 1972 Summer 8 Pechstein , Claudia Claudia Pechstein Germany Speed skating 1992 -- 2006 Winter 8 28 Ballangrud , Ivar Ivar Ballangrud Norway Speed skating 1928 -- 1936 Winter 7 29 Fourcade , Martin Martin Fourcade France Biathlon 2010 -- 2018 Winter 0 6 Jin Jong - oh South Korea Shooting 2004 -- 2016 Summer 0 6 Kostelić , Janica Janica Kostelić Croatia Alpine skiing 2002 -- 2006 Winter 0 6 Van Innis , Hubert Hubert Van Innis Belgium Archery 1900 -- 1920 Summer 0 6 33 de Bruijn , Inge Inge de Bruijn Netherlands Swimming 2000 -- 2004 Summer 6 Keleti , Ágnes Ágnes Keleti Hungary Gymnastics 1952 -- 1956 Summer 6 Spitz , Mark Mark Spitz United States Swimming 1968 -- 1972 Summer 6 van Moorsel , Leontien Leontien van Moorsel Netherlands Cycling 2000 -- 2004 Summer 6 37 Ainslie , Ben Ben Ainslie Great Britain Sailing 1996 -- 2012 Summer 0 5 Evans , Janet Janet Evans United States Swimming 1988 -- 1992 Summer 0 5 Grishin , Yevgeny Yevgeny Grishin Soviet Union Speed skating 1956 -- 1964 Winter 0 5 Heida , Anton Anton Heida United States Gymnastics 1904 Summer 0 5 Klochkova , Yana Yana Klochkova Ukraine Swimming 2000 -- 2004 Summer 0 5 Koss , Johann Olav Johann Olav Koss Norway Speed skating 1992 -- 1994 Winter 0 5 Louganis , Greg Greg Louganis United States Diving 1976 -- 1988 Summer 0 5 Popov , Alexander Alexander Popov Unified Team Russia Swimming 1992 -- 2000 Summer 0 5 Zátopek , Emil Emil Zátopek Czechoslovakia Athletics 1948 -- 1952 Summer 0 5 46 Ahn Hyun - Soo Viktor Ahn South Korea Russia Short track speed skating 2006 -- 2014 Winter 0 6 47 Hurley , Marcus Marcus Hurley United States Cycling 1904 Summer 0 5 Matthes , Roland Roland Matthes East Germany Swimming 1968 -- 1976 Summer 0 5 49 Ammann , Simon Simon Ammann Switzerland Ski jumping 2002 -- 2010 Winter 0 0 Cologna , Dario Dario Cologna Switzerland Cross-country skiing 2010 -- 2018 Winter 0 0 Darnyi , Tamás Tamás Darnyi Hungary Swimming 1988 -- 1992 Summer 0 0 Elvstrøm , Paul Bert Paul Bert Elvstrøm Denmark Sailing 1948 -- 1960 Summer 0 0 Farah , Mohamed Mohamed Farah Great Britain Athletics 2012 -- 2016 Summer 0 0 Fu Mingxia China Diving 1992 -- 2000 Summer 0 0 Hoy , Chris Chris Hoy Great Britain Cycling 2004 -- 2012 Summer 0 0 Icho , Kaori Kaori Icho Japan Wrestling 2004 -- 2016 Summer 0 0 Kitajima , Kosuke Kosuke Kitajima Japan Swimming 2004 -- 2008 Summer 0 0 Kolehmainen , Hannes Hannes Kolehmainen Finland Athletics 1912 -- 1920 Summer 0 0 Korzeniowski , Robert Robert Korzeniowski Poland Athletics 1996 -- 2004 Summer 0 0 Kraenzlein , Alvin Alvin Kraenzlein United States Athletics 1900 Summer 0 0 Ledecky , Katie Katie Ledecky United States Swimming 2012 -- 2016 Summer 0 0 McCormick , Pat Pat McCormick United States Diving 1952 -- 1956 Summer 0 0 Oerter , Al Al Oerter United States Athletics 1956 -- 1968 Summer 0 0 Otto , Kristin Kristin Otto East Germany Swimming 1988 Summer 0 0 Virén , Lasse Lasse Virén Finland Athletics 1972 -- 1976 Summer 0 0 66 Enke , Karin Karin Enke East Germany Speed skating 1980 -- 1988 Winter 8 Niemann - Stirnemann , Gunda Gunda Niemann - Stirnemann Germany Speed skating 1992 -- 1998 Winter 8 68 Ono , Takashi Takashi Ono Japan Gymnastics 1952 -- 1960 Summer 10 69 Jernberg , Sixten Sixten Jernberg Sweden Cross-country skiing 1956 -- 1964 Winter 7 70 Kuzmina , Anastasiya Anastasiya Kuzmina Slovakia Biathlon 2010 -- 2018 Winter 0 6 Ritola , Ville Ville Ritola Finland Athletics 1924 -- 1928 Summer 0 6 72 Nemov , Alexei Alexei Nemov Russia Gymnastics 1996 -- 2000 Summer 5 10 73 Eyser , George George Eyser United States Gymnastics 1904 Summer 6 Holmann , Knut Knut Holmann Norway Canoeing 1992 -- 2000 Summer 6 Rose , Ralph Ralph Rose United States Athletics 1904 -- 1912 Summer 6 Sáblíková , Martina Martina Sáblíková Czech Republic Speed skating 2010 -- 2018 Winter 6 77 Dibiasi , Klaus Klaus Dibiasi Italy Diving 1964 -- 1976 Summer 0 5 Hackl , Georg Georg Hackl West Germany Germany Luge 1988 -- 2002 Winter 0 5 Kramer , Sven Sven Kramer Netherlands Speed skating 2006 -- 2018 Winter 0 5 Miez , Georges Georges Miez Switzerland Gymnastics 1928 -- 1936 Summer 0 5 Peirsol , Aaron Aaron Peirsol United States Swimming 2000 -- 2008 Summer 0 5 Schumann , Ralf Ralf Schumann East Germany Germany Shooting 1988 -- 2008 Summer 0 5 Yang , Sun Sun Yang China Swimming 2012 -- 2016 Summer 0 5 Tomba , Alberto Alberto Tomba Italy Alpine skiing 1988 -- 1994 Winter 0 5 85 Grøttumsbråten , Johan Johan Grøttumsbråten Norway Nordic combined , Cross-country skiing 1924 -- 1932 Winter 6 Joyner - Kersee , Jackie Jackie Joyner - Kersee United States Athletics 1984 -- 1996 Summer 6 Rhode , Kim Kim Rhode United States Shooting 1996 -- 2016 Summer 6 88 Daniels , Charles Charles Daniels United States Swimming 1904 -- 1908 Summer 5 Domracheva , Darya Darya Domracheva Belarus Biathlon 2010 -- 2018 Winter 5 Gould , Shane Shane Gould Australia Swimming 1972 Summer 5 Li Ning China Gymnastics 1984 Summer 5 Schneider , Vreni Vreni Schneider Switzerland Alpine skiing 1988 -- 1994 Winter 5 Silivaş , Daniela Daniela Silivaş Romania Gymnastics 1988 Summer 5 Štukelj , Leon Leon Štukelj Yugoslavia Gymnastics 1924 -- 1936 Summer 5 Thorpe , Ian Ian Thorpe Australia Swimming 2000 -- 2004 Summer 5 van den Hoogenband , Pieter Pieter van den Hoogenband Netherlands Swimming 2000 -- 2004 Summer 5 Vezzali , Valentina Valentina Vezzali Italy Fencing 1996 -- 2012 Summer 5 Wang Meng China Short track speed skating 2006 -- 2010 Winter 5 99 Artemov , Vladimir Vladimir Artemov Soviet Union Gymnastics 1988 Summer 0 Bekele , Kenenisa Kenenisa Bekele Ethiopia Athletics 2004 -- 2008 Summer 0 Campriani , Niccolò Niccolò Campriani Italy Shooting 2012 -- 2016 Summer 0 Compagnoni , Deborah Deborah Compagnoni Italy Alpine skiing 1992 -- 1998 Winter 0 Ender , Kornelia Kornelia Ender East Germany Swimming 1972 -- 1976 Summer 0 Flanagan , John John Flanagan United States Athletics 1900 -- 1908 Summer 0 Fonst , Ramón Ramón Fonst Cuba Fencing 1900 -- 1904 Summer 0 Fraser , Dawn Dawn Fraser Australia Swimming 1956 -- 1964 Summer 0 Grafström , Gillis Gillis Grafström Sweden Figure skating 1920 -- 1932 Both 0 Groß , Michael Michael Groß West Germany Swimming 1984 -- 1988 Summer 0 Gustafson , Tomas Tomas Gustafson Sweden Speed skating 1984 -- 1988 Winter 0 Hillman , Harry Harry Hillman United States Athletics 1904 -- 1908 Summer 0 Höfl - Riesch , Maria Maria Höfl - Riesch Germany Alpine skiing 2010 -- 2014 Winter 0 Hosszú , Katinka Katinka Hosszú Hungary Swimming 2016 Summer 0 Karelin , Alexander Alexander Karelin Soviet Union Unified Team Russia Wrestling 1988 -- 2000 Summer 0 Kenny , Jason Jason Kenny Great Britain Cycling 2008 -- 2016 Summer 0 Kim , Nellie Nellie Kim Soviet Union Gymnastics 1976 -- 1980 Summer 0 Krämer , Ingrid Ingrid Krämer United Team of Germany Diving 1960 -- 1964 Summer 0 Nykänen , Matti Matti Nykänen Finland Ski jumping 1984 -- 1988 Winter 0 Press , Tamara Tamara Press Soviet Union Athletics 1960 -- 1964 Summer 0 Prinstein , Myer Myer Prinstein United States Athletics 1900 -- 1904 Summer 0 Rose , Murray Murray Rose Australia Swimming 1956 -- 1960 Summer 0 Saneyev , Viktor Viktor Saneyev Soviet Union Athletics 1968 -- 1980 Summer 0 Schenk , Ard Ard Schenk Netherlands Speed skating 1968 -- 1972 Winter 0 Szabo , Ecaterina Ecaterina Szabo Romania Gymnastics 1984 Summer 0 van Grunsven , Anky Anky van Grunsven Netherlands Equestrian 1996 -- 2008 Summer 0 Yoshida , Saori Saori Yoshida Japan Wrestling 2004 -- 2016 Summer 0 Zelezny , Jan Jan Železný Czechoslovakia Czech Republic Athletics 1988 -- 2000 Summer 0 127 Dibaba , Tirunesh Tirunesh Dibaba Ethiopia Athletics 2004 -- 2016 Summer 0 6 128 Kirvesniemi , Marja - Liisa Marja - Liisa Kirvesniemi Finland Cross-country skiing 1984 -- 1994 Winter 0 5 Seizinger , Katja Katja Seizinger Germany Alpine skiing 1992 -- 1998 Winter 0 5 130 Biles , Simone Simone Biles United States Gymnastics 2016 Summer 0 Dimas , Pyrros Pyrros Dimas Greece Weightlifting 1992 -- 2004 Summer 0 Frigerio , Ugo Ugo Frigerio Italy Athletics 1920 -- 1932 Summer 0 Sheridan , Martin Martin Sheridan United States Athletics 1904 -- 1908 Summer 0 Smith , Michelle Michelle Smith Ireland Swimming Summer 0 Zou Kai China Gymnastics 2008 -- 2012 Summer 0 136 Alsgaard , Thomas Thomas Alsgaard Norway Cross-country skiing 1994 -- 2002 Winter 0 0 Andersen , Hjalmar Hjalmar Andersen Norway Speed skating 1952 Winter 0 0 Armstrong , Kristin Kristin Armstrong United States Cycling 2008 -- 2016 Summer 0 0 Ballanger , Félicia Félicia Ballanger France Cycling 1996 -- 2000 Summer 0 0 Bennett , Brooke Brooke Bennett United States Swimming 1996 -- 2000 Summer 0 0 Blankers - Koen , Fanny Fanny Blankers - Koen Netherlands Athletics 1948 Summer 0 0 Burton , Mike Mike Burton United States Swimming 1968 -- 1972 Summer 0 0 Cuthbert , Betty Betty Cuthbert Australia Athletics 1956 -- 1964 Summer 0 0 Estanguet , Tony Tony Estanguet France Canoeing 2000 -- 2012 Summer 0 0 Hahn , Archie Archie Hahn United States Athletics 1904 Summer 0 0 Haug , Thorleif Thorleif Haug Norway Cross-country skiing 1924 Winter 0 0 Henie , Sonja Sonja Henie Norway Figure skating 1928 -- 1936 Winter 0 0 Houser , Bud Bud Houser United States Athletics 1924 -- 1928 Summer 0 0 Ivanov , Vyacheslav Vyacheslav Ivanov Soviet Union Rowing 1956 -- 1964 Summer 0 0 Johansson , Ivar Ivar Johansson Sweden Wrestling 1932 -- 1936 Summer 0 0 Johnson , Michael Michael Johnson United States Athletics 1992 -- 2000 Summer 0 0 Kakhiashvili , Kakhi Kakhi Kakhiashvili Kakiasvilis , Akakios Akakios Kakiasvilis Unified Team Greece Weightlifting 1992 -- 2000 Summer 0 0 Karppinen , Pertti Pertti Karppinen Finland Rowing 1976 -- 1984 Summer 0 0 Kazankina , Tatyana Tatyana Kazankina Soviet Union Athletics 1976 -- 1980 Summer 0 0 Killy , Jean - Claude Jean - Claude Killy France Alpine skiing 1968 Winter 0 0 Lemming , Eric Eric Lemming Sweden Athletics 1908 -- 1912 Summer 0 0 Lightbody , James James Lightbody United States Athletics 1904 Summer 0 0 López , Mijaín Mijaín López Cuba Wrestling 2008 -- 2016 Summer 0 0 Masson , Paul Paul Masson France Cycling 1896 Summer 0 0 Medved , Alexander Alexander Medved Soviet Union Wrestling 1964 -- 1972 Summer 0 0 Meyer , Debbie Debbie Meyer United States Swimming 1968 Summer 0 0 Mutlu , Halil Halil Mutlu Turkey Weightlifting 1996 -- 2004 Summer 0 0 Nadi , Nedo Nedo Nadi Italy Fencing 1912 -- 1920 Summer 0 0 Nomura , Tadahiro Tadahiro Nomura Japan Judo 1996 -- 2004 Summer 0 0 Owens , Jesse Jesse Owens United States Athletics 1936 Summer 0 0 Papp , László László Papp Hungary Boxing 1948 -- 1956 Summer 0 0 Pérec , Marie - José Marie - José Pérec France Athletics 1992 -- 1996 Summer 0 0 Sailer , Toni Toni Sailer Austria Alpine skiing 1956 Winter 0 0 Saitiev , Buvaisar Buvaisar Saitiev Russia Wrestling 1996 -- 2008 Summer 0 0 Salnikov , Vladimir Vladimir Salnikov Soviet Union Swimming 1980 -- 1988 Summer 0 0 Savón , Félix Félix Savón Cuba Boxing 1992 -- 2000 Summer 0 0 Snell , Peter Peter Snell New Zealand Athletics 1960 -- 1964 Summer 0 0 Stevenson , Teófilo Teófilo Stevenson Cuba Boxing 1972 -- 1980 Summer 0 0 Stoch , Kamil Kamil Stoch Poland Ski jumping 2014 -- 2018 Winter 0 0 Süleymanoğlu , Naim Naim Süleymanoğlu Turkey Weightlifting 1988 -- 1996 Summer 0 0 Timmer , Marianne Marianne Timmer Netherlands Speed skating 1998 -- 2006 Winter 0 0 van Gennip , Yvonne Yvonne van Gennip Netherlands Speed skating 1988 Winter 0 0 Wehling , Ulrich Ulrich Wehling East Germany Nordic combined 1972 -- 1980 Winter 0 0 Weissmuller , Johnny Johnny Weissmuller United States Swimming 1924 -- 1928 Summer 0 0 Westergren , Carl Carl Westergren Sweden Wrestling 1920 -- 1932 Summer 0 0 White , Shaun Shaun White United States Snowboarding 2006 -- 2018 Winter 0 0 Wiggins , Bradley Bradley Wiggins Great Britain Cycling 2004 -- 2012 Summer 0 0 Zimyatov , Nikolay Nikolay Zimyatov Soviet Union Cross-country skiing 1980 -- 1984 Winter 0 0 See also ( edit ) List of multiple Olympic gold medalists at a single Games List of multiple Olympic gold medalists in one event List of multiple Olympic medalists List of multiple Olympic medalists at a single Games List of multiple Olympic medalists in one event List of multiple Paralympic gold medalists All - time Olympic Games medal table References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Coubertin , Pierre de ; Timoleon J. Philimon ; N.G. Politis ; Ch . Anninos ( 1897 ) . `` Second Part : The Olympic Games in 1896 '' ( PDF ) . The Olympic Games , B.C. 776 -- A.D. 1896 ( PDF ) format = requires url = ( help ) . IOC official Olympic reports . translated by A. v. K. London : Grevel . pp. 55 -- 81 ( passim ) . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 13 . ( note : the source gives dates in the Julian calendar ; this table uses the Gregorian calendar ) `` Winners '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 03 . `` databaseOlympics.com '' . databaseSports.com . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 18 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 20 . See also references in the articles on each athlete . ( hide ) Olympics and Paralympics statistics Medalists and medal tables Lists of Olympic medalists Lists of Paralympic medalists All - time Olympic Games medal table All - time Paralympic Games medal table Multiple medalists Multiple Olympic medalists at a single Games in one event at Winter Olympics Multiple gold medalists Multiple Olympic gold medalists at a single Games in one event Multiple Paralympic gold medalists at a single Games Other statistics Olympic medals in different sports at Summer and Winter Olympics Most appearances at Olympic Games Medal sweeps in Olympic athletics Athletes at both the Summer and Winter Olympics Ties for medals at the Olympics Stripped Olympic medals Olympic medals by host nation Olympic medalist families Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_multiple_Olympic_gold_medalists&oldid=829592415 '' Categories : Lists of Olympic gold medalists Hidden categories : Pages using citations with format and no URL Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano Kapampangan Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 پنجابی Polski Português Русский Саха тыла Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 March 2018 , at 16 : 14 . 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when was the last time someone had smallpox
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By the end of 1975 , smallpox persisted only in the Horn of Africa . Conditions were very difficult in Ethiopia and Somalia , where there were few roads . Civil war , famine , and refugees made the task even more difficult . An intensive surveillance and containment and vaccination program was undertaken in these countries in early and mid-1977 , under the direction of Australian microbiologist Frank Fenner . As the campaign neared its goal , Fenner and his team played an important role in verifying eradication . The last naturally occurring case of indigenous smallpox ( Variola minor ) was diagnosed in Ali Maow Maalin , a hospital cook in Merca , Somalia , on 26 October 1977 . The last naturally occurring case of the more deadly Variola major had been detected in October 1975 in a two - year - old Bangladeshi girl , Rahima Banu .
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26 October 1977
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Smallpox
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smallpox
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Smallpox was an infectious disease caused by one of two virus variants , Variola major and Variola minor . The last naturally occurring case was diagnosed in October 1977 and the World Health Organization certified the global eradication of the disease in 1980 . The risk of death following contracting the disease was about 30 % , with higher rates among babies . Often those who survive have extensive scarring of their skin and some are left blind .
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The initial symptoms of the disease include fever and vomiting . This is then followed by formation of sores in the mouth and a skin rash . Over a number of days the skin rash turns into characteristic fluid filled bumps with a dent in the center . The bumps then scab over and fall off leaving scars . The disease used to spread between people or via contaminated objects . Prevention is by the smallpox vaccine . Once the disease has developed certain antiviral medication may help . The origin of smallpox is unknown . The earliest evidence of the disease dates back to the 3rd century BC in Egyptian mummies . The disease historically occurred in outbreaks . In 18th century Europe it is estimated 400,000 people per year died from the disease , and one - third of the cases resulted in blindness . These deaths included those of at least five reigning monarchs . In the 20th century it is estimated that smallpox resulted in 300 -- 500 million deaths . As recently as 1967 , 15 million cases occurred a year . Edward Jenner discovered in 1798 that vaccination could prevent smallpox . In 1967 , the World Health Organization intensified efforts to eliminate the disease . Smallpox is one of two infectious diseases to have been eradicated , the other being rinderpest in 2011 . The term `` smallpox '' was first used in Britain in the 15th century to distinguish the disease from syphilis , which was then known as the `` great pox '' . Other historical names for the disease include pox , speckled monster , and red plague . Contents ( hide ) 1 Classification 2 Signs and symptoms 2.1 Ordinary 2.2 Modified 2.3 Malignant 2.4 Hemorrhagic 3 Cause 3.1 Evolution 3.2 Virology 3.3 Transmission 4 Diagnosis 5 Prevention 6 Treatment 7 Prognosis 7.1 Complications 8 History 8.1 Disease emergence 8.2 Eradication 8.3 Post-eradication 9 Society and culture 9.1 Biological warfare 9.2 Notable cases 9.3 Tradition and religion 9.4 Films and novels 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Classification There were two clinical forms of smallpox . Variola major was the severe and most common form , with a more extensive rash and higher fever . Variola minor was a less common presentation , and a much less severe disease , with historical death rates of 1 percent or less . Subclinical ( asymptomatic ) infections with variola virus were noted but were not common . In addition , a form called variola sine eruptione ( smallpox without rash ) was seen generally in vaccinated persons . This form was marked by a fever that occurred after the usual incubation period and could be confirmed only by antibody studies or , rarely , by virus isolation . Signs and symptoms A child showing rash due to ordinary - type smallpox ( variola major ) The incubation period between contraction and the first obvious symptoms of the disease is around 12 days . Once inhaled , variola major virus invades the oropharyngeal ( mouth and throat ) or the respiratory mucosa , migrates to regional lymph nodes , and begins to multiply . In the initial growth phase the virus seems to move from cell to cell , but around the 12th day , lysis of many infected cells occurs and the virus is found in the bloodstream in large numbers ( this is called viremia ) , and a second wave of multiplication occurs in the spleen , bone marrow , and lymph nodes . The initial symptoms are similar to other viral diseases such as influenza and the common cold : fever of at least 38.3 ° C ( 101 ° F ) , muscle pain , malaise , headache and prostration . As the digestive tract is commonly involved , nausea and vomiting and backache often occur . The prodrome , or preeruptive stage , usually lasts 2 -- 4 days . By days 12 -- 15 the first visible lesions -- small reddish spots called enanthem -- appear on mucous membranes of the mouth , tongue , palate , and throat , and temperature falls to near normal . These lesions rapidly enlarge and rupture , releasing large amounts of virus into the saliva . Smallpox virus preferentially attacks skin cells , causing the characteristic pimples ( called macules ) associated with the disease . A rash develops on the skin 24 to 48 hours after lesions on the mucous membranes appear . Typically the macules first appear on the forehead , then rapidly spread to the whole face , proximal portions of extremities , the trunk , and lastly to distal portions of extremities . The process takes no more than 24 to 36 hours , after which no new lesions appear . At this point variola major infection can take several very different courses , resulting in four types of smallpox disease based on the Rao classification : ordinary , modified , malignant ( or flat ) , and hemorrhagic . Historically , smallpox has an overall fatality rate of about 30 percent ; the malignant and hemorrhagic forms are usually fatal . Ordinary Ninety percent or more of smallpox cases among unvaccinated persons were of the ordinary type . In this form of the disease , by the second day of the rash the macules became raised papules . By the third or fourth day the papules filled with an opalescent fluid to become vesicles . This fluid became opaque and turbid within 24 -- 48 hours , giving them the appearance of pustules ; the so - called pustules were filled with tissue debris , not pus . By the sixth or seventh day , all the skin lesions have become pustules . Between seven and ten days the pustules matured and reached their maximum size . The pustules were sharply raised , typically round , tense , and firm to the touch . The pustules were deeply embedded in the dermis , giving them the feel of a small bead in the skin . Fluid slowly leaked from the pustules , and by the end of the second week the pustules deflated , and started to dry up , forming crusts ( or scabs ) . By day 16 -- 20 scabs had formed over all the lesions , which have started to flake off , leaving depigmented scars . Ordinary smallpox generally produced a discrete rash , in which the pustules stood out on the skin separately . The distribution of the rash was densest on the face ; denser on the extremities than on the trunk ; and on the extremities , denser on the distal parts than on the proximal . The palms of the hands and soles of the feet were involved in the majority of cases . Sometimes , the blisters merged into sheets , forming a confluent rash , which began to detach the outer layers of skin from the underlying flesh . Patients with confluent smallpox often remained ill even after scabs have formed over all the lesions . In one case series , the case - fatality rate in confluent smallpox was 62 percent . Modified Referring to the character of the eruption and the rapidity of its development , modified smallpox occurred mostly in previously vaccinated people . In this form the prodromal illness still occurred but may be less severe than in the ordinary type . There is usually no fever during evolution of the rash . The skin lesions tended to be fewer and evolve more quickly , are more superficial , and may not show the uniform characteristic of more typical smallpox . Modified smallpox was rarely , if ever , fatal . This form of variola major is more easily confused with chickenpox . Malignant In malignant - type smallpox ( also called flat smallpox ) the lesions remained almost flush with the skin at the time when raised vesicles form in the ordinary type . It is unknown why some people developed this type . Historically , it accounted for 5 -- 10 percent of cases , and the majority ( 72 percent ) were children . Malignant smallpox was accompanied by a severe prodromal phase that lasted 3 -- 4 days , prolonged high fever , and severe symptoms of toxemia . The rash on the tongue and palate was extensive . Skin lesions matured slowly and by the seventh or eighth day they were flat and appeared to be buried in the skin . Unlike ordinary - type smallpox , the vesicles contained little fluid , were soft and velvety to the touch , and may have contained hemorrhages . Malignant smallpox was nearly always fatal . Hemorrhagic See also : Hemorrhagic smallpox A man with severe hemorrhagic - type smallpox . Hemorrhagic smallpox is a severe form that is accompanied by extensive bleeding into the skin , mucous membranes , and gastrointestinal tract . This form develops in approximately 2 percent of infections and occurred mostly in adults . In hemorrhagic smallpox the skin does not blister , but remains smooth . Instead , bleeding occurs under the skin , making it look charred and black , hence this form of the disease is also known as black pox . In the early , or fulminating form , hemorrhaging appears on the second or third day as sub-conjunctival bleeding turns the whites of the eyes deep red . Hemorrhagic smallpox also produces a dusky erythema , petechiae , and hemorrhages in the spleen , kidney , serosa , muscle , and , rarely , the epicardium , liver , testes , ovaries and bladder . Death often occurs suddenly between the fifth and seventh days of illness , when only a few insignificant skin lesions are present . A later form of the disease occurs in patients who survive for 8 -- 10 days . The hemorrhages appear in the early eruptive period , and the rash is flat and does not progress beyond the vesicular stage . Patients in the early stage of disease show a decrease in coagulation factors ( e.g. platelets , prothrombin , and globulin ) and an increase in circulating antithrombin . Patients in the late stage have significant thrombocytopenia ; deficiency of coagulation factors is less severe . Some in the late stage also show increased antithrombin . This form of smallpox occurs in anywhere from 3 to 25 percent of fatal cases depending on the virulence of the smallpox strain . Hemorrhagic smallpox is usually fatal . Cause Variola virus ( Smallpox ) This transmission electron micrograph depicts a number of smallpox virions . The `` dumbbell - shaped '' structure inside the virion is the viral core , which contains the viral DNA ; Mag . = ~ 370,000 x Virus classification Group : Group I ( dsDNA ) Order : Megavirales Family : Poxviridae Subfamily : Chordopoxvirinae Genus : Orthopoxvirus Type species Vaccinia virus Species Variola virus Smallpox is caused by infection with variola virus , which belongs to the genus Orthopoxvirus , the family Poxviridae and subfamily chordopoxvirinae . Evolution The date of the appearance of smallpox is not settled . It most likely evolved from a terrestrial African rodent virus between 68,000 and 16,000 years ago . The wide range of dates is due to the different records used to calibrate the molecular clock . One clade was the variola major strains ( the more clinically severe form of smallpox ) which spread from Asia between 400 and 1,600 years ago . A second clade included both alastrim minor ( a phenotypically mild smallpox ) described from the American continents and isolates from West Africa which diverged from an ancestral strain between 1,400 and 6,300 years before present . This clade further diverged into two subclades at least 800 years ago . A second estimate has placed the separation of variola from Taterapox at 3000 -- 4000 years ago . This is consistent with archaeological and historical evidence regarding the appearance of smallpox as a human disease which suggests a relatively recent origin . If the mutation rate is assumed to be similar to that of the herpesviruses , the divergence date between variola from Taterapox has been estimated to be 50,000 years ago . While this is consistent with the other published estimates , it suggests that the archaeological and historical evidence is very incomplete . Better estimates of mutation rates in these viruses are needed . Examination of a strain that dates from ~ 1650 found that this strain was basal to the other presently sequenced strains . The mutation rate of this virus is well modeled by a molecular clock . Diversification of strains only occurred in the 18th and 19th centuries . Virology Variola is a large brick - shaped virus measuring approximately 302 to 350 nanometers by 244 to 270 nm , with a single linear double stranded DNA genome 186 kilobase pairs ( kbp ) in size and containing a hairpin loop at each end . The two classic varieties of smallpox are variola major and variola minor . Four orthopoxviruses cause infection in humans : variola , vaccinia , cowpox , and monkeypox . Variola virus infects only humans in nature , although primates and other animals have been infected in a laboratory setting . Vaccinia , cowpox , and monkeypox viruses can infect both humans and other animals in nature . The life cycle of poxviruses is complicated by having multiple infectious forms , with differing mechanisms of cell entry . Poxviruses are unique among DNA viruses in that they replicate in the cytoplasm of the cell rather than in the nucleus . In order to replicate , poxviruses produce a variety of specialized proteins not produced by other DNA viruses , the most important of which is a viral - associated DNA - dependent RNA polymerase . Both enveloped and unenveloped virions are infectious . The viral envelope is made of modified Golgi membranes containing viral - specific polypeptides , including hemagglutinin . Infection with either variola major or variola minor confers immunity against the other . Transmission Transmission occurs through inhalation of airborne variola virus , usually droplets expressed from the oral , nasal , or pharyngeal mucosa of an infected person . It is transmitted from one person to another primarily through prolonged face - to - face contact with an infected person , usually within a distance of 6 feet ( 1.8 m ) , but can also be spread through direct contact with infected bodily fluids or contaminated objects ( fomites ) such as bedding or clothing . Rarely , smallpox has been spread by virus carried in the air in enclosed settings such as buildings , buses , and trains . The virus can cross the placenta , but the incidence of congenital smallpox is relatively low . Smallpox is not notably infectious in the prodromal period and viral shedding is usually delayed until the appearance of the rash , which is often accompanied by lesions in the mouth and pharynx . The virus can be transmitted throughout the course of the illness , but is most frequent during the first week of the rash , when most of the skin lesions are intact . Infectivity wanes in 7 to 10 days when scabs form over the lesions , but the infected person is contagious until the last smallpox scab falls off . Smallpox is highly contagious , but generally spreads more slowly and less widely than some other viral diseases , perhaps because transmission requires close contact and occurs after the onset of the rash . The overall rate of infection is also affected by the short duration of the infectious stage . In temperate areas , the number of smallpox infections were highest during the winter and spring . In tropical areas , seasonal variation was less evident and the disease was present throughout the year . Age distribution of smallpox infections depends on acquired immunity . Vaccination immunity declines over time and is probably lost within thirty years . Smallpox is not known to be transmitted by insects or animals and there is no asymptomatic carrier state . Diagnosis The clinical definition of smallpox is an illness with acute onset of fever equal to or greater than 38.3 ° C ( 101 ° F ) followed by a rash characterized by firm , deep seated vesicles or pustules in the same stage of development without other apparent cause . If a clinical case is observed , smallpox is confirmed using laboratory tests . Microscopically , poxviruses produce characteristic cytoplasmic inclusions , the most important of which are known as Guarnieri bodies , and are the sites of viral replication . Guarnieri bodies are readily identified in skin biopsies stained with hematoxylin and eosin , and appear as pink blobs . They are found in virtually all poxvirus infections but the absence of Guarnieri bodies can not be used to rule out smallpox . The diagnosis of an orthopoxvirus infection can also be made rapidly by electron microscopic examination of pustular fluid or scabs . All orthopoxviruses exhibit identical brick - shaped virions by electron microscopy . If particles with the characteristic morphology of herpesviruses are seen this will eliminate smallpox and other orthopoxvirus infections . Definitive laboratory identification of variola virus involves growing the virus on chorioallantoic membrane ( part of a chicken embryo ) and examining the resulting pock lesions under defined temperature conditions . Strains may be characterized by polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) and restriction fragment length polymorphism ( RFLP ) analysis . Serologic tests and enzyme linked immunosorbent assays ( ELISA ) , which measure variola virus - specific immunoglobulin and antigen have also been developed to assist in the diagnosis of infection . Chickenpox was commonly confused with smallpox in the immediate post-eradication era . Chickenpox and smallpox can be distinguished by several methods . Unlike smallpox , chickenpox does not usually affect the palms and soles . Additionally , chickenpox pustules are of varying size due to variations in the timing of pustule eruption : smallpox pustules are all very nearly the same size since the viral effect progresses more uniformly . A variety of laboratory methods are available for detecting chickenpox in evaluation of suspected smallpox cases . Smallpox virus lesions on the chorioallantoic membrane of a developing chick . In contrast to the rash in smallpox , the rash in chickenpox occurs mostly on the torso , spreading less to the limbs . An Italian female smallpox patient whose skin displayed the characteristics of late - stage confluent maculopapular scarring , 1965 . Prevention Main article : Smallpox vaccine Components of a modern smallpox vaccination kit including the diluent , a vial of Dryvax vaccinia vaccine , and a bifurcated needle . The earliest procedure used to prevent smallpox was inoculation ( known as variolation after the introduction of smallpox vaccine to avoid possible confusion ) , which likely occurred in India , Africa , and China well before the practice arrived in Europe . The idea that inoculation originated in India has been challenged , as few of the ancient Sanskrit medical texts described the process of inoculation . Accounts of inoculation against smallpox in China can be found as early as the late 10th century , and the procedure was widely practiced by the 16th century , during the Ming dynasty . If successful , inoculation produced lasting immunity to smallpox . Because the person was infected with variola virus , a severe infection could result , and the person could transmit smallpox to others . Variolation had a 0.5 -- 2 percent mortality rate , considerably less than the 20 -- 30 percent mortality rate of the disease . Two reports on the Chinese practice of inoculation were received by the Royal Society in London in 1700 ; one by Dr. Martin Lister who received a report by an employee of the East India Company stationed in China and another by Clopton Havers . Lady Mary Wortley Montagu observed smallpox inoculation during her stay in the Ottoman Empire , writing detailed accounts of the practice in her letters , and enthusiastically promoted the procedure in England upon her return in 1718 . In 1721 , Cotton Mather and colleagues provoked controversy in Boston by inoculating hundreds . In 1796 , Edward Jenner , a doctor in Berkeley , Gloucestershire , rural England , discovered that immunity to smallpox could be produced by inoculating a person with material from a cowpox lesion . Cowpox is a poxvirus in the same family as variola . Jenner called the material used for inoculation vaccine , from the root word vacca , which is Latin for cow . The procedure was much safer than variolation , and did not involve a risk of smallpox transmission . Vaccination to prevent smallpox was soon practiced all over the world . During the 19th century , the cowpox virus used for smallpox vaccination was replaced by vaccinia virus . Vaccinia is in the same family as cowpox and variola , but is genetically distinct from both . The origin of vaccinia virus and how it came to be in the vaccine are not known . According to Voltaire ( 1742 ) , the Turks derived their use of inoculation to neighbouring Circassia . Voltaire does not speculate on where the Circassians derived their technique from , though he reports that the Chinese have practiced it `` these hundred years '' . An 1802 cartoon of the early controversy surrounding Edward Jenner 's vaccination theory , showing using his cowpox - derived smallpox vaccine causing cattle to emerge from patients . The current formulation of smallpox vaccine is a live virus preparation of infectious vaccinia virus . The vaccine is given using a bifurcated ( two - pronged ) needle that is dipped into the vaccine solution . The needle is used to prick the skin ( usually the upper arm ) a number of times in a few seconds . If successful , a red and itchy bump develops at the vaccine site in three or four days . In the first week , the bump becomes a large blister ( called a `` Jennerian vesicle '' ) which fills with pus , and begins to drain . During the second week , the blister begins to dry up and a scab forms . The scab falls off in the third week , leaving a small scar . The antibodies induced by vaccinia vaccine are cross-protective for other orthopoxviruses , such as monkeypox , cowpox , and variola ( smallpox ) viruses . Neutralizing antibodies are detectable 10 days after first - time vaccination , and seven days after revaccination . Historically , the vaccine has been effective in preventing smallpox infection in 95 percent of those vaccinated . Smallpox vaccination provides a high level of immunity for three to five years and decreasing immunity thereafter . If a person is vaccinated again later , immunity lasts even longer . Studies of smallpox cases in Europe in the 1950s and 1960s demonstrated that the fatality rate among persons vaccinated less than 10 years before exposure was 1.3 percent ; it was 7 percent among those vaccinated 11 to 20 years prior , and 11 percent among those vaccinated 20 or more years prior to infection . By contrast , 52 percent of unvaccinated persons died . A demonstration by medical personnel on use of a bifurcated needle to deliver the smallpox vaccine , 2002 . There are side effects and risks associated with the smallpox vaccine . In the past , about 1 out of 1,000 people vaccinated for the first time experienced serious , but non-life - threatening , reactions , including toxic or allergic reaction at the site of the vaccination ( erythema multiforme ) , spread of the vaccinia virus to other parts of the body , and to other individuals . Potentially life - threatening reactions occurred in 14 to 500 people out of every 1 million people vaccinated for the first time . Based on past experience , it is estimated that 1 or 2 people in 1 million ( 0.000198 percent ) who receive the vaccine may die as a result , most often the result of postvaccinial encephalitis or severe necrosis in the area of vaccination ( called progressive vaccinia ) . Given these risks , as smallpox became effectively eradicated and the number of naturally occurring cases fell below the number of vaccine - induced illnesses and deaths , routine childhood vaccination was discontinued in the United States in 1972 , and was abandoned in most European countries in the early 1970s . Routine vaccination of health care workers was discontinued in the U.S. in 1976 , and among military recruits in 1990 ( although military personnel deploying to the Middle East and Korea still receive the vaccination ) . By 1986 , routine vaccination had ceased in all countries . It is now primarily recommended for laboratory workers at risk for occupational exposure . Treatment Smallpox vaccination within three days of exposure will prevent or significantly lessen the severity of smallpox symptoms in the vast majority of people . Vaccination four to seven days after exposure can offer some protection from disease or may modify the severity of disease . Other than vaccination , treatment of smallpox is primarily supportive , such as wound care and infection control , fluid therapy , and possible ventilator assistance . Flat and hemorrhagic types of smallpox are treated with the same therapies used to treat shock , such as fluid resuscitation . People with semi-confluent and confluent types of smallpox may have therapeutic issues similar to patients with extensive skin burns . No drug is currently approved for the treatment of smallpox . Antiviral treatments have improved since the last large smallpox epidemics , and studies suggest that the antiviral drug cidofovir might be useful as a therapeutic agent . The drug must be administered intravenously , and may cause serious kidney toxicity . Prognosis A case of smallpox , 1886 The overall case - fatality rate for ordinary - type smallpox is about 30 percent , but varies by pock distribution : ordinary type - confluent is fatal about 50 -- 75 percent of the time , ordinary - type semi-confluent about 25 -- 50 percent of the time , in cases where the rash is discrete the case - fatality rate is less than 10 percent . The overall fatality rate for children younger than 1 year of age is 40 -- 50 percent . Hemorrhagic and flat types have the highest fatality rates . The fatality rate for flat - type is 90 percent or greater and nearly 100 percent is observed in cases of hemorrhagic smallpox . The case - fatality rate for variola minor is 1 percent or less . There is no evidence of chronic or recurrent infection with variola virus . In fatal cases of ordinary smallpox , death usually occurs between the tenth and sixteenth days of the illness . The cause of death from smallpox is not clear , but the infection is now known to involve multiple organs . Circulating immune complexes , overwhelming viremia , or an uncontrolled immune response may be contributing factors . In early hemorrhagic smallpox , death occurs suddenly about six days after the fever develops . Cause of death in hemorrhagic cases involved heart failure , sometimes accompanied by pulmonary edema . In late hemorrhagic cases , high and sustained viremia , severe platelet loss and poor immune response were often cited as causes of death . In flat smallpox modes of death are similar to those in burns , with loss of fluid , protein and electrolytes beyond the capacity of the body to replace or acquire , and fulminating sepsis . Complications Complications of smallpox arise most commonly in the respiratory system and range from simple bronchitis to fatal pneumonia . Respiratory complications tend to develop on about the eighth day of the illness and can be either viral or bacterial in origin . Secondary bacterial infection of the skin is a relatively uncommon complication of smallpox . When this occurs , the fever usually remains elevated . Other complications include encephalitis ( 1 in 500 patients ) , which is more common in adults and may cause temporary disability ; permanent pitted scars , most notably on the face ; and complications involving the eyes ( 2 percent of all cases ) . Pustules can form on the eyelid , conjunctiva , and cornea , leading to complications such as conjunctivitis , keratitis , corneal ulcer , iritis , iridocyclitis , and optic atrophy . Blindness results in approximately 35 percent to 40 percent of eyes affected with keratitis and corneal ulcer . Hemorrhagic smallpox can cause subconjunctival and retinal hemorrhages . In 2 to 5 percent of young children with smallpox , virions reach the joints and bone , causing osteomyelitis variolosa . Lesions are symmetrical , most common in the elbows , tibia , and fibula , and characteristically cause separation of an epiphysis and marked periosteal reactions . Swollen joints limit movement , and arthritis may lead to limb deformities , ankylosis , malformed bones , flail joints , and stubby fingers . History Main article : History of smallpox Disease emergence Statue of Sopona , the Yoruba god thought to cause the disease . The earliest credible clinical evidence of smallpox is found in the smallpox - like disease in medical writings from ancient India ( as early as 1500 BC ) , Egyptian mummy of Ramses V who died more than 3000 years ago ( 1145 BC ) and China ( 1122 BC ) . It has been speculated that Egyptian traders brought smallpox to India during the 1st millennium BC , where it remained as an endemic human disease for at least 2000 years . Smallpox was probably introduced into China during the 1st century AD from the southwest , and in the 6th century was carried from China to Japan . In Japan , the epidemic of 735 -- 737 is believed to have killed as much as one - third of the population . At least seven religious deities have been specifically dedicated to smallpox , such as the god Sopona in the Yoruba religion . In India , the Hindu goddess of smallpox , Sitala Mata , was worshiped in temples throughout the country . A different viewpoint is that smallpox emerged 1588AD and the earlier reported cases were incorrectly identified as smallpox . The timing of the arrival of smallpox in Europe and south - western Asia is less clear . Smallpox is not clearly described in either the Old or New Testaments of the Bible or in the literature of the Greeks or Romans . While some have identified the Plague of Athens -- which was said to have originated in `` Ethiopia '' and Egypt -- or the plague that lifted Carthage 's 396 BC siege of Syracuse -- with smallpox , many scholars agree it is very unlikely such a serious disease as variola major would have escaped being described by Hippocrates if it had existed in the Mediterranean region during his lifetime . While the Antonine Plague that swept through the Roman Empire in AD 165 -- 180 may have been caused by smallpox , Saint Nicasius of Rheims became the patron saint of smallpox victims for having supposedly survived a bout in 450 , and Saint Gregory of Tours recorded a similar outbreak in France and Italy in 580 , the first use of the term variola ; other historians speculate that Arab armies first carried smallpox from Africa into Southwestern Europe during the 7th and 8th centuries . In the 9th century the Persian physician , Rhazes , provided one of the most definitive descriptions of smallpox and was the first to differentiate smallpox from measles and chickenpox in his Kitab fi al - jadari wa - al - hasbah ( The Book of Smallpox and Measles ) . During the Middle Ages , smallpox made periodic incursions into Europe but did not become established there until the population increased and population movement became more active during the era of the Crusades . By the 16th century smallpox had become well established across most of Europe . With its introduction into populated areas in India , China and Europe , smallpox affected mainly children , with periodic epidemics that killed as many as 30 percent of those infected . The settled existence of smallpox in Europe was of particular historical importance , since successive waves of exploration and colonization by Europeans tended to spread the disease to other parts of the world . By the 16th century it had become an important cause of morbidity and mortality throughout much of the world . Drawing accompanying text in Book XII of the 16th - century Florentine Codex ( compiled 1555 -- 1576 ) , showing Nahuas of conquest - era central Mexico with smallpox . There are no credible descriptions of smallpox - like disease in the Americas before the westward exploration by Europeans in the 15th century AD . Smallpox was introduced into the Caribbean island of Hispaniola in 1509 , and into the mainland in 1520 , when Spanish settlers from Hispaniola arrived in Mexico bringing smallpox with them . Smallpox devastated the native Amerindian population and was an important factor in the conquest of the Aztecs and the Incas by the Spaniards . Settlement of the east coast of North America in 1633 in Plymouth , Massachusetts was also accompanied by devastating outbreaks of smallpox among Native American populations , and subsequently among the native - born colonists . Case fatality rates during outbreaks in Native American populations were as high as 80 -- 90 % . Smallpox was introduced into Australia in 1789 and again in 1829 . Although the disease was never endemic on the continent , it was the principal cause of death in Aboriginal populations between 1780 and 1870 . A person with smallpox in the United States , 1912 By the mid-18th century smallpox was a major endemic disease everywhere in the world except in Australia and in several small islands . In Europe smallpox was a leading cause of death in the 18th century , killing an estimated 400,000 Europeans each year . Up to 10 percent of Swedish infants died of smallpox each year , and the death rate of infants in Russia may have been even higher . The widespread use of variolation in a few countries , notably Great Britain , its North American colonies , and China , somewhat reduced the impact of smallpox among the wealthy classes during the latter part of the 18th century , but a real reduction in its incidence did not occur until vaccination became a common practice toward the end of the 19th century . Improved vaccines and the practice of re-vaccination led to a substantial reduction in cases in Europe and North America , but smallpox remained almost unchecked everywhere else in the world . In the United States and South Africa a much milder form of smallpox , variola minor , was recognized just before the close of the 19th century . By the mid-20th century variola minor occurred along with variola major , in varying proportions , in many parts of Africa . Patients with variola minor experience only a mild systemic illness , are often ambulant throughout the course of the disease , and are therefore able to more easily spread disease . Infection with v. minor induces immunity against the more deadly variola major form . Thus as v. minor spread all over the USA , into Canada , the South American countries and Great Britain it became the dominant form of smallpox , further reducing mortality rates . Eradication See also : Smallpox vaccine and Inoculation Vaccination during the Smallpox Eradication and Measles Control Program in Niger , February 1969 . The English physician Edward Jenner demonstrated the effectiveness of cowpox to protect humans from smallpox in 1796 , after which various attempts were made to eliminate smallpox on a regional scale . In Russia in 1796 , the first child to receive this treatment was bestowed the name `` Vaccinov '' by Catherine the Great , and was educated at the expense of the nation . The introduction of the vaccine to the New World took place in Trinity , Newfoundland in 1800 by Dr. John Clinch , boyhood friend and medical colleague of Jenner . As early as 1803 , the Spanish Crown organized the Balmis expedition to transport the vaccine to the Spanish colonies in the Americas and the Philippines , and establish mass vaccination programs there . The U.S. Congress passed the Vaccine Act of 1813 to ensure that safe smallpox vaccine would be available to the American public . By about 1817 , a very solid state vaccination program existed in the Dutch East Indies . In British India a program was launched to propagate smallpox vaccination , through Indian vaccinators , under the supervision of European officials . Nevertheless , British vaccination efforts in India , and in Burma in particular , were hampered by stubborn indigenous preference for inoculation and distrust of vaccination , despite tough legislation , improvements in the local efficacy of the vaccine and vaccine preservative , and education efforts . By 1832 , the federal government of the United States established a smallpox vaccination program for Native Americans . In 1842 , the United Kingdom banned inoculation , later progressing to mandatory vaccination . The British government introduced compulsory smallpox vaccination by an Act of Parliament in 1853 . In the United States , from 1843 to 1855 first Massachusetts , and then other states required smallpox vaccination . Although some disliked these measures , coordinated efforts against smallpox went on , and the disease continued to diminish in the wealthy countries . In Northern Europe a number of countries had eliminated smallpox by 1900 , and by 1914 , the incidence in most industrialized countries had decreased to comparatively low levels . Vaccination continued in industrialized countries , until the mid to late 1970s as protection against reintroduction . Australia and New Zealand are two notable exceptions ; neither experienced endemic smallpox and never vaccinated widely , relying instead on protection by distance and strict quarantines . Smallpox quarantine order , California , c. 1910 The first hemisphere - wide effort to eradicate smallpox was made in 1950 by the Pan American Health Organization . The campaign was successful in eliminating smallpox from all American countries except Argentina , Brazil , Colombia , and Ecuador . In 1958 Professor Viktor Zhdanov , Deputy Minister of Health for the USSR , called on the World Health Assembly to undertake a global initiative to eradicate smallpox . The proposal ( Resolution WHA11. 54 ) was accepted in 1959 . At this point , 2 million people were dying from smallpox every year . Overall , the progress towards eradication was disappointing , especially in Africa and in the Indian subcontinent . In 1966 an international team , the Smallpox Eradication Unit , was formed under the leadership of an American , Donald Henderson . In 1967 , the World Health Organization intensified the global smallpox eradication by contributing $2.4 million annually to the effort , and adopted the new disease surveillance method promoted by Czech epidemiologist Karel Raška . Two - year - old Rahima Banu of Bangladesh ( pictured ) was the last person infected with naturally occurring Variola major , in 1975 In the early 1950s an estimated 50 million cases of smallpox occurred in the world each year . To eradicate smallpox , each outbreak had to be stopped from spreading , by isolation of cases and vaccination of everyone who lived close by . This process is known as `` ring vaccination '' . The key to this strategy was the monitoring of cases in a community ( known as surveillance ) and containment . The initial problem the WHO team faced was inadequate reporting of smallpox cases , as many cases did not come to the attention of the authorities . The fact that humans are the only reservoir for smallpox infection , and that carriers did not exist , played a significant role in the eradication of smallpox . The WHO established a network of consultants who assisted countries in setting up surveillance and containment activities . Early on , donations of vaccine were provided primarily by the Soviet Union and the United States , but by 1973 , more than 80 percent of all vaccine was produced in developing countries . The last major European outbreak of smallpox was in 1972 in Yugoslavia , after a pilgrim from Kosovo returned from the Middle East , where he had contracted the virus . The epidemic infected 175 people , causing 35 deaths . Authorities declared martial law , enforced quarantine , and undertook widespread re-vaccination of the population , enlisting the help of the WHO . In two months , the outbreak was over . Prior to this , there had been a smallpox outbreak in May -- July 1963 in Stockholm , Sweden , brought from the Far East by a Swedish sailor ; this had been dealt with by quarantine measures and vaccination of the local population . By the end of 1975 , smallpox persisted only in the Horn of Africa . Conditions were very difficult in Ethiopia and Somalia , where there were few roads . Civil war , famine , and refugees made the task even more difficult . An intensive surveillance and containment and vaccination program was undertaken in these countries in early and mid-1977 , under the direction of Australian microbiologist Frank Fenner . As the campaign neared its goal , Fenner and his team played an important role in verifying eradication . The last naturally occurring case of indigenous smallpox ( Variola minor ) was diagnosed in Ali Maow Maalin , a hospital cook in Merca , Somalia , on 26 October 1977 . The last naturally occurring case of the more deadly Variola major had been detected in October 1975 in a two - year - old Bangladeshi girl , Rahima Banu . The global eradication of smallpox was certified , based on intense verification activities in countries , by a commission of eminent scientists on 9 December 1979 and subsequently endorsed by the World Health Assembly on 8 May 1980 . The first two sentences of the resolution read : Having considered the development and results of the global program on smallpox eradication initiated by WHO in 1958 and intensified since 1967 ... Declares solemnly that the world and its peoples have won freedom from smallpox , which was a most devastating disease sweeping in epidemic form through many countries since earliest time , leaving death , blindness and disfigurement in its wake and which only a decade ago was rampant in Africa , Asia and South America . -- World Health Organization , Resolution WHA33. 3 Post-eradication Further information : Smallpox virus retention controversy Three former directors of the Global Smallpox Eradication Program read the news that smallpox had been globally eradicated , 1980 The last cases of smallpox in the world occurred in an outbreak of two cases ( one of which was fatal ) in Birmingham , United Kingdom , in 1978 . A medical photographer , Janet Parker , contracted the disease at the University of Birmingham Medical School and died on 11 September 1978 . Professor Henry Bedson , the scientist responsible for smallpox research at the university , killed himself . All known stocks of smallpox were subsequently destroyed or transferred to two WHO - designated reference laboratories with BSL - 4 facilities -- the United States ' Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and Russia 's State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR . WHO first recommended destruction of the virus in 1986 and later set the date of destruction to be 30 December 1993 . This was postponed to 30 June 1999 . Due to resistance from the U.S. and Russia , in 2002 the World Health Assembly agreed to permit the temporary retention of the virus stocks for specific research purposes . Destroying existing stocks would reduce the risk involved with ongoing smallpox research ; the stocks are not needed to respond to a smallpox outbreak . Some scientists have argued that the stocks may be useful in developing new vaccines , antiviral drugs , and diagnostic tests ; a 2010 review by a team of public health experts appointed by WHO concluded that no essential public health purpose is served by the U.S. and Russia continuing to retain virus stocks . The latter view is frequently supported in the scientific community , particularly among veterans of the WHO Smallpox Eradication Program . In March 2004 , smallpox scabs were found inside an envelope in a book on Civil War medicine in Santa Fe , New Mexico . The envelope was labeled as containing scabs from a vaccination and gave scientists at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention an opportunity to study the history of smallpox vaccination in the United States . On July 1 , 2014 , six sealed glass vials of smallpox dated 1954 , along with sample vials of other pathogens , were discovered in a cold storage room in an FDA laboratory at the National Institutes of Health location in Bethesda , Maryland . The smallpox vials were subsequently transferred to the custody of the CDC in Atlanta , where virus taken from at least two vials proved viable in culture . After studies were conducted , the CDC destroyed the virus under WHO observation on February 24 , 2015 . In 2017 , Canadian scientists recreated an extinct horse pox virus to demonstrate that the smallpox virus can be recreated in a small lab at a cost of about $100,000 , by a team of scientists without specialist knowledge . This makes the retention controversy moot since the virus can be easily recreated even if all samples are destroyed . Although the scientists performed the research to help development of new vaccines as well as trace smallpox 's history , the possibility of the techniques being used for nefarious purposes was immediately recognized , leading to new regulation questions . Society and culture Biological warfare The British used smallpox as a biological warfare agent at the Siege of Fort Pitt during the French and Indian Wars ( 1754 -- 1763 ) against France and its Native American allies . The actual use of smallpox had official sanction . British officers , including the top British commanding generals , ordered , sanctioned , paid for and conducted the use of smallpox against the Native Americans . As described by historians , `` there is no doubt that British military authorities approved of attempts to spread smallpox among the enemy '' , and `` it was deliberate British policy to infect the indians with smallpox '' . On 24 June 1763 , William Trent , a local trader and commander of the Fort Pitt militia , wrote , `` Out of our regard for them , we gave them two Blankets and an Handkerchief out of the Small Pox Hospital . I hope it will have the desired effect . '' The effectiveness of this effort to broadcast the disease is unknown . There are also accounts that smallpox was used as a weapon during the American Revolutionary War ( 1775 -- 1783 ) . According to a theory put forward in Journal of Australian Studies ( JAS ) by an independent researcher , in 1789 , British marines used smallpox against indigenous tribes in New South Wales . This occasion was also discussed earlier in Bulletin of the History of Medicine and by David Day in his book Claiming a Continent : A New History of Australia . Prior to the JAS article this theory was disputed by some academics . Jack Carmody claimed the cause of the outbreak in question was more likely due to chickenpox , which at the time was sometimes identified as a mild form of smallpox . While it was noted that , in the 8 - month voyage of the First Fleet and the following 14 months there were no reports of smallpox amongst the colonists and that as smallpox has an incubation period of 10 -- 12 days it is unlikely it was present in the first fleet , it is now known that the likely source was bottles of smallpox virus possessed by First Fleet surgeons and there actually was a report of smallpox amongst the colonists -- a seaman , Jefferies . During World War II , scientists from the United Kingdom , United States and Japan ( Unit 731 of the Imperial Japanese Army ) were involved in research into producing a biological weapon from smallpox . Plans of large scale production were never carried through as they considered that the weapon would not be very effective due to the wide - scale availability of a vaccine . In 1947 the Soviet Union established a smallpox weapons factory in the city of Zagorsk , 75 km to the northeast of Moscow . An outbreak of weaponized smallpox occurred during testing at a facility on an island in the Aral Sea in 1971 . General Prof. Peter Burgasov , former Chief Sanitary Physician of the Soviet Army and a senior researcher within the Soviet program of biological weapons , described the incident : On Vozrozhdeniya Island in the Aral Sea , the strongest recipes of smallpox were tested . Suddenly I was informed that there were mysterious cases of mortalities in Aralsk . A research ship of the Aral fleet came to within 15 km of the island ( it was forbidden to come any closer than 40 km ) . The lab technician of this ship took samples of plankton twice a day from the top deck . The smallpox formulation -- 400 gr. of which was exploded on the island -- `` got her '' and she became infected . After returning home to Aralsk , she infected several people including children . All of them died . I suspected the reason for this and called the Chief of General Staff of Ministry of Defense and requested to forbid the stop of the Alma - Ata -- Moscow train in Aralsk . As a result , the epidemic around the country was prevented . I called Andropov , who at that time was Chief of KGB , and informed him of the exclusive recipe of smallpox obtained on Vozrazhdenie Island . Others contend that the first patient may have contracted the disease while visiting Uyaly or Komsomolsk - on - Ustyurt , two cities where the boat docked . Responding to international pressures , in 1991 the Soviet government allowed a joint U.S. - British inspection team to tour four of its main weapons facilities at Biopreparat . The inspectors were met with evasion and denials from the Soviet scientists , and were eventually ordered out of the facility . In 1992 Soviet defector Ken Alibek alleged that the Soviet bioweapons program at Zagorsk had produced a large stockpile -- as much as twenty tons -- of weaponized smallpox ( possibly engineered to resist vaccines , Alibek further alleged ) , along with refrigerated warheads to deliver it . Alibek 's stories about the former Soviet program 's smallpox activities have never been independently verified . In 1997 , the Russian government announced that all of its remaining smallpox samples would be moved to the Vector Institute in Koltsovo . With the breakup of the Soviet Union and unemployment of many of the weapons program 's scientists , U.S. government officials have expressed concern that smallpox and the expertise to weaponize it may have become available to other governments or terrorist groups who might wish to use virus as means of biological warfare . Specific allegations made against Iraq in this respect proved to be mistaken . Concern has been expressed by some that artificial gene synthesis could be used to recreate the virus from existing digital genomes , for use in biological warfare . Insertion of the synthesized smallpox DNA into existing related pox viruses could theoretically be used to recreate the virus . The first step to mitigating this risk , it has been suggested , should be to destroy the remaining virus stocks so as to enable unequivocal criminalization of any possession of the virus . In 2017 , Bill Gates stated that bioterrorism with smallpox could be more dangerous than a nuclear weapon . Notable cases In 1767 , the 11 - year - old composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart survived a smallpox outbreak in Austria that killed Holy Roman Empress Maria Josepha , who became the second consecutive wife of Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II to die of the disease , as well as Archduchess Maria Josepha . ( See Mozart and smallpox . ) Famous historical figures who contracted smallpox include Lakota Chief Sitting Bull , Ramses V of Egypt , the Kangxi Emperor ( survived ) , Shunzhi Emperor and Tongzhi Emperor ( refer to the official history ) of China , Emperor Komei of Japan ( died of smallpox in 1867 ) , and Date Masamune of Japan ( who lost an eye to the disease ) . Cuitláhuac , the 10th tlatoani ( ruler ) of the Aztec city of Tenochtitlan , died of smallpox in 1520 , shortly after its introduction to the Americas , and the Incan emperor Huayna Capac died of it in 1527 . More recent public figures include Guru Har Krishan , 8th Guru of the Sikhs , in 1664 , Peter II of Russia in 1730 ( died ) , George Washington ( survived ) , king Louis XV in 1774 ( died ) and Maximilian III Joseph , Elector of Bavaria in 1777 . Prominent families throughout the world often had several people infected by and / or perish from the disease . For example , several relatives of Henry VIII survived the disease but were scarred by it . These include his sister Margaret , Queen of Scotland , his fourth wife , Anne of Cleves , and his two daughters : Mary I of England in 1527 and Elizabeth I of England in 1562 ( as an adult she would often try to disguise the pockmarks with heavy makeup ) . His great - niece , Mary , Queen of Scots , contracted the disease as a child but had no visible scarring . In Europe , deaths from smallpox often changed dynastic succession . The only surviving son of Henry VIII , Edward VI , died from complications shortly after apparently recovering from the disease , thereby nullifying Henry 's efforts to ensure a male successor to the throne ( his two immediate successors were both women , who had both had it and survived ) . Louis XV of France succeeded his great - grandfather Louis XIV through a series of deaths of smallpox or measles among those earlier in the succession line . He himself died of the disease in 1774 . William III lost his mother to the disease when he was only ten years old in 1660 , and named his uncle Charles as legal guardian : her death from smallpox would indirectly spark a chain of events that would eventually lead to the permanent ousting of the Stuart line from the British throne . William III 's wife , Mary II of England , died from smallpox as well . In Russia , Peter II of Russia died of the disease at 15 years of age . Also , prior to becoming Russian Emperor , Peter III caught the virus and suffered greatly from it . He was left scarred and disfigured . His wife , Catherine the Great , was spared but fear of the virus clearly had its effects on her . She feared for her son and heir Pavel 's safety so much that she made sure that large crowds were kept at bay and sought to isolate him . Eventually , she decided to have herself inoculated by a Scottish doctor , Thomas Dimsdale . While this was considered a controversial method at the time , she succeeded . Her son Pavel was later inoculated as well . Catherine then sought to have inoculations throughout her empire stating : `` My objective was , through my example , to save from death the multitude of my subjects who , not knowing the value of this technique , and frightened of it , were left in danger . '' By 1800 , approximately 2 million inoculations were administered in the Russian Empire . In China , the Qing Dynasty had extensive protocols to protect Manchus from Peking 's endemic smallpox . U.S. Presidents George Washington , Andrew Jackson , and Abraham Lincoln all contracted and recovered from the disease . Washington became infected with smallpox on a visit to Barbados in 1751 . Jackson developed the illness after being taken prisoner by the British during the American Revolution , and though he recovered , his brother Robert did not . Lincoln contracted the disease during his Presidency , possibly from his son Tad , and was quarantined shortly after giving the Gettysburg address in 1863 . Famous theologian Jonathan Edwards died of smallpox in 1758 following an inoculation . Soviet leader Joseph Stalin fell ill with smallpox at the age of seven . His face was badly scarred by the disease . He later had photographs retouched to make his pockmarks less apparent . Hungarian poet Ferenc Kölcsey , who wrote the Hungarian national anthem , lost his right eye to smallpox . Tradition and religion The Hindu goddess Shitala was worshipped to prevent or cure smallpox . In the face of the devastation of smallpox , various smallpox gods and goddesses have been worshipped throughout parts of the Old World , for example in China and in India . In China , the smallpox goddess was referred to as T'ou - Shen Niang - Niang . Chinese believers actively worked to appease the goddess and pray for her mercy , by such measures as referring to smallpox pustules as `` beautiful flowers '' as a euphemism intended to avert offending the goddess , for example ( the Chinese word for smallpox is 天花 , literally `` heaven flower '' ) . In a related New Year 's Eve custom it was prescribed that the children of the house wear ugly masks while sleeping , so as to conceal any beauty and thereby avoid attracting the goddess , who would be passing through sometime that night . If a case of smallpox did occur , shrines would be set up in the homes of the victims , to be worshipped and offered to as the disease ran its course . If the victim recovered , the shrines were removed and carried away in a special paper chair or boat for burning . If the patient did not recover , the shrine was destroyed and cursed , so as to expel the goddess from the house . India 's first records of smallpox can be found in a medical book that dates back to A.D. 400 . This book describes a disease that sounds exceptionally like smallpox . India , like China , created a goddess in response to its exposure to smallpox . The Hindu goddess Shitala was both worshipped and feared during her reign . It was believed that this goddess was both evil and kind and had the ability to inflict victims when angered , as well as calm the fevers of the already afflicted . Portraits of the goddess show her holding a broom in her right hand to continue to move the disease and a pot of cool water in the other hand in an attempt to soothe victims . Shrines were created where many India natives , both healthy and not , went to worship and attempt to protect themselves from this disease . Some Indian women , in an attempt to ward off Shitala , placed plates of cooling foods and pots of water on the roofs of their homes . In cultures that did not recognize a smallpox deity , there was often nonetheless a belief in smallpox demons , who were accordingly blamed for the disease . Such beliefs were prominent in Japan , Europe , Africa , and other parts of the world . Nearly all cultures who believed in the demon also believed that it was afraid of the color red . This led to the invention of so - called red treatment , where victims and their rooms would be decorated in red . The practice spread to Europe in the 12th century and was practiced by ( among others ) Charles V of France and Elizabeth I of England . Afforded scientific credibility through the studies by Finsen showing that red light reduced scarring , this belief persisted even until the 1930s . Films and novels Smallpox 2002 , a fictional bioterrorism film about a smallpox epidemic The Killer That Stalked New York , a fictional film about a smallpox outbreak Variola Vera , a film about 1972 Yugoslav smallpox outbreak The Demon in the Freezer , non-fiction book about the eradication of smallpox , and continuing threat of bioterrorism See also Medicine portal Viruses portal List of epidemics Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas # Depopulation from disease References Jump up ^ Barton , Leslie L. ; Friedman , Neil R. ( 2008 ) . The Neurological Manifestations of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiency Syndromes . Springer Science & Business Media . p. 151 . ISBN 9781597453912 . Jump up ^ Schaller , Karl F. ( 2012 ) . Colour Atlas of Tropical Dermatology and Venerology . Springer Science & Business Media . p . Chapter 1 . ISBN 9783642762000 . ^ Jump up to : Fenner , F. ( 1988 ) . `` The History of Smallpox and its Spread Around the World '' . 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Vaccines . Philadelphia : W.B. Saunders Co. pp. e -- book . ISBN 0 - 7216 - 7443 - 7 . Jump up ^ Rodrigues BA ( 1975 ) . `` Smallpox eradication in the Americas '' . Bull Pan Am Health Organ. 9 ( 1 ) : 53 -- 68 . PMID 167890 . ^ Jump up to : Fenner , Frank ( 1988 ) . `` Development of the Global Smallpox Eradication Programme '' ( PDF ) . Smallpox and Its Eradication ( History of International Public Health , No. 6 ) . Geneva : World Health Organization . pp. 366 -- 418 . ISBN 92 - 4 - 156110 - 6 . Jump up ^ Fenner , Frank ( 1988 ) . `` The Intensified Smallpox Eradication Programme '' . Smallpox and Its Eradication ( History of International Public Health , No. 6 ) ( PDF ) . Geneva : World Health Organization . pp. 422 -- 538 . ISBN 92 - 4 - 156110 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Karel Raška and Smallpox '' ( PDF ) . Central European Journal of Public Health . March 2010 . Retrieved 15 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Karel Raška -- The Development of Modern Epidemiology . 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Jump up ^ Hammond , Edward ( 2007 ) . `` Should the US and Russia destroy their stocks of smallpox virus ? '' . BMJ. 334 ( 7597 ) : 774 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 39155.695255. 94 . PMC 1851992 . PMID 17431261 . Jump up ^ Agwunobi JO ( 2007 ) . `` Should the US and Russia destroy their stocks of smallpox virus ? '' . BMJ. 334 ( 7597 ) : 775 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj.39156.490799.BE . PMC 1851995 . PMID 17431262 . Jump up ^ Comments on the Scientific Review of Variola Virus Research , 1999 ‐ 2010 . Advisory Group of Independent Experts to review the smallpox research program ( AGIES ) WHO document WHO / HSE / GAR / BDP / 2010.4 Jump up ^ Lane JM , Poland GA ( 2011 ) . `` Why not destroy the remaining smallpox virus stocks ? '' . Vaccine. 29 ( 16 ) : 2823 -- 4 . doi : 10.1016 / j. vaccine. 2011.02. 081 . PMID 21376120 . Jump up ^ `` Century - old smallpox scabs in N.M. envelope '' . USA Today : Health and Behavior . 26 December 2003 . Retrieved 23 September 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Forgotten smallpox vials found in cardboard box at Maryland laboratory '' . The Guardian . 8 July 2014 . Retrieved 16 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FDA found more than smallpox vials in storage room '' . The Washington Post . 16 July 2014 . Retrieved 24 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Report of the Blue Ribbon Panel to Review the 2014 Smallpox ( Variola ) Virus Incident on the NIH Campus '' ( PDF ) . National Institutes of Health . Retrieved 24 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` How Canadian researchers reconstituted an extinct poxvirus for $100,000 using mail - order DNA '' . Science Magazine . 6 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Peckham , Indian Uprising , 226 ; Anderson , Crucible of War , 542 , 809n . Jump up ^ Anderson , Crucible of War , 809n ; Grenier , First Way of War , 144 ; Nester , Haughty Conquerors `` , 114 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Dixon , David ; Never Come to Peace Again : Pontiac 's Uprising and the Fate of the British Empire in North America ; ( pg. 152 -- 155 ) ; University of Oklahoma Press ; 2005 ; ISBN 0 - 8061 - 3656 - 1 Jump up ^ Colonial Germ Warfare , Harold B. Gill , Jr. , CW Journal : Spring 04 Jump up ^ Anderson , Crucible of War , 541 -- 42 ; Jennings , Empire of Fortune , 447n26 . ^ Jump up to : Flight , Colette ( 17 February 2011 ) . `` Silent Weapon : Smallpox and Biological Warfare '' . BBC History . Retrieved 28 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth A. Fenn . `` Biological Warfare in Eighteenth - Century North America : Beyond Jeffery Amherst '' , The Journal of American History , Vol. 86 , No. 4 ( March 2000 ) , pp. 1552 -- 1580 Jump up ^ Warren , Christopher ( 2013 ) . `` Smallpox at Sydney Cove -- who , when , why ? '' . Journal of Australian Studies . 38 : 68 -- 86 . doi : 10.1080 / 14443058.2013. 849750 . 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Moscow News . Archived from the original on 14 October 2007 . Retrieved 18 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Enserink M ( 2002 ) . `` Biowarfare . Did bioweapons test cause a deadly smallpox outbreak ? '' . Science . 296 ( 5576 ) : 2116 -- 7 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 296.5576. 2116 . PMID 12077372 . Jump up ^ Bellomo , Michael ; Zelicoff , Alan P. ( 2005 ) . Microbe : are we ready for the next plague ? . New York : American Management Association . p. 101 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8144 - 0865 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Preston , Richard . The Demon in the Freezer . Fawcett . pp. 105 -- 115 . ISBN 0 - 345 - 46663 - 2 . Jump up ^ History and Epidemiology of Global Smallpox Eradication Archived 15 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine . From the training course titled `` Smallpox : Disease , Prevention , and Intervention '' . The CDC and the World Health Organization . Slide 16 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Burkeman , Oliver ( 19 September 2003 ) . `` No evidence of smallpox '' . The Guardian . Accessed 10 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : The Genetic Engineering of Smallpox . WHO 's Retreat from the Eradication of Smallpox Virus and Why it Should be Stopped A BRIEFING PAPER BY THE SUNSHINE PROJECT. 2002 . Jump up ^ Smallpox Virus Stocks at the 64th WHA -- Implementing the Conclusions of the Major Review Third World Network , Briefing Paper by Edward Hammond , page 8 . Jump up ^ Knapton , Sarah ( 19 April 2017 ) . `` Bill Gates : Terrorists could wipe out 30 million people by weaponising a disease such as smallpox '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Koplow , David ( 2003 ) . Smallpox : The Fight to Eradicate a Global Scourge . Berkeley and Los Angeles , CA : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 23732 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` President Abraham Lincoln : Health & Medical History '' . 24 March 2007 . Retrieved 18 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Massie , Robert K. ( 2011 ) . Catherine the Great : Portrait of as Woman , pp. 387 -- 388 . Random House , New York . ISBN 978 - 0 - 679 - 45672 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Oldstone , Michael ( 2010 ) . Viruses , Plagues , and History . Oxford University Press . pp. 65 -- 71 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 532731 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Biography at the Edwards Center at Yale University '' . Yale University . Retrieved 13 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Montefiore , Young Stalin , p. 61 Jump up ^ Szinnyei József : Magyar írók élete és munkái , Arcanum , Budapest , 2000 , ISBN 963 - 86029 - 9 - 6 ^ Jump up to : Hopkins , Donald R. Princes and Peasants : Smallpox in History . United States of America : University of Chicago Press , 1983 . ^ Jump up to : Giblin , James C. When Plague Strikes : The Black Death , Smallpox , AIDS . United States of America : HarperCollins Publishers , 1995 . Jump up ^ Wiley , Andrea S. , & Allen , John S. Medical Anthropology : A Biocultural Approach . New York : Oxford University Press , 2009 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Jonathan B. Scourge : The Once and Future Threat of Smallpox . New York : Atlantic Monthly Press , 2001 . Further reading Bhattacharya , Sanjoy ( 2006 ) . Expunging variola : the control and eradication of smallpox in India , 1947 -- 1977 . Hyderabad : Orient Longman . ISBN 81 - 250 - 3018 - 2 . Fenner , Frank ( 1988 ) . Smallpox and Its Eradication ( History of International Public Health , No. 6 ) ( PDF ) . Geneva : World Health Organization . ISBN 92 - 4 - 156110 - 6 . Hopkins , Donald R. ( 2002 ) . The Greatest Killer . Smallpox in History . ( U of Chicago Press , 2002 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 35168 - 1 Kelton , Paul . Cherokee Medicine , Colonial Germs : An Indigenous Nation 's Fight Against Smallpox . Norman , OK : University of Oklahoma Press , 2015 . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 4688 - 5 Koplow , David A. ( 2003 ) . Smallpox : the fight to eradicate a global scourge . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 24220 - 3 . Mack T ( 2003 ) . `` A different view of smallpox and vaccination '' . N. Engl. J. Med. 348 ( 5 ) : 460 -- 3 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMsb022994 . PMID 12496354 . McNeill , William Hardy ( 1977 ) . Plagues and peoples . Oxford : Basil Blackwell . ISBN 0 - 385 - 12122 - 9 . Naono , Atsuko ( 2009 ) . State of Vaccination : The Fight Against Smallpox in Colonial Burma . Hyderabad : Orient Blackswan . p. 238 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 250 - 3546 - 6 . Pallen , Mark ( 2018 ) . The Last Days of Smallpox : Tragedy in Birmingham . UK : Amazon KDP . ISBN 9781980455226 . Preston , Richard ( 2002 ) . The Demon in the Freezer : A True Story . New York : Random House . ISBN 0 - 375 - 50856 - 2 . ( Excerpt available at The New Yorker Reinhardt , Bob H. ( 2015 ) The End of a Global Pox : America and the Eradication of Smallpox in the Cold War Era ( U of North Carolina Press , 2015 ) . xviii , 268 pp . Tucker , Jonathan B. ( 2001 ) . Scourge : The Once and Future Threat of Smallpox . New York : Grove Press . ISBN 0 - 8021 - 3939 - 6 . Lord Wharncliffe ; W. Moy Thomas , eds. ( 1861 ) . The Letters and Works of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu , vol. 1 . London : Henry G. Bohn . External links Smallpox Biosafety : A Website About Destruction of Smallpox Virus Stocks Detailed CIDRAP Smallpox overview Agent Fact Sheet : Smallpox , Center for Biosecurity Smallpox Images and Diagnosis Synopsis Variola Virus Genomes database search results from the Poxvirus Bioinformatics Resource Center Virus Pathogen Database and Analysis Resource ( ViPR ) : Poxviridae Classification ICD - 10 : B03 ICD - 9 - CM : 050 DiseasesDB : 12219 External resources MedlinePlus : 001356 eMedicine : emerg / 885 Patient UK : Smallpox Infectious skin disease : Viral cutaneous conditions , including viral exanthema ( B00 -- B09 , 050 -- 059 ) DNA virus Herpesviridae Alpha HSV Herpes simplex Herpetic whitlow Herpes gladiatorum Herpes simplex keratitis Herpetic sycosis Neonatal herpes simplex Herpes genitalis Herpes labialis Eczema herpeticum Herpetiform esophagitis Herpes B virus B virus infection VZV Chickenpox Herpes zoster Herpes zoster oticus Ophthalmic zoster Disseminated herpes zoster Zoster - associated pain Modified varicella - like syndrome Beta Human herpesvirus 6 / Roseolovirus Exanthema subitum Roseola vaccinia Cytomegalic inclusion disease Gamma KSHV Kaposi 's sarcoma Poxviridae Ortho Variola Smallpox Alastrim MoxV Monkeypox CPXV Cowpox VV Vaccinia Generalized vaccinia Eczema vaccinatum Progressive vaccinia Buffalopox Para Farmyard pox : Milker 's nodule Bovine papular stomatitis Pseudocowpox Orf Sealpox Other Yatapoxvirus : Tanapox Yaba monkey tumor virus MCV Molluscum contagiosum Papillomaviridae HPV Wart / plantar wart Heck 's disease Genital wart giant Laryngeal papillomatosis Butcher 's wart Bowenoid papulosis Epidermodysplasia verruciformis Verruca plana Pigmented wart Verrucae palmares et plantares BPV Equine sarcoid Parvoviridae Parvovirus B19 Erythema infectiosum Reticulocytopenia Papular purpuric gloves and socks syndrome Polyomaviridae Merkel cell polyomavirus Merkel cell carcinoma RNA virus Paramyxoviridae MeV Measles Togaviridae Rubella virus Rubella Congenital rubella syndrome Alphavirus infection Chikungunya fever Picornaviridae CAV Hand , foot and mouth disease Herpangina FMDV Foot - and - mouth disease Boston exanthem disease Ungrouped Asymmetric periflexural exanthem of childhood Post-vaccination follicular eruption Lipschütz ulcer Eruptive pseudoangiomatosis Viral - associated trichodysplasia Gianotti -- Crosti syndrome Eradication of infectious diseases Eradication of human diseases Successful Smallpox / Alastrim ( Eradication of smallpox ) Underway ( global ) Dracunculiasis ( Eradication of dracunculiasis ) Poliomyelitis ( Eradication of poliomyelitis ) Malaria ( Eradication of malaria ) Yaws ( Eradication of yaws ) Underway ( regional ) Hookworm Lymphatic filariasis Measles Rubella Trachoma Onchocerciasis Bovine spongiform encephalopathy Syphilis Rabies Eradication of agricultural diseases Successful Rinderpest ( Eradication of rinderpest ) Underway Ovine rinderpest Eradication programs Global Global Polio Eradication Initiative Malaria Eradication Scientific Alliance Regional United States Boll Weevil Eradication Program National Malaria Eradication Program India India National PolioPlus Pulse Polio Poliomyelitis in Pakistan Every Last Child The Final Inch Related topics Globalization and disease Mathematical modelling of disease Pandemic Transmission horizontal vertical Vaccination Zoonosis GND : 4135714 - 0 NARA : 10643938 NDL : 00573369 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Smallpox&oldid=842270377 '' Categories : Smallpox Chordopoxvirinae Eradicated diseases Virus - related cutaneous conditions Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages with DOIs inactive since 2018 CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from December 2017 Infobox medical condition ( new ) Articles with ' species ' microformats All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Good articles RTT Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Wikiquote Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Aymar aru Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Diné bizaad Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 客家 語 / Hak - 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpox
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name any three major occupation in mysore division
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Mysore division
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mysore division
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Mysore Division includes the districts of Mysore , Chamarajanagar , Chikmagalur , Dakshina Kannada , Hassan , Kodagu , Mandya , and Udupi . The administrative headquarters of the division is Mysore . This division is home to Shivanasamudra , India 's oldest ( established in 1902 ) operating hydroelectric power project .
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See also ( edit ) Districts of Karnataka Mysore Chamrajnagar Chikmagalur Dakshina Kannada Hassan Kodagu Mandya Udupi Districts of Karnataka Bangalore division Bangalore Urban Bangalore Rural Chitradurga Davanagere Kolar Shimoga Tumakuru Ramanagara Chikkaballapura Belgaum division Bagalkot Belgaum Bijapur Dharwad Haveri Gadag Uttara Kannada Gulbarga division Ballari Bidar Gulbarga Koppal Raichur Yadgir Mysore division Chamarajanagar Chikmagalur Dakshina Kannada Hassan Kodagu Mandya Mysore Udupi Coordinates : 12 ° 18 ′ N 76 ° 42 ′ E / 12.3 ° N 76.7 ° E / 12.3 ; 76.7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mysore_division&oldid=844664305 '' Categories : Divisions of Karnataka Mysore Division Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from December 2009 All articles lacking sources Coordinates on Wikidata Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch Italiano मराठी Edit links This page was last edited on 6 June 2018 , at 09 : 06 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysore%20division
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when was the first lord of the rings written
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The Lord of the Rings is an epic high fantasy novel written by English author and scholar J.R.R. Tolkien . The story began as a sequel to Tolkien 's 1937 fantasy novel The Hobbit , but eventually developed into a much larger work . Written in stages between 1937 and 1949 , The Lord of the Rings is one of the best - selling novels ever written , with over 150 million copies sold .
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The Lord of the Rings
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the lord of the rings
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The Lord of the Rings is an epic high fantasy novel written by English author and scholar J.R.R. Tolkien . The story began as a sequel to Tolkien 's 1937 fantasy novel The Hobbit , but eventually developed into a much larger work . Written in stages between 1937 and 1949 , The Lord of the Rings is one of the best - selling novels ever written , with over 150 million copies sold .
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The title of the novel refers to the story 's main antagonist , the Dark Lord Sauron , who had in an earlier age created the One Ring to rule the other Rings of Power as the ultimate weapon in his campaign to conquer and rule all of Middle - earth . From quiet beginnings in the Shire , a hobbit land not unlike the English countryside , the story ranges across Middle - earth , following the course of the War of the Ring through the eyes of its characters , not only the hobbits Frodo Baggins , Samwise `` Sam '' Gamgee , Meriadoc `` Merry '' Brandybuck and Peregrin `` Pippin '' Took , but also the hobbits ' chief allies and travelling companions : the Men Aragorn son of Arathorn , a Ranger of the North , and Boromir , a Captain of Gondor ; Gimli son of Glóin , a Dwarf warrior ; Legolas Greenleaf , an Elven prince ; and Gandalf , a wizard . The work was initially intended by Tolkien to be one volume of a two - volume set , the other to be The Silmarillion , but this idea was dismissed by his publisher . For economic reasons , The Lord of the Rings was published in three volumes over the course of a year from 29 July 1954 to 20 October 1955 . The three volumes were titled The Fellowship of the Ring , The Two Towers and The Return of the King . Structurally , the novel is divided internally into six books , two per volume , with several appendices of background material included at the end . Some editions combine the entire work into a single volume . The Lord of the Rings has since been reprinted numerous times and translated into 38 languages . Tolkien 's work has been the subject of extensive analysis of its themes and origins . Although a major work in itself , the story was only the last movement of a larger epic Tolkien had worked on since 1917 , in a process he described as mythopoeia . Influences on this earlier work , and on the story of The Lord of the Rings , include philology , mythology , religion and the author 's distaste for the effects of industrialization , as well as earlier fantasy works and Tolkien 's experiences in World War I . The Lord of the Rings in its turn is considered to have had a great effect on modern fantasy ; the impact of Tolkien 's works is such that the use of the words `` Tolkienian '' and `` Tolkienesque '' have been recorded in the Oxford English Dictionary . The enduring popularity of The Lord of the Rings has led to numerous references in popular culture , the founding of many societies by fans of Tolkien 's works , and the publication of many books about Tolkien and his works . The Lord of the Rings has inspired , and continues to inspire , artwork , music , films and television , video games , board games , and subsequent literature . Award - winning adaptations of The Lord of the Rings have been made for radio , theatre , and film . In 2003 , it was named Britain 's best - loved novel of all time in the BBC 's The Big Read . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 1.1 Prologue 1.2 The Fellowship of the Ring 1.3 The Two Towers 1.4 The Return of the King 2 Main characters 2.1 Protagonists 2.2 Antagonists 3 Concept and creation 3.1 Background 3.2 Writing 3.3 Influences 4 Publication history 4.1 Editions and revisions 4.2 Posthumous publication of drafts 4.3 Translations 5 Reception 6 Themes 7 Adaptations 7.1 Radio 7.2 Film 7.3 Television 7.4 Stage 8 Legacy 8.1 Influences on the fantasy genre 8.2 Music 8.3 Impact on popular culture 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Plot Summary ( edit ) See also : The Fellowship of the Ring , The Two Towers , and The Return of the King plot summaries Prologue ( edit ) Thousands of years before the events of the novel , the Dark Lord Sauron had forged the One Ring to rule the other Rings of Power and corrupt those who wore them : the leaders of Men , Elves and Dwarves . Sauron was defeated by an alliance of Elves and Men led by Gil - galad and Elendil , respectively . In the final battle , Isildur , son of Elendil , cut the One Ring from Sauron 's finger , causing Sauron to lose his physical form . Isildur claimed the Ring as an heirloom for his line , but when he was later ambushed and killed by the Orcs , the Ring was lost in the River Anduin . Over two thousand years later , the Ring was found by one of the river - folk called Déagol . His friend Sméagol fell under the Ring 's influence and strangled Déagol to acquire it . Sméagol was banished and hid under the Misty Mountains . The Ring gave him long life and changed him over hundreds of years into a twisted , corrupted creature called Gollum . Gollum lost the Ring , his `` precious '' , and as told in The Hobbit , Bilbo Baggins found it . Meanwhile , Sauron assumed a new form and took back his old realm of Mordor . When Gollum set out in search of the Ring , he was captured and tortured by Sauron . Sauron learned from Gollum that `` Baggins '' of the Shire had taken the Ring . Gollum was set loose . Sauron , who needed the Ring to regain his full power , sent forth his powerful servants , the Nazgûl , to seize it . The Fellowship of the Ring ( edit ) The story begins in the Shire , where the hobbit Frodo Baggins inherits the Ring from Bilbo Baggins , his cousin and guardian . Neither hobbit is aware of the Ring 's nature , but Gandalf the Grey , a wizard and an old friend of Bilbo , suspects it to be Sauron 's Ring . Seventeen years later , after Gandalf confirms his guess , he tells Frodo the history of the Ring and counsels him to take it away from the Shire . Frodo sets out , accompanied by his gardener , servant and friend , Samwise ( `` Sam '' ) Gamgee , and two cousins , Meriadoc `` Merry '' Brandybuck and Peregrin `` Pippin '' Took . They are nearly caught by the Black Riders , but shake off their pursuers by cutting through the Old Forest . There they are aided by Tom Bombadil , a strange and merry fellow who lives with his wife Goldberry in the forest . The hobbits reach the town of Bree , where they encounter a Ranger named Strider , whom Gandalf had mentioned in a letter . Strider persuades the hobbits to take him on as their guide and protector . Together , they leave Bree after another close escape from the Black Riders . On the hill of Weathertop , they are again attacked by the Black Riders , who wound Frodo with a cursed blade . Strider fights them off and leads the hobbits towards the Elven refuge of Rivendell . Frodo falls deathly ill from the wound . The Black Riders nearly capture him at the Ford of Bruinen , but flood waters summoned by Elrond , master of Rivendell , rise up and overwhelm them . Frodo recovers in Rivendell under Elrond 's care . The Council of Elrond discusses the history of Sauron and the Ring . Strider is revealed to be Aragorn , Isildur 's heir . Gandalf reports that Sauron has corrupted Saruman , chief of the wizards . The Council decides that the Ring must be destroyed , but that can only be done by sending it to the Fire of Mount Doom in Mordor , where it was forged . Frodo takes this task upon himself . Elrond , with the advice of Gandalf , chooses companions for him . The Company of the Ring are nine in number : Frodo , Sam , Merry , Pippin , Aragorn , Gandalf , Gimli the Dwarf , Legolas the Elf , and the Man Boromir , son of Denethor , the Ruling Steward of the land of Gondor . After a failed attempt to cross the Misty Mountains through the Redhorn Pass , the Company are forced to take a perilous path through the Mines of Moria . They are attacked by the Watcher in the Water before the doors of Moria . Inside Moria , they learn of the fate of Balin and his colony of Dwarves . After surviving an attack , they are pursued by Orcs and by an ancient demon called a Balrog . Gandalf faces the Balrog , and both of them fall into the abyss . The others escape and find refuge in the Elven forest of Lothlórien , where they are counselled by its rulers , Galadriel and Celeborn . With boats and gifts from Galadriel , the Company travel down the River Anduin to the hill of Amon Hen . There , Boromir tries to take the Ring from Frodo , but Frodo puts it on and disappears . Frodo chooses to go alone to Mordor , but Sam guesses what he intends and goes with him . The two Towers ( edit ) Orcs sent by Saruman and Sauron kill Boromir and capture Merry and Pippin . Aragorn , Gimli and Legolas debate which pair of hobbits to follow . They decide to pursue the Orcs taking Merry and Pippin to Saruman . In the kingdom of Rohan , the Orcs are slain by a company of Rohirrim . Merry and Pippin escape into Fangorn Forest , where they are befriended by Treebeard , the oldest of the tree - like Ents . Aragorn , Gimli and Legolas track the hobbits to Fangorn . There they unexpectedly meet Gandalf . Gandalf explains that he slew the Balrog ; darkness took him , but he was sent back to Middle - earth to complete his mission . He is clothed in white and is now Gandalf the White , for he has taken Saruman 's place as the chief of the wizards . Gandalf assures his friends that Merry and Pippin are safe . Together they ride to Edoras , capital of Rohan . Gandalf frees Théoden , King of Rohan , from the influence of Saruman 's spy Gríma Wormtongue . Théoden musters his fighting strength and rides with his men to the ancient fortress of Helm 's Deep , while Gandalf departs to seek help from Treebeard . Meanwhile , the Ents , roused by Merry and Pippin from their peaceful ways , attack Isengard , Saruman 's stronghold , and trap the wizard in the tower of Orthanc . Gandalf convinces Treebeard to send an army of Huorns to Théoden 's aid . Gandalf brings an army of Rohirrim to Helm 's Deep , and they defeat the Orcs , who flee into the `` forest '' of Huorns , never to be seen again . Gandalf offers Saruman a chance to turn away from evil . When Saruman refuses to listen , Gandalf strips him of his rank and most of his powers . After Saruman crawls back to his prison , Wormtongue drops a sphere to try and kill Gandalf . Pippin picks it up ; it is revealed to be a palantír , a seeing - stone that Saruman used to speak with Sauron and through which Saruman was ensnared . Pippin is seen by Sauron . Gandalf rides for Minas Tirith , chief city of Gondor , taking Pippin with him . Frodo and Sam capture Gollum , who has followed them from Moria . They force him to guide them to Mordor . They find that the Black Gate of Mordor is too well guarded , so instead they travel to a secret way Gollum knows . On the way , they encounter Faramir , who , unlike his brother Boromir , resists the temptation to seize the Ring . Gollum -- who is torn between his loyalty to Frodo and his desire for the Ring -- betrays Frodo by leading him to the great spider Shelob in the tunnels of Cirith Ungol . Frodo falls to Shelob 's sting . But with the help of Galadriel 's gifts , Sam fights off the spider . Believing Frodo to be dead , Sam takes the Ring to continue the quest alone . Orcs find Frodo ; Sam overhears them and learns that Frodo is still alive . The Return of the King ( edit ) Sauron sends a great army against Gondor . Gandalf arrives at Minas Tirith to warn Denethor of the attack , while Théoden musters the Rohirrim to ride to Gondor 's aid . Minas Tirith is besieged . Denethor is deceived by Sauron and falls into despair . He burns himself alive on a pyre , nearly taking his son Faramir with him . Aragorn , accompanied by Legolas , Gimli and the Rangers of the North , takes the Paths of the Dead to recruit the Dead Men of Dunharrow , who are bound by a curse which denies them rest until they fulfil their ancient forsworn oath to fight for the King of Gondor . Following Aragorn , the Army of the Dead strikes terror into the Corsairs of Umbar invading southern Gondor . Aragorn defeats the Corsairs and uses their ships to transport the men of southern Gondor up the Anduin , reaching Minas Tirith just in time to turn the tide of battle . Éowyn , Théoden 's niece , slays the Lord of the Nazgûl with help from Merry . Together , Gondor and Rohan defeat Sauron 's army in the Battle of the Pelennor Fields , though at great cost . Théoden is slain , and Éowyn and Merry are injured . Meanwhile , Sam rescues Frodo from the tower of Cirith Ungol . They set out across Mordor . Aragorn leads an army of men from Gondor and Rohan to march on the Black Gate to distract Sauron from his true danger . His army is vastly outnumbered by the great might of Sauron . Frodo and Sam reach the edge of the Cracks of Doom , but Frodo can not resist the Ring any longer . He claims it for himself and puts it on his finger . Gollum suddenly reappears . He struggles with Frodo and bites off Frodo 's finger with the Ring still on it . Celebrating wildly , Gollum loses his footing and falls into the Fire , taking the Ring with him . When the Ring is destroyed , Sauron loses his power forever . All he created collapses , the Nazgûl perish , and his armies are thrown into such disarray that Aragorn 's forces emerge victorious . Aragorn is crowned Elessar , King of Arnor and Gondor , and weds Arwen , daughter of Elrond . The four hobbits make their way back to the Shire , only to find out that it has been taken over by men led by Sharkey . The hobbits raise a rebellion and liberate the Shire , though 19 hobbits are killed and 30 wounded . Sharkey turns out to be Saruman . Frodo stops the hobbits from killing the wizard after Saruman attempts to stab Frodo , but Gríma turns on Saruman and kills him in front of Bag End , Frodo 's home . He is slain in turn by hobbit archers , and the War of the Ring comes to its true end on Frodo 's very doorstep . Merry and Pippin are celebrated as heroes . Sam marries Rosie Cotton and uses his gifts from Galadriel to help heal the Shire . But Frodo is still wounded in body and spirit , having borne the Ring for so long . A few years later , in the company of Bilbo and Gandalf , Frodo sails from the Grey Havens west over the Sea to the Undying Lands to find peace . In the appendices , Sam gives his daughter Elanor the Red Book of Westmarch , which contains the story of Bilbo 's adventures and the War of the Ring as witnessed by the hobbits . Sam is then said to have crossed west over the Sea himself , the last of the Ring - bearers . Main characters ( edit ) Some characters in The Lord of the Rings are unequivocal protagonists , and others are absolute antagonists . However despite criticism that the book 's characters `` are all either black or white '' , some of the ' good ' characters have darker sides that feature in the story , and likewise some of the villains have `` good impulses '' . Therefore the categorization of characters as either ' protagonists ' or ' antagonists ' below indicates their general role in the story . Protagonists ( edit ) The Company of the Ring : Frodo Baggins , bearer of the One Ring , given to him by Bilbo Baggins Samwise Gamgee , gardener and friend of the Bagginses Meriadoc Brandybuck ( Merry ) , Frodo 's cousin and friend Peregrin Took ( Pippin or Pip ) , Frodo 's cousin and friend Gandalf the Grey , a wizard , leads the Fellowship until his fall in Moria , returns from death as Gandalf the White to lead the armies of the West against Sauron Aragorn , ( aka Strider ) descendant of Isildur and rightful heir to the thrones of Arnor and Gondor Legolas Greenleaf , an Elf prince and son of King Thranduil of the Silvan Elves of Northern Mirkwood Gimli , son of Glóin , a dwarf Boromir , the eldest son and heir of Denethor Denethor , ruling Steward of Gondor and Lord of Minas Tirith Faramir , younger son of Denethor and brother of Boromir Galadriel , Elf co-ruler of Lothlórien , and grandmother of Arwen Celeborn , Elf co-ruler of Lothlórien , husband of Galadriel , and grandfather of Arwen Elrond , Half - elven Lord of Rivendell and father of Arwen Arwen Undómiel , daughter of Elrond , love interest of Aragorn Bilbo Baggins , Frodo 's cousin Théoden , King of Rohan , ally of Gondor Éomer , the 3rd Marshal of the Mark and Théoden 's nephew . Later King of Rohan after Théoden 's death . Éowyn , sister of Éomer , who disguises herself as a male warrior named Dernhelm to fight beside Théoden Treebeard , oldest of the Ents Tom Bombadil , lives at the edge of the Old Forest near the barrow - downs , a mysterious character with great powers Antagonists ( edit ) Sauron , the Dark Lord and titular Lord of the Rings , a fallen Maia who helped the Elves forge the Rings of Power in the Second Age . The Nazgûl or Ringwraiths , men enslaved by Sauron when they accepted his treacherous gifts of Rings of Power The Witch - king of Angmar , the Lord of the Nazgûl , and Sauron 's most powerful servant , who commands Sauron 's army Saruman the White , a wizard who seeks the One Ring for himself . Originally the chief of the order of wizards of which Gandalf is also a member ; corrupted by Sauron through the palantír . Gríma Wormtongue , a secret servant of Saruman and traitor to Rohan , who poisons Théoden 's perceptions with well placed `` advice '' Gollum , a river hobbit originally named Sméagol and an obsessive previous owner of the One Ring , planning to steal it back . Shelob , a giant spider who dwells in the passes above Minas Morgul Durin 's Bane , a Balrog dwelling beneath the Mines of Moria Mouth of Sauron , also known as the Lieutenant of Barad - dûr . The chief emissary of Sauron , he confronts the Army of the West outside the Black Gate . Concept and creation ( edit ) Background ( edit ) The Lord of the Rings started as a sequel to J.R.R. Tolkien 's work The Hobbit , published in 1937 . The popularity of The Hobbit had led George Allen & Unwin , the publishers , to request a sequel . Tolkien warned them that he wrote quite slowly , and responded with several stories he had already developed . Having rejected his contemporary drafts for The Silmarillion , putting on hold Roverandom , and accepting Farmer Giles of Ham , Allen & Unwin thought more stories about hobbits would be popular . So at the age of 45 , Tolkien began writing the story that would become The Lord of the Rings . The story would not be finished until 12 years later , in 1949 , and would not be fully published until 1955 , when Tolkien was 63 years old . Writing ( edit ) Persuaded by his publishers , he started `` a new Hobbit '' in December 1937 . After several false starts , the story of the One Ring emerged . The idea for the first chapter ( `` A Long - Expected Party '' ) arrived fully formed , although the reasons behind Bilbo 's disappearance , the significance of the Ring , and the title The Lord of the Rings did not arrive until the spring of 1938 . Originally , he planned to write a story in which Bilbo had used up all his treasure and was looking for another adventure to gain more ; however , he remembered the Ring and its powers and thought that would be a better focus for the new work . As the story progressed , he also brought in elements from ' The Silmarillion ' mythology . Writing was slow , because Tolkien had a full - time academic position , and needed to earn further money as a university examiner . Tolkien abandoned The Lord of the Rings during most of 1943 and only restarted it in April 1944 , as a serial for his son Christopher Tolkien , who was sent chapters as they were written while he was serving in South Africa with the Royal Air Force . Tolkien made another concerted effort in 1946 , and showed the manuscript to his publishers in 1947 . The story was effectively finished the next year , but Tolkien did not complete the revision of earlier parts of the work until 1949 . The original manuscripts , which total 9,250 pages , now reside in the J.R.R. Tolkien Collection at Marquette University . Influences ( edit ) Mentioned at the beginning of The Lord of the Rings , the Ivy Bush is the closest public house to Birmingham Oratory which Tolkien attended while living near Edgbaston Reservoir . Perrott 's Folly is nearby . Main article : J.R.R. Tolkien 's influences The influence of the Welsh language , which Tolkien had learned , is summarized in his essay English and Welsh : `` If I may once more refer to my work . The Lord of the Rings , in evidence : the names of persons and places in this story were mainly composed on patterns deliberately modelled on those of Welsh ( closely similar but not identical ) . This element in the tale has given perhaps more pleasure to more readers than anything else in it . '' The Lord of the Rings developed as a personal exploration by Tolkien of his interests in philology , religion ( particularly Roman Catholicism ) , fairy tales , Norse and general Germanic mythology , and also Celtic , Slavic , Persian , Greek , and Finnish mythology . Tolkien acknowledged , and external critics have verified , the influences of George MacDonald and William Morris and the Anglo - Saxon poem Beowulf . The question of a direct influence of Wagner 's The Nibelung 's Ring on Tolkien 's work is debated by critics . Tolkien included neither any explicit religion nor cult in his work . Rather the themes , moral philosophy , and cosmology of The Lord of the Rings reflect his Catholic worldview . In one of his letters Tolkien states , `` The Lord of the Rings is of course a fundamentally religious and Catholic work ; unconsciously so at first , but consciously in the revision . That is why I have not put in , or have cut out , practically all references to anything like ' religion ' , to cults or practices , in the imaginary world . For the religious element is absorbed into the story and the symbolism . '' Some locations and characters were inspired by Tolkien 's childhood in Birmingham , where he first lived near Sarehole Mill , and later near Edgbaston Reservoir . There are also hints of the Black Country , which is within easy reach of north west Edgbaston . This shows in such names as `` Underhill '' , and the description of Saruman 's industrialization of Isengard and The Shire . It has also been suggested that The Shire and its surroundings were based on the countryside around Stonyhurst College in Lancashire where Tolkien frequently stayed during the 1940s . The work was influenced by the effects of his military service during World War I , to the point that Frodo has been `` diagnosed '' as suffering from Posttraumatic Stress Disorder , or `` shell - shock '' , which was first diagnosed under that name at the Battle of the Somme , at which Tolkien served . Publication history ( edit ) A dispute with his publisher , George Allen & Unwin , led to the book being offered to Collins in 1950 . Tolkien intended The Silmarillion ( itself largely unrevised at this point ) to be published along with The Lord of the Rings , but A&U were unwilling to do this . After Milton Waldman , his contact at Collins , expressed the belief that The Lord of the Rings itself `` urgently wanted cutting '' , Tolkien eventually demanded that they publish the book in 1952 . Collins did not ; and so Tolkien wrote to Allen and Unwin , saying , `` I would gladly consider the publication of any part of the stuff '' , fearing his work would never see the light of day . For publication , the book was divided into three volumes to minimize any potential financial loss due to the high cost of type - setting and modest anticipated sales : The Fellowship of the Ring ( Books I and II ) , The Two Towers ( Books III and IV ) , and The Return of the King ( Books V and VI plus six appendices ) . Delays in producing appendices , maps and especially an index led to the volumes being published later than originally hoped -- on 29 July 1954 , on 11 November 1954 and on 20 October 1955 respectively in the United Kingdom . In the United States , Houghton Mifflin published The Fellowship of the Ring on 21 October 1954 , The Two Towers on 21 April 1955 , and The Return of the King on 5 January 1956 . The Return of the King was especially delayed due to Tolkien revising the ending and preparing appendices ( some of which had to be left out because of space constraints ) . Tolkien did not like the title The Return of the King , believing it gave away too much of the storyline , but deferred to his publisher 's preference . He suggested the title The Two Towers in a deliberately ambiguous attempt to link the unconnected books III and IV , and as such the eponymous towers could be either Orthanc and Barad - dûr , or Minas Tirith and Barad - dûr , or Orthanc and Cirith Ungol . Tolkien was initially opposed to titles being given to each two - book volume , preferring instead the use of book titles : e.g. The Lord of the Rings : Vol. 1 , The Ring Sets Out and The Ring Goes South ; Vol. 2 , The Treason of Isengard and The Ring Goes East ; Vol. 3 , The War of the Ring and The End of the Third Age . However these individual book titles were later scrapped , and after pressure from his publishers , Tolkien initially suggested the titles : Vol. 1 , The Shadow Grows ; Vol. 2 , The Ring in the Shadow ; Vol. 3 , The War of the Ring or The Return of the King . The books were published under a profit - sharing arrangement , whereby Tolkien would not receive an advance or royalties until the books had broken even , after which he would take a large share of the profits . It has ultimately become one of the best - selling novels ever written , with over 150 million copies sold . The book was published in the UK by Allen & Unwin until 1990 when the publisher and its assets were acquired by HarperCollins . Editions and revisions ( edit ) In the early 1960s Donald A. Wollheim , science fiction editor of the paperback publisher Ace Books , claimed that The Lord of the Rings was not protected in the United States under American copyright law because Houghton Mifflin , the US hardcover publisher , had neglected to copyright the work in the United States . Then , in 1965 , Ace Books proceeded to publish an edition , unauthorized by Tolkien and without paying royalties to him . Tolkien took issue with this and quickly notified his fans of this objection . Grass - roots pressure from these fans became so great that Ace Books withdrew their edition and made a nominal payment to Tolkien . Authorized editions followed from Ballantine Books and Houghton Mifflin to tremendous commercial success . Tolkien undertook various textual revisions to produce a version of the book that would be published with his consent and establish an unquestioned US copyright . This text became the Second Edition of The Lord of the Rings , published in 1965 . The first Ballantine paperback edition was printed in October that year , and sold a quarter of a million copies within ten months . On September 4 , 1966 , the novel debuted on New York Times ' Paperback Bestsellers list as number three , and was number one by December 4 , a position it held for eight weeks . Houghton Mifflin editions after 1994 consolidate variant revisions by Tolkien , and corrections supervised by Christopher Tolkien , which resulted , after some initial glitches , in a computer - based unified text . In 2004 , for the 50th Anniversary Edition , Wayne G. Hammond and Christina Scull , under supervision from Christopher Tolkien , studied and revised the text to eliminate as many errors and inconsistencies as possible , some of which had been introduced by well - meaning compositors of the first printing in 1954 , and never been corrected . The 2005 edition of the book contained further corrections noticed by the editors and submitted by readers . Further corrections were added to the 60th Anniversary Edition in 2014 . Several editions , notably the 50th Anniversary Edition , combine all three books into one volume , with the result that pagination varies widely over the various editions . Posthumous publication of drafts ( edit ) From 1988 to 1992 Christopher Tolkien published the surviving drafts of The Lord of The Rings , chronicling and illuminating with commentary the stages of the text 's development , in volumes 6 -- 9 of his History of Middle - earth series . The four volumes carry the titles The Return of the Shadow , The Treason of Isengard , The War of the Ring , and Sauron Defeated . Translations ( edit ) Main article : Translations of The Lord of the Rings The novel has been translated , with various degrees of success , into at least 56 languages . Tolkien , an expert in philology , examined many of these translations , and made comments on each that reflect both the translation process and his work . As he was unhappy with some choices made by early translators , such as the Swedish translation by Åke Ohlmarks , Tolkien wrote a `` Guide to the Names in The Lord of the Rings '' ( 1967 ) . Because The Lord of the Rings purports to be a translation of the fictitious Red Book of Westmarch , with the English language representing the Westron of the `` original '' , Tolkien suggested that translators attempt to capture the interplay between English and the invented nomenclature of the English work , and gave several examples along with general guidance . Reception ( edit ) Main article : Reception of J.R.R. Tolkien While early reviews for The Lord of the Rings were mixed , reviews in various media have been , on the whole , highly positive and acknowledge Tolkien 's literary achievement as a significant one . The initial review in the Sunday Telegraph described it as `` among the greatest works of imaginative fiction of the twentieth century '' . The Sunday Times echoed this sentiment , stating that `` the English - speaking world is divided into those who have read The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit and those who are going to read them '' . The New York Herald Tribune also seemed to have an idea of how popular the books would become , writing in its review that they were `` destined to outlast our time '' . W.H. Auden , an admirer of Tolkien 's writings , regarded The Lord of the Rings as a `` masterpiece '' , further stating that in some cases it outdid the achievement of John Milton 's Paradise Lost . New York Times reviewer Judith Shulevitz criticized the `` pedantry '' of Tolkien 's literary style , saying that he `` formulated a high - minded belief in the importance of his mission as a literary preservationist , which turns out to be death to literature itself '' . Critic Richard Jenkyns , writing in The New Republic , criticized the work for a lack of psychological depth . Both the characters and the work itself are , according to Jenkyns , `` anemic , and lacking in fibre '' . Even within Tolkien 's literary group , The Inklings , reviews were mixed . Hugo Dyson complained loudly at its readings . However , another Inkling , C.S. Lewis , had very different feelings , writing , `` here are beauties which pierce like swords or burn like cold iron . Here is a book which will break your heart . '' Despite these reviews and its lack of paperback printing until the 1960s , The Lord of the Rings initially sold well in hardback . In 1957 , The Lord of the Rings was awarded the International Fantasy Award . Despite its numerous detractors , the publication of the Ace Books and Ballantine paperbacks helped The Lord of the Rings become immensely popular in the United States in the 1960s . The book has remained so ever since , ranking as one of the most popular works of fiction of the twentieth century , judged by both sales and reader surveys . In the 2003 `` Big Read '' survey conducted in Britain by the BBC , The Lord of the Rings was found to be the `` Nation 's best - loved book '' . In similar 2004 polls both Germany and Australia also found The Lord of the Rings to be their favourite book . In a 1999 poll of Amazon.com customers , The Lord of the Rings was judged to be their favourite `` book of the millennium '' . The Lord of the Rings was awarded the Prometheus Hall of Fame Award in 2009 . Themes ( edit ) Main article : Themes of The Lord of the Rings Although The Lord of the Rings was published in the 1950s , Tolkien insisted that the One Ring was not an allegory for the atomic bomb , nor were his works a strict allegory of any kind , but were open to interpretation as the reader saw fit . A few critics have found what they consider to be racial elements in the story , generally based upon their views of how Tolkien 's imagery depicts good and evil , characters ' race ( e.g. Elf , Dwarf , Hobbit , Southron , Númenórean , Orc ) ; and that the character 's race is seen as determining their behaviour . Counter-arguments note that race - focused critiques often omit relevant textual evidence to the contrary , cite imagery from adaptations rather than the work itself ; ignore the absence of evidence of racist attitudes or events in the author 's personal life , and claim that the perception of racism is itself a marginal view . The opinions that pit races against one another are likely to reflect Tolkien 's critique on war rather than a racist perspective . In The Two Towers , the character Samwise sees a fallen foe and considers for a moment the humanity of this fallen Southron who , just moments before , is shown to be a man of color . Director Peter Jackson considers Sam this scene in the director 's commentary of the scene and argues that Tolkien is n't projecting any negative sentiments towards the individual soldier because of his race , but the evil that 's driving them from their authority , These sentiments , Jackson argues , were derived from Tolkien 's experience in the Great War and found their way into his writings to show the evils of war itself , not of other races . Critics have also seen social class rather than race as being the determining factor in the portrayal of good and evil . Commentators such as science fiction author David Brin have interpreted the work to hold unquestioning devotion to a traditional elitist social structure . In his essay `` Epic Pooh '' , science fiction and fantasy author Michael Moorcock critiques the world - view displayed by the book as deeply conservative , in both the ' paternalism ' of the narrative voice and the power - structures in the narrative . Tom Shippey cites the origin of this portrayal of evil as a reflection of the prejudices of European middle - classes during the inter-war years towards the industrial working class . Other observers have cited Christian and Catholic themes in The Lord of the Rings . The book has been read as fitting the model of Joseph Campbell 's `` monomyth '' . Adaptations ( edit ) Main article : Adaptations of The Lord of the Rings The Lord of the Rings has been adapted for film , radio and stage . Radio ( edit ) The book has been adapted for radio four times . In 1955 and 1956 , the BBC broadcast The Lord of the Rings , a 12 - part radio adaptation of the story . In the 1960s radio station WBAI produced a short radio adaptation . A 1979 dramatization of The Lord of the Rings was broadcast in the United States and subsequently issued on tape and CD . In 1981 , the BBC broadcast The Lord of the Rings , a new dramatization in 26 half - hour instalments . This dramatization of The Lord of the Rings has subsequently been made available on both tape and CD both by the BBC and other publishers . For this purpose it is generally edited into 13 one - hour episodes . Film ( edit ) Following J.R.R. Tolkien 's sale of the film rights for The Lord of the Rings to United Artists in 1969 , rock band The Beatles considered a corresponding film project and approached Stanley Kubrick as a potential director ; however , Kubrick turned down the offer , explaining to John Lennon that he thought the novel could not be adapted into a film due to its immensity . The eventual director of the film adaptation Peter Jackson further explained that a major hindrance to the project 's progression was Tolkien 's opposition to the involvement of the Beatles . Two film adaptations of the book have been made . The first was J.R.R. Tolkien 's The Lord of the Rings ( 1978 ) , by animator Ralph Bakshi , the first part of what was originally intended to be a two - part adaptation of the story ; it covers The Fellowship of the Ring and part of The Two Towers . A three - issue comic book version of the movie was also published in Europe ( but not printed in English ) , with illustrations by Luis Bermejo . When Bakshi 's investors shied away of financing the second film that would complete the story , the remainder of the story was covered in an animated television special by Rankin - Bass . Stylistically , the two segments are very different . The second and more commercially successful adaptation was Peter Jackson 's live action The Lord of the Rings film trilogy , produced by New Line Cinema and released in three instalments as The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) , The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2002 ) , and The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) . All three parts won multiple Academy Awards , including consecutive Best Picture nominations . The final instalment of this trilogy was the second film to break the one - billion - dollar barrier and won a total of 11 Oscars ( something only two other films in history , Ben - Hur and Titanic , have accomplished ) , including Best Picture , Best Director and Best Adapted Screenplay . The Hunt for Gollum , a fan film based on elements of the appendices to The Lord of the Rings , was released on the internet in May 2009 and has been covered in major media . Born of Hope , written by Paula DiSante , directed by Kate Madison , and released in December 2009 , is a fan film based upon the appendices of The Lord of the Rings . Television ( edit ) On November 13 , 2017 , it was announced that Amazon had acquired the global television rights to The Lord of the Rings , committing to a multi-season television series . The series will not be a direct adaptation of the books , but will instead introduce new stories that are set before The Fellowship of the Ring . Amazon said the deal included potential for spin - off series as well . The press release referred to `` previously unexplored stories based on J.R.R. Tolkien 's original writings '' . Amazon will be the producer in conjunction with the Tolkien Estate and the Tolkien Trust , HarperCollins and New Line Cinema . According to a 2018 report , it will be the most expensive TV show ever produced . Stage ( edit ) In 1990 , Recorded Books published an audio version of The Lord of the Rings , with British actor Rob Inglis -- who had previously starred in his own one - man stage productions of The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings -- reading . A large - scale musical theatre adaptation , The Lord of the Rings was first staged in Toronto , Ontario , Canada in 2006 and opened in London in May 2007 . Legacy ( edit ) Main article : Works inspired by J.R.R. Tolkien Influences on the fantasy genre ( edit ) The enormous popularity of Tolkien 's work expanded the demand for fantasy fiction . Largely thanks to The Lord of the Rings , the genre flowered throughout the 1960s , and enjoys popularity to the present day . The opus has spawned many imitators , such as The Sword of Shannara , which Lin Carter called `` the single most cold - blooded , complete rip - off of another book that I have ever read '' . Dungeons & Dragons , which popularized the role - playing game ( RPG ) genre in the 1970s , features many races found in The Lord of the Rings , most notably halflings ( another term for hobbits ) , elves ( who are distinct from dark elves , following Tolkien 's example ) , dwarves , half - elves , orcs , and dragons . However , Gary Gygax , lead designer of the game , maintained that he was influenced very little by The Lord of the Rings , stating that he included these elements as a marketing move to draw on the popularity the work enjoyed at the time he was developing the game . Because D&D has gone on to influence many popular role - playing video games , the influence of The Lord of the Rings extends to many of them as well , with titles such as Dragon Quest , the Ultima series , EverQuest , the Warcraft series , and the Elder Scrolls series of games as well as video games set in Middle - earth itself . Research also suggests that some consumers of fantasy games derive their motivation from trying to create an epic fantasy narrative which is influenced by The Lord of the Rings . Music ( edit ) In 1965 , songwriter Donald Swann , who was best known for his collaboration with Michael Flanders as Flanders & Swann , set six poems from The Lord of the Rings and one from The Adventures of Tom Bombadil ( `` Errantry '' ) to music . When Swann met with Tolkien to play the songs for his approval , Tolkien suggested for `` Namárië '' ( Galadriel 's lament ) a setting reminiscent of plain chant , which Swann accepted . The songs were published in 1967 as The Road Goes Ever On : A Song Cycle , and a recording of the songs performed by singer William Elvin with Swann on piano was issued that same year by Caedmon Records as Poems and Songs of Middle Earth . Rock bands of the 1970s were musically and lyrically inspired by the fantasy embracing counter-culture of the time ; British 70s rock band Led Zeppelin recorded several songs that contain explicit references to The Lord of the Rings , such as mentioning Gollum in `` Ramble On '' , the Misty Mountains in `` Misty Mountain Hop '' , and Ringwraiths in `` The Battle of Evermore '' . In 1970 , the Swedish musician Bo Hansson released an instrumental concept album based on the book titled Sagan om ringen ( translated as `` The Saga of the Ring '' , which was the title of the Swedish translation of The Lord of the Rings at the time ) . The album was subsequently released internationally as Music Inspired by Lord of the Rings in 1972 . The songs `` Rivendell '' and `` The Necromancer '' by the progressive rock band Rush were inspired by Tolkien . Styx also paid homage to Tolkien on their album Pieces of Eight with the song `` Lords of the Ring '' , while Black Sabbath 's song , `` The Wizard '' , which appeared on their debut album , was influenced by Tolkien 's hero , Gandalf . The heavy metal bands Cirith Ungol and Amon Amarth took their names from landmarks in Mordor . Progressive rock group Camel paid homage to the text in their lengthy composition `` Nimrodel / The Procession / The White Rider '' , and progressive rock band Barclay James Harvest was inspired by the character Galadriel to write a song by that name , and used `` Bombadil '' , the name of another character , as a pseudonym under which their 1972 single `` Breathless '' / `` When the City Sleeps '' was released ; there are other references scattered through the BJH oeuvre . Later , from the 1980s to the present day , many heavy metal acts have been influenced by Tolkien . Blind Guardian has written many songs relating to Middle - earth , including the full concept album Nightfall in Middle Earth . Almost the entire discography of Battlelore are Tolkien - themed . Summoning 's music is based upon Tolkien and holds the distinction of the being the only artist to have crafted a song entirely in the Black Speech of Mordor . Gorgoroth and Amon Amarth take their names from an area of Mordor , and Burzum take their name from the Black Speech of Mordor . The Finnish metal band Nightwish and the Norwegian metal band Tristania have also incorporated many Tolkien references into their music . American heavy metal band Megadeth released two songs titled `` This Day We Fight ! '' and `` How the Story Ends '' , which were both inspired by The Lord of the Rings . German folk metal band Eichenschild is named for Thorin Oakenshield , a character in The Hobbit , and naturally has a number of Tolkien - themed songs . They are not to be confused with the ' 70s folk rock band Thorin Eichenschild . In 1988 , Dutch composer and trombonist Johan de Meij completed his Symphony No. 1 `` The Lord of the Rings '' , which encompassed 5 movements , titled `` Gandalf '' , `` Lothlórien '' , `` Gollum '' , `` Journey in the Dark '' , and `` Hobbits '' . In 1989 the symphony was awarded the Sudler Composition Award , awarded biennially for best wind band composition . The Danish Tolkien Ensemble have released a number of albums that feature the complete poems and songs of The Lord of the Rings set to music , with some featuring recitation by Christopher Lee . Enya wrote an instrumental piece called `` Lothlórien '' in 1991 , and composed two songs for the film The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring -- `` May It Be '' ( sung in English and Quenya ) and `` Aníron '' ( sung in Sindarin ) . Impact on popular culture ( edit ) `` Welcome to Hobbiton '' sign in Matamata , New Zealand , where the film trilogy was shot . The Lord of the Rings has had a profound and wide - ranging impact on popular culture , beginning with its publication in the 1950s , but especially throughout the 1960s and 1970s , during which time young people embraced it as a countercultural saga . `` Frodo Lives ! '' and `` Gandalf for President '' were two phrases popular amongst United States Tolkien fans during this time . Parodies like the Harvard Lampoon 's Bored of the Rings , the VeggieTales episode `` Lord of the Beans '' , the South Park episode `` The Return of the Fellowship of the Ring to the Two Towers '' , the Futurama film Bender 's Game , The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron : Boy Genius episode `` Lights ! Camera ! Danger ! '' , The Big Bang Theory episode `` The Precious Fragmentation '' , and the American Dad ! episode `` The Return of the Bling '' are testimony to the work 's continual presence in popular culture . In 1969 , Tolkien sold the merchandising rights to The Lord of The Rings ( and The Hobbit ) to United Artists under an agreement stipulating a lump sum payment of £ 10,000 plus a 7.5 % royalty after costs , payable to Allen & Unwin and the author . In 1976 , three years after the author 's death , United Artists sold the rights to Saul Zaentz Company , who now trade as Tolkien Enterprises . Since then all `` authorized '' merchandise has been signed - off by Tolkien Enterprises , although the intellectual property rights of the specific likenesses of characters and other imagery from various adaptations is generally held by the adaptors . Outside any commercial exploitation from adaptations , from the late 1960s onwards there has been an increasing variety of original licensed merchandise , from posters and calendars created by illustrators such as Pauline Baynes and the Brothers Hildebrandt , to figurines and miniatures to computer , video , tabletop and role - playing games . Recent examples include the Spiel des Jahres award winning ( for best use of literature in a game ) board game The Lord of the Rings by Reiner Knizia and the Golden Joystick award - winning massively multiplayer online role - playing game , The Lord of the Rings Online : Shadows of Angmar by Turbine , Inc ... The Lord of the Rings has been mentioned in numerous songs including The Ballad of Bilbo Baggins by Leonard Nimoy , Led Zeppelin 's Misty Mountain Hop , Over the Hills and Far Away , Ramble On , and The Battle of Evermore , Genesis ' song `` Stagnation '' ( from Trespass , 1970 ) was about Gollum , and Argent included the song `` Lothlorien '' on the 1971 album Ring of Hands . Steve Peregrin Took ( born Stephen Ross Porter ) of British rock band T. Rex took his name from the hobbit Peregrin Took ( better known as Pippin ) . Took later recorded under the pseudonym ' Shagrat the Vagrant ' , before forming a band called Shagrat in 1970 . See also ( edit ) Middle - earth portal Novels portal Le Monde 's 100 Books of the Century Norse mythology in popular culture 1954 in literature 1955 in literature Literature of the United Kingdom Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ This is made clear in the chapter The Council of Elrond , where Glorfindel states : `` ( E ) ven if we could ( hide the Ring ) , soon or late the Lord of the Rings would learn of its hiding place and would bend all his power towards it . '' Jump up ^ Tolkien created the word to define a different view of myth from C.S. Lewis 's `` lies breathed through silver '' . Mythopoeia was also the title of one of his poems , first published in Tree and Leaf in 1988 . ^ Jump up to : Although Frodo referred to Bilbo as his `` uncle '' , they were in fact first and second cousins , once removed either way ( his paternal great - great - uncle 's son 's son and his maternal great - aunt 's son ) . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Wagner , Vit ( 16 April 2007 ) . `` Tolkien proves he 's still the king '' . Toronto Star . Archived from the original on 9 March 2011 . Retrieved 8 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1954 ) , The Fellowship of the Ring , The Lord of the Rings , Boston : Houghton Mifflin ( published 1987 ) , The Council of Elrond , ISBN 0 - 395 - 08254 - 4 ^ Jump up to : Reynolds , Pat . `` The Lord of the Rings : The Tale of a Text '' ( PDF ) . The Tolkien Society . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 3 March 2016 . Retrieved 24 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Carpenter , Humphrey , ed. ( 1981 ) , The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , # 126. , ISBN 0 - 395 - 31555 - 7 Jump up ^ `` The Life and Works for JRR Tolkien '' . BBC . 7 February 2002 . Archived from the original on 1 November 2010 . Retrieved 4 December 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Doughan , David . `` J.R.R. Tolkien : A Biographical Sketch '' . TolkienSociety.org . Archived from the original on 3 March 2006 . Retrieved 16 June 2006 . Jump up ^ Hammond , Wayne G. ; Scull , Christina ( 2006 ) , The J.R.R. Tolkien Companion and Guide : II . Reader 's Guide , pp. 620 -- 622 Jump up ^ `` World War I and World War II '' . National Geographic . Archived from the original on 13 June 2006 . Retrieved 16 June 2006 . Jump up ^ Gilliver , Peter ( 2006 ) . The Ring of Words : Tolkien and the Oxford English Dictionary . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 861069 - 6 . Jump up ^ Gilsdorf , Ethan ( 23 March 2007 ) . `` Elvish Impersonators '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 5 December 2007 . Retrieved 3 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Lord of the Rings '' . The Lord of the Rings . Archived from the original on 25 August 2012 . Retrieved 26 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1954 ) , The Fellowship of the Ring , The Lord of the Rings , Boston : Houghton Mifflin ( published 1987 ) , `` The Shadow of the Past '' , ISBN 0 - 395 - 08254 - 4 They are popularly thought to be cousins , but Tolkien only calls them `` friends '' in The Lord of the Rings . In a later letter ( The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien , # 214 ) , he writes that they were `` evidently relatives '' . Jump up ^ C.S. Lewis , quoted in Christina Scull & Wayne Hammond ( 2006 ) , The J.R.R. Tolkien Companion and Guide , HarperCollins , article ' The Lord of the Rings ' , § Reviews , p. 549 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 39113 - 4 Jump up ^ The Fellowship of the Ring , `` The Shadow of the Past '' . ^ Jump up to : `` The Lord of the Rings : Genesis '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 February 2008 . Retrieved 14 June 2006 . Jump up ^ Carpenter 1977 , pp. 195 Jump up ^ My Father 's `` Eviscerated '' Work - Son Of Hobbit Scribe J.R.R. Tolkien Finally Speaks Out Worldcrunch Archived 10 February 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` I have spent nearly all the vacation - times of seventeen years examining ( ... ) Writing stories in prose or verse has been stolen , often guiltily , from time already mortgaged ... '' Carpenter , Humphrey , ed. ( 1981 ) , The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , # 17 , ISBN 0 - 395 - 31555 - 7 Jump up ^ `` J.R.R. Tolkien Collection Marquette Archives Raynor Memorial Libraries Marquette University '' . Archived from the original on 19 December 2013 . Jump up ^ The Fellowship of the Ring , Book 1 , Chapter 1 , paragraph 8 . Jump up ^ Readanybooks website ; English and Welsh essay Archived 3 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine. ; access date 25 January 2014 ^ Jump up to : Carpenter , Humphrey ( 1995 ) . The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien , Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 0 - 618 - 05699 - 8 , Letter no . 142 , page 172 Jump up ^ Shippey , T.A. ( 2005 ( 1982 ) ) . The Road to Middle - earth , 3rd ed. , HarperCollins Publishers . ISBN 0 - 261 - 10275 - 3 . Jump up ^ T.A. Shippey : Tolkien , Author of the Century HarperCollins , 2000 Jump up ^ Gunnell , Terry ( 13 -- 14 September 2002 ) . `` Tívar in a timeless land : Tolkien 's Elves '' . Archived from the original on 2 June 2013 . Retrieved 4 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Lesniewski , Michal ( 3 September 2003 ) . `` Re Redigast Quid * cum Boromir ? '' ( in Polish ) . Archived from the original on 7 January 2012 . Retrieved 29 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Fisher , Jason ( 20 October 2009 ) . `` Slavic echoes in Tolkien -- A response '' . Archived from the original on 6 January 2012 . Retrieved 28 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Kuzmenko , Dmitry . `` Slavic echoes in the works of J.R.R. Tolkien '' ( in Ukrainian ) . Archived from the original on 25 April 2012 . Retrieved 6 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Allen , Elizabeth M. ( 1985 ) . `` Persian Influences in J.R.R. Tolkien 's The Lord of the Rings '' in The Transcendent Adventure : Studies of Religion in Science Fiction / Fantasy , ed . Robert Reilly . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press . pp. 189 -- 206 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 23062 - 5 . Jump up ^ Stanton , Michael ( 2001 ) . Hobbits , Elves , and Wizards : Exploring the Wonders and Worlds of J.R.R. Tolkien 's The Lord of the Rings . New York : Palgrave Macmillan . p. 18 . ISBN 1 - 4039 - 6025 - 9 . Jump up ^ Handwerk , Brian ( 1 March 2004 ) . `` Lord of the Rings Inspired by an Ancient Epic '' . National Geographic News . National Geographic Society . pp. 1 -- 2 . Archived from the original on 16 March 2006 . Retrieved 4 October 2006 . Jump up ^ The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien . Letter # 19 , 31 December 1960 Jump up ^ Shippey , Tom ( 2000 ) . J.R.R. Tolkien Author of the Century , HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 261 - 10401 - 2 Jump up ^ Carpenter , Humphrey , ed. ( 1981 ) , The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , # 178 & # 303 , ISBN 0 - 395 - 31555 - 7 Jump up ^ Edwards , Paul . `` In the Valley of the Hobbits '' . Travel Lady Magazine . Archived from the original on 22 June 2002 . Retrieved 5 October 2006 . Jump up ^ Livingston , Michael ( 2006 ) . `` The Shellshocked Hobbit : The First World War and Tolkien 's Trauma of the Ring '' . Mythlore . Mythopoeic Society . pp. 77 -- 92 . Retrieved 3 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Carpenter , Humphrey ( 1977 ) , Tolkien : A Biography , New York : Ballantine Books , p. 211 ff. , ISBN 0 - 04 - 928037 - 6 Jump up ^ Unwin , Rayner ( 1999 ) . George Allen & Unwin : A Remembrancer . Ludlow : Merlin Unwin Books . pp. 97 -- 99 . ISBN 1 - 873674 - 37 - 6 . Jump up ^ The Fellowship of the Ring : Being the First Part of The Lord of the Rings Archived 15 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Tolkien , John Ronald ( 2006 ) . The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien . London : Harper Collins . pp. 167 , 170 , 173 . ISBN 0261102656 . Jump up ^ Tolkien , Christopher ( 2000 ) . The War of the Ring : The History of The Lord of the Rings , Part Three . Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 0 - 618 - 08359 - 6 . Jump up ^ D.C. Drout , Michael ( 2007 ) . J.R.R. Tolkien encyclopedia . CRC Press . ISBN 9780415969420 . Jump up ^ Smith , Anthony ( 2000 - 11 - 27 ) . `` Rayner Unwin '' . London : Guardian . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ Unwin , Rayner ( 1999 ) . George Allen & Unwin : A Remembrancer . Ludlow : Merlin Unwin Books . p. 288 . ISBN 1 - 873674 - 37 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Betsy Wollheim : The Family Trade '' . Locus Online . June 2006 . Archived from the original on 31 January 2011 . Retrieved 22 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Silverberg , Robert ( 1997 ) . Reflections & Refractions : Thoughts on Science Fiction , Science , and Other Matters . Grass Valley , Calif : Underwood . pp. 253 -- 6 . ISBN 1 - 887424 - 22 - 9 . Jump up ^ Joseph Ripp . `` Middle America Meets Middle - earth : American Publication and Discussion of J.R.R. Tolkien 's Lord of the Rings '' ( PDF ) . p. 38 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 5 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Reynolds , Pat . `` The Lord of the Rings : The Tale of a Text '' . The Tolkien Society . Archived from the original on 8 September 2006 . There was a campaign against Ace , who , as a result , agreed to pay royalties , and not to print any more copies . But , as a result of being advised that he had lost his copyright , even before the Ace edition was issued , Tolkien began to revise The Lord of the Rings , so that there could be an authorised paperback which would be a new edition , and more importantly , a new edition for which he would still own the copyright . This was published by Ballentine ( sic ) Books in October 1965 . Jump up ^ Carpenter , Humphrey , ed. ( 1981 ) , The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , especially # 270 , # 273 and # 277 , ISBN 0 - 395 - 31555 - 7 Jump up ^ Medievalist Comics and the American Century Archived 15 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Notes on the text '' pp. xi -- xiii , Douglas A. Anderson , in the 1994 HarperCollins edition of The Fellowship of the Ring . Jump up ^ `` The Lord of the Rings : A Reader 's Companion '' , Wayne G. Hammond and Christina Scull , HarperCollins ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ `` Lord of the Rings Comparison '' . Archived from the original on 7 October 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.elrondslibrary.fr/ Jump up ^ Letters , 305f. ; c.f. Martin Andersson `` Lord of the Errors or , Who Really Killed the Witch - King ? '' Archived 6 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` The Lord of the Rings Boxed Set ( Lord of the Rings Trilogy Series ) section : Editorial reviews '' . Archived from the original on 10 December 2010 . Retrieved 4 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` From the Critics '' . Archived from the original on 29 September 2007 . Retrieved 30 May 2006 . Jump up ^ Auden , W.H. ( 22 January 1956 ) . `` At the End of the Quest , Victory '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 20 February 2011 . Retrieved 4 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Shulevitz , Judith ( 22 April 2001 ) . `` Hobbits in Hollywood '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 9 April 2009 . Retrieved 13 May 2006 . Jump up ^ Jenkyns , Richard ( 28 January 2002 ) . `` Bored of the Rings '' . The New Republic . Retrieved 13 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Derek Bailey ( Director ) and Judi Dench ( Narrator ) ( 1992 ) . A Film Portrait of J.R.R. Tolkien ( Television documentary ) . Visual Corporation . Jump up ^ Dyson 's actual comment , bowdlerized in the TV version , was `` Not another fucking Elf ! '' Grovier , Kelly ( 29 April 2007 ) . `` In the Name of the Father '' . The Observer . Archived from the original on 2 October 2013 . Retrieved 4 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Seiler , Andy ( 16 December 2003 ) . `` ' Rings ' comes full circle '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on 12 February 2006 . Retrieved 12 March 2006 . Jump up ^ Diver , Krysia ( 5 October 2004 ) . `` A lord for Germany '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Archived from the original on 28 March 2006 . Retrieved 12 March 2006 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Callista ( 5 December 2005 ) . `` Epic trilogy tops favourite film poll '' . ABC News Online . Archived from the original on 16 January 2006 . Retrieved 12 March 2006 . Jump up ^ O'Hehir , Andrew ( 4 June 2001 ) . `` The book of the century '' . Salon . Archived from the original on 13 February 2006 . Retrieved 12 March 2006 . Jump up ^ The Lord of the Rings : The Mythology of Power , ( Revised Edition , by Jane Chance , copyright 2001 ) . University Press of Kentucky , cited in `` Influences on `` The Lord of the Rings '' `` . National Geographic Society . Archived from the original on 4 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. from Encyclopedia of Science , Technology , and Ethics . Macmillan Reference USA . Cited in `` J.R.R. Tolkien Summary '' . BookRags . Archived from the original on 29 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1991 ) . The Lord of the Rings . HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 261 - 10238 - 9 . Jump up ^ Yatt , John ( 2 December 2002 ) . `` Wraiths and Race '' . The Guardian . London . Archived from the original on 26 August 2013 . Retrieved 25 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Bhatia , Shyam ( 8 January 2003 ) . `` The Lord of the Rings rooted in racism '' . Rediff India Abroad . Archived from the original on 3 November 2010 . Retrieved 4 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Straubhaar , Sandra Ballif . `` Myth , Late Roman history and Multiculturalism in Tolkien 's Middle Earth '' . In Chance , Jane . Tolkien and the Invention of Myth : A Reader . p. 113 . ^ Jump up to : Curry , Patrick ( 2004 ) . Defending Middle - earth : Tolkien : Myth and Modernity . Houghton Mifflin . pp. 30 -- 33 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 17671 - 6 . Jump up ^ Chism , Christine ( 2007 ) . `` Race and Ethnicity in Tolkien 's Works '' . In Michael Drout . J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia . Jump up ^ Chism , Christine ( 2007 ) . `` Racism , Charges of '' . In Michael Drout . J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia . ^ Jump up to : Rearick , Anderson ( Winter 2004 ) . `` Why is the Only Good Orc a Dead Orc ? The Dark Face of Racism in Tolkien 's World '' . Modern Fiction Studies . p. 861 . ^ Jump up to : Magoun , John ( 2007 ) . `` The South '' . In Michael Drout . J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia . p. 622 . Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1987 ) . The Two Towers , The Lord of the Rings . Boston , MA : Houghton Mifflin . p. 661 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 544 - 27344 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers '' . IMDB. 2002 . Archived from the original on 16 March 2016 . Retrieved 29 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Brin , David ( December 2002 ) . `` We Hobbits are a Merry Folk : an incautious and heretical re-appraisal of J.R.R. Tolkien '' . Salon Magazine . Archived from the original on 23 March 2006 . Retrieved 9 January 2006 . Jump up ^ Moorcock , Michael . `` Epic Pooh '' . Archived from the original on 24 March 2008 . Retrieved 27 January 2006 . Jump up ^ Shippey , T.A. The Roots of Tolkien 's Middle Earth ( review ) Tolkien Studies -- Volume 4 , 2007 , pp. 307 -- 311 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 20 December 2013 . Retrieved 20 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Bower , Jody G . `` The Lord of the Rings '' -- An Archetypal Hero 's Journey `` . Archived from the original on 23 April 2011 . Retrieved 4 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Drout 2006 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ See also interview in `` Show '' magazine vol. 1 , Number 1 1970 Jump up ^ `` Beatles plan for Rings film '' . CNN . 28 March 2002 . Archived from the original on 9 April 2002 . Jump up ^ Masters , Tim ( 30 April 2009 ) . `` Making Middle - earth on a shoestring '' . BBC News . BBC . Archived from the original on 3 May 2009 . Retrieved 1 May 2009 . Sydell , Laura ( 30 April 2009 ) . `` High - Def ' Hunt For Gollum ' New Lord Of The Fanvids '' . All Things Considered . NPR . Archived from the original on 3 May 2009 . Retrieved 1 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Lamont , Tom ( 7 March 2010 ) . `` Born of Hope -- and a lot of charity '' . The Guardian . London , England : Guardian Media Group . Archived from the original on 5 January 2015 . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Axon , Samuel ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` Amazon will run a multi-season Lord of the Rings prequel TV series '' . Ars Technica . Archived from the original on 14 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Sandra ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` Amazon announces ' Lord of the Rings ' TV show '' . CNN . Archived from the original on 14 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Koblin , John ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lord of the Rings ' Series Coming to Amazon '' . The New York Times . New York City : New York Times Company . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon 's ' Lord of the Rings ' Will Be the Most Expensive Television Show Ever Made '' . Fortune . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ ISBN 1 - 4025 - 1627 - 4 Jump up ^ Carter , Lin ( 1978 ) . The Year 's Best Fantasy Stories : 4 . New York : DAW Books . pp. 207 -- 208 . Unknown parameter DUPLICATE_location = ignored ( help ) Jump up ^ Gygax , Gary . `` Gary Gygax -- Creator of Dungeons & Dragons '' . The One Ring.net . Archived from the original on 27 June 2006 . Retrieved 28 May 2006 . Jump up ^ `` The Gamasutra Quantum Leap Awards : Role - Playing Games '' . Honorable Mention : Dragon Warrior . Gamasutra. 6 October 2006 . Archived from the original on 13 March 2011 . Retrieved 28 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Kalata , Kurt . `` The History of Dragon Quest '' . Gamasutra . Archived from the original on 22 July 2015 . Retrieved 29 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Douglass , Perry ( 17 May 2006 ) . `` The Influence of Literature and Myth in Videogames '' . IGN . New York City : News Corp . Archived from the original on 18 January 2016 . Retrieved 4 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Martin , Brett A.S. ( 6 September 2012 ) . `` Using the Imagination : Consumer Evoking and Thematizing of the Fantastic Imaginary '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Consumer Research . 31 . Oxford , England : Oxford University Press . pp. 136 -- 14 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on archive - url = requires archive - date = ( help ) . Jump up ^ Tolkien had recorded a version of his theme on a friend 's tape recorder in 1952 . This was later issued by Caedmon Records in 1975 as part of J.R.R. Tolkien reads and sings The Lord of the Rings ( LP recording TC1478 ) . Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ; Swann , Donald ( 1967 ) . The Road Goes Ever On : A Song Cycle . New York City : Ballantine Books . Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ; Swann , Donald ( 1967 ) , Poems and Songs of Middle Earth ( LP recording ) , New York City : Caedmon Records , TC1231 / TC91231 ^ Jump up to : Snider , Charles ( 2008 ) . The Strawberry Bricks Guide to Progressive Rock . Strawberry Bricks . pp. 120 -- 121 . ISBN 0 - 615 - 17566 - X . Jump up ^ Greene , Andy ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` Ramble On : Rockers Who Love ' The Lord of the Rings ' '' . Rolling Stone . New York City : Wenner Media LLC . Archived from the original on 2017 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ Feist , Raymond ( 2001 ) . Meditations on Middle - earth . New York city : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 30290 - 8 . Jump up ^ Carpenter , Humphrey ( 2000 ) . J.R.R. Tolkien : A Biography . Boston , Massachusetts : Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . ISBN 0 - 618 - 05702 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Tolkien sold film rights for £ 10,000 '' . London Evening Standard . 12 July 2001 . Retrieved 20 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Pulley , Brett ( 15 July 2009 ) . `` ' Hobbit ' Heirs Seek $220 Million for ' Rings ' Rights ( Update1 ) '' . Bloomberg . Archived from the original on 2 August 2012 . Retrieved 20 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Harlow , John ( 28 May 2008 ) . `` Hobbit movies meet dire foe in son of Tolkien '' . The Times Online . London : The Times . Retrieved 24 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Mathijs , Ernest ( 2006 ) . The Lord of the Rings : Popular Culture in Global Context . Wallflower Press . p. 25 . ISBN 1 - 904764 - 82 - 7 . Further reading ( edit ) Carter , Lin ( 1969 ) . Tolkien : A Look Behind The Lord of the Rings . Ballantine Books . ISBN 0 - 345 - 27539 - X . Day , David ( 2004 ) . The World of Tolkien : Mythological Sources of the Lord of the Rings . Gramercy Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 517 - 22317 - 8 . Drout , Michael D.C. ( 2006 ) . J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 96942 - 0 . Foster , Robert ( 1978 ) . The Complete Guide to Middle - Earth : from `` The Hobbit '' through `` The lord of the Rings '' and Beyond . Rev. and enl . ed . Ballantine Books . N.B. : An alphabetical dictionary of personages and lore in this body of works by J.R.R. Tolkien . ISBN 0 - 7394 - 3297 - 4 hdbk . Hammond , Wayne G. ; Christina Scull ( 2005 ) . The Lord of the Rings : A Reader 's Companion . Houghton Mifflin Co . ISBN 0 - 618 - 64267 - 6 . Glyer , Diana Pavlac ( 2007 ) . The Company They Keep : C.S. Lewis and J.R.R. Tolkien as Writers in Community . Kent State University Press . ISBN 0 - 87338 - 890 - 9 . Christina Scull and Wayne G. Hammond , The J.R.R. Tolkien Companion and Guide ( 2006 ) , ISBN 0 - 618 - 39113 - 4 Christopher Tolkien ( ed . ) , The History of The Lord of the Rings , 4 vols ( 1988 -- 1992 ) . J.R.R. Tolkien , On Fairy Stories External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Lord of the Rings . Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Lord of the Rings Wikivoyage has a travel guide for The Lord of the Rings tourism . Tolkien website of Harper Collins ( the British publisher ) Tolkien website of Houghton Mifflin ( the American publisher ) The Encyclopedia of Arda : An Interactive Guide to the Works of J.R.R. Tolkien The Tolkien Library J.R.R. Tolkien 's The Lord of the Rings The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King Production and reception Composition Themes Influences Translations Russian Swedish Reception Fandom Study Related works The Hobbit The Adventures of Tom Bombadil The Road Goes Ever On The Silmarillion Unfinished Tales The History of Middle - earth The History of The Lord of the Rings Bilbo 's Last Song The Children of Húrin The History of The Hobbit The Tale of Beren and Lúthien Characters Aragorn Arwen Bilbo Boromir Butterbur Celeborn Denethor Elladan and Elrohir Elrond Éomer Éowyn Faramir Frodo Galadriel Gandalf Gildor Gimli Glorfindel Gollum Legolas Merry Mouth of Sauron Old Man Willow Pippin Radagast Sam Saruman Sauron Shelob Théoden Tom Bombadil Treebeard Witch - king Wormtongue Adaptations and other derivative works Books Bored of the Rings ( 1969 ) The Last Ringbearer ( 1999 ) Muddle Earth ( 2003 ) Theatre Fellowship ! ( 2005 ) Lord of the Rings ( 2006 ) Radio The Lord of the Rings ( 1955 ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1979 ) Hordes of the Things ( 1980 ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1981 ) Der Herr der Ringe ( 1992 ) Film Animated The Lord of the Rings ( 1978 ) The Return of the King ( 1980 ) Peter Jackson series The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Fan - made The Hunt for Gollum ( 2009 ) Born of Hope ( 2009 ) Video games Journey to Rivendell Game One Game Two : Shadows of Mordor War in Middle Earth Vol . I ( 1990 ) Vol . I ( SNES ) Riders of Rohan Elendor Volume II The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King War of the Ring The Third Age The Battle for Middle - earth Tactics The Battle for Middle - earth II The Rise of the Witch - king The Lord of the Rings Online Mines of Moria Siege of Mirkwood Rise of Isengard Riders of Rohan Helm 's Deep Conquest Aragorn 's Quest War in the North Lego The Lord of the Rings Guardians of Middle - earth Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Middle - earth : Shadow of War Tabletop role - playing games The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game Middle - earth Role Playing The One Ring Roleplaying Game Board games Middle Earth Lord of the Rings Risk : The Lord of the Rings Trilogy Edition War of the Ring Other games The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game The Lord of the Rings : The Card Game The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game Middle - earth Collectible Card Game Toys Middle - earth Lego sets J.R.R. Tolkien 's legendarium Writings Principal works The Silmarillion The Hobbit The Lord of the Rings The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King Other works The Adventures of Tom Bombadil The Road Goes Ever On Posthumous publications Unfinished Tales The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien The History of Middle - earth ( 12 volumes ) Bilbo 's Last Song The Children of Húrin The History of The Hobbit The Tale of Beren and Lúthien Fictional universe Characters Peoples Individual Dwarves Individual Elves Individual Hobbits Hobbit families Individual Númenóreans Individual Orcs Kings of Arnor House of Isildur Rangers of the North Arvedui Aragorn Eldarion Kings of Dale Kings of Gondor House of Anárion Eärnil II Kings of Rohan Éomer Théoden Rulers of Númenor Realms Objects Rings of Power One Ring Three Rings Palantír Silmarils Mithril Weapons and armour Sting Concepts Cosmology Ages or timeline Animals Plants Food and drink Wars and battles Rivers Anduin Roads Languages Magic Hobbit Day Secondary works and legacy The Atlas of Middle - earth The Complete Guide to Middle - earth A Guide to Middle - earth The Individuated Hobbit J.R.R. Tolkien : Author of the Century J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia Journeys of Frodo The Lord of the Rings : A Reader 's Companion Images of Middle - Earth Related fiction video games Things named after Tolkien and his works Tolkien 's Ring Tolkien : A Look Behind `` The Lord of the Rings '' J.R.R. Tolkien Bibliography Fiction Songs for the Philologists ( 1936 ) The Hobbit ( 1937 ) Leaf by Niggle ( 1947 ) The Lay of Aotrou and Itroun ( 1945 / 2016 ) Farmer Giles of Ham ( 1949 ) The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth Beorhthelm 's Son ( 1953 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 1954 ) The Two Towers ( 1954 ) The Return of the King ( 1955 ) The Adventures of Tom Bombadil ( 1962 ) Tree and Leaf ( 1964 ) The Tolkien Reader ( 1966 ) The Road Goes Ever On ( 1967 ) Smith of Wootton Major ( 1967 ) Posthumous fiction The Father Christmas Letters ( 1976 ) The Silmarillion ( 1977 ) Poems and Stories ( 1980 ) Unfinished Tales ( 1980 ) Mr. Bliss ( 1982 ) Bilbo 's Last Song ( 1990 ) The History of Middle - earth ( 1983 -- 1996 ) Tales from the Perilous Realm ( 1997 ) Roverandom ( 1998 ) The Children of Húrin ( 2007 ) The History of The Hobbit ( 2007 ) The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún ( 2009 ) The Fall of Arthur ( 2013 ) The Story of Kullervo ( 2015 ) The Tale of Beren and Lúthien ( 2017 ) Academic works Sir Gawain and the Green Knight ( Middle English text , 1925 ) The Devil 's Coach Horses ( 1925 ) Ancrene Wisse and Hali Meiðhad ( 1929 ) Sigelwara Land ( 1932 -- 34 ) Chaucer as a Philologist : The Reeve 's Tale ( 1934 ) Beowulf : The Monsters and the Critics ( 1936 ) On Fairy - Stories ( 1939 ) On Translating Beowulf ( 1940 ) Sir Orfeo ( 1944 ) Ancrene Wisse ( 1962 ) English and Welsh ( 1963 ) Jerusalem Bible ( as translator and lexicographer , 1966 ) Posthumous academic Sir Gawain and the Green Knight , Pearl , and Sir Orfeo ( Modern English translations , 1975 ) Finn and Hengest ( 1982 ) The Monsters and the Critics , and Other Essays ( 1983 ) Beowulf and the Critics ( 2002 ) Beowulf : A Translation and Commentary with Sellic Spell ( 2014 ) A Secret Vice ( 1983 / 2016 ) List of Tolkien 's alliterative verse Related Influences Languages constructed by Tolkien Inklings Mythopoeic Society The Tolkien Society Tolkien Reading Day Tolkien Studies Memorials Tolkien research Works inspired by Tolkien J.R.R. Tolkien : A Biography ( 1977 , authorized biography ) Tolkien ( biographical film ) Family Edith Tolkien ( wife ) Christopher Tolkien ( son ) Simon Tolkien ( grandson ) Books I Love Best Yearly : Older Readers Award The Secret Diary of Adrian Mole , Aged 133⁄4 by Sue Townsend ( 1990 ) The Outsiders by S.E. Hinton ( 1991 ) Where 's Wally ? by Martin Handford ( 1992 ) Flowers in the Attic by V.C. Andrews ( 1993 ) Looking for Alibrandi by Melina Marchetta ( 1995 ) Jurassic Park by Michael Crichton ( 1996 ) The Hobbit by J.R.R. Tolkien ( 1997 ) Tomorrow , When the War Began by John Marsden ( 1998 ) Bumface by Morris Gleitzman ( 1999 ) Looking for Alibrandi by Melina Marchetta ( 2000 ) Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings by J.R.R. Tolkien ( 2002 ) Two of a Kind series by various authors ( 2003 ) Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix by J.K. Rowling ( 2004 ) Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban by J.K. Rowling ( 2005 ) Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince by J.K. Rowling ( 2006 ) VIAF : 184093601 LCCN : no97079452 GND : 4124318 - 3 BNF : cb11939715m ( data ) BNE : XX3049459 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Lord_of_the_Rings&oldid=835641902 '' Categories : The Lord of the Rings Artificial mythology 1954 fantasy novels 1954 British novels English novels British adventure novels Fantasy books by series Sequel novels Epic novels British fantasy novels British novels adapted into films BILBY Award - winning works Prometheus Award - winning works Allen & Unwin books Three - volume novels Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) CS1 Ukrainian - language sources ( uk ) All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from April 2011 Pages with citations using unsupported parameters Pages with archiveurl citation errors All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Use dmy dates from August 2012 Use British English Oxford spelling from March 2014 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from December 2016 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikivoyage Languages Alemannisch Ænglisc Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Ripoarisch Română Runa Simi Русский Sardu Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 Zazaki 中文 85 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 22 : 16 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Lord%20of%20the%20Rings
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what is the third level of government in australia
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Local government in Australia is the third tier of government in Australia administered by the states and territories , which in turn are beneath the federal tier . Local government is not mentioned in the Constitution of Australia and two referenda in the 1970s and 1980s to alter the Constitution relating to local government were unsuccessful . Every state government recognises local government in their respective constitutions . Unlike Canada , or the United States there is only one level of local government in each state , with no distinction such as cities and counties .
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Local government
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Local government in Australia
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local government in australia
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Local government in Australia is the third tier of government in Australia administered by the states and territories , which in turn are beneath the federal tier . Local government is not mentioned in the Constitution of Australia and two referenda in the 1970s and 1980s to alter the Constitution relating to local government were unsuccessful . Every state government recognises local government in their respective constitutions . Unlike Canada , or the United States there is only one level of local government in each state , with no distinction such as cities and counties .
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The local governing body is generally referred to as a council , and the territories governed are collectively referred to as `` local government areas '' ; however , terms such as `` city '' or `` shire '' also have a geographic interpretation . In August 2016 there were 547 local councils in Australia . Despite the single level of local government in Australia , there are a number of extensive areas with relatively low populations which are not a part of any local government area . Powers of local governments in these areas may be exercised by special purpose bodies established outside of the general legislation , as with Victoria 's alpine resorts , or directly by state governments . The area covered by local councils in Australia ranges from as small as 1.5 km ( 0.58 sq mi ) for the Shire of Peppermint Grove in metropolitan Perth , to the Shire of East Pilbara in the Pilbara region of Western Australia , which covers 380,000 km ( 150,000 sq mi ) , an area larger than Germany or Japan . Contents ( hide ) 1 State controlled 2 Local governments by type and state 3 Classification 4 History 4.1 Reforms 5 Types of local government 6 Constitutional position of local government 7 Powers and functions 8 Unincorporated areas 8.1 Australian Capital Territory 8.2 New South Wales 8.3 Northern Territory 8.4 South Australia 8.5 Victoria 8.6 Western Australia 9 See also 10 References 11 External links State controlled ( edit ) Local government in Australia is subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of the states or territories . The functions and practices of local government councils are similar throughout Australia , but may vary to some degree between jurisdictions . Local government areas of New South Wales Local government areas of the Northern Territory Local government in Queensland ( List ) Local government areas of South Australia Local government areas of Tasmania Local government areas of Victoria Local government areas of Western Australia The Australian Capital Territory is not divided into territory and local government . State departments oversee local government councils and may intervene in their affairs , subject to relevant legislation . Local governments by type and state ( edit ) Local government areas in Australia Offices of the City of Sydney council , a local government area within Sydney Melbourne Town Hall , the offices of the City of Melbourne council As of January 2017 , the following table provides a summary of local government areas by states and territories by local government area types : Local government area types NSW Vic Qld WA SA Tas NT Total Boroughs Cities 26 33 7 22 21 6 121 Councils 28 23 51 District councils 35 35 Municipalities 6 6 Regional councils 8 29 11 52 Rural cities 6 7 Shires 58 39 24 107 10 238 Towns 12 17 Community government councils Aboriginal shires 12 12 Island councils Sub-total 126 79 74 152 63 29 16 543 Unincorporated 10 5 18 Total 128 89 74 152 64 29 21 561 Classification ( edit ) The Australian Classification of Local Governments ( ACLG ) categorises Australian local governing authorities using the population , the population density and the proportion of the population that is classified as urban for the council . The classification , at the two - digit level , is : RA -- Rural Agricultural RS -- Rural Significant RT -- Rural Remote UC -- Urban Capital UD -- Urban Developed UF -- Urban Fringe UR -- Urban Regional History ( edit ) There is no mention of local government in the Constitution of Australia , though it is mentioned several times in the Annotated Constitution of Australia namely where `` Municipal institutions and local government '' appears in Annotation 447 , `` Power of the Parliament of a Colony '' under `` Residuary Legislative Powers '' on pages 935 and 936 . The first official local government in Australia was the Perth Town Trust , established in 1838 , only three years after British settlement . The Adelaide Corporation followed , created by the province of South Australia in October 1840 . The City of Melbourne and the Sydney Corporation followed , both in 1842 . All of these early forms failed ; it was not until the 1860s and 1870s that the various colonies established widespread stable forms of local government , mainly for the purpose of raising money to build roads in rural and outer - urban regions . Council representatives attended conventions before Federation , however local government was unquestionably regarded as outside the Constitutional realm . In the 1970s , the Whitlam Government expanded the level of funding to local governments in Australia beyond grants for road construction . General purpose grants become available for the first time . Reforms ( edit ) Significant reforms took place in the 1980s and 1990s in which state governments used metrics and efficiency analysis developed within the private sector in the local government arena . Each state conducted an inquiry into the benefits of council amalgamations during the 1990s . In the early 1990s , Victoria saw the number of local councils reduced from 210 to 78 . South Australia , Tasmania and Queensland saw some reductions in the number of local governments while Western Australia and New South Wales rejected compulsory mergers . New South Wales eventually forced the merging of some councils . The main purpose of amalgamating councils was for greater efficiency and to improve operations , but forced amalgamation of councils is sometimes seen as a dilution of representative democracy . An increase in the range of services offered by councils , but only minor cost savings of less than 10 % have been noted by academics as outcomes after mergers . The council mergers have resulted in widespread job losses and lingering resentment from some whose roles have experienced a larger workload . The growth of the Regional Organisations of Councils has also been a factor in local government reform in Australia . In 1995 , there were 50 such agreements across the country . A 2002 study identified 55 ROCs with the largest involving 18 councils . Types of local government ( edit ) Offices of the Berrigan Shire Council in Berrigan , New South Wales Local governments are subdivisions of the states and the Northern Territory . The Australian Capital Territory has no separate local governments ; and functions in Canberra and the surrounding area normally performed by state and local governments are performed there by the territorial government of the Australian Capital Territory . Although they are all essentially identical in function , Australian local governments have a variety of names . The term `` local government area '' is used to refer collectively to all local governments regardless of status , whilst the local governing body itself is generally known as a council . Today , the styles `` borough '' , `` city '' , `` district '' , `` municipality '' , `` region '' , `` shire '' , `` town '' , `` community government '' , `` Aboriginal shire '' and `` Island '' are used in addition to areas / councils without a specific style . In general , an urban or suburban LGA is called a city , as in the City of Canada Bay or City of Bunbury , and is governed by a City Council . A rural LGA covering a larger rural area is usually called a shire , as in Shire of Mornington Peninsula or Lachlan Shire , and is governed by a Shire Council . Sometimes words other than `` City '' or `` Shire '' will be used in the names of LGAs . The word `` Municipality '' occurs in some states : in New South Wales , it is typically used for older urban areas and the word is also used for several rural towns in South Australia . Some rural areas in South Australia are known as `` District Councils '' , while larger rural towns and small metropolitan centres in Queensland and Western Australia simply use the term `` Town '' . New South Wales and Queensland have introduced a new term , `` Region '' , for LGAs formed by the amalgamation of smaller shires and rural cities . Historically , the word `` Borough '' was common for small towns and metropolitan areas in Victoria , but only the Borough of Queenscliffe remains . In New South Wales , where the Local Government Act does not require a designation , some local governments are legally known simply as `` Councils '' , such as Port Macquarie - Hastings Council , Inner West Council , or Federation Council . All the LGAs in Tasmania that were previously ' Municipalities ' have been renamed ' Councils . ' Almost all local councils have the same administrative functions and similar political structures , regardless of their naming , and retain a particular designation ( `` Shire '' , `` Borough '' , `` Town '' , `` City '' ) for historical reasons only . They will typically have an elected council and usually a mayor or shire president responsible for chairing meetings of the council . In some councils , the mayor is a directly elected figure , but in most cases the mayor is elected by their fellow councillors from among their own number . The powers of mayors vary as well . In some states such as Queensland , the mayors have broad executive functions , whereas in New South Wales mayors are essentially ceremonial figureheads who can only exercise power at the discretion of the council . Most of the capital city LGAs administer only the central business districts and nearby central suburbs . A notable exception is the City of Brisbane , the most populous LGA in the country , which administers a significant part of the Brisbane metropolitan area . In most cases , when a city 's population statistics are used , it is the statistical division population rather than the local government area . Constitutional position of local government ( edit ) Local government powers are determined by state governments , and states have primary responsibility for funding and exclusive responsibility for supervision of local councils . Local government is mentioned in the annotated Australian constitution , as a department of the State Governments , and they are mentioned in the constitutions of each of the six states . A 1988 referendum sought to explicitly insert mention of local government in the federal constitution but this was comprehensively defeated . A further referendum was proposed in 2013 , but was cancelled due to the change in the election date . Federal government interaction with local councils happens regularly through the provision of federal grants to help fund local government managed projects . Powers and functions ( edit ) Offices of the Caboolture Shire Council in Caboolture , Queensland All local governments are approximately equal in their theoretical powers , although LGAs that encompass large cities such as Brisbane and the Gold Coast command more resources due to their larger population base . Unlike local governments in many other countries , services such as police , fire protection and schools are provided by state or territory government rather than by local councils . The councils ' chief responsibility in the first half of the 20th century was the provision of physical infrastructure such as roads , bridges and sewerage . From the 1970s the emphasis changed to community facilities such as libraries and parks , maintenance of local roads , town planning and development approvals , and local services such as waste disposal . Child care , tourism and urban renewal were also beginning to be part of local governments ' role . These are financed by collection of local land taxes known as `` rates , '' and grants from the state and Commonwealth governments . They are caricatured as being concerned only with the `` three Rs '' : Rates , Roads and Rubbish . However , the roles of local government areas in Australia have recently expanded as higher levels of government have devolved activities to the third tier . Examples include the provision of community health services , regional airports and pollution control as well as community safety and accessible transport . The changes in services has been described as a shift from ' services to property ' towards ' services to people ' . Community expectations of local government in Australia has risen in the 21st century partly as a result of wider participation in decision making and transparent management practices . Recent years have seen some State governments devolving additional powers onto LGAs . In Queensland and Western Australia LGAs have been granted the power to independently enact their own local subsidiary legislation , in contrast to the previous system of by - laws . Councils also have organised their own representative structures such as Local Government Associations and Regional Organisations of Councils . Doctrines of new public management have shaped state government legislation towards increased freedoms aiming to allow greater flexibility on the part of local governments . Unincorporated areas ( edit ) Unlike many other countries , Australia has only one level of local government immediately beneath state and territorial governments . Aside from very sparsely populated areas and a few other special cases , almost all of Australia is part of a local government area . Unincorporated areas are often in remote locations , cover vast areas or have very small populations . Australian Capital Territory ( edit ) The Australian Capital Territory has no municipalities and is in some sense an unincorporated area . The ACT government is directly responsible for matters normally carried out by a local government . New South Wales ( edit ) New South Wales has 2 unincorporated areas : Unincorporated Far West Region , located in the far north west of the state is sparsely populated . A civil servant in the state capital manages such matters as are necessary . Lord Howe Island . Northern Territory ( edit ) In the Northern Territory , 1.45 % of the total area and 4.0 % of the population are in unincorporated areas , including Unincorporated Top End Region ( Finniss - Mary , the largest ) , areas covered by the Darwin Rates Act -- Nhulunbuy , Alyangula on Groote Eylandt in the northern region , and Yulara in the southern region . South Australia ( edit ) In South Australia , 60 % of the state 's area is unincorporated and communities located within receive municipal services provided by a state agency , the Outback Communities Authority . Victoria ( edit ) Victoria has 10 unincorporated areas , which are either ski resorts or small islands : Falls Creek Alpine Resort French Island and Sandstone Island Elizabeth Island Gabo Island Lady Julia Percy Island Lake Mountain Alpine Resort Mount Baw Baw Alpine Resort Mount Buller Alpine Resort Mount Hotham Alpine Resort Mount Stirling Alpine Resort Western Australia ( edit ) Western Australia has 3 unincorporated areas : Abrolhos Islands , which are officially uninhabited and controlled by the WA Department of Fisheries . A-class reserves either in , or close to , the Perth metropolitan area , namely Rottnest Island ( controlled by the Rottnest Island Authority ) and Kings Park ( Botanic Gardens and Parks Authority ) . See also ( edit ) Australia portal Politics portal Government of Australia Australian Local Government Association List of the 25 largest Local Government Areas by population Australian Local Government Fossil Fuel Divestment References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Democracy in Australia -- Australia 's political system '' ( PDF ) . Australian Collaboration . Retrieved 25 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kelly , A.H. ( 4 -- 8 July 2011 ) . The Development of Local Government in Australia , Focusing on NSW : From Road Builder to Planning Agency to Servant of the State Government and Developmentalism ( Paper ) . World Planning Schools Congress 2011 . Perth : University of Wollongong . Retrieved 1 January 2017 . CS1 maint : Date format ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Appendix G Local government in State constitutions '' . Expert Panel on Constitutional Recognition of Local Government . Australian Government . December 2011 . Archived from the original on 10 May 2013 . Retrieved 24 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Local Government '' . Department of Infrastructure and Regional Development . 17 August 2016 . Archived from the original on 10 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Dollery , Brian E. ; Lorenzo Robotti ( 2008 ) . The Theory and Practice of Local Government Reform . Edward Elgar Publishing . pp. 93 -- 96 . ISBN 1781956685 . Retrieved 1 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Local Government National Report 2013 -- 14 '' ( PDF ) . Department of Infrastructure and Regional Development . July 2015 . p . Appendix F. Retrieved 27 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The annotated constitution of the Australian Commonwealth ( 1901 ) '' . Retrieved 9 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The annotated constitution of the Australian Commonwealth ( 1901 ) '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 9 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Council history '' . City of Melbourne . Retrieved 1 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Dollery , Brian E. ; Marshall , Neil ( 1997 ) . Australian Local Government : Reform and Renewal . Macmillan Education AU . p. 4 . ISBN 0732929040 . Retrieved 1 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Dollery , Brian E. ; Joseph Garcea , Edward C. Lasage , Jr. ( 2008 ) . Local Government Reform : A Comparative Analysis of Advanced Anglo - American Countries . Edward Elgar Publishing . pp. 18 -- 19 . ISBN 1782543864 . Retrieved 1 July 2013 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Brunet - Jailly , Emmanuel ; John Francis Martin ( 2010 ) . Local Government in a Global World : Australia and Canada in Comparative Perspective . University of Toronto Press . pp. 82 -- 84 . ISBN 0802099637 . Retrieved 1 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Local Government Areas and Statistical Local Areas - Alphabetic '' . Australian Standard Geographical Classification ( ASGC ) , Jul 2008 . Australian Bureau of Statistics . 26 September 2008 . Retrieved 31 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to the Outback Communities Authority '' . Government of South Australia . Archived from the original on 13 September 2015 . Retrieved 9 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Department of Planning and Community Development , Government of Victoria , Australia ( 2013 - 04 - 19 ) . `` French Island and Sandstone Island Planning Scheme Home Page and user 's guide '' . Planningschemes.dpcd.vic.gov.au . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 25 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Local government in Australia . Australian Bureau of Statistics : Australian Standard Geographical Classification ( ASGC ) 2005 `` Table 1 : Population growth and turnover in Local Government Areas ( LGAs ) , 2006 to 2011 '' . Australian Bureau of Statistics . Retrieved 10 August 2015 . -- Spreadsheet of population data for local government areas in the 2006 and 2011 Australian census Australian Government australianpolitics.com Local Government Focus ( newspaper ) Local Government and Planning Ministers ' Council Local Government & Municipal Knowledge Base Local government in Australia New South Wales ( list ) Northern Territory ( list ) Queensland ( list ) South Australia ( list ) Tasmania ( list ) Victoria ( list ) Western Australia ( list ) Politics of Australia Commonwealth Monarch Governor - General Prime Minister Cabinet ( Shadow Cabinet ) Executive Council Ministry Foreign relations Parliament House of Representatives Senate Opposition Leader High Court Lower courts Constitution Statute of Westminster Australia Act Federal elections pre-1969 1969 1972 1977 1980 1984 1998 2007 2013 2016 next by - elections State / Territory governments Governors and Administrators Premiers and Chief Ministers Parliaments and Assemblies NSW Vic Qld WA SA Tas ACT NT State / Territory elections Vic 2014 SA 2014 Tas 2014 NSW 2015 Qld 2015 ACT 2016 NT 2016 WA 2017 Vic 2018 SA 2018 Next Tas NSW 2019 Next Qld ACT 2020 NT 2020 WA 2021 Local government NSW Vic Qld WA SA Tas NT Political parties Coalition ( Liberal , National , Liberal National , Country Liberal ) Conservatives Greens Hinch Katter Labor Lambie Liberal Democrat One Nation Xenophon Other parties Local government in Oceania Sovereign states Australia Federated States of Micronesia Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Associated states of New Zealand Cook Islands Niue Dependencies and other territories American Samoa Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Easter Island French Polynesia Guam Hawaii New Caledonia Norfolk Island Northern Mariana Islands Pitcairn Islands Tokelau Wallis and Futuna Articles on second - level administrative divisions of Oceanian countries Australasia Australia New Zealand Melanesia East Timor Fiji Papua New Guinea Micronesia Marshall Islands Federated States of Micronesia Polynesia Tonga Table of administrative country subdivisions by country Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Local_government_in_Australia&oldid=799594313 '' Categories : Politics of Australia Local government in Australia Local government areas of Australia Subdivisions of Australia Lists of country subdivisions Country subdivisions of Oceania Second - level administrative country subdivisions Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Date format CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles needing additional references from July 2011 All articles needing additional references EngvarB from July 2016 Use dmy dates from July 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Commons category without a link on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Polski Português Edit links This page was last edited on 8 September 2017 , at 17 : 28 . 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who is the main character in gone with the wind
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Gone with the Wind is a novel by American writer Margaret Mitchell , first published in 1936 . The story is set in Clayton County and Atlanta , both in Georgia , during the American Civil War and Reconstruction Era . It depicts the struggles of young Scarlett O'Hara , the spoiled daughter of a well - to - do plantation owner , who must use every means at her disposal to claw her way out of poverty following Sherman 's destructive `` March to the Sea '' . This historical novel features a Bildungsroman or coming - of - age story , with the title taken from a poem written by Ernest Dowson .
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Scarlett O'Hara
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Gone with the Wind ( novel )
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gone with the wind ( novel )
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Gone with the Wind is a novel by American writer Margaret Mitchell , first published in 1936 . The story is set in Clayton County and Atlanta , both in Georgia , during the American Civil War and Reconstruction Era . It depicts the struggles of young Scarlett O'Hara , the spoiled daughter of a well - to - do plantation owner , who must use every means at her disposal to claw her way out of poverty following Sherman 's destructive `` March to the Sea '' . This historical novel features a Bildungsroman or coming - of - age story , with the title taken from a poem written by Ernest Dowson .
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Gone with the Wind was popular with American readers from the outset and was the top American fiction bestseller in 1936 and 1937 . As of 2014 , a Harris poll found it to be the second favorite book of American readers , just behind the Bible . More than 30 million copies have been printed worldwide . Written from the perspective of the slaveholder , Gone with the Wind is Southern plantation fiction . Its portrayal of slavery and African Americans has been considered controversial , especially by succeeding generations , as well as its use of a racial epithet and ethnic slurs common to the period . However , the novel has become a reference point for subsequent writers about the South , both black and white . Scholars at American universities refer to , interpret , and study it in their writings . The novel has been absorbed into American popular culture . Mitchell received the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction for the book in 1937 . It was adapted into a 1939 American film . Gone with the Wind is the only novel by Mitchell published during her lifetime . Mitchell used color symbolism , especially the colors red and green , which frequently are associated with Scarlett O'Hara . Mitchell identified the primary theme as survival . She left the ending speculative for the reader , however . She was often asked what became of her lovers , Rhett and Scarlett . She replied , `` For all I know , Rhett may have found someone else who was less difficult . '' Two sequels authorized by Mitchell 's estate were published more than a half century later . A parody was also produced . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biographical background and publication 2 Title 3 Plot summary 3.1 Part I 3.2 Part II 3.3 Part III 3.4 Part IV 3.5 Part V 4 Structure 4.1 Coming - of - age story 4.2 Genre 5 Plot discussion 5.1 Slavery 5.1. 1 Caste system 5.1. 2 Faithful and devoted slave 5.2 Southern belle 5.2. 1 Historical background 5.3 Battles 5.3. 1 Early and mid war years 5.3. 2 Atlanta Campaign 5.3. 3 March to the Sea 5.3. 4 President Lincoln 's murder 5.4 Beau ideal 5.5 Scallawag 6 Characters 6.1 Main characters 6.2 Minor characters 6.2. 1 Scarlett 's immediate family 6.2. 2 Tara 6.2. 3 Clayton County 6.2. 4 Atlanta 6.2. 5 Robillard family 7 Themes 7.1 Survival 8 Color symbolism 9 Reception 9.1 Reviews 9.2 Racial , ethnicity and social issues 9.3 Awards and recognition 10 Adaptations 11 In popular culture 11.1 Books , television and more 11.2 Collectibles 11.3 The Windies 12 Legacy 13 Original manuscript 14 Publication and reprintings ( 1936 - USA ) 15 Sequels and prequels 16 See also 17 References 18 Further reading 19 External links Biographical background and publication ( edit ) Born in 1900 in Atlanta , Georgia , Margaret Mitchell was a Southerner and writer throughout her life . She grew up hearing stories about the American Civil War and the Reconstruction from her tyrannical Irish - American grandmother , who had endured its suffering . Her forceful and intellectual mother was a suffragist who fought for the rights of women to vote . As a young woman , Mitchell found love with an army lieutenant . He was killed in World War I , and she would carry his memory for the remainder of her life . After studying at Smith College for a year , during which time her mother died from the Spanish flu , Mitchell returned to Atlanta . She married , but her husband was an abusive bootlegger . Mitchell took a job writing feature articles for the Atlanta Journal at a time when Atlanta debutantes of her class did not work . After divorcing her first husband , she married again , this time to a man who shared her interest in writing and literature . He had also been best man at her first wedding . Margaret Mitchell began writing Gone with the Wind in 1926 to pass the time while recovering from a slow - healing auto - crash injury . In April 1935 , Harold Latham of Macmillan , an editor looking for new fiction , read her manuscript and saw that it could be a best - seller . After Latham agreed to publish the book , Mitchell worked for another six months checking the historical references and rewriting the opening chapter several times . Mitchell and her husband John Marsh , a copy editor by trade , edited the final version of the novel . Mitchell wrote the book 's final moments first and then wrote the events that led up to them . Gone with the Wind was published in June 1936 . Title ( edit ) The author tentatively titled the novel Tomorrow is Another Day , from its last line . Other proposed titles included Bugles Sang True , Not in Our Stars , and Tote the Weary Load . The title Mitchell finally chose is from the first line of the third stanza of the poem `` Non Sum Qualis Eram Bonae sub Regno Cynarae '' by Ernest Dowson : I have forgot much , Cynara ! gone with the wind , Flung roses , roses riotously with the throng , Dancing , to put thy pale , lost lilies out of mind ... Scarlett O'Hara uses the title phrase when she wonders to herself if her home on a plantation called `` Tara '' is still standing , or if it had `` gone with the wind which had swept through Georgia . '' In a general sense , the title is a metaphor for the demise of a way of life in the South prior to the Civil War . When taken in the context of Dowson 's poem about `` Cynara , '' the phrase `` gone with the wind '' alludes to erotic loss . The poem expresses the regrets of someone who has lost his passionate feelings for his `` old passion , '' Cynara . Dowson 's Cynara , a name that comes from the Greek word for artichoke , represents a lost love . Plot summary ( edit ) Gone with the Wind takes place in the southern United States in the state of Georgia during the American Civil War ( 1861 -- 1865 ) and the Reconstruction Era ( 1865 -- 1877 ) . The novel unfolds against the backdrop of rebellion wherein seven southern states initially , including Georgia , have declared their secession from the United States ( the `` Union '' ) and formed the Confederate States of America ( the `` Confederacy '' ) , after Abraham Lincoln was elected president . The Union refuses to accept secession and no compromise is found as war approaches . Part I ( edit ) The novel opens April 15 , 1861 , at `` Tara , '' a plantation owned by Gerald O'Hara , an Irish immigrant who has become a successful planter , and his wife , Ellen Robillard O'Hara , from a coastal aristocratic family of French descent . Their 16 - year - old daughter , Scarlett , is not beautiful , but men seldom realized it once they were caught up in her charm . All the talk is of the coming Civil War . There are brief but vivid descriptions of the South as it began and grew , with backgrounds of the main characters : the stylish and highbrow French , the gentlemanly English , the forced - to - flee and looked - down - upon Irish . Scarlett learns that one of her many beaux , Ashley Wilkes , will soon be engaged to his cousin , Melanie Hamilton . She is heart - stricken . The next day at the Wilkeses ' barbecue at Twelve Oaks , Scarlett tells Ashley she loves him , and he admits he cares for her . However , he knows he would not be happy if married to her because of their personality differences . She loses her temper with him , and he silently takes it . Rhett Butler , who has a reputation as a rogue , had been alone in the library when Ashley and Scarlett entered and felt it wiser to stay unseen during the argument . Rhett applauds Scarlett for the `` unladylike '' spirit she displayed with Ashley . Infuriated and humiliated , she tells Rhett , `` You are n't fit to wipe his boots ! '' After rejoining the other party guests , she learns that war has been declared and the men are going to enlist . Seeking revenge , Scarlett accepts a marriage proposal from Melanie 's brother , Charles Hamilton . They marry two weeks later . Charles dies of pneumonia following the measles two months after the war begins . As a young widow , Scarlett gives birth to her first child , Wade Hampton Hamilton , named after his father 's general . She is bound by custom to wear black and avoid conversation with young men . Scarlett feels restricted by these conventions and bitterly misses her life as a young , unmarried woman . Part II ( edit ) Aunt Pittypat is living with Melanie in Atlanta and invites Scarlett to stay with them . In Atlanta , Scarlett 's spirits revive , and she is busy with hospital work and sewing circles for the Confederate Army . Scarlett encounters Rhett Butler again at a benefit dance , where he is dressed like a dandy . Although Rhett believes the war is a lost cause , he is blockade running for profit . The men must bid for a dance with a lady , and Rhett bids `` one hundred fifty dollars - in gold '' for a dance with Scarlett . They waltz to the tune of `` When This Cruel War is Over , '' and Scarlett sings the words . Others at the dance are shocked that Rhett would bid for a widow and that she would accept the dance while still wearing black ( or widow 's weeds ) . Melanie defends her , arguing she is supporting the cause for which Melanie 's husband , Ashley , is fighting . At Christmas ( 1863 ) , Ashley is granted a furlough from the army . Melanie becomes pregnant with their first child . Part III ( edit ) The war is going badly for the Confederacy . By September 1864 , Atlanta is besieged from three sides . The city becomes desperate and hundreds of wounded Confederate soldiers pour in . Melanie goes into labor with only the inexperienced Scarlett to assist , as all the doctors are attending the soldiers . Prissy , a young slave , cries out in despair and fear , `` De Yankees is comin ! '' In the chaos , Scarlett , left to fend for herself , cries for the comfort and safety of her mother and Tara . The tattered Confederate States Army sets flame to Atlanta and abandons it to the Union Army . Melanie gives birth to a boy , Beau , with Scarlett 's assistance . Scarlett then finds Rhett and begs him to take herself , Wade , Melanie , Beau , and Prissy to Tara . Rhett laughs at the idea but steals an emaciated horse and a small wagon , and they follow the retreating army out of Atlanta . Part way to Tara , Rhett has a change of heart and abandons Scarlett to enlist in the army ( he later recounts that when they learned he had attended West Point , they put him in the artillery , which may have saved his life ) . Scarlett then makes her way to Tara , where she is welcomed on the steps by her father , Gerald . Things have drastically changed : Scarlett 's mother is dead , her father has lost his mind with grief , her sisters are sick with typhoid fever , the field slaves have left after Emancipation , the Yankees have burned all the cotton , and there is no food in the house . Scarlett avows that she and her family will survive and never be hungry again . The long tiring struggle for survival begins that has Scarlett working in the fields . There are hungry people to feed and little food . There is the ever - present threat of the Yankees who steal and burn . At one point , a Yankee soldier trespasses on Tara , and it is implied that he would steal from the house and possibly rape Scarlett and Melanie . Scarlett kills him with Charles 's pistol , and sees that Melanie had also prepared to fight him with a sword . A long post-war succession of Confederate soldiers returning home stop at Tara to find food and rest . Eventually , Ashley returns from the war , with his idealistic view of the world shattered . Part iv ( edit ) Life at Tara slowly begins to recover , but then new taxes are levied on the plantation . Scarlett knows only one man with enough money to help her : Rhett Butler . She looks for him in Atlanta only to learn that he is in jail . Rhett refuses to give money to Scarlett , and leaving the jailhouse in fury , she runs into Frank Kennedy , who runs a store in Atlanta and is betrothed to Scarlett 's sister , Suellen . Realizing Frank also has money , Scarlett hatches a plot and tells Frank that Suellen will not marry him . Frank succumbs to Scarlett 's charms and marries her two weeks later , knowing he has done `` something romantic and exciting for the first time in his life . '' Always wanting her to be happy and radiant , Frank gives Scarlett the money to pay the taxes . While Frank has a cold and is pampered by Aunt Pittypat , Scarlett goes over the accounts at Frank 's store and finds that many owe him money . Scarlett is now terrified about the taxes and decides money , a lot of it , is needed . She takes control of the store , and her business practices leave many Atlantans resentful of her . With a loan from Rhett she buys a sawmill and runs it herself , all scandalous conduct . To Frank 's relief , Scarlett learns she is pregnant , which curtails her `` unladylike '' activities for a while . She convinces Ashley to come to Atlanta and manage the mill , all the while still in love with him . At Melanie 's urging , Ashley takes the job . Melanie becomes the center of Atlanta society , and Scarlett gives birth to Ella Lorena : `` Ella for her grandmother Ellen , and Lorena because it was the most fashionable name of the day for girls . '' Georgia is under martial law , and life has taken on a new and more frightening tone . For protection , Scarlett keeps Frank 's pistol tucked in the upholstery of the buggy . Her trips alone to and from the mill take her past a shantytown where criminal elements live . While on her way home one evening , she is accosted by two men who try to rob her , but she escapes with the help of Big Sam , the former Negro foreman from Tara . Attempting to avenge his wife , Frank and the Ku Klux Klan raid the shantytown whereupon Frank is shot dead . Scarlett is a widow again . To keep the raiders from being arrested , Rhett puts on a charade . He walks into the Wilkeses ' home with Hugh Elsing and Ashley , singing and pretending to be drunk . Yankee officers outside question Rhett , and he says he and the other men had been at Belle Watling 's brothel that evening , a story Belle later confirms to the officers . The men are indebted to Rhett , and his Scallawag reputation among them improves a notch , but the men 's wives , except Melanie , are livid at owing their husbands ' lives to Belle Watling . Frank Kennedy lies in a casket in the quiet stillness of the parlor in Aunt Pittypat 's home . Scarlett is remorseful . She is swigging brandy from Aunt Pitty 's swoon bottle when Rhett comes to call . She tells him tearfully , `` I 'm afraid I 'll die and go to hell . '' He says , `` Maybe there is n't a hell . '' Before she can cry any further , he asks her to marry him , saying , `` I always intended having you , one way or another . '' She says she does n't love him and does n't want to be married again . However , he kisses her passionately , and in the heat of the moment she agrees to marry him . One year later , Scarlett and Rhett announce their engagement , which becomes the talk of the town . Part v. ( edit ) Mr. and Mrs. Butler honeymoon in New Orleans , spending lavishly . Upon returning to Atlanta , they stay in the bridal suite at the National Hotel while their new home on Peachtree Street is being built . Scarlett chooses a modern Swiss chalet style home like the one she saw in Harper 's Weekly , with red wallpaper , thick red carpet , and black walnut furniture . Rhett describes it as an `` architectural horror '' . Shortly after they move in to their new home , the sardonic jabs between them turn into full - blown quarrels . Scarlett wonders why Rhett married her . Then `` with real hate in her eyes '' , she tells Rhett she will have a baby , which she does not want . The Bonnie Blue Flag , is an 1861 marching song that refers to the first unofficial flag of the Confederacy . Wade is seven years old in 1869 when his half - sister , Eugenie Victoria , named after two queens , is born . She has blue eyes like Gerald O'Hara , and Melanie nicknames her , `` Bonnie Blue , '' in reference to the Bonnie Blue Flag of the Confederacy . When Scarlett is feeling well again , she makes a trip to the mill and talks to Ashley , who is alone in the office . In their conversation , she comes away believing Ashley still loves her and is jealous of her intimate relations with Rhett , which excites her . She returns home and tells Rhett she does not want more children . From then on , they sleep separately , and when Bonnie is two years old , she sleeps in a little bed beside Rhett ( with the light on all night because she is afraid of the dark ) . Rhett turns his attention toward Bonnie , dotes on her , spoils her , and worries about her reputation when she is older . Melanie is giving a surprise birthday party for Ashley . Scarlett goes to the mill to keep Ashley there until party time , a rare opportunity for her to see him alone . When she sees him , she feels `` sixteen again , a little breathless and excited . '' Ashley tells her how pretty she looks , and they reminisce about the days when they were young and talk about their lives now . Suddenly Scarlett 's eyes fill with tears , and Ashley holds her head against his chest . Ashley sees his sister , India Wilkes , standing in the doorway . Before the party has even begun , a rumor of an affair between Ashley and Scarlett spreads , and Rhett and Melanie hear it . Melanie refuses to accept any criticism of her sister - in - law , and India Wilkes is banished from the Wilkeses ' home for it , causing a rift in the family . Rhett , more drunk than Scarlett has ever seen him , returns home from the party long after Scarlett . His eyes are bloodshot , and his mood is dark and violent . He enjoins Scarlett to drink with him . Not wanting him to know she is fearful of him , she throws back a drink and gets up from her chair to go back to her bedroom . He stops her and pins her shoulders to the wall . She tells him he is jealous of Ashley , and Rhett accuses her of `` crying for the moon '' over Ashley . He tells her they could have been happy together saying , `` for I loved you and I know you . '' He then takes her in his arms and carries her up the stairs to her bedroom , where it is strongly implied that he rapes her -- or , possibly , that they have consensual sex following the argument . The next morning , Rhett leaves for Charleston and New Orleans with Bonnie . Scarlett finds herself missing him , but she is still unsure if Rhett loves her , having said it while drunk . She learns she is pregnant with her fourth child . When Rhett returns , Scarlett waits for him at the top of the stairs . She wonders if Rhett will kiss her , but to her irritation , he does not . He says she looks pale . She says it 's because she is pregnant . He sarcastically asks if the father is Ashley . She calls Rhett a cad and tells him no woman would want his baby . He says , `` Cheer up , maybe you 'll have a miscarriage . '' She lunges at him , but he dodges , and she tumbles backwards down the stairs . She is seriously ill for the first time in her life , having lost her child and broken her ribs . Rhett is remorseful , believing he has killed her . Sobbing and drunk , he buries his head in Melanie 's lap and confesses he has been a jealous cad . Scarlett , who is thin and pale , goes to Tara , taking Wade and Ella with her , to regain her strength and vitality from `` the green cotton fields of home . '' When she returns healthy to Atlanta , she sells the mills to Ashley . She finds Rhett 's attitude has noticeably changed . He is sober , kinder , polite -- and seemingly disinterested . Though she misses the old Rhett at times , Scarlett is content to leave well enough alone . Bonnie is four years old in 1873 . Spirited and willful , she has her father wrapped around her finger and giving in to her every demand . Even Scarlett is jealous of the attention Bonnie gets . Rhett rides his horse around town with Bonnie in front of him , but Mammy insists it is not fitting for a girl to ride a horse with her dress flying up . Rhett heeds her words and buys Bonnie a Shetland pony , whom she names `` Mr. Butler , '' and teaches her to ride sidesaddle . Then Rhett pays a boy named Wash twenty - five cents to teach Mr. Butler to jump over wood bars . When Mr. Butler is able to get his fat legs over a one - foot bar , Rhett puts Bonnie on the pony , and soon Mr. Butler is leaping bars and Aunt Melly 's rose bushes . Wearing her blue velvet riding habit with a red feather in her black hat , Bonnie pleads with her father to raise the bar to one and a half feet . He gives in , warning her not to come crying if she falls . Bonnie yells to her mother , `` Watch me take this one ! '' The pony gallops towards the wood bar , but trips over it . Bonnie breaks her neck in the fall , and dies . In the dark days and months following Bonnie 's death , Rhett is often drunk and disheveled , while Scarlett , though deeply bereaved also , seems to hold up under the strain . With the untimely death of Melanie Wilkes a short time later , Rhett decides he only wants the calm dignity of the genial South he once knew in his youth and leaves Atlanta to find it . Meanwhile , Scarlett dreams of love that has eluded her for so long . However , she still has Tara and knows she can win Rhett back , because `` tomorrow is another day . '' Structure ( edit ) Coming - of - age story ( edit ) Margaret Mitchell arranged Gone with the Wind chronologically , basing it on the life and experiences of the main character , Scarlett O'Hara , as she grew from adolescence into adulthood . During the time span of the novel , from 1861 to 1873 , Scarlett ages from sixteen to twenty - eight years . This is a type of Bildungsroman , a novel concerned with the moral and psychological growth of the protagonist from youth to adulthood ( coming - of - age story ) . Scarlett 's development is affected by the events of her time . Mitchell used a smooth linear narrative structure . The novel is known for its exceptional `` readability '' . The plot is rich with vivid characters . Genre ( edit ) Gone with the Wind is often placed in the literary subgenre of the historical romance novel . Pamela Regis has argued that is more appropriately classified as a historical novel , as it does not contain all of the elements of the romance genre . The novel has also been described as an early classic of the erotic historical genre , because it is thought to contain some degree of pornography . Plot discussion ( edit ) Slavery ( edit ) ' Way back in the dark days of the Early Sixties , regrettable tho it was -- men fought , bled , and died for the freedom of the negro -- her freedom ! -- and she stood by and did her duty to the last ditch -- It was and is her life to serve , and she has done it well . While shot and shell thundered to release the shackles of slavery from her body and her soul -- she loved , fought for , and protected -- Us who held her in bondage , her `` Marster '' and her `` Missus ! '' Excerpt from My Old Black Mammy by James W. Elliott , 1914 . Slavery in Gone with the Wind is a backdrop to a story that is essentially about other things . Southern plantation fiction ( also known as Anti-Tom literature , in reference to reactions to Harriet Beecher Stowe 's anti-slavery novel , Uncle Tom 's Cabin of 1852 ) from the mid-19th century , culminating in Gone With the Wind , is written from the perspective and values of the slaveholder and tends to present slaves as docile and happy . Caste system ( edit ) The characters in the novel are organized into two basic groups along class lines : the white planter class , such as Scarlett and Ashley , and the black house servant class . The slaves depicted in Gone with the Wind are primarily loyal house servants , such as Mammy , Pork , Prissy , and Uncle Peter . House servants are the highest `` caste '' of slaves in Mitchell 's caste system . They choose to stay with their masters after the Emancipation Proclamation of 1863 and subsequent Thirteenth Amendment of 1865 sets them free . Of the servants who stayed at Tara , Scarlett thinks , `` There were qualities of loyalty and tirelessness and love in them that no strain could break , no money could buy . '' The field slaves make up the lower class in Mitchell 's caste system . The field slaves from the Tara plantation and the foreman , Big Sam , are taken away by Confederate soldiers to dig ditches and never return to the plantation . Mitchell wrote that other field slaves were `` loyal '' and `` refused to avail themselves of the new freedom '' , but the novel has no field slaves who stay on the plantation to work after they have been emancipated . American William Wells Brown escaped from slavery and published his memoir , or slave narrative , in 1847 . He wrote of the disparity in conditions between the house servant and the field hand : During the time that Mr. Cook was overseer , I was a house servant -- a situation preferable to a field hand , as I was better fed , better clothed , and not obliged to rise at the ringing bell , but about an half hour after . I have often laid and heard the crack of the whip , and the screams of the slave . Faithful and devoted slave ( edit ) Although the novel is more than 1,000 pages long , the character of Mammy never considers what her life might be like away from Tara . She recognizes her freedom to come and go as she pleases , saying , `` Ah is free , Miss Scarlett . You kain sen ' me nowhar Ah doan wanter go , '' but Mammy remains duty - bound to `` Miss Ellen 's chile . '' ( No other name for Mammy is noted in the novel . ) Eighteen years before the publication of Gone with the Wind , an article titled , `` The Old Black Mammy , '' written in the Confederate Veteran in 1918 , discussed the romanticized view of the mammy character that had persisted in Southern literature : ... for her faithfulness and devotion , she has been immortalized in the literature of the South ; so the memory of her will never pass , but live on in the tales that are told of those `` dear dead days beyond recall '' . Micki McElya , in her book Clinging to Mammy , suggests the myth of the faithful slave , in the figure of Mammy , lingered because white Americans wished to live in a world in which African Americans were not angry over the injustice of slavery . The best - selling anti-slavery novel from the 19th century is Uncle Tom 's Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe , published in 1852 . Uncle Tom 's Cabin is mentioned briefly in Gone with the Wind as being accepted by the Yankees as `` revelation second only to the Bible '' . The enduring interest of both Uncle Tom 's Cabin and Gone with the Wind has resulted in lingering stereotypes of 19th - century African - American slaves . Gone with the Wind has become a reference point for subsequent writers about the South , both black and white alike . Southern Belle ( edit ) `` Young misses whut frowns an ' pushes out dey chins an ' says ' Ah will ' an ' ' Ah woan ' mos ' gener'ly doan ketch husbands . '' -- Mammy The southern belle is an archetype for a young woman of the antebellum American South upper class . The southern belle was believed to be physically attractive but , more importantly , personally charming with sophisticated social skills . She is subject to the correct code of female behavior . The novel 's heroine , Scarlett O'Hara , charming though not beautiful , is a classic southern belle . For young Scarlett , the ideal southern belle is represented by her mother , Ellen O'Hara . In `` A Study in Scarlett '' , published in The New Yorker , Claudia Roth Pierpont wrote : The Southern belle was bred to conform to a subspecies of the nineteenth - century `` lady '' ... For Scarlett , the ideal is embodied in her adored mother , the saintly Ellen , whose back is never seen to rest against the back of any chair on which she sits , whose broken spirit everywhere is mistaken for righteous calm ... However , Scarlett is not always willing to conform . Kathryn Lee Seidel , in her book , The Southern Belle in the American Novel , wrote : ... part of her does try to rebel against the restraints of a code of behavior that relentlessly attempts to mold her into a form to which she is not naturally suited . The figure of a pampered southern belle , Scarlett lives through an extreme reversal of fortune and wealth , and survives to rebuild Tara and her self - esteem . Her bad belle traits ( Scarlett 's deceitfulness , shrewdness , manipulation , and superficiality ) , in contrast to Melanie 's good belle traits ( trust , self - sacrifice , and loyalty ) , enable her to survive in the post-war South and pursue her main interest , which is to make enough money to survive and prosper . Although Scarlett was `` born '' around 1845 , she is portrayed to appeal to modern - day readers for her passionate and independent spirit , determination and obstinate refusal to feel defeated . Historical background ( edit ) Marriage was supposed to be the goal of all southern belles , as women 's status was largely determined by that of their husbands . All social and educational pursuits were directed towards it . Despite the Civil War and loss of a generation of eligible men , young ladies were still expected to marry . By law and Southern social convention , household heads were adult , white propertied males , and all white women and all African Americans were thought to require protection and guidance because they lacked the capacity for reason and self - control . The Atlanta Historical Society has produced a number of Gone with the Wind exhibits , among them a 1994 exhibit titled , `` Disputed Territories : Gone with the Wind and Southern Myths '' . The exhibit asked , `` Was Scarlett a Lady ? '' , finding that historically most women of the period were not involved in business activities as Scarlett was during Reconstruction , when she ran a sawmill . White women performed traditional jobs such as teaching and sewing , and generally disliked work outside the home . During the Civil War , Southern women played a major role as volunteer nurses working in makeshift hospitals . Many were middle - and upper class women who had never worked for wages or seen the inside of a hospital . One such nurse was Ada W. Bacot , a young widow who had lost two children . Bacot came from a wealthy South Carolina plantation family that owned 87 slaves . In the fall of 1862 , Confederate laws were changed to permit women to be employed in hospitals as members of the Confederate Medical Department . Twenty - seven - year - old nurse Kate Cumming from Mobile , Alabama , described the primitive hospital conditions in her journal : They are in the hall , on the gallery , and crowded into very small rooms . The foul air from this mass of human beings at first made me giddy and sick , but I soon got over it . We have to walk , and when we give the men any thing kneel , in blood and water ; but we think nothing of it at all . Battles ( edit ) Battle of Kennesaw Mountain , June 27 , 1864 . The Civil War came to an end on April 26 , 1865 when Confederate General Johnston surrendered his armies in the Carolinas Campaign to Union General Sherman . Several battles are mentioned or depicted in Gone with the Wind . Early and mid war years ( edit ) Seven Days Battles , June 25 -- July 1 , 1862 , Richmond , Virginia , Confederate victory . Battle of Fredericksburg , December 11 -- 15 , 1862 , Fredericksburg , Virginia , Confederate victory . Streight 's Raid , April 19 -- May 3 , 1863 , in northern Alabama . Union Colonel Streight and his men were captured by Confederate General Nathan Bedford Forrest . Battle of Chancellorsville , April 30 -- May 6 , 1863 , in Spotsylvania County , Virginia , near the village of Chancellorsville , Confederate victory . Ashley Wilkes is stationed on the Rapidan River , Virginia , in the winter of 1863 , later captured and sent to a Union prison camp , Rock Island . Siege of Vicksburg , May 18 -- July 4 , 1863 , Vicksburg , Mississippi , Union victory . Battle of Gettysburg , July 1 -- 3 , 1863 , fought in and around the town of Gettysburg , Pennsylvania , Union victory . `` They expected death . They did not expect defeat . '' Battle of Chickamauga , September 19 -- 20 , 1863 , northwestern Georgia . The first fighting in Georgia and the most significant Union defeat . Chattanooga Campaign , November -- December 1863 , Tennessee , Union victory . The city became the supply and logistics base for Sherman 's 1864 Atlanta Campaign . Atlanta Campaign ( edit ) Sherman 's Atlanta Campaign The Atlanta Campaign ( May -- September 1864 ) took place in northwest Georgia and the area around Atlanta . Confederate General Johnston fights and retreats from Dalton ( May 7 -- 13 ) to Resaca ( May 13 -- 15 ) to Kennesaw Mountain ( June 27 ) . Union General Sherman suffers heavy losses to the entrenched Confederate army . Unable to pass through Kennesaw , Sherman swings his men around to the Chattahoochee River where the Confederate army is waiting on the opposite side of the river . Once again , General Sherman flanks the Confederate army , forcing Johnston to retreat to Peachtree Creek ( July 20 ) , five miles northeast of Atlanta . Battle of Atlanta , July 22 , 1864 , just southeast of Atlanta . The city would not fall until September 2 , 1864 . Heavy losses for Confederate General Hood . Battle of Ezra Church , July 28 , 1864 , Sherman 's failed attack west of Atlanta where the railroad entered the city . Battle of Utoy Creek , August 5 -- 7 , 1864 , Sherman 's failed attempt to break the railroad line at East Point , into Atlanta from the west , heavy Union losses . Battle of Jonesborough , August 31 -- September 1 , 1864 , Sherman successfully cut the railroad lines from the south into Atlanta . The city of Atlanta was abandoned by General Hood and then occupied by Union troops for the rest of the war . March to the sea ( edit ) The Savannah Campaign was conducted in Georgia during November and December 1864 . President Lincoln 's murder ( edit ) Although Abraham Lincoln is mentioned in the novel fourteen times , no reference is made to his assassination on April 14 , 1865 . Beau ideal ( edit ) Somebody 's darling ! so young and so brave ! Wearing still on his pale , sweet face -- Soon to be hid by the dust of the grave -- The lingering light of his boyhood 's grace ! Somebody 's Darling by Marie La Coste , of Georgia . Ashley Wilkes is the beau ideal of Southern manhood . A planter by inheritance , Ashley knew the Confederate cause had died at the conclusion of the American Civil War . Ashley 's name signifies paleness . His `` pallid skin literalizes the idea of Confederate death . '' He contemplates leaving Georgia for New York City . Had he gone North , he would have joined numerous other Confederate carpetbaggers there . Ashley , embittered by war , tells Scarlett he has been `` in a state of suspended animation '' since the surrender . He feels he is not `` shouldering a man 's burden '' at Tara and believes he is `` much less than a man -- much less , indeed , than a woman '' . A `` young girl 's dream of the Perfect Knight '' , Ashley is like a young girl himself . With his `` poet 's eye '' , Ashley has a `` feminine sensitivity '' . Scarlett is angered by the `` slur of effeminacy flung at Ashley '' when her father tells her the Wilkes family was `` born queer '' . ( Mitchell 's use of the word `` queer '' is for its sexual connotation because queer , in the 1930s , was associated with homosexuality . ) Ashley 's effeminacy is associated with his appearance , his lack of forcefulness , and sexual impotency . He rides , plays poker , and drinks like `` proper men '' , but his heart is not in it , Gerald claims . The embodiment of castration , Ashley wears the head of Medusa on his cravat pin . Scarlett 's love interest , Ashley Wilkes , lacks manliness , and her husbands -- the `` calf - like '' Charles Hamilton , and the `` old - maid in britches '' , Frank Kennedy -- are unmanly as well . Mitchell is critiquing masculinity in southern society since Reconstruction . Even Rhett Butler , the well - groomed dandy , is effeminate or `` gay - coded . '' Charles , Frank and Ashley represent the impotence of the post-war white South . Its power and influence has been diminished . Scallawag ( edit ) The word `` scallawag '' is defined as a loafer , a vagabond , or a rogue . Scallawag had a special meaning after the Civil War as an epithet for a white Southerner who accepted and supported Republican reforms . Mitchell defines scallawags as `` Southerners who had turned Republican very profitably . '' Rhett Butler is accused of being a `` damned Scallawag . '' In addition to scallawags , Mitchell portrays other types of scoundrels in the novel : Yankees , carpetbaggers , Republicans , prostitutes , and overseers . In the early years of the Civil War , Rhett is called a `` scoundrel '' for his `` selfish gains '' profiteering as a blockade - runner . As a scallawag , Rhett is despised . He is the `` dark , mysterious , and slightly malevolent hero loose in the world '' . Literary scholars have identified elements of Mitchell 's first husband , Berrien `` Red '' Upshaw , in the character of Rhett . Another sees the image of Italian actor Rudolph Valentino , whom Margaret Mitchell interviewed as a young reporter for The Atlanta Journal . Fictional hero Rhett Butler has a `` swarthy face , flashing teeth and dark alert eyes '' . He is a `` scamp , blackguard , without scruple or honor . '' Characters ( edit ) Main characters ( edit ) Katie Scarlett O'Hara : is the oldest O'Hara daughter . Scarlett 's forthright Irish blood is always at variance with the French teachings of style from her mother . Scarlett marries Charles Hamilton , Frank Kennedy , and Rhett Butler , all the while wishing she were married instead to Ashley Wilkes . She has three children , one from each husband : Wade Hampton Hamilton ( son to Charles Hamilton ) , Ella Lorena Kennedy ( daughter to Frank Kennedy ) , and Eugenie Victoria `` Bonnie Blue '' Butler ( daughter to Rhett Butler ) . She miscarries a fourth child during a quarrel with Rhett when she accidentally falls down the stairs . Scarlett is secretly scornful of Melanie Wilkes , wife to Ashley . Melanie shows nothing but love and devotion toward Scarlett , and considers her a sister throughout her life because Scarlett married Melanie 's brother Charles . Scarlett is unaware of the extent of Rhett 's love for her or that she might love him . Captain Rhett K. Butler : is Scarlett 's admirer and her third husband . He is often publicly shunned for his scandalous behavior and sometimes accepted for his charm . Rhett declares he is not a marrying man and propositions Scarlett to be his mistress , but marries her after the death of Frank Kennedy . He says he wo n't risk losing her to someone else , since it is unlikely she will ever need money again . At the end of the novel , Rhett confesses to Scarlett , `` I loved you but I could n't let you know it . You 're so brutal to those who love you , Scarlett . '' Major George Ashley Wilkes : The gallant Ashley marries his cousin , Melanie , because , `` Like must marry like or there 'll be no happiness . '' A man of honor , Ashley enlists in the Confederate States Army though he says he would have freed his slaves after his father 's death , if the war has n't done it first . Although many of his friends and relations are killed in the Civil War , Ashley survives to see its brutal aftermath . Ashley is `` the Perfect Knight '' , in the mind of Scarlett , even throughout her three marriages . `` She loved him and wanted him and did not understand him . '' Melanie ( Hamilton ) Wilkes : is Ashley 's wife and cousin . Melanie is a humble , serene and gracious Southern woman . As the story unfolds , Melanie becomes progressively physically weaker , first by childbirth , then `` the hard work she had done at Tara , '' and she dies after a miscarriage . As Rhett Butler says , `` She never had any strength . She 's never had anything but heart . '' Minor characters ( edit ) `` I made Tara up , just as I made up every character in the book . But nobody will believe me . '' -- Margaret Mitchell Scarlett 's immediate family ( edit ) Ellen ( Robillard ) O'Hara : is Scarlett 's mother of French ancestry . Ellen married Gerald O'Hara , who was 28 years her senior , after her true love , Philippe Robillard , was killed in a bar fight . She is Scarlett 's ideal of a `` great lady '' . Ellen ran all aspects of the household and nursed negro slaves as well as poor white trash . She dies from typhoid fever in August 1864 after nursing Emmie Slattery . Gerald O'Hara : is Scarlett 's florid Irish father . An excellent horseman , Gerald likes to jump fences on horseback while intoxicated , which eventually leads to his death . Gerald 's mind becomes addled after the death of his wife , Ellen . Susan Elinor ( `` Suellen '' ) O'Hara : is Scarlett 's middle sister , born in 1846 . She became sickened by typhoid during the siege of Atlanta . After the war , Scarlett steals and marries Suellen 's beau , Frank Kennedy . Later , Suellen marries Will Benteen and has at least one child , Susie , with him . Caroline Irene ( `` Carreen '' ) O'Hara : is Scarlett 's youngest sister , born in 1848 . She was also ill with typhoid during the siege of Atlanta . She is infatuated with and later engaged to the red - headed Brent Tarleton , who is killed in the war . Broken - hearted by Brent 's death , Carreen never truly gets over it . Years later she joins a convent . O'Hara Boys : are the three boys of Ellen and Gerald O'Hara who died in infancy and are buried 100 yards from the house . Each was named Gerald after the father ; they died in succession . The headstone of each boy is inscribed `` Gerald O'Hara , Jr . '' ( It was typical of families to name the next living child after the parental namesake , even if a child had already died of that name . ) Charles Hamilton : is Melanie Wilkes ' brother and Scarlett 's first husband . Charles is a shy and loving boy . Father to Wade Hampton , Charles dies of pneumonia caused by measles , before reaching a battlefield or seeing his son . Wade Hampton Hamilton : is the son of Scarlett and Charles , born in early 1862 . He was named for his father 's commanding officer , Wade Hampton III , later governor of South Carolina . Frank Kennedy : is Suellen O'Hara's former fiancé and Scarlett 's second husband . Frank is an unattractive older man . He originally proposes to Suellen but Scarlett steals him in order to have enough money to pay the taxes on Tara and keep it . Frank is unable to comprehend Scarlett 's fears and her desperate struggle for survival after the war . He is unwilling to be as ruthless in business as Scarlett would like . Unknown to Scarlett , Frank is secretly involved in the Ku Klux Klan . He is `` shot through the head '' , according to Rhett Butler , while attempting to defend Scarlett 's honor after she is attacked . Ella Lorena Kennedy : is the homely daughter of Scarlett and Frank . Eugenie Victoria `` Bonnie Blue '' Butler : is Scarlett and Rhett 's pretty , strong - willed daughter . She is as Irish in looks and temper as Gerald O'Hara , with the same blue eyes . Tara ( edit ) Mammy : is Scarlett 's nurse from birth . A slave , she originally was held by Scarlett 's grandmother and raised her mother , Ellen O'Hara . Mammy is `` head woman of the plantation . '' Pork : is Gerald O'Hara's valet and his first slave . He won Pork in a game of poker ( as he did the plantation Tara , in a separate poker game ) . When Gerald died , Scarlett gave his pocket watch to Pork . She wanted to have the watch engraved with the words , `` To Pork from the O'Haras -- Well done good and faithful servant , '' but Pork declined the offer . Dilcey : is Pork 's wife and a slave woman of mixed Indian and African descent . Scarlett pushes her father into buying Dilcey and her daughter Prissy from John Wilkes , the latter as a favor to Dilcey that she never forgets . Prissy : is a slave girl , Dilcey 's daughter . Prissy is Wade 's nurse and goes with Scarlett to Atlanta when she lives with Aunt Pittypat . Jonas Wilkerson : is the Yankee overseer of Tara before the Civil War . Big Sam : is a strong , hardworking field slave and the foreman at Tara . In post-war lawlessness , Big Sam comes to Scarlett 's rescue from would - be thieves . Will Benteen : is a `` South Georgia cracker , '' Confederate soldier , and patient listener to the troubles of all . Will lost part of his leg in the war and walks with the aid of a wooden stump . He is taken in by the O'Haras on his journey home from the war ; after his recovery he stays on to manage the farm at Tara . Fond of Carreen O'Hara , he is disappointed when she decides to enter a convent . Not wanting to leave Tara , he later marries Suellen and has at least one child , Susie , with her . Clayton County ( edit ) India Wilkes : is the sister of Honey and Ashley Wilkes . She is described as plain . India was courted by Stuart Tarleton before he and his brother Brent both fell in love with Scarlett . Honey Wilkes : is the sister of India and Ashley Wilkes . Honey is described as having the `` odd lashless look of a rabbit . '' John Wilkes : is owner of `` Twelve Oaks '' and patriarch of the Wilkes family . John Wilkes is educated and gracious . He is killed during the siege of Atlanta . Tarleton Boys : Boyd , Tom , and the twins , Brent and Stuart : The red - headed Tarleton boys were in frequent scrapes , loved practical jokes and gossip , and `` were worse than the plagues of Egypt , '' according to their mother . The inseparable twins , Brent and Stuart , at 19 years old were six feet two inches tall . All four boys were killed in the war , the twins just moments apart at the Battle of Gettysburg . Boyd was buried somewhere in Virginia . Tarleton Girls : Hetty , Camilla , ' Randa and Betsy : The stunning Tarleton girls have varying shades of red hair . Beatrice Tarleton : is the mistress of the `` Fairhill '' plantation . She was a busy woman , managing a large cotton plantation , a hundred negroes , and eight children , and the largest horse - breeding farm in Georgia . Hot - tempered , she believed that `` a lick every now and then did her boys no harm . '' Calvert Family : Raiford , Cade and Cathleen : are the O'Haras ' Clayton County neighbors from another plantation , `` Pine Bloom '' . Cathleen Calvert was young Scarlett 's friend . Their widowed father Hugh married a Yankee governess , who was called `` the second Mrs. Calvert . '' Next to Scarlett , Cathleen `` had had more beaux than any girl in the County , '' but eventually married their former Yankee overseer , Mr. Hilton . Fontaine Family : Joe , Tony and Alex are known for their hot tempers . Joe is killed at Gettysburg , while Tony murders Jonas Wilkerson in a barroom and flees to Texas , leaving Alex to tend to their plantation . Grandma Fontaine , also known as `` Old Miss , '' is the wife of old Doc Fontaine , the boys ' grandfather . `` Young Miss '' and young Dr. Fontaine , the boys ' parents , and Sally ( Munroe ) Fontaine , wife to Joe , make up the remaining family of the `` Mimosa '' plantation . Emmie Slattery : is poor white trash . The daughter of Tom Slattery , her family lived on three acres along the swamp bottoms between the O'Hara and Wilkes plantations . Emmie gave birth to an illegitimate child fathered by Jonas Wilkerson , a Yankee and the overseer at Tara . The child died . Emmie later married Jonas . After the war , flush with carpetbagger cash , they try to buy Tara , but Scarlett refuses the offer . Atlanta ( edit ) Aunt Pittypat Hamilton : Named Sarah Jane Hamilton , she acquired the nickname `` Pittypat '' in childhood because of the way she walked on her tiny feet . Aunt Pittypat is a spinster who lives in the red - brick house at the quiet end of Peachtree Street in Atlanta . The house is half - owned by Scarlett ( after the death of Charles Hamilton ) . Pittypat 's financial affairs are managed by her brother , Henry , whom she does n't especially care for . Aunt Pittypat raised Melanie and Charles Hamilton after the death of their father , with considerable help from her slave , Uncle Peter . Uncle Henry Hamilton : is Aunt Pittypat 's brother , an attorney , and the uncle of Charles and Melanie . Uncle Peter : is an older slave , who serves as Aunt Pittypat 's coach driver and general factotum . Uncle Peter looked after Melanie and Charles Hamilton when they were young . Beau Wilkes : is Melanie and Ashley 's son , who is born in Atlanta when the siege begins and transported to Tara after birth . Archie : is an ex-convict and former Confederate soldier who was imprisoned for the murder of his adulterous wife before the war . Archie is taken in by Melanie and later becomes Scarlett 's coach driver . Meade Family : Atlanta society considers Dr. Meade to be `` the root of all strength and all wisdom . '' He looks after injured soldiers during the siege with assistance from Melanie and Scarlett . Mrs. Meade is on the bandage - rolling committee . Their two sons are killed in the war . Merriwether Family : Mrs. Dolly Merriwether is an Atlanta dowager along with Mrs. Elsing and Mrs. Whiting . Post-war she sells homemade pies to survive , eventually opening her own bakery . Her father - in - law Grandpa Merriwether fights in the Home Guard and survives the war . Her daughter Maybelle marries René Picard , a Louisiana Zouave . Belle Watling : is a prostitute and brothel madam who is portrayed as a loyal Confederate . Melanie declares she will acknowledge Belle when she passes her in the street , but Belle tells her not to . Robillard family ( edit ) Pierre Robillard : is the father of Ellen O'Hara . He was staunchly Presbyterian even though his family was Roman Catholic . The thought of his daughter becoming a nun was worse than her marrying Gerald O'Hara . Solange Robillard : is the mother of Ellen O'Hara and Scarlett 's grandmother . She was a dainty Frenchwoman who was snooty and cold . Eulalie and Pauline Robillard : are the married sisters of Ellen O'Hara who live in Charleston . Philippe Robillard : is the cousin of Ellen O'Hara and her first love . Philippe died in a bar fight in New Orleans around 1844 . Themes ( edit ) Survival ( edit ) If Gone with the Wind has a theme it is that of survival . What makes some people come through catastrophes and others , apparently just as able , strong , and brave , go under ? It happens in every upheaval . Some people survive ; others do n't . What qualities are in those who fight their way through triumphantly that are lacking in those that go under ? I only know that survivors used to call that quality ' gumption . ' So I wrote about people who had gumption and people who did n't . -- Margaret Mitchell , 1936 Color symbolism ( edit ) Mitchell 's use of color in the novel is symbolic and open to interpretation . Red , green , and a variety of hues of each of these colors , are the predominant palette of colors related to Scarlett . She is also linked to white by the color of her skin . Symbolically , red and green have been broadly defined to mean `` vitality '' ( red ) and `` rebirth '' ( green ) . Mitchell interwove the two colors into her description of the Tara plantation : `` red fields with springing green cotton '' . The red fields are `` blood - colored after rains '' . The whitewashed brick plantation house is virtually nondescript by comparison to the plantation fields and sits like an island in a sea of red . In springtime , the lawn around the plantation house turns emerald green . For the Irish and others , green in the novel represents Mitchell 's commemoration of her `` Green Irish heritage . '' Gerald O'Hara pridefully sings `` The Wearin ' o the Green '' . Scarlett 's green - coded Irish identity is the strength that ensures she will thrive post-war . Rhett likens Scarlett 's strength to the mythological figure Antaeus , who stays strong only when he is in contact with his Mother Earth . Scarlett 's mythical mother is Tara . Scarlett is not all green ; her name suggests the `` erotically - charged color '' red . The only openly `` scarlet woman '' in the novel is the red - headed Belle Watling , whose hair is `` too red to be true '' . Mammy is reluctant to reveal her red petticoat to Rhett ; nevertheless , she has sexual knowledge akin to Belle Watling . Scarlett , whom Mitchell pits against the war , `` prostitutes '' herself to pay the taxes on Tara . By her name , Scarlett evokes emotions and images of the color scarlet : `` blood , passion , anger , sexuality , madness '' . Reception ( edit ) Reviews ( edit ) The sales of Margaret Mitchell 's novel in the summer of 1936 , deep in the Great Depression and at the virtually unprecedented high price of three dollars , reached about one million by the end of December . The book was a bestseller by the time reviews began to appear in national magazines . Herschel Brickell , a critic for the New York Evening Post , lauded Mitchell for the way she `` tosses out the window all the thousands of technical tricks our novelists have been playing with for the past twenty years . '' Ralph Thompson , a book reviewer for The New York Times , was critical of the length of the novel , and wrote in June 1936 : I happen to feel that the book would have been infinitely better had it been edited down to say , 500 pages , but there speaks the harassed daily reviewer as well as the would - be judicious critic . Very nearly every reader will agree , no doubt , that a more disciplined and less prodigal piece of work would have more nearly done justice to the subject - matter . The novel was released in the era of the Great Depression and Mitchell worried the high $3.00 price would ruin its chance for success . By the time Mary Louise received this copy from Mother and Dad in December 1937 , the novel was the top American fiction bestseller for the second year in a row . Racial , ethnicity and social issues ( edit ) Gone with the Wind has been criticized for its stereotypical and derogatory portrayal of African Americans in the 19th century South . Former field hands during the early days of Reconstruction are described behaving `` as creatures of small intelligence might naturally be expected to do . Like monkeys or small children turned loose among treasured objects whose value is beyond their comprehension , they ran wild -- either from perverse pleasure in destruction or simply because of their ignorance . '' Commenting on this passage of the novel , Jabari Asim , author of The N Word : Who Can Say It , Who Should n't , and Why , says it is , `` one of the more charitable passages in Gone With the Wind , Margaret Mitchell hesitated to blame black ' insolence ' during Reconstruction solely on ' mean niggers ' , of which , she said , there were few even in slavery days . '' Critics say that Mitchell downplayed the violent role of the Ku Klux Klan and their abuse of freedmen . Author Pat Conroy , in his preface to a later edition of the novel , describes Mitchell 's portrayal of the Ku Klux Klan as having `` the same romanticized role it had in The Birth of a Nation and appears to be a benign combination of the Elks Club and a men 's equestrian society '' . Regarding the historical inaccuracies of the novel , historian Richard N. Current points out : No doubt it is indeed unfortunate that Gone with the Wind perpetuates many myths about Reconstruction , particularly with respect to blacks . Margaret Mitchell did not originate them and a young novelist can scarcely be faulted for not knowing what the majority of mature , professional historians did not know until many years later . In Gone with the Wind , Mitchell explores some complexities in racial issues . Scarlett was asked by a Yankee woman for advice on who to appoint as a nurse for her children ; Scarlett suggested a `` darky '' , much to the disgust of the Yankee woman who was seeking an Irish maid , a `` Bridget '' . African Americans and Irish Americans are treated `` in precisely the same way '' in Gone with the Wind , writes David O'Connell in his 1996 book , The Irish Roots of Margaret Mitchell 's Gone With the Wind . Ethnic slurs on the Irish and Irish stereotypes pervade the novel , O'Connell claims , and Scarlett is not an exception to the terminology . Irish scholar Geraldine Higgins notes that Jonas Wilkerson labels Scarlett : `` you highflying , bogtrotting Irish '' . Higgins says that , as the Irish American O'Haras were slaveholders and African Americans were held in bondage , the two ethnic groups are not equivalent in the ethnic hierarchy of the novel . The novel has been criticized for promoting plantation values . Mitchell biographer Marianne Walker , author of Margaret Mitchell and John Marsh : The Love Story Behind Gone with the Wind , believes that those who attack the book on these grounds have not read it . She said that the popular 1939 film `` promotes a false notion of the Old South '' . Mitchell was not involved in the screenplay or film production . James Loewen , author of Lies My Teacher Told Me : Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong , says this novel should be taught in schools . In 1984 , an alderman in Waukegan , Illinois , challenged the book 's inclusion on the reading list of the Waukegan School District on the grounds of `` racism '' and `` unacceptable language . '' He objected to the frequent use of the racial slur nigger . He also objected to several other books : The Nigger of the ' Narcissus ' , Uncle Tom 's Cabin , and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn for the same reason . Awards and recognition ( edit ) In 1937 , Margaret Mitchell received the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction for Gone with the Wind and the second annual National Book Award from the American Booksellers Association . It is ranked as the second favorite book by American readers , just behind the Bible , according to a 2008 Harris Poll . The poll found the novel has its strongest following among women , those aged 44 or more , both Southerners and Midwesterners , both whites and Hispanics , and those who have not attended college . In a 2014 Harris poll , Mitchell 's novel ranked again as second , after the Bible . The novel is on the list of best - selling books . As of 2010 , more than 30 million copies have been printed in the United States and abroad . More than 24 editions of Gone with the Wind have been issued in China . TIME magazine critics , Lev Grossman and Richard Lacayo , included the novel on their list of the 100 best English - language novels from 1923 to the present ( 2005 ) . In 2003 the book was listed at number 21 on the BBC 's The Big Read poll of the UK 's `` best - loved novel . '' Adaptations ( edit ) Gone with the Wind has been adapted several times for stage and screen : The novel is the basis of the Academy Award - winning 1939 film produced by David Selznick and starring Clark Gable and Vivien Leigh . The book was adapted into a musical , Scarlett , which opened in Tokyo in 1970 ( in 1966 it was produced as a nine - hour play without music ) , and in London in 1972 , where it was reduced to four hours . The London production opened in 1973 in Los Angeles , and again in Dallas in 1976 . The Japanese Takarazuka Revue produced a musical adaptation of the novel , Kaze to Tomo ni Sarinu , which was performed by the all female Moon Troupe in 1977 . The most recent performance was in January 2014 by the Moon Troupe , with Todoroki Yuu as Rhett Butler and Ryu Masaki as Scarlett O'Hara . A 2003 French musical adaptation was produced by Gérard Presgurvic , Autant en Emporte le Vent . The book was adapted into a British musical , Gone with the Wind , and opened in 2008 in the U.K. at the New London Theatre . A full - length three - act classical ballet version , with a score arranged from the works of Antonín Dvořák and choreographed by Lilla Pártay , premiered in 2007 as performed by the Hungarian National Ballet . It was revived in their 2013 season . A new stage adaptation by Niki Landau premiered at the Manitoba Theatre Center in Winnipeg , Canada , in January 2013 . In popular culture ( edit ) 1940 Women 's Press Club skit in which Mammy Congress puts Scarlett O'Budgett into her corset before going to a ' lection party . Gone with the Wind has appeared in many places and forms in popular culture : Books , television and more ( edit ) A 1945 cartoon by World War II cartoonist , Bill Mauldin , shows an American soldier lying on the ground with Margaret Mitchell 's bullet - riddled book . The caption reads : `` Dear , Dear Miss Mitchell , You will probably think this is an awful funny letter to get from a soldier , but I was carrying your big book , Gone with the Wind , under my shirt and a ... '' In the season 3 episode of I Love Lucy , `` Lucy Writes a Novel '' , which aired on April 5 , 1954 , `` Lucy '' ( Lucille Ball ) reads about a housewife who makes a fortune writing a novel in her spare time . Lucy writes her own novel , which she titles Real Gone with the Wind . Gone with the Wind is the book that S.E. Hinton 's runaway teenage characters , `` Ponyboy '' and `` Johnny , '' read while hiding from the law in the young adult novel The Outsiders ( 1967 ) . A film parody titled `` Went with the Wind ! '' aired in a 1976 episode of The Carol Burnett Show . Burnett , as `` Starlett '' , descends a long staircase wearing a green curtain complete with hanging rod . The outfit , designed by Bob Mackie , is displayed at the Smithsonian Institution . MAD magazine created a parody of the novel , `` Groan With the Wind '' ( 1991 ) , in which Ashley was renamed `` Ashtray '' and Rhett became `` Rhetch . '' It ends with Rhetch and Ashtray running off together . A pictorial parody in which the slaves are white and the protagonists are black appeared in a 1995 issue of Vanity Fair titled , `` Scarlett ' n the Hood '' . In a MADtv comedy sketch ( 2007 ) , `` Slave Girl # 8 '' introduces three alternative endings to the film . In one ending , Scarlett pursues Rhett wearing a jet pack . 2009 The `` Curtain Dress '' from The Carol Burnett Show on display at the Smithsonian Institution Collectibles ( edit ) On June 30 , 1986 , the 50th anniversary of the day Gone with the Wind went on sale , the U.S. Post Office issued a 1 - cent stamp showing an image of Margaret Mitchell . The stamp was designed by Ronald Adair and was part of the U.S. Postal Service 's Great Americans series . On September 10 , 1998 , the U.S. Post Office issued a 32 - cent stamp as part of its Celebrate the Century series recalling various important events in the 20th century . The stamp , designed by Howard Paine , displays the book with its original dust jacket , a white Magnolia blossom , and a hilt placed against a background of green velvet . To commemorate the 75th anniversary ( 2011 ) of the publication of Gone with the Wind in 1936 , Scribner published a paperback edition featuring the book 's original jacket art . The Windies ( edit ) The Windies are ardent Gone with the Wind fans who follow all the latest news and events surrounding the book and film . They gather periodically in costumes from the film or dressed as Margaret Mitchell . Atlanta , Georgia is their mecca . Legacy ( edit ) One story of the legacy of Gone with the Wind is that people worldwide incorrectly think it was the `` true story '' of the Old South and how it was changed by the American Civil War and Reconstruction . The film adaptation of the novel `` amplified this effect . '' The plantation legend was `` burned '' into the mind of the public through Mitchell 's vivid prose . Moreover , her fictional account of the war and its aftermath has influenced how the world has viewed the city of Atlanta for successive generations . Some readers of the novel have seen the film first and read the novel afterward . One difference between the film and the novel is the staircase scene , in which Rhett carries Scarlett up the stairs . In the film , Scarlett weakly struggles and does not scream as Rhett starts up the stairs . In the novel , `` he hurt her and she cried out , muffled , frightened . '' Earlier in the novel , in an intended rape at Shantytown ( Chapter 44 ) , Scarlett is attacked by a black man who rips open her dress while a white man grabs hold of the horse 's bridle . She is rescued by another black man , Big Sam . In the film , she is attacked by a white man , while a black man grabs the horse 's bridle . The Library of Congress began a multiyear `` Celebration of the Book '' in July 2012 with an exhibition on Books That Shaped America , and an initial list of 88 books by American authors that have influenced American lives . Gone with the Wind was included in the Library 's list . Librarian of Congress , James H. Billington said : This list is a starting point . It is not a register of the ' best ' American books -- although many of them fit that description . Rather , the list is intended to spark a national conversation on books written by Americans that have influenced our lives , whether they appear on this initial list or not . Among books on the list considered to be the Great American Novel were Moby - Dick , Adventures of Huckleberry Finn , The Great Gatsby , The Grapes of Wrath , The Catcher in the Rye , Invisible Man , and To Kill a Mockingbird . Throughout the world , the novel appeals due to its universal themes : war , love , death , racial conflict , class , gender and generation , which speak especially to women . In North Korea , readers relate to the novel 's theme of survival , finding it to be `` the most compelling message of the novel '' . Margaret Mitchell 's personal collection of nearly 70 foreign language translations of her novel was given to the Atlanta Public Library after her death . On August 16 , 2012 , the Archdiocese of Atlanta announced that it had been bequeathed a 50 % stake in the trademarks and literary rights to Gone With the Wind from the estate of Margaret Mitchell 's deceased nephew , Joseph Mitchell . Margaret Mitchell had separated from the Catholic Church . However , one of Mitchell 's biographers , Darden Asbury Pyron , stated that Margaret Mitchell had `` an intense relationship '' with her mother , who was a Roman Catholic . Original manuscript ( edit ) The Crescent Apartments in Atlanta , Georgia , where Margaret Mitchell wrote her novel , is now operated as the Margaret Mitchell House and Museum . Although some of Mitchell 's papers and documents related to the writing of Gone with the Wind were burned after her death , many documents , including assorted draft chapters , were preserved . The last four chapters of the novel are held by the Pequot Library of Southport , Connecticut . Publication and reprintings ( 1936 - usa ) ( edit ) The first printing of 10,000 copies contains the original publication date : `` Published May , 1936 '' . After the book was chosen as the Book - of - the - Month 's selection for July , publication was delayed until June 30 . The second printing of 25,000 copies ( and subsequent printings ) contains the release date : `` Published June , 1936 . '' The third printing of 15,000 copies was made in June 1936 . Additionally , 50,000 copies were printed for the Book - of - the - Month Club July selection . Gone with the Wind was officially released to the American public on June 30 , 1936 . Sequels and prequels ( edit ) Although Mitchell refused to write a sequel to Gone with the Wind , Mitchell 's estate authorized Alexandra Ripley to write a sequel , which was titled Scarlett . The book was subsequently adapted into a television mini-series in 1994 . A second sequel was authorized by Mitchell 's estate titled Rhett Butler 's People , by Donald McCaig . The novel parallels Gone With the Wind from Rhett Butler 's perspective . In 2010 , Mitchell 's estate authorized McCaig to write a prequel , which follows the life of the house servant Mammy , whom McCaig names `` Ruth '' . The novel , Ruth 's Journey , was released in 2014 . The copyright holders of Gone with the Wind attempted to suppress publication of The Wind Done Gone by Alice Randall , which retold the story from the perspective of the slaves . A federal appeals court denied the plaintiffs an injunction ( Suntrust v. Houghton Mifflin ) against publication on the basis that the book was parody and therefore protected by the First Amendment . The parties subsequently settled out of court and the book went on to become a New York Times Best Seller . A book sequel unauthorized by the copyright holders , The Winds of Tara by Katherine Pinotti , was blocked from publication in the United States . The novel was republished in Australia , avoiding U.S. copyright restrictions . Away from copyright lawsuits , Internet fan fiction has proved to be a fertile medium for sequels ( some of them book - length ) , parodies , and rewritings of Gone with the Wind . Numerous unauthorized sequels to Gone with the Wind have been published in Russia , mostly under the pseudonym Yuliya Hilpatrik , a cover for a consortium of writers . The New York Times states that most of these have a `` Slavic '' flavor . Several sequels were written in Hungarian under the pseudonym Audrey D. Milland or Audrey Dee Milland , by at least four different authors ( who are named in the colophon as translators to make the book seem a translation from the English original , a procedure common in the 1990s but prohibited by law since then ) . The first one picks up where Ripley 's Scarlett ended , the next one is about Scarlett 's daughter Cat . Other books include a prequel trilogy about Scarlett 's grandmother Solange and a three - part miniseries of a supposed illegitimate daughter of Carreen . See also ( edit ) Atlanta portal State of Georgia portal Books portal Novels portal Lost Laysen , a 1916 novella written by Mitchell Southern literature Southern Renaissance Le Monde 's 100 Books of the Century References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : About the Author Jump up ^ Margaret Mitchell , touched by the `` far away , faintly sad sound I wanted '' of the third stanza 's first line , chose that line as the title of her novel Gone with the Wind . https://www.awesomestories.com/asset/view/SOURCE-of-the-TITLE-GWTW-Margaret-Mitchell-Gone-with-the-Wind Jump up ^ Obituary : Miss Mitchell , 49 , Dead of Injuries ( August 17 , 1949 ) New York Times . Retrieved May 14 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` People on the Home Front : Margaret Mitchell '' , Sgt . H.N. Oliphant , Yank , ( October 19 , 1945 ) , p. 9 . Retrieved May 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Edwards , Anne ( 1983 ) . Road to Tara : The Life of Margaret Mitchell . New Haven , Connecticut : Ticknor & Fields . pp. 17 -- 18 . ISBN 9780899191690 . ^ Jump up to : Gavin Lambert , `` The Making of Gone With the Wind '' , Atlantic Monthly , ( February 1973 ) . Retrieved May 14 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Joseph M. Flora , Lucinda H. MacKethan , Todd Taylor ( 2002 ) , The Companion to Southern Literature : themes , genres , places , people , movements and motifs , Louisiana State University Press , p. 308 . ISBN 0 - 8071 - 2692 - 6 Jump up ^ `` Gone with the Wind '' . Merriam - Webster 's Encyclopedia of Literature . Encyclopaedia Britannica . Jump up ^ Jenny Bond and Chris Sheedy ( 2008 ) , Who the Hell is Pansy O'Hara ? : The Fascinating Stories Behind 50 of the World 's Best - Loved Books , Penguin Books , p. 96 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 311364 - 5 Jump up ^ Ernest Dowson ( 1867 -- 1900 ) , `` Non Sum Qualis Eram Bonae sub Regno Cynarae '' . Retrieved March 31 , 2012 ^ Jump up to : Part 3 , Chapter 24 Jump up ^ John Hollander , ( 1981 ) The Figure of Echo : a mode of allusion in Milton and after , University of California Press , p. 107 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 05323 - 6 Jump up ^ William Flesch , ( 2010 ) The Facts on File Companion to British Poetry , 19th century , Infobase Publishing , p. 89 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 5896 - 9 Jump up ^ Poem of the week : `` Non sum qualis eram bonae sub regno Cynarae '' by Ernest Dowson , Carol Rumen ( March 14 , 2011 ) The Guardian . Retrieved January 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ As the narrative begins , `` ' General Beauregard shelled ( the Yankees ) out of Fort Sumter day before yesterday ' '' ( April 13 ) , Part 1 , Chapter 1 , 15th paragraph . ^ Jump up to : Part 1 , chapter 1 ^ Jump up to : Part 1 , chapter 6 ^ Jump up to : Part 1 , chapter 7 ^ Jump up to : Part 2 , chapter 9 Jump up ^ `` When this Cruel War is Over ( Weeping , Sad and Lonely ) '' , Charles C. Sawyer and Henry Tucker , published by J.C. Schreiner & Son , Savannah , Georgia , 1862 . Stephen Collins Foster : Popular American Music Collection . Jump up ^ Weeping Sad and Lonely sung by Elizabeth Foster from the documentary Civil War Songs and Stories , copyright Nashville Public Television , 2011 ^ Jump up to : Part 3 , chapter 17 Jump up ^ Part 3 , chapter 22 ^ Jump up to : Part 4 , chapter 35 ^ Jump up to : Part 4 , chapter 42 ^ Jump up to : Part 4 , chapter 47 ^ Jump up to : Part 5 , chapter 50 Jump up ^ Part 5 , chapter 53 ^ Jump up to : Part 5 , chapter 54 ^ Jump up to : Part 5 , chapter 56 ^ Jump up to : Part 5 , chapter 57 Jump up ^ Part 5 , chapter 59 ^ Jump up to : Part 5 , chapter 63 ^ Jump up to : Kathryn Lee Seidel ( 1985 ) , The Southern Belle in the American Novel , University Presses of Florida , p. 53 . ISBN 0 - 8130 - 0811 - 5 ^ Jump up to : `` A Critic at Large : A Study in Scarlett '' Claudia Roth Pierpont , ( August 31 , 1992 ) The New Yorker , p. 87 . Retrieved May 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ken Gelder ( 2004 ) , Popular Fiction : the logics and practices of a literary field , New York : Taylor & Francis e-Library , p. 49 . ISBN 0 - 203 - 02336 - 6 Jump up ^ Pamela Regis ( 2011 ) , A Natural History of the Romance Novel , University of Pennsylvania Press , p. 48 . ISBN 0 - 8122 - 1522 - 2 Jump up ^ Deborah Lutz ( 2006 ) , The Dangerous Lover : Villains , Byronism , and the nineteenth - century seduction narrative , The Ohio State University , p. 1 & 7 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8142 - 1034 - 5 Jump up ^ James W. Elliott ( 1914 ) , My Old Black Mammy , New York City : Published weekly by James W. Elliott , Inc . OCLC 823454 Jump up ^ Junius P. Rodriguez ( 2007 ) , Slavery in the United States : a social , political and historical encyclopedia . Santa Barbara : ABC - CLIO , Vol. 2 : p. 372 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 549 - 0 Jump up ^ Tim A. Ryan ( 2008 ) , Calls and Responses : the American Novel of Slavery since Gone With the Wind , Louisiana State University Press , p. 69 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8071 - 3322 - 4 . Jump up ^ Ryan ( 2008 ) , Calls and Responses , p. 22 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Part 4 , chapter 37 ^ Jump up to : Part 4 , chapter 38 Jump up ^ Ryan ( 2008 ) , Calls and Responses , p. 23 . Jump up ^ William Wells Brown ( 1847 ) , Narrative of William W. Brown , Fugitive Slave , Boston : Published at the Anti-Slavery Office , No. 25 Cornhill , p. 15 . OCLC 12705739 Jump up ^ Kimberly Wallace - Sanders ( 2008 ) , Mammy : a century of race and Southern memory , University of Michigan Press , p. 130 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 472 - 11614 - 0 Jump up ^ `` The Old Black Mammy '' , ( January 1918 ) Confederate Veteran . Retrieved April 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Love 's Old , Sweet Song '' , J.L. Molloy and G. Clifton Bingham , 1884 . Retrieved April 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Micki McElya ( 2007 ) , Clinging to Mammy : the faithful slave in twentieth - century America , Harvard University Press , p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 02433 - 5 Jump up ^ Flora , J.M. , et al. , The Companion to Southern Literature : themes , genres , places , people , movements and motifs , pp. 140 -- 144 . Jump up ^ Carolyn Perry and Mary Louise Weaks ( 2002 ) , The History of Southern Women 's Literature , Louisiana State University Press , p. 261 . ISBN 0 - 8071 - 2753 - 1 ^ Jump up to : Part 1 , chapter 3 Jump up ^ Seidel , K.L. , The Southern Belle in the American Novel , p. 53 - 54 Jump up ^ Pierpont , C.R. , '' A Critic at Large : A Study in Scarlett `` , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Seidel , K.L. , The Southern Belle in the American Novel , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Perry , C. , et al. , The History of Southern Women 's Literature , pp. 259 , 261 . Jump up ^ Betina Entzminger ( 2002 ) , The Belle Gone Bad : White Southern women writers and the dark seductress , Louisiana State University Press , p. 106 . ISBN 0 - 8071 - 2785 - X Jump up ^ Why we love -- and hate -- ' Gone with the Wind ' . Todd Leopold ( December 31 , 2014 ) CNN . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Giselle Roberts ( 2003 ) , The Confederate Belle , University of Missouri Press , p. 87 - 88 . ISBN 0 - 8262 - 1464 - 9 Jump up ^ Laura F. Edwards ( 2000 ) , Scarlett Does n't Live Here Anymore : Southern Women and the Civil War Era , University of Illinois Press , p. 3 . ISBN 0 - 252 - 02568 - 7 Jump up ^ Jennifer W. Dickey ( 2014 ) , A Tough Little Patch of History : Gone with the Wind and the politics of memory , University of Arkansas Press , p. 66 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55728 - 657 - 4 Jump up ^ Ada W. Bacot and Jean V. Berlin ( 1994 ) , A Confederate Nurse : The Diary of Ada W. Bacot , 1860 -- 1863 , University of South Carolina Press , pp. ix -- x , 1 , 4 . ISBN 1 - 57003 - 386 - 2 Jump up ^ Kate Cumming and Richard Barksdale Harwell ( 1959 ) , Kate : The Journal of a Confederate Nurse , Louisiana State University Press , p. xiii . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8071 - 2267 - 9 Jump up ^ Cumming , K. , et al. , Kate : The Journal of a Confederate Nurse , p. 15 . ^ Jump up to : Part 2 , chapter 14 Jump up ^ Part 2 , chapter 15 ^ Jump up to : Part 2 , chapter 16 Jump up ^ Henry Marvin Wharton ( 1904 ) , War Songs and Poems of the Southern Confederacy , 1861 -- 1865 , Philadelphia : The John C. Winston Co. , p. 188 . OCLC 9348166 ^ Jump up to : Daniel E. Sutherland ( 1988 ) , The Confederate Carpetbaggers , Louisiana State University Press , p. 4 . ISBN 0 - 8071 - 1393 - X ^ Jump up to : Elizabeth Young , ( 1999 ) Disarming the Nation : Women 's Writing and the American Civil War , University of Chicago Press , p. 254 . ISBN 0 - 226 - 96087 - 0 ^ Jump up to : Part 4 , chapter 41 ^ Jump up to : Part 2 , chapter 11 ^ Jump up to : Young , E. , Disarming the Nation : women 's writing and the American Civil War , p. 252 Jump up ^ William Shakespeare , A Midsummer Night 's Dream , Act 5 , Scene 1 : The poet 's eye , in fine frenzy rolling , Doth glance from heaven to Earth , from Earth to heaven . Jump up ^ Anne Goodwyn Jones ( 1981 ) , Tomorrow is Another Day : The woman writer in the South 1859 -- 1936 , Baton Rouge : University of Louisiana Press , p. 354 - 355 . ISBN 0 - 8071 - 0776 - X ^ Jump up to : Part 1 , chapter 2 ^ Jump up to : Young , E. , Disarming the Nation : women 's writing and the American Civil War , p. 253 . Jump up ^ Jones , A.G. , Tomorrow is Another Day : the woman writer in the South 1859 -- 1936 , p. 355 . Jump up ^ Darden Asbury Pyron ( 1991 ) , Southern Daughter : the life of Margaret Mitchell , New York : Oxford University Press , p. 320 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 505276 - 3 Jump up ^ Craig Thompson Friend , ( 2009 ) Southern Masculinity : Perspectives on Manhood in the South since Reconstruction , University of Georgia Press , p. xviii . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8203 - 3674 - 9 Jump up ^ Part 4 , chapter 33 Jump up ^ Lutz , D. , The Dangerous Lover : Villains , Byronism , and the Nineteenth - century Seduction Narrative , p. 84 . Jump up ^ John S. Farmer ( 1889 ) , Farmer 's Dictionary of Americanisms , Thomas Poulter & Sons , p. 473 . OCLC 702331118 Jump up ^ Leslie Dunkling ( 1990 ) , A Dictionary of Epithets and Terms of Address , London ; New York : Routledge , p. 216 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 00761 - 5 Jump up ^ Part 4 , chapter 31 Jump up ^ Part 4 , chapters 37 & 46 ^ Jump up to : Part 2 , chapter 13 ^ Jump up to : Numan V. Bartley ( 1988 ) , The Evolution of Southern Culture , University of Georgia Press , p. 99 . ISBN 0 - 8203 - 0993 - 1 Jump up ^ Margaret Mitchell and Patrick Allen ( 2000 ) , Margaret Mitchell : Reporter , Athens : Hill Street Press , p. 152 - 154 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57003 - 937 - 9 Jump up ^ Young , E. , Disarming the Nation : women 's writing and the American Civil War , p. 259 . ^ Jump up to : Part 5 , chapter 62 ^ Jump up to : Part 3 , chapter 19 ^ Jump up to : Part 5 , chapter 61 Jump up ^ `` The Strange Story Behind Gone With the Wind '' , Actor Cordell , Jr . ( February 1961 ) Coronet , p. 106 . Retrieved April 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Part 4 , chapter 39 Jump up ^ Part 3 , chapter 25 ^ Jump up to : Part 3 , chapter 30 ^ Jump up to : Part 4 , chapter 36 ^ Jump up to : Part 4 , chapter 46 ^ Jump up to : Part 1 , chapter 5 ^ Jump up to : Part 1 , chapter 4 Jump up ^ Part 4 , chapter 44 ^ Jump up to : Part 3 , chapter 29 ^ Jump up to : Part 3 , chapter 26 Jump up ^ Part 2 , chapter 10 Jump up ^ Part 4 , chapter 32 ^ Jump up to : Part 2 , chapter 8 Jump up ^ Part 3 , chapter 23 ^ Jump up to : Part 3 , chapter 21 Jump up ^ Part 3 , chapter 18 ^ Jump up to : `` Color Symbolism and Mythology in Margaret Mitchell 's Novel Gone with the Wind '' , O. Levitski and O. Dumer ( September 2006 ) Magazine Americana . Retrieved December 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ David O'Connell ( 1996 ) , The Irish Roots of Margaret Mitchell 's Gone With the Wind , Decatur : Claves & Petry Ltd , p. 58 & 63 . ISBN 978 - 0965309301 Jump up ^ Bryan Albin Giemza ( 2013 ) , Rethinking the Irish in the American South : beyond rounders and reelers , University Press of Mississippi , p. 85 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61703 - 798 - 6 Jump up ^ Pyron , D.A. , Southern Daughter : The Life of Margaret Mitchell , p. 366 . Jump up ^ Young , E. , Disarming the Nation : women 's writing and the American Civil War , p. 268 & 272 . Jump up ^ Catherine Clinton ( 1994 ) , Half Sisters of History : Southern Women and the American Past , Duke University Press , p. 176 . ISBN 978 - 0822314967 Jump up ^ Helen Taylor ( 1989 ) , Scarlett 's Women : Gone with the Wind and its Female Fans , Rutgers University Press , p. 79 . ISBN 0 - 8135 - 1496 - 7 Jump up ^ Pierpont , C.R. , A Critic at Large : A Study in Scarlett , p. 88 . Jump up ^ `` Books of the Times : Gone With the Wind by Margaret Mitchell '' , Ralph Thompson , ( June 30 , 1936 ) New York Times . Retrieved May 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Brown , E. , et al. , Margaret Mitchell 's Gone With the Wind : A Bestseller 's Odyssey from Atlanta to Hollywood , Taylor Trade Publishing , p. 44 & 167 . ^ Jump up to : James Loewen `` Debunking History '' , US History transcript from May 12 , 2000 . Retrieved April 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jabari Asim ( 2007 ) , The N Word : Who Can Say It , Who Should n't , and Why , New York : Houghton Mifflin Company , p. 150 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 19717 - 0 Jump up ^ Pat Conroy , Preface to Gone With the Wind , Pocket Books edition Jump up ^ Albert E. Castel ( 2010 ) , Winning and Losing in the Civil War : Essays and Stories , University of South Carolina Press , p. 87 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57003 - 917 - 1 Jump up ^ O'Connell , D. , The Irish Roots of Margaret Mitchell 's Gone With the Wind , p. 14 - 15 & 71 . Jump up ^ Part 5 , chapter 49 Jump up ^ Giemza , B.A. , Rethinking the Irish in the American South : Beyond Rounders and Reelers , p. 80 - 81 & 83 . Jump up ^ Marianne Walker ( 1993 ) , Margaret Mitchell and John Marsh : The Love Story behind Gone With the Wind , Atlanta : Peachtree Publishers , p. vii ( preface to 2011 edition ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56145 - 617 - 8 Jump up ^ Dawn B. Sova ( 2006 ) , Banned Books : Literature Suppressed on Social Grounds , New York : Infobase Publishing , p. 166 . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 6271 - 4 Jump up ^ 5 Honors Awarded on the Year 's Books : ... , The New York Times , Feb 26 , 1937 , page 23 . ProQuest Historical Newspapers The New York Times ( 1851 -- 2007 ) Jump up ^ The Bible is America 's Favorite Book Followed by Gone With the Wind , ( April 8 , 2008 ) Business Wire . Retrieved May 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Bible Remains America 's Favorite Book '' , Harris Interactive ; Retrieved April 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Brown , Ellen F. , et al. , Margaret Mitchell 's Gone With the Wind : A Bestseller 's Odyssey from Atlanta to Hollywood , p. 320 . Jump up ^ Full List - ALL TIME 100 Novels , Lev Grossman and Richard Lacayo , ( October 16 , 2005 ) TIME . Retrieved May 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ TIME 'S List of the 100 Best Novels , James Kelly , ( October 16 , 2005 ) TIME . Retrieved May 10 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` BBC - The Big Read '' . BBC . April 2003 , Retrieved October 27 , 2012 Jump up ^ Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) , IMDb ; Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brown , E.F. , et al. , Margaret Mitchell 's Gone With the Wind : A Bestseller 's Odyssey from Atlanta to Hollywood , p. 292 - 293 . Jump up ^ Gone with the Wind ( Moon 1977 ) Retrieved February 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gone with the Wind ( Moon 2014 ) Retrieved February 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ fr : Autant en emporte le vent ( comédie musicale ) Jump up ^ Gone With The Wind , New London Theatre , London , Michael Billingon , ( April 22 , 2008 ) The Guardian . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gone With the Wind Dvorak , A. / Pártay L. Archived February 4 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved November 6 , 2012 Jump up ^ Gone With the Wind is frankly worth giving a damn about . Retrieved March 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Walker , M. , Margaret Mitchell and John Marsh : The Love Story Behind Gone With the Wind , p. 454 . Jump up ^ I Love Lucy - Lucy Writes a Novel . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 Jump up ^ Marylou Morano Kjelle ( 2008 ) , S.E. Hinton : Author of The Outsiders , Lake Book Mfg , p. 28 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7660 - 2720 - 6 Jump up ^ The Carol Burnett Show : Season 10 , Episode 8 . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Carol Burnett -- We Just Ca n't Resist Her ! '' . May 14 , 2009 . Retrieved August 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Groan With the Wind '' , Jack Davis and Stan Hart ( January 1991 ) , Mad # 300 . Jump up ^ Young , E. , Disarming the Nation : women 's writing and the American Civil War , p. 281 Jump up ^ MADtv ( season 12 ) Jump up ^ Gone With the Wind ( Alternate Endings ) . Retrieved September 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Gone With the Wind Stamps Jump up ^ Margaret Mitchell and Pat Conroy ( 1936 ) , Gone With the Wind , 75th Anniversary Edition ( 2011 paperback ) , New York : Scribner . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4516 - 3562 - 1 Jump up ^ `` Frankly , My Dear , the ' Windies ' Do Live for This '' Kim Severson , ( April 13 , 2011 ) The New York Times . Retrieved May 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Joel Williamson ( 1993 ) , William Faulkner and Southern History , Oxford University Press , p. 245 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 507404 - 1 Jump up ^ Flora , J.M. , et al. , The Companion to Southern Literature : themes , genres , places , people , movements and motifs , p. 143 . Jump up ^ Dickey , J.W. , A Tough Little Patch of History : Gone with the Wind and the politics of memory , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Celia R. Daileader ( 2005 ) , Racism , Misogyny , and the Othello Myth : Inter-racial Couples from Shakespeare to Spike Lee , Cambridge University Presses , p. 168 - 169 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 84878 - 7 Jump up ^ Entzminger , B. , The Belle Gone Bad : white Southern women writers and the dark seductress , p. 109 . Jump up ^ Books That Shaped America Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Perry , C. , et al. , The History of Southern Women 's Literature , p. 266 - 267 . Jump up ^ Reading Gone With the Wind in Pyongyang Archived October 29 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , Tim Sullivan , ( October 25 , 2012 ) TIME magazine . Retrieved November 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Brown , E.F. ; et al. Margaret Mitchell 's Gone With the Wind : A Bestseller 's Odyssey from Atlanta to Hollywood . p. 278 . Jump up ^ `` Margaret Mitchell 's Nephew Leaves Estate to Atlanta Archdiocese '' , Shelia M. Poole , ( August 16 , 2012 ) The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved August 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Brown , E.F. , et al. , Margaret Mitchell 's Gone With the Wind : A Bestseller 's Odyssey from Atlanta to Hollywood , p. 271 - 272 . Jump up ^ A Piece of ' Gone With the Wind ' Is n't Gone After All , Charles McGrath , ( March 29 , 2011 ) The New York Times . Retrieved October 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Brown , E.F. , et al. , Margaret Mitchell 's Gone With the Wind : A Bestseller 's Odyssey from Atlanta to Hollywood , p. 61 , 75 , 81 - 82 & 91 . Jump up ^ Alexandra Ripley ( 1994 ) , Scarlett , Pan Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 330 - 30752 - 9 Jump up ^ IMDb Scarlett ( TV mini-series 1994 ) Jump up ^ Donald McCaig ( 2007 ) , Rhett Butler 's People , Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 94578 - 7 / Jump up ^ `` Mammy Revealed , and Not Just Her Red Petticoat Gone With the Wind Prequel Coming in October '' Julie Bosman ( March 26 , 2014 ) The New York Times . Retrieved March 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Alice Randall ( 2001 ) , The Wind Done Gone , Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 10450 - 5 . Jump up ^ Katherine Pinotti ( 2008 ) , The Winds of Tara , Fontaine Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9803623 - 5 - 0 Jump up ^ Gomez - Galisteo , M. Carmen The Wind Is Never Gone Sequels , Parodies and Rewritings of Gone with the Wind . Jefferson , NC : McFarland , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Frankly My Dear , Russians Do Give a Damn '' , Alessandra Stanley , ( August 29 , 1994 ) The New York Times . Retrieved June 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sequels of famous novels Further reading ( edit ) Adams , Amanda . `` ' Painfully Southern ' : Gone with the Wind , the Agrarians , and the Battle for the New South , '' Southern Literary Journal ( 2007 ) 40 : 58 -- 75 . Bevilacqua , Kathryne . `` History Lessons from Gone With the Wind , '' Mississippi Quarterly , 67 ( Winter 2014 ) , 99 -- 125 . Bonner , Peter . `` Lost In Yesterday : Commemorating The 70th Anniversary of Margaret Mitchell 's Gone With The Wind `` . Marietta , GA : First Works Publishing Co. , Inc. , 2006 . Brown , Ellen F. and John Wiley , Margaret Mitchell 's Gone With the Wind : A Bestseller 's Odyssey from Atlanta to Hollywood . Lanham , MD : Taylor Trade , 2011 . Dickey , Jennifer W. A Tough Little Patch of History : Gone with the Wind and the Politics of Memory . Fayetteville , AR : University of Arkansas Press , 2014 . Farr , Finis . Margaret Mitchell of Atlanta : The Author of Gone with the Wind . New York : Morrow , 1965 . Gomez - Galisteo , M. Carmen The Wind Is Never Gone Sequels , Parodies and Rewritings of Gone with the Wind . Jefferson , NC : McFarland , 2011 . Haag , John . `` Gone With the Wind in Nazi Germany . '' Georgia Historical Quarterly 73 # 2 ( 1989 ) : 278 - 304 . in JSTOR Harwell , Richard , ed . Gone with the Wind as Book and Film Columbia , SC : University of South Carolina Press , 1983 . Harwell , Richard , ed . Margaret Mitchell 's Gone with the Wind Letters , 1936 -- 1949 . New York : Macmillan , 1976 . Haskell , Molly . Frankly My Dear : Gone with the Wind Revisited . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press , 2010 . Pyron , Darden Asbury , ed . Recasting : Gone with the Wind in American Culture . Florida International University Press , 1983 . Pyron , Darden Asbury . Southern Daughter : The Life of Margaret Mitchell and the Making of Gone with the Wind . Athens , GA : Hill Street Press , 1991 . Rubin , Anne Sarah . `` Revisiting Classic Civil War Books : ' Why Gone with the Wind Still Matters ; or , Why I Still Love Gone with the Wind , ' '' Civil War History ( March 2013 ) 59 # 1 pp 93 -- 98 online External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Gone with the Wind ( novel ) The Scarlett Letter , a quarterly publication devoted to the Gone with the Wind phenomenon Gone with the Wind at Faded Page ( Canada ) Gone with the Wind ( public domain in Australia ) at eBooks@Adelaide ( The University of Adelaide Library ) Pulitzer Prize for Fiction 1918 -- 1925 His Family by Ernest Poole ( 1918 ) The Magnificent Ambersons by Booth Tarkington ( 1919 ) The Age of Innocence by Edith Wharton ( 1921 ) Alice Adams by Booth Tarkington ( 1922 ) One of Ours by Willa Cather ( 1923 ) The Able McLaughlins by Margaret Wilson ( 1924 ) So Big by Edna Ferber ( 1925 ) 1926 -- 1950 Arrowsmith by Sinclair Lewis ( declined ) ( 1926 ) Early Autumn by Louis Bromfield ( 1927 ) The Bridge of San Luis Rey by Thornton Wilder ( 1928 ) Scarlet Sister Mary by Julia Peterkin ( 1929 ) Laughing Boy by Oliver La Farge ( 1930 ) Years of Grace by Margaret Ayer Barnes ( 1931 ) The Good Earth by Pearl S. Buck ( 1932 ) The Store by Thomas Sigismund Stribling ( 1933 ) Lamb in His Bosom by Caroline Pafford Miller ( 1934 ) Now in November by Josephine Winslow Johnson ( 1935 ) Honey in the Horn by Harold L. Davis ( 1936 ) Gone with the Wind by Margaret Mitchell ( 1937 ) The Late George Apley by John Phillips Marquand ( 1938 ) The Yearling by Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings ( 1939 ) The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck ( 1940 ) In This Our Life by Ellen Glasgow ( 1942 ) Dragon 's Teeth by Upton Sinclair ( 1943 ) Journey in the Dark by Martin Flavin ( 1944 ) A Bell for Adano by John Hersey ( 1945 ) All the King 's Men by Robert Penn Warren ( 1947 ) Tales of the South Pacific by James A. Michener ( 1948 ) Guard of Honor by James Gould Cozzens ( 1949 ) The Way West by A.B. Guthrie Jr. ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1975 The Town by Conrad Richter ( 1951 ) The Caine Mutiny by Herman Wouk ( 1952 ) The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway ( 1953 ) A Fable by William Faulkner ( 1955 ) Andersonville by MacKinlay Kantor ( 1956 ) A Death in the Family by James Agee ( 1958 ) The Travels of Jaimie McPheeters by Robert Lewis Taylor ( 1959 ) Advise and Consent by Allen Drury ( 1960 ) To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee ( 1961 ) The Edge of Sadness by Edwin O'Connor ( 1962 ) The Reivers by William Faulkner ( 1963 ) The Keepers of the House by Shirley Ann Grau ( 1965 ) The Collected Stories of Katherine Anne Porter by Katherine Anne Porter ( 1966 ) The Fixer by Bernard Malamud ( 1967 ) The Confessions of Nat Turner by William Styron ( 1968 ) House Made of Dawn by N. Scott Momaday ( 1969 ) The Collected Stories of Jean Stafford by Jean Stafford ( 1970 ) Angle of Repose by Wallace Stegner ( 1972 ) The Optimist 's Daughter by Eudora Welty ( 1973 ) The Killer Angels by Michael Shaara ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Humboldt 's Gift by Saul Bellow ( 1976 ) Elbow Room by James Alan McPherson ( 1978 ) The Stories of John Cheever by John Cheever ( 1979 ) The Executioner 's Song by Norman Mailer ( 1980 ) A Confederacy of Dunces by John Kennedy Toole ( 1981 ) Rabbit Is Rich by John Updike ( 1982 ) The Color Purple by Alice Walker ( 1983 ) Ironweed by William Kennedy ( 1984 ) Foreign Affairs by Alison Lurie ( 1985 ) Lonesome Dove by Larry McMurtry ( 1986 ) A Summons to Memphis by Peter Taylor ( 1987 ) Beloved by Toni Morrison ( 1988 ) Breathing Lessons by Anne Tyler ( 1989 ) The Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love by Oscar Hijuelos ( 1990 ) Rabbit at Rest by John Updike ( 1991 ) A Thousand Acres by Jane Smiley ( 1992 ) A Good Scent from a Strange Mountain by Robert Olen Butler ( 1993 ) The Shipping News by E. Annie Proulx ( 1994 ) The Stone Diaries by Carol Shields ( 1995 ) Independence Day by Richard Ford ( 1996 ) Martin Dressler : The Tale of an American Dreamer by Steven Millhauser ( 1997 ) American Pastoral by Philip Roth ( 1998 ) The Hours by Michael Cunningham ( 1999 ) Interpreter of Maladies by Jhumpa Lahiri ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier & Clay by Michael Chabon ( 2001 ) Empire Falls by Richard Russo ( 2002 ) Middlesex by Jeffrey Eugenides ( 2003 ) The Known World by Edward P. Jones ( 2004 ) Gilead by Marilynne Robinson ( 2005 ) March by Geraldine Brooks ( 2006 ) The Road by Cormac McCarthy ( 2007 ) The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao by Junot Díaz ( 2008 ) Olive Kitteridge by Elizabeth Strout ( 2009 ) Tinkers by Paul Harding ( 2010 ) A Visit from the Goon Squad by Jennifer Egan ( 2011 ) No award given ( 2012 ) The Orphan Master 's Son by Adam Johnson ( 2013 ) The Goldfinch by Donna Tartt ( 2014 ) All the Light We Cannot See by Anthony Doerr ( 2015 ) The Sympathizer by Viet Thanh Nguyen ( 2016 ) The Underground Railroad by Colson Whitehead ( 2017 ) ( hide ) Gone with the Wind by Margaret Mitchell Characters Scarlett O'Hara Rhett Butler Ashley Wilkes Melanie Hamilton India Wilkes Adaptations Gone with the Wind ( film ) Scarlett ( musical ) Autant en emporte le vent Gone with the Wind ( musical ) Related works The Making of a Legend : Gone with the Wind Scarlett ( novel ) Scarlett ( miniseries ) The Wind Done Gone Rhett Butler 's People The Scarlett O'Hara War `` Went with the Wind ! '' Related `` Frankly , my dear , I do n't give a damn '' Tara plantation Twelve Oaks Margaret Mitchell House and Museum Suntrust Bank v. Houghton Mifflin Co . GND : 4205951 - 3 BNF : cb12228416m ( data ) NDL : 001141628 BNE : XX2092892 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gone_with_the_Wind_(novel)&oldid=826614984 '' Categories : Gone with the Wind 1936 American novels Macmillan Publishers books American Civil War novels Pulitzer Prize for the Novel - winning works National Book Award for Fiction winning works American novels adapted into films Love stories Novels about American slavery Novels set in Atlanta Clayton County , Georgia Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from October 2012 Pages to import images to Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Articles with Project Gutenberg links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 February 2018 , at 02 : 56 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gone%20with%20the%20Wind%20%28novel%29
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how deep can man dive in the ocean
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Amongst technical divers , there are divers who participate in ultra-deep diving on SCUBA below 200 metres ( 660 ft ) . This practice requires high levels of training , experience , discipline , fitness and surface support . Only twelve persons are known to have ever dived below a depth of 240 metres ( 790 ft ) on self - contained breathing apparatus recreationally . That is the same number as the number of people who walked on the moon . The Holy Grail of deep scuba diving was the 300 m ( 980 ft ) mark , first achieved by John Bennett in 2001 , and has only been achieved five times since .
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300 m ( 980 ft )
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Deep diving
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deep diving
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Deep diving is underwater diving to a depth beyond the norm accepted by the associated community . In some cases this is a prescribed limit established by an authority , and in others it is associated with a level of certification or training , and it may vary depending on whether the diving is recreational , technical or commercial . Nitrogen narcosis becomes a hazard below 30 metres ( 98 ft ) and hypoxic breathing gas is required below 60 metres ( 200 ft ) to lessen the risk of oxygen toxicity . Professional divers may use an atmospheric diving suit that allows very deep dives of up to 610 metres ( 2,000 ft ) .
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For some recreational diving agencies , Deep diving , or Deep diver may be a certification awarded to divers that have been trained to dive to a specified depth range , generally deeper than 30 metres ( 98 ft ) . However , the Professional Association of Diving Instructors ( PADI ) defines anything from 18 metres ( 60 ft ) to 30 metres ( 100 ft ) as a `` deep dive '' in the context of recreational diving ( other diving organisations vary ) , and considers deep diving a form of technical diving . In technical diving , a depth below about 60 metres ( 200 ft ) where hypoxic breathing gas becomes necessary to avoid oxygen toxicity may be considered a `` deep dive '' . In professional diving , a depth that requires special equipment , procedures , or advanced training may be considered a deep dive . Deep diving can mean something else in the commercial diving field . For instance early experiments carried out by Comex S.A. ( Compagnie maritime d'expertises ) using hydrox and trimix attained far greater depths than any recreational technical diving . One example being the Comex Janus IV open - sea dive to 501 metres ( 1,644 ft ) in 1977 . The open - sea diving depth record was achieved in 1988 by a team of Comex divers who performed pipeline connection exercises at a depth of 534 metres ( 1,752 ft ) in the Mediterranean Sea as part of the Hydra 8 programme . These divers needed to breathe special gas mixtures because they were exposed to very high ambient pressure ( more than 50 times atmospheric pressure ) . An atmospheric diving suit allows very deep dives of up to 2,000 feet ( 610 m ) . These suits are capable of withstanding the pressure at great depth permitting the diver to remain at normal atmospheric pressure . This eliminates the problems associated with breathing high - pressure gases . Contents ( hide ) 1 Depth ranges in underwater diving 2 Particular problems associated with deep dives 3 Dealing with depth 3.1 Equipment adaptations for deeper diving 3.2 Procedural adaptations for deeper diving 4 Ultra-deep diving 4.1 Ultra deep air 5 Fatalities during depth record attempts 6 See also 7 References 8 Footnotes 9 Further reading 10 External links Depth ranges in underwater diving ( edit ) Depth Comments 12 metres ( 39 ft ) Recreational diving limit for divers aged under 12 years old and EN 14153 - 1 / ISO 24801 - 1 level 1 ( Supervised Diver ) standard . 18 metres ( 59 ft ) Recreational diving limit for divers with PADI Open Water certification but without greater training and experience . 20 metres ( 66 ft ) Recreational diving limit for EN 14153 - 2 / ISO 24801 - 2 level 2 `` Autonomous Diver '' standard . 30 metres ( 98 ft ) Recommended recreational diving limit for PADI divers . Average depth at which nitrogen narcosis symptoms begin to be noticeable in adults . 40 metres ( 130 ft ) Depth limit for divers specified by Recreational Scuba Training Council . Depth limit for a French level 2 diver accompanied by an instructor ( level 4 diver ) , breathing air . 50 metres ( 160 ft ) Depth limit for divers breathing air specified by the British Sub-Aqua Club and Sub-Aqua Association . 55 metres ( 180 ft ) Depth at which breathing air exposes the diver to an oxygen partial pressure of 1.4 bar . 60 metres ( 200 ft ) Depth limit for a group of 2 to 3 French Level 3 recreational divers , breathing air . 66 metres ( 217 ft ) Depth at which breathing compressed air exposes the diver to an oxygen partial pressure of 1.6 bar . Greater depth is considered to expose the diver to an unacceptable risk of oxygen toxicity . 100 metres ( 330 ft ) One of the recommended technical diving limits . Maximum depth authorised for divers who have completed Trimix Diver certification with IANTD or Advanced Trimix Diver certification with TDI . 120 metres ( 390 ft ) Maurice Fargues was a volunteer in a programme to determine the maximum depth a scuba diver could reach with compressed air . He became the first diver to perish using scuba . 155 metres ( 509 ft ) Record depth claimed , but not officially recognised , for scuba dive on compressed air . 200 metres ( 660 ft ) Limit for surface light penetration sufficient for plant growth in clear water , though some visibility may be possible farther down . 332 metres ( 1,089 ft ) World record for deepest dive on SCUBA . 534 metres ( 1,752 ft ) Comex Hydra 8 experimental dives. ( 1988 ) 610 metres ( 2,000 ft ) US Navy diver in Atmospheric Diving System ( ADS ) suit . 701 metres ( 2,300 ft ) Comex Hydra X ( Hydra 10 ) simulated dive in an onshore hyperbaric chamber by Theo Mavrostomos on 20 November 1992 . Particular problems associated with deep dives ( edit ) Deep diving has more hazards and greater risk than basic open water diving . Nitrogen narcosis , the `` narks '' or `` rapture of the deep '' , starts with feelings of euphoria and over-confidence but then leads to numbness and memory impairment similar to alcohol intoxication . Decompression sickness , or the `` bends '' , can happen if a diver ascends too fast , when excess inert gas leaves solution in the blood and tissues and forms bubbles . These bubbles produce mechanical and biochemical effects that lead to the condition . The onset of symptoms depends on the severity of the tissue gas loading and may develop during ascent in severe cases , but is frequently delayed until after reaching the surface . Bone degeneration ( dysbaric osteonecrosis ) is caused by the bubbles forming inside the bones ; most commonly the upper arm and the thighs . Deep diving involves a much greater danger of all of these , and presents the additional risk of oxygen toxicity , which may lead to a convulsion underwater . Very deep diving using a helium -- oxygen mixture ( heliox ) carries a risk of high - pressure nervous syndrome . Coping with the physical and physiological stresses of deep diving requires good physical conditioning . Using normal scuba equipment , breathing gas consumption is proportional to ambient pressure - so at 50 metres ( 160 ft ) , where the pressure is 6 bar , a diver breathes 6 times as much as on the surface ( 1 bar ) . Heavy physical exertion makes the diver breathe even more gas , and gas becomes denser requiring increased effort to breathe with depth , leading to increasing risk of hypercapnia -- an excess of carbon dioxide in the blood . The need to do decompression stops increases with depth . A diver at 6 metres ( 20 ft ) may be able to dive for many hours without needing to do decompression stops . At depths greater than 40 metres ( 130 ft ) , a diver may have only a few minutes at the deepest part of the dive before decompression stops are needed . In the event of an emergency the diver can not make an immediate ascent to the surface without risking decompression sickness . All of these considerations result in the amount of breathing gas required for deep diving being much greater than for shallow open water diving . The diver needs a disciplined approach to planning and conducting dives to minimise these additional risks . Many of these problems are avoided by the use of surface supplied breathing gas , closed diving bells , and saturation diving , at the cost of logistical complexity , reduced maneuverability of the diver and greater expense . Dealing with depth ( edit ) Technical divers preparing for a mixed - gas decompression dive in Bohol , Philippines . Note the backplate and wing setup with side mounted stage tanks containing EAN50 ( left side ) and pure oxygen ( right side ) . Both equipment and procedures can be adapted to deal with the problems of greater depth . Usually the two are combined , as the procedures must be adapted to suit the equipment , and in some cases the equipment is needed to facilitate the procedures . Equipment adaptations for deeper diving ( edit ) The equipment used for deep diving depends on both the depth and the type of diving . Scuba is limited to equipment that can be carried by the diver , or is easily deployed by the dive team , while surface supplied diving equipment can be more extensive , and much of it stays above the water where it is operated by the support team . Scuba divers carry larger volumes of breathing gas to compensate for the increased gas consumption and decompression stops . Rebreathers manage gas much more efficiently than open circuit scuba , but are inherently more complex than open circuit scuba . Use of helium - based breathing gases such as trimix reduces nitrogen narcosis and stays below the limits of oxygen toxicity . A diving shot , a decompression trapeze or a decompression buoy can help divers control their ascent and return to the surface at a position which can be monitored by their surface support team at the end of a dive . Decompression can be accelerated by using specially blended breathing gas mixtures containing lower proportions of inert gas . Surface supply of breathing gases reduces the risk of running out of gas . In - water decompression can be minimized by using dry bells and decompression chambers . Hot - water suits can prevent hypothermia due to the high heat loss when using helium based breathing gases . Diving bells and lockout submersibles expose the diver to the direct underwater environment for less time , and provide a relatively safe shelter that does not require decompression , with a dry environment where the diver can rest , take refreshment , and if necessary , receive first aid in an emergency . Breathing gas reclaim systems reduce the cost of using helium based breathing gases , by recovering and recycling exhaled surface supplied gas , analogous to rebreathers for scuba diving . The most radical equipment adaptation for deep diving is to isolate the diver from the direct pressure of the environment , using armoured atmospheric diving suits that allow diving to depths beyond those currently possible at ambient pressure . These rigid , articulated exoskeleton suits are sealed against water and withstand external pressure while providing life support to the diver for several hours at an internal pressure of approximately normal surface atmospheric pressure . This avoids the problems of inert gas narcosis , decompression sickness , barotrauma , oxygen toxicity , high work of breathing , compression arthralgia , high - pressure nervous syndrome and hypothermia , but at the cost of reduced mobility and dexterity , logistical problems due to the bulk and mass of the suits , and high equipment costs . Procedural adaptations for deeper diving ( edit ) Procedural adaptations for deep diving can be classified as those procedures for operating specialized equipment , and those that apply directly to the problems caused by exposure to high ambient pressures . The most important procedure for dealing with physiological problems of breathing at high ambient pressures associated with deep diving is decompression . This is necessary to prevent inert gas bubble formation in the body tissues of the diver , which can cause severe injury . Decompression procedures have been derived for a large range of pressure exposures , using a large range of gas mixtures . These basically entail a slow and controlled reduction in pressure during ascent by using a restricted ascent rate and decompression stops , so that the inert gases dissolved in the tissues of the diver can be eliminated harmlessly during normal respiration . Gas management procedures are necessary to ensure that the diver has access to suitable and sufficient breathing gas at all times during the dive , both for the planned dive profile and for any reasonably foreseeable contingency . Scuba gas management is logistically more complex than surface supply , as the diver must either carry all the gas , must follow a route where previously arranged gas supply depots have been set up ( stage cylinders ) . or must rely on a team of support divers who will provide additional gas at pre-arranged signals or points on the planned dive . On very deep scuba dives or on occasions where long decompression times are planned , it is a common practice for support divers to meet the primary team at decompression stops to check if they need assistance , and these support divers will often carry extra gas supplies in case of need . The use of rebreathers can reduce the bulk of the gas supplies for long and deep scuba dives , at the cost of more complex equipment with more potential failure modes , requiring more complex procedures and higher procedural task loading . Surface supplied diving distributes the task loading between the divers and the support team , who remain in the relative safety and comfort of the surface control position . Gas supplies are limited only by what is available at the control position , and the diver only needs to carry sufficient bailout capacity to reach the nearest place of safety , which may be a diving bell or lockout submersible . Saturation diving is a procedure used to reduce the high risk decompression a diver is exposed to during a long series of deep underwater exposures . By keeping the diver under high pressure for the whole job , and only decompressing at the end of several days to weeks of underwater work , a single decompression can be done at a slower rate without adding much overall time to the job . During the saturation period the diver lives in a pressurized environment at the surface , and is transported under pressure to the underwater work site in a closed diving bell . Ultra-deep diving ( edit ) Amongst technical divers , there are divers who participate in ultra-deep diving on SCUBA below 200 metres ( 660 ft ) . This practice requires high levels of training , experience , discipline , fitness and surface support . Only twelve persons are known to have ever dived below a depth of 240 metres ( 790 ft ) on self - contained breathing apparatus recreationally . That is the same number as the number of people who walked on the moon . The Holy Grail of deep scuba diving was the 300 m ( 980 ft ) mark , first achieved by John Bennett in 2001 , and has only been achieved five times since . The difficulties in relation to ultra-deep diving are numerous . Although commercial and military divers often operate at those depths , or even deeper , they are surface supplied . All of the complexities of ultra-deep diving are magnified by the requirement of the diver to carry ( or provide for ) their own gas underwater . These leads to rapid descents and `` bounce dives '' . Unsurprisingly , this has led to extremely high mortality rates amongst those who practise ultra deep diving . Notable ultra deep diving fatalities include Sheck Exley , John Bennett , Dave Shaw and Guy Garman . Mark Ellyatt , Don Shirley and Pascal Bernabé were involved in serious incidents and were fortunate to survive their dives . Despite the extremely high mortality rate , the Guinness Book of World Records continues to maintain a record for scuba diving ( although in deference to the death rate it has stopped recording the record for deep diving on air ) . Amongst those who do survive significant health issues are reported . Mark Ellyatt is reported to have suffered permanent lung damage ; Pascal Bernabé ( who was injured on his dive when a light on his mask imploded ) and Nuno Gomes reported short to medium term hearing loss . Serious issues which confront divers engaging in ultra-deep diving on self - contained breathing apparatus include : High - pressure nervous syndrome ( HPNS ) . HPNS , brought on by breathing helium under extreme pressure causes tremors , myoclonic jerking , somnolence , EEG changes , visual disturbance , nausea , dizziness , and decreased mental performance . Symptoms of HPNS are exacerbated by rapid compression , a feature common to ultra-deep `` bounce '' dives . Decompression algorithm . There are no reliable decompression algorithms tested for such depths on the assumption of an immediate surfacing . Almost all decompression methodology for such depths is based upon saturation , and calculates ascent times in days rather than hours . Accordingly , ultra-deep dives are almost always a partly experimental basis . In addition , `` ordinary '' risks like gas reserves , hypothermia , dehydration and oxygen toxicity are compounded by extreme depth and exposure . Much technical equipment is simply not designed for the necessarily greater stresses at depths , and reports of key equipment ( including submersible pressure gauges ) imploding are not uncommon . Verified SCUBA dives below 240 metres ( 790 ft ) Name Location Depth Year I - Ahmed Gabr Red Sea 332.35 metres ( 1,090.4 ft ) 2014 Nuno Gomes Red Sea 318 metres ( 1,043 ft ) 2005 Nuno Gomes Red Sea 271 metres ( 889 ft ) Nuno Gomes South Africa 283 metres ( 928 ft ) Nuno Gomes South Africa 252 metres ( 827 ft ) 1994 Pascal Bernabé Mediterranean 266 metres ( 873 ft ) 2005 Krzysztof Starnawski Red Sea 283 metres ( 928 ft ) 2011 Krzysztof Starnawski Viroit cave Albania 278 metres ( 912 ft ) 2016 Krzysztof Starnawski Hranicka Propast 265 metres ( 869 ft ) 2015 David Shaw South Africa 271 metres ( 889 ft ) Aaron Butler Australia 279 metres ( 915 ft ) 2015 Gilberto M de Oliveira Brazil 274 metres ( 899 ft ) 2002 John Bennett Philippines 308 metres ( 1,010 ft ) 2001 John Bennett Philippines 254 metres ( 833 ft ) 2001 Jim Bowden Mexico 282 metres ( 925 ft ) 1994 Jim Bowden Mexico 251 metres ( 823 ft ) 1993 Sheck Exley South Africa 263 metres ( 863 ft ) 1993 Sheck Exley Mexico 264 metres ( 866 ft ) Don Shirley South Africa 250 metres ( 820 ft ) 2005 Mark Ellyatt Andaman Sea 313 metres ( 1,027 ft ) 2003 Scott Nally Red Sea 295 metres ( 968 ft ) 2001 Mark Ellyatt Thailand 260 metres ( 850 ft ) 2003 Dariusz Wilamowski Lake Garda 245 metres ( 804 ft ) 2009 Dariusz Wilamowski Lake Garda 264 metres ( 866 ft ) Dariusz Wilamowski Lake Garda 244 metres ( 801 ft ) 2012 Will Goodman Indonesia 290 metres ( 950 ft ) 2014 Xavier Méniscus Font Estramar 248 metres ( 814 ft ) 2014 Xavier Méniscus Font Estramar 262 metres ( 860 ft ) 2015 Michele Geraci Bordighera , Italy 253 metres ( 830 ft ) 2014 Guy Garman St. Croix , USVI 247 metres ( 810 ft ) 2015 Luca Pedrali Lake Garda 264 metres ( 866 ft ) 2017 Wacław Lejko Lake Garda 249 metres ( 817 ft ) 2017 Jordi Yherla Font Estramar 253 metres ( 830 ft ) 2014 Verna van Schaik in 2004 set the Guinness Woman 's World Record for the deepest dive with a dive to 221 metres ( 725 ft ) in Boesmansgat cave . Claudia Serpieri in 2000 reached 211 metres ( 692 ft ) , the deepest sea dive by a woman . Tatiana Oparina in 2015 , reached 156 m in Lake Baikal , the deepest dive in extreme cold water ( + 3C ) by a woman . Ultra deep air ( edit ) While extreme deep diving on air is extremely dangerous , before the popularity of Trimix attempts were made to set world record depths using conventional air . This created an extreme risk of both narcosis and oxygen toxicity in the divers and contributed to a high fatality rate amongst those attempting records . In his book , Deep Diving , Bret Gilliam chronicles the various fatal attempts to set records as well as the smaller number of successes . From the comparatively few who survived extremely deep air dives : 1947 Frédéric Dumas , a colleague of Jacques Cousteau , dived to 94 metres ( 308 ft ) on air 1947 Maurice Fargues , another colleague of Jacques Cousteau , dived to 117 metres ( 384 ft ) on air but died after losing consciousness at depth 1957 Eduard Admetlla i Lázaro descended to 100 meters on air 1959 Ennio Falco reported having reached a depth of 133 metres ( 436 ft ) on air , but had no means to record it 1965 Tom Mount and Frank Martz dive to a depth of 110 metres ( 360 ft ) on air 1967 Hal Watts and AJ Muns dive to a depth of 120 metres ( 390 ft ) on air 1968 Neil Watson and John Gruener dived to 133 metres ( 436 ft ) on air in the Bahamas . Watson reported that he had no recollection at all of what transpired at the bottom of the descent due to narcosis . 1971 Sheck Exley dived to 142 metres ( 466 ft ) on air on December 11 near Andros Island in the Bahamas . Exley was only supposed to go down to 91 metres ( 299 ft ) in his capacity as a safety diver ( although he had practised several dives to 120 metres ( 390 ft ) in preparation ) , but descended to search for the dive team after they failed to return on schedule . Exley almost made it to the divers , but was forced to turn back due to heavy narcosis and nearly blacking out . 1990 Bret Gilliam dived to a depth of 138 metres ( 453 ft ) on air . Unusually , Gilliam remained largely functional at depth and was able to complete basic maths problems and answer simple questions written on a slate by his crew beforehand . 1993 Bret Gilliam extended his own world record to 145 metres ( 476 ft ) , again reporting no ill effects from narcosis or oxygen toxicity . 1994 Dan Manion set the current record for a deep dive on air at 155 metres ( 509 ft ) . Manion reported he was almost completely incapacitated by narcosis and has no recollection of time at depth . In deference to the high death rate , the Guinness World Records ceased to publish records on deep air dives in mid-2005 . Fatalities during depth record attempts ( edit ) Maurice Fargues died in 1947 in an experiment to see how deep a scuba diver could go . Hope Root died December 1953 trying to break the deep diving record of 330 feet ; he was last seen passing 625 feet . Archie Forfar and Anne Gunderson died on December 11 , 1971 off the coast of Andros Island , Bahamas while attempting to dive to 480 feet , which would have been the world record at the time . Their third team member , Jim Lockwood , only survived due to his use of a safety weight that dropped when he lost consciousness - causing him to start an uncontrolled ascent before being intercepted by a safety diver around 300 foot depths . As mentioned above , Sheck Exley , who was acting as another safety diver at 300 feet , inadvertently managed to set the depth record when he descended towards Forfar and Gunderson , who were both still alive at the 480 foot level , although completely incapacitated by narcosis . Exley was forced to give up his attempt at around 465 feet deep when the narcosis very nearly overcame him as well . The bodies of Forfar and Gunderson were never recovered . Sheck Exley died in 1994 in an attempt to reach the bottom of Zacatón in a dive that would have extended his own world record ( at the time ) for deep diving . Dave Shaw died in 2005 in an attempt at the deepest ever body recovery and deepest ever dive on a rebreather . Guy Garman died on August 15 , 2015 in an unsuccessful attempt to dive to 1,200 feet ( 370 m ) . The Virgin Island Police Department confirmed that Dr. Guy Garman 's body was recovered late Tuesday August 18 , 2015 . See also ( edit ) Underwater diving portal Decompression sickness Breathing gas Free - diving , diving without breathing Heliox Hydreliox High - pressure nervous syndrome Oxygen toxicity Trimix References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Brylske , A. ( 2006 ) . Encyclopedia of Recreational Diving , 3rd edition . United States : PADI . ISBN 1 - 878663 - 01 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` 1965 - 2000 -- 36 years of deep diving and submarine techniques development , from COMEX Hyperbaric Experimental Centre '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 13 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ Hydra 8 : Pre-commercial Hydrogen Diving Project ^ Jump up to : `` Extreme Environment Engineering Departement Hyperbaric Experimental Centre - History '' . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ Staff . `` Competencies of a recreational scuba diver at level 1 `` Supervised Diver '' `` . EUF Certification International . Retrieved 29 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Staff . `` Competencies of a recreational scuba diver at level 2 `` Autonomous Diver '' `` . EUF Certification International . Retrieved 29 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Cole , Bob ( March 2008 ) . `` Appendix 6 '' . The SAA BUhlmann DeeP - Stop System Handbook . Sub-Aqua Association . pp. vi -- 1 . ISBN 0953290484 . Jump up ^ `` Code du Sport , Dispositions relatives aux établissements organisant la pratique de la plongée subaquatique à l'air '' . Retrieved 15 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 03 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ http://www.tdisdi.com/wpsite/tdi/get-certified/Advanced-Trimix-Diver/ Jump up ^ Matsen , Brad ( 2009 ) . Jacques Cousteau : The Sea King . New York : Pantheon Books . pp. 73 , 76 -- 79 , 85 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 375 - 42413 - 7 . Jump up ^ Cousteau , J.Y. ; Dumas , Frédéric ( 1953 ) . The Silent World . New York : Harper & Brothers Publishers . LCCN 52 - 5431 . Jump up ^ Set by Dr Dan Marion on March 18 , 1994 . The record is not officially recognised anywhere , and it should be noted that Dr Marion 's second dive computer only registered a depth of 490 feet . See generally Deep Diving by Bret Gilliam , ISBN 0 - 922769 - 31 - 1 , at pages 35 and following. ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : Liang , John ( 19 September 2014 ) . `` Ahmed Gabr Breaks Scuba Diving World Record '' . DeeperBlue.com . Retrieved 19 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Navy diver sets world record Archived 2011 - 08 - 21 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Hydra 10 : a 701 msw onshore record dive using `` hy dreliox '' '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Technology : Dry run for deepest dive , New Scientist 28 November 1992 Jump up ^ Lafay V , Barthelemy P , Comet B , Frances Y , Jammes Y ( March 1995 ) . `` ECG changes during the experimental human dive HYDRA 10 ( 71 atm / 7,200 kPa ) '' . Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine . 22 ( 1 ) : 51 -- 60 . PMID 7742710 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ Egstrom GH ( 2006 ) . `` Historic Perspective : Scientific Deep Diving and the Management of the Risk '' . In : Lang , MA and Smith , NE ( eds ) . Proceedings of Advanced Scientific Diving Workshop . Smithsonian Institution , Washington , DC . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ Southerland , DG ( 2006 ) . `` Medical Fitness at 300 FSW '' . In : Lang , MA and Smith , NE ( eds ) . Proceedings of Advanced Scientific Diving Workshop . Smithsonian Institution , Washington , DC . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ Gomes , N. `` Verified dives below 200 metres '' . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ Scubarecords.com . `` Recorded Deep Dives Below 200 m '' . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Profile - Pascal Bernabé '' ( PDF ) . X-Ray Mag . Retrieved 8 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Doc Deep plans 1200 ' Dive '' . scubaboard.com. 13 July 2015 . Retrieved 8 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Brauer , R.W. ; S. Dimov ; X . Fructus ; P. Fructus ; A. Gosset ; R. Naquet. ( 1968 ) . `` Syndrome neurologique et electrographique des hautes pressions '' . Rev Neurol . Paris . 121 ( 3 ) : 264 -- 5 . PMID 5378824 . Jump up ^ `` Ahmed Gabr breaks record for deepest SCUBA dive at more than 1,000 feet '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved 21 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Deepest scuba dive in sea water '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved 20 September 2014 . Jump up ^ podroze.pl . `` Egipt . Krzysztof Starnawski zanurkował na ... 283 metry ! '' . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Polak pobił rekord świata w nurkowaniu jaskiniowym . Krzysztof Starnawski zszedł na 278 metrów '' . National Geographic Polska . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 / Albania / exploration in Viroit cave / 278m deep '' . vimeo.com . Retrieved 25 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Pałahicki Maciej RMF . `` Krzysztof Starnawski ustanowił nowy rekord Polski w nurkowaniu jaskiniowy '' . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Have These Divers Found the World 's Deepest Underwater Cave ? '' . news.nationalgeographic.com . Retrieved 25 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Méniscus , X . `` Exploration de la résurgence de Font Estramar à - 248m caméra Gopro '' . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ Christian Goutorbe , X . `` Record du monde de plongée dans les Corbières '' . Jump up ^ gardapost . `` Luca Pedrali re degli abissi , immersione record a - 264 , 8 '' . Jump up ^ biurorekordow.pl . `` Rekord Polski w nurkowaniu służb mundurowych '' . Jump up ^ Rafal Rapa . `` REKORD SŁUŻB MUNDUROWYCH WACŁAW LEJKO 249 METRÓW '' . Jump up ^ Bibliografia Espeleologia . `` Font D'estramar - 253 m De Profunditat Jordi Yherla '' . Jump up ^ Guinness World Records . `` Deepest scuba dive ( female ) '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved January 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Deep Diving , an advanced guide to physiology , procedures and systems . Bret Gilliam. 1995 - 01 - 25 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 922769 - 31 - 5 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Exley , Sheck . Caverns Measureless to Man Jump up ^ Shinn , EA ( 2000 ) . `` The evolution of scientific diving in Florida '' . In : Hallock and French ( eds ) . Diving for Science ... 2000 . Proceedings of the 20th Annual Scientific Diving Symposium , American Academy of Underwater Sciences . St Pete Beach , Florida . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ Gilliam , Bret ( September 2013 ) . `` Zacaton : The tragic death of Sheck Exley '' . Tech Diving Mag . p. 16 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Mitchell SJ , Cronjé FJ , Meintjes WA , Britz HC ( February 2007 ) . `` Fatal respiratory failure during a `` technical '' rebreather dive at extreme pressure `` . Aviat Space Environ Med. 78 ( 2 ) : 81 -- 6 . PMID 17310877 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 15 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ David Shaw . `` The Last Dive of David Shaw '' . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ Dumas , Daisy ( 18 August 2015 ) . `` ' Doc Deep ' Guy Garman dies in attempt to break world record scuba dive '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Fairfax Media . Retrieved 18 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 16 August 2015 ) . `` St. Croix 's ' Dr. Deep ' Guy Garman Dies in World Record Attempt '' . St Croix Source . St Croix , Virgin Islands. : V.I. Source Publications , Inc . Retrieved 18 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Searchers find body of former Maryville Dr. killed in diving accident '' . WBIR.COM . Retrieved 19 August 2015 . Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ All depths specified for sea water . Fractionally deeper depths may apply in relation to freshwater due to its lower density Jump up ^ Oxygen toxicity depends upon a combination of partial pressure and time of exposure , individual physiology , and other factors not fully understood . NOAA recommends that divers do not expose themselves to breathing oxygen at greater than 1.6 bar p O , which occurs at 66 metres ( 217 ft ) when breathing air . Jump up ^ Assuming crystal clear water ; surface light may disappear completely at much shallower depths in murky conditions . Minimal visibility is still possible far deeper . Deep sea explorer William Beebe reported seeing blueness , not blackness , at 1400 feet ( 424 metres ) . `` I peered down and again I felt the old longing to go farther , although it looked like the black pit - mouth of hell itself -- - yet still showed blue . '' ( William Beebe , `` A Round Trip to Davey Jones 's Locker , '' The National Geographic Magazine , June 1931 , p. 660 . ) Jump up ^ Statistics exclude military divers ( classified ) , and commercial divers ( commercial diving to those depth is on scuba is not permitted by occupational health and safety legislation ) . In 1989 , the US Navy experimental diving unit published a paper entitled EX19 ( a type of experimental rebreather ) Performance Testing at 850 and 450 FSW that included a section on results from tests on the use of rebreathers at 850 feet . Knafelc , ME ( 1989 ) . `` EX 19 Performance Testing at 850 and 450 FSW ( Feet of Seawater ) '' . US Naval Experimental Diving Unit Technical Report . NEDU - 8 - 89 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ In 2007 a Turkish Navy diver dived to a depth of 998 feet ( 304 m ) off the coast of Cyprus , but that dive has not been independently verified . He used a closed - circuit rebreather . His dive was aborted due to equipment failure . It was a Turkish Navy experimental dive . ^ Jump up to : Subsequently died during diving accidents . Further reading ( edit ) Dent , W ( 2006 ) . `` AAUS Deep Diving Standards '' . In : Lang , MA and Smith , NE ( eds ) . Proceedings of Advanced Scientific Diving Workshop . Smithsonian Institution , Washington , DC . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 05 . Gilliam , Bret ( 1995 ) . Deep Diving : An Advanced Guide to Physiology , Procedures & Systems ( 2nd ed . ) . Watersports Books . ISBN 0 - 922769 - 31 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Recreational Deep Diving Underwater diving Modes Freediving Saturation diving Scuba diving Snorkeling Surface - supplied diving Atmospheric pressure diving Unmanned diving Recreational diving specialities Altitude diving Cave diving Deep diving Ice diving Gas blending for scuba diving Muck diving Open - water diving Rebreather diving Sidemount diving Solo diving Technical diving Wreck diving Underwater sports Diving equipment Atmospheric diving suit Backplate and wing Breathing gas Buoyancy control device Burst disc Decompression equipment Distance line / dive reel Dive boat Dive computer Dive light Diver down flag Diver propulsion vehicle Diver 's pump Diving air compressor Diving bell Diving chamber Diving cylinder Diving helmet Diving regulator Diving shot Diving suit Diving support vessel Diving weighting system Dry suit Fins Full face diving mask Integrated Diver Display Mask Lifting bag Line marker Mask Moon pool Pony bottle Rash vest Rebreather Scuba manifold Scuba set Snoopy loop Snorkel Snuba Subsurface ( software ) Surface marker buoy Testing and inspection of diving cylinders Towboard Vintage scuba Wetsuit Applications Clearance diver Commercial offshore diving Diver training Frogman Hazmat diving Military diving units Police diving Professional diving Public safety diving Recreational diving Scientific diving Underwater archaeology Underwater photography Underwater videography Diving safety : Hazards , risks and consequences Barotrauma Civil liability in recreational diving Decompression sickness Drowning Freediving blackout Dysbaric osteonecrosis High - pressure nervous syndrome Human factors in diving safety Hypercapnia Hypothermia Hypoxia ( medical ) Investigation of diving accidents Isobaric counterdiffusion Latent hypoxia List of diving hazards and precautions List of legislation regulating underwater diving List of signs and symptoms of diving disorders Nitrogen narcosis Oxygen toxicity Scuba diving fatalities Seasickness Silt out Task loading Procedures Ascending and descending ( diving ) Boat diving Buddy breathing Buddy diving Canoe and Kayak diving Controlled buoyant lift Controlled emergency swimming ascent Decompression ( diving ) Decompression practice Dive planning Diver communications Diver navigation Diver rescue Diver trim Dive log Drift diving Emergency ascent Finning techniques Night diving Penetration diving Pyle stop Recreational diver training diver certification Diamond Reef System Rule of thirds ( diving ) Scuba gas planning Scuba skills Solo diving Surface - supplied diving skills Underwater search and recovery Underwater searches History of underwater diving History of decompression research and development History of scuba diving Researchers in underwater diving Timeline of diving technology Categories : Diving equipment Professional diving Recreational diving Underwater diving history Underwater diving procedures Underwater diving safety Commons Glossary Indexes : dive sites divers diving Outline Portal Diving decompression General Decompression ( diving ) Decompression equipment Decompression practice Decompression theory Equivalent air depth Equivalent narcotic depth History of decompression research and development Maximum operating depth Physiology of decompression Algorithms Bühlmann decompression algorithm Haldane 's decompression model Reduced gradient bubble model Thalmann algorithm Thermodynamic model of decompression Varying Permeability Model Diving Deep diving Professional diving Recreational diving Saturation diving Scuba diving Technical diving Underwater diving Equipment Decompression buoy Decompression tables Decompression trapeze Dive computer Diving chamber Diving shot Hyperbaric stretcher Jonline Recreational Dive Planner Gases Air Breathing gas Gas blending Heliox Nitrox Oxygen Trimix Injury and treatment Decompression sickness Diving chamber Hyperbaric medicine Hyperbaric treatment schedules In - water recompression Procedures Pyle stop Ratio decompression Commons Glossary Indexes : dive sites divers diving Outline Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deep_diving&oldid=841709449 '' Categories : Underwater diving procedures Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2009 Articles with short description Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 17 May 2018 , at 15 : 05 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep%20diving
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piper's mother on orange is the new black
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Rush has acted in a number of movies and television series , including the Woody Allen films Zelig and The Purple Rose of Cairo . She was a regular cast member of the television series Strangers with Candy . She had a recurring role on Spin City as Helen Winston , eventual ex-wife of mayor Randall Winston , and on Orange Is the New Black , as Piper 's mother .
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Deborah Rush
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deborah rush
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Deborah Rush ( born April 10 , 1954 ) is an American actress . She has worked in television , film and on Broadway . In 1984 , she was nominated for a Tony Award for Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Play for Michael Frayn 's comedy Noises Off . She also acted in Stephen Adly Guirgis ' The Last Days of Judas Iscariot . In 2003 she acted in the comedy film American Wedding , as Mary Flaherty , Michelle Flaherty 's mom . In December 2008 , she joined the cast of the Broadway revival of Blithe Spirit .
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Rush has acted in a number of movies and television series , including the Woody Allen films Zelig and The Purple Rose of Cairo . She was a regular cast member of the television series Strangers with Candy . She had a recurring role on Spin City as Helen Winston , eventual ex-wife of mayor Randall Winston , and on Orange Is the New Black , as Piper 's mother . Contents 1 Family 2 Filmography 2.1 Film 2.2 Television 3 Theater 4 References 5 External links Family ( edit ) She is the wife of Walter Cronkite III ( born April 22 , 1957 ) and daughter - in - law of the late television journalist Walter Cronkite . The couple has two sons , Walter Cronkite IV and the late Peter Cronkite . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) 2015 Ava 's Possessions ( film ) Year Title Role Notes 1981 Honky Tonk Freeway Sister Mary Magdalene 1982 Split Image Judith Zelig Lita Fox A Night in Heaven Patsy 1985 The Purple Rose of Cairo Rita 1985 Compromising Positions Brenda Dunck 1986 Heat D.D. 1988 Big Business Binky Shelton 1989 Parents Mrs. Zellner 1989 Family Business Michele Dempsey 1990 My Blue Heaven Linda 1992 Passed Away Denise Scanlan 1995 Reckless Trish 1997 In & Out Ava Blazer 1998 You 've Got Mail Veronica Grant 1999 Three to Tango Lenore 2002 The Good Girl Gwen Jackson 2003 American Wedding Mary Flaherty 2005 Strangers with Candy Sara Blank 2006 Half Nelson Jo Dunne 2007 The Good Life Diane 2008 Fling Katherine 2009 Julie & Julia Avis DeVoto 2009 The Box Clymene Steward 2012 Rhymes with Banana Jane 2016 Women Who Kill Grace Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1981 Kiss Me , Petruchio Bianca TV film 1982 Alice at the Palace Alice 's Mother TV film 1982 A Midsummer Night 's Dream Hermia TV film 1985 Spenser : For Hire Angela Episode : `` No Room at the Inn '' Crime Story Penelope Worth Episode : `` The Pinnacle '' Leg Work Judy Episode : `` Things That Go Bump in the Night '' Invisible Thread Dr. Norris TV film 1988 The Dictator Isabel Domino Episode : `` 1.1 '' 1990 Against the Law Louise Ciardi Episode : `` Pilot '' 1992 Unnatural Pursuits Stephanie Didcot Episode : `` I Do n't Do Cuddles '' Heaven & Hell : North & South , Book III Isabel Hazard TV miniseries 1995 The Client Phoebe Halliwell Episode : `` Pilot '' 1996 - 1997 Spin City Helen Winston Recurring role ( 4 episodes ) 1997 Law & Order Frances Houston Episode : `` Blood '' 1999 Earthly Possessions Heidi Anderson TV film 1999 - 2000 Strangers with Candy Sara Blank Main role ( 30 episodes ) 2000 Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Christina Harlin Episode : `` Russian Love Poem '' 2000 Madigan Men Mrs. Wolfe Episode : `` Meet the Wolves '' The Jury Ms. Davenport Episode : `` The Honeymoon Suite '' Tempting Adam Ruth Heller TV film The Electric Company Caroline Heffenbacher Episode : `` Revolutionary Doughnuts '' Big Lake Linda Franklin ( 10 episodes ) 2012 The Good Wife Judge Sally Rigby Episode : `` Gloves Come Off '' 2013 Girls Thomas - John 's Mother Episode : `` It 's a Shame About Ray '' 2013 Orange Is the New Black Carol Chapman Episodes : `` I Was n't Ready '' , `` Lesbian Request Denied '' , `` WAC Pack '' 2014 Inside Amy Schumer Amy 's mother Episode : `` Slow Your Roll '' Theater ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1975 - 1976 Dance with Me Goldie Pot 1983 - 1985 Noises Off Brooke Ashton 1985 - 1986 Hay Fever Jackie Coryton 1993 - 1994 The Sisters Rosensweig Gorgeous Teitelbaum Replacement 2005 Absurd Person Singular Marion 2009 Blithe Spirit Mrs. Bradman References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew ( 2008 - 12 - 10 ) . `` Rush Joins Starry Cast of Blithe Spirit Revival '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 14 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 24 . External links ( edit ) Deborah Rush on IMDb Deborah Rush at the Internet Broadway Database Deborah Rush at the Internet Off - Broadway Database Deborah Rush at Broadway.com WorldCat Identities LCCN : no2002076774 SNAC : w6rz83k6 VIAF : 2139168 This article about an American theatre actor born in the 1950s is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This article about a United States film and television actor or actress born in the 1950s is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deborah_Rush&oldid=860981679 '' Categories : American film actresses Actresses from New Jersey People from Chatham Borough , New Jersey 1954 births Living people 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses American television actresses American stage actresses American theatre actor , 20th - century birth stubs American screen actor , 1950s birth stubs Hidden categories : BLP articles lacking sources from February 2013 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2018 Articles with IBDb links Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Deutsch فارسی Français Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Русский 中文 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 September 2018 , at 11 : 15 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deborah%20Rush
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where does the merced river start and end
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Merced River
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merced river
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The Merced River ( / mɜːrˈsɛd / ) , in the central part of the U.S. state of California , is a 145 - mile ( 233 km ) - long tributary of the San Joaquin River flowing from the Sierra Nevada into the San Joaquin Valley . It is most well known for its swift and steep course through the southern part of Yosemite National Park , where it is the primary watercourse flowing through Yosemite Valley . The river 's character changes dramatically once it reaches the plains of the agricultural San Joaquin Valley , where it becomes a slow - moving meandering stream .
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The river first formed as the Sierra Nevada rose about 10 million years ago , and sediment eroded from its canyon helped form the flat floor of the San Joaquin Valley . Glaciation during the Ice Ages carved the high elevation parts of the watershed , including Yosemite Valley , into their present shape . Historically , there was an extensive riparian zone which provided habitat for millions of migrating birds , and the river had one of the southernmost runs of chinook salmon in North America . Miwok and Paiute people lived along the river for thousands of years before Spanish and Mexican military expeditions passed through in the early 19th century . The California Gold Rush brought many people into California and some settled in towns along the lower Merced River . A railroad was built along the Merced canyon , enabling mining and logging in the upper watershed , and later carrying tourists to Yosemite National Park . Conflicts between settlers and indigenous peoples resulted in wars , including the expulsion of the Ahwahnechee from Yosemite . Large - scale irrigation was introduced to the San Joaquin Valley in the late 19th century , and led to the construction of numerous state , federal and privately owned dams , which blocked migrating salmon and caused a large decline in riparian habitat . Diversion of water for irrigation often reduces the river to a small stream by the time it reaches its mouth . Efforts to mitigate environmental damage include habitat conservation work , re-establishment of historic streamflow patterns , and the construction of a salmon hatchery . Contents ( hide ) 1 Course 2 Watershed 3 Ecology 4 Geology 5 History 6 River modifications 7 Recreation 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Course ( edit ) The headwaters of the Merced River are at 8,017 feet ( 2,444 m ) at the foot of the Clark Range subrange of the Sierra Nevada , rising at the confluence of the Triple Peak Fork and Merced Peak Fork after they cascade down glacially polished slopes from the high country in the southeastern corner of Yosemite National Park . From its headwaters , the river flows north for a short distance and collects the Lyell Peak Fork . The course of the Merced then turns to the north west and flows through a steep walled canyon for 2.5 miles ( 4.0 km ) where the river receives the Red Peak Fork and then collects into Washburn Lake , 7,612 feet ( 2,320 m ) above sea level . The Merced continues to the northwest for 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) where collects into Merced Lake . Leaving Merced Lake , the river continues to the west northwest for 2.3 miles ( 3.7 km ) where the canyons open up into Echo Valley . The river then turns generally westward for another 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) , where it snakes through a spectacular narrow gorge between massive , glacially resistant granite cliffs . The gorge opens up after Bunnell Point and Sugarloaf Dome confine the river to form Bunnell Cascade , before turning southward through the Lost Valley of the Merced , and then spills over a granite cliff into Little Yosemite Valley , named for its resemblance to Yosemite Valley downstream . The Merced River drops over Nevada Falls and Vernal Falls , together known as the `` Giant Staircase '' , then receives Illilouette Creek and flows into Yosemite Valley , where it meanders between pine forests and meadows that fill the valley floor . Tenaya , Yosemite , Bridalveil and Pigeon Creeks join the Merced River in Yosemite Valley . Beyond the glacial moraine at the western end of the valley the river flows through the steep Merced River Canyon , picks up Cascade Creek and turns south near El Portal . State Route 140 follows the river out of the west entrance to the national park , a few miles before the South Fork Merced River , the largest tributary , joins from the left . Upper Yosemite Valley from Glacier Point The river arcs northwest to receive the North Fork , and a few miles after it enters Lake McClure , formed by New Exchequer Dam . Below New Exchequer , the river flows west through a heavily irrigated region of the Central Valley , passing through McSwain and Crocker - Huffman Dams and the cities of Hopeton , Delhi and Livingston . It joins the San Joaquin River at Hills Ferry , a few miles south of Turlock . Watershed ( edit ) The Merced River watershed encompasses 1,726 square miles ( 4,470 km ) in the central Sierra Nevada . To the north it is bordered by the watershed of the Tuolumne River , the other major river draining Yosemite National Park . On the south , the Merced watershed borders on the headwaters of the San Joaquin River . To the east , it is bordered by the Sierra crest which divides it from the endorheic Great Basin watershed of Mono Lake . May Lake , located at the headwaters of Snow Creek , is one of many lakes that feed the Merced River Much of the Merced River basin is at high elevation , where an alpine climate prevails . The Sierra receives heavy snowfall in the winter , which melts in the spring and early summer causing annual flooding . By late autumn the river level has dropped considerably , and some smaller tributaries dry up altogether . Up to 85 % of the flow above Happy Isles comes from melting snow . In the dry season , groundwater provides the only base flow to the river . In addition , the river is fed by dozens of high Sierra lakes , the largest of which include Merced Lake , Tenaya Lake , Ostrander Lake , the Chain Lakes , and May Lake . The foothills experience a drier Mediterranean climate , while the San Joaquin Valley floor is dry enough to be considered semi-desert . The Merced River is the third largest tributary of the San Joaquin River . Before irrigation started in the Central Valley and dams were constructed , the river 's natural flow at the mouth was much higher than the current average of 661 cubic feet per second ( 18.7 m / s ) , or about 479,000 acre feet ( 591,000,000 m ) per year . Upstream on the river , at Happy Isles , the average flow is 355 cubic feet per second ( 10.1 m / s ) . The United States Geological Survey has river gauges at three locations along the Merced River : at Happy Isles , above Lake McClure , and at the mouth . The first two record flows unaffected by dams and human intervention , but discharge at the mouth is chiefly controlled by New Exchequer Dam . The Lake McClure gauge , located at the former mining town of Bagby , is probably the most accurate gauge for flows overall . The average annual flow recorded there was 1,185 cubic feet per second ( 33.6 m / s ) from 1923 to 1966 . A peak of 92,500 cubic feet per second ( 2,620 m / s ) was reported there on December 23 , 1955 . For the mouth gauge , the highest flow was only 13,600 cubic feet per second ( 390 m / s ) in 1950 . Finally , for the gauge at Happy Isles , the largest flow ever recorded was 10,100 cubic feet per second ( 290 m / s ) in the 1997 Yosemite floods , which destroyed many campgrounds , roads , paths , and bridges in the valley . Ecology ( edit ) See also : Ecology of the Sierra Nevada According to a study in 2006 , there were 37 fish species , 127 bird species , and 140 insect and invertebrate species found in the Merced River watershed . Due to differences in climate , there is a large disparity between species found in the upper watershed ( above Lake McClure ) and along the lower river . Salmon were historically able to swim as far upstream as Happy Isles , seen here , but dams now block them from doing so There are 26 species of native and introduced fish in the lower Central Valley portion of the river , including Sacramento sucker , smallmouth bass , largemouth bass and carp . Anadromous fish species found in the lower river are chinook salmon , Pacific lamprey and striped bass . The upper section of the river , defined as the stretch from Lake McClure to the headwaters , has 11 species of fish . Historically , the range of anadromous fish extended to the waterfalls at the head of Yosemite Valley , but dams have blocked their migration since the early 1900s , and diversions frequently dewater their remaining spawning habitat in the lower part of the river . Environmental measures enacted in the late 20th century have had some success in boosting chinook salmon populations , from a record low of 500 fish during several years in the 1950s , to a high of 30,000 in 1984 . Since the 1970s , the annual chinook run has averaged about 5,300 . Of the 127 bird species found along the Merced River , only 35 occur along the entire length of the river . Many of these birds are migratory and only pass the area a few times every year , while 109 species of birds are found only in the breeding season . Birds are more abundant along the slow - moving lower river , which has more suitable riparian habitat compared to the rocky , swift upper river . Common species of bird throughout the basin include ruby - crowned kinglet , cedar waxwing , American robin , yellow - rumped warbler , tree swallow and European starling , and several endangered species , including white - tailed kite and Swainson 's hawk . Birds that occur commonly in the middle and upper sections of the Merced River include mourning dove , Cassin 's finch , California quail , dark - eyed junco , woodpecker , dipper , great blue heron , scrub jay , red - winged blackbird , red - tailed hawk , turkey vulture , cliff swallow , canyon wren , merganser , and bald eagles . Common insects found along the river include mayflies , stoneflies and caddisflies . The river is impacted by invasive Asiatic clam , Chinese mitten crab , and New Zealand mud snail . Many species of plants are found throughout the middle and upper basin , including California poppy , white alder , Oregon ash , oak , poison oak , bigleaf maple , Indian rhubarb , buttonbush , willow , whiteleaf manzanita , and historically , sugar pine , before heavy logging in the late 19th century . Squirrels , raccoon , jackrabbits , bats , skunks , beavers , mule deer , coyote , bobcat and black bear are among the mammal species found in the middle and upper watershed . One species of interest is the limestone salamander , an extremely rare amphibian whose only habitat is the Merced Canyon downstream of Yosemite Valley . The salamander depends on the limestone walls of the Merced Canyon to survive . To protect the salamander , a 20 - mile ( 32 km ) segment of the canyon covering 1,600 acres ( 6.5 km ) was designated an `` Area of Critical Environmental Concern '' in 1986 . Geology ( edit ) Further information : Geology of the Yosemite area and Sierra Nevada ( U.S. ) § Geologic history The Giant Staircase between Yosemite and Little Yosemite Valley When the North American Plate on its slow journey westwards encountered the Pacific Plate approximately 250 million years ago during the Paleozoic , the latter began to subduct under the North American continent . Intense pressure underground caused some of the Pacific Plate to melt , and the resulting upwelling magma pushed up and hardened into the granite batholith that makes up much of the Sierra Nevada . Extensive layers of marine sedimentary rock that originally made up the ancient Pacific seabed were also pushed up by the rising granite , and the ancestral Merced River formed on this layer of rock . Over millions of years , the Merced cut a deep canyon through the softer sedimentary rock , eventually hitting the hard granite beneath . The encounter with this resilient rock layer caused the Merced River to mostly stop its downcutting , although tributary streams continued to widen the ancient canyon . Over about 80 million years , erosion caused the transportation of massive amounts of alluvial sediment to the floor of the Central Valley , where it was trapped between the California Coast Range on the west and the Sierra Nevada on the east , forming an incredibly flat and fertile land surface . The present - day form of the upper Merced River watershed , however , was formed by glaciers , and the lower watershed was indirectly but significantly affected . When the last glacial period or Ice Age arrived , a series of four tremendous valley glaciers filled the upper basin of the Merced River . These glaciers rose in branches upstream of Yosemite Valley , descending from the Merced River headwaters , Tenaya Canyon and Illilouette Creek . Tenaya Canyon was actually eroded even deeper by an arm of the Tuolumne Glacier , which formed the Grand Canyon of the Tuolumne and Hetch Hetchy Valley on the Tuolumne River in the north . Little Yosemite Valley formed as a result of the underlying rock being harder than that below the Giant Staircase , the cliff wall containing Vernal Fall and Nevada Fall . These three branches of each glacier combined to form one large glacier about 7,000 feet ( 2,100 m ) thick at maximum , stretching 25 miles ( 40 km ) downstream past the mouth of Yosemite Valley , well into Merced Canyon . These glaciers formed the granite cliffs that now constitute landmarks such as Half Dome , El Capitán , and Cloud 's Rest . The first and largest glacier was the Sherwin or Pre-Tahoe glacier , which eroded the upper Merced watershed to an extent close to its present form . Three stages followed during the Wisconsinian glaciation ; these were the Tahoe , Tenaya and Tioga stages , of which the Tioga was the smallest . The Tioga glacier left at the mouth of Yosemite Valley a rocky moraine . This moraine was actually one of several moraines deposited by the four glaciations , which include Medial Moraine and Bridalveil Moraine . After the Tioga Glacier retreated this moraine formed a lake that flooded nearly the entire valley . Gradual sedimentation filled Lake Yosemite , creating a broad and flat valley floor . Sediments of glacial origin continued to travel down the Merced River following then , helping to form the flat floor of the Central Valley . History ( edit ) Tenaya Lake was named for Chief Tenaya , leader of the Ahwahneechee tribe that originally lived in Yosemite Valley Further information : History of the Yosemite area Of the many Native American tribes that have lived on the Merced River the most prominent were the Miwok ( consisting of Plains Miwok and Sierra Miwok ) , Paiute , and Ahwahnechee . Many Plains Miwok settled in the lowlands along the lower Merced River . The Sierra ( or Mountain ) Miwok lived in the upper Merced Canyon and in Yosemite Valley , and at the time the first white explorers came to the area , there were about 450 Sierra Miwok split among ten permanent villages . Paiute , of origin from the eastern Sierra near the Mono Lake area , also lived in the upper watershed of the Merced River . The Sierra Miwok and Mono Lake Paiute eventually , through cultural interaction over time , formed a new culture , the Ahwahnechee , derived from Ahwahnee , meaning `` the valley shaped like a big mouth '' ( referring to U-shaped Yosemite Valley ) . In the early 19th century , several military expeditions sent by Spanish colonists from coastal California traveled into the Central Valley . One of these trips , headed by lieutenant Gabriel Moraga , arrived on the south bank of the Merced River on September 29 , 1806 . They named the river Rio de Nuestra Señora de la Merced ( River of Our Lady of Mercy ) , who is the patron saint of the diocese of Barcelona and is celebrated on September 24 . Another expedition to the Central Valley in 1805 also named the Kings River upon reaching it on January 6 , 1805 , which is the feast of the Magi or Epiphany . Moraga 's expedition was part of a series of exploratory ventures , funded by the Spanish government , to find suitable sites for missions in the Central Valley and the Sierra Nevada foothills . In 1808 and 1810 , Moraga led further expeditions along the lower Merced River below Merced Canyon , each time coming to nothing . Eventually , plans to establish a mission chain in the Valley were abandoned . In 1855 , Merced County was created , named after the Merced River . Following the establishment of Merced County and the independence of California from Mexico , many settlers came to the Merced River area and established small towns on the Merced River . One of the first was Dover , established in 1844 at the confluence of the Merced River with the San Joaquin River . Dover functioned as an `` inland seaport '' where boats delivered supplies from the San Francisco Bay area to settlers in the San Joaquin Valley . Some towns that followed were Hopeton , Snelling and Merced Falls , the latter named for a set of rapids on the Merced River near the present - day site of McSwain Dam . In the late 1880s a flour mill , woolen mill and a few lumber mills were constructed at Merced Falls . The Sugar Pine Lumber Company and Yosemite Lumber Company operated lumber mills at Merced Falls for over thirty years , relying on narrow - gauge railroads to ship lumber from the Sierra Nevada along the Merced River . Following the construction of the Central Pacific and Southern Pacific Railroads , many of the river towns on the Merced River were deserted . Several cities that did achieve prominence , however , include Merced and Turlock , both located on the railroad . The Merced River , Yosemite , California , by George Henry Burgess The California Gold Rush in the 1850s saw gradually increasing mining in Merced Canyon and Yosemite Valley . Many Native Americans in the area revolted , leading to conflicts between miners and the Ahwahnechee . In 1851 the Mariposa Battalion was formed to drive the remaining Ahwahnechee out of the valley into reservations . The Battalion fought an Ahwahnechee group led by Chief Tenaya over the South Fork of the Merced River . Eventually , they succeeded in driving most of the Indians out of the Yosemite Valley , first into a reservation near Fresno . Following the gold rush , the Ahwahnechee were allowed back into Yosemite Valley , but further incidents prompted a second battalion to drive them out , this time to the Mono Lake area . Many place names in the valley have their origin from the Mariposa Battalion . Even before the establishment of Yosemite National Park , tourists began to travel into the Merced Canyon and Yosemite Valley as early as 1855 . The first roads were constructed into Yosemite Valley in the 1870s . The first was Coulterville Road , followed by Big Oak Flat Road , a trading route from Stockton to Merced Canyon . Environmental movements led by John Muir and Robert Underwood Johnson convinced the U.S. Congress to establish Yosemite National Park in 1890 . With the creation of the national park tourism to the Valley and the Merced River increased significantly , leading to many other roads being built throughout the upper Merced River watershed . Other national forests protecting more of the Merced River upper basin followed , including Sierra National Forest and Stanislaus National Forest . The Yosemite Valley Railroad , originally established with the discovery of mineral deposits in Yosemite Valley and Merced Canyon , continued functioning through the early 20th century carrying tourists to Yosemite Valley along the Merced River . El Portal Road , constructed through Merced Canyon in 1926 , put an end to passenger service on the railway , but operations continued until the mid-1940s , when major flooding occurred , destroying sections of the railroad . In the early 20th century , when the upper Merced River basin lay mostly protected , the lower river was the subject of dam - building and irrigation diversions by the Merced Irrigation District . The District proposed the Exchequer Dam , completed in the mid-1920s and raised in the 1960s , as a water storage facility on the Merced River . Irrigation with water from the Merced River continued to grow substantially until most of the arable land around the river , some 120,000 acres ( 490 km ) , was under cultivation . By the late 1950s and early 1960s , irrigation in the San Joaquin Valley was to such an extent that many of the rivers ran dry in sections . Upriver of the Merced River confluence with the San Joaquin , the latter river was usually dry , only regaining flow where the Merced River enters . In the mid-20th century , the flow in the Merced River diminished to such a degree that very few salmon returned to spawn in the lower section of the Merced River . In 1991 , a fish hatchery , the Merced River Hatchery , was built beside the Merced River just downstream of the Crocker - Huffman Diversion Dam , the lowermost Merced River dam . Fall chinook salmon travel up a fish ladder into the hatchery 's pools , which are supplied with water diverted from the Merced River . Yosemite Valley saw significant amounts of damage when the river flooded the valley in 1997 . River modifications ( edit ) Cascades Diversion Dam before it was removed in the 1990s Despite its partial status as a National Wild and Scenic River , the Merced River has many dams and irrigation diversions . New Exchequer Dam is the largest dam on the river and forms Lake McClure , which holds 1,032,000 acre feet ( 1.273 × 10 m ) of water for irrigation , flood control and hydropower generation . This modern structure was preceded by the old Exchequer Dam forming 281,000 - acre - foot ( 347,000,000 m ) Exchequer Reservoir . The old concrete arch dam , completed in 1926 , was flooded out when the new concrete - faced rockfill dam was built in 1967 , but occasionally reappears during periods of low water . Downstream of New Exchequer Dam is McSwain Dam , which serves as a regulating forebay for New Exchequer Dam and also generates power . Below this dam is Merced Falls Dam , an irrigation diversion dam . The lowermost , the Crocker - Huffman Diversion Dam , was built in 1906 and completely blocks the passage of anadromous fish up the Merced River . Together , these diversions remove almost half the natural flow of the Merced River , and an even greater proportion during dry years . Cascades Diversion Dam was a timber crib dam built in 1917 near where the Merced River flows out of Yosemite Valley . Originally built to generate hydropower , the dam was decommissioned in 1985 but remained standing for a number of years afterward . After the great flood of 1997 , the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation surveyed the dam and found it in danger of failure . Classified as a `` high hazard '' structure , it was originally considered for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places but was deemed too dangerous , and was subsequently removed . Today , the Merced River above Lake McClure is completely free - flowing and unobstructed by any dams . The Merced Irrigation District ( MID ) operates most of the irrigation infrastructure on the lower river , which supplies water to 154,394 acres ( 624.81 km ) of farmland . As a whole , the system includes about 4,000 control gates and 793 miles ( 1,276 km ) of canals and laterals . Irrigation has taken most of the water out of the lower river , which is often reduced to a small stream where it joins the San Joaquin . Irrigation return flows carry pesticides , fertilizer and other pollutants into the river . The MID is federally required to allow at least 15,000 acre feet ( 19,000,000 m ) of water annually to flow continually down the river , not including floodwater releases . Recreation ( edit ) The Merced River threads through Yosemite National Park in a stretch popular for boating and whitewater rafting The Merced River and its tributaries are a popular recreational area in part because of Yosemite National Park . There are many activities within the watershed , including boating , fishing , camping and hiking . Whitewater rafting is permitted throughout Merced River Canyon from the downstream half of Yosemite Valley to the entrance of Lake McClure . The most difficult rapids in this segment rate Class III and Class IV , mostly upstream of El Portal . There is also boating on Lake McClure . Camping throughout the upper Merced watershed is generally only permitted in designated campgrounds . Campgrounds along the Merced River and its tributaries include ones at Railroad Flat , McCabe Flat , Willow Placer , Merced Lake , Vogelsang Lake , Sunrise Creek , May Lake , Bridalveil Creek , and a ski hut at Ostrander Lake , the source of Bridalveil Creek . The name `` Railroad Flat '' originates from the Yosemite Valley Railroad , which once travelled up Merced River Canyon into Yosemite Valley . The old railroad grade still exists , and is now the site of a public trail . Many other trails lead throughout the Merced River watershed , notably the John Muir Trail , which starts near Happy Isles and climbs the Giant Staircase , past Vernal and Nevada Falls , into Little Yosemite Valley and north along Sunrise Creek to join the Pacific Crest Trail near Tuolumne Meadows . Trails also follow the river through Little Yosemite Valley to the headwaters area , and along Illilouette , Bridalveil , Yosemite , Alder and Chilnualna Creeks , and the lower South Fork of the Merced River . There are no trails along some segments , including the lower Bridalveil Creek , upper South Fork , and specifically Tenaya Canyon , which is extremely dangerous . See also ( edit ) List of rivers of California California portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : U.S. Geological Survey . National Hydrography Dataset high - resolution flowline data . The National Map Archived 2012 - 04 - 05 at WebCite , accessed March 11 , 2011 Jump up ^ Durham , David L. ( 1998 ) . California 's Geographic Names : A Gazetteer of Historic and Modern Names of the State . Quill Driver Books . p. 802 . ISBN 1 - 884995 - 14 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : USGS Topo Maps for United States ( Map ) . Cartography by United States Geological Survey . ACME Mapper . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` Merced Irrigation District Watershed '' ( PDF ) . Merced Irrigation District ( MID ) . www.mercedid.org . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2009 - 11 - 22 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Yosemite National Park ( PDF ) ( Map ) . Cartography by National Park Service . U.S. National Park Service . 2003 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hydrology and Watersheds '' . NPS Yosemite National Park . U.S. National Park Service . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ Peterson , David ; Smith , Richard ; Hager , Stephen ; Cayan , Daniel ; Detting , Michael ( 2003 ) . `` Air Temperature and Snowmelt Discharge Characteristics , Merced River at Happy Isles , Yosemite National Park , Central Sierra Nevada '' ( PDF ) . Pacific Climate Conference . Scripps Institute of Oceanongraphy Hydroclimate Group . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ Stine , Scott ( 1996 ) . `` Climate , 1650 - 1850 '' ( PDF ) . Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project . California Natural Resources Agency . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2009 - 10 - 09 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` USGS Gage # 11268500 on the Merced River at Bagby , CA ( Monthly Statistics ) '' . National Water Information System . United States Geological Survey . 1923 -- 1966 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` USGS Gage # 11268500 on the Merced River at Bagby , CA : Peak Streamflow '' . National Water Information System . United States Geological Survey . 1923 -- 1966 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Merced River near Stevenson '' . National Water Information System . United States Geological Survey . 1924 -- 2010 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 12 . The gauge stopped operation in 1925 and resumed in 1941 . From 1996 to 2001 no data was recorded , presumably because of the 1998 El Niño year and the 1997 Yosemite floods . The gauge resumed operation in 2002 . As this gauge is below the New Exchequer Dam , the USGS notes that all `` Discharge affected by Regulation or Diversion '' . Jump up ^ `` Merced River at Happy Isles Bridge '' . United States Geological Survey . National Water Information System . 1916 -- 2014 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 12 . The USGS notes that some `` Discharge due to Snowmelt , Hurricane , Ice - Jam or Debris Dam breakup '' caused several peaks . ^ Jump up to : `` Fish , Water Insects and Birds along the Merced River '' ( PDF ) . The Merced River Alliance Project . June 2007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 07 - 27 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Merced River '' . San Joaquin Basin Website . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 26 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Boating Trail Guide to the Wild and Scenic Merced River ( Page 2 ) '' ( PDF ) . California Department of Boating and Waterways . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2009 - 10 - 20 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Limestone Salamander Area of Critical Environmental Concern '' . U.S. Department of the Interior . Bureau of Land Management . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 11 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ Beatty , M.E. ( 1943 ) . `` A Brief Story of the Geology of Yosemite Valley '' . Yosemite Online Library . Yosemite Online . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ Resendes , Mary Ann . `` Geology of the Sierra Nevadas '' . Central Sierra Historical Society . Archived from the original on 2010 - 08 - 17 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Harris , Ann G. ; Tuttle , Esther ; Tuttle , Sherwood D. ( 2004 ) . Geology of National Parks . Kendall Hunt . p. 400 . ISBN 0 - 7872 - 9970 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Clark , Lorin D. `` Geologic guide to the Merced Canyon and Yosemite Valley , California : with road logs from Hayward through Yosemite Valley , via Tracy , Patterson , Turlock and Merced Falls '' . U.S. Geological Survey . Internet Archive . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Schaffer , Jeffrey P. ( 1997 ) . The geomorphic evolution of the Yosemite Valley and Sierra Nevada landscapes : solving the riddle in the rocks . Wilderness Press . pp. 161 -- 168 . ISBN 0 - 89997 - 219 - 5 . Jump up ^ Guyton , Bill ( 2001 ) . Glaciers of California : Modern Glaciers , Ice Age Glaciers , the Origin of Yosemite Valley , and a Glacier Tour in the Sierra Nevada . University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 22683 - 6 . Jump up ^ Nobokov , Peter ; Easton , Robert ( 1989 ) . Native American architecture . Oxford University Press . p. 305 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 503781 - 2 . Jump up ^ Beesely , David ( 2004 ) . Crow 's range : an environmental history of the Sierra Nevada . University of Nevada Press . p. 15 . ISBN 0 - 87417 - 562 - 3 . Jump up ^ Brown , Ann Marie ( 2009 ) . Moon Yosemite . PublicAffairs . p. 233 . ISBN 1 - 59880 - 094 - 9 . Jump up ^ Farquhar , Francis P. ( 2007 ) . History of the Sierra Nevada . University of California Press . p. 17 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 25395 - 7 . Jump up ^ Hoover , Mildred Brooke ; Kyle , Douglas E. ( 2002 ) . Historic spots in California . Stanford University Press . pp. 209 -- 210 . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 4482 - 3 . Jump up ^ Historic spots in California , p. 212 Jump up ^ Johnston , Hank ( 1984 ) . The whistles blow no more : railroad logging in the Sierra Nevada , 1874 - 1942 . Trans - Anglo Books . ISBN 0 - 87046 - 067 - 6 . Jump up ^ Historic spots in California , p. 213 Jump up ^ Moon Yosemite , p. 234 Jump up ^ Moon Yosemite , p. 235 - 36 Jump up ^ Moon Yosemite , p. 237 Jump up ^ Johnston , Hank ( 1962 ) . Short line to paradise : the story of the Yosemite Valley Railroad . Flying Spur Press . ISBN 0 - 87046 - 022 - 6 . Jump up ^ Massey , Peter ; Wilson , Jeanne ( 2006 ) . Backcountry Adventures Northern California . Adler Publishing . p. 221 . ISBN 1 - 930193 - 25 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Merced River Hatchery '' . California Department of Water Resources . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 29 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Scientific Investigations Report 2007 -- 5216 '' . United States Geological Survey . 2008 - 02 - 19 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Merced Environmental Assessment '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Bureau of Reclamation . October 2000 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Lake McSwain '' . Lake McClure website . Archived from the original on 2002 - 11 - 25 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Executive Summary '' . Cascades Diversion Dam Removal Project . U.S. National Park Service . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Merced Irrigation District '' ( PDF ) . Delta Vision . State of California . 2008 - 08 - 07 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ Lamb , Jonah Owen ( 2009 - 07 - 07 ) . `` Merced River has a vital role : Re-licensing of Merced Irrigation District 's dams could have far - reaching consequences '' . Merced Sun - Star . California Partnership for the San Joaquin Valley . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 28 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Merced River Recreation Area '' . U.S. Bureau of Land Management . Archived from the original on 2010 - 03 - 16 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 02 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Merced River . Map all coordinates using : OpenStreetMap Google Maps Download coordinates as : KML GPX Merced River Watershed Portal Merced Irrigation District Merced Irrigation District Watershed Map San Joaquin Salmon in creek running north Fanciful History of Ballico , California ( hide ) Rivers of California 's Central Valley watershed ( north - to - south ) Sacramento River watershed Pit River McCloud River Cow Creek Cottonwood Creek Battle Creek Mill Creek Deer Creek Thomes Creek Big Chico Creek Stony Creek Butte Creek Feather River North Fork East Branch West Branch Middle Fork South Fork Yuba River Bear River American River North Fork Middle Fork South Fork Cache Creek Putah Creek San Joaquin River watershed Mokelumne River Cosumnes River Calaveras River Stanislaus River Tuolumne River Clavey River Cherry Creek Merced River Mariposa Creek Chowchilla River Fresno River Tulare Basin Kings River Kaweah River Tule River White River Poso Creek Kern River Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Merced_River&oldid=822529388 '' Categories : Merced River Rivers of the Sierra Nevada ( U.S. ) Landforms of Yosemite National Park Rivers of Mariposa County , California Rivers of Merced County , California Geography of the San Joaquin Valley Tributaries of the San Joaquin River Wild and Scenic Rivers of the United States Rivers of Northern California Rivers of the Sierra Nevada in California Hidden categories : Webarchive template webcite links Coordinates on Wikidata Geobox usage tracking for river type Lists of coordinates Geographic coordinate lists Articles with Geo Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 پنجابی Português Română Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Українська 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 January 2018 , at 22 : 14 . 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oasis stop crying your heart out song meaning
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Stop Crying Your Heart Out
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`` Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' is a song by the English rock band Oasis . The song was written by Noel Gallagher and produced by Oasis . It was released on 17 June 2002 as the second single from the band 's fifth studio album , Heathen Chemistry ( 2002 ) . Liam Gallagher is the lead vocalist on the track , with Noel on backing vocals . The ballad was heavily compared to the band 's past single `` Slide Away '' . While some praised Noel 's ability to lighten the mood of his target audience , others felt that the song was disappointing and forgettable .
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`` Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' debuted and peaked at number two on the UK Singles Chart and reached a peak of number six on the UK Indie Chart . It peaked at number one in Italy , and reached the top - twenty in Belgium , Denmark , Finland and Norway . `` Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' was certified silver by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) on 12 July 2002 , denoting shipments of over 200,000 copies . British singer - songwriter Leona Lewis recorded a cover version for her second studio album Echo ( 2009 ) . She performed her version on the sixth series finale of The X Factor , and it peaked at number 29 on the UK Singles Chart and number 11 on the UK R&B Chart . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition and lyrics 2 Critical reception 3 Chart performance 4 Credits and personnel 5 Track listing 6 Charts and certifications 6.1 Yearly charts 6.2 Certifications 7 Use in other media 8 Leona Lewis version 8.1 Background and recording 8.2 Composition and critical reception 8.3 Chart performance 8.4 Live performances 8.5 Credits and personnel 8.6 Yearly charts 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Composition and lyrics ( edit ) `` Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' was written solely by Noel Gallagher , and was produced by Oasis . Noel and his brother Liam are the lead vocalists on the track . The song was recorded at Wheeler End Studios and Olympic Studios in England , and was mixed by Mark Stent . It was engineered by David Treahearn , Jan `` Stan '' Kybert and Paul `` P - Dub '' Walton . Several instrumentalists were used for the song 's melody , including Andy Bell as the bass player , Oasis drummer Alan White , Noel Gallagher and Gem Archer on guitar , and Mike Rowe on piano . `` Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' is a motivational ballad which lasts for a duration of five minutes and five seconds . Its melodic structure bears strong resemblances to `` Slide Away '' , one of their songs from their debut studio album Definitely Maybe ( 1994 ) , while its hook is reminiscent of the chorus of their 1996 song `` Do n't Look Back in Anger '' . Liam Gallagher `` croons '' the lines `` All of the stars / Are fading away / Just try not to worry / You 'll see them some day '' as an orchestra plays in the background . `` Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' was composed in the key of B minor using common time at 76 beats per minute . Critical reception ( edit ) Jason Fox for NME felt that `` Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' was Oasis 's return to the `` long lost humanism '' of their 1996 single `` Do n't Look Back in Anger '' , because of Noel Gallagher 's ability to lighten the mood of his audience when they are in need . He further wrote that the listener is transported back when `` Do n't Look Back in Anger '' was released . Simon Evans for musicOMH also compared the song to `` Do n't Look Back in Anger '' , writing that they have the same `` defiance '' . Stephen Thomas Erlewine for AllMusic was brief in his review of the song , simply writing that it is a `` pretty good power ballad '' . Evan Chakroff for Stylus Magazine wrote that the song was forgettable , adding that while writing his review of the album , he could not remember the melody of `` Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' . Victoria Segal for NME wrote a single review when it was released , and believed that it was difficult to take the song seriously . Segal wrote that it is a `` disappointing '' song that when `` looked at in the sober light of day , it 's nothing but a lachrymose slur through the Big Noel Book Of Emotional Cliches and some truly shameless piano , but you just know that come closing time , it could make a breeze block cry '' . BBC reviewer Chris Long stated he preferred previous single `` The Hindu Times '' but `` Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' delivered on the `` simple tunes , good strong riffs and textbook lyrics '' in which Gallagher specialized . Chart performance ( edit ) `` Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' debuted and peaked at number two on the UK Singles Chart on 29 June 2002 . The following week on 6 July , it fell two positions to number four , and again down to number 13 in its third week . It charted at number 23 and 28 in its fourth and fifth weeks , respectively . In 2009 , the song re-entered the UK Singles Chart at number 71 on 14 November . It remained on the chart for a further week . In 2010 , it re-entered the chart for a third time at number 50 on 9 October . On the UK Indie Chart , the song leaped from number 192 to number 30 on 10 October 2009 . The following week it rose to number nine , but fell to number 26 the week after . On 14 November 2009 , `` Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' rose from number 85 to number nine again . It feel to number 25 again the following week . On 26 December 2009 , it ascended from number 51 to a new peak of number six . On 2 January 2010 , it fell from number six to number 22 , but rose to number 18 the following week . `` Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' was certified Silver by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) on 12 July 2002 , denoting shipments of over 200,000 copies . In Europe , `` Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' debuted and peaked at number 41 on the Austrian Singles Chart on 7 July 2002 . It fell to number 45 in its second week , and to number 62 in its third . However , it ascended to number 56 in its fourth week . It psent a total of five consecutive weeks on the chart . In the Wallonia region of Belgium , the song peaked at number 13 on 3 August 2002 , remaining on the chart for three weeks , and re-entered the chart for one week at number 44 on 26 February 2011 . The song charted for one week on the Danish Singles Chart at number 17 on 28 June 2002 . `` Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' debuted at number 11 in on the Finnish Singles Chart and fell to number 17 the following week . It peaked at number 48 on the German Singles Chart and at number six on the Irish Singles Chart . In Italy , the song debuted at number one on 20 June 2002 . It fell to number five in its second week , and to number 17 in its third week . It spent a total of nine weeks on the chart . In the Netherlands , it spent a total of two weeks on the chart : it debuted at number 76 on 6 July 2002 and rose by three positions to number 73 the following week . `` Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' peaked at number 23 on the Swedish Singles Chart and peaked at number 48 on the Swiss Singles Chart . In 2012 , the song debuted and peaked at number 135 on the French Singles Chart for one week . Outside of Europe , the song peaked at number 48 on the Australian Singles Chart . Credits and personnel ( edit ) Recording Recorded at Wheeler End and Olympic Studios , England . Personnel Songwriting -- Noel Gallagher Production -- Oasis Engineering -- David Treahearn , Jan `` Stan '' Kybert , Paul `` P - Dub '' Walton Bass -- Andy Bell Drums -- Alan White Piano -- Gem Archer Guitar -- Noel Gallagher Mixing -- Mark Stent Vocals -- Liam Gallagher , Noel Gallagher Credits adapted from the liner notes of Heathen Chemistry . Track Listing ( edit ) CD single / EP `` Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' -- 5 : 02 `` Thank You for the Good Times '' -- 4 : 32 `` Shout It Out Loud '' -- 4 : 20 DVD RKIDSDVD 24 `` Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' - 5 : 03 `` Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' ( demo ) - 5 : 09 10 Minutes of Noise and Confusion - pt two - 7 : 24 The demo version of `` Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' is sung by Noel . The `` 10 Minutes ... '' documentary is the second part of a unique feature covering 48 hours on the road with Oasis during the Tour of Brotherly Love which took place in the US with the Black Crowes during May and June 2001 . Charts and certifications ( edit ) Yearly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2002 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 48 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 41 Belgium ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 13 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 17 Finland ( The Official Finnish Charts ) 11 Germany ( Media Control Charts ) 48 Ireland ( IRMA ) 6 Italy ( FIMI ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 73 Norway ( VG - lista ) 13 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 23 Switzerland ( Swiss Hitparade ) 48 UK Singles Chart ( Official Charts Company ) Chart ( 2009 ) Peak position UK Indie Chart ( OOC ) 6 UK Singles Chart ( OOC ) 71 Chart ( 2010 ) Peak position UK Indie Chart ( OOC ) 18 UK Singles Chart ( OCC ) 50 Chart ( 2011 ) Peak position Belgium ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 44 Chart ( 2012 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 135 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 200,000 ( ^ ) sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Use in other media ( edit ) The song was used as the ending theme for the 2004 film The Butterfly Effect and the Season 2 episode ' Red ' of Smallville . Also featured in `` Maid of Honor '' Leona Lewis version ( edit ) `` Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' Song by Leona Lewis from the album Echo Format Digital download Length 4 : 08 Label Sony Syco Producer ( s ) Steve Robson Leona Lewis Echo track listing `` Naked '' ( 9 ) `` Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' ( 10 ) `` Do n't Let Me Down '' ( 11 ) `` Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' is a cover song recorded by British singer - songwriter Leona Lewis for her second studio album Echo ( 2009 ) . Originally written by Noel Gallagher of rock band Oasis , the song was produced by Lewis and Steve Robson . Lewis decided to cover the track as she is a fan of Oasis and rock bands in general , and she really liked the song 's sentiment . The strings were performed by London Session Orchestra , who were organised and arranged by Will Malone . The musical structure of the song is different from the conventional style which is normally used , as the song 's melody does not gain momentum until the end of the song instead of by the first chorus . Her version of `` Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' garnered mostly negative reviews from music critics . Aside from comparisons to her previous singles `` Bleeding Love '' and her cover of Snow Patrol 's `` Run '' , reviewers felt as though she was too emotive and did not reflect the simplicity of the original . Although the arrangement of the song was criticised , Lewis 's vocal performance was highly praised . The song peaked at number 29 on the UK Singles Chart , number 11 on the UK R&B Chart and number 31 on the Irish Singles Chart . Lewis has performed the song live on the BBC Radio 2 show Live Sessions with Ken Bruce , MTV Unplugged and on the sixth series finale of The X Factor . Background and recording ( edit ) Lewis revealed that she decided to record a cover version of Oasis ' ( pictured ) `` Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' as she is a fan of the band . In an interview with Rick Edwards titled Under the Skin of Leona Lewis on 28 February 2010 for 4Music , Lewis revealed that she is a fan of Oasis and that `` Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' is a `` great song '' with a `` beautiful sentiment behind it '' . She continued to say herself and label boss Simon Cowell discussed the possibility of Lewis recording a discussed cover version . Lewis cited her reason for wishing to record her own version as being a `` massive '' fan of rock bands , and that she wanted to put a `` different spin on it '' . When asked the question of if she knew what Gallagher thought about her version , she replied saying that she had not spoken to them and that she did not know if they had listened to her version . Originally written solely by Gallagher , Lewis 's cover version was produced by Steve Robson . Both Robson and Lewis were the vocal producers on `` Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' . It was engineered by Richard Flack , who was assisted in the process by vocal engineer Seth Waldmann . It was mixed by Jeremy Wheatly at Twenty - One Studios , located in London , England . A range of instrumentalists were bought in for the song ; Karl Brazil played the drums , while Luke Potashnick provided guitar . John Garrison played the bass and Robson the piano . The London Session Orchestra performed the strings on `` Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' and it was arranged by Will Malone , while the choir was organised and arranged by Lawrence Johnson . Background vocals were performed by Sara - Jane Skeet and Beverly Skeet . Composition and critical reception ( edit ) `` Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' appears as the tenth track on Echo and lasts for a duration of four minutes and eight seconds . However , it is not included on the North American version of the album . The structure of the song is not conventional in its style , as most songs have gained momentum by the first chorus . However , Lewis 's version of `` Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' remains down - tempo for the majority of the song . Andy Gill for The Independent noted that it does not possess the `` rapidly acquiring melodramatic heft and momentum by the first refrain '' . Lewis 's version of `` Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' garnered mostly negative reviews from music critics . Nick Levine for Digital Spy complimented her version , writing that it is `` as satisfying as a sponge pudding on a chilly winter evening '' . Michael Cragg for musicOMH wrote that `` Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' is another song to be given the `` Leona treatment '' , and compared it to her cover of Snow Patrol 's `` Run '' , which she recorded for her inclusion on her debut studio album , Spirit . He felt that her cover of Oasis 's song appeared to serve as a `` replacement '' for covering Snow Patrol . He continued to criticise the production and vocal performance of Lewis 's version , writing `` On this occasion the kitchen - sink style production -- stirring strings , acoustic strums , and inevitable appearance of a choir -- feels hollow , like being aurally attacked by a ( admittedly very impressive ) karaoke singer '' . As part of his review of Echo , Matthew Cole for Slant Magazine wrote that too much of the album is dominated by `` thoughtless '' ballads , which he highlighted in the form of `` Do n't Let Me Down '' and `` Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' . While he noted that Lewis gives a `` technically unimpeachable '' vocal performance , he wrote that it does not compensate for the `` dull arrangement '' and lack of emotion in her delivery . Andy Gill for The Independent described her cover as `` sententious '' . Neil McCormick for The Telegraph was critical of her decision to cover the song , writing that she is too emotive for the `` direct and simple '' lyrics , and concluded by saying that her version does not compare to Gallagher 's `` raw - thorated sincerity '' . Chart performance ( edit ) Upon the release of Echo , `` Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' debuted at number 55 on the UK Singles Chart due to strong digital download sales on 28 November 2009 . Following Lewis 's performance on The X Factor finale , the song re-entered the singles chart at number 29 on 26 December 2009 , rising 101 chart positions from the previous week . On 4 September 2010 , the song re-entered the UK Singles Chart for a third time at number 63 . On 19 December 2009 , the song rose from number 41 to number 34 on the UK R&B Chart . The following week on 26 December , it ascended to number 11 . On 2 January 2010 , it fell to number 15 , and again to number 34 the next week . It remained inside the top 40 R&B chart for a further two weeks . The same week on the UK Download Chart , the song leaped from number 114 to number 27 for the chart issue dated 26 December 2009 . In Scotland , the song rose from number 74 to number 24 on 26 December 2009 . In the first week of 2010 , it feel to number 36 . In Ireland , the song debut and peaked at number 31 on 17 December 2009 . Over the following two weeks , it fell to number 33 , and again to number 48 before exiting the top 50 . Live performances ( edit ) On 3 December 2009 , Lewis performed her version on the BBC Radio 2 show Live Sessions with Ken Bruce , as part of a set list which also included `` Bleeding Love '' , `` Better In Time '' , `` Happy '' and `` I Got You '' . She performed an acoustic version of the song on MTV Unplugged in Germany . A reviewer for Neon Limelight felt that her acoustic performance lacked emotion and passion . The singer performed the song again on the sixth series finale of The X Factor in December 2009 . On 21 January 2010 , Lewis performed `` Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' and `` I Got You '' on BBC Radio 1 's Live Lounge . Credits and personnel ( edit ) Recording Mixed at Twenty - One Studios , London . Personnel Songwriting -- Noel Gallagher Production -- Steve Robson Vocal production -- Steve Robson , Leona Lewis Engineering -- Richard Flack Vocal engineering -- Seth Waldmann Mixing -- Jeremy Wheatly Drums -- Karl Brazil Guitars -- Luke Potashnick Bass -- John Garrison Piano -- Steve Robson String arrangements -- Will Malone Strings -- London Session Orchestra Choir organising and arranging -- Lawrence Johnson Background vocals -- Sara - Jane Skeet and Beverly Skeet Credits adapted from the liner notes of Echo . Yearly charts ( edit ) Book : Echo Chart ( 2009 ) Peak position Ireland ( IRMA ) 31 Scotland ( OCC ) 24 UK Download Chart ( OCC ) 27 UK R&B Chart ( OCC ) 11 UK Singles Chart ( OCC ) 29 Chart ( 2010 ) Peak position Scotland ( OCC ) 36 UK R&B Chart ( OCC ) 15 UK Singles Chart ( OCC ) 63 Notes ( edit ) A ^ According to Oasis 's official website , the lyrics are `` Cos all of the stars / Are fading away / Just try not to worry / You 'll see them some day '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Biografías de artístas , videos de música , noticias , fotos '' ( Artists biographies , music videos , news , pictures ) ( in Spanish ) . VH1 Latin America . Viacom . Retrieved 26 May 2013 ... con un number one en los charts ingleses y hits que huelen a britpop vintage como ' Stop Crying Your Heart Out ' ... ^ Jump up to : Gallagher , Noel ( 2002 ) . Heathen Chemistry ( Liner Notes ) ( Compact Disc ) . Oasis . London , England : Big Brother . ^ Jump up to : Segal , Victoria ( 11 June 2002 ) . `` Oasis : Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' . NME . IPC Media . Retrieved 12 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Moon , Tom ( 6 June 2002 ) . `` Oasis - Heathen Chemistry '' . Rolling Stone . Jann Wenner . Retrieved 12 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Heathen Chemistry - Oasis '' . iTunes Store ( GB ) . Apple . 2 July 2002 . Retrieved 12 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Petridis , Alex ( 21 June 2002 ) . `` Yawning glory '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media . Retrieved 15 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Fox , Jason ( 25 June 2002 ) . `` Oasis : Heathen Chemistry '' . NME . IPC Media . Retrieved 12 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Digital Sheet Music , Oasis ' Stop Crying Your Heart Out ' '' . Musicnotes.com . Peer International Music Publishing . 2002 . Retrieved 23 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Evans , Simon ( 1 July 2002 ) . `` Oasis -- Heathen Chemistry '' . musicOMH . Retrieved 15 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Erlewine , Steven Thomas . `` Oasis - Heathen Chemistry '' . Allmusic . All Media Guide . Retrieved 12 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Chakroff , Evans ( 1 September 2009 ) . `` Oasis Heathen Chemistry '' . Stylus Magazine . Todd Burns . Archived from the original on 10 October 2012 . Retrieved 15 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Long , Chris ( 17 June 2002 ) . `` Music - Oasis - Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' . BBC . Archived from the original on 30 January 2008 . Retrieved 15 April 2013 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` 2002 Top 40 Official UK Singles Archive - 29 June 2002 '' . Official Charts Company . 29 June 2002 . Retrieved 11 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Oasis - Artist Song Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 11 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 Top 40 Official UK Singles Archive - 7 July 2002 '' . Official Charts Company . 7 July 2002 . Retrieved 11 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 Top 40 Official UK Singles Archive - 13 July 2002 '' . Official Charts Company . 13 July 2002 . Retrieved 11 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 Top 40 Official UK Singles Archive - 20 July 2002 '' . Official Charts Company . 20 July 2002 . Retrieved 11 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 Top 40 Official UK Singles Archive - 27 July 2002 '' . Official Charts Company . 27 July 2002 . Retrieved 11 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Top 40 Independent Singles Archive - 10th October 2009 '' . Official Charts Company . 10 October 2009 . Retrieved 11 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Top 40 Independent Singles Archive - 17th October 2009 '' . Official Charts Company . 17 October 2009 . Retrieved 11 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Top 40 Independent Singles Archive - 24th October 2009 '' . Official Charts Company . 24 October 2009 . Retrieved 11 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Top 40 Independent Singles Archive - 14 November 2009 '' . Official Charts Company . 14 November 2009 . Retrieved 11 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Top 40 Independent Singles Archive - 21 November 2009 '' . Official Charts Company . 21 November 2009 . Retrieved 11 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2009 Top 40 Independent Singles Archive - 26 December 2009 '' . Official Charts Company . 26 December 2009 . Retrieved 11 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Top 40 Independent Singles Archive - 2 January 2010 '' . Official Charts Company . 2 January 2010 . Retrieved 11 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2009 Top 40 Independent Singles Archive - 9 January 2010 '' . Official Charts Company . 9 January 2010 . Retrieved 11 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` British single certifications -- Oasis -- Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 11 April 2013 . Enter Stop Crying Your Heart Out in the search field and then press Enter . ^ Jump up to : `` Oasis - Stop Crying Your Heart Out ( Song ) '' . austriancharts.at ( in German ) . Hung Medien. 7 July 2002 . Retrieved 12 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Oasis - Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' . ultratop.be/fr . Hung Medien. 3 August 2002 . Retrieved 12 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Oasis - Stop Crying Your Heart Out ( song ) '' . danishcharts.com . Hung Medien. 28 June 2002 . Retrieved 12 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Oasis - Stop Crying Your Heart Out ( song ) '' . finnishcharts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved 12 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Oasis - Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' . charts.de . Hung Medien . Retrieved 12 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Irish Chart Music Archive '' . Chart - Track. 20 June 2002 . Retrieved 12 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Oasis - Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' . italiancharts.com . Hung Medien. 20 June 2002 . Retrieved 12 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Oasis - Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' . dutchcharts.nl . Hung Medien. 6 July 2002 . Retrieved 12 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Oasis - Stop Crying Your Heart Out ( Song ) '' . swedishcharts.com . Hung Medien. 27 June 2002 . Retrieved 12 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Oasis - Stop Crying Your Heart Out ( Song ) '' . hitparade.ch . Hung Medien. 30 June 2002 . Retrieved 12 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Oasis - Stop Crying Your Heart Out ( Chanson ) '' . lescharts.com ( in French ) . Hung Medien. 16 June 2012 . Retrieved 12 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Oasis - Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' . australian-charts.com . Hung Medien. 11 August 2002 . Retrieved 12 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Oasis -- Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' . Allmusic . All Media Guide . Retrieved 25 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Stop Crying Your Heart Out -- EP '' . iTunes Store ( Kenya ) . Apple . Retrieved 25 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Oasis - Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' . norwegiancharts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved 12 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` IMDB , The Butterfly Effect , Soundtrack Listing '' . ^ Jump up to : Lewis , Leona ( 28 February 2010 ) . `` Under the Skin of Leona Lewis '' ( Interview ) . Interview with Rick Edwards . London : 4 Music . Retrieved 19 April 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Echo ( inlay cover ) . Leona Lewis . Sony BMG , J Records , Syco. 2009 . B005GRTNXC . Jump up ^ `` ' Echo ' ( Deluxe Version ) -- Leona Lewis '' . iTunes Store ( Great Britain ) . Apple . 13 November 2009 . Retrieved 18 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Echo ' -- Leona Lewis '' . iTunes Store ( United States ) . Apple . 17 November 2009 . Retrieved 18 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Gill , Andy ( 13 November 2009 ) . `` Album : Leona Lewis , Echo , ( Syco ) '' . The Independent . Independent Print Limited . Retrieved 19 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Levine , Nick ; Balls , Nicki ( 14 November 2009 ) . `` Leona Lewis : ' Echo ' - Music Album Review '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Corporation . Retrieved 23 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Cragg , Michael . `` Leona Lewis -- Echo '' . musicOMH . Retrieved 19 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Cole , Matthew ( 17 November 2009 ) . `` Leona Lewis : Echo '' . Slant Magazine . Retrieved 23 January 2013 . Jump up ^ McCormick , Neil ( 13 November 2009 ) . `` Leona Lewis : Echo , CD review '' . The Daily Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved 13 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Chart : CL UK Update '' . zobbel.de . Official Charts Company . 28 November 2009 . Retrieved 10 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2009 Top 40 Official UK Singles Archive - 26th December 2009 '' . Official Charts Company . 26 December 2009 . Retrieved 10 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Leona Lewis - Artist Song Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 4 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Top 40 R&B Singles Archive - 26 December 2009 '' . Official Charts Company . 26 December 2009 . Retrieved 23 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2009 Top 40 R&B Singles Archive - 26 December 2009 '' . Official Charts Company . 26 December 2009 . Retrieved 23 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2009 Top 40 R&B Singles Archive - 26 December 2009 '' . Official Charts Company . 26 December 2009 . Retrieved 23 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Top 40 R&B Singles Archive - 2 January 2010 '' . Official Charts Company . 2 January 2010 . Retrieved 10 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Top 40 R&B Singles Archive - 16 January 2010 '' . Official Charts Company . 16 January 2010 . Retrieved 10 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Top 40 R&B Singles Archive - 23 January 2010 '' . Official Charts Company . 23 January 2010 . Retrieved 10 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2009 Top 40 UK Single Downloads Archive - 26th December 2009 '' . Official Charts Company . 26 December 2009 . Retrieved 24 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2009 Top 40 Scottish Singles Archive - 26th December 2009 '' . Official Charts Company . 26 December 2009 . Retrieved 23 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2009 Top 40 Scottish Singles Archive - 26th December 2009 '' . Official Charts Company . 2 January 2010 . Retrieved 23 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Irish Chart Archive - Top 50 Singles , Week Ending 17 December 2009 '' . Chart - Track . Irish Recorded Music Association . 17 December 2009 . Retrieved 10 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Irish Chart Archive - Top 50 Singles , Week Ending 24 December 2009 '' . Chart - Track . Irish Recorded Music Association . 24 December 2009 . Retrieved 10 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Irish Chart Archive - Top 50 Singles , Week Ending 31 December 2009 '' . Chart - Track . Irish Recorded Music Association . 31 December 2009 . Retrieved 10 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Radio 2 - Events - Leona Lewis '' . BBC Online . BBC . Retrieved 21 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Leona Lewis - Video - Stop Crying Your Heart Out ( Acoustic ) '' ( video ) . MTV Germany . Viacom . Retrieved 10 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Leona Lewis Covers Oasis ' ' Stop Crying Your Heart Out ' During BBC / Radio 1 Live Lounge '' . Neon Limelight. 21 January 2010 . Retrieved 10 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` From Ryan Adams To Radiohead , The 10 Best Oasis Cover Versions '' . NME . Jann Wenner. 23 December 2009 . Retrieved 10 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Leona Lewis '' . Rap - Up . Devin lazerine . Retrieved 10 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Heathen Chemistry : Release Information '' . Oasis Official Website . Retrieved 25 May 2013 . External links ( edit ) Oasis `` Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' Official Music Video on YouTube Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Oasis Liam Gallagher Noel Gallagher Paul `` Guigsy '' McGuigan Paul `` Bonehead '' Arthurs Tony McCarroll Alan White Gem Archer Andy Bell Zak Starkey Chris Sharrock Studio albums Definitely Maybe ( What 's the Story ) Morning Glory ? Be Here Now Standing on the Shoulder of Giants Heathen Chemistry Do n't Believe the Truth Dig Out Your Soul Live albums Familiar to Millions Live from The Roundhouse Compilations Definitely Maybe ( singles box ) Morning Glory ( singles box ) The Masterplan Stop the Clocks Time Flies ... 1994 -- 2009 Be Here Now Acoustic Collection Extended plays Live Demonstration Boy with the Blues Singles `` Supersonic '' `` Shakermaker '' `` Live Forever '' `` Cigarettes & Alcohol '' `` Rock ' n ' Roll Star '' `` Whatever '' `` Some Might Say '' `` Roll with It '' `` Morning Glory '' `` Wonderwall '' `` Do n't Look Back in Anger '' `` Champagne Supernova '' `` D'You Know What I Mean ? '' `` Stand by Me '' `` All Around the World '' `` Do n't Go Away '' `` Acquiesce '' `` Go Let It Out '' `` Who Feels Love ? '' `` Sunday Morning Call '' `` Where Did It All Go Wrong ? '' `` The Hindu Times '' `` Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' `` Little by Little '' / `` She Is Love '' `` Songbird '' `` Lyla '' `` The Importance of Being Idle '' `` Let There Be Love '' `` Lord Do n't Slow Me Down '' `` The Shock of the Lightning '' `` I 'm Outta Time '' `` Falling Down '' Other songs `` Slide Away '' `` Half the World Away '' `` Talk Tonight '' `` Acquiesce '' `` The Masterplan '' `` Stop the Clocks '' `` Boy with the Blues '' Video albums Live by the Sea ... There and Then Familiar to Millions Definitely Maybe Lord Do n't Slow Me Down Time Flies ... 1994 -- 2009 Tours Definitely Maybe Tour ( What 's the Story ) Morning Glory ? Tour Be Here Now Tour Standing on the Shoulder of Giants Tour The Tour of Brotherly Love Heathen Chemistry Tour Do n't Believe the Truth Tour Dig Out Your Soul Tour Related Articles Discography Awards Band members Songs Big Brother Recordings Bands Beady Eye Heavy Stereo Hurricane # 1 Noel Gallagher 's High Flying Birds Ride The Rain No Way Sis People Jay Darlington Tony Griffiths Terry Kirkbride Alan McGee Scott McLeod Owen Morris Dave Sardy Paul Stacey Steve White Albums and Songs The Dreams We Have as Children Standing on the Edge of the Noise `` Wibbling Rivalry '' `` Stop the Clocks '' Book Category Leona Lewis Discography Awards and nominations Songs Spirit ( 2007 ) `` Bleeding Love '' `` Whatever It Takes '' `` Homeless '' `` Better in Time '' `` Take a Bow '' `` I Will Be '' `` Footprints in the Sand '' `` A Moment Like This '' `` Forgive Me '' `` Run '' Echo ( 2009 ) `` Happy '' `` I Got You '' `` Outta My Head '' `` My Hands '' `` Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' `` Do n't Let Me Down '' Hurt : The EP ( 2011 ) `` Hurt '' `` Iris '' `` Colorblind '' Glassheart ( 2012 ) `` Trouble '' `` Lovebird '' `` Glassheart '' `` Collide '' Christmas , with Love ( 2013 ) `` One More Sleep '' I Am ( 2015 ) `` Fire Under My Feet '' `` I Am '' `` Thunder '' Collaborations `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' `` Everybody Hurts '' `` Just Stand Up ! '' `` ( We All Are ) Looking for Home '' Soundtracks `` I See You ( Theme from Avatar ) '' Live albums The Labyrinth Tour : Live from the O2 Concert tours The Labyrinth Glassheart Tour I Am Tour Related articles The X Factor series 3 finalists Book Category WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stop_Crying_Your_Heart_Out&oldid=800708009 '' Categories : 2002 singles Leona Lewis songs Number - one singles in Italy Oasis ( band ) songs Rock ballads 2000s ballads Songs written by Noel Gallagher Song recordings produced by Noel Gallagher Song recordings produced by Liam Gallagher Song recordings produced by Gem Archer Song recordings produced by Andy Bell ( musician ) 2002 songs Song recordings produced by Steve Robson Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Good articles Use British English from February 2012 Use dmy dates from July 2011 Articles with hAudio microformats Song articles with missing songwriters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano 日本 語 Polski Português Simple English Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 05 : 43 . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop%20Crying%20Your%20Heart%20Out
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who termed uprising of 1857 as the first war of independence
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In India , the term First War of Independence was first popularized by Vinayak Damodar Savarkar in his 1909 book The History of the War of Indian Independence , which was originally written in Marathi .
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Vinayak Damodar Savarkar
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Names of India 's First War of Independence
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names of india's first war of independence
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The Indian Rebellion of 1857 has been variously termed as a war of independence , a rebellion , and a mutiny . Several Indian writers , who consider it as a part of the Indian independence movement that ultimately led to the country 's independence in 1947 , have termed it as `` The First War of Independence '' , the `` great revolution '' , the `` great rebellion '' , and the `` Indian freedom struggle '' . Several British writers , who view it as a military disturbance , have termed it as `` sepoy revolt '' , `` sepoy war '' , `` Indian rebellion '' , and the `` great revolt '' . Since the 19th century , a section of British writers have challenged the choice of the word `` mutiny '' to describe the events .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 British nomenclature 2 Indian nomenclature 3 References 4 Further reading British nomenclature ( edit ) The British and colonial press along with contemporary European referred to the events under a number of titles the most common being the Sepoy Mutiny or the Indian Mutiny . Contemporary ' anti-imperialists ' viewed this term as propaganda , and pushed to characterize it as more than just the actions of a few mutinous native soldiers although the term The Indian Insurrection was used in the British and colonial press at the time . Karl Marx was the first Western scholar to call the 1857 revolt a `` national revolt '' , though he used the term Sepoy Revolt to describe the event . Indian nomenclature ( edit ) In India , the term First War of Independence was first popularized by Vinayak Damodar Savarkar in his 1909 book The History of the War of Indian Independence , which was originally written in Marathi . Jawaharlal Nehru , the first Prime Minister of India , insisted on using the term First War of Independence ( even though India had been in state of war since the arrival of Muslims , circa 8th century ) to refer to the event , and the terminology was adopted by the Government of India . Some South Indian historians have opposed the use of the term First War of Independence by the Government to describe the 1857 revolt , and have unsuccessfully taken the issue to the court . These historians insist that several other anti-British uprisings in South India , such as the Vellore Mutiny in 1806 had preceded the 1857 revolt , and should be called the First War of Indian independence . In 2006 , when the Indian postal department issued a postal stamp to commemorate the Vellore Mutiny of 1806 , M. Karunanidhi , the former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu , said that the move had given `` due recognition '' to India 's `` first war of independence '' . Some Sikh groups have also opposed the use of the term , they insist that the First Anglo - Sikh War ( 1845 -- 46 ) should be called the First War of Independence instead . In May 2007 , the Lok Sabha Deputy Speaker Charanjit Singh Atwal and three other MPs from Punjab protested against the commemoration of the 150th anniversary of the 1857 revolt over this issue . Although many such wars had taken place before the First Anglo - Sikh war , like the First Anglo - Maratha War and First Anglo - Mysore War . Some Indian writers also insist that none of the armed uprisings against the British in India , including the 1857 uprising , should be termed as a `` war of independence '' , since they were not national in nature , not motivated by nationalist sentiment and only involving a minority of people or soldiers . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nicola Frith ( 2014 ) . The French Colonial Imagination : Writing the Indian Uprisings , 1857 - 1858 , from Second Empire to Third Republic . Lexington Books . pp. 28 -- 29 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7391 - 8001 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Indian History - British Period - First war of Independence '' . Jump up ^ `` Il ya cent cinquante ans , la révolte des cipayes '' . 1 August 2007 . Jump up ^ German National Geographic article Jump up ^ The Empire , Sydney , Australia , 11 July 1857 , or Taranaki Herald , New Zealand , 29 August 1857 Jump up ^ Marx , Karl ; Friedrich Engels ( 1959 ) . The first Indian war of independence , 1857 - 1859 . Moscow : Foreign Languages Pub . House . OCLC 9234264 . Jump up ^ Prakash Karat. 1857 : In The Hearts And Minds Of People ^ Jump up to : K. Natwar Singh ( 2004 - 08 - 23 ) . `` Marx , Nehru and Savarkar on 1857 '' . Asian Age . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Inder Malhotra . `` The First War of Independence '' . Asian Age . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ Amberish K Diwanji ( 2004 - 08 - 23 ) . `` Who was Veer Savarkar ? The First War '' . The Rediff Special . Rediff.com . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : S. Muthiah ( 2007 - 03 - 25 ) . `` The First War of Independence ? '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ LR Jagadheesan ( 11 July 2006 ) . `` Tamils dispute India mutiny date '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` 1857 anniversary : Dy speaker creates flutter '' . The Hindu . 2004 - 05 - 10 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ Ganda Singh . The Truth About the Indian Mutiny of 1857 . Issue No. 17 , August 2004 . ( originally published in The Sikh Review , August , 1972 , pp. 32 - 44 . ) Further reading ( edit ) Marx , Karl ( 16 September 1857 ) . `` The Indian Revolt '' . www.marxists.org . New - York Daily Tribune . Retrieved 2 December 2015 . Marx , Karl . `` The Revolt in the Indian Army '' . New - York Tribune 1857 . Retrieved 2 December 2015 . Vinayak Damodar Savarkar . The Indian War of Independence -- 1857 Embree , Ainslie Thomas ( 1963 ) . 1857 in India ; mutiny or war of independence ? . Boston : Heath . OCLC 870396 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Names_of_India%27s_First_War_of_Independence&oldid=811472274 '' Categories : Indian Rebellion of 1857 Naming controversies Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 21 November 2017 , at 21 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names%20of%20India%2527s%20First%20War%20of%20Independence
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when does between shades of gray movie come out
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Between Shades of Gray
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between shades of gray
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Between Shades of Gray , a New York Times Best Seller , is the debut novel of American novelist Ruta Sepetys . It follows the Stalinist repressions of the mid-20th century and follows the life of Lina as she is deported from her native Lithuania with her mother and younger brother , and the journey they take to a labor camp in Siberia . It was nominated for the 2012 CILIP Carnegie Medal and has been translated into more than 27 languages .
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Between Shades of Gray was originally intended as a young adult novel , but there have been several adult publications . In an interview with ThirstforFiction , Ruta Sepetys said that the reason she intended Between Shades of Gray to be a young adult novel was because she met many survivors in Lithuania who were themselves teenagers during the deportations and had a greater will to live than many of their adult counterparts at the time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Inspiration and basis 2 Synopsis 3 Characters 4 Reception 5 Film adaptation 6 Recognition 6.1 National awards 6.2 International awards 6.3 State awards 7 Translations 8 External links 9 Further reading 10 References Inspiration and basis ( edit ) Between Shades of Gray is partly based upon the stories Sepetys heard from survivors of the genocide of Baltic people during a visit to her relatives in Lithuania . Sepetys decided she needed to write a fiction novel rather than a non-fiction volume as a way of making it easier for survivors to talk to her . She interviewed dozens of people during her stay . Synopsis ( edit ) Lina Vilkas is introduced as a young artist living comfortably in her home in Kaunas , Lithuania , with her loving family . But , on June 14 , 1941 , Soviet officers ( the NKVD ) barge into her home , tearing her family from the comfortable life they 've known . Separated from her father , forced onto a crowded and dirty train car , Lina , along with her mother and her younger brother , Jonas , slowly make their way north to a work camp in the coldest reaches of Siberia . Here they are forced , under Stalin 's orders , to dig for beets and fight for their lives under the cruelest of conditions . Lina befriends many people and works hard alongside her mother and brother for food and survival . Upon arriving at the camp , Lina and her family are forced to live with Ulyushka , a cruel , seemingly heartless woman who initially dislikes the Vilkas ' and constantly takes their food and other goods from them as a form of rent . Elena Vilkas , Lina 's mother , is kind and generous to Ulyushka , though Lina and her brother Jonas can not understand why . Lina befriends a fellow Lithuanian deportee , Andrius Arvydas ( who later becomes her love interest ) , Mr. Stalas ( referred to as the Bald Man , who is secretly Jewish and adds a touch of humor because of his terrible advice and short temper ) , Mrs. Grybas , Mrs. Rimas , and Alexandras Lukas , who is gray - haired and was once a lawyer . He is often seen winding his watch and is the voice and soul of reason . One NKVD member , in particular , sticks out to Lina : Nikolai Kretzsky . Although he does n't at first come off as necessarily kind or helpful , Kretzsky more or less befriends Lina and her mother . He can be seen as only being downright cruel to Lina only when around other NKVD members . He does n't seem to want to hurt Lina unless he absolutely has to . He is described as young , blonde - haired , and blue - eyed , and can be assumed to be quite handsome . Their relationship grows and remains important throughout the book . Andrius Arvydas is handsome , golden - brown haired , and a source of comfort for Lina . At first , she dislikes him , dismissing him as an `` idiot '' because he smoked her book , which was a present from her deceased grandmother . Their friendship blossoms but becomes troubled when Lina accuses Andrius and his mother for working for the NKVD . It turns out his mother was being unwillingly used as a prostitute because of her beauty , but only to protect her son . Andrius becomes Lina 's more - or-less boyfriend and gives Lina a new book . Lina and her family are then separated from Andrius , when they are transported to a different camp across the Arctic Circle , where they are forced to build their own shelter to survive . But then Lina 's mother dies . Just when Lina doubted she would survive a man , who is a doctor as well as an inspector of the work camps , shows up giving everyone blankets and food . The doctor takes them home . After another long trip Lina finds Andrius , and they get married . Characters ( edit ) Lina Vilkas : the story 's 16 - year - old protagonist , taken in the beginning with her mother and brother to a labor camp . Jonas Vilkas : Lina 's 10 - year - old brother . He is a major character , beloved by all , including the sour Mr. Stalas . His sweet and innocent personality is evident throughout the book , although Lina is frightened by the emotional changes he experiences over the course of their ordeal . Elena Vilkas : Lina and Jonas ' mother . A loving woman , kind and generous with her gestures and food , who perishes from grief and her attempts to save her children by giving them her rations . She also teaches her children that it is important to do what is right , not what is easy . Kostas Vilkas : Lina and Jonas ' father , who is separated from his family and shipped to a prison called Krasnoyarsk . Nikolai Kretzsky claimed Kostas was dead , but whether or not he is telling the truth is unknown . Much of the book revolves around Lina 's desperate attempts to locate and contact her father . Andrius Arvydas : A handsome 17 - year - old boy , whom Lina and her family meet in the train to the labor camps . He falls in love with Lina in exile , often sneaks food and supplies to the Vilkas family , and saves them a number of times with his knowledge of the happenings of the NKVD . He and Lina are said to be married in the epilogue . Mrs. Arvydas : Andrius ' beautiful and dainty mother . She becomes a prostitute for the NKVD after they threaten to kill her son if she did not do so . Nikolai Kretzsky : A young NKVD officer who helps Lina and her mother . While Lina finds him cruel and ruthless throughout much of the novel , he actually struggles with his work due to its immorality . While he is described to hit and shove the prisoners , he is also the only member of the NKVD who turns as the women undress for their bath , saves Elena from his fellow officers when they assault her , and sends for a doctor to save the prisoners dying in the second camp . Mr. Stalas : A salty elderly man , distraught with guilt . He often complains and advises everyone to kill themselves before the NKVD does . It is later discovered that he had revealed the prisoners ' identities and workplaces , resulting in their imprisonment . He is known to have a soft spot for the Vilkas family , despite his rudeness towards them , and he later helps in saving the sick prisoners . Janina : A young girl partial to Lina , whose doll she lost when an officer shot its head off . Joana : Lina 's beloved cousin and best friend , who flees to Germany with her family before Stalin begins the deportation . Their escape is the reason for the Vilkas family 's imprisonment . Joana is consistently mentioned but only appears in flashbacks . She is one of the main characters in Sepetys ' third novel , Salt to the Sea ( 2016 ) . Ivanov : An NKVD officer , perhaps the most despicable , who allows many prisoners to die , and finds great humor in the pain . Ona : A young woman , not believed to be 20 , who is forced on the train immediately after giving birth to her baby , and neither is given any medical attention . After losing her baby , Ona goes insane and is fatally shot by the NKVD . Reception ( edit ) Between Shades of Gray received intensely positive reviews . Linda Sue Park of The New York Times described it as a `` superlative first novel '' whilst Susan Carpenter of the LA Times called it a `` story of hardship as well as human triumph '' . Publishers ' Weekly praised Between Shades of Gray , calling it a `` harrowing page - turner , made all the more so for its basis in historical fact '' . The book was a finalist for the 2012 William C. Morris Award for a debut young adult novel and for the 2012 Amelia Elizabeth Walden Award . It was shortlisted for the 2012 Carnegie Medal and won the 2012 Golden Kite Award . Film adaptation ( edit ) Main article : Ashes in the Snow Recognition ( edit ) National awards ( edit ) A New York Times Bestseller An International Bestseller A Carnegie Medal Nominee A William C. Morris Finalist A New York Times Notable Book A Wall Street Journal Best Children 's Book Winner of The Golden Kite Award for Fiction An ALA Notable Book A Publishers Weekly Best Children 's Book of 2011 YALSA 's Top 10 Best Fiction For Young Adults A School Library Journal Best Book of 2011 A Booklist Best Book of 2011 A Kirkus Best Book of 2011 iTunes Best Teen Novel of 2011 A Junior Library Guild Selection Notable Books For a Global Society Award An Indies Choice Book Awards Finalist IRA Children 's and Young Adult 's Book Award Amazon Top Ten Teen Books of 2011 A CYBILS Finalist for 2011 National Blue Ribbon Selection by Book of the Month Club A St. Louis Post Dispatch Best Book of 2011 A Columbus Dispatch Best Book of 2011 Winner of the SCBWI Work - in - Progress Grant Georgia Peach Honor Book ( GA ) International awards ( edit ) Finalist for the Carnegie Medal in the UK Shortlisted for the Lewisham Book Award in the UK A Waterstones Children 's Book Prize Nominee in the UK Amazon UK Top Ten Books of 2011 Finalist for Le Prix des Incorruptibles in France Winner of the Prix RTL Lire For Best Novel For Young People in France Winner of the Prix Livrentête in France Finalist for the Historia Prize in France Winner of the Peter Pan Silver Star in Sweden Winner of the Prix Farniente in Belgium Winner of the Flanders Young Adult Literature Jury Prize in Belgium Winner of the KJV - Award in Belgium Winner of the National Patriot Award in Lithuania Winner of the Global Lithuanian Leader Award in Lithuania A Golden List Nominee in the Netherlands A Magazyn Literacki KSIĄŻKI ! Best Book in Poland Winner of the Prix des Libraries du Québec in Canada ' Der Leserpreis ' Readers Choice Finalist in Germany A ' Best Breakthrough Author ' Nominee for the Penguin Teen Australia Awards Finalist for the Sakura Medal in Japan State awards ( edit ) Texas Lonestar Reading List Master List ( TX ) TAYSHAS Reading List Master List ( TX ) Capitol Choices Noteworthy Books for Children and Teens Master List ( D.C. ) Black - Eyed Susan Book Award Master List ( MD ) Pennsylvania School Librarians Association Award Master List ( PA ) The Flume : New Hampshire Readers ' Choice Award Master List ( NH ) Iowa Association of School Librarians Award Master List ( IA ) Kentucky Bluegrass Award Master List ( KY ) Nevada Young Readers Award Master List ( NV ) Rhode Island Teen Book Award Master List ( RI ) Maud Hart Lovelace Award ( MN ) Missouri Association of School Librarians Gateway Award Master List ( MO ) South Carolina Young Adult Book Award Master List ( SC ) Virginia Readers ' Choice Master List ( VA ) Eliot Rosewater Rosie Award Master List ( IN ) Nebraska Golden Sower Award ( NE ) Volunteer State Book Award ( TN ) Young Hoosier Book Award ( IN ) Sequoyah Book Award ( OK ) Translations ( edit ) Czech : `` V šedých tónech , '' CooBoo , Albatros Media A.S. Chinese : `` Between Shades of Gray '' , ChinaCITIC Press , ISBN 978 - 7 - 5086 - 3344 - 2 Complex Chinese : `` Between Shades of Gray '' , ISBN 978 - 957 - 10 - 4896 - 3 Croatian : `` Pomrčina srca '' , Znanje , ISBN 978 - 953 - 324 - 532 - 4 Dutch : `` Schaduwliefde , '' Moon , 2011 ISBN 978 - 90 - 488 - 0901 - 1 English ( Australian Edition ) : `` Between Shades of Gray '' Penguin , ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 320541 - 8 English ( UK Young Adult Edition ) : `` Between Shades of Gray '' Puffin , ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 133588 - 9 English ( UK Adult Edition ) : `` Between Shades of Gray '' Viking , ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 92085 - 3 Estonian : `` Hallaaegade algus '' , Tammerraamat , ISBN 978 - 9949 - 526 - 18 - 5 Finnish : `` Harmaata valoa '' , Wsoy , ISBN 978 - 951 - 0 - 37239 - 5 French : Ce qu'ils n'ont pas pu nous prendre , Gallimard Jeunesse , ISBN 978 - 2 - 07 - 063567 - 2 German : Und in mir der unbesiegbare Sommer , Carlsen Verlag , Hamburg , ISBN 978 - 3 - 551 - 58254 - 6 Greek : `` Between Shades of Gray '' , Psichogios , ISBN 978 - 960 - 496 - 478 - 9 Hebrew : `` Between Shades of Gray '' , Miskal , ISBN 978 - 965 - 545 - 605 - 9 Hungarian : `` Arnyalatnyi remeny '' , Maxim Konyvkiado , ISBN 978 - 963 - 261 - 204 - 1 Italian : Avevano spento anche la luna , Garzanti Libri , ISBN 978 - 88 - 11 - 67036 - 0 Japanese : `` Between Shades of Gray '' , Iwanami Shoten , ISBN 978 - 4 - 00 - 115651 - 5 Latvian : `` Starp pelekiem toniem '' , Zvaigzne ABC , ISBN 978 - 9934 - 0 - 2238 - 8 Lithuanian : `` Tarp pilkų debesų '' , Alma Littera , ISBN 978 - 9955 - 38 - 964 - 4 Macedonian `` Крадци и проститутки , '' Sakam Knigi Persian : `` Between Shades of Gray '' , Morvarid Polish : `` szare sniegi syberii '' , Nasza Ksiegarnia , ISBN 978 - 83 - 10 - 11983 - 4 Portuguese ( Brazil ) : `` a vida em tons de cinza '' , Arqueiro , ISBN 978 - 85 - 8041 - 016 - 7 Portuguese ( Portugal ) : `` o longo inverno '' , Bertrand Editora / Contraponto , ISBN 978 - 989 - 666 - 085 - 7 Romanian `` Printre Tonuri Cenusii , '' Epica Publishing House Serbian : `` Putovanje pod zvezdama '' , Alnari , ISBN 978 - 86 - 7710 - 729 - 1 Slovakian : `` Medzi odtieňmi sivej '' Ikar , ISBN 978 - 80 - 551 - 2442 - 1 Spanish : Entre tonos de gris , Ediciones Maeva , 2011 ISBN 978 - 84 - 15120 - 25 - 4 Swedish : `` Strimmor av hopp '' , B / Wahlstroms , ISBN 978 - 91 - 32 - 15958 - 9 Turkish : `` gri golgeler arasinda '' Delidolu , ISBN 978 - 605 - 63326 - 7 - 8 External links ( edit ) Between Shades of Gray official website Ruta Sepetys ' official Website Further reading ( edit ) `` ' Between Shades of Gray by Ruta Sepetys : Review in English and Italian '' . i-libri.com . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The CILIP Carnegie Medal Nomination for 2012 '' . carnegiegreenaway.org.uk . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' . rutasepetys.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 25 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` An Interview With Ruta Sepetys '' . Thirst for Fiction . November 2 , 2011 . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Macpherson , Karen ( June 4 , 2011 ) . `` ' Between Shades of Gray ' reveals horror and hope '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Alter , Alexandra ( March 25 , 2011 ) . `` An Unlikely Story for Teens '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Park , Linda Sue ( April 9 , 2011 ) . `` A Teenager 's View of the Gulag '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Carpenter , Susan ( March 27 , 2011 ) . `` Not Just for Kids : ' Between Shades of Gray ' by Ruta Sepetys '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Between Shades of Gray ' review '' . Publisher 's Weekly . January 3 , 2011 . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Between_Shades_of_Gray&oldid=834520099 '' Categories : 2011 American novels Golden Kite Award - winning works American young adult novels Novels set in Lithuania Novels set in Siberia Novels set in the Stalin era Hidden categories : Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Italiano Lietuvių Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 03 : 52 . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Between%20Shades%20of%20Gray
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us disciplinary barracks fort leavenworth kansas inmate search
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United States Disciplinary Barracks
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united states disciplinary barracks
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The United States Disciplinary Barracks ( or USDB , popularly known as Leavenworth , or the DB ) is a military correctional facility located on Fort Leavenworth , a United States Army post in Kansas .
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It is one of three major prisons built on Fort Leavenworth property , the others being the federal United States Penitentiary , Leavenworth , four miles ( 6 km ) to the south , and the military Midwest Joint Regional Correctional Facility , which opened on 5 October 2010 . It reports to the United States Army Corrections Command and its commandant usually holds the rank of colonel . The USDB is the U.S. military 's only maximum - security facility that houses male service members convicted at court - martial for violations of the Uniform Code of Military Justice . Only enlisted prisoners with sentences over ten years , commissioned officers , and prisoners convicted of offenses related to national security are confined to the USDB . Enlisted prisoners with sentences under ten years are confined in smaller facilities , such as the nearby Midwest Joint Regional Correctional Facility or the Naval Consolidated Brig at Chesapeake , Virginia . Corrections personnel at the facility are Army Corrections Specialists ( MOS 31E ) trained at the U.S. Army Military Police school located at Fort Leonard Wood , Missouri , as well as Marine and Air Force corrections personnel . Female prisoners are typically incarcerated in the Naval Consolidated Brig , Miramar . Contents ( hide ) 1 First facility 2 Current facility 3 Accreditation 4 Staffing 5 Demographics 6 Cemetery 7 Capital punishment 8 Notable inmates 8.1 Current notable inmates 8.1. 1 Death row 8.1. 2 Non-death row 8.2 Former notable inmates 9 Incidents 10 See also 11 References 12 External links First facility ( edit ) View of the USDB -- Note date above double doors -- 1877 Originally known as the United States Military Prison , the USDB was established by Act of Congress in 1874 . Prisoners were used for the bulk of the construction , which began in 1875 and was completed in 1921 . The facility was able to house up to 1,500 prisoners . From 1895 until 1903 , prisoners from the USDB were used to construct the nearby United States Penitentiary , Leavenworth until around 400 federal prisoners were moved there to complete the work . A view of the old United States Disciplinary Barracks dubbed `` The Castle '' or `` Little Top '' before it was torn down . Although work on the two prisons continued at about the same time and they share the same design of a central dome - topped building , the two prisons reflect dramatically different prison concepts . The original USDB followed the Pennsylvania plan modeling on a layout of the Eastern State Penitentiary where cell blocks radiated out from a central structure . Individual cells were relatively isolated . In contrast , the civilian prison , modeled on the Auburn Correctional Facility in New York , reflected a newer concept where prisoners were housed in a large rectangular building where there was a certain amount of communal living . The original USDB was Fort Leavenworth 's biggest and tallest building sitting on top of a hill at the corner of McPherson Avenue and Scott Avenue overlooking the Missouri River . The largest buildings of the original barracks ( `` The Castle '' ) were torn down in 2004 . The old domed building was nicknamed `` Little Top '' in contrast to the domed federal prison 2 ⁄ miles ( 4.0 km ) south which was nicknamed the `` Big Top '' . The walls and ten of the buildings in the original location remaining -- including Pope Hall -- have been converted or are in the process of being converted to other uses at the Fort . The prison 's original commandant 's house still remains . The original prison was 12 acres ( 4.9 ha ) . The walls were from 16 to 41 feet ( 4.9 to 12.5 m ) high . In 2002 , Gail Dillon of Airman magazine said : `` A visitor would immediately notice the medieval ambiance of this institution -- the well - worn native stone and brick walls constructed by long - forgotten inmates when ' hard labor ' meant exactly that -- have witnessed thousands of inmates ' prayers , curses , and pleas over the past 128 years '' and that entering the facility was `` like stepping back in time or suddenly being part of a kitschy movie set about a prison bust . '' Current facility ( edit ) United States Disciplinary Barracks in December 2008 A new state - of - the - art , 515 - bed , USDB became operational in September 2002 , replacing the old stone wall and brick castle . It was also moved to a new location on Fort Leavenworth . The new barracks opened at a cost of $67.8 million and is about a mile north of the original barracks . It is on 51 acres ( 210,000 m ) on the site of the former USDB Farm Colony and is enclosed by two separate 14 - foot ( 4.3 m ) high fences . There are three housing units , each of which can accommodate up to 142 prisoners . The units , described as `` pods '' , are two - tiered triangular shaped domiciles . The cells in the new facility have solid doors and a window . There are no bars . The new facility is said to be much quieter than the old one and is preferred by inmates . Colonel Colleen L. McGuire , the first female commandant of the USDB , said in 2002 that the new facility is `` much more efficient in design and layout -- much brighter and lighter . '' The new prison reflects current prison design of smaller low - rise separate buildings where prisoners can be more easily isolated from the general population . In 2009 , the Barracks , along with the Standish Maximum Correctional Facility in Michigan , were being considered for relocation of 220 prisoners from the Guantanamo Bay detention camp . Kansas officials , including both U.S. Senators , objected to the transfer ; Pat Roberts stated that the transfer would require 2,000 privately owned acres around the fort to be acquired through the use of eminent domain to establish a stand - off zone because the prison is on the perimeter of the fort . Accreditation ( edit ) The USDB has been continuously accredited by the American Correctional Association ( ACA ) since 1988 . In 2012 the facility received a 100 % rating and the accolades of the rating team . Three independent evaluators visited the prison facilities to check on more than 500 standards , including mental health services , safety issues , and other aspects of the facility related to humane treatment of inmates . The USDB received a top rating in all of the standards despite having a portion of its staffing deployed to Iraq to oversee detention operations there . Staffing ( edit ) The USDB is currently staffed by members of the 15th Military Police Brigade . Many soldiers have a designated military occupational specialty 31E , corrections specialists . They are under Army Corrections Command , which was activated in Washington , D.C. in 2007 under the Provost Marshal General . Demographics ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2016 ) As of 1988 the prison had 1,450 prisoners , including 21 women . The prison population at the time included 42 officers , with one of them being a lieutenant colonel . Since then all female prisoners have been moved to NAVCONBRIG Miramar . Cemetery ( edit ) Headstone of a German prisoner at the cemetery Main article : Fort Leavenworth Military Prison Cemetery Deceased prisoners who are not claimed by their family members are buried near the original USDB . There were 300 graves dating from approximately 1894 to 1957 , 56 of which are unmarked and 14 more that belong to German prisoners of war executed for the murder of fellow POWs . The executions were carried out in three groups : five on 10 July , two on 14 July , and seven on 25 August , all in 1945 . Before the war with Germany ended , it was feared that American and British prisoners who had killed collaborators in their prison camps would be executed as well . That fear ended when Germany surrendered in May 1945 . Capital punishment ( edit ) See also : Capital punishment by the United States military The USDB houses the U.S. military 's male death row inmates . Since 1945 , there have been 21 executions at the USDB , including 14 German prisoners of war executed in 1945 for murder . The last execution by the U.S. Military was the hanging of Army PFC John A. Bennett , on 13 April 1961 , for the rape and attempted murder of an 11 - year - old Austrian girl . Bennett 's execution took place four years after it was approved by President Dwight D. Eisenhower and then his successor President John F. Kennedy . Bennett applied to Kennedy for a Stay of Execution after an appeal to him from the Austrian victim and her parents for the African American soldier . This was promptly denied by the White House . All executions at the USDB thus far have been by hanging , but lethal injection has been specified as the military 's current mode of execution . As of 17 January 2017 , there are five inmates on death row at the USDB , the most recent addition being Nidal Hasan , sentenced to death on 28 August 2013 . Andrew P. Witt is currently the only Air Force member on the USDB death row . The execution of Army PVT Ronald A. Gray , who has been on military death row since 1988 , was approved by President George W. Bush on 28 July 2008 . Gray was convicted of the rape , two murders and an attempted murder of three women , two of them Army soldiers and the third a civilian taxi driver whose body was found on the post at Fort Bragg . On 26 November 2008 , a federal judge granted Gray a stay of execution to allow time for further appeals . Within the prison , Death Row is located in an isolated corridor away from other inmates . Notable inmates ( edit ) Prison cell Current notable inmates ( edit ) Death row ( edit ) Hasan Akbar -- Killed two officers and wounded 14 others while deployed to Camp Pennsylvania , Kuwait on the eve of the 2003 invasion of Iraq . Nidal Hasan -- Killed 12 soldiers ( including one who was pregnant ) and one civilian , and wounded more than 30 others during the 2009 Fort Hood shooting . Ronald Gray - Spree killer who murdered four people and raped 8 others while stationed at Fort Bragg in 1986 . On death row since 1988 . Non-death row ( edit ) Dwight J. Loving - Robbed and murdered two cab drivers in 1988 while stationed at Fort Hood . Originally sentenced to death , Loving 's death sentence was commuted by President Barack Obama on January 17 , 2017 . Robert Bales -- Killed 16 Afghan civilians ( including nine children ) and wounded six others in Afghanistan during the Kandahar massacre . Bales agreed to a plea deal during his court - martial in order to avoid the death penalty and is currently serving a life sentence . Former notable inmates ( edit ) Jonathan Wells -- Author who wrote Icons of Evolution . Previously drafted into the Army for two years during the Vietnam War , he publicly refused to report for Reserve duty while attending college at the University of California , Berkeley . Wells was sentenced to 18 months of confinement . William Calley -- Convicted for his part in the My Lai Massacre . Originally given a life sentence , President Richard Nixon ordered the Army to transfer him from Fort Leavenworth to house arrest in Fort Benning one day after he was sentenced . Charles Graner -- Convicted of prisoner abuse in connection with the 2003 -- 2004 Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse scandal . Graner was sentenced to ten years of confinement and was released on parole after serving six and a half years of his sentence . Chelsea Manning -- Unlawfully downloaded and disseminated thousands of classified documents and several classified videos to the website WikiLeaks . Manning was sentenced to 35 years of confinement . President Barack Obama commuted Manning 's sentence on January 17 , 2017 , resulting in her release from the facility on May 17 , 2017 . Incidents ( edit ) 1918 -- Joseph and Michael Hofer , two Christian pacifists who were drafted to serve in World War I , died at Fort Leavenworth after refusing to enlist or wear uniforms . They were held in solitary confinement , beaten , and starved to death . 17 August 1988 -- Inmate David Newman escaped after hiding in Pope Hall while on Wood Shop Detail . He assembled a ladder , kicked out a window and climbed over the wall between Towers 3 and 4 . He was captured four days later in Kansas City . Following the escape , bars were placed on the windows of all buildings within the complex and interior chain link with razor wire top guard was placed between the buildings and the exterior stone walls . 12 May 1995 -- 300 inmates refused lockdown in the old prison . The uprising was put down by 150 correction officers . 12 August 2010 -- Two inmates overpowered a correction officer in the Special Housing Unit . They then were joined by 11 others . A special tactics unit took control of the Special Housing Unit and freed the guard . Several inmates and one rescuer sustained non-life - threatening injuries in the incident . This was the first such incident in the new prison . See also ( edit ) List of individuals executed by the United States military List of U.S. military prisons Penal military unit # United States United States Army portal Kansas portal Prisons portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System : United States Disciplinary Barracks Jump up ^ U.S.D.B Home - 15 December 2013 Jump up ^ Army Corrections Command stands up -- Fort Leavenworth Lamp - 19 October 2007 Jump up ^ Powers , Rod . `` Inside a Military Prison . About.com . Retrieved on January 27 , 2014 . `` dditionally , all female prisoners within DOD serve their time at NAVCONBRIG Miramar to better facilitate the rehabilitative process . '' Jump up ^ Named for Henry Leavenworth ^ Jump up to : The U.S. Federal Prison System by Mary F. ( Francesca ) Bosworth -- Sage Publications , Inc ; 1st edition ( 15 July 2002 ) ISBN 0 - 7619 - 2304 - 7 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ACT_moves to new digs in old USDB -- Fort Leavenworth Lamp -- 9 July 2009 Jump up ^ Saga of Fort Leavenworth Castle , Donald Jay Olsen , page 10 . Jump up ^ Dillon , Gail ( 2002 - 10 ) . `` Crime and punishment : inside Fort Leavenworth 's historic U.S. Disciplinary Barracks . '' Airman , November 2002 . 1 . Retrieved on 2010 - 03 - 06 from http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0IBP/is_11_46/ai_94206954/ . Jump up ^ Title : Part C -- The United States Disciplinary Barracks Jump up ^ `` CJONLINE.com Article on the USDB '' . Jump up ^ Dillon , Gail . `` Crime and punishment : inside Fort Leavenwoth 's historic U.S. Disciplinary Barracks . '' Airman . November 2002 . 2 . Retrieved on 6 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Gitmo detainees should not come to Leavenworth -- Pat Roberts -- Kansas City Star -- 8 August 2009 Jump up ^ Fort Leavenworth Lamp newspaper article `` JCRF , USDB attain 100 percent scores for accreditations '' 15 March 2012 http://www.army.mil/article/75838/JRCF__USDB_attain_100_percent_scores_for_accreditations/ Jump up ^ http://www.aca.org/fileupload/177/ahaidar/Miller.pdf Jump up ^ `` Ft . Leavenworth 's Military Inmates Get Grim Home Where Discipline Is Order of Day . '' Los Angeles Times . December 4 , 1988 . Retrieved on July 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fort Leavenworth Military Prison Cemetery from Interment.net Jump up ^ List of U.S. Military Executions from the Death Penalty information Center Jump up ^ Soldier dies on the gallows for attack on small child Jump up ^ http://articles.latimes.com/1994-07-12/news/mn-14826_1_black-soldier Jump up ^ The U.S. Military Death Penalty from the Death Penalty information Center ^ Jump up to : Execution by Military Is Approved by President Jump up ^ First Military Execution in 50 Years Delayed Jump up ^ Goldman , Russell . `` Fort Hood Shooter Could Join 5 Others on Death Row . '' ABC News . 13 November 2009 . 1 . Retrieved on 21 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Army Soldier Is Convicted In Attack on Fellow Troops '' . Washington Post . April 22 , 2005 . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hasan arrives at U.S. Disciplinary Barracks '' Jump up ^ `` Soldier sentenced to death for killing two cab drivers '' . UPI. April 4 , 1989 . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sink , Justin ; Pettypiece , Shannon ( January 17 , 2017 ) . `` Obama Commutes Chelsea Manning 's Prison Sentence for Leak '' . Bloomberg Politics . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bales arrives at USDB '' Jump up ^ Wells , Jonathan . The Disrespectful Guide to Darwinism and Intelligent Design . Regnery Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59698 - 013 - 6 . Jump up ^ http://www.strategypage.com/militaryforums/512-33690.aspx Jump up ^ CNN Wire Staff . `` Notorious Abu Ghraib guard released from prison . '' CNN . 6 August 2011 . Retrieved on 6 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Londoño , Ernesto . `` Convicted leaker Bradley Manning changes legal name to Chelsea Elizabeth Manning '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ Manning released `` Jump up ^ Manning arrives at Fort Leavenworth prison `` ( 2 ) '' Jump up ^ Savage , Charlie . `` Obama Commutes Bulk of Chelsea Manning 's Sentence '' . NYtimes.com . NY Times Co . Retrieved 17 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Hostetler , John Andrew . ' The Hutterites in North America ' . Brooks / Cole , 2002 . Jump up ^ http://arba.army.pentagon.mil/documents/Vanguard%20Vol%203.pdf ^ Jump up to : http://www.military.com/news/article/mutinied-leavenworth-inmates-face-more-time.html Archived 15 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States Disciplinary Barracks . Official website Execution sites in the United States Federal facilities Federal Bureau of Prisons United States Penitentiary , Terre Haute Department of Defense United States Penitentiary , Terre Haute Chamber closed United States Disciplinary Barracks State prisons Alabama Holman Correctional Facility Chamber closed Kilby Correctional Facility Arizona Arizona State Prison Complex -- Florence Arkansas Tucker Unit Chamber closed Tucker Unit California San Quentin State Prison Colorado Colorado State Penitentiary Chamber closed Colorado Territorial Correctional Facility Connecticut Chamber closed Osborn Correctional Institution Delaware James T. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20States%20Disciplinary%20Barracks
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what is causing the water problem in flint michigan
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Flint water crisis
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flint water crisis
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Flint water crisis Time 21 April 2014 ; 4 years ago ( 21 April 2014 ) -- present Duration Ongoing Location Flint , Michigan , United States Coordinates 43 ° 0 ′ 36 '' N 83 ° 41 ′ 24 '' W / 43.01000 ° N 83.69000 ° W / 43.01000 ; - 83.69000 Coordinates : 43 ° 0 ′ 36 '' N 83 ° 41 ′ 24 '' W / 43.01000 ° N 83.69000 ° W / 43.01000 ; - 83.69000 Type Water contamination : Coliform bacteria THMs Lead Legionnaires ' disease outbreak Participants Residents of Flint , Michigan Outcome 6,000 -- 12,000 children exposed to lead Public health state of emergency Several lawsuits Several investigations Four resignations Four firings Five suspensions Fifteen criminal indictments Deaths 12 ( from Legionnaires ' disease ) The Flint water crisis first started in 2014 when the drinking water source for the city of Flint , Michigan was changed from Lake Huron and the Detroit River to the cheaper Flint River . Due to insufficient water treatment , lead leached from the lead water pipes into the drinking water , exposing over 100,000 residents . After a pair of scientific studies proved lead contamination was present in the water supply , a federal state of emergency was declared in January 2016 and Flint residents were instructed to use only bottled or filtered water for drinking , cooking , cleaning , and bathing . As of early 2017 , the water quality had returned to acceptable levels ; however , residents were instructed to continue to use bottled or filtered water until all the lead pipes have been replaced , which is expected to be completed no sooner than 2020 . Contents 1 Synopsis 2 Timeline of the crisis 2.1 Pre-switch 2.2 2014 2.3 2015 2.4 2016 2.5 2017 2.6 2018 3 Background 3.1 Financial emergency 3.2 Switching to a new water source 4 Early water contamination 4.1 Return to Detroit water 5 Lead exposure findings 5.1 Studies 5.1. 1 Hurley Medical Center study 5.1. 2 Virginia Tech water study 6 Possible link to Legionnaires ' disease spike 7 Inquiries , investigations , resignations , and release of documents 8 Legislative hearings 8.1 Federal 8.2 State 9 State of emergency and emergency responses 9.1 Local 9.2 State 9.3 Federal 10 Criminal cases 10.1 2016 10.2 2017 10.3 2018 11 Lawsuits 11.1 2015 11.2 2016 11.3 2017 12 Infrastructure repairs and medical treatment 12.1 Long term effects of lead poisoning 13 Political responses 13.1 Federal government 13.2 State legislature 13.3 Presidential candidates 13.3. 1 Hillary Clinton 13.3. 2 Donald Trump 14 Other responses 14.1 Lead poisoning and aging infrastructure problems in other cities 14.2 Accusations of environmental racism 14.3 Media responses 14.4 Groups 14.5 Prominent figures 14.6 Education and research 14.6. 1 Hurley Medical Center study II 14.6. 2 University of Michigan - Flint 14.6. 3 University of Michigan - Ann Arbor 14.6. 4 Wayne State University study 14.6. 5 West Virginia University / University of Kansas study 14.7 Other possible causes and responses 15 Prevention 16 Indirect mental health impact 17 Donations of water and money 17.1 Celebrity and corporate donations 17.2 Donations from religious organizations and groups 17.3 Fundraising events 18 In popular culture 18.1 Film and television 18.2 Books 18.3 Music 18.4 Theater 19 See also 20 References 21 Further reading 22 External links Synopsis ( edit ) Governor Rick Snyder and his administration have been widely blamed for the mistakes that led to the crisis , with numerous people calling for his resignation . This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : This section is redundant . Use the article 's intro section to concisely summarize the article , and incorporate this sections details into the article 's body . Please help improve this section if you can . ( June 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Flint drinking water contamination began in April 2014 when Flint changed its water source from treated Detroit Water and Sewerage Department water ( sourced from Lake Huron and the Detroit River ) to the Flint River . Officials failed to apply corrosion inhibitors to the water . As a result , several problems occurred that culminated with lead contamination , creating a serious public health danger . The Flint River water that was treated improperly caused lead from aging pipes to leach into the water supply , leading to extremely elevated levels of the heavy metal neurotoxin . In Flint , between 6,000 and 12,000 children have been exposed to drinking water with high levels of lead and they may experience a range of serious health problems . Due to the change in water source , the percentage of Flint children with elevated blood - lead levels may have risen from about 2.5 % in 2013 to as much as 5 % in 2015 . The water change is also a possible cause of an outbreak of Legionnaires ' disease in the county that has killed 10 people and affected another 77 . Several lawsuits have been filed against government officials on the issue , and several investigations have been opened . On January 5 , 2016 , the city was declared to be in a state of emergency by the Governor of Michigan , Rick Snyder , before President Barack Obama declared it to be in a federal state of emergency , authorizing additional help from the Federal Emergency Management Agency and the Department of Homeland Security less than two weeks later . Four government officials -- one from the city of Flint , two from the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality ( MDEQ ) , and one from the Environmental Protection Agency -- resigned over the mishandling of the crisis , and one additional MDEQ staff member was fired . There have also been fifteen criminal cases filed against local and state officials in regards to the crisis . Snyder issued an apology to the citizens and promised to fix the problem , and then sent $28 million to Flint for supplies , medical care , and infrastructure upgrades , and later budgeted an additional $30 million to Flint that will give water bill credits of 65 % for residents and 20 % for businesses . Another $165 million for lead pipe replacements and water bill reimbursements was approved by Snyder on June 29 , 2016 . A $170 million stopgap spending bill for repairing and upgrading the city of Flint 's water system and helping with healthcare costs was approved by the U.S. House of Representatives on December 8 , 2016 . The Senate approved it the next day . $100 million of the bill is for infrastructure repairs , $50 million for healthcare costs , and $20 million to pay back loans related to the crisis . On January 6 , 2017 , Snyder signed a bill that accelerates the public notice requirement for lead in drinking water to three business days , from the previous time of 30 days . On January 24 , 2017 the MDEQ told Flint Mayor Karen Weaver that the lead content of Flint water had fallen below the federal limit . The 90th percentile of lead concentrations in Flint was 12 parts per billion from July 2016 through December 2016 -- below the `` action level '' of 15 ppb . It was 20 ppb in the prior six - month period . On the next day , Flint Spokeswoman Kristin Moore said that anywhere from 18,000 to 28,000 homes in the city still needed service lines replaced , and that the city was planning to complete 6,000 homes per year through 2019 . On March 7 , 2017 , it was reported Flint water sampled by the state in February registered below the federal threshold for lead with 90 percent of samples at or below eight parts per billion , the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality says . The MDEQ said February 's water tests mark the seventh straight month in which city water was below the 15 ppb level enforced by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . February 's testing also showed 95.8 percent of samples taken at homes at risk of high lead levels were at or below 15 ppb . Timeline of the crisis ( edit ) This section is in a list format that may be better presented using prose . You can help by converting this section to prose , if appropriate . Editing help is available . ( June 2018 ) This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : This section should be merged with the rest of the article . Please help improve this section if you can . ( June 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The following is a sequence of events of the Flint water crisis . Pre-switch ( edit ) 1967 -- 2013 -- Officials for the City of Flint operate under a plan to use the Flint River as an emergency water source . November 29 , 2011 - After the city declared a state of financial emergency three weeks earlier , Governor Snyder appointed Michael Brown as the city 's Emergency Manager on November 29 , effective December 1 . He was the first of four such managers who effectively took the place of the Mayor until 2015 , when a Receivership Transition Advisory Board was appointed . March 22 , 2012 -- County officials announce plans for a new pipeline to reduce costs by delivering water from Lake Huron to Flint . April 16 , 2013 -- The city approves the KWA contract . April 17 , 2013 - Detroit terminates its water service contract . 2014 ( edit ) April 21 -- After construction delays , the water source switch to the Flint River is completed . This date is considered the start of the water crisis . August 14 -- The city announces a water boiling advisory for parts of the city . The advisory is lifted on August 20 . A second warning is issued in September . October 2014 -- Flint 's General Motors Flint Truck Assembly plant discontinues using Flint tap water due to corroding engine parts from high levels of chlorine . 2015 ( edit ) January 12 -- City officials decline an offer to reconnect to Lake Huron water , concerned of higher water rates . January 21 -- Flint residents complain of health issues caused by city water . Residents bring bottles of discolored tap water to a community meeting . February 26 -- EPA manager Miguel Del Toral detects that lead levels in the water at the home of Flint resident Lee - Anne Walters is seven times greater than the EPA 's acceptable limit . March 23 -- Flint City Council members vote to reconnect with Detroit water . Emergency manager Jerry Ambrose overrules the vote . June 24 -- EPA manager Miguel Del Toral states in a memo that Virginia Tech scientists , led by water expert Dr. Marc Edwards , found extremely high lead levels in four homes . July 9 -- Flint Mayor Dayne Walling drinks Flint tap water on local television in an attempt to dispel residents ' fear of drinking the water . July 13 -- In response to Del Toral 's memo , a Michigan Department of Environmental Quality official tells Michigan Radio , `` Anyone who is concerned about lead in the drinking water in Flint can relax . '' September 8 -- Virginia Tech 's water study team reports that 40 % of Flint homes have elevated levels of lead . September 9 -- MDEQ spokesman Brad Wurfel states that Flint needs to upgrade its infrastructure but is skeptical about Virginia Tech 's water study . September 11 -- Virginia Tech recommends that the state of Michigan declare that the water in Flint is not safe for drinking or cooking . September 24 -- Hurley Medical Center pediatrician Dr. Mona Hanna - Attisha releases her study showing increased number of children with high lead - blood levels after the water source switch to the Flint River . October 15 -- Michigan Governor Rick Snyder signs a bill for $9.35 million to re-connect to Detroit water and provide relief . The switch is made the following day . December 15 -- Flint Mayor Karen Weaver declares a state of emergency . December 29 -- MDEQ Director Dan Wyant resigns . 2016 ( edit ) January 5 -- Governor Snyder declares a state of emergency in Genesee County . January 12 -- The Michigan National Guard is mobilized to help distribute water in Flint . January 13 -- Governor Snyder announces an outbreak of Legionnaires ' disease occurred in the Flint area between June 2014 and November 2015 . January 14 -- Governor Snyder asks President Barack Obama to declare a disaster in Flint . January 16 -- President Obama declares a state of emergency in Flint and authorizes $5 million in aid . February 3 -- The House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform holds a hearing on the Flint water crisis . February 8 -- Governor Snyder turns down a second invitation to testify at congressional hearing on the crisis . March 17 -- Governor Snyder testifies before the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform . April 20 -- Criminal charges are filed against government employees Mike Glasgow , Stephen Busch , and Mike Prysby . May 4 -- President Obama visits Flint to hear first - hand how residents have endured the city 's water crisis and to highlight federal assistance to state and local agencies . July 29 -- Six state workers are criminally charged as investigations continue . December 20 -- Four officials are charged with felonies of false pretenses and conspiracy . 2017 ( edit ) January 24 -- The MDEQ declares the city 's water tested below the federal limit in a six - month long study . February 8 -- State official Richard Baird informs Flint residents that the year long state water bill subsidy will end , effective March 1 , 2017 . February 16 -- The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) finds the first genetic link from Legionnaires ' disease to Flint 's water supply . February 20 -- State considers ending bottled water distribution in the City of Flint . March 1 -- State officially ends water bill subsidies for residents of Flint . March 15 -- President Donald Trump meets with Flint Mayor Karen Weaver to discuss infrastructure funding for Flint . March 16 -- Snyder creates the Child Lead Exposure Elimination Commission in an effort to avoid future lead poisoning outbreaks . March 28 -- A federal judge approves $97 million in funding for Michigan to examine and replace lead water service lines for 18,000 Flint homes to be completed in a three - year time frame . April 18 -- Weaver recommends staying with the Great Lakes Water Authority , which would reverse a 2012 decision that kickstarted the water crisis . Governor Snyder agreed with her decision . April 20 -- Six people are arrested at a town hall meeting regarding the crisis at a Flint church for disorderly conduct and interfering with police . The meeting was criticized as violating Michigan 's Opening Meetings Act . April 28 -- Weaver announces the city has plans to remove lead piping at 6,000 homes by the end of the year . The project is funded by a $100 million grant approved by Congress earlier that week . May 3 -- A notice warning 8,000 residents that their water will be turned off due to lack of payment causes a controversy in the city . May 17 -- It is reported that 128 blood tests in Flint may have registered falsely low lead levels . June 14 -- Attorney General Bill Schuette charges five officials with involuntary manslaughter , and a sixth with obstruction of justice and lying to a police officer . June 20 -- MDEQ threatens Flint with legal action if a water contract is not approved by June 26 , 2017 . Mayor Weaver calls for the Flint city council to approve a 30 - year contract with the Great Lakes Water Authority . June 26 -- After several hours of debate , city council decides to postpone the vote on whether to approve the 30 - year GLWA contract until September 2017 . June 28 -- Michigan sues Flint alleging that the city council 's failure to approve a recommendation to buy water long term from the GLWA is endangering the public . Flint hired an attorney to fight the charges and renegotiate the contract with the state . July 24 -- The Flint Fast Start initiative announces that over 2,500 of the approximately 30,000 homes needing new water service lines have completed pipe replacement . August 11 -- MDEQ releases a letter stating that Flint has `` significant deficiencies '' , which among other issues include source water , financial , distribution system , management and operations . August 29 -- A study published in the American Chemical Society 's publication Environmental Science & Technology says the Flint River was `` a likely trigger contributing to the increase in Legionnaires ' disease incidence . '' September 15 -- Water tested from 138 Flint homes last month by Virginia Tech has registered lead levels well below the federal guidelines . Dr. Marc Edwards states it is likely the last time such sampling coordinated by Virginia Tech will be necessary in Flint . September 20 -- A study conducted by professors David Slusky and Daniel Grossman is released demonstrating fertility rates decreased by 12 percent among Flint women and fetal death rates increased by 58 percent since the switch to the Flint river in 2014 . October 9 -- State prosecutors announce that Dr. Eden Wells , Michigan 's top medical official , will be charged with involuntary manslaughter for her role in the water crisis , which was linked to an outbreak of Legionnaires ' disease that caused at least 12 deaths . October 9 -- Flint city council hires a North Dakota - based environmental consultant for $150,000 to conduct an analysis of the city 's potential future water sources . October 10 -- A Michigan Department of Health and Human Services study finds that the Flint River water did not contribute to the increase in infant deaths and stillbirths in Flint . October 17 -- A federal judge orders the City of Flint to choose a long - term water source by October 23 , 2017 . October 26 -- An EPA report finds fault with Michigan 's oversight of Flint drinking water system , placing the most blame with the Michigan DEQ . October 31 - City council votes to extend its contract with the GLWA for another 30 days while a long term deal is still pending . November 21 -- City council votes 5 -- 4 to sign the 30 -- year contract with GLWA . 2018 ( edit ) January 8 -- MDEQ official Eric Oswald , DEQ 's Drinking Water and Municipal Assistance Division director , tells the EPA he also has concerns about `` long - term , technical , managerial and financial capacity '' to handle the responsibility and that `` the city faces numerous challenges in staffing its limited water treatment plant . '' January 12 -- An MDEQ study for the first half of 2017 claims 90 % of water samples were at or below 7 ppb of lead , with an official stating the city 's `` water quality is restored . '' Over 30,000 Flint water samples had been tested during the crisis . February 5 -- A Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences study on the causes of an outbreak of Legionnaires ' disease in Flint in 2014 and 2015 found that low chlorine levels were the cause . Chlorine , which kills microbes responsible for the disease , also reacts with heavy metals like lead and iron . High levels of lead and iron in Flint 's water may be responsible for the decreased amount of chlorine available . March 12 - New data from the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality shows the spike in samples from Flint elementary schools that tested above 15 parts per billion of lead , the threshold under the Lead and Copper Rule . March 26 - A study published in The Journal of Pediatrics shows blood lead levels in Flint children ages 5 and younger hit an all - time low in 2016 . April 2 - A new study by the MDEQ reports that elevated lead levels were found in 4 percent of final water samples from Flint Community Schools . One school 's results show lead levels at 100 ppb , six times the federal action level . April 6 - The state announces the distribution of free bottled water in the city is ending . Water distribution centers will be closing in the next few days , although water and replacement cartridges will still be available . In response Mayor Weaver says the city plans to sue the state so it can continue . The program was funded through the $450 million federal loan , which had not run out . The reasoning Michigan planned to end the distribution was due to testing of water resulting in low lead levels . The distribution continued until the supply ran out . April 7 - Hundreds of Flint residents fled to water bottle distribution centers to gather remaining free water bottles . Residents were still worried about drinking water from taps , since not all of the pipelines had been switched . April 12 - A federal judge approves a $4.1 M settlement to be used to test Flint children for lead poisoning . April 13 - The Natural Resources Defense Council announced the results of tests of 92 homes with lead service lines showed the 90th percentile for lead was 4 parts per billion . April 23 - Flint resident LeeAnne Walters is awarded the Goldman Environmental Prize for her role in exposing the water crisis . April 26 - The EPA approves a $1.9 million grant to Virginia Tech professor Marc Edwards for nationwide research of lead contamination in drinking water . A groundbreaking step , resulting from the Flint Water Crisis , to ensure of the safety of future generations . May 10 - Mayor Karen Weaver announces that Nestle will donate 1.6 million bottles of water ( 100,000 bottles of water per week ) until Labor Day , September 3 , 2018 . Water will be available to Flint residents at distribution centers located throughout the city . May 16 - Flint Department of Public Works Director Robert Bincsik sends a letter to the EPA saying there are still 14,000 lead service lines in the city , 15 % more than previous projections . June 15 - George Krisztian , an assistant director of DEQ 's Office of Drinking Water and Municipal Assistance , said that Flint 's 90th percentile for lead was 6 ppb in the first six months of the year , up since the state stopped bottled water deliveries to the city in April . The MDEQ also said it 's ready to turn the testing program back over to the city . July 11 - Elon Musk states on Twitter : `` Please consider this a commitment that I will fund fixing the water in any house in Flint that has water contamination above FDA levels . No kidding . '' July 30 - The DEQ announced that in June and July 2018 , of the 420 filtered water samples from Flint Public Schools tested , 100 percent were below 15 parts per billion of lead , and more than 99 percent met the 5 ppb bottled water standard . Background ( edit ) Some water service lines in Flint were installed between 1901 and 1920 . As with many other municipalities at the time , all of the service lines from the cast iron water mains to end users ' homes were constructed of lead , because it was relatively inexpensive and easy to work . Lead pipes can leach lead into the water , especially if certain contaminants are present . However , the water from the Detroit Water and Sewerage Department , where Flint had obtained its water since 1967 , had been treated well enough that the leaching from the lead pipes was at levels considered acceptable by state and federal environmental protection agencies . There are an estimated 43,000 service lines in the city ; these include 3,500 lead lines , 9,000 known galvanized lines , and 9,000 unknown service lines . Lead exposure across the U.S. has fallen dramatically since the 1980s , but no blood - lead level is considered completely safe . Children under age five , and especially infants and unborn children , bear the greatest risk of deleterious and irreversible health outcomes . From 2012 to 2016 , the CDC set a `` reference level '' of 5 micrograms per deciliter ( μg / dL ) , in order to target for case management the 2.5 % of young American children with the highest blood - lead levels . At 45 μg / dL , chelation therapy is considered . Among the many ways lead can enter a modern American 's bloodstream is through lead plumbing . Acidic water makes it easier for the lead found in pipes , leaded solder , and brass faucets to dissolve and to enter a home 's drinking water . Therefore , public water treatment systems are legally required to use control measures to make water less acidic . Plumbing that contains lead is often found in buildings constructed in the 1980s and earlier . Financial emergency ( edit ) See also : Flint , Michigan § Second financial emergency : 2011 -- present From 2011 to 2015 , Governor Snyder appointed four emergency managers to control Flint 's finances . After 2015 , the city continued to receive financial guidance under the lesser oversight of a Receivership Transition Advisory Board . Switching to a new water source ( edit ) Main article : Karegnondi Water Authority In 2011 , Genesee County initiated the switch to the Karegnondi Water Authority ( KWA ) ; the KWA would supply water to both Genesee County and Flint . On March 25 , 2013 , the purchase of 16 million gallons per day from the KWA was approved by the Flint City Council . The KWA informed the council that they could dig to Lake Huron ( the new water supply ) in 30 months using a bored tunnel . Ed Kurtz , Flint 's emergency manager , along with Mayor Dayne Walling and Flint City Council , approved the action and awaited the State Treasurer 's approval . Following this decision , the Detroit Water and Sewerage Department ( DWSD ) negotiated with Flint officials by offering to restructure water payments . Flint refused , insisting that KWA was the best water supplier . DWSD argued that Flint could not spend more money on a new water system and that Lake Huron 's system was more efficient . On April 1 , 2013 , the Detroit Water and Sewerage Department demanded that the state deny Flint 's request , as it would start a water war , which would essentially hurt DWSD . This press release also provided an option for Flint : the sale of raw , untreated water . Drain Commissioner Wright of Genesee County , accused the DWSD of media negotiation and then replied , `` It would be unprecedented for the state to force one community to enter into an agreement with another , simply to artificially help one community at the other 's expense ... this is exactly what the ( Detroit Water and Sewerage Department ) is arguing ... '' On April 15 , 2013 , State Treasurer , Andy Dillon , approved the water purchase contract with the KWA . Emergency Manager Kurtz signed the KWA water purchase agreement the following day . On April 17 , the Detroit Water and Sewer Department delivered its one - year termination notice after Flint rejected their last offer . The DWSD expected that Flint would reimburse the investments for the water system that benefited regional customers . Flint and Genesee County rejected such responsibility , but indicated their willingness to purchase pipelines . In April 2014 , to save about $5 million in under two years , Flint started treating water from the Flint River instead of purchasing Lake Huron water from Detroit . Previously , the Flint River was the backup water source . In June 2014 , Flint 's emergency manager , Darnell Earley , finalized the sale of a nine - mile section of water pipeline to Genesee County for $3.9 million . This pipeline fed Detroit water into the county , and after the Huron pipeline was active , would service the eastern part of the county , as well . By December 2014 , the city had already invested $4 million into its water plant . On July 1 , 2014 , Flint emergency manager , Darnell Earley , gave operational authority to Mayor Dayne Walling over two city departments , including Public Works . It was later reported that by not adding a corrosion inhibitor , Flint was going to save about $140 per day . Early water contamination ( edit ) After the permanent switch to the Flint River , city residents began complaining about the color , taste , and odor of their water . In August and September 2014 , city officials detected levels of coliform bacteria , so residents were advised to boil their water . The Michigan Department of Environmental Quality determined that cold weather , aging pipes , and a population decline were the cause of this bacteria . According to Stephen Busch , a DEQ district supervisor , the city took appropriate measures to limit a recurrence . General Motors ( GM ) made the first complaint about the corrosivity of the water . GM stopped using Flint water in October 2014 , after reporting that the water was corroding car parts . General Motors requested to switch back to the Detroit Water source , which was later approved by city officials . Prior to August 2014 , additional chlorine had been added to eliminate bacteria from the Flint River . This is likely the cause of a spike in THMs , an unsafe chlorine byproduct , in one of eight water locations . Long - term exposure to this chemical has been linked to cancer and other diseases . Following this test , the DEQ placed Flint on violation notice , but did not reveal the information to residents until January 2015 . The employees of the Flint Public Library declared the water undrinkable after noticing that it was discolored , despite the city 's claim that the water was safe . Since 2014 , the library has provided safe water for the public alongside the state 's most prominent bottled water provider . January and February 2015 tests showed that the city water met all health and safety standards . Nevertheless , the Detroit water system offered to reconnect Flint , waiving a $4 million connection fee , but was declined by emergency manager Jerry Ambrose . DEQ officials indicated that there is no `` imminent threat to public health , '' as the nature of the issue was `` communicated poorly . '' Return to Detroit water ( edit ) In March 2015 , Flint voted to switch back to the Detroit Water and Sewerage Department . This vote was motivated by residential complaints and recommendations from Veolia North America to prevent the city from further violating the Safe Drinking Water Act . Jerry Ambrose , Flint 's emergency manager and financial supervisor , disagreed with the reintroduction of the Detroit water source . Ambrose argued , `` Flint water today is safe by all Environmental Protection Agency and Michigan Department of Environmental Quality standards , and the city is working daily to improve its quality . '' On March 2 , 2016 , Michigan declared that returning to the Detroit water system must be approved by the State . When approved , the city was granted an emergency loan of $7 million . In August 2015 , local organizations observed that high concentrations of chloride caused the water to be orange and that the water contained high levels of lead . The lead levels were caused by the omission of orthophosphate ; this caused excessive corrosion of the iron pipes . Consequently , the three organizations , `` ... delivered more than 26,000 online petition signatures to Mayor Dayne Walling , demanding the city end its use of the Flint River and reconnect to the Detroit water system . '' Flint 's water supply was switched back to Detroit water systems in October 2015 . Subsequently , Flint started adding additional orthophosphate to the water to rebuild the pipe lining . On October 8 , 2015 , Snyder requested that Michigan Legislators contribute $6 million of the $12 million for Flint to return to Lake Huron water . The City of Flint would pay $2 million , and the Flint - based Charles Stewart Mott Foundation would pay $4 million . Jim Ananich , the State Senator representing Flint , demanded that the state refund the $2 million to the city . Ananich also requested further emergency funding from the state and long - term funding to address the effects of the lead contamination . On September 27 , 2016 , Flint officials announced that the city will continue to use Detroit water until a new stretch of pipeline is constructed and the Flint River is tested and treated by the KWA . On December 9 , 2016 the MDEQ reported that more than 96 percent of water samples in Flint residencies were now below the EPA lead threshold of 15 parts per billion . On March 15 , 2017 , the Genesee County Water and Waste Services Advisory Board voted to construct a new pipeline ; it would be a 7 - mile , 42 - inch connector to the KWA pipeline . The pipeline would allow the treatment of raw Lake Huron water , so the city of Flint can continue to buy pre-treated water from the Great Lakes Water Authority . The $12 million project will allow Flint to remain a customer of the GLWA until at least 2019 . Lead exposure findings ( edit ) See also : Lead poisoning and Blood lead level In January 2015 , a public meeting was held , where citizens complained about the `` bad water . '' Residents complained about the taste , smell , and appearance of the water for 18 months before a Flint physician found highly elevated blood lead levels in the children of Flint . During that time period , the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality had insisted the water was safe to drink . A study by Virginia Tech researchers ( see section below ) determined that the river water , which , due to higher chloride concentration , is more corrosive than the lake water , was leaching lead from aging pipes . Dr. Mozhgan Savabieasfahani , an environmental toxicologist based in Ann Arbor , Michigan said this level of lead exposure is comparable with what the Iraqi people have experienced since the U.S. occupation in 2003 . While the local outcry about Flint water quality was growing in early 2015 , Flint water officials filed papers with state regulators purporting to show that `` tests at Flint 's water treatment plant had detected no lead and testing in homes had registered lead at acceptable levels . '' The documents falsely claimed that the city had tested tap water from homes with lead service lines , and therefore the highest lead - poisoning risks ; in reality , the city does not know the locations of lead service lines , which city officials acknowledged in November 2015 after the Flint Journal / MLive published an article revealing the practice , using documents obtained under the Michigan Freedom of Information Act . The Journal / MLive reported that the city had `` disregarded federal rules requiring it to seek out homes with lead plumbing for testing , potentially leading the city and state to underestimate for months the extent of toxic lead leaching into Flint 's tap water . '' In a new report released March 1 , 2016 , 37 of the 423 recently tested sentinel sites had results above the 15 ppb limit . Eight of the samples exceeded 100 ppb . A recent study however showed that significantly more samples exceeded the 15 ppb limit in the voluntary or homeowner - driven sampling program whereby concerned citizens decided to acquire a testing kit and conduct sampling on their own ( non-sentinel sites ) . Studies ( edit ) See Education and research section for later studies . Hurley Medical Center study ( edit ) Dr. Mona Hanna - Attisha led the Hurley Medical Center lead poisoning study . On September 24 , 2015 , Hurley Medical Center in Flint released a study , led by Dr. Mona Hanna - Attisha , the program director for pediatric residency at Hurley Children 's Hospital , confirming that the proportion of infants and children with elevated levels of lead in their blood had nearly doubled since the city switched from the Detroit water system to using the Flint River as its water source . Using hospital records , Hanna - Attisha found that a steep rise in blood - lead levels corresponded to the city 's switch in water sources . The study was initially dismissed by Michigan Department of Environmental Quality ( DEQ ) spokesman Brad Wurfel , who repeated a familiar refrain : `` Repeated testing indicated the water tested within acceptable levels . '' Later , Wurfel apologized to Hanna - Attisha . The team 's study appears in the February 2016 issue of American Journal of Public Health . Hanna - Attisha 's research found that the average proportion of Flint children with elevated blood - lead levels ( above five micrograms per deciliter , or 5 × 10 grams per 100 milliliters of blood ) rose from 2.4 % ( 2013 , before the change in water source ) to 4.9 % ( 2015 , after the change in water source ) , and in some hotspot areas rose from 4 % to 10.6 % . Michigan Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention Program data agree an increase occurred , suggesting an increase from 2.2 % of children ( May 2013 -- April 2014 ) to 3.0 % ( May 2014 -- April 2015 ) . Hanna - Attisha 's data were taken from hospital laboratory records for children less than five years old . Hanna - Attisha 's sample numbers were large , both for the pre-switch and post-switch time periods and for Flint children ( 1,473 ) and for children not exposed to Flint water ( 2,202 ) . Elevated lead levels in children 's blood was shown to be correlated with elevated lead levels in Flint water . Because lead screening is not completed for all children , such data may be skewed toward higher - risk children and thus overestimate lead exposure , especially in non -- high - risk areas . Hanna - Attisha and Flint resident LeeAnne Walters were awarded PEN America 's Freedom of Expression Courage Award on May 16 , 2016 . Virginia Tech water study ( edit ) Dr. Marc Edwards led the Virginia Tech Flint water study . In September 2015 a team from Virginia Tech arrived in Flint . Led by professor Dr. Marc Edwards , an expert on municipal water quality , the team came to perform lead level testing on the Flint water supply , working under a National Science Foundation grant . Edwards had been contacted by Flint resident , Lee - Anne Walters , whose family suffered from extreme health problems , almost immediately following the switch to the Flint River water . Walters had attempted to act locally , but she was repeatedly ignored by city , state , and EPA officials . The study found that Flint water was `` very corrosive '' and `` causing lead contamination in homes '' . It concluded in its report that `` Flint River water leaches more lead from plumbing than does Detroit water . This is creating a public health threat in some Flint homes that have lead pipe or lead solder . '' Edwards was shocked by the extent of the contamination , but even more so by the inaction of the proper authorities after being made well aware of the contamination . Edwards and his team found that at least a quarter of Flint households had levels of lead above the federal level of 15 parts per billion ( ppb ) and that in some homes , lead levels were at 13,200 ppb . Edwards said , `` It was the injustice of it all and that the very agencies that are paid to protect these residents from lead in water , knew or should 've known after June at the very very latest of this year , that federal law was not being followed in Flint , and that these children and residents were not being protected . And the extent to which they went to cover this up exposes a new level of arrogance and uncaring that I have never encountered . '' Edwards ' team created a website , called `` Flint Water Study '' , with the main purpose of informing , and creating support for Flint residents during the crisis . The site also summarized study results and became a comprehensive public database for all information related to the study . On January 11 , 2016 , the Virginia Tech research team led by Edwards announced that it had completed its work . Edwards said , `` We now feel that Flint 's kids are finally on their way to being protected and decisive actions are under way to ameliorate the harm that was done . '' Edwards credited the Michigan ACLU and the group Water You Fighting For with doing the `` critical work of collecting and coordinating '' many water samples analyzed by the Virginia Tech team . Although the labor of the team ( composed of scientists , investigators , graduate students , and undergraduates ) was free , the investigation still spent more than $180,000 for such expenses as water testing and payment of Michigan Freedom of Information Act costs . A GoFundMe campaign has raised over $116,000 of the $150,000 needed for the team to recover its costs . On January 27 , the city of Flint retained Dr. Edwards to monitor the city 's water testing efforts . On March 1 , 2016 , the Virginia Tech team was given $80,000 from an EPA grant to re-test the lead levels in 271 Flint homes . On August 11 , 2016 , Kelsey Pieper , a member of Dr. Edwards ' research team , said 45 percent of residents that collected samples in July for the lead testing program had no detectable level of particulate lead in their water supply . She added the study yielded a lead reading of 13.9 ppb , just below the federal action level of 15 ppb . However , Pieper acknowledged the sampling , which was conducted by volunteer residents , does not fulfill the testing requirements of the federal Lead and Copper Rule . State testing of the most - recent six month monitoring period , which began January 1 and complied with Lead and Copper Rule regulations , showed a 90th percentile lead reading of 20 ppb , which exceeds the federal action level . Roughly 93 percent of samples from the third round of expanded state sentinel site testing showed results below the lead action level . Dr. Edwards called the results the `` beginning of the end '' of the public health disaster associated with the water crisis . On December 2 , 2016 , Dr. Edwards said lead was n't detected in 57 percent of 154 Flint homes tested in November 2016 -- up from 44 percent in July 2016 . He also advised people to continue using filters . Possible link to Legionnaires ' disease spike ( edit ) See also : Legionnaires ' disease On January 13 , 2016 , Snyder said that 87 cases of Legionnaires ' disease , a waterborne disease , were reported in Genesee County from June 2014 -- November 2015 , resulting in 12 deaths ( two more people later died from the disease ) . Although the Michigan Department of Health and Human Services ( MDHHS ) said that there is no evidence of a clear link between the spike in cases and the water system change , Edwards stated the contaminated Flint water could be linked to the spike . In a second report released January 21 , state researchers had still not pin - pointed the source of the outbreak . The next day , an official at McLaren Regional Medical Center in Flint confirmed that there was a spike in Legionella cases in Flint and elsewhere in Genesee County , but noted that there was `` no definitive data to support that McLaren Flint is the source of exposure for any patient testing positive for the Legionella antigen . '' The family of one of the people who died of Legionnaires has filed a $100 million lawsuit against McLaren . The Flint Journal obtained documents via the Michigan Freedom of Information Act ( FOIA ) on the Legionnaires ' outbreak and published an article on them on January 16 , 2016 . The documents indicated that on October 17 , 2014 , employees of the Genesee County Health Department and the Flint water treatment plant met to discuss the county 's `` concerns regarding the increase in Legionella cases and possible association with the municipal water system . '' By early October 2014 , the Michigan DEQ were aware of a possible link between the water in Flint and the Legionnaires ' outbreak , but the public was never informed , and the agency gave assurances about water safety in public statements and at public forums . An internal January 27 , 2015 email from a supervisor at the health department said that the Flint water treatment plant had not responded in months to `` multiple written and verbal requests '' for information . In January 2015 , following the complete breakdown in communication between the city and the county on the Legionnaires ' investigation , the county filed a FOIA request with the city , seeking `` specific water testing locations and laboratory results ... for coliform , E-coli , heterotrophic bacteria and trihalomethanes '' and other information . In April 2015 , the county health department contacted the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) , and in April 2015 a CDC employee wrote in an email that the Legionnaires ' outbreak was `` very large , one of the largest we know of in the past decade and community - wide , and in our opinion and experience it needs a comprehensive investigation . '' However , MDHHS told the county health department at the time that federal assistance was not necessary . Emails obtained by Progress Michigan in February 2016 indicate Snyder 's office knew about the outbreak since March 2015 , despite Snyder 's claim he was only informed in January 2016 . On March 11 , 2016 , Governor Snyder ordered an investigation of the MDHHS regarding the outbreak . On February 16 , 2017 , it was reported the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention discovered the first genetic links between city water and patients diagnosed with Legionnaires ' disease in Genesee County . `` The presence of Legionella in Flint was widespread , '' said Dr. Janet Stout , a research associate professor at the University of Pittsburgh and a national expert on the disease . `` The ( laboratory ) results show that strains ( of the bacteria ) were throughout the water system . '' Virginia Tech researcher Amy Pruden published a study that found Legionella levels up to 1,000 times higher than normal tap water in Flint , and said finding a patient whose clinical isolates -- or bacteria -- matched the McLaren water sample without having been hospitalized there `` suggests that same strain may have been elsewhere . '' On March 10 , 2017 , affidavits filed by experts in court supported the conclusion that Flint water was connected to the Legionnaires ' disease outbreak . Dr. Janet Stout wrote in an affidavit : `` ( It ) is my opinion to a reasonable degree of probability that the source water change and the subsequent management of the municipal water system caused conditions to develop within the municipal water distribution system that promoted Legionella growth and dispersion , amplification , and the significant increases in cases of Legionnaires ' disease in Genesee County in 2014 and 2015 . '' J. David Krause , director of Forensic Analytical Consulting Services , and Dr. Hung K. Cheung , a doctor specializing in environmental and occupational medicine agreed with her claims . On February 5 , 2018 , a study published in the journals Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences and mBio concluded that the 2014 - 2015 outbreak of Legionnaires ' disease in Flint was due to low levels of chlorine which , at higher levels , would have made it difficult for bacteria to replicate . Because chlorine reacts with heavy metals like lead and iron , high levels of both in Flint 's water may have been responsible for the decreased amount of chlorine available . Inquiries , investigations , resignations , and release of documents ( edit ) This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : Choppy list of events needs to be reorganized into subsections on specific topics . Please help improve this article if you can . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) One focus of inquiry is when Snyder became aware of the issue , and how much he knew about it . In a July 2015 email , Dennis Muchmore ( then Snyder 's chief of staff ) wrote to a Michigan Department of Health and Human Services ( MDHHS ) official , `` I 'm frustrated by the water issue in Flint . I really do n't think people are getting the benefit of the doubt . These folks are scared and worried about the health impacts and they are basically getting blown off by us ( as a state we 're just not sympathizing with their plight ) . '' In a separate email sent on July 22 , 2015 , MDHHS local health services director Mark Miller wrote to colleagues that it `` Sounds like the issue is old lead service lines . '' These emails were obtained under the Michigan Freedom of Information Act by Virginia Tech researchers studying the crisis , and were released to the public in the first week of January 2016 . In October 2015 , it was reported that the city government 's data on lead water lines in the city was stored on 45,000 index cards ( some dating back a century ) located in filing cabinets in Flint 's public utility building . The Department of Public Works said that it was trying to transition the data into an electronic spreadsheet program , but as of October 1 , 2015 , only about 25 % of the index card information had been digitized . On October 21 , 2015 , Snyder announced the creation of a five - member Flint Water Advisory Task Force , consisting of Ken Sikkema of Public Sector Consultants and Chris Kolb of the Michigan Environmental Council ( co-chairs ) and Dr. Matthew Davis of the University of Michigan Health System , Eric Rothstein of the Galardi Rothstein Group and Dr. Lawrence Reynolds of Mott Children 's Health Center in Flint . On December 29 , 2015 , the Task Force released its preliminary report , saying that the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality ( MDEQ ) bore ultimate blame for the Flint water crisis . The task force wrote that the MDEQ 's Office of Drinking Water and Municipal Assistance ( ODWMA ) adopted a `` minimalist technical compliance approach '' to water safety , which was `` unacceptable and simply insufficient to the task of public protection . '' The task force also found that `` Throughout 2015 , as the public raised concerns and as independent studies and testing were conducted and brought to the attention of MDEQ , the agency 's response was often one of aggressive dismissal , belittlement , and attempts to discredit these efforts and the individuals involved . We find both the tone and substance of many MDEQ public statements to be completely unacceptable . '' The task force also found that the Michigan DEQ has failed to follow the federal Lead and Copper Rule ( LCR ) . That rule requires `` optimized corrosion control treatment , '' but MDEQ staff instructed City of Flint water treatment staff that corrosion control treatment ( CCT ) would not be necessary for a year . The task force found that `` the decision not to require CCT , made at the direction of the MDEQ , led directly to the contamination of the Flint water system . '' The task force 's findings prompted the resignation of MDEQ director Dan Wyant and communications director Brad Wurfel . Flint Department of Public Works director Howard Croft also resigned . The Flint Water Advisory Task Force 's final report , released March 21 , 2016 , found the MDEQ , MDHHS , Governor 's office , and the state - appointed emergency managers `` fundamentally accountable '' for the crisis , saying the people of Flint were `` needlessly and tragically '' exposed to toxic levels of lead and other hazards . On January 8 , 2016 , the U.S. Attorney 's Office for the Eastern District of Michigan said that it was investigating . A month later , they said they were working with the Federal Bureau of Investigation , the EPA 's Office of Inspector General , the EPA 's Criminal Investigation Division , and the Postal Inspection Service on the investigation . The Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) `` battled Michigan 's Department of Environmental Quality behind the scenes for at least six months over whether Flint needed to use chemical treatments to keep lead lines and plumbing connections from leaching into drinking water '' and `` did not publicize its concern that Flint residents ' health was jeopardized by the state 's insistence that such controls were not required by law '' . In 2015 , EPA water expert Miguel A. Del Toral `` identified potential problems with Flint 's drinking water in February , confirmed the suspicions in April and summarized the looming problem '' in an internal memo circulated on June 24 , 2015 . Despite these `` dire warnings '' from Del Toral , the memo was not publicly released until November 2015 , after a revision and vetting process . In the interim , the EPA and the Michigan DEQ engaged in a dispute on how to interpret the Lead and Copper Rule . According to EPA Region 5 Administrator Susan Hedman , the EPA pushed to immediately implement corrosion controls in the interests of public health , while the Michigan DEQ sought to delay a decision on corrosion control until two six - month periods of sampling had been completed . Meanwhile , MDEQ spokesman Brad Wurfel called Del Toral a `` rogue employee '' for his whistle - blowing efforts . Dr. Marc Edwards , who investigated the lead contamination , wrote that Del Toral had made a `` heroic effort '' that was stymied by the EPA and MDEQ spending months `` wrangling over jurisdiction , technicalities and legalities . '' In an interview with the Detroit News published on January 12 , 2016 , Hedman said that `` the recommendation to DEQ ( regarding the need for corrosion controls ) occurred at higher and higher levels during this time period . And the answer kept coming back from DEQ that ' no , we are not going to make a decision until after we see more testing results . ' '' Hedman said the EPA did not go public with its concerns earlier because ( 1 ) state and local governments have primary responsibility for drinking water quality and safety ; ( 2 ) there was insufficient evidence at that point of the extent of the danger ; and ( 3 ) the EPA 's legal authority to compel the state to take action was unclear , and the EPA discussed the issue with its legal counsel , who only rendered an opinion in November . Hedman said the EPA discussed the issue with its legal counsel and urged the state to have MDHHS warn residents about the danger . On January 21 , Hedman 's resignation ( effective February 1 ) was accepted . Assessments of the EPA 's action varied . Edwards said that the assessment in Del Toral 's original June memo was `` 100 percent accurate '' and criticized the EPA for failing to take more immediate action . State Senate Minority Leader Jim Ananich , Democrat of Flint , said , `` There 's been a failure at all levels to accurately assess the scale of the public health crisis in Flint , and that problem is ongoing . However , the EPA 's Miguel Del Toral did excellent work in trying to expose this disaster . Anyone who read his memo and failed to act should be held accountable to the fullest extent of the law . '' Del Toral later told The Flint Journal , `` I was stunned when I found out they did not have corrosion control in place . In my head , I did n't believe that . I thought : That ca n't be true ... that 's so basic . '' He also confirmed that unfiltered Flint water is still unsafe to drink , and does n't know when that will change . On January 15 , 2016 , Michigan Attorney General Bill Schuette announced that his office would open an investigation into the crisis , saying the situation in Flint `` is a human tragedy in which families are struggling with even the most basic parts of daily life . '' To oversee the AG Office 's probe , Schuette appointed Todd Flood as special prosecutor and Andrew Arena as chief investigator , who lead a team of nine full - time investigators . At a media roundtable in February 2016 , Flood said that the investigation could result in involuntary manslaughter charges , if there was gross negligence leading to a death . Critics have questioned the objectivity of the investigation . In his annual State of the State address on January 19 , 2016 , Snyder announced that he would release all of his emails from 2014 and 2015 regarding the crisis . The following day , the governor 's office released 274 pages of emails . The New York Times summarized , `` the documents provide a glimpse of state leaders who were at times dismissive of the concerns of residents , seemed eager to place responsibility with local government and , even as the scientific testing was hinting at a larger problem , were reluctant to acknowledge it . '' Later that month in a class action lawsuit related to the crisis , Snyder and the MDEQ were served subpoenas for the release of additional emails dating back to the beginning of 2011 . Emails highlighted by Progress Michigan in January 2016 indicate that Michigan state officials were trucking in bottled water to some of their own employees stationed in Flint as early as January 2015 in regards to the unsafe levels of trihalomethanes , or THMs , a by - product of chlorine that had been added to the water to kill Coliform bacteria . On February 12 , 2016 , Governor Snyder released additional emails between his office and the MDEQ which about the Legionnaires ' outbreak . On February 26 , Snyder 's office released several thousand more emails regarding the crisis that date back to 2011 . An additional batch of emails was released on March 10 . On January 22 , 2016 , two MDEQ employees ( Liane Shekter Smith , former chief of the department 's Office of Drinking Water and Municipal Assistance ; and Steve Busch , former district supervisor in the division ) were suspended , pending an investigation , as a result of questions regarding actions related to water testing in Flint . In response , Snyder said , `` Michiganders need to be able to depend on state government to do what 's best for them and in the case of the DEQ that means ensuring their drinking water is safe . Some DEQ actions lacked common sense and that resulted in this terrible tragedy in Flint . I look forward to the results of the investigation to ensure these mistakes do n't happen again . '' Smith was fired on February 5 , 2016 . On July 13 , 2016 , the Mackinac Center for Public Policy sued the MDEQ over the department 's 121 - day delay in responding to Freedom of Information Act ( FOIA ) requests surrounding Flint , including a request for all emails from Shekter - Smith and Bush from 2013 through 2015 containing the word `` Flint '' and a list of `` any employees transferred , reassigned , or suspended as a result of the Flint water issues . '' The case was settled in November 2017 , with a joint statement saying in part , `` The parties also note there are circumstances for which the FOIA currently lacks certainty when documents must be provided . This lack of clarity can foster litigation over what response times are reasonable . '' On January 25 , 2016 , the Genesee County Commission approved a request from Genesee County Prosecuting Attorney David Leyton for $25,000 to conduct an investigation into the crisis . The money will be used to hire two special prosecutors . On March 4 , 2016 , a report released by the Michigan Auditor General 's office called the MDEQ 's Office of Drinking Water and Municipal Assistance `` not sufficient '' in its oversight of the state 's Community Water Supply Program . Legislative hearings ( edit ) Federal ( edit ) On January 14 , 2016 U.S. Representative Brenda Lawrence , Democrat , of Southfield , formally requested congressional hearings on the crisis , saying : `` We trust our government to protect the health and safety of our communities , and this includes the promise of clean water to drink . '' The House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform began their hearings on the crisis on February 3 . Democratic U.S. Representative Dan Kildee from Flint gave an opening statement . The first witnesses were EPA acting deputy assistant administrator Joel Beauvais , Dr. Marc Edwards , new MDEQ Director Keith Creagh , and Flint resident LeeAnne Walters ( who alerted EPA water expert Miguel A. Del Toral to the problem ) . On March 15 , the House Oversight and Government Reform Committee examining the Flint water crisis reveals the EPA , state , and municipal officials attempted to fix the situation behind the scenes according to hearing witness and former EPA regional administrator , Susan Hedman , who cited legal and enforcement challenges as the causes for her actions . Ex-Emergency Financial Manager Darnell Earley , Former Fint Mayor Dayne Walling , and Professor Marc Edwards also testified on that date 's hearing . Governor Snyder and EPA Administrator Gina McCarthy testified before that committee on March 17 . On February 10 , 2016 , a separate committee , the U.S. House Democratic Steering and Policy Committee , held a hearing on the crisis in which Hurley Medical Center pediatrician Dr. Mona Hanna - Attisha ; Yanna Lambrinidou , president of Parents for Nontoxic Alternatives , an environmental health group ; Flint schools Superintendent Bilal Kareem Tawwab ; Eric Scorsone , an expert in local government finances from Michigan State University , and Flint Mayor Karen Weaver testified . On April 13 , 2016 , the U.S. House of Representatives Subcommittee on Environment and the Economy and Energy Subcommittee on Health held a joint hearing on the crisis in which Keith Creagh of the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality , Nick Lyon from the Michigan Department of Health and Human Services , and Dr. Mona Hanna - Attisha of Hurley Medical Center testified . State ( edit ) On February 23 , 2016 , the Michigan State Legislature started a committee to investigate the crisis . On March 1 , one of its members , Senator Jim Ananich of Flint , introduced a resolution that would grant state lawmakers probing the Flint water crisis subpoena power over the Governor 's office , which is immune to the state Freedom of Information Act . The committee 's first hearing was on March 15 , 2016 . On March 29 , 2016 , the state 's Joint Committee on the Flint Water Public Health Emergency held a hearing on the crisis in Flint during which residents and local experts testified . State of emergency and emergency responses ( edit ) This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : Too much use of proseline : `` On DATE X , Y occurred '' Please help improve this section if you can . ( June 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Local ( edit ) Flint Mayor Karen Weaver declared the city to be in a state of emergency on December 15 , 2015 . On December 15 , 2015 , Mayor Weaver declared the water issue as a citywide public health state of emergency to prompt help from state and federal officials . Weaver 's declaration said that additional funding will be needed for special education , mental health , juvenile justice , and social services because of the behavioral and cognitive impacts of high blood lead levels . It was subsequently declared a countywide emergency by the Genesee County Board of Commissioners . Starting on January 7 , 2016 , Genesee County Sheriff Robert Pickell had work crews of offenders sentenced to community service begin delivering bottled water , water filters and replacement cartridges , primarily to residents living in homes built between 1901 and 1920 , whose plumbing systems are most likely leaching lead into the water . The next week , he ordered his department to begin using reverse 911 to advise homebound residents on how to get help . On January 10 , Mayor Weaver stressed to residents that it was important to also pick up the testing kits , as the city would like to receive at least 500 water test samples per week . On January 12 , officers from the Michigan State Police and Genesee County Sheriff 's Department started delivering cases of water , water filters , lead testing kits and replacement cartridges to residents who needed them . The American Red Cross has also been deployed to Flint to deliver bottled water and filters to residents . On January 14 , it was announced Dr. Mona Hanna - Attisha will lead a Flint Pediatric Public Health Initiative that includes experts from the Michigan State University College of Human Medicine , Hurley Children 's Hospital , the Genesee County Health Department , and the Michigan Department of Health and Human Services to help Flint children diagnosed with lead poisoning . State ( edit ) On January 5 , 2016 , Michigan Governor Rick Snyder declared Genesee County to be in a state of emergency . On January 6 , Snyder ordered the Michigan Emergency Operations Center , operated by the Michigan State Police Emergency Management and Homeland Security Division , to open a Joint Information Center to coordinate public outreach and field questions from the residents about the problems caused by the crisis . The State Emergency Operations Center recommended that all Flint children under six years old get tested for lead levels as soon as possible , either by a primary care physician or the Genesee County Health Department . The state has set up water resource sites at several public buildings around Flint where residents can pick up bottled water , water filters , replacement cartridges , and home water testing kits . They also advised residents to call the United Way to receive additional help if needed . On January 11 , Snyder signed an executive order creating a new committee to `` work on long - term solutions to the Flint water situation and ongoing public health concerns affecting residents . '' On January 13 , Snyder activated the Michigan Army National Guard to assist the American Red Cross , starting the next day , with thirty soldiers planned to be in Flint by January 15 . The National Guard doubled their number of soldiers deployed to Flint by January 18 . On January 19 , Snyder ordered more soldiers to Flint by the next day , for a total of 200 . On January 27 , Snyder announced the establishment of the new 17 - member Flint Water Interagency Coordinating Committee to `` make recommendations regarding the health and welfare of people exposed to lead , study Flint 's water infrastructure and determine potential upgrades , review Flint Water Task Force recommendations , and establish ways to improve communication between local and state government . '' On March 2 , Snyder announced the state will partner with the employment agency Michigan Works ! Association to hire 81 Flint residents to work at water distribution sites throughout the city . On March 21 , Governor Snyder released a 75 - point relief plan for addressing the crisis , which includes programs in the fields of health and human services , education , water supply and infrastructure replacements , and jobs and economic development . On April 6 , 2016 , the state began offering up to $100,000 in grant money from the Disaster and Emergency Contingency Fund to local governments affected by the water crisis . On March 16 , 2017 , Governor Snyder created the Child Lead Exposure Elimination Commission and appointed Dr. Mona Hanna - Attisha of Flint 's Hurley Medical Center , Rebecca Meuninck of Ann Arbor , deputy director of the Ecology Center ; Paul Haan of Grand Rapids , executive director of the Healthy Homes Coalition of West Michigan , Inc. ; and Lyke Thompson of Ann Arbor , director of the Center for Urban Studies at Wayne State University as its members . `` Eliminating the risk of child lead exposure will require the coordination and expertise of people across all sectors , '' Snyder said in the announcement . `` Creating this permanent commission will help advance the strategies recommended to better protect Michigan children from lead exposure . '' On the same day , Governor Snyder said will lower Michigan 's `` action level '' from 15 parts per billion -- the federal limit -- to 10 ppb . On June 9 , 2017 , the MDEQ reported their May 2017 testing showed 90 percent of Tier I samples at or below 6 parts per billion of lead with 93.1 percent of the samples at or below 15 ppb . Federal ( edit ) On January 9 , 2016 , the Federal Emergency Management Agency ( FEMA ) sent two liaison officers to the Michigan Emergency Operations Center to work with the state to monitor the situation . On January 15 , Snyder asked President Obama to grant a federal emergency / major disaster designation for Genesee County , seeking federal financial aid for emergency assistance and infrastructure repair in order to `` protect the health , safety and welfare of Flint residents . '' The following day , Obama signed an emergency declaration giving Flint up to $5 million in federal aid to handle the crisis . FEMA released a statement that said : The President 's action authorizes the Department of Homeland Security , Federal Emergency Management Agency ( FEMA ) , to coordinate all disaster relief efforts which have the purpose of alleviating the hardship and suffering caused by the emergency on the local population , and to provide appropriate assistance for required emergency measures , authorized under Title V of the Stafford Act , to save lives and to protect property and public health and safety , and to lessen or avert the threat of a catastrophe in Genesee County . FEMA is authorized to provide equipment and resources to alleviate the impacts of the emergency . Emergency protective measures , limited to direct federal assistance , will be provided at 75 percent federal funding . This emergency assistance is to provide water , water filters , water filter cartridges , water test kits , and other necessary related items for a period of no more than 90 days . After Snyder 's request for a `` Major Disaster Declaration '' status was turned down , FEMA Administrator W. Craig Fugate wrote a letter to Snyder saying that the water contamination `` does not meet the legal definition of a ' major disaster ' '' under federal law because `` ( t ) he incident was not the result of a natural catastrophe , nor was it created by a fire , flood or explosion . '' In response , Snyder asked Obama for emergency funding under FEMA 's Individuals and Households Program , which provides housing assistance and replacement of personal property . He will also ask for money and emergency protective measures , according to the release . On March 3 , 2016 , Governor Snyder filed a second appeal for federal help to replace lead pipes and provide medical support and supplies for affected residents which said the estimated economic impact of the Flint water crisis is beginning to exceed $140 million . FEMA rejected his request again on March 16 . The federal response is being led by the Department of Health and Human Services , with assistance from FEMA , the Small Business Administration , the EPA , the Department of Housing and Urban Development , the Department of Agriculture , the Office of Preparedness and Response , and the Public Health Service Commissioned Corps . Dr. Nicole Lurie , Assistant Secretary of Health and Human Services for Preparedness and Response , was appointed to coordinate the federal response . The EPA issued a Safe Drinking Water Act Emergency Order and took over collecting and testing of water samples , while ordering state agencies to send them previously collected data , on January 21 . A week later they advised residents to continue using water filters and drink only bottled water . On February 12 , the USDA extended their nutrition programs for Flint children diagnosed with high blood lead levels . On the next day , Governor Snyder asked for additional help from Medicaid and the State Children 's Health Insurance Program for affected Flint children . The Department of Health and Human Services granted his request on February 18 , providing an additional $500,000 in Medicaid expansion for affected Flint children and pregnant women . On March 3 , a waiver request to include pregnant women and people up to 21 years of age was approved . On March 1 , the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services announced plans to expand its Head Start Program to more Flint children affected by the crisis . On March 23 , the U.S. Department of Labor announced up to $15 million in National Dislocated Worker Grants will help provide temporary jobs to assist with Flint 's water crisis recovery . About 400 temporary jobs at water distribution centers throughout the city will be created through the grant . The workers will take the place of the Michigan National Guard soldiers who have been in place since January . On March 25 , 2016 , the EPA and FEMA extended the federal emergency until August 14 , 2016 . The state took over the emergency response after that date . Criminal cases ( edit ) 2016 ( edit ) On April 20 , 2016 , criminal charges were filed against three people in regards to the crisis by Michigan Attorney General Bill Schuette . Former MDEQ employees Michael Prysby and Stephen Busch are charged with misconduct in office , conspiracy to tamper with evidence , tampering with evidence , a treatment violation of the Michigan Safe Drinking Water Act , and a monitoring violation of the Federal Safe Drinking Water Act ; former city water plant operator Michael Glasgow was charged with willful neglect of office , a misdemeanor , and felony tampering with evidence . On May 4 , 2016 Glasgow accepted a plea deal with prosecutors , admitting to filing false information about lead in Flint water and agreeing to cooperate in other prosecutions . Exactly a year later , the case against Glasgow was dismissed , with prosecutors acknowledging his cooperation and the fact that he was the person who reported the crimes of his colleagues to the MDEQ . On July 29 , 2016 , Schuette charged six additional people with crimes in the crisis , three from the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality and three from the Michigan Department of Health and Human Services . From the MDEQ , Liane Shekter - Smith was charged with misconduct in office and willful neglect of duty ; Adam Rosenthal was charged with misconduct in office , conspiracy to tamper with evidence , tampering with evidence , and neglect ; Adam Cook was charged with misconduct in office , conspiracy to engage in misconduct in office , and neglect of duty . From the MDHHS , Nancy Peeler , Corinne Miller , and Robert Scott were charged with misconduct in office , conspiracy to commit misconduct in office , and willful neglect of duty . MDEQ and MDHHS released a joint statement later that day indicating Peeler , Scott , Cook , and Rosenthal have been suspended without pay . Miller retired in April and Shekter - Smith was fired in February . The cases were consolidated for preliminary hearing purposes on August 9 , since the same witnesses will testify against all defendants . The Attorney General 's office says it has 10 -- 15 witnesses in each case and roughly 50 exhibits in total . On September 14 , 2016 , Miller pleaded no contest to the neglect of duty charge and agreed to testify against the other defendants . She was later sentenced to a year probation , 300 hours of community service , and fined $1,200 . On December 20 , 2016 , Schuette filed false pretenses , conspiracy to commit false pretenses , willful neglect of duty and misconduct in office charges against former Emergency Managers Darnell Earley and Jerry Ambrose ; and false pretenses and conspiracy to commit false pretenses charges against former Flint Utilities Administrator Daugherty Johnson and former Flint Department of Public Works director Howard Croft . On November 28 , 2017 , Daugherty Johnson pleaded no contest to failing to furnish water documents to a Genesee County Health Department employee investigating a possible connection between Flint water and Legionnaires ' disease outbreaks . He is scheduled to return to court in May 2018 for sentencing , facing up to one year of imprisonment or a fine of not more than $1,000 . 2017 ( edit ) On June 14 , 2017 , Schuette announced new involuntary manslaughter charges -- 15 - year felonies -- against Michigan Department of Health and Human Services Director Nick Lyon , former Flint emergency manager Darnell Earley , former Flint Department of Public Works director Howard Croft , former Michigan Department of Environmental Quality Office of Drinking Water chief Liane Shekter - Smith and DEQ District Supervisor Stephen Busch . Also charged was Dr. Eden Wells , chief medical executive of DHHS , who faces allegations of obstruction of justice and lying to a police officer . Lyon was also charged with a single count of misconduct in office after being accused of having received notice of the Legionnaires ' outbreak at least a year before informing the public and the governor , while Wells is also accused of threatening to withhold funding to the Flint Area Community Health and Environment Partnership unless the partnership ceased its investigation into the source of the Legionnaires ' outbreak . On October 9 , 2017 , Dr. Wells was charged with involuntary manslaughter and misconduct in office . On December 20 , 2017 , Adam Rosenthal pleaded no contest to a public records charge , a one - year misdemeanor that 's expected to be dismissed provided he cooperates in other prosecutions . 2018 ( edit ) On August 20 , 2018 , District Court Judge David Goggins found probable cause for a trial for two cases of involuntary manslaughter that were linked to Legionnaires Disease against Michigan 's Health Director , Nick Lyon . Lawsuits ( edit ) This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : Also too much proseline Please help improve this section if you can . ( June 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 2015 ( edit ) On November 13 , 2015 , four families filed a federal class - action lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan in Detroit against Governor Rick Snyder and thirteen other city and state officials , including former Flint Mayor Dayne Walling and ex-emergency financial manager Darnell Earley , who was in charge of the city when the switch to the Flint River was made . The complaint alleges that the officials acted recklessly and negligently , leading to serious injuries from lead poisoning , including autoimmune disorders , skin lesions , and `` brain fog . '' The complaint says that the officials ' conduct was `` reckless and outrageous '' and `` shocks the conscience and was deliberately indifferent to ... constitutional rights . '' The case was dismissed on February 3 , 2017 , with the judge stating his court has lack of subject - matter jurisdiction in the matter . Their attorneys filed an appeal on February 6 . The legal doctrines of sovereign immunity ( which protects the state from suit ) and official immunity ( which in Michigan shields top government officials from personal liability , even in cases of gross negligence ) resulted in comparatively few lawsuits being filed in the Flint case , and caused large national plaintiffs ' law firms to be reluctant to become involved with the case . 2016 ( edit ) On January 14 , 2016 , a separate class - action lawsuit against Snyder , the State of Michigan , the City of Flint , Earley , Walling , and Croft was filed by three Flint residents in Michigan Circuit Court in Genesee County . This suit targets lower - level officials who ( under Michigan law ) do not have immunity from claims arising from gross negligence . A separate suit was filed in January 2016 in the Michigan Court of Claims against the governor and state agencies ; that suit alleges violations of the state constitution . In Michigan , the Court of Claims is the only court with subject - matter jurisdiction over claims against the state and its subdivisions . A new federal lawsuit filed on January 27 , 2016 , seeks the replacement of all lead service lines in Flint at no cost to residents following claims city and state leaders violated federal laws designed to protect drinking water . It is also asking the court to force city and state officials to provide safe drinking water to Flint residents and require them to follow federal regulations for testing and treating water to control for lead . On February 2 , 2016 , a class action lawsuit in U.S. District Court was filed on behalf of Beatrice Boler , a Flint mother of two , Flint pastor Edwin Anderson with his wife , Alline Anderson , and a company , Epco Sales LLC . against Snyder , the MDEQ , two former state appointed emergency managers and former Flint Mayor Dayne Walling that seeks more than $150 million in refunds and compensation for damages for `` water that was extraordinarily dangerous , undrinkable and unusable . '' It was dismissed on April 19 , 2016 , after the judge ruled the allegations fall under the federal Safe Drinking Water Act , which prevents challenges to the law being ruled on in U.S. District Court and states they must be addressed by the Environmental Protection Agency , and the case should be re-filed in the Michigan Court of Claims . Also on February 2 , a lawsuit was filed in Michigan Circuit Court on behalf of four Genesee County residents who contracted Legionnaires ' disease during the Flint water crisis , including one woman who died seven days after entering the emergency room with a headache . The suit names McLaren Regional Medical Center and several Michigan DEQ officials as defendants . Lawyer Geoffrey Fieger represents the plaintiffs . On February 8 , 2016 the parents of a two - year - old girl diagnosed with high blood lead levels filed a lawsuit in federal court , naming as defendants the City of Flint , the State of Michigan , Snyder , Earley , and Walling . The case was dismissed on February 7 , 2017 , with the judge citing his court has a lack of subject matter jurisdiction . On March 3 , 2016 , a new lawsuit was filed in state court by LeeAnne Walters , the Flint mother who informed the EPA water expert Miguel Del Toral of the health problems her family experienced after the water switch , against multiple corporate entities and three current and former government employees for their role in the city 's water crisis . On March 7 , 2016 , another class action lawsuit was filed on behalf of seven residents alleging that tens of thousands of residents have suffered physical and economic injuries and damages . It argues officials failed to take action over `` dangerous levels of lead '' in drinking water and `` downplayed the severity of the contamination . '' On March 8 , 2016 , a federal class action lawsuit was filed on behalf of 500 county inmates against the Genesee County Sheriff 's Department in regards to the water quality at the Genesee County Jail . The suit seeks only an injunction that will order the sheriff 's department to continue to serve inmates only bottled water and dry food that does n't require water to prepare . On March 24 , the City of Flint filed a notice of intent sue in the Court of Claims against the State of Michigan , the MDEQ and four MDEQ employees for their mishandling of the crisis . A week later , Mayor Weaver said she has no intentions to proceed with a lawsuit , and the move is to `` protect the future interest of the city . '' On March 25 , a federal lawsuit filed by the ACLU asked for an order requiring water to be delivered to homes of people without access to transportation or who are physically disabled . The case was settled a year later for $87 million ( with an additional $10 million in reserve ) , which will be used to replaced 18,000 lead pipes by 2020 . On April 6 , 2016 , a class action lawsuit brought by 15 Flint residents accused Governor Snyder and several state agencies and government officials of being in violation of the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act in regards to the crisis . On May 18 , 2016 , the NAACP sued the state of Michigan and Governor Snyder , seeking compensation for property damages , pain and suffering damages , emotional distress damages and medical monitoring for Flint residents and businesses . On June 22 , 2016 , the Michigan Attorney General 's Office filed a civil suit against engineering firms Veolia North America and Lockwood , Andrews & Newnam ( LAN ) who were hired to consult Flint water plant officials after the switch to the Flint River in April 2015 . The lawsuit accuses Veolia and LAN of professional negligence and public nuisance . Veolia is also accused of fraud . Veolia called the accusations `` baseless , entirely unfounded and ( appearing ) to be intended to distract from the troubling and disturbing realities that have emerged as a result of this tragedy , '' and then added , `` In fact , when Veolia raised potential lead and copper issues , city officials and representatives told us to exclude it from our scope of work because the city and the EPA were just beginning to conduct lead and copper testing . '' On November 15 , 2016 , Chief Judge Richard B. Yuille , Circuit Court of Genesee County , entered a Case Management Order , wherein he appointed attorney Corey M. Stern , of Levy Konigsberg , L.L.P. , `` Lead Counsel '' for all plaintiffs maintaining claims in the Circuit Court of Genesee County for personal injuries and property damage sustained as a result of the Flint Water Crisis . Attorney Wayne B. Mason , of Drinker , Biddle & Reath , L.L.P. , was appointed `` Lead Counsel '' for the Defendants . Judge Yuille called for a small number of lawsuits related to the Flint Water Crisis to serve as bellwethers , cases that will be fully developed and tried to verdict with the idea that they will help attorneys in other cases evaluate whether to settle or take their cases to trial . Yuille appointed Corey Stern as the lead counsel for the lawsuits . 2017 ( edit ) On January 30 , 2017 , a class action lawsuit with over 1,700 plaintiffs against the EPA seeking $722.4 million was filed , charging them with a violation of section 1431 of the Safe Drinking Water Act , which states , `` upon receipt of information that a contaminant that is present in or likely to enter a public water system or an underground source of drinking water , or there is a threatened or potential terrorist attack or other intentional act , that may present an imminent and substantial endangerment to the health of persons , the EPA Administrator may take any action she deems necessary to protect human health '' . Infrastructure repairs and Medical treatment ( edit ) This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : Choppy list of events needs to be turned into a narrative organized by subtopic . Please help improve this article if you can . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) On January 7 , 2016 , Flint Mayor Karen Weaver said that estimates of the cost of fixing water infrastructure in Flint , such as aging pipes , range from millions up to $1.5 billion . These figures encompass infrastructure alone , excluding any public health costs of the disaster . DEQ interim director Keith Creagh said that estimation of total costs would be premature . However , in a September 2015 email released by Snyder in January 2016 , the state estimated the replacement cost to be $60 million , and said it could take up to 15 years to do . On January 18 , 2016 the United Way of Genesee County estimated 6,000 -- 12,000 children have been exposed to lead poisoning and kicked off a fundraising campaign to raise $100 million over a 10 -- 15 year span for their medical treatment . On January 27 , 2016 Dr. Mona Hanna - Attisha started a fundraiser for the $80,000 needed for the medical treatment of Flint children affected by lead poisoning . Meridian Health Plan of Detroit has agreed to donate up to $40,000 in matching funds to the Community Foundation of Greater Flint for long - term needs Dr. Hanna - Attisha expects to arise from the lead issue . At his annual State of the State address on January 19 , Snyder apologized again , and asked the Michigan Legislature to give Flint an additional $28 million in funding for filters , replacement cartridges , bottled water , more school nurses and additional intervention specialists . It also will fund lab testing , corrosion control procedures , a study of water - system infrastructure , potentially help Flint deal with unpaid water bills , case management of people with elevated lead - blood levels , assessment of potential linkages to other diseases , crisis counseling and mental health services , and the replacement of plumbing fixtures in schools , child care centers , nursing homes and medical facilities . The Michigan House Appropriations Committee passed the bill the next day , while the Senate approved it on January 28 . Snyder signed it the next day . On January 21 , 2016 President Obama gave an $80 million loan to Michigan for infrastructure repairs , but the amount going to Flint is uncertain . On January 28 , 2016 Democratic U.S. Senators Debbie Stabenow and Gary Peters and Representative Dan Kildee proposed an amendment to pending federal energy legislation to add the special appropriation of up to $400 million to replace and repair the lead service lines in Flint and $200 million more to create a center for lead research in Flint . They also said the state could choose to match up to $400 million for its share of infrastructure repairs in Flint . The newly amended bill was rejected by the Senate on February 4 . A new $220 million bill to address the crisis was proposed in the U.S. Senate on February 24 . At a news conference on February 9 , 2016 , Flint mayor Karen Weaver said that the city would remove and replace all of the city 's 15,000 water service lines containing lead piping . Work was expected to begin in March 2016 . The project will receive technical advice from the Lansing Board of Water and Light , which removed over 13,000 lead pipes in Lansing , Michigan . Lansing mayor Virg Bernero volunteered to provide the assistance . Weaver appointed Michael C.H. McDaniel , a retired National Guard brigadier general , to oversee the group leading the project , the Flint Action and Sustainability Team ( FAST ) . The city government hopes to complete the project within a year , using 32 work crews , with priority given to the most at - risk households . The project is expected to cost $55 million , and the funding sources are not yet secured , but the city plans to seek it from local , state , and federal sources . The crews began working on March 4 . On February 16 , 2016 the state hired Flint - based engineering firm Rowe Professional Services to begin the process of locating , removing , and eventually replacing lead pipes in the highest risk areas of Flint . On February 18 , 2016 the state gave Flint a $2 million grant that will go towards replacing lead service lines . On March 6 , 2016 Union Labor Life Insurance Company donated $25 million for lead pipe replacements in the city . On July 18 , 2016 city council approved a $500,000 contract with three companies for the second phase of lead pipe replacements : WT Stevens , and Johnson & Wood were awarded $320,000 contracts to do no more than 50 homes each . Goyette was awarded $619,500 to tackle replacing lead lines at 150 Flint homes . The city is using $25 million in funding approved by the Michigan legislature in June that was allocated for replacing Flint lead tainted pipes for Fast Start 's third phase which will replace infrastructure at an estimated 5,000 homes in Flint . On October 10 , 2016 city council approved contracts to replace pipes at 788 more homes before winter . The third phase will be funded using a portion of $25 million approved by the Michigan Legislature in June that was allocated for replacing Flint lead tainted pipes for Fast Start 's third phase , which will replace infrastructure at an estimated 5,000 homes in Flint . Goyette will be paid $1,663,300.60 for replacements at 260 addresses in city wards two , six and eight . WT Stevens will be paid $2,306,384 for replacements at 488 addresses in city wards three , four , eight and nine . On October 17 , 2016 the second phase of the program was completed on 218 homes . The project was completed by WT Stevens Construction Inc. , Johnson & Wood Mechanical , and Goyette Mechanical . By November 22 , 2016 , the total number of homes with new pipes was 460 . A University of Michigan study released on December 1 , 2016 stated a total of 29,100 lead pipes need to be replaced . On January 19 , 2017 , an engineer at the Flint Water Plant said the facility is in need of $60 million worth of upgrades , which would n't be finished until well into 2019 . On February 7 , 2017 , another report said the cost would be $108 million . On February 6 , 2017 , the Genesee Intermediate School District received $6.5 million for the Early On Genesee program to provide free evaluations to as many as 5,000 children up to 5 years old facing possible lead - related developmental delays from the state of Michigan . On March 17 , 2017 , Flint received a $100 million grant from the EPA for water infrastructure repairs . On June 30 , 2017 , the Genesee County Health Department 's Healthy Start Program received $15 million to provide health and social services for people who have had or are at risk for lead exposure stemming from Flint water crisis . Long term effects of lead poisoning ( edit ) Childhood lead exposure causes a reduction in intellectual functioning and IQ , academic performance , and problem - solving skills , and an increased risk of attention deficit disorder , aggression , and hyperactivity . According to studies , children with elevated levels of lead in the blood are more likely as adults to commit crimes , be imprisoned , be unemployed or underemployed , or be dependent on government services . In addition , early - life exposure to lead may increase risk of later - life neurological disorders such as Alzheimer 's disease , and this risk is likely to persist into late life long after lead has been removed from the body . A 2014 study by researchers at Risk Science Center at the University of Michigan , completed before the Flint water crisis came to light , estimated the annual cost of childhood lead exposure in Michigan at $330 million ( $205 million in decreases in lifetime earnings , $105 million in additional criminal justice system expenditures , $18 million in health expenditures to diagnose lead positioning and lead - linked attention deficit disorder ) , and $2.5 million in additional special education expenditures . Because the developmental effects of lead exposure appear over a series of years , the total long - term cost of the Flint water crisis `` will not be apparent in the short term . '' However , the cost is expected to be high . Philippe Grandjean of the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , an expert in the effects of environmental pollution on brain development , said that `` when calculated from the loss of lifetime income , the societal costs from lead exposure ( across the United States ) reach billion - dollar amounts . '' Political responses ( edit ) Federal government ( edit ) President Barack Obama sips filtered Flint water following a roundtable on the crisis at Northwestern High School on May 4 , 2016 . Dan Kildee , Democrat representing Flint in the House of Representatives , along with Republican Michigan Representative Fred Upton , sponsored H.R. 4470 , the Safe Drinking Water Act Improved Compliance Awareness Act , which would ensure that the public promptly learns of excessive lead levels in their drinking water by setting forth how and when states , EPA , and public utilities communicate their findings . It has passed the House but has yet to be passed by the Senate . Among the Michigan congressional delegation , only Representative Justin Amash , Republican of Cascade Township , opposed federal aid for Flint . Amash opined that `` the U.S. Constitution does not authorize the federal government to intervene in an intrastate matter like this one . '' In December 2016 , President Barack Obama signed Water Infrastructure Improvements for the Nation Act of 2016 ( co-sponsored by Debbie Stabenow in the Senate ) which earmarked $170 million to address the Flint water crisis . The first $100 million was released in March 2017 , by the US Environmental Protection Agency after President Trump had taken office . President Donald Trump 's plan to fix the crisis in Michigan has been folded into his federal infrastructure plan . Trump 's infrastructure plan proposes $1 trillion in spending on new infrastructure by offering corporations who invest in infrastructure projects tax credits , with the corporations investing approximately $167 billion . This plan would require a return of 9 -- 10 % to investors to remain feasible . This plan has no direct reference to or specific proposal for the crisis in Flint and as of his election he has not proposed a direct federal intervention . State Legislature ( edit ) On January 4 , 2016 , citing the Flint water crisis , Michigan Representative Phil Phelps , Democrat of Flushing , announced plans to introduce a bill to the Michigan House of Representatives that would make it a felony for state officials to intentionally manipulate or falsify information in official reports , punishable by up to five years ' imprisonment and a $5,000 fine . On March 2 , House Democratic leader Tim Greimel called on Governor Snyder to resign , due to his `` negligence and indifference '' in his handling of the Flint water crisis . Also on that date , State Democratic Party Chairman Brandon Dillon called for Michigan Treasurer Nick Khouri to resign due to his role in a loan agreement from April 2015 that blocked Flint from switching back to the Detroit system . Presidential candidates ( edit ) See also : United States presidential election , 2016 Hillary Clinton ( edit ) Democratic Presidential nominee Hillary Clinton repeatedly mentioned the crisis during her campaign , saying : `` The people of Flint deserve to know the truth about how this happened and what Governor Snyder and other leaders knew about it . And they deserve a solution , fast . Thousands of children may have been exposed to lead , which could irreversibly harm their health and brain functioning . Plus , this catastrophe -- which was caused by a zeal to save money at all costs -- could actually cost $1.5 billion in infrastructure repairs . '' In a subsequent interview , Clinton referred to her work on lead abatement in housing in upstate New York while a U.S. Senator and called for further funding for healthcare and education for children who will suffer the negative effects of lead exposure on behavior and educational attainment . The crisis was also the catalyst for a town hall style debate in Flint between Clinton and Democratic rival Bernie Sanders on March 6 , 2016 , two days before the Michigan Presidential primary election . It was hosted by CNN anchors Anderson Cooper and Don Lemon . Both candidates called for Governor Snyder to resign during the event . Donald Trump ( edit ) On January 19 , 2016 , then - Republican - candidate Donald Trump said , `` It 's a shame what 's happening in Flint , Michigan . A thing like that should n't happen . '' After clinching the Republican nomination , Trump visited Flint on September 14 , 2016 and toured the water plant and a Flint church , where he promised to fix the water crisis , and in a brief speech there , he blamed NAFTA for General Motors ' abandonment of Flint and the area 's subsequent ongoing recession caused by it , saying , `` It used to be that cars were made in Flint and you could n't drink the water in Mexico . Now cars are made in Mexico , and you ca n't drink the water in Flint . That 's terrible . '' Other responses ( edit ) Lead poisoning and aging infrastructure problems in other cities ( edit ) An investigative report by Reuters released December 19 , 2016 found nearly 3,000 areas in the United States with lead poisoning rates at least double those in Flint . The Trump Administration blocked publishing a federal health study on the nationwide water - contamination crisis . The water disaster called attention to the problem of aging and seriously neglected water infrastructure nationwide . The Flint crisis recalled recent lead contamination crises in the tap water in various cities , such as the lead contamination in Washington , D.C. drinking water ( 2001 ) , Columbia , South Carolina ( 2005 ) ; Durham and Greenville , North Carolina ( 2006 ) ; Jackson , Mississippi ( 2015 ) ; and Sebring , Ohio ( 2015 ) . The New York Times notes , `` Although Congress banned lead water pipes 30 years ago , between 3.3 million and 10 million older ones remain , primed to leach lead into tap water by forces as simple as jostling during repairs or a change in water chemistry . '' Inadequate regulation was cited as one reason for unsafe lead levels in tap water and `` efforts to address shortcomings often encounter push - back from industries like agriculture and mining that fear cost increases , and from politicians ideologically opposed to regulation . '' The crisis called attention to a `` resource gap '' for water regulators . The annual budget of the EPA 's drinking water office declined 15 % from 2006 to 2015 , with the office losing over 10 % of employees , and the Association of State Drinking Water Administrators reported in 2013 that `` federal officials had slashed drinking - water grants , 17 states had cut drinking - water budgets by more than a fifth , and 27 had cut spending on full - time employees , '' with `` serious implications for states ' ability to protect public health . '' In the aftermath of the water crisis , it was noted that elevated blood - lead levels in children are found in many cities across Michigan , including Detroit , Grand Rapids , Muskegon , and Adrian . Although statewide childhood lead - poisoning rates have dramatically declined since the removal of lead from gasoline , certain areas of the state ( particularly low - income areas with older housing stock ) continue to experience lead poisoning , mostly from lead paint in homes built before 1978 and lead residue in dust and soil . Lead abatement efforts are slow . Accusations of Environmental racism ( edit ) Civil rights advocates characterized the crisis as a result of environmental racism ( Flint 's population is 56.6 % African American per the 2010 census ) , a term primarily referring to the disproportionate exposure of ethnic minorities to pollution as a result of `` poverty and segregation that has relegated many blacks and other racial minorities to some of the most industrialized or dilapidated environments . '' Columnist Shaun King , for example , wrote that the crisis was `` a horrific clash of race , class , politics and public health . '' The Michigan Civil Rights Commission later reiterated this belief in a 138 - page report titled `` The Flint Water Crisis : Systemic Racism Through the Lens of Flint '' . Its writers said of it , `` Policy makers , government leaders , and decision makers at many levels failed the residents of Flint , '' said Agustin Arbulu , Director of the Michigan Department of Civil Rights . `` By not challenging their assumptions , by not asking themselves the tough questions about how policy and decisions play out in different communities , especially communities primarily made up of people of color , those decisions and actions -- or in some cases , lack of action -- led to the tragedy taking place in Flint . '' `` We strongly believe that the actions that led to the poisoning of Flint 's water and the slow response resulted in the abridgement of civil rights for the people of Flint , '' said Arthur Horwitz , co-chair of the Commission during the time of the investigation . `` We are not suggesting that those making decisions related to this crisis were racists , or meant to treat Flint any differently because it is a community of color . Rather , the response is the result of implicit bias and the history of systemic racism that was built into the foundation of Flint . The lessons of Flint are profound . While the exact situation and response that happened in Flint may never happen anywhere else , the factors that led to this crisis remain in place and will most certainly lead to other tragedies if we do n't take steps to remedy them . We hope this report is a step in that direction . '' The Governor 's office responded : `` Some findings of the report and the recommendations are similar to those of the ( Flint Water Advisory Task Force and ) the legislative panel and the Flint Water Interagency Coordinating Committee , '' said Gov. Rick Snyder spokeswoman Anna Heaton . `` The Governor takes the reporting of each of these panels very seriously , and appreciates the public input that was shared . '' The findings were no surprise for State Senate Minority Leader Jim Ananich . `` The presence of racial bias in the Flint water crisis is n't much of a surprise to those of us who live here , but the Michigan Civil Rights Commission 's affirmation that the emergency manager law disproportionately hurts communities of color is an important reminder of just how bad the policy is . Now is the time to address this flawed law , '' Ananich said . He went on to say , `` The people of Flint deserve the same level of safety , opportunity and justice that any other city in Michigan enjoys '' . Media responses ( edit ) On October 8 , 2015 , the editorial board of the Detroit Free Press wrote that the crisis was `` an obscene failure of government '' and criticized Snyder . On December 31 , 2015 , the editorial board of the MLive group of Michigan newspapers called upon Snyder to `` drop executive privilege and release all of his communications on Flint water , '' establish a procedure for compensating families with children suffering from elevated lead blood levels , and return Flint to local control . Some of the most important reporting on the crisis was conducted by investigative reporter Curt Guyette , who works not for a news organization but for the American Civil Liberties Union 's Michigan Democracy Watch Project . The work of Guyette and the ACLU was credited with bringing the water contamination to public light . MSNBC host Rachel Maddow has extensively reported on the water crisis on her show since December 2015 , keeping it in the national spotlight . She has condemned Snyder 's use of emergency managers ( which she termed a `` very , very radical '' change `` to the way we govern ourselves as Americans , something that nobody else has done '' ) and said , `` The kids of Flint , Michigan have been poisoned by a policy decision . '' Maddow visited Flint and hosted a town hall with government officials and other involved experts on her show on January 27 . On October 5 , 2017 , Maddow won an Emmy Award for the special . Groups ( edit ) In January 2016 , the watchdog group Common Cause called upon Snyder to release all documents related to the Flint water crisis . The governor 's office is not subject to the Michigan Freedom of Information Act . The hacktivist group Anonymous released a YouTube video calling for the arrest of Snyder . Prominent figures ( edit ) Michael Moore , a Gennessee County native and director / producer of several movies related to Flint , called for Snyder 's arrest for mishandling the water crisis in an open letter to the governor , writing , `` The facts are all there , Mr. Snyder . Every agency involved in this scheme reported directly to you . The children of Flint did n't have a choice as to whether or not they were going to get to drink clean water . '' A spokesman for the governor called Moore 's call `` inflammatory . '' Later , after hearing of the Legionnaires ' outbreak , Moore termed the state 's actions `` murder . '' Speaking to reporters in Flint , he emphasized that `` this was not a mistake ... Ten people have been killed here because of a political decision . They did this . They knew . '' In a post on her Facebook page , environmental activist Erin Brockovich called the water crisis a `` growing national concern '' and said that the crisis was `` likely '' connected to the Legionnaires ' disease outbreak . Brockovich called for the U.S. Environment Protection Agency to become involved in the investigation , saying that the EPA 's `` continued silence has proven deadly . '' On January 16 , 2016 , the Reverend Jesse Jackson met with Mayor Weaver in Flint and said of the crisis , `` The issue of water and air and housing and education and violence are all combined . The problem here obviously is more than just lack of drinkable water . We know the problems here and they will be addressed . '' Jackson called Flint `` a disaster zone '' and a `` crime scene '' during a rally at a Flint church the next day . Jackson , in conjunction with the group Concerned Pastors for Social Action , held a major national march in Flint on February 19 to address the water issue , as well as inner city violence and urban reconstruction . On January 18 , Nontombi Naomi Tutu , daughter of Desmond Tutu , said in a speech at the University of Michigan -- Flint , `` We actually needed the people of Flint to remind the people of this country what happens when political expediency , when financial concerns , overshadow justice and humanity . '' On January 24 , actor and clean drinking water advocate Matt Damon called for Snyder 's resignation . On March 7 , actor Mark Ruffalo , head of the group Water Defense , visited Flint and called for more federal aid in the emergency and Snyder 's resignation while saying , `` It 's an absolute outrage , it 's a moral indecency . '' Water Defense conducted studies on Flint water in the spring of 2016 , claiming it is still unsafe for bathing or showering . Their findings were disputed by Virginia Tech water expert Dr. Marc Edwards on May 31 , 2016 . In the third episode of the Adult Swim comedy series Million Dollar Extreme Presents : World Peace , Charles Carroll ( member of the group of YouTube comedians `` Million Dollar Extreme '' ) delivers a monologue where he describes how viewers can recreate the contaminated water in Flint . In his monologue , the right wing leaning Carroll discusses the concept of tyrannicide with costars Sam Hyde and Andrew Ruse and claims that the situation in Flint is a situation where the violent murder of Republican leadership in the state of Michigan would be justified . Education and research ( edit ) Hurley Medical Center study ii ( edit ) In June 2018 the Journal of Pediatrics published a much expanded study of blood lead levels measured at Hurley Medical Center . The original 2015 study of Hurley records involved a total of 1473 children `` younger than 5 years '' whose address could be mapped to a site inside Flint in two pre / post 8.5 month periods . The 2018 study , led by Hernán F. Gómez , involved 15817 children `` aged ≤ 5 years '' over the 11 year period 2006 -- 2016 . Data for 2012 -- 2016 were available from center 's Epic EMR system ; records for earlier years were scrounged from legacy systems . The results show an increase in the fraction of children with elevated lead blood levels immediately pre / post the water switch ( from 2.2 % to 3.7 % ) ; invoking a Bonferroni correction , Gómez argues the change is not statistically significant . These results are consistent with a CDC report which found that the fraction of `` all children under age 6 '' with elevated lead blood level `` was nearly 50 percent higher after the switch to Flint River water . '' The striking result of Gómez et al. however is that during the 11 year period , the years with high lead levels in water are actually the third and fourth lowest years for lead blood levels . That is , the upward blip during the water switch sits on a rapid declining curve ( persumably due to the many lead mitigation projects that have been initiated nationally ) so that blood lead levels during the crisis are actually lower than those two years earlier . University of Michigan - Flint ( edit ) During its winter 2016 semester , the University of Michigan -- Flint offered a one - credit , eight - session series of public forums dedicated to educating Flint residents and students on the crisis . University of Michigan - Ann Arbor ( edit ) The University of Michigan ( Ann Arbor ) committed to spending $100,000 to research the crisis and possible ways to address it . Wayne state University study ( edit ) Wayne State University in Detroit is leading a separate study with five other schools focusing on the Legionnaires ' outbreak called the Flint Area Community Health and Environment Partnership . On October 9 , 2017 they released their preliminary analysis , which showed approximately 10 percent of all homes on the Flint municipal water system had chlorine levels less than 0.2 mg / L when measured at the kitchen faucet ( bypassing filters when present ) after five minutes of flushing . West Virginia University / University of Kansas study ( edit ) On August 7 , 2017 , West Virginia University published a study validating the correlation between the intake of lead contaminated water and the increase of fetal deaths along with miscarriages during November 2013 to March 2015 . The study was led jointly by Daniel Grossman of West Virginia University and David Slusky of the University of Kansas . The data was constructed over the course of two years focusing on the city of Flint and how the data differs among neighboring cites in Michigan . Data shows that after the city switched the water source to the Flint River , fetal deaths rose 58 % among women aged 15 -- 49 compared to control areas . Other possible causes and responses ( edit ) The crisis highlighted a lack of transparency in Michigan government ; the state is one of just two states that exempts the governor 's office from state freedom - of - information legislation . A number of commentators framed the crisis in terms of human rights , writing that authorities ' handling of the issue denied residents their right to clean water . Some have framed it as the end result of austerity measures and given priority over human life . Jacob Lederman , for example , contends that Flint 's poisoned water supply , in addition to high crime rates , devastated schools and crumbling infrastructure , can be attributed to neoliberal economic reforms . Robby Soave , writing in Reason magazine , said that administrative bloat in public - sector trade unions was to blame for the crisis : `` Let 's not forget the reason why local authorities felt the need to find a cheaper water source : Flint is broke and its desperately poor citizens ca n't afford higher taxes to pay the pensions of city government retirees . As recently as 2011 , it would have cost every person in Flint $10,000 each to cover the unfunded legacy costs of the city 's public employees . '' `` Flint was a government - made disaster from top to bottom . Private companies did n't run the system or profit from it , '' Shikha Dalmia wrote in Reason Magazine . The crisis brought the National Water Infrastructure Conference to Flint in early March 2017 . Michigan Governor Rick Snyder and Flint Mayor Karen Weaver spoke on the first day . Dr. Marc Edwards spoke there two days later . On April 20 , 2017 Stephen Estes - Smargiassi , director of planning and sustainability at the Massachusetts Water Resources Authority , told a forum on lead water contamination at the Harvard School of Public Health that a chain - reaction of failures , including those by the financial managers , allowed the water crisis to develop as long as it did . He stated `` What happened in Flint ? Well , a firestorm of things that went wrong . ( Flint ) changed ( its ) source water , did n't do a good job on corrosion control in their treatment '' , and added `` They had , about half of the homes had lead service lines . Money was more important to the emergency manager than people were . That 's pretty clear from the evidence , '' and later went on to say , `` State regulators could have picked up on this , but fell down on the job , maybe worse than that . We 'll see what happens to those who were indicted . And the federal regulators could have picked up the problem , but did n't until quite late . All of those things , that firestorm of events , resulted in really awful water quality . '' Prevention ( edit ) Failed infrastructure and economic decline resulted in the toxic levels of lead in the city 's water supply . According to an article published in the American Journal of Public Health , to prevent another contamination crisis , officials such as Governor Snyder should consult `` professionals '' and make `` qualified '' decisions . `` Snyder and his administration introduced a corrosive water source into an aging water filtration system without adequate corrosion control ( APHA ) . '' `` I wonder how many of the individuals who made those bad decisions were professional engineers , licensed plumbers , or water - treatment specialists ? '' asked Larry Clark , Sustainable Performance Solutions LLC . In addition to professional consultation , EPA reform of water - testing techniques that concentrate on neighborhoods with lead pipes could `` ensure that all cities get an early warning when lead levels rise to the danger point . '' , said Jeff Ruch , executive director of Public Employees for Environmental Responsibility ( PEER ) . Addressing the government 's neglect in Flint 's crisis from infrastructure failure due to the city 's economic decline could prevent another municipal disaster . Upholding the Clean Water Act passed in 1972 would have prevented an outbreak of lead poisoning in Flint . This act `` established the basic structure for regulating pollutant discharges into the waters of the United States '' . The EPA has also updated its standards and created six goals for improving the drinking water of the nation . This plan was created in November 2016 to decrease the amount of pollution in water . Indirect mental health impact ( edit ) As the water crisis unfolded , residents experienced considerable anxiety over the physical and mental health impacts of lead poisoning on both adults and children , stress , and anger and political leaders . Some adults felt guilty about giving children contaminated water , and in some cases family members stopped visiting . Some residents related the water crisis to depression and even thoughts of suicide ; some sought treatment for mental breakdowns . The state government gave a $500,000 grant to the Genesee Health System for free counseling in addition to sending state mobile crisis teams and expanding Medicaid programs for affected residents . Volunteer social workers arrived from across the state , and the United States Public Health Service offered training . Donations of water and money ( edit ) This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : This section should be condensed to summarize total donations and their impact , and focus less on individual events or donations . Please help improve this article if you can . ( June 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Flint water crisis has attracted a substantial amount of philanthropic support from a wide variety of individuals and organizations , with donations often focused on bottled water or money . Celebrities including the singers Cher and Bruno Mars , rapper Meek Mill , comedians Dave Chappelle and Jimmy Fallon , and many others have made high profile donations to assist Flint . A group made up of actor Mark Wahlberg and rappers Sean Combs , Eminem , and Wiz Khalifa donated 1 million bottles of water to Flint . Support has also come from numerous companies , including Detroit based Faygo , grocer Meijer , The Dow Chemical Company of nearby Midland , Ball Corporation , among many others . As of September 8 , 2017 , the Ruth Mott Foundation and the Community Foundation of Greater Flint have directed a combined $33,480,494 to various programs to aid both children and adults affected by Flint 's water crisis . This total reflects donations from many of the celebrities mentioned in this section , as well as from other groups and organizations . This money has gone to fund not only immediate aid for the Flint crisis ( such as bottled water distribution ) , but also to build community organizations and infrastructure in Flint . This money has not gone to actually repairing the Flint water system , which remains the responsibility of local and state governments . The Ruth Mott foundation says much of their work is going towards helping Flint 's children , in the form of programs for health , nutrition , and education . Celebrity and corporate donations ( edit ) The United Auto Workers union donated drinking water to Flint via a caravan of trucks to local food banks , and an AmeriCorps team announced that it would deploy to Flint to assist in response efforts . The Flint Firebirds ' rivals in the Ontario Hockey League made donations : the Windsor Spitfires donated 40,000 bottles of water , and the Sarnia Sting donated 15,000 bottles of water . Singer Aretha Franklin said she will provide hotel rooms and food for 25 -- 50 Flint residents . The Little River Band of Ottawa Indians donated $10,000 to the Genesee County Sheriff 's Department . Detroit Lions defensive end Ziggy Ansah donated 94,000 bottles to Flint , and Terrance Knighton and his Washington Redskins teammates donated 3,600 bottles of water to Flint 's Catholic Charities USA . On the same day , rock band Pearl Jam and a large group of musicians donated $300,000 to the United Way of Genesee County , and started a CrowdRise fundraiser for donations from its fans . Additionally , fundraising website GoFundMe promised to donate an additional $10,000 to the fund of the winner of a week - long contest that ended on January 29 between a large number of groups trying to raise money for Flint , while Anheuser - Busch donated 51,744 cans of water to the Food Bank of Eastern Michigan . The Detroit Pistons donated $500,000 to the United Way of Genesee County from their FlintNOW fundraising campaign from the previous night 's game . Walmart , The Coca - Cola Company , Nestlé and PepsiCo announced that they would collectively donate a total of 176 truckloads of water ( up to 6.5 million bottles ) through the end of 2016 . On the same day , singer Madonna ( a native of nearby Bay City ) donated $10,000 to the Community Foundation of Greater Flint , and singer Kem donated $10,000 to the Salvation Army of Genesee County . Also , rapper The Game donated $1,000,000 in water bottles to Flint , while FedEx , along with the city of Memphis , Tennessee donated 12,000 bottles of water to the Food Bank of Eastern Michigan . A group of nine banks collectively donated $600,000 to the Community Foundation of Greater Flint . Craigslist founder Craig Newmark donated $50,000 and 25,000 cases of water to the United Way of Southeastern Michigan . The Michigan State Medical Society donated $10,000 to the Community Foundation of Greater Flint . The LaPorte County , Indiana Sheriff 's Office donated 2,300 cases of water to a church in Flint , the Northwest Indiana Truck Club donated 3,500 cases of water to Flint , and NFL player and Flint native Brandon Carr donated $100,000 to the Community Foundation of Greater Flint and $10,000 to the Safe Water Safe Homes Fund . The police fraternity Brothers Before Others donated 330 cases of water bottles , 361 one - gallon ( 1.3 m3 ) water jugs and $1,000 to the Flint Police Department . The charity Resources Unite of Dubuque , Iowa collected 300,000 bottles of water for Flint . A group of students from Ohio State University donated 10,000 pounds of water to Flint 's Catholic Charities USA . Amtrak donated 30,000 bottles of water to Flint . Consumers Energy , the area 's gas and electricity provider , has donated $50,000 during the crisis ( $25,000 to the Community Foundation of Greater Flint and $25,000 to the United Way of Genesee County ) , and its employees are delivering water to Flint homes . It is also matching donations from employees and retirees , up to $25,000 . The Michigan Masonic Charitable Foundation donated $100,000 to the Community Foundation of Greater Flint . The Dr Pepper Snapple Group donated 41,000 bottles of water to the Food Bank of Eastern Michigan . Platinum Equity 's FlintNOW Foundation , in conjunction with Huntington Bank , started a $25 million economic development program that will loan aid money to Flint businesses affected by the water crisis . Two prisons in Northern Michigan donated 29,000 bottles of water to the Genesee Intermediate School District . The Kresge Foundation donated $2 million to the Community Foundation of Greater Flint . Donations from religious organizations and groups ( edit ) Tabernacle Baptist Church in Knoxville , Tennessee donated 70,000 pounds of water to Flint . The United Church of Christ and the Disciples of Christ , two Flint - area Protestant denominations worked together to launch a water distribution effort . Flint Jewish Federation worked in partnership with the American Red Cross to help get clean water to homes . In January 2016 , Muslim organizations , including Who is Hussain , Life for Relief and Development , Islamic Relief USA , and the Michigan Muslim Community Council donated and distributed thousands of bottles of water to Flint - area residents . By May , Michigan 's Muslim community had donated more than one million bottles of water to Flint - area residents . Fundraising events ( edit ) Comedians George Lopez , Eddie Griffin , Cedric the Entertainer , Charlie Murphy , and D.L. Hughley performed stand up comedy in Flint 's Dort Federal Credit Union Event Center as part of The Comedy Get Down Tour , with the proceeds to go to the Community Foundation of Greater Flint . $50,000 raised at the Meridian Winter Festival in Detroit was donated to the Community Foundation of Greater Flint . On February 28 , 2016 , coinciding with the 88th Academy Awards ceremony , Creed director Ryan Coogler and Selma director Ava DuVernay held a charity event at the Whiting Auditorium in Flint . The event , titled # JusticeForFlint , was live - streamed by Sean Combs ' Revolt.tv network . Hosted by comedian Hannibal Buress , it featured singers Janelle Monáe and Ledisi , as well as actor - activists Jesse Williams and Jussie Smollett , amongst others . The event raised $156,000 . A telethon led by Detroit TV station WDIV and simulcast on Michigan 's other NBC affiliates raised $566,982 for the Community Foundation of Greater Flint . Detroit Pistons owner and Flint native Tom Gores matched the amount , doubling the amount raised to $1,133,964 . A benefit concert to support children affected by the crisis presented by Flint country music station Nash FM 95.1 featuring Granger Smith and Tegan Marie was held at the Dort Federal Center in Flint on April 7 , with the proceeds going to Hurley 's Children Hospital . A charity celebrity basketball game called Hoop 4 Water featuring former Michigan State Spartans players Morris Peterson ( from Flint ) , Zach Randolph and Jason Richardson , Coach Tom Izzo , and rapper Snoop Dogg was played in Flint on May 22 . Izzo and Snoop Dogg agreed to return to Flint for the same event in 2017 , along with other celebrities , held on May 20 . Fight for Flint was a boxing fundraiser at Flint 's Dort Federal Event Center featuring Tommy `` The Hitman '' Hearns , along with brothers Andre Dirrell and Anthony Dirrell ; Mike Hernandez , Troy Albrine Jr. , Rakim Johnson ; and female boxers Jackie Kallen , Fatuma Zarika and Alicia Ashley . It was sponsored by Don Elbaum Promotions and the Catholic Charities of Shiawassee and Genesee Counties . A fundraiser called Fashion For Flint held in late January 2017 helped raised money to purchase 10,000 bottles of water . In popular culture ( edit ) This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : Instead of having a paragraph for each work , consolidate into short listings in `` Further reading '' section , and remove redundant works that do n't add anything beyond this article and other works listed . Please help improve this article if you can . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Film and television ( edit ) The Flint crisis has been the subject of many documentaries , as well as fictional dramatizations . Flint , a television film based on the crisis starring Queen Latifah , Betsy Brandt , Jill Scott , Marin Ireland and Rob Morrow premiered in October 2017 . Lead and Copper , a documentary on the Flint water contamination crisis , was released in 2017 . On March 8 , 2016 , the American Civil Liberties Union of Michigan released `` Here 's to Flint 2016 '' about the water crisis . On June 8 , 2016 , Russian channel RT Documentary released `` Murky Waters of Flint . How a whole city was poisoned '' about the crisis . On March 8 , 2017 , television station WDIV - TV in Detroit aired a documentary called `` Failure In Flint : The Crisis Continues '' . On May 31 , 2017 , the PBS show Nova aired an episode about the water crisis called `` Poisoned Water '' . The Flint Institute of Arts screened the episode early , on May 23 . On March 2 , 2018 , Netflix released Flint Town which covers the Flint water crisis . Books ( edit ) On June 22 , 2016 , Bridge Magazine , The Center for Michigan , and Mission Point Press published a book about the crisis called `` Poison on Tap '' . It has been described as a `` riveting , authoritative account of the government blunders , mendacity and arrogance '' that caused the crisis . In May 2016 , it was announced that Dr. Mona Hanna - Attisha was in the process of writing a `` dramatic first - hand account '' of the Flint Water Crisis . The book , titled , `` What the Eyes Do n't See : A Story of Crisis , Resistance , and Hope in an American City '' was released on June 19 , 2018 by Random House imprint One World by editor - in - chief Chris Jackson . Anonymous Content optioned the book rights to make a movie , to be produced by Michael Sugar and Rosalie Swedlin , and written / directed by Cherien Dabis . Music ( edit ) On January 28 , 2016 , rapper Jon Connor from Flint released a song titled `` Fresh Water for Flint '' about the crisis and how it has affected his family . In the spring of 2016 , Associate professor of conducting at the University of Colorado Boulder , Andrea Ramsey , in reaction to the Flint water crisis , composed a choral song titled , `` But a Flint Holds Fire '' . Children choirs throughout the country have performed the song . Many of the lyrics for the piece come from Christina Rossetti 's 19th - century poem , titled `` Flint . '' Theater ( edit ) Michigan native and actor Jeff Daniels directed a play called Flint , a `` heartfelt and brutally honest story of two couples struggling to endure and believe in the American dream '' set in 2014 , at his Purple Rose Theatre in Chelsea , Michigan . It ran from January 18 through March 10 , 2018 . See also ( edit ) Ecology portal Environment portal Michigan portal Water portal Drinking water quality in the United States Environmental racism Lead contamination in Washington , D.C. drinking water Hinkley groundwater contamination 1993 Milwaukee Cryptosporidiosis outbreak Toxic hotspots Water treatment Water pollution Lawsuits References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : United Way estimates cost of helping children $100 M WNEM - TV , 18 January , 2016 Jump up ^ State : McLaren Flint was primary source of Legionnaires ' outbreak The Detroit Free Press , May 30 , 2018 Jump up ^ Clearfield , Chris ; Tilcsik , András ( 2018 ) . Meltdown : Why Our Systems Fail and What We Can Do About It . New York : Penguin Press . pp. 121 -- 128 . ISBN 9780735222632 . ^ Jump up to : Hanna - Attisha , Mona ; LaChance , Jenny ; Sadler , Richard Casey ; Champney Schnepp , Allison ( December 21 , 2015 ) . `` Elevated Blood Lead Levels in Children Associated With the Flint Drinking Water Crisis : A Spatial Analysis of Risk and Public Health Response '' . American Journal of Public Health . 106 ( 2 ) : 283 -- 290 . doi : 10.2105 / AJPH. 2015.303003 . ISSN 0090 - 0036 . PMC 4985856 . PMID 26691115 . ^ Jump up to : Al Hajal , Khalil ( January 13 , 2016 ) . `` 87 cases , 10 fatal , of Legionella bacteria found in Flint area ; connection to water crisis unclear '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved January 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` President Obama Signs Michigan Emergency Declaration '' ( Official White House press release ) . January 16 , 2016 . Retrieved January 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Two former Flint emergency managers charged with water crisis crimes The Flint Journal via MLive.com , December 20 , 2016 ^ Jump up to : Lawler , Emily ( January 29 , 2016 ) . `` Michigan Gov. Rick Snyder signs $28 M aid bill for Flint water crisis '' . Michigan Live . Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gov. Snyder signs $30 million budget bill '' . WJRT - TV . February 27 , 2016 . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan governor signs budget with $165 M more for Flint '' . WJRT - TV . June 29 , 2016 . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Halfway there : U.S. House approves spending bill , Flint water funding The Flint Journal via MLive.com , December 9 , 2016 Jump up ^ Senate passes bills containing aid for Flint The Detroit News , December 10 , 2016 Jump up ^ $170 million federal funding package for Flint , communities affected by lead WJRT - TV , December 15 , 2016 Jump up ^ In Flint , Gov. Rick Snyder signs contaminated water public notice bill The Detroit Free Press , January 6 , 2017 Jump up ^ Flint water has fallen below federal lead limit The Associated Press via MLive.com , January 24 , 2017 Jump up ^ Officials say it may take 3 more years to replace Flint 's water pipes The Flint Journal via MLive.com , January 25 , 2017 Jump up ^ State says February testing showed Flint water met EPA lead rule The Flint Journal via MLive.com , March 7 , 2017 Jump up ^ CNN Library ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` Flint Water Crisis Fast Facts '' . www.cnn.com . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Longley , Kristin ( November 29 , 2011 ) . `` Former Acting Mayor Michael Brown named Flint 's emergency manager '' . Flint Journal . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Powers returned to Flint mayor , no staffing changes announced The Flint Journal via MLive , January 22 , 2016 Jump up ^ Adams , Dominic ( April 25 , 2014 ) . `` Closing the valve on history : Flint cuts water flow from Detroit after nearly 50 years '' . Flint Journal . MLive Media Group . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Detroit terminated its contract with the city effective April 17 last year when Flint decided to purchase water through the KWA . Jump up ^ `` Lead - Laced Water In Flint : A Step - By - Step Look At The Makings Of A Crisis '' . NPR.org . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Library , CNN . `` Flint Water Crisis Fast Facts '' . CNN . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Oosting , Jonathan ( February 13 , 2017 ) . `` Flint urging state to reverse water bill credit cutoff '' . www.detroitnews.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ron , Fonger ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` CDC finds first genetic link between Legionnaires ' outbreak , Flint water '' . www.mlive.com . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ CARMODY , STEVE ( February 20 , 2017 ) . `` It 's unclear how much longer the state will distribute bottled water in Flint '' . www.michiganradio.org . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ KENNEDY , MERRIT ( March 1 , 2017 ) . `` Michigan Ends Water Subsidies To Flint Despite Mayor 's Opposition '' . www.npr.org . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Flint Mayor to meet with President during MI trip WNEM - TV , March 17 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : Gov. Snyder creates child lead exposure commission The Flint Journal via MLive.com , March 16 , 2017 Jump up ^ Kennedy , Merrit ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` Judge Approves $97 Million Settlement To Replace Flint 's Water Lines '' . www.npr.org . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Eggert , David ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` Developing -- In reversal , Flint mayor recommends staying with Detroit water system for long haul . Says risky to switch water source again '' . www.twitter.com . Jump up ^ Gov. Snyder supports Flint mayor 's recommendation to stay on Detroit water The Flint Journal via MLive.com , April 18 , 2017 Jump up ^ DePaolo , Joe ( April 21 , 2017 ) . `` Police Arrest Six at Flint Water Crisis Town Hall '' . www.mediaite.com . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Service line replacement work about to ratchet up in Flint The Flint Journal via MLive.com , April 28 , 2017 Jump up ^ Flint residents warned they could lose their homes for unpaid water bills The Flint Journal via MLive.com , May 5 , 2017 Jump up ^ 128 blood tests in Flint may have registered falsely low lead levels The Flint Journal via MLive.com , May 17 , 2017 Jump up ^ Glenza , Jessica ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` Flint water crisis : five officials charged with involuntary manslaughter '' . The Guardian . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Future of Flint water in the air as deadline to decide looms closer The Flint Journal via MLive.com , June 20 , 2017 Jump up ^ Council approves short - term Flint water contract following fiery debate The Flint Journal via MLive.com , June 26 , 2017 Jump up ^ Michigan sues Flint for not approving water deal WJRT - TV ( ABC 12 ) , June 28 , 2017 Jump up ^ Mount Morris attorney to rep Flint City Council in state water lawsuit The Flint Journal via MLive.com , July 20 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` FAST Start Initiative '' . www.cityofflint.com . July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ State says Flint water system is riddled with ' significant deficiencies ' The Flint Journal via MLive.com , August 18 , 2017 Jump up ^ Study pinpoints Flint River as a ' likely trigger ' of Legionnaires ' outbreak The Flint Journal via MLive.com , August 29 , 2017 Jump up ^ Flint water still meeting EPA lead limits , new Virginia Tech testing shows The Flint Journal via MLive.com , September 15 , 2017 Jump up ^ Researchers : Flint 's fertility rates fell , fetal death rates climbed during water crisis WJRT - TV ( ABC 12 ) , September 20 , 2017 Jump up ^ Szekely , Peter ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` Michigan to charge top medical official in Flint water deaths '' . MSN news . Jump up ^ Flint council signs off on $150 K contract for analysis of city 's water options The Flint Journal via MLive.com , October 10 , 2017 Jump up ^ State study says Flint water did n't raise infant deaths , stillbirths The Flint Journal via MLive.com , October 10 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Federal judge tells Flint to pick long - term drinking water source by Monday '' . www.clickondetroit.com . October 17 , 2017 . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ EPA report finds fault with Michigan oversight of Flint drinking water system The Flint Journal via MLive.com , October 26 , 2017 Jump up ^ Flint gets green light to remain on GLWA water for the next month The Flint Journal via MLive.com , October 31 , 2017 Jump up ^ Flint council votes yes on 30 - year water contract with GLWA The Flint Journal via MLive.com , November 22 , 2017 Jump up ^ State tells EPA : We 're also worried about Flint 's capacity to run water system The Flint Journal via MLive.com , January 9 , 2018 Jump up ^ ' Flint 's water quality is restored ' after latest testing , state says The Flint Journal via MLive.com , January 12 , 2018 Jump up ^ `` SOM - Flint Water Quality Restored , Testing Well Below Federal Action Level and Comparable to Other Cities Across the State '' . www.michigan.gov . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ LaFond , Kaye . `` Infographic : More than 30,000 water samples have been tested in Flint since the crisis '' . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Zahran , Sammy ; McElmurry , Shawn P. ; Kilgore , Paul E. ; Mushinski , David ; Press , Jack ; Love , Nancy G. ; Sadler , Richard C. ; Swanson , Michele S. ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` Assessment of the Legionnaires ' disease outbreak in Flint , Michigan '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences : 201718679 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1718679115 . ISSN 0027 - 8424 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lethal Pneumonia Outbreak Caused By Low Chlorine In Flint Water '' . NPR.org . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ More water samples have elevated lead in latest testing of Flint elementary schools The Flint Journal via MLive.com , March 12 , 2018 Jump up ^ Study shows blood lead levels in Flint children at all time low The Flint Journal via MLive.com , March 26 , 2018 Jump up ^ Elevated lead found in 4 percent of final water samples from Flint schools The Flint Journal via MLive.com , April 2 , 2018 Jump up ^ `` State of Michigan : No more free bottled water for Flint residents '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Flint threatens to sue state over decision to stop water distribution The Flint Journal via MLive.com , April 16 , 2018 Jump up ^ 10 , News . `` Settlement in Flint water crisis leads way for children to be tested for lead '' . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Independent tests show Flint water improving , lead below federal action limit The Flint Journal via MLive.com , April 13 , 2018 Jump up ^ Watts , Jonathan ( April 23 , 2018 ) . `` Goldman environmental prize : top awards dominated by women for first time '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Glenza , Jessica ( April 25 , 2018 ) . `` Flint crisis , four years on : what little trust is left continues to wash away '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ CNN , Sara Ganim , . `` EPA funds research to find lead in water '' . CNN . Retrieved April 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Byrd , Ayana ( May 14 , 2018 ) . `` ICYMI : Nestlé to Donate Water to Flint Colorlines '' . Colorlines . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Flint estimates 14,000 lead water service lines still in the ground The Flint Journal via MLive.com , May 27 , 2018 Jump up ^ Flint water lead levels stable as state turns testing over to city The Flint Journal via MLive.com , June 18 , 2018 Jump up ^ Tweet by Elon Musk , July 11 2018 Jump up ^ All tests of filtered water in Flint schools below federal threshold for lead The Flint Journal via MLive.com , July 30 , 2018 ^ Jump up to : Young , Molly ( January 11 , 2016 ) . `` Sheriff uses reverse 911 for Flint residents who need water help '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Snyder , Richard D. ; Calley , Brian ( January 20 , 2016 ) . `` The City of Flint Police Department Crime Reduction Strategy '' ( PDF ) . Flint Water Study . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` City officials set to accept proposals to replace lead lines in Flint '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . May 31 , 2016 . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Update on Blood Lead Levels in Children '' . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ATSDR Toxicological Profile for Lead '' ( PDF ) . Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry . August 2007 . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bosman , Bosman ; Davey , Monica ; Smith , Mitch ( January 20 , 2016 ) . `` As Water Problems Grew , Officials Belittled Complaints From Flint '' . New York Times . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fonger , Ron ( April 29 , 2015 ) . `` ' A heavy burden ' lifted from Flint as Gov. Rick Snyder declares end of financial emergency '' . Flint Journal . Michigan Live Media Group . Retrieved July 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fonger , Ron ( May 10 , 2011 ) . `` DTE Energy tells new regional authority it may want 3 million gallons of Lake Huron water daily '' . Flint Journal . Retrieved December 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Adams , Dominic ( March 25 , 2013 ) . `` Flint council supports buying water from Lake Huron through KWA '' . Flint Journal . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Karegnondi Water Authority prepares to drill 1.5 miles into Lake Huron for new water pipeline to Flint The Flint Journal via MLive.com , November 26 , 2013 Jump up ^ Fonger , Ron ( March 29 , 2013 ) . `` Flint emergency manager endorses water pipeline , final decision rests with state of Michigan '' . Flint Journal . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ How Flint 's water crisis unfolded Detroit Free Press Jump up ^ Fonger , Ron ( April 2 , 2013 ) . `` Detroit ' water war ' claims ' wholly without merit , ' Genesee County drain commissioner says '' . Flint Journal . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fonger , Ron ( April 19 , 2013 ) . `` Detroit gives notice : It 's terminating water contract covering Flint , Genesee County in one year '' . Flint Journal . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Winston , Samuel ( October 7 , 2015 ) . `` How the Flint water crisis emerged '' . Flint Journal . p. 2 . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` City switch to Flint River water slated to happen Friday '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . April 24 , 2014 . Retrieved April 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Botelho , Greg ; Jorgensen , Sarah ; Netto , Joseph ( January 5 , 2016 ) . `` Water crisis in Flint , Michigan , draws federal investigation '' . CNN . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fonger , Ron ( February 25 , 2015 ) . `` Detroit offers Flint alternative to using river for long - term water backup '' . Flint Journal . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schuch , Sarah ( October 7 , 2015 ) . `` How the Flint water crisis emerged '' . Flint Journal . p. 4 . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ron , Fonger ( June 12 , 2014 ) . `` Emergency manager accepts $3.9 million Genesee County offer to buy Flint - owned pipeline '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live Media Group . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Winston , Samuel ( October 7 , 2015 ) . `` How the Flint water crisis emerged '' . Flint Journal . p. 3 . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fonger , Ron ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` Flint Mayor Dayne Walling gets new authority from emergency manager '' . Flint Journal . Michigan Live Media Group . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The Science Behind the Flint Water Crisis : Corrosion of Pipes , Erosion of Trust Elsevier Sci Tech Connect , January 20 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : Lin , Jeremy C.F. ; Rutter , Jean ; Park , Haeyoun ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` Events That Led to Flint 's Water Crisis '' . New York Times . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pulido , Laura ( July 2 , 2016 ) . `` Flint , Environmental Racism , and Racial Capitalism '' . Capitalism Nature Socialism. 27 ( 3 ) : 1 -- 16 . doi : 10.1080 / 10455752.2016. 1213013 . ISSN 1045 - 5752 . Jump up ^ Fonger , Ron ( January 2 , 2015 ) . `` City warns of potential health risks after Flint water tests revealed too much disinfection byproduct '' . Flint Journal . Michigan Live Media Group . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schwarts , K. ( 2016 ) . `` Letter from Flint Public Library about Lead in Water Crisis to PUBLIB '' . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Emergency manager calls City Council 's Flint River vote ' incomprehensible ' '' . Flint Journal . Michigan Live Media Group . March 25 , 2015 . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Egan , Paul ( March 2 , 2016 ) . `` Dems say state blocked Flint return to Detroit water '' . The Detroit Free Press . Retrieved March 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Fonger , Ron ( September 2 , 2015 ) . `` Lead leaches into ' very corrosive ' Flint drinking water , researchers say '' . Michigan Live . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hanna , Jason ; Shortell , David ( October 8 , 2015 ) . `` Flint returning to Detroit water amid lead concerns '' . CNN . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Carr , Ada ( October 9 , 2015 ) . `` Contaminants Found in Flint , Michigan , Drinking Water ; City to Reconnect to Detroit Water Supply '' . The Weather Channel . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fonger , Ron ( December 10 , 2015 ) . `` Flint will pay for independent water tests , added phosphate treatment '' . Michigan Live . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brush , Mark ( October 8 , 2015 ) . `` Gov. Snyder moves to come up with $12 million to switch Flint 's water back to Detroit 's supply '' . Michigan Radio . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wisely , John ( October 8 , 2015 ) . `` Snyder announces $12 - million plan to fix Flint water '' . The Detroit Free Press . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Parkinson , Stephanie ( January 13 , 2016 ) . `` Sen. Ananich calls for emergency funding from the state to address Flint water crisis '' . WEYI - TV . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Flint to stay on Detroit water for another year Detroit Free Press , September 27 , 2016 Jump up ^ State says 96 percent of Flint homes met federal lead standards in November The Flint Journal via MLive.com , December 9 , 2016 Jump up ^ County will build new connector , allowing Flint to stay on Detroit water The Flint Journal via MLive.com , March 16 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Flint city councilman : ' We got bad water ' '' . Detroit Free Press . Associated Press . January 14 , 2015 . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A timeline of the water crisis in Flint , Michigan '' . Washington Post . January 16 , 2016 . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2016 . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Lisa John ( February 3 , 2016 ) . `` What Will Happen with the Flint Water Crisis Once the Cameras Leave ? '' . Broadly . Vice . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erb , Robin ( October 10 , 2015 ) . `` Flint doctor makes state see light about lead in water '' . The Detroit Free Press . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fonger , Ron ( November 12 , 2015 ) . `` Documents show Flint filed false reports about testing for lead in water '' . Michigan Live . Retrieved November 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ridley , Gary ( March 1 , 2016 ) . `` Some Flint water test sites still showing high lead levels '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved March 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goovaerts , Pierre . `` The drinking water contamination crisis in Flint : Modeling temporal trends of lead level since returning to Detroit water system '' . Science of The Total Environment. 581 - 582 : 66 -- 79 . doi : 10.1016 / j. scitotenv. 2016.09. 207 . ^ Jump up to : Wang , Yanan ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` In Flint , Mich. , there 's so much lead in children 's blood that a state of emergency is declared '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 PEN Literary Gala & Free Expression Awards '' . PEN America . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kozlowski , Kim ( January 24 , 2016 ) . `` Virginia Tech expert helped expose Flint water crisis '' . Detroit News . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Engineering 's Marc Edwards heads to Flint as part of study into unprecedented corrosion problem '' . Virginia Tech . September 14 , 2015 . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lazarus , Oliver . `` In Flint , Michigan , a crisis over lead levels in tap water '' . Public Radio International . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Virginia Tech Research Team '' . www.flintwaterstudy.org. 2017 . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carmody , Steve ( January 11 , 2016 ) . `` Virginia Tech ending Flint water investigation '' . Michigan Radio . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Egan , Paul ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` Virginia Tech wrapping up its work on Flint water '' . The Detroit Free Press . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ridley , Gary ( January 27 , 2016 ) . `` Virginia Tech researcher hired by Flint to test water '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fonger , Ron ( March 1 , 2016 ) . `` Virginia Tech gets EPA grant to re-test Flint water for lead '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved March 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ridley , Gary ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Beginning of the end ' for Flint water crisis health disaster , Edwards says '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Researchers : Flint water improving , but stick with filters WEYI - TV , December 2 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` VA Tech Professor says Flint River water and Legionnaires Disease could be linked '' . WJRT - TV . January 13 , 2016 . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Source of deadly Flint Legionnaires ' outbreak still unknown , new report says '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . January 21 , 2016 . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Officials confirm Legionella bacteria found in Flint 's McLaren Hospital 's water supply in 2014 '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . January 22 , 2016 . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attorney Geoffrey Fieger seeks $100 million in Flint Legionnaires ' lawsuit '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . February 2 , 2016 . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fonger , Ron ( January 16 , 2016 ) . `` Public never told , but investigators suspected Flint River tie to Legionnaires ' in 2014 '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved January 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Officials were warned of Flint water , Legionnaires ' link months before public '' . Michigan Live . Associated Press . February 4 , 2016 . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Governor wants investigation into MDHHS in handling of Legionnaires ' outbreak '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . March 11 , 2016 . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ CDC finds first genetic link between Legionnaires ' outbreak , Flint water The flint Journal via MLive.com , February 16 , 2017 Jump up ^ New tests raise questions about the source of Legionnaires Disease outbreak , Michigan Radio , February 16 , 2017 Jump up ^ Experts ' affidavits point to Flint water as source of Legionnaires ' outbreak The Flint Journal via MLive.com , May 7 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : Graham , David A. ( January 9 , 2016 ) . `` What Did the Governor Know About Flint 's Water , and When Did He Know It ? '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Wisely , John ( January 7 , 2016 ) . `` Were Flint water fears ' blown off ' by state ? '' . The Detroit Free Press . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Fonger , Ron ( October 1 , 2015 ) . `` Flint data on lead water lines stored on 45,000 index cards '' . Flnt Journal . MLive . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Smith , Lindsey ( December 16 , 2015 ) . `` After ignoring and trying to discredit people in Flint , the state was forced to face the problem '' . Michigan Radio . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gov. Rick Snyder announces Flint Water Task Force to review state , federal and municipal actions , offer recommendations '' ( Office of the Governor press release ) . October 21 , 2015 . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson , Jiquanda ( December 30 , 2015 ) . `` Four takeaways from the Flint Water Advisory Task Force preliminary report '' . Michigan Live . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Duffy , Vincent ( December 29 , 2015 ) . `` Task force lays most blame for Flint water crisis on MDEQ '' . Michigan Radio . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lawler , Emily ( December 29 , 2015 ) . `` Director Dan Wyant resigns after task force blasts MDEQ over Flint water crisis '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lawler , Emily ( December 30 , 2015 ) . `` DEQ spokesman also resigns over Flint water crisis , says city ' did n't feel like we cared ' '' . Michigan Live . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fonger , Ron ( November 16 , 2015 ) . `` Howard Croft , Flint official responsible for water oversight , resigns '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Inquiry : State `` fundamentally accountable '' for Flint crisis `` . WJRT - TV . March 23 , 2016 . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Flint Water Advisory Task Force Final Report '' ( PDF ) . Flint Water Advisory Task Force . March 21 , 2016 . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roy , Siddhartha ( March 23 , 2016 ) . `` Flint Water Advisory Task Force ( Final Report ) '' . Flint Water Study Updates . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FBI , others involved in federal Flint water investigation '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . February 2 , 2015 . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lynch , Jim ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` EPA stayed silent on Flint 's tainted water '' . The Detroit News . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Del Toral , Miguel ( June 24 , 2015 ) . `` Memorandum : High Levels of Lead in Flint , Michigan -- Interim Report ( Original ) '' ( PDF ) . US EPA and ACLU Michigan . Retrieved January 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Emery , Amanda ( January 22 , 2015 ) . `` Two Michigan DEQ officials involved in Flint water testing suspended '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Smith , Lindsey ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` After blowing the whistle on Flint 's water , EPA `` rogue employee '' has been silent . Until now `` . Michigan Radio . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Edwards , Marc ( January 13 , 2016 ) . `` Del Toral 's Heroic Effort Was Ultimately Vetted in the Blood Lead of Flint 's Children '' . Flint Water Study Updates . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Burke , Melissa Nann ; Lynch , Jim ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` Top EPA official in Midwest resigning amid Flint crisis '' . The Detroit News . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EPA official ' stunned ' by failure to treat Flint water for lead leaching '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . January 21 , 2015 . Retrieved January 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan Attorney General Bill Schuette plans to open investigation on Flint water crisis '' . WXYZ - TV . Associated Press . January 15 , 2016 . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Atkinson , Scott ; Haimerl , Amy ; Pérez - Peña , Richard ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` Anger and Scrutiny Grow Over Poisoned Water in Flint , Michigan '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Oosting , Jonathan ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` Special counsel : Manslaughter charge possible in Flint '' . The Detroit News . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` What Gov. Snyder plans to do about Flint water crisis '' . WJRT - TV . January 19 , 2016 . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ridley , Gary ( January 26 , 2016 ) . `` Subpoenas served for Gov. Rick Snyder 's Flint water emails '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stack , Liam ( January 29 , 2016 ) . `` Michigan Gave State Employees Purified Water as It Denied Crisis , Emails Show '' . New York Times . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gov. Rick Snyder releases departmental emails produced regarding Flint water crisis '' ( State of Michigan official site press release ) . February 12 , 2016 . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Snyder releases thousands of Flint water crisis e-mails '' . The Detroit Free Press . February 26 , 2016 . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Snyder releases more Flint water emails , private email release planned '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . March 10 , 2016 . Retrieved March 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fonger , Ron ( January 26 , 2016 ) . `` DEQ memo names Michigan drinking water officials suspended over Flint water '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live Media Group . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Snyder fires former head of DEQ water quality unit '' . WJBK . February 5 , 2016 . Retrieved February 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Jim ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` Suit accuses DEQ of not complying with open records law '' . Detroit News . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mackinac Center Settles Transparency Lawsuit with DEQ '' . Mackinac Center for Public Policy . November 8 , 2017 . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ridley , Gary ( January 27 , 2016 ) . `` County prosecutor gets green light to investigate Flint water crisis '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live Media Group . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ridley , Gary ( January 27 , 2016 ) . `` County prosecutor gets green light to investigate Flint water crisis '' . Michigan Live . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DEQ oversight of Flint water criticized in state auditor general report '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fonger , Ron ( January 14 , 2016 ) . `` Congresswoman makes formal request for federal Flint water hearings '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fonger , Ron ( February 2 , 2016 ) . `` Former EM removed from witness list for Congressional hearing on Flint water '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Acosta , Roberto ( February 12 , 2016 ) . `` Flint water probe by Congress puts Snyder on witness list in March '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bernstein , Lenny ( March 15 , 2016 ) . `` Ex-EPA official defends agency 's work in Flint water crisis at Capitol Hill hearing '' . MSN . The Washington Post . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gov. Snyder , EPA chief testify in front of Congress '' . WJRT - TV . March 17 , 2016 . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( February 10 , 2016 ) . `` Flint mayor , doctor to testify on water crisis '' . The Detroit Free Press . Retrieved February 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bondy , Dave ( April 6 , 2016 ) . `` Another Flint water hearing scheduled in Washington D.C. '' WEYI - TV . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dolan , Matthew ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` Congress hearing probes lessons from Flint crisis '' . The Detroit Free Press . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ridley , Gary ( February 23 , 2016 ) . `` Flint water crisis to get fresh probe by state lawmakers '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ridley , Gary ( March 1 , 2016 ) . `` Senator wants subpoena power for Flint water crisis probe '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved March 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lawler , Emily ( March 11 , 2016 ) . `` Legislative committee examining Flint water crisis starts meetings next week '' . Michigan Live . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lawler , Emily ( March 28 , 2016 ) . `` State legislative panel to meet in Flint , hear from residents on water crisis '' . Michigan Live . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fonger , Ron ( December 18 , 2015 ) . `` Genesee County chairman says he can send Flint disaster request to governor '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved December 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Acosta , Roberto ( January 10 , 2016 ) . `` Flint water resource teams to cover city , mayor stresses test kit importance '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Acosta , Roberto ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` Crisis teams hit Flint streets with filters and water for frustrated residents '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Zarowny , Natalie ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` Red Cross volunteers come to help Flint from across the state , country '' . WJRT - TV . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Flint organizations announce Pediatric Public Health Initiative '' . WJRT - TV . January 14 , 2016 . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fonger , Ron ( January 5 , 2016 ) . `` Governor declares state of emergency over lead in Flint water '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved January 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Emery , Amanda ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` State launches information center for Flint following emergency declaration '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lawler , Emily ( January 7 , 2016 ) . `` 43 Flint residents identified with elevated lead levels so far , urged to take precautions '' . Michigan Live . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New water resource sites now open in Flint '' . WJRT - TV . January 10 , 2016 . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fonger , Ron ( January 11 , 2016 ) . `` Gov. Snyder signs executive order to create new Flint water committee '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fonger , Ron ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` Governor activates National Guard to deal with Flint water crisis '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Dolan , Matthew ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` Snyder seeks federal emergency status over Flint water '' . The Detroit Free Press . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` National Guard doubles troops handing out water in Flint '' . WJRT - TV . January 18 , 2016 . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Snyder taps mayor , crusading doctor , professor for Flint water committee '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . January 27 , 2016 . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` State partners with Michigan Works ! to hire Flint residents at water sites '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . March 2 , 2016 . Retrieved March 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` State unveils big plans for Flint recovery after water crisis '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . March 21 , 2016 . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grants up to $100,000 offered to communities affected by Flint water crisis '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . April 6 , 2016 . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Governor Snyder to drop Michigan lead limit below federal cap The Associated Press via MLive.com , March 16 , 2017 Jump up ^ Water testing in Flint shows 93.1 % of homes below lead threshold The Flint Journal via MLive.com , June 9 , 2017 Jump up ^ Emery , Amanda ( January 9 , 2016 ) . `` Federal Emergency Management Agency to monitor Flint 's water crisis '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Egan , Paul ( January 9 , 2016 ) . `` Federal disaster agency monitoring Flint water crisis '' . The Detroit Free Press . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ridley , Gary ( January 14 , 2016 ) . `` Snyder asks Obama to declare federal emergency for Flint water '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Livengood , Chad ; Oosting , Jonathan ; Burke , Melissa Nann ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` White House to decide soon on Flint emergency request '' . The Detroit News . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Southall , Ashley ( January 17 , 2016 ) . `` State of Emergency Declared Over Man - Made Water Disaster in Michigan City '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Acost , Roberto ( January 16 , 2016 ) . `` President Obama signs emergency declaration over Flint 's water crisis '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved January 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Livengood , Chad ; Oosting , Jonathan ( January 18 , 2016 ) . `` Snyder to appeal Obama 's denial of Flint disaster zone '' . The Detroit News . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Snyder seeking additional federal aid in Flint water crisis after appeal rejected '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . January 22 , 2016 . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Snyder launches 2nd appeal for federal money to replace Flint water pipes '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . March 3 , 2016 . Retrieved March 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FEMA denies request for federal aid for Flint for a second time '' . WJRT - TV . March 16 , 2016 . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Health and Human Services to lead federal response of Flint water crisis '' . WEYI - TV . January 19 , 2016 . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wakefield , Mary K. ( January 19 , 2016 ) . `` On the Ground This Week : HHS to Lead Federal Response in Flint '' . United States Department of Health and Human Services . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dr. Nicole Lurie leading federal response in Flint , WNEM . Archived January 29 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` EPA orders state action , takes over testing of Flint water '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . January 21 , 2016 . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EPA says Flint residents should use filters , continue drinking bottled water '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . January 28 , 2016 . Retrieved January 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Feds to expand nutrition programs in Flint to fight lead poison damage '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . February 12 , 2016 . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Snyder seeks expanded health coverage , lead abatement in Flint water crisis '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . February 14 , 2016 . Retrieved February 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Additional $500,000 in federal money to fight lead damage in Flint children '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . February 18 , 2016 . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pregnant women , kids affected by Flint water crisis covered under Medicaid waiver '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . March 3 , 2016 . Retrieved March 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Feds to expand Flint 's Head Start program to help fight lead damage in kids '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . March 2 , 2016 . Retrieved March 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Flint water crisis could net city $15 M in fed labor grants '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . March 23 , 2016 . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EPA extends federal emergency declaration for Flint '' . WJRT - TV . March 25 , 2016 . Retrieved March 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` State will pick up entire Flint water crisis response tab in mid-August '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . June 2 , 2016 . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Two state DEQ workers arraigned on criminal charges in Flint water crisis '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . April 20 , 2016 . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Accused Flint employee ' not in same league ' as DEQ , says Virginia Tech professor '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . April 20 , 2016 . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Accused water plant operator takes plea deal in Flint water crisis '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . May 4 , 2016 . Retrieved May 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Case dismissed against official who sounded warning about Flint water The Flint Journal via MLive.com , May 4 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` New charges announced in Flint water crisis '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . July 29 , 2016 . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Allen , Robert ( July 29 , 2016 ) . `` 6 state employees criminally charged in Flint water crisis '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Householder , Mike ; Karoub , Jeff ( July 29 , 2016 ) . `` 6 More Michigan Public Workers Charged in Flint Water Crisis '' . ABC News . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Schuette charges 6 state workers in Flint water crisis '' . The Detroit News . July 29 , 2016 . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` No ' smoking gun ' against ex-state water chief in Flint crisis , lawyer says '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . July 29 , 2016 . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Former state epidemiologist takes plea deal in Flint water crisis prosecution The Flint Journal via MLive.com , September 14 , 2016 Jump up ^ Former state health worker sentenced to probation in Flint water crisis WJRT - TV ( ABC 12 ) , March 13 , 2017 Jump up ^ Former city official takes plea , third to make deal in Flint water crisis The Flint Journal via MLive.com , November 28 , 2017 Jump up ^ Schuette ups the ante in Flint water crisis with new manslaughter charges The Flint Journal via MLive.com , June 14 , 2017 Jump up ^ Charges upgraded against Michigan chief medical executive Dr. Eden Wells WJRT - TV ( ABC 12 ) , October 9 , 2017 Jump up ^ Fourth Flint water defendant takes misdemeanor plea deal with prosecutors The Flint Journal via MLive.com , December 20 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Michigan official faces manslaughter trial over Flint deaths '' . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Pitt , Michael L. ; McGehee , Cary S. ; Rivers , Beth M. ( November 13 , 2015 ) . `` Melisa Mays , et . al. vs. Governor Rick Snyder , et . al '' ( PDF ) . Pitt Law PC . 2 : 15 - cv - 14002 - JCO - MKM . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . Defendants ' conduct in exposing Flint residents to toxic water was so egregious and so outrageous that it shocks the conscience . Jump up ^ `` 4 families sue over lead in Flint water '' . The Detroit News . November 15 , 2015 . Retrieved November 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bethencourt , Daniel ( November 13 , 2015 ) . `` After Flint water crisis , families file lawsuit '' . The Detroit Free Press . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Flint water lawsuit dismissed by judge The Detroit News , February 3 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : Two Flint water lawsuits dismissed by same federal court judge The Flint Journal via MLive.com , February 7 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : Pierson , Brendan ( January 25 , 2016 ) . `` Plaintiffs ' lawyers wary of taking on Flint water scandal '' . Reuters . Retrieved January 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 3 people file class action lawsuit against Gov. Snyder , Flint '' . WJRT - TV . January 14 , 2016 . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` State of Michigan , Gov. Snyder sued in class action lawsuit over Flint water crisis '' . WDIV - TV . January 14 , 2016 . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Why is Court of Claims handling DPS , Flint water crisis lawsuits ? '' . Michigan Radio . January 25 , 2016 . Retrieved January 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New Flint water lawsuit seeks replacement of lead service lines '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . January 27 , 2016 . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lawsuit seeks water bill refunds for Flint residents '' . The Detroit Free Press . February 2 , 2016 . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` $150 million Flint water class - action lawsuit dismissed '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . April 19 , 2016 . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wisely , John ; Dixon , Jennifer ( February 2 , 2016 ) . `` Fieger files $100 - million suit over Flint Legionnaires ' disease cases '' . The Detroit Free Press . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Connor , Tracy ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` Parents of ' Tragic ' 2 - Year - Old With Lead Poisoning Sue Flint '' . NBC News . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stafford , Katrease ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` Family of lead - poisoned Flint girl , 2 , files suit '' . The Detroit Free Press . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Flint mother at center of lead water crisis files lawsuit '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . March 3 , 2016 . Retrieved March 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Class action suit filed over Flint water crisis '' . WNEM - TV . March 7 , 2016 . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Inmates suing over water quality at Flint jail '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . March 9 , 2016 . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Flint to sue state , DEQ over water source switch '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . April 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Flint mayor says she has no plans to sue state but keeping option open '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . April 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Groups ask federal judge to order city , state to deliver bottled water to homes '' . WJRT - TV . March 25 , 2016 . Retrieved March 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Settlement guarantees Flint service line replacements , not water deliveries The Flint Journal via MLive.com , March 27 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Gov. Rick Snyder target of RICO lawsuit over Flint water crisis '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . April 6 , 2016 . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NAACP sues Michigan , governor over Flint lead - tainted water '' . WJRT - TV . May 18 , 2016 . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Flint water firm said it was told to ' exclude ' lead and copper issues '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . June 23 , 2016 . Retrieved June 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Judge banks on bellwether trials to expedite hundreds of Flint water lawsuits The Flint Journal via MLive.com , November 16 , 2016 Jump up ^ https://www.mlive.com/news/flint/index.ssf/2017/01/see_genesee_countys_biggest_co.html Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/04/nyregion/lead-paint-nyc-de-blasio-olatoye-nycha.html Jump up ^ https://www.newsweek.com/flint-familes-suits-kids-lead-poisoning-436239 Jump up ^ Class action lawsuit seeks $722 million from EPA WJRT - TV , January 30 , 2017 Jump up ^ Lawsuit seeks more than $720 M for 1,700 Flint residents over water crisis The Flint Journal via MLive.com , January 30 , 2017 Jump up ^ Lawler , Emily ( January 7 , 2016 ) . `` Flint infrastructure fix could cost up to $1.5 B , mayor Karen Weaver says '' . Michigan Live . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cost to fix Flint water infrastructure could reach $1.5 billion : reports '' . Reuters . January 7 , 2016 . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 15 years and $60 M needed to replace Flint 's lead water lines , emails show '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . January 20 , 2016 . Retrieved January 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Burns , Gus ( January 27 , 2016 ) . `` Doctor says lead testing data underestimates long - term damage to Flint kids '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Eggert , David ( January 28 , 2016 ) . `` Michigan lawmakers approve $28 M more for Flint water crisis '' . WNEM - TV . Associated Press . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2016 . Retrieved January 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Oosting , Jonathan ( January 28 , 2016 ) . `` $28 M Flint supplemental bill heads to Snyder '' . The Detroit News . Retrieved January 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Obama gives $80 million to Michigan for Flint '' . The Detroit News . January 21 , 2016 . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` $80 million announced in connection with Flint water is revolving loan fund '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . January 23 , 2016 . Retrieved January 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` State , feds should share $800 million Flint water - fix bill , lawmakers say '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . January 28 , 2016 . Retrieved January 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Demanding Flint money , Senate Dems stop energy bill '' . The Detroit Free Press . February 4 , 2016 . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Senate plan could send $100 million , loans to Flint '' . The Detroit Free Press . February 24 , 2016 . Retrieved February 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stafford , Katrease ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` Flint mayor : Pipe replacement to begin next month '' . The Detroit Free Press . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Carah , Jacob ; Livengood , Chad ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` Flint mayor announces lead pipe removal plan '' . The Detroit News . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Acosta , Roberto ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` Funding still needed for new $55 M plan to replace lead service lines '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fantz , Ashley ; Sgueglia , Kristina ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` Flint mayor says $55 million needed to replace lead pipes '' . CNN . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Flint to begin first lead service line replacement amid water crisis '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . March 3 , 2016 . Retrieved March 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Process under way to locate , replace lead pipes in Flint water crisis '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . February 16 , 2016 . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Flint gets $2 million from state to start lead service water replacements '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . February 18 , 2016 . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Flint Mayor Weaver announces $25 million committed to help remove lead pipes '' . WJRT - TV . March 7 , 2016 . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Flint plan to replace the city 's lead - tainted pipes moves forward '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . July 19 , 2016 . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` City set to announce next Flint neighborhoods to receive new pipes '' . MLive.com . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Flint council approves contracts for nearly 750 more pipe replacements The Flint Journal via MLive.com , October 10 , 2016 Jump up ^ Crews nearly half way to 1,000 homes having new pipes in Flint before winter The Flint Journal via MLive.com , November 22 , 2016 Jump up ^ Number of homes that need new water pipes in Flint has doubled , study says The Flint Journal via MLive.com , December 1 , 2016 Jump up ^ Flint water plant needs nearly $60 million worth of upgrades WJRT - TV , January 19 , 2017 Jump up ^ Consultant puts cost of Flint water plant fixes at $108 million The Flint Journal ' via MLive.com , February 7 , 2017 Jump up ^ State provides $6.5 M to aid Flint children at risk for lead - related delays The Flint Journal via MLive.com , February 6 , 2017 Jump up ^ EPA grants $100 M for Flint water system repairs CNN , March 17 , 2017 Jump up ^ $15 M from US going to Flint for water crisis health response Associated Press via WEYI - TV ( NBC 25 ) , June 30 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : Mack , Julie ( February 1 , 2015 ) . `` Lead levels elevated for thousands of Michigan children outside of Flint '' . Michigan Live . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Barker , Kathryn M. ; Qureshi , Farah ( February 4 , 2016 ) . `` Lead poisoning : Sources of exposure , health effects and policy implications '' . Journalist 's Resource . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Carroll , Aaron E. ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` What the Science Says About Long - Term Damage From Lead '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lahiri , Debomoy K. ; Maloney , Bryan ( April 1 , 2011 ) . `` The `` LEARn '' ( Latent Early -- life Associated Regulation ) model integrates environmental risk factors and the developmental basis of Alzheimer 's disease , and proposes remedial steps `` . Experimental Gerontology . Atlanta , Georgia , USA : Elsevier . 45 ( 4 ) : 291 -- 296 . doi : 10.1016 / j. exger. 2010.01. 001 . PMC 2881328 . Jump up ^ Basha , M. Riyaz ; Wei , Wei ; Bakheet , Saleh A. ; Benitez , Nathalie ; Siddiqui , Hasan K. ; Ge , Yuan - Wen ; Lahiri , Debomoy K. ; Zawia , Nasser H. ( January 26 , 2005 ) . `` The Fetal Basis of Amyloidogenesis : Exposure to Lead and Latent Overexpression of Amyloid Precursor Protein and β - Amyloid in the Aging Brain '' . Journal of Neuroscience . Washington DC , USA : Society for Neuroscience ( USA ) . 25 ( 4 ) : 823 -- 829 . doi : 10.1523 / JNEUROSCI. 4335 - 04.2005 . Jump up ^ Goodnough , Abby ( January 29 , 2016 ) . `` Flint Weighs Scope of Harm to Children Caused by Lead in Water '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Feldscher , Karen ( January 26 , 2016 ) . `` Flint 's water crisis ' infuriating ' given knowledge about lead poisoning '' . Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Reens , Nate ( January 19 , 2016 ) . `` Justin Amash stood alone opposing Flint water federal aid bid '' . Michigan Live . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Senate To Vote To Give More Funds Toward Flint 's Drinking Water Crisis Jump up ^ Did President Trump Bestow $100 Million Upon Flint , Michigan ? Jump up ^ `` Donald Trump believes the United States can get $1 trillion in new roads -- for free '' . Washington Post . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ross , Wilbur , Navarro , Peter ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` Trump Versus Clinton On Infrastructure '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Trump says he can fix Flint 's pipes for free . Here 's who would really be paying '' . Washington Post . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lawler , Emily ( January 4 , 2016 ) . `` Bill inspired by Flint water crisis would make data manipulation by Michigan officials a felony '' . Michigan Live . Retrieved January 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McVicar , Brian ( March 2 , 2016 ) . `` Michigan lawmaker calls on Gov. Rick Snyder to resign over ' indifference ' to Flint water crisis '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved March 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fonger , Ron ( March 2 , 2016 ) . `` Democrats call for state treasurer to resign for role in Flint water crisis '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved March 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hillary Clinton speaks out on Flint 's water emergency '' . WJRT - TV . January 11 , 2016 . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Emery , Amanda ( January 14 , 2016 ) . `` Hillary Clinton infuriated by Flint water crisis , outraged by Gov. Snyder '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Democrats Hillary Clinton , Bernie Sanders debate in Flint : What you need to know The Flint Journal via MLive.com , March 1 , 2016 Jump up ^ Nelson , Colleen McCain ; Meckler , Laura ( January 19 , 2016 ) . `` Donald Trump , Rubio Try to Stay Clear of Flint Water Crisis '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Donald Trump visits Flint church , asked to leave politics out of speech The Flint Journal via MLive.com , September 14 , 2016 Jump up ^ Pell , M.B. and Joshua Schneyer ( December 16 , 2016 ) . `` Off the Charts -- The thousands of U.S. locales where lead poisoning is worse than in Flint '' . Reuters . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2017 . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Annie Snider ( May 14 , 2018 ) . `` White House , EPA headed off chemical pollution study '' . Politico.com . Retrieved May 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lead Poisoning In Michigan Highlights Aging Water Systems Nationwide '' ( Interview with Robert Puentes , director of the Metropolitan Infrastructure Initiative at the Brookings Institution ) . NPR . Weekend Edition Saturday . January 2 , 2016 . Retrieved January 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Wines , Michael ; Schwartz , John ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` Unsafe Lead Levels in Tap Water Not Limited to Flint '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wilkinson , Mike ( January 28 , 2016 ) . `` Kids ' lead levels high in many Michigan cities '' . Bridge Magazine . Retrieved January 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Flint ( city ) , Michigan '' . State & County QuickFacts . U.S. Census Bureau . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2016 . Retrieved May 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Eligon , John ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` A Question of Environmental Racism in Flint '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ King , Shaun ( January 11 , 2016 ) . `` King : Michigan Gov. Rick Snyder did nothing as Flint 's water crisis became one of the worst cases of environmental racism in modern American history '' . The New York Daily News . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Racism played a role in Flint water crisis , says state report The Flint Journal via MLive.com , February 17 , 2017 Jump up ^ The Flint Water Crisis : Systemic Racism Through the Lens of Flint Michigan Civil Rights Commission , February 17 , 2017 Jump up ^ Racism playing a role in Flint water crisis is not new , officials say The Flint Journal via MLive.com , February 17 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Flint water crisis : An obscene failure of government '' . The Detroit Free Press . October 8 , 2015 . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gov. Rick Snyder needs to do more than just apologize for Flint water crisis '' . Michigan Live . December 31 , 2015 . Retrieved December 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Margaret ( January 27 , 2016 ) . `` Should The Times Have Been a Tougher Watchdog in Flint ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Clark , Ann ( November 3 , 2015 ) . `` How an investigative journalist helped prove a city was being poisoned with its own water '' . Columbia Journalism Review . Retrieved November 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fonger , Ron ( December 23 , 2015 ) . `` MSNBC 's Rachel Maddow keeps national spotlight on water crisis in Michigan '' . Michigan Live . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rachel Maddow Slams Rick Snyder For ' Poisoning Flint 's Children ' With Water Crisis '' . CBS Detroit . December 19 , 2015 . Retrieved December 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Emery , Amanda ( January 22 , 2016 ) . `` Rachel Maddow bringing MSNBC town hall to Flint to discuss water crisis '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rachel Maddow wins Emmy for Flint water crisis coverage The Flint Journal via MLive.com , October 7 , 2017 Jump up ^ Carmody , Steve ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` Watchdog group asks Gov. Snyder to release all Flint water crisis documents '' . Michigan Radio . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Papenfuss , Mary ( January 22 , 2016 ) . `` US : Anonymous vows politicians linked to toxic Flint Michigan water ' wo n't go unpunished ' '' . The International Business Times . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Moore calls for arrest of Gov. Snyder '' . The Detroit News . January 7 , 2016 . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fleszar , Chris ( January 7 , 2016 ) . `` Michael Moore calls for Snyder 's arrest for Flint water '' . The Detroit Free Press . WZZM 13 . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Devereaux , Brad ( January 14 , 2016 ) . `` Erin Brockovich , Michael Moore join outcry about Flint area Legionnaires ' spike '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bethencourt , Daniel ( January 16 , 2016 ) . `` Michael Moore , in Flint , says crisis ' not a mistake ' '' . The Detroit Free Press . Retrieved January 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jackman , Caresse ( January 16 , 2016 ) . `` Mayor Weaver and Rev. Jesse Jackson discuss emergency declaration and water emergency '' . WJRT - TV . Retrieved January 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Acosta , Roberto ( January 17 , 2016 ) . `` Rev. Jesse Jackson calls Flint a `` disaster zone , '' asks for federal help `` . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved January 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Acosta , Roberto ( February 2 , 2016 ) . `` Rev. Jesse Jackson planning ' major national march ' in Flint '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Acosta , Roberto ( January 18 , 2016 ) . `` Daughter of Desmond Tutu speaks on Flint water crisis at MLK Day event '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stern , Marlow ( January 24 , 2016 ) . `` Matt Damon Calls on Michigan Governor Rick Snyder to Resign Over Flint Water Crisis '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Acosta , Roberto ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` Mark Ruffalo urges President Obama to act on Flint water crisis '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Acosta , Roberto ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` Watch live as Virginia Tech professor discusses Flint water test results '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Million Dollar Extreme Presents World Peace Episode 3 `` 3 Down 47 to Go Countdown to Mass Funeral '' Jump up ^ Gómez , Hernán ; Borgialli , Dominic ( June 2018 ) . `` Blood Lead Levels of Children in Flint , Michigan : 2006 - 2016 '' . The Journal of Pediatrics. 197 : 158 -- 164 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jpeds. 2017.12. 063 . ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` UM - Flint kicks off first of 8 forums dedicated to the Flint Water Crisis '' . WJRT - TV . January 22 , 2016 . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Calfas , Jennifer ( January 25 , 2016 ) . `` UM to spend $100 K researching solutions to Flint water crisis '' . Michigan Radio . Retrieved January 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wayne State University researchers plan Flint water study '' . WJRT - TV . Associated Press . March 1 , 2016 . Retrieved March 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ FACHEP concludes random Legionella sampling in Flint , Genesee County and Wayne County Wayne State University , October 9 , 2017 Jump up ^ Grossman , Daniel ; Slutsky , David ( August 7 , 2017 ) . `` The Effect of an Increase in Lead in the Water System on Fertility and Birth Outcomes : The Case of Flint , Michigan '' ( PDF ) . College of Business and Economics Working Paper Series . No. 17 - 25 : 1 -- 64 . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zarowny , Natalie ( January 25 , 2016 ) . `` Flint water crisis highlights lack of transparency with Michigan government '' . Michigan Radio . Retrieved January 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Spoer , Benjamin ( January 9 , 2016 ) . `` Flint 's water crisis is a human rights violation '' . Al Jazeera . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Isquith , Elias ( January 9 , 2016 ) . `` When money matters more than lives : The poisonous cost of austerity in Flint , Michigan '' . Salon . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nichols , John ( January 17 , 2015 ) . `` Outcry Over the Austerity Crisis in Flint Grows '' . The Nation . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fiore , Mark ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` Video : Austerity Man '' . Truthdig . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lederman , Jacob ( January 22 , 2016 ) . `` Flint 's Water Crisis Is No Accident . It 's the Result of Years of Devastating Free - Market Reforms '' . In These Times . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Soave , Robby ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` The Government Poisoned Flint 's Water -- So Stop Blaming Everyone Else '' . Reason . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dalmia , Shikha ( February 11 , 2016 ) . `` What To Do About Flint ? Evacuate The Residents And Turn it Into a Landfill for Liberal Good Intentions '' . Reason . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Flint 's lead water crisis part of infrastructure conference WNEM - TV , March 7 , 2017 Jump up ^ Dr. Marc Edwards speaks on current state of the Flint Water Crisis WJRT - TV ( ABC 12 ) , March 10 , 2017 Jump up ^ Expert at Harvard forum says Flint EMs cared more about money than people The Flint Journal via MLive.com , May 5 , 2017 Jump up ^ McGlashen , Andy . `` Flint water crisis : Policy changes needed to restore public trust '' . Michigan Distilled . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hanna - Attisha , Mona . `` Elevated Blood Lead Levels in Children Associated With the Flint Drinking Water Crisis : A Spatial Analysis of Risk and Public Health Response '' . AJPH . American Public Health Association . Retrieved November 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lyons , Jessica . `` How to Prevent Another Flint Water Crisis '' . environmental leader . Business Sector Media , LLC . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bernstein , Lenny . `` Flint 's water crisis reveals government failures at every level '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ EPA , OA , OP , ORPM , RMD , US . `` History of the Clean Water Act US EPA '' . US EPA . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ EPA , OW , US . `` Drinking Water Action Plan US EPA '' . US EPA . Jump up ^ A Potent Side Effect to the Flint Water Crisis : Mental Health Problems The New York Times , April 30 , 2016 Jump up ^ Cher to donate 181,000 bottles of water to help out Flint water crisis The Flint Journal via MLive ( January 16 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Truckloads of water to be delivered to Flint senior centers Archived January 27 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , WJRT - TV ( January 15 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Meek Mill Promises to Donate Money to Flint Water Crisis , Asks 50 Cent to Help , XXL Magazine ( January 18 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Rappers Big Sean , Meek Mill pledge aid to Flint water crisis The Flint Journal via MLive ( January 19 , 2016 ) Jump up ^ Jimmy Fallon donates $10,000 to Flint water cause , calls on others to donate The Flint Journal via MLive , January 24 , 2016 Jump up ^ Diddy , Mark Wahlberg , Eminem and Wiz Khalifa to send 1M bottles of water to Flint WEYI - TV , January 24 , 2016 Jump up ^ Bruno Mars to donate $1 million towards Flint water crisis relief The flint Journal via MLive.com , August 13 , 2017 Jump up ^ Dave Chappelle donates $50 K to Flint a year after skipping water crisis benefit The Flint Journal via MLive.com , June 8 , 2017 Jump up ^ Faygo teams with The United Way to bring Flint clean water , Faygo Beverages Facebook ( January 21 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Meijer Inc. donating $500,000 for Flint water crisis relief , WNDU ( February 4 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Dow Chemical helping with Flint water relief effort The Flint Journal via MLive , March 24 , 2016 Jump up ^ Oskar Blues sent 50,000 cans of water to Flint , Mich. , more on the way The Denver Post , January 18 , 2016 Jump up ^ See how $33.4 M in Flint water crisis grants , donations have been spent The Flint Journal via MLive.com , September 8 , 2017 Jump up ^ Associated Press , UAW members donate drinking water to Flint residents ; Americorps to begin effort ( January 9 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Support for Flint goes International as Ontario Hockey League teams pitch in , WEYI - TV ( January 21 , 2016 ) Jump up ^ Aretha Franklin donating hotel stays , food to Flint residents , CBS News ( January 27 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Little River Band tribe offers $10,000 donation to help Flint water crisis The Flint Journal via MLive ( January 19 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Lions ' Ziggy Ansah delivers 94,000 bottles of drinking water to Flint Sports Illustrated , January 22 , 2016 Jump up ^ Washington Redskins players jump in for help with Flint water crisis The Flint Journal via MLive ( January 20 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Adam Graham , Pearl Jam donates $300,000 to Flint water crisis , Detroit News ( January 22 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ GoFundMe to give $10,000 to highest earning Flint water crisis campaign The Flint Journal via MLive , January 22 , 2016 Jump up ^ Anheuser - Busch sending 51,744 cans of water to aid in Flint 's water crisis The Flint Journal via MLive , January 23 , 2016 Jump up ^ Detroit Pistons legend recalls ' bustling town ' before Flint water crisis , The Flint Journal via MLive ( February 5 , 2015 ) . Jump up ^ Matthew Dolan , Walmart , others promise Flint up to 6.5 M water bottles , Detroit Free Press ( January 26 , 2016 ) Jump up ^ Lindsey Bever , Amid Flint crisis , Walmart , Coca - Cola , Nestlé and PepsiCo to donate millions of water bottles , Washington Post ( January 26 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Madonna donates $10,000 to help with Flint water emergency WJRT - TV , January 26 , 2016 Jump up ^ Recording artist , Detroit native Kem donates to Flint water emergency WJRT - TV , January 26 , 2016 Jump up ^ UPDATE : The Game Pledges To Donate $1,000,000 To Flint , Michigan Amid Current Water Crisis ; Rapper Shares Photo Of Bank Wire The Urban Daily , January 26 , 2016 Jump up ^ Memphis , FedEx Team Up To Donate Water To Flint WWJ , January 26 , 2016 Jump up ^ Financial institutions offer $600,000 to Flint water crisis relief efforts The Flint Journal via MLive , February 16 , 2016 Jump up ^ Craigslist founder launches Flint water match campaign The Detroit News , January 25 , 2016 Jump up ^ MSMS donates $10,000 to help children affected by Flint water crisis The Flint Journal via MLive , February 6 , 2016 Jump up ^ Indiana sheriff 's office delivers semi-truck load of water to Flint The Flint Journal via MLive , February 15 , 2016 Jump up ^ Indiana truck club delivers 80 tons of bottled water to Flint WJRT - TV , February 15 , 2016 Jump up ^ Flint native , Dallas Cowboys star announces donations for Flint water emergency WJRT - TV , February 15 , 2016 Jump up ^ Law enforcement organization donating water to Flint police in water crisis The Flint Journal via MLive , March 3 , 2016 Jump up ^ Dubuque to Send Almost 300 , 000 Water Bottles to Flint , MI KCRG , February 26 , 2016 Jump up ^ Group from Ohio State University delivers water to Flint WJRT - TV , March 16 , 2016 Jump up ^ Amtrak makes special water delivery donation to Flint WJRT - TV , March 21 , 2016 Jump up ^ Consumers Energy employees volunteer amid Flint water crisis WNEM - TV , March 22 , 2016 Jump up ^ Michigan Masonic Charitable Foundation donates $100,000 to Community Foundation of Greater Flint WJRT - TV , March 22 , 2016 Jump up ^ Dearborn woman trades Twitter handle for donation in Flint water crisis The Flint Journal via MLive , March 30 , 2016 Jump up ^ Details of $25 million program to help businesses impacted by Flint water crisis The Flint Journal via MLive , March 30 , 2016 Jump up ^ Inmates give back to those in Flint WPBN / WTOM , March 23 , 2016 Jump up ^ $2 M grant from Kresge to help fight the effects of lead in Flint children The Flint Journal via MLive.com , December 2 , 2016 Jump up ^ 70,000 pounds of water donated to Flint from Knoxville , Tennessee WJRT - TV , March 22 , 2016 ^ Jump up to : Michigan groups help Flint with water Detroit Free Press , January 10 , 2016 Jump up ^ Muslims Respond to Flint water crisis Muslims for American Progress Jump up ^ ISPU Case Study : Muslims Give to Flint Muslims for American Progress ) May 5 , 2016 Jump up ^ Flint water crisis no laughing matter for comedian George Lopez The Flint Journal via MLive , February 17 , 2016 Jump up ^ Winter festival raises $50,000 for Flint water crisis Associated Press / WJRT - TV , February 18 , 2016 Jump up ^ Massie , Victoria M. ( February 28 , 2016 ) . `` Ava DuVernay and Ryan Coogler are hosting # JusticeForFlint benefit concert . Here 's why it matters '' . Vox . Retrieved February 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Acosta , Roberto ( March 1 , 2016 ) . `` Justice for Flint benefit show raises $156,000 for water crisis relief Justice for Flint benefit show raises $156,000 for water crisis relief '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved March 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Multi-city telethon raises over $1 M for families affected by Flint 's water crisis WEYI - TV , March 15 , 2016 Jump up ^ Flint water crisis telethon raises $1.1 M with match from Pistons owner The Flint Journal via MLive , March 17 , 2016 Jump up ^ Benefit concert to help children affected by Flint water crisis The Flint Journal via MLive , April 1 , 2016 Jump up ^ Snoop Dogg , Morris Peterson Jr. , bringing ' Hoop 4 Water ' to Flint WJRT - TV , May 21 , 2016 Jump up ^ Acosta , Roberto ( April 16 , 2017 ) . `` Snoop Dogg returning to Flint for celebrity basketball fundraiser '' . www.mlive.com . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thomas Hearns , Dirrell brothers , Jackie Kallen join Fight for Flint The Flint Journal via MLive.com , October 2 , 2016 Jump up ^ Fashion For Flint show raises money for bottled water purchase The Flint Journal via MLive.com , January 30 , 2017 Jump up ^ Saraiya , Sonia ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` TV Review : Lifetime 's ' Flint ' Starring Queen Latifah '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Oscar - winning director working on Flint water crisis documentary , report says The Flint Journal via MLive.com , February 5 , 2017 Jump up ^ Here 's to Flint 2016 American Civil Liberties Union of Michigan Official YouTube Channel , March 8 , 2016 Jump up ^ Murky Waters of Flint . How a whole city was poisoned RT Documentary Official YouTube Channel , June 8 , 2016 Jump up ^ Local 4 special ' Failure In Flint ' WDIV - TV , March 8 , 2017 Jump up ^ NOVA probes chemistry and engineering behind Flint water crisis May 31 The Flint Journal via MLive.com , May 22 , 2017 Jump up ^ PBS shows special screening of NOVA 's `` Poisoned Water '' WJRT - TV , May 23 , 2017 Jump up ^ Holpuch , Amanda ( March 3 , 2018 ) . `` Flint Town : Netflix docu - series shines light on the harsh reality of US policing '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Flint water crisis book focuses on government failures , those who fought back The Flint Journal via MLive.com , June 21 , 2016 Jump up ^ Wilson , Kristian ( May 20 , 2016 ) . `` Who Is Mona Hanna - Attisha ? The Flint Activist Just Signed A Book Deal '' . Bustle . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dr. Mona tells CBS ' Sunday Morning ' she still does n't drink Flint tap water The Flint Journal via MLive.com , June 18 , 2018 Jump up ^ Hanna - Attisha , Mona ( June 19 , 2018 ) . What the Eyes Do n't See : A Story of Crisis , Resistance , and Hope in an American City . S.l. : One World . ISBN 9780399590832 . Jump up ^ Funes , Yessenia ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` A Film On the Flint Doctor Who Exposed the Water Crisis '' . ColorLines . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Acosta , Roberto ( January 28 , 2016 ) . `` Rapper Jon Connor releases ' Fresh Water For Flint ' in XXL Magazine article '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved January 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ KUTA , SARAH ( Feb 11 , 2017 ) . `` Composer pens song to highlight Flint water crisis '' . www.trib.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ' Flint ' play by Jeff Daniels about water crisis to premiere in 2018 The Flint Journal via MLive.com , October 9 , 2017 Further reading ( edit ) Clark , Anna ( 2018 ) . The Poisoned City : Flint 's Water and the American Urban Tragedy . New York : Metropolitan Books ( Henry Holt and Company ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 250 - 12514 - 9 . Venkataraman , Bhawani ( 2018 ) . `` The Paradox of Water and the Flint Crisis '' . Environment . No . January / February . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) External media Audio `` Figuring Flint Out '' , On the Media , January 22 , 2016 Political decisions , racism , ineptitude : Digging into the origins of the Flint water crisis Stateside , April 25 , 2017 ( Michigan Radio ) Video Water crisis in Flint , Michigan , draws federal investigation , CNN , Greg Botelho , Sarah Jorgensen and Joseph Netto , January 9 , 2016 How Flint , Michigan , Saved Money and Poisoned Its Children : City Declares Water Emergency , Democracy Now , December 17 , 2015 Flint Water Crisis : Who Is To Blame ? The Young Turks , January 27 , 2016 The House Oversight and Governmental Reform Committee 's first hearing on the contaminated drinking water in Flint , MI ( February 3 , 2016 ) Full video from C - SPAN The House Oversight and Governmental Reform Committee 's second hearing on the contaminated drinking water in Flint , MI ( March 15 , 2016 ) Full video from C - SPAN The House Oversight and Governmental Reform Committee 's third hearing on the contaminated drinking water in Flint , MI ( March 17 , 2016 ) Full video from C - SPAN Taking Action on Flint Water -- official Michigan Department of Environmental Quality website on the crisis EPA documents related to Flint drinking water -- from the official EPA website Flintwaterstudy.org -- official website of Dr. Marc Edwards ' Virginia Tech Research Team , which investigated the lead contamination Articles on the Flint water crisis from MLive Articles on the Flint water crisis from Detroit Free Press Five Things -- Flint Water Crisis Lawsuits ( CNN ) `` But A Flint Holds Fire '' by Andrea Ramsey performed by The Michigan State University Children 's Choir at the MSU Community Music School Fall 2016 choir concert Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flint_water_crisis&oldid=857132690 '' Categories : 2014 disasters in the United States 2014 health disasters 2014 in Michigan 2014 in the environment 2015 disasters in the United States 2015 health disasters 2015 in Michigan 2015 in the environment 2016 disasters in the United States 2016 health disasters 2016 in Michigan 2016 in the environment 2017 disasters in the United States 2017 health disasters 2017 in Michigan 2017 in the environment April 2014 events in the United States Cover - ups Economy of Flint , Michigan Environment of Michigan Environmental disasters in the United States Flint , Michigan Health disasters in the United States Health in Michigan Lead poisoning incidents Water supply and sanitation in the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2016 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles that may be too long from May 2018 Use mdy dates from June 2018 Coordinates not on Wikidata Articles needing cleanup from June 2018 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from June 2018 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from June 2018 Articles with sections that need to be turned into prose from June 2018 Articles needing cleanup from May 2018 Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from May 2018 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from May 2018 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from May 2018 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from December 2016 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Polski Simple English Türkçe 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 19 : 34 ( UTC ) . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint%20water%20crisis
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who plays the seal man in american horror story
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Mat Fraser
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mat fraser
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Mat Fraser is an English rock musician , actor , writer and performance artist . He has thalidomide - induced Phocomelia . In 2017 , he was cast to play Shakespeare 's Richard III at the Hull Truck Theatre as part of Hull City of Culture 2017 .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Musical career 2 Acting career 3 Television presenting 4 Radio 5 CDs 6 Freak shows 7 `` Cabinet of Curiosities '' 8 Personal life 9 References 10 External links Musical career ( edit ) Between 1980 and 1995 Fraser was a drummer with several rock bands including `` Fear of Sex , '' `` The Reasonable Strollers , '' `` Joyride , '' `` The Grateful Dub , '' and `` Living in Texas , '' who had a number one single in Italy . Fraser played the drums with Graeae Theatre Company 's `` Reasons to be Cheerful '' at the 2012 Paralympics opening ceremony , where he also hosted the pre-televised section , and with Coldplay during the closing ceremony . Acting career ( edit ) Fraser left drumming to join Graeae Theatre Company , Europe 's leading disabled theatre company after their production of Ubu inspired him to change careers . He worked in forum theatre for Graeae for several months , then landed the part of Dr Prentice in Joe Orton 's What the Butler Saw . He is now a patron of Graeae . Subsequent theatre roles in the ' 90s included the Group K production of Marisol and the title role in Johnny Sol at the Croydon Warehouse . He wrote 2005 's Thalidomide ! ! A Musical , in which he and Anna Winslet played all the roles . His first major television role was in the three - part World War II drama series Unknown Soldier ( ITV , 1998 ) . In 2009 he appeared in Channel Four 's Cast Offs , a six - part comedy - drama series satirising reality television . Fraser has been associated with the use of term `` spacking up '' to describe when a non-disabled actor plays the part of a disabled person rather than the part going to a disabled actor , as a play on `` blacking up '' , used to describe the controversial practice where non-black actors take on the characters of black people . The term was actually coined by one of the show 's writers , in the line `` spacking up is the new blacking up ' ' . Fraser has appeared on television in a number of other productions including Metrosexuality and Every Time You Look at Me . His film Kung Fu Flid was released in 2009 , starring Faye Tozer ( formerly of pop group Steps ) , Frank Harper and Terry Stone . Fraser appeared in the RTÉ One soap opera Fair City in June 2011 , playing Esther 's son David . In 2012 he appeared in Kaite O'Reilly 's stage play `` In Water I 'm Weightless '' as part of the Cultural Olympiad . Fraser was one of the regular cast members in the fourth season of the US TV series American Horror Story : Freak Show . In May 2017 , Fraser was cast as Shakespeare 's King Richard III , ' a disabled guy gets cast as a disabled guy ' , a role he discussed with Emma Tracey , presenter for BBC Radio 's service for disabled people , Ouch . Television presenting ( edit ) Fraser was one of the original co-hosts of the BBC 's Ouch ! Podcast . He presented the short - lived Channel Four series `` Freak Out '' He presented the 2004 Channel Four documentary `` Happy Birthday Thalidomide '' , documenting how the drug was being used in Brazil to treat leprosy , but that its use in a country with low levels of literacy and a black market in drugs was leading to new thalidomide births . Radio ( edit ) Fraser played the lead character , Sparky , in BBC Radio Four 's Saturday Playhouse production , `` Inmates '' ( 1997 ) , by Allan Sutherland and Stuart Morris . He was a regular performer on the BBC Radio Four sketch show `` Yes Sir , I Can Boogie '' . CDs ( edit ) Fraser has released two rap albums : `` Survival of the Shittest '' `` Genetically Modified ... Just For You '' ( 2000 ) Freak shows ( edit ) Fraser has shown a continuing interest in freak shows . His 2001 play ' Sealboy : Freak ' draws on the life history of Stanislaus Berent , a sideshow performer with naturally occurring phocomelia who worked under the stage name Sealo . Fraser 's 2002 television documentary `` Born Freak '' looked at this historical tradition and its relevance to modern disabled performers . This work has become the subject of academic analysis in the field of disability studies . As part of the documentary , Fraser performed in a Coney Island freak show . He was invited to return to work there professionally and has since worked several summer seasons there . Fraser 's 2011 show , `` From Freak to Clique '' , charted the history of portrayals of disability , including freak show performers . `` Cabinet of Curiosities '' ( edit ) Fraser was commissioned by the Research Centre for Museums and Galleries at the University of Leicester to create a new artistic work , shaped out of a collaborative engagement with museum collections , research and expertise in medical history , museums and disability . The resulting performance , `` Cabinet of Curiosities : How disability was kept in a box '' was performed at the Thackray Medical Museum , Leeds , the Silk Mill Museum , Derby and Manchester Museum . It won the Observer Ethical Awards , Arts and Culture 2014 . The Guardian 's Lyn Gardner stated that , `` by making a spectacle of himself , Fraser is not only raising the spectre of the Victorian freak show but also subverting it by questioning what is exhibited and what is n't , and making us confront what we are shown and what we are not shown , both in art and in life '' . Personal life ( edit ) Fraser married Julie Atlas Muz , a burlesque star , in May 2012 in New York City . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Mat Fraser : Kicking disability into touch '' . Daily Express . 10 May 2009 . Retrieved 18 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Georgia Snow : Mat Fraser to lead cast of Richard III '' . The Stage. 14 March 2017 . Retrieved 30 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pinchbottom '' . ^ Jump up to : Flippers and strippers -- Mat Fraser and Julie Atlas Muz Time Out London , 31 August 2012 ^ Jump up to : From Paraphilia to Paralympics with Mat Fraser This is Cabaret , 8 September 2012 Jump up ^ Disabled drummer gets biggest gig of his life as he joins Coldplay at Games finale London Evening Standard , 10 September 2012 Jump up ^ As it happened : Paralympic closing ceremony BBC Sport , 9 September 2012 Jump up ^ Vernon , Sarah ( 2004 ) . `` Rogues and Vagabonds '' . Jump up ^ `` The Guardian '' . 3 March 1999 . Jump up ^ `` Graeae '' . graeae.org . Jump up ^ `` B.F.I. '' . Jump up ^ `` B.F.I. Screenonline '' . Jump up ^ Craig , Olga ( 21 Nov 2009 ) . `` The Telegraph '' . Jump up ^ I 'm a bit surprised to be referred to as `` you people '' ... Is n't that kind of condescending ? EoinButler.com ( Irish Times ) , 6 March 2010 Jump up ^ `` IMDb '' . IMDb.com . Internet Movie Database . Jump up ^ `` Every Time You Look At Me - a contemporary love story for BBC TWO '' . BBC.co.uk ( Press release ) . BBC . 19 March 2004 . Jump up ^ Schillinger , Liesl ( 30 January 2005 ) . `` Arms and the Man : The Star of ' The Flid Show ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 21 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Kung Fu Flid at IMDb Jump up ^ Man on a mission Irish Times , 7 June 2011 ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` David Osbourne played by Mat Fraser '' . Fair City . Raidió Teilifís Éireann . Archived from the original on 31 August 2011 . Jump up ^ O'Reilly , Kaite ( March 12 , 2013 ) . `` 20 Questions : Mat Fraser '' . Jump up ^ Oswell , Paul ( 26 December 2014 ) . `` The Guardian '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Richard III : A disabled guy gets cast as a disbled guy '' . BBC . 28 April 2017 . Retrieved 30 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Ouch ! It 's a disability thing BBC ^ Jump up to : `` Abnormally Funny People '' . Jump up ^ Fraser , Mat ( 30 March 2004 ) . `` The Guardian '' . Jump up ^ `` BBC '' . Jump up ^ `` Discogs : Survival Of The Shittest '' . Discogs . Retrieved 17 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Discogs : Genetically - Modified Just - For - You '' . Discogs . Retrieved 17 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` B.F.I. Screenonline '' . Jump up ^ Mitchell , David ; Snyder , Sharon ( Summer 2005 ) . `` Disability Studies Quarterly '' . Volume 25 , No. 3 . Jump up ^ `` Theatermania '' . Jump up ^ `` University of Leicester '' . Jump up ^ Gardner , Lyn ( Wednesday 22 January 2014 ) . `` The Guardian '' . Check date values in : date = ( help ) External links ( edit ) Official website Mat Fraser on IMDb VIAF : 315533808 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mat_Fraser&oldid=799617815 '' Categories : British hapkido practitioners English male karateka English practitioners of Brazilian jiu - jitsu Burlesque performers English male comedians English drummers Male drummers English people with disabilities English male taekwondo practitioners People with phocomelia English male television actors English male film actors Actors with disabilities 1962 births Living people Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 errors : dates EngvarB from August 2014 Use dmy dates from August 2014 Articles with hCards No local image but image on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 8 September 2017 , at 20 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mat%20Fraser
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when was the great wall of china attacked
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History of the Great Wall of China
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history of the great wall of china
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The history of the Great Wall of China began when fortifications built by various states during the Spring and Autumn ( 771 -- 476 BC ) and Warring States periods ( 475 -- 221 BC ) were connected by the first emperor of China , Qin Shi Huang , to protect his newly founded Qin dynasty ( 221 -- 206 BC ) against incursions by nomads from Inner Asia . The walls were built of rammed earth , constructed using forced labour , and by 212 BC ran from Gansu to the coast of southern Manchuria .
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Later dynasties adopted different policies towards northern frontier defense . The Han ( 202 BC -- 220 AD ) , the Northern Qi ( 550 -- 574 ) , the Sui ( 589 -- 618 ) , and particularly the Ming ( 1369 -- 1644 ) were among those that rebuilt , re-manned , and expanded the Walls , although they rarely followed Qin 's routes . The Han extended the fortifications furthest to the west , the Qi built about 1,600 kilometres ( 990 mi ) of new walls , while the Sui mobilised over a million men in their wall - building efforts . Conversely , the Tang ( 618 -- 907 ) , the Song ( 960 -- 1279 ) , the Yuan ( 1271 -- 1368 ) , and the Qing ( 1644 -- 1911 ) mostly did not build frontier walls , instead opting for other solutions to the Inner Asian threat like military campaigning and diplomacy . Although a useful deterrent against raids , at several points throughout its history the Great Wall failed to stop enemies , including in 1644 when the Manchu Qing marched through the gates of Shanhai Pass and replaced the most ardent of the wall - building dynasties , the Ming , as rulers of China . The Great Wall of China visible today largely dates from the Ming dynasty , as they rebuilt much of the wall in stone and brick , often extending its line through challenging terrain . Some sections remain in relatively good condition or have been renovated , while others have been damaged or destroyed for ideological reasons , deconstructed for their building materials , or lost due to the ravages of time . For long an object of fascination for foreigners , the wall is now a revered national symbol and a popular tourist destination . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geographical considerations 2 Pre-Imperial China ( 7th century -- 221 BC ) 3 Qin dynasty ( 221 -- 206 BC ) 4 Han dynasty ( 206 BC -- 220 AD ) 5 Period of Disunity to the Sui dynasty ( 220 -- 618 ) 6 Tang dynasty ( 618 -- 907 ) 7 Song and the conquest dynasties ( 907 -- 1368 ) 7.1 The northern walls of the Khitan , Jurchens , and Tanguts 7.2 The old Great Walls as Song boundary lines 7.3 The onset of the Mongols 8 Ming dynasty ( 1368 -- 1644 ) 8.1 The early walls 8.2 The Walls of Xuanfu -- Datong and the western reaches 8.3 From Beijing to Shanhai Pass 9 Qing dynasty ( 1644 -- 1911 ) 9.1 Western appreciation of the Wall 10 Modern China ( 1911 -- present ) 11 Historiography 12 See also 13 References 14 Bibliography Geographical considerations ( edit ) Topographical map of China 's northern frontier area , with modern political boundaries . Manchuria , unmarked , is to the east of Inner Mongolia . The conflict between the Chinese and the nomads , from which the need for the Great Wall arose , stemmed from differences in geography . The 15 '' isohyet marks the extent of settled agriculture , dividing the fertile fields of China to the south and the semi-arid grasslands of Inner Asia to the north . The climates and the topography of the two regions led to distinct modes of societal development . According to the model by sinologist Karl August Wittfogel , the loess soils of Shaanxi made it possible for the Chinese to develop irrigated agriculture early on . Although this allowed them to expand into the lower reaches of the Yellow River valley , such extensive waterworks on an ever - increasing scale required collective labour , something that could only be managed by some form of bureaucracy . Thus the scholar - bureaucrats came to the fore to keep track of the income and expenses of the granaries . Walled cities grew up around the granaries for reasons of defence along with ease of administration ; they kept invaders out and ensured that citizens remained within . These cities combined to become feudal states , which eventually united to become an empire . Likewise , according to this model , walls not only enveloped cities as time went by , but also lined the borders of the feudal states and eventually the whole Chinese empire to provide protection against raids from the agrarian northern steppes . The steppe societies of Inner Asia , whose climate favoured a pastoral economy , stood in stark contrast to the Chinese mode of development . As animal herds are migratory by nature , communities could not afford to be stationary and therefore evolved as nomads . According to the influential Mongolist Owen Lattimore this lifestyle proved to be incompatible with the Chinese economic model . As the steppe population grew , pastoral agriculture alone could not support the population , and tribal alliances needed to be maintained by material rewards . For these needs , the nomads had to turn to the settled societies to get grains , metal tools , and luxury goods , which they could not produce by themselves . If denied trade by the settled peoples , the nomads would resort to raiding or even conquest . Potential nomadic incursion from three main areas of Inner Asia caused concern to northern China : Mongolia to the north , Manchuria to the northeast , and Xinjiang to the northwest . Of the three , China 's chief concern since the earliest times had been Mongolia -- the home of many of the country 's fiercest enemies including the Xiongnu , the Xianbei , the Khitans , and the Mongols . The Gobi Desert , which accounts for two - thirds of Mongolia 's area , divided the main northern and southern grazing lands and pushed the pastoral nomads to the fringes of the steppe . On the southern side ( Inner Mongolia ) , this pressure brought the nomads into contact with China . For the most part , barring intermittent passes and valleys ( the major one being the corridor through Zhangjiakou and the Juyong Pass ) , the North China Plain remained shielded from the Mongolian steppe by the Yin Mountains . However , if this defence were breached , China 's flat terrain offered no protection to the cities on the plain , including the imperial capitals of Beijing , Kaifeng , and Luoyang . Heading west along the Yin Mountains , the range ends where the Yellow River circles northwards upstream in the area known as the Ordos Loop -- technically part of the steppe , but capable of irrigated agriculture . Although the Yellow River formed a theoretical natural boundary with the north , such a border so far into the steppe was difficult to maintain . The lands south of the Yellow River -- the Hetao , the Ordos Desert , and the Loess Plateau -- provided no natural barriers on the approach to the Wei River valley , the oft - called cradle of Chinese civilization where the ancient capital Xi'an lay . As such , control of the Ordos remained extremely important for the rulers of China : not only for potential influence over the steppe , but also for the security of China proper . The region 's strategic importance combined with its untenability led many dynasties to place their first walls here . Although Manchuria is home to the agricultural lands of the Liao River valley , its location beyond the northern mountains relegated it to the relative periphery of Chinese concern . When Chinese state control became weak , at various points in history Manchuria fell under the control of the forest peoples of the area , including the Jurchens and the Manchus . The most crucial route that links Manchuria and the North China Plain is a narrow coastal strip of land , wedged between the Bohai Sea and the Yan Mountains , called the Shanhai Pass ( literally the `` mountain and sea pass '' ) . The pass gained much importance during the later dynasties , when the capital was set in Beijing , a mere 300 kilometres ( 190 miles ) away . In addition to the Shanhai Pass , a handful of mountain passes also provide access from Manchuria into China through the Yan Mountains , chief among them the Gubeikou and Xifengkou ( Chinese : 喜 峰 口 ) . Xinjiang , considered part of the Turkestan region , consists of an amalgamation of deserts , oases , and dry steppe barely suitable for agriculture . When influence from the steppe powers of Mongolia waned , the various Central Asian oasis kingdoms and nomadic clans like the Göktürks and Uyghurs were able to form their own states and confederations that threatened China at times . China proper is connected to this area by the Hexi Corridor , a narrow string of oases bounded by the Gobi Desert to the north and the high Tibetan Plateau to the south . In addition to considerations of frontier defence , the Hexi Corridor also formed an important part of the Silk Road trade route . Thus it was also in China 's economic interest to control this stretch of land , and hence the Great Wall 's western terminus is in this corridor -- the Yumen Pass during Han times and the Jiayu Pass during the Ming dynasty and thereafter . Pre-Imperial China ( 7th century -- 221 BC ) ( edit ) Remnants of the Great Wall of Qi on Dafeng Mountain , Changqing District , Jinan , which was once part of the ancient State of Qi during the Warring States Period . One of the first mentions of a wall built against northern invaders is found in a poem , dated from the seventh century BC , recorded in the Classic of Poetry . The poem tells of a king , now identified as King Xuan ( r . 827 -- 782 BC ) of the Western Zhou dynasty ( 1046 -- 771 BC ) , who commanded General Nan Zhong ( 南仲 ) to build a wall in the northern regions to fend off the Xianyun . The Xianyun , whose base of power was in the Ordos region , were regarded as part of the charioteering Rong tribes , and their attacks aimed at the early Zhou capital region of Haojing were probably the reason for King Xuan 's response . Nan Zhong 's campaign was recorded as a great victory . However , only a few years later in 771 BC another branch of the Rong people , the Quanrong , responded to a summons by the renegade Marquess of Shen by over-running the Zhou defences and laying waste to the capital . The cataclysmic event killed King Xuan 's successor King You ( 795 -- 771 BC ) , forced the court to move the capital east to Chengzhou ( 成 周 , later known as Luoyang ) a year later , and thus ushered in the Eastern Zhou dynasty ( 770 -- 256 BC ) . Most importantly , the fall of Western Zhou redistributed power to the states that had acknowledged Zhou 's nominal rulership . The rule of the Eastern Zhou dynasty was marked by bloody interstate anarchy . With smaller states being annexed and larger states waging constant war upon one another , many rulers came to feel the need to erect walls to protect their borders . Of the earliest textual reference to such a wall was the State of Chu 's wall of 656 BC , 1,400 metres ( 4,600 feet ) of which were excavated in southern Henan province in the modern era . The State of Qi also had fortified borders up by the 7th century BC , and the extant portions in Shandong province had been christened the Great Wall of Qi . The State of Wei built two walls , the western one completed in 361 BC and the eastern in 356 BC , with the extant western wall found in Hancheng , Shaanxi . Even non-Chinese peoples built walls , such as the Di state of Zhongshan and the Yiqu Rong ( 義 渠 ) , whose walls were intended to defend against the State of Qin . Of these walls , those of the northern states Yan , Zhao , and Qin were connected by Qin Shi Huang when he united the Chinese states in 221 BC . Map of the Warring States and their frontier walls The State of Yan , the easternmost of the three northern states , began to erect walls after the general Qin Kai drove the Donghu people back `` a thousand li '' during the reign of King Zhao ( 燕 昭王 ; r . 311 -- 279 BC ) . The Yan wall stretched from the Liaodong peninsula , through Chifeng , and into northern Hebei , possibly bringing its western terminus near the Zhao walls . Another Yan wall was erected to the south to defend against the Zhao ; it was southwest of present - day Beijing and ran parallel to the Juma River for several dozen miles . The Zhao walls to the north were built under King Wuling of Zhao ( r . 325 -- 299 BC ) , whose groundbreaking introduction of nomadic cavalry into his army reshaped Chinese warfare and gave Zhao an initial advantage over his opponents . He attacked the Xiongnu tribes of Linhu ( 林 胡 ) and Loufan ( 樓 煩 ) to the north , then waged war on the state of Zhongshan until it was annexed in 296 BC . In the process , he constructed the northernmost fortified frontier deep in nomadic territory . The Zhao walls were dated in the 1960s to be from King Wuling 's reign : a southern long wall in northern Henan encompassing the Yanmen Pass ; a second line of barricades encircling the Ordos Loop , extending from Zhangjiakou in the east to the ancient fortress of Gaoque ( 高 闕 ) in the Urad Front Banner ; and a third , northernmost line along the southern slopes of the Yin Mountains , extending from Qinghe in the east , passing north of Hohhot , and into Baotou . Qin was originally a state on the western fringe of the Chinese political sphere , but it grew into a formidable power in the later parts of the Warring States period when it aggressively expanded in all directions . In the north , the state of Wei and the Yiqu built walls to protect themselves from Qin aggression , but were still unable to stop Qin from eating into their territories . The Qin reformist Shang Yang forced the Wei out of their walled area west of the Yellow River in 340 BC , and King Huiwen of Qin ( r . 338 -- 311 BC ) took 25 Yiqu forts in a northern offensive . When King Huiwen died , his widow the Queen Dowager Xuan acted as regent because the succeeding sons were deemed too young to govern . During the reign of King Zhaoxiang ( r . 306 -- 251 BC ) , the queen dowager apparently entered illicit relations with the Yiqu king and gave birth to two of his sons , but later tricked and killed the Yiqu king . Following that coup , the Qin army marched into Yiqu territory at the queen dowager 's orders ; the Qin annihilated the Yiqu remnants and thus came to possess the Ordos region . At this point the Qin built a wall around their new territories to defend against the true nomads even further north , incorporating the Wei walls . As a result , an estimated total of 1,775 kilometres ( 1,103 mi ) of Qin walls ( including spurts ) extended from southern Gansu to the bank of the Yellow River in the Jungar Banner , close to the border with Zhao at the time . The walls , known as Changcheng ( 長城 ) -- literally `` long walls '' , but often translated as `` Great Wall '' -- were mostly constructed of tamped earth , with some parts built with stones . Where natural barriers like ravines and rivers sufficed for defence , the walls were erected sparingly , but long fortified lines were laid where such advantageous terrains did not exist . Often in addition to the wall , the defensive system included garrisons and beacon towers inside the wall , and watchtowers outside at regular intervals . In terms of defence , the walls were generally effective at countering cavalry shock tactics , but there are doubts as to whether these early walls were actually defensive in nature . Nicola Di Cosmo points out that the northern frontier walls were built far to the north and included traditionally nomadic lands , and so rather than being defensive , the walls indicate the northward expansions of the three northern states and their desire to safeguard their recent territorial acquisitions . This theory is supported by the archeological discovery of nomadic artifacts within the walls , suggesting the presence of pre-existing or conquered barbarian societies . It is entirely possible , as Western scholars like di Cosmo and Lattimore suggest , that nomadic aggression against the Chinese in the coming centuries was partly caused by Chinese expansionism during this period . Qin dynasty ( 221 -- 206 BC ) ( edit ) Qin dynasty frontier walls In 221 BC , the state of Qin completed its conquest over the other Warring States and united China under Qin Shi Huang , the first emperor of China . These conquests , combined with the Legalist reforms started by Shang Yang in the 4th century BC , transformed China from a loose confederation of feudal states to an authoritarian empire . With the transformation , Qin became able to command a far greater assembly of labourers to be used in public works than the prior feudal kingdoms . Also , once unification was achieved , Qin found itself in possession of a large professional army with no more internal enemies to fight and thus had to find a new use for them . Soon after the conquests , in the year 215 BC , the emperor sent the famed general Meng Tian to the Ordos region to drive out the Xiongnu nomads settled there , who had risen from beyond the fallen marginal states along the northern frontier . Qin 's campaign against the Xiongnu was preemptive in nature , since there was no pressing nomadic menace to be faced at the time ; its aim was to annexe the ambiguous territories of the Ordos and to clearly define the Qin 's northern borders . Once the Xiongnu were chased away , Meng Tian introduced 30,000 settler families to colonize the newly conquered territories . Wall configurations were changed to reflect the new borders under the Qin . General Meng Tian erected walls beyond the northern loop of the Yellow River , effectively linking the border walls of Qin , Zhao , and Yan . Concurrent to the building of the frontier wall was the destruction of the walls within China that used to divide one warring state from another -- contrary to the outer walls , which were built to stabilize the newly united China , the inner walls threatened the unity of the empire . In the following year , 214 BC , Qin Shi Huang ordered new fortifications to be built along the Yellow River to the west of the Ordos while work continued in the north . This work was completed probably by 212 BC , signalled by Qin Shi Huang 's imperial tour of inspection and the construction of the Direct Road ( 直道 ) connecting the capital Xianyang with the Ordos . The result was a series of long walls running from Gansu to the seacoast in Manchuria . Details of the construction were not found in the official histories , but it could be inferred that the construction conditions were made especially difficult by the long stretches of mountains and semi-desert that the Great Wall traversed , the sparse populations of these areas , and the frigid winter climate . Although the walls were rammed earth , so the bulk of the building material could be found in situ , transportation of additional supplies and labour remained difficult for the reasons named above . The sinologist Derk Bodde posits in The Cambridge History of China that `` for every man whom Meng Tian could put to work at the scene of actual construction , dozens must have been needed to build approaching roads and to transport supplies . '' This is supported by the Han dynasty statesman Zhufu Yan 's description of Qin Shi Huang 's Ordos project in 128 BC : ... the land was brackish and arid , crops could not be grown on them ... At the time , the young men being drafted were forced to haul boats and barges loaded with baggage trains upstream to sustain a steady supply of food and fodder to the front ... Commencing at the departure point a man and his animal could carry thirty zhong ( about 176 kilograms ( 388 lb ) ) of food supply , by the time they arrived at the destination , they merely delivered one dan ( about 29 kilograms ( 64 lb ) ) of supply ... When the populace had become tired and weary they started to dissipate and abscond . The orphans , the frail , the widowed and the seniors were desperately trying to escape from their appallingly derelict state and died on the wayside as they wandered away from their home . People started to revolt . The settlement of the north continued up to Qin Shi Huang 's death in 210 BC , upon which Meng Tian was ordered to commit suicide in a succession conspiracy . Before killing himself , Meng Tian expressed regret for his walls : `` Beginning at Lintao and reaching to Liaodong , I built walls and dug moats for more than ten thousand li ; was it not inevitable that I broke the earth 's veins along the way ? This then was my offense . '' Meng Tian 's settlements in the north were abandoned , and the Xiongnu nomads moved back into the Ordos Loop as the Qin empire became consumed by widespread rebellion due to public discontent . Owen Lattimore concluded that the whole project relied upon military power to enforce agriculture on a land more suited for herding , resulting in `` the anti-historical paradox of attempting two mutually exclusive forms of development simultaneously '' that was doomed to fail . Han dynasty ( 206 BC -- 220 AD ) ( edit ) Western Han dynasty frontier walls and the extent of its territory See also : History of the Han dynasty In 202 BC , the former peasant Liu Bang emerged victorious from the Chu -- Han Contention that followed the rebellion that toppled the Qin dynasty , and proclaimed himself Emperor of the Han dynasty , becoming known as Emperor Gaozu of Han ( r . 202 -- 195 BC ) to posterity . Unable to address the problem of the resurgent Xiongnu in the Ordos region through military means , Emperor Gaozu was forced to appease the Xiongnu . In exchange for peace , the Han offered tributes along with princesses to marry off to the Xiongnu chiefs . These diplomatic marriages would become known as heqin , and the terms specified that the Great Wall ( determined to be either the Warring States period Qin state wall or a short stretch of wall south of Yanmen Pass ) was to serve as the line across which neither party would venture . In 162 BC , Gaozu 's son Emperor Wen clarified the agreement , suggesting the Xiongnu chanyu held authority north of the Wall and the Han emperor held authority south of it . Sima Qian , the author of the Records of the Grand Historian , describes the result of this agreement as one of peace and friendship : `` from the chanyu downwards , all the Xiongnu grew friendly with the Han , coming and going along the Long Wall '' . However , Chinese records show that the Xiongnu often did not respect the agreement , as the Xiongnu cavalry numbering up to 100,000 made several intrusions into Han territory despite the intermarriage . To Chinese minds , the heqin policy was humiliating and ran contrary to the Sinocentric world order like `` a person hanging upside down '' , as the statesman Jia Yi ( d . 169 BC ) puts it . These sentiments manifested themselves in the Han court in the form of the pro-war faction , who advocated the reversal of Han 's policy of appeasement . By the reign of Emperor Wu ( r . 141 -- 87 BC ) , the Han felt comfortable enough to go to war with the Xiongnu . After a botched attempt at luring the Xiongnu army into an ambush at the Battle of Mayi in 133 BC , the era of heqin - style appeasement was broken and the Han -- Xiongnu War went into full swing . The ruins of a Han dynasty ( 202 BC -- 220 AD ) Chinese watchtower made of rammed earth , Gansu province . Part of Emperor Wu 's extension of Han 's defence lines to the western regions . Play media A video clip showing rammed earth ruins of the Han - period Great Wall at Dunhuang in Gansu province As the Han -- Xiongnu War progressed in favour of the Han , the Wall became maintained and extended beyond Qin lines . In 127 BC , General Wei Qing invaded the much - contested Ordos region as far as the Qin fortifications set up by Meng Tian . In this way , Wei Qing reconquered the irrigable lands north of the Ordos and restored the spur of defences protecting that territory from the steppe . In addition to rebuilding the walls , archeologists believe that the Han also erected thousands of kilometres of walls from Hebei to Inner Mongolia during Emperor Wu 's reign . The fortifications here include embankments , beacon stations , and forts , all constructed with a combination of tamped - earth cores and stone frontages . From the Ordos Loop , the sporadic and non-continuous Han Great Wall followed the northern edge of the Hexi Corridor through the cities of Wuwei , Zhangye , and Jiuquan , leading into the Juyan Lake Basin , and terminating in two places : the Yumen Pass in the north , or the Yang Pass to the south , both in the vicinity of Dunhuang . Yumen Pass was the most westerly of all Han Chinese fortifications -- further west than the western terminus of the Ming Great Wall at Jiayu Pass , about 460 kilometres ( 290 mi ) to the east . The garrisons of the watchtowers on the wall were supported by civilian farming and by military agricultural colonies known as tuntian . Behind this line of fortifications , the Han government was able to maintain its settlements and its communications to the Western Regions in central Asia , generally secure from attacks from the north . The campaigns against the Xiongnu and other nomadic peoples of the west exhausted the imperial treasury , and the expansionist policies were reverted in favour of peace under Emperor Wu 's successors . The peace was largely respected even when the Han throne was usurped by the minister Wang Mang in 9 AD , beginning a brief 15 - year interregnum known as the Xin dynasty ( 9 -- 23 ) . Despite high tensions between the Xin and the Xiongnu resulting in the deployment of 300,000 men on the Great Wall , no major fighting broke out beyond minor raids . Instead , popular discontent led to banditry and , ultimately , full - scale rebellion . The civil war ended with the Liu clan on the throne again , beginning the Eastern Han dynasty ( 25 -- 220 ) . The restorer Emperor Guangwu ( r . 25 -- 57 AD ) initiated several projects to consolidate his control within the frontier regions . Defense works were established to the east of the Yanmen Pass , with a line of fortifications and beacon fires stretching from Pingcheng County ( present - day Datong ) through the valley of the Sanggan River to Dai County , Shanxi . By 38 AD , as a result of raids by the Xiongnu further to the west against the Wei River valley , orders were given for a series of walls to be constructed as defences for the Fen River , the southward course of the Yellow River , and the region of the former imperial capital , Chang'an . These constructions were defensive in nature , which marked a shift from the offensive walls of the preceding Emperor Wu and the rulers of the Warring States . By the early 40s AD the northern frontiers of China had undergone drastic change : the line of the imperial frontier followed not the advanced positions conquered by Emperor Wu but the rear defences indicated roughly by the modern ( Ming dynasty ) Great Wall . The Ordos region , northern Shanxi , and the upper Luan River basin around Chengde were abandoned and left to the control of the Xiongnu . The rest of the frontier remained somewhat intact until the end of the Han dynasty , with the Dunhuang manuscripts ( discovered in 1900 ) indicating that the military establishment in the northwest was maintained for most of the Eastern Han period . Period of Disunity to the Sui dynasty ( 220 -- 618 ) ( edit ) Following the end of the Han dynasty in 220 , China disintegrated into warlord states , which in 280 were briefly reunited under the Western Jin dynasty ( 265 -- 316 ) . There are ambiguous accounts of the Jin rebuilding the Qin wall , but these walls apparently offered no resistance during the Wu Hu uprising , when the nomadic tribes of the steppe evicted the Chinese court from northern China . What followed was a succession of short - lived states in northern China known as the Sixteen Kingdoms , until they were all consolidated by the Xianbei - led Northern Wei dynasty ( 386 -- 535 ) . As Northern Wei became more economically dependent on agriculture , the Xianbei emperors made a conscious decision to adopt Chinese customs , including passive methods of frontier defence . In 423 , a defence line over 2,000 li ( 1,080 kilometres ( 670 mi ) ) long was built to resist the Rouran ; its path roughly followed the old Zhao wall from Chicheng County in Hebei Province to Wuyuan County , Inner Mongolia . In 446 , 100,000 men were put to work building an inner wall from Yanqing , passing south of the Wei capital Pingcheng , and ending up near Pingguan on the eastern bank of the Yellow River . The two walls formed the basis of the double - layered Xuanfu -- Datong wall system that protected Beijing a thousand years later during the Ming dynasty . The Northern Wei collapsed in 535 due to civil insurrection to be eventually succeeded by the Northern Qi ( 550 -- 575 ) and Northern Zhou ( 557 -- 580 ) . Faced with the threat of the Göktürks from the north , from 552 to 556 the Qi built up to 3,000 li ( about 1,600 kilometres ( 990 mi ) ) of wall from Shanxi to the sea at Shanhai Pass . Over the course of the year 555 alone , 1.8 million men were mobilized to build the Juyong Pass and extend its wall by 450 kilometres ( 280 mi ) through Datong to the eastern banks of the Yellow River . In 557 a secondary wall was built inside the main one . These walls were built quickly from local earth and stones or formed by natural barriers . Two stretches of the stone - and - earth Qi wall still stand in Shanxi today , measuring 3.3 metres ( 11 ft ) wide at their bases and 3.5 metres ( 11 ft ) high on average . In 577 the Northern Zhou conquered the Northern Qi and in 580 made repairs to the existing Qi walls . The route of the Qi and Zhou walls would be mostly followed by the later Ming wall west of Gubeikou , which includes reconstructed walls from Qi and Zhou . In more recent times , the reddish remnants of the Zhou ramparts in Hebei gave rise to the nickname `` Red Wall '' . The Sui took power from the Northern Zhou in 581 before reuniting China in 589 . Sui 's founding emperor , Emperor Wen of Sui ( r . 581 -- 604 ) , carried out considerable wall construction in 581 in Hebei and Shanxi to defend against Ishbara Qaghan of the Göktürks . The new walls proved insufficient in 582 when Ishbara Qaghan avoided them by riding west to raid Gansu and Shaanxi with 400,000 archers . Between 585 and 588 Emperor Wen sought to close this gap by putting walls up in the Ordos Mountains ( between Suide and Lingwu ) and Inner Mongolia . In 586 as many as 150,000 men are recorded as involved in the construction . Emperor Wen 's son Emperor Yang ( r . 604 -- 618 ) continued to build walls . In 607 -- 608 he sent over a million men to build a wall from Yulin to near Huhhot to protect the newly refurbished eastern capital Luoyang . Part of the Sui wall survives to this day in Inner Mongolia as earthen ramparts some 2.5 metres ( 8 ft 2 in ) high with towers rising to double that . The dynastic history of Sui estimates that 500,000 people died building the wall , adding to the number of casualties caused by Emperor Yang 's projects including the aforementioned redesign of Luoyang , the Grand Canal , and two ill - fated campaigns against Goguryeo . With the economy strained and the populace resentful , the Sui dynasty erupted in rebellion and ended with the assassination of Emperor Yang in 618 . Tang dynasty ( 618 -- 907 ) ( edit ) 塞 下 曲 ( 望 臨洮 ) Under the Wall ( Viewing Lintao ) 飲 馬渡 秋水 My horse crosses the river in autumn , 水 寒風 似 刀 The cold wind off the water cuts like a knife . 平 沙 日 未 沒 Across the desert flats , the day is not yet finished , 黯 黯 見 臨洮 I can dimly make out Lintao . 昔日 長城 戰 In olden days , battles along the Long Wall 咸 言 意氣 高 Were described with praise and awe . 黃 塵 足 今 古 But today , the past is no more than yellow dust 白骨 亂 蓬蒿 White bones jostled amongst the grass . -- Wang Changling ( 698 -- 755 ) Frontier policy under the Tang dynasty reversed the wall - building activities of most previous dynasties that had occupied northern China since the third century BC , and no extensive wall building took place for the next several hundred years . Soon after the establishment of the Tang dynasty , during the reign of Emperor Taizong ( r . 626 -- 649 ) , the threat of Göktürk tribesmen from the north prompted some court officials to suggest drafting corvée labourers to repair the aging Great Wall . Taizong scoffed at the suggestion , alluding to the Sui walls built in vain : `` The Emperor Yang of Sui made the people labor to construct the Great Wall in order to defend against the Turks , but in the end this was of no use . '' Instead of building walls , Taizong claimed he `` need merely to establish Li Shiji in Jinyang for the dust on the border to settle . '' Accordingly , Taizong sent talented generals like Li Shiji with mobile armies to the frontier , while fortifications were mostly limited to a series of walled garrisons , such as the euphemistically - named `` cities for accepting surrender '' ( 受降 城 , shòuxiáng chéng ) that were actually bases from which to launch attacks . As a result of this military strategy , the Tang grew to become one of the largest of all the Chinese empires , destroying the Göktürks of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate and acquiring territory stretching all the way to Kazakhstan . Nevertheless , records show that in the Kaiyuan era ( 713 -- 742 ) of Emperor Xuanzong 's reign , the general Zhang Yue built a wall 90 li ( 48 kilometres ( 30 mi ) ) to the north of Huairong ( 懷 戎 ; present - day Huailai County , Hebei ) , although it remains unclear whether he erected new walls or only reinforced the existing Northern Qi walls . The Great Wall , or the ruins of it , features prominently in the subset of Tang poetry known as biansai shi ( 邊塞 詩 , `` frontier verse '' ) written by scholar - officials assigned along the frontier . Emphasizing the poets ' loneliness and longing for home while hinting at the pointlessness of their posts , these frontier verses are characterized by imagery of desolate landscapes , including the ruins of the now - neglected Great Wall -- a direct product of Tang 's frontier policy . Song and the conquest dynasties ( 907 -- 1368 ) ( edit ) See also : History of the Song dynasty The northern walls of the Khitan , Jurchens , and Tanguts ( edit ) The Jurchen Jin dynasty ( orange ) shown with the walls of Liao , Xia , and Jin . After the Tang dynasty ended in 907 , the northern frontier area remained out of Han Chinese hands until the establishment of the Ming dynasty in 1368 . During this period , non-Han `` conquest dynasties '' ruled the north : the Khitan Liao dynasty ( 907 -- 1125 ) and the succeeding Jurchen Jin dynasty ( 1115 -- 1234 ) in the east and the Tangut Western Xia ( 1038 -- 1227 ) in the west , all of which had built walls against the north . In 907 , the Khitan chieftain Abaoji succeeded in getting himself appointed khaghan of all Khitan tribes in the north , laying the foundations to what would officially become the Liao dynasty . In 936 , the Khitan supported the Shanxi rebel Shi Jingtang in his revolt against the Shatuo Turkic Later Tang , which had destroyed the usurpers of the Tang in 923 . The Khitan leader , Abaoji 's second son Yelü Deguang , convinced Shi to found a new dynasty ( the Later Jin , 936 -- 946 ) , and received the crucial border region known as the Sixteen Prefectures in return . With the Sixteen Prefectures , the Khitan now possessed all the passes and fortifications that controlled access to the plains of northern China , including the main Great Wall line . Settling in the transitional area between agricultural lands and the steppe , the Khitans became semi-sedentary like their Xianbei predecessors of the Northern Wei , and started to use Chinese methods of defence . In 1026 walls were built through central Manchuria north of Nong'an County to the banks of the Songhua River . When the Jurchens , once Liao vassals , rose up to overthrow their masters and established the Jin dynasty , they continued Liao 's wall - building activities with extensive work begun before 1138 . Further wall construction took place in 1165 and 1181 under the Jin Emperor Shizhong , and later from 1192 to 1203 during the reign of his successor Emperor Zhangzong . This long period of wall - building burdened the populace and provoked controversy . Sometime between 1190 and 1196 , during Zhangzong 's reign , the high official Zhang Wangong ( 張萬公 ) and the Censorate recommended that work on the wall be indefinitely suspended due to a recent drought , noting : `` What has been begun is already being flattened by sandstorms , and bullying the people into defence works will simply exhaust them . '' However , Chancellor Wanyan Xiang ( 完 顏 襄 ) convinced the emperor of the walls ' merits based on an optimistic cost estimate -- `` Although the initial outlay for the walls will be one million strings of cash , when the work is done the frontier will be secure with only half the present number of soldiers needed to defend it , which means that every year you will save three million strings of cash ... The benefits will be everlasting '' -- and so construction continued unabated . All this work created an extensive systems of walls , which consisted of a 700 kilometres ( 430 mi ) `` outer wall '' from Heilongjiang to Mongolia and a 1,000 kilometres ( 620 mi ) network of `` inner walls '' north and northeast of Beijing . Together , they formed a roughly elliptical web of fortifications 1,400 kilometres ( 870 mi ) in length and 440 kilometres ( 270 mi ) in diameter . Some of these walls had inner moats ( from 10 to 60 metres ( 33 to 197 feet ) in width ) , beacon towers , battlements , parapets , and outward - facing semicircular platforms protruding from the wall -- features that set the Jin walls apart from their predecessors . In the west , the Tanguts took control of the Ordos region , where they established the Western Xia dynasty . Although the Xia were not traditionally known for building walls , in 2011 archeologists uncovered 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of walls at Ömnögovi Province in Mongolia in what had been Western Xia territory . Radiocarbon analysis showed that they were constructed from 1040 to 1160 . The walls were as tall as 2.75 metres ( 9 ft 0 in ) at places when they were discovered , and may have been around 2 metres ( 6 ft 7 in ) taller originally . They were built with mud and saxaul ( a desert shrub ) in one section , and dark basalt blocks in another , suggesting that the rocks may have been quarried from nearby extinct volcanoes and transported to the construction site . Archaeologists have not yet found traces of human activity around this stretch of wall , which suggests that the Xia wall in this location may have been incomplete and not ready for use . The Old Great walls as Song boundary lines ( edit ) Han Chinese power during the tumultuous post-Tang era was represented by the Song dynasty ( 960 -- 1279 ) , which completed its unification of the Chinese states with the conquest of Wuyue in 971 . Turning to the north after this victory , in 979 the Song eliminated the Northern Han , ultimate successors to the Later Jin , but were unable to take the Sixteen Prefectures from the Liao dynasty . As a result of Song 's military aggression , relations between the Song and Liao remained tense and hostile . One of the battlegrounds in the Song -- Liao War was the Great Wall Gap ( 長城 口 ) , so named because the southern Yan wall of the Warring States period crossed the Juma River here into Liao territory . The Great Wall Gap saw action in 979 , 988 -- 989 , and 1004 , and a Song fortress was built there in 980 . Intermittent wars between the Song and the Liao lasted until January 1005 , when a truce was called and led to the Treaty of Chanyuan . This agreement , among other things , required the Song to pay tribute to the Liao , recognized the Song and Liao as equals , and demarcated the Song -- Liao border , the course of which became more clearly defined in a series of subsequent bilateral agreements . Several stretches of the old Great Walls , including the Northern Qi Inner Wall near the Hengshan mountain range , became the border between the Song and the Liao . In the northwest , the Song were in conflict with the Western Xia , since they occupied what the Song considered as Chinese land lost during the Tang dynasty . The Song utilized the walls built during the reign of Qin 's King Zhaoxiang of the Warring States period , making it the Song -- Western Xia border , but the topography of the area was not as sharp and distinct as the Song -- Liao defences to the east . The border general Cao Wei ( 曹 瑋 ; 973 -- 1030 ) deemed the Old Wall itself insufficient to slow a Tangut cavalry attack , and had a deep trench dug alongside . This trench , between 15 and 20 metres ( 49 and 66 feet ) in width and depth , proved an effective defence , but in 1002 the Tanguts caught the Song patrollers off guard and filled the trench to cross the Old Wall . Later , in 1042 , the Tanguts turned the trench against the Song by removing the bridges over it , thereby trapping the retreating army of Ge Huaimin ( 葛懷敏 ) before annihilating it at the Battle of Dingchuan Fortress ( 定 川 寨 ) . Despite the war with the Western Xia , the Song also settled land disputes with them by referring to prior agreements , as with the Liao . However , soon after the Jin dynasty overthrew the Liao dynasty , the Jurchens sacked the Song capital in 1127 during the Jin -- Song wars , causing the Song court to flee south of the Yangtze River . For the next two and a half centuries , the Great Wall played no role in Han Chinese geopolitics . The onset of the Mongols ( edit ) The Cloud Platform at Juyong Pass See also : Mongol invasion of China In the 13th century , the Mongol leader Genghis Khan , once a vassal of the Jurchens , rose up against the Jin dynasty . In the ensuing Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty , the nomadic invaders avoided direct attacks on the Jin fortifications . Instead , when they could , the Mongols simply rode around the walls ; an effective example of this tactic is in 1211 , when they circumvented the substantial fortress in Zhangjiakou and inflicted a terrible defeat upon the Jin armies at the Battle of Yehuling . The Mongols also took advantage of lingering Liao resentment against the Jin ; the Khitan defenders of the garrisons along the Jin walls , such as those in Gubeikou , often preferred to surrender to the Mongols rather than fight them . The only major engagement of note along the main Great Wall line was at the heavily defended Juyong Pass : instead of laying siege , the Mongol general Jebe lured the defenders out into an ambush and charged in through the opened gates . In 1215 , Genghis Khan besieged , captured , and sacked the Jin capital of Yanjing ( modern - day Beijing ) . The Jin dynasty eventually collapsed following the siege of Caizhou in 1234 . Western Xia had already fallen in 1227 , and the Southern Song resisted the Mongols until 1279 . With that , the Yuan dynasty , established by Genghis Khan 's grandson Khublai Khan , became the first foreign dynasty to rule all of China . Despite being the head of the Mongol Empire , Khublai Khan 's rule over China was not free from the threat of the steppe nomads . The Yuan dynasty faced challenges from rival claimants to the title of Great Khan and from rebellious Mongols in the north . Khublai Khan dealt with such threats by using both military blockades and economic sanctions . Although he established garrisons along the steppe frontier from the Juyan Lake Basin in the far west to Yingchang in the east , Khublai Khan and the Yuan emperors after him did not add to the Great Wall ( except for the ornate Cloud Platform at Juyong Pass ) . When the Venetian traveller Marco Polo wrote of his experiences in China during the reign of Khublai Khan , he did not mention a Great Wall . Ming dynasty ( 1368 -- 1644 ) ( edit ) Main article : Ming Great Wall The early walls ( edit ) The extent of the Ming dynasty and its walls , which formed most of what is called the Great Wall of China today In 1368 , the Hongwu Emperor ( Zhu Yuanzhang , r . 1368 -- 98 ) ousted the Mongol - led Yuan dynasty from China to inaugurate the Ming dynasty . The Mongols fled back to Mongolia , but even after numerous campaigns , the Mongol problem remained . During his early reign , Hongwu set up the `` eight outer garrisons '' close to the steppe and an inner line of forts more suitable for defence . The inner line was the forerunner to the Ming Great Wall . In 1373 , as Ming forces encountered setbacks , Hongwu put more emphasis on defence and adopted Hua Yunlong 's ( 華 雲龍 ) suggestion to establish garrisons at 130 passes and other strategic points in the Beijing area . More positions were set up in the years up Hongwu 's death in 1398 , and watchtowers were manned from the Bohai Sea to Beijing and further onto the Mongolian steppes . These positions , however , were not for a linear defence but rather a regional one in which walls did not feature heavily , and offensive tactics remained the overarching policy at the time . In 1421 , the Ming capital was relocated from Nanjing in the south to Beijing in the north , partly to better manage the Mongol situation . Thus defenses were concentrated around Beijing , where stone and earth began to replace rammed earth in strategic passes . A wall was erected by the Ming in Liaodong to protect Han settlers from a possible threat from the Jurched - Mongol Oriyanghan around 1442 . In 1467 -- 68 , expansion of the wall provided further protection for the region from against attacks by the Jianzhou Jurchens in the northeast . Meanwhile , the outer defenses were gradually moved inward , thereby sacrificing a vital foothold in the steppe transitional zone . Despite the withdrawal from the steppe , the Ming military remained in a strong position against the nomads until the Tumu Crisis in 1449 , which caused the collapse of the early Ming security system . Over half of the campaigning Chinese army perished in the conflict , while the Mongols captured the Zhengtong Emperor . This military debacle shattered the Chinese military might that had so impressed and given pause to the Mongols since the beginning of the dynasty , and caused the Ming to be on the defensive ever after . The deterioration of the Ming military position in the steppe transitional zone gave rise to nomadic raids into Ming territory , including the crucial Ordos region , on a level unprecedented since the dynasty 's founding . After decades of deliberation between an offensive strategy and an accommodative policy , the decision to build the first major Ming walls in the Ordos was agreed upon as an acceptable compromise the 1470s . A section of the Great Wall at Jinshanling in Luanping County , Hebei province , China Yu Zijun ( 余子 俊 ; 1429 -- 1489 ) first proposed constructing a wall in the Ordos region in August 1471 , but not until 20 December 1472 did the court and emperor approve the plan . The 1473 victory in the Battle of Red Salt Lake ( 紅 鹽池 ) by Wang Yue ( 王 越 ) deterred Mongol invasions long enough for Yu Zijun to complete his wall project in 1474 . This wall , a combined effort between Yu Zijun and Wang Yue , stretched from present day Hengcheng ( 橫 城 ) in Lingwu ( northwestern Ningxia province ) to Huamachi town ( 花 馬 池 鎮 ) in Yanchi County , and from there to Qingshuiying ( 清水 營 ) in northeastern Shaanxi , a total of more than 2000 li ( about 1,100 kilometres ( 680 mi ) ) long . Along its length were 800 strong points , sentry posts , beacon - fire towers , and assorted defences . 40,000 men were enlisted for this effort , which was completed in several months at a cost of over one million silver taels . This defence system proved its initial worth in 1482 , when a large group of Mongol raiders were trapped within the double lines of fortifications and suffered a defeat by the Ming generals . This was seen as a vindication of Yu Zijun 's strategy of wall - building by the people of the border areas . By the mid-16th century , Yu 's wall in the Ordos had seen expansion into an extensive defence system . It contained two defence lines : Yu 's wall , called the `` great border '' ( 大 邊 , dàbiān ) , and a `` secondary border '' ( 二 邊 , èrbiān ) built by Yang Yiqing ( 楊一清 ; 1454 -- 1530 ) behind it . Following the success of the Ordos walls , Yu Zijun proposed construction of a further wall that would extend from the Yellow River bend in the Ordos to the Sihaiye Pass ( 四海 冶 口 ; in present - day Yanqing County ) near the capital Beijing , running a distance of more than 1300 li ( about 700 kilometres ( 430 mi ) ) . The project received approval in 1485 , but Yu 's political enemies harped on the cost overruns and forced Yu to scrap the project and retire the same year . For more than 50 years after Yu 's resignation , political struggle prevented major wall constructions on a scale comparable to Yu 's Ordos project . However , wall construction continued regardless of court politics during this time . The Ordos walls underwent extension , elaboration , and repair well into the 16th century . Brick and stone started to replace tamped earth as the wall building material , because they offered better protection and durability . This change in material gave rise to a number of necessary accommodations with regard to logistics , and inevitably a drastic increase in costs . Instead of being able to draw on local resources , building projects now required brick - kilns , quarries , and transportation routes to deliver bricks to the work site . Also , masons had to be hired since the local peasantry proved inadequate for the level of sophistication that brick constructions required . Work that originally could be done by one man in a month with earth now required 100 men to do in stone . The walls of Xuanfu -- Datong and the Western reaches ( edit ) The Great Wall at Dajingmen , part of the Xuanfu stretch of the Great Wall . The gate structure is a Qing dynasty construction . With the Ordos now adequately fortified , the Mongols avoided its walls by riding east to invade Datong and Xuanfu ( 宣 府 ; present - day Xuanhua , Hebei Province ) , which were two major garrisons guarding the corridor to Beijing where no walls had been built . The two defence lines of Xuanfu and Datong left by the Northern Qi and the early Ming had deteriorated by this point , and for all intents and purposes the inner line was the capital 's main line of defence . From 1544 to 1549 , Weng Wanda ( 翁 萬達 ; 1498 -- 1552 ) embarked on a defensive building program on a scale unprecedented in Chinese history . Troops were re-deployed along the outer line , new walls and beacon towers were constructed , and fortifications were restored and extended along both lines . Firearms and artillery were mounted on the walls and towers during this time , for both defence and signalling purposes . The project 's completion was announced in the sixth month of 1548 . At its height , the Xuan -- Da portion of the Great Wall totalled about 850 kilometres ( 530 miles ) of wall , with some sections being doubled - up with two lines of wall , some tripled or even quadrupled . The outer frontier was now protected by a wall called the `` outer border '' ( 外邊 , wàibiān ) that extended 380 kilometres ( 240 mi ) from the Yellow River 's edge at the Piantou Pass ( 偏 頭 關 ) along the Inner Mongolia border with Shanxi into Hebei province ; the `` inner border '' wall ( 內 邊 , nèibiān ) ran southeast from Piantou Pass for some 400 kilometres ( 250 mi ) , ending at the Pingxing Pass ; a `` river wall '' ( 河 邊 , hébiān ) also ran from the Piantou Pass and followed the Yellow River southwards for about 70 kilometres ( 43 mi ) . A section of the Great Wall on the Hanging Cliffs ( 懸 壁 長城 ) leading up to Jiayu Pass As with Yu Zijun 's wall in the Ordos , the Mongols shifted their attacks away from the newly strengthened Xuan -- Da sector to less well - protected areas . In the west , Shaanxi province became the target of nomads riding west from the Yellow River loop . The westernmost fortress of Ming China , the Jiayu Pass , saw substantial enhancement with walls starting in 1539 , and from there border walls were built discontinuously down the Hexi Corridor to Wuwei , where the low earthen wall split into two . The northern section passed through Zhongwei and Yinchuan , where it met the western edge of the Yellow River loop before connecting with the Ordos walls , while the southern section passed through Lanzhou and continued northeast to Dingbian . The origins and the exact route of this so - called `` Tibetan loop '' are still not clear . From Beijing to Shanhai Pass ( edit ) In 1550 , having once more been refused a request for trade , the Tümed Mongols under Altan Khan invaded the Xuan -- Da region . However , despite several attempts , he could not take Xuanfu due to Weng Wanda 's double fortified line while the garrison at Datong bribed him to not attack there . Instead of continuing to operate in the area , he circled around Weng Wanda 's wall to the relatively lightly defended Gubeikou , northeast of Beijing . From there Altan Khan passed through the defences and raided the suburbs of Beijing . According to one contemporary source , the raid took more than 60,000 lives and an additional 40,000 people became prisoners . As a response to this raid , the focus of the Ming 's northern defences shifted from the Xuan -- Da region to the Jizhou ( 薊 州 鎮 ) and Changping Defence Commands ( 昌平 鎮 ) where the breach took place . Later in the same year , the dry - stone walls of the Jizhou -- Changping area ( abbreviated as `` Ji - Chang '' ) were replaced by stone and mortar . These allowed the Chinese to build on steeper , more easily defended slopes and facilitated construction of features such as ramparts , crenelations , and peepholes . The effectiveness of the new walls was demonstrated in the failed Mongol raid of 1554 , where raiders expecting a repeat of the events of 1550 were surprised by the higher wall and stiff Chinese resistance . In 1567 Qi Jiguang and Tan Lun , successful generals who fended off the coastal pirates , were reassigned to manage the Ji -- Chang Defense Commands and step up the defences of the capital region . Under their ambitious and energetic management , 1200 brick watchtowers were built along the Great Wall from 1569 to 1571 . These included the first large - scale use of hollow watchtowers on the Wall : up until this point , most previous towers along the Great Wall had been solid , with a small hut on top for a sentry to take shelter from the elements and Mongol arrows ; the Ji -- Chang towers built from 1569 onwards were hollow brick structures , allowing soldiers interior space to live , store food and water , stockpile weapons , and take shelter from Mongol arrows . Illustration of the Shanhai Pass garrison at the time of the Manchu conquests Altan Khan eventually made peace with China when it opened border cities for trade in 1571 , alleviating the Mongol need to raid . This , coupled with Qi and Tan 's efforts to secure the frontier , brought a period of relative peace along the border . However , minor raids still happened from time to time when the profits of plunder outweighed those of trade , prompting the Ming to close all gaps along the frontier around Beijing . Areas of difficult terrain once considered impassable were also walled off , leading to the well - known vistas of a stone - faced Great Wall snaking over dramatic landscapes that tourists still see today . Wall construction continued until the demise of the Ming dynasty in 1644 . In the decades that led to the fall of the Ming dynasty , the Ming court and the Great Wall itself had to deal with simultaneous internal rebellions and the Manchu invasions . In addition to their conquest of Liaodong , the Manchus had raided across the Great Wall for the first time in 1629 , and again in 1634 , 1638 , and 1642 . Meanwhile , the rebels led by warlord Li Zicheng had been gathering strength . In the early months of 1644 , Li Zicheng declared himself the founder of the Shun and marched towards the Ming capital from Shaanxi . His route roughly followed the line of the Great Wall , in order to neutralize its heavily fortified garrisons . The crucial defences of Datong , Xuanfu , and Juyong Pass all surrendered without a fight , and the Chongzhen Emperor hanged himself on 25 April as the Shun army entered Beijing . At this point , the largest remaining Ming fighting force in North China was in Shanhai Pass , where the Great Wall meets the Bohai Sea . Its defender Wu Sangui , wedged between the Shun army within and the Manchus without , decided to surrender to the Manchus and opened the gates for them . The Manchus , having thus entered through the Great Wall , defeated Li Zicheng at the Battle of Shanhai Pass and seized Beijing on June 5 . They eventually defeated both the rebel - founded Shun dynasty and the remaining Ming resistance , establishing their rule over all of China as the Qing dynasty . Opinions about the Wall 's role in the Ming dynasty 's downfall are mixed . Historians such as Arthur Waldron and Julia Lovell are critical of the whole wall - building exercise in light of its ultimate failure in protecting China ; the former compared the Great Wall with the failed Maginot Line of the French in World War II . However , independent scholar David Spindler notes that the Wall , being only part of a complex foreign policy , received `` disproportionate blame '' because it was the most obvious relic of that policy . Qing dynasty ( 1644 -- 1911 ) ( edit ) The usefulness of the Great Wall as a defence line against northern nomads became questionable under the Qing dynasty , since their territory encompassed vast areas inside and outside the wall : China proper , Manchuria , and Mongolia were all under Qing control . So instead , the Great Wall became the means to limit Han Chinese movement into the steppes . In the case of Manchuria , considered to be the sacred homeland by the ruling Manchu elites , some parts of the Ming Liaodong Wall were repaired so it could serve to control Han Chinese movement into Manchuria alongside the newly erected Willow Palisade . Culturally , the wall 's symbolic role as a line between civilized society and barbarism was suppressed by the Qing , who were keen to weaken the Han culturalism that had been propagated by the Ming . As a result , no special attention was paid to the Great Wall until the mid-Qing dynasty , when Westerners started to show interest in the structure . Western appreciation of the Wall ( edit ) `` A gate of the Wall of China , explaining its structure '' . An illustration from Athanasius Kircher 's China Illustrata , 1667 . The existence of a colossal wall in Asia had circulated in the Middle East and the West even before the first Europeans arrived in China by sea . The late antiquity historian Ammianus Marcellinus ( 330 ? -- 395 ? ) mentioned `` summits of lofty walls '' enclosing the land of Seres , the country that the Romans believed to be at the eastern end of the Silk Road . In legend , the tribes of Gog and Magog were said to have been locked out by Alexander the Great with walls of steel . Later Arab writers and travellers , such as Rashid - al - Din Hamadani ( 1248 -- 1318 ) and Ibn Battuta ( 1304 -- 1377 ) , would erroneously identify the Great Wall in China with the walls of the Alexander romances . Soon after Europeans reached Ming China in the early 16th century , accounts of the Great Wall started to circulate in Europe , even though no European would see it with their own eyes for another century . The work A Treatise of China and the Adjoyning Regions by Gaspar da Cruz ( c. 1520 -- 70 ) offered an early discussion of the Great Wall in which he noted , `` a Wall of an hundred leagues in length . And some will affirme to bee more than a hundred leagues . '' Another early account written by Bishop Juan González de Mendoza ( 1550 -- 1620 ) reported a wall five hundred leagues long , but suggested that only one hundred leagues were man - made , with the rest natural rock formations . The Jesuit priest Matteo Ricci ( 1552 -- 1610 ) mentioned the Great Wall once in his diary , noting the existence of `` a tremendous wall four hundred and five miles long '' that formed part of the northern defences of the Ming Empire . Europeans first witnessed the Great Wall in the early 1600s . Perhaps the first recorded instance of a European actually entering China via the Great Wall came in 1605 , when the Portuguese Jesuit brother Bento de Góis reached the northwestern Jiayu Pass from India . Ivan Petlin 's 1619 deposition for his Russian embassy mission offers an early account based on a first - hand encounter with the Great Wall , and mentions that in the course of the journey his embassy travelled alongside the Great Wall for ten days . The Great Wall as depicted in Thomas Allom 's 1845 China , in a series of views Early European accounts were mostly modest and empirical , closely mirroring contemporary Chinese understanding of the Wall . However , when the Ming Great Wall began to take on a shape still recognizable today , foreign accounts of the Wall slid into hyperbole . In the Atlas Sinensis published in 1665 , the Jesuit Martino Martini described elaborate but atypical stretches of the Great Wall and generalized such fortifications across the whole northern frontier . Furthermore , Martini erroneously identified the Ming Wall as the same wall built by Qin Shi Huang in the 3rd century BC , thereby exaggerating both the Wall 's antiquity and its size . This misconception was compounded by the China Illustrata of Father Athanasius Kircher ( 1602 -- 80 ) , which provided pictures of the Great Wall as imagined by a European illustrator . All these and other accounts from missionaries in China contributed to the Orientalism of the eighteenth century , in which a mythical China and its exaggerated Great Wall feature prominently . The French philosopher Voltaire ( 1694 -- 1774 ) , for example , frequently wrote about the Great Wall , although his feelings towards it oscillate between unreserved admiration and condemnation of it as a `` monument to fear '' . The Macartney Embassy of 1793 passed through the Great Wall at Gubeikou on the way to see the Qianlong Emperor in Chengde , who was there for the annual imperial hunt . One of the embassy 's members , John Barrow , later founder of the Royal Geographical Society , spuriously calculated that the amount of stone in the Wall was equivalent to `` all the dwelling houses of England and Scotland '' and would suffice to encircle the Earth at the equator twice . The illustrations of the Great Wall by Lieutenant Henry William Parish during this mission would be reproduced in influential works such as Thomas Allom 's 1845 China , in a series of views . Exposure to such works brought many foreign visitors to the Great Wall after China opened its borders as a result of the nation 's defeat in the Opium Wars of the mid-19th century at the hands of Britain and the other Western powers . The Juyong Pass near Beijing and the `` Old Dragon Head , '' where the Great Wall meets the sea at the Shanhai Pass , proved popular destinations for these wall watchers . The travelogues of the later 19th century in turn further contributed to the elaboration and propagation of the Great Wall myth . Examples of this myth 's growth are the false but widespread belief that the Great Wall of China is visible from the Moon or Mars . Modern China ( 1911 -- present ) ( edit ) The Great Wall in 1907 The Xinhai Revolution in 1911 forced the abdication of the last Qing Emperor Puyi and ended China 's last imperial dynasty . The revolutionaries , headed by Sun Yat - sen , were concerned with creating a modern sense of national identity in the chaotic post-imperial era . In contrast to Chinese academics such as Liang Qichao , who tried to counter the West 's fantastic version of the Great Wall , Sun Yat - sen held the view that Qin Shi Huang 's wall preserved the Chinese race , and without it Chinese culture would not have developed enough to expand to the south and assimilate foreign conquerors . Such an endorsement from the `` Father of Modern China '' started to transform the Great Wall into a national symbol in the Chinese consciousness , though this transformation was hampered by conflicting views of nationalism with regard to the nascent `` new China . '' The failure of the new Republic of China fanned disillusionment with traditional Chinese culture and ushered in the New Culture Movement and the May Fourth Movement of the mid-1910s and 1920s that aimed to dislodge China 's future trajectory from its past . Naturally , the Great Wall of China came under attack as a symbol of the past . For example , an influential writer of this period , Lu Xun , harshly criticized the `` mighty and accursed Great Wall '' in a short essay : `` In reality , it has never served any purpose than to make countless workers labour to death in vain ... ( It ) surrounds everyone . '' Arise ! All those who do n't want to be slaves ! Let our flesh and blood forge our new Great Wall ! `` The March of the Volunteers '' The Sino - Japanese conflict ( 1931 -- 45 ) gave the Great Wall a new lease of life in the eyes of the Chinese . During the 1933 defence of the Great Wall , inadequately - equipped Chinese soldiers held off double their number of Japanese troops for several months . Using the cover of the Great Wall , the Chinese -- who were at times only armed with broadswords -- were able to beat off a Japanese advance that had the support of aerial bombardment . With the Chinese forces eventually overrun , the subsequent Tanggu Truce stipulated that the Great Wall was to become a demilitarized zone separating China and the newly created Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo . Even so , the determined defence of the Great Wall made it a symbol of Chinese patriotism and the resoluteness of the Chinese people . The Chinese Communist leader Mao Zedong picked up this symbol in his poetry during his `` Long March '' escaping from Kuomintang prosecution . Near the end of the trek in 1935 , Mao wrote the poem `` Mount Liupan '' that contains the well - known line that would be carved in stone along the Great Wall in the present day : `` Those who fail to reach the Great Wall are not true men '' ( 不 到 长城 非 好汉 ) . Another noteworthy reference to the Great Wall is in the song `` The March of the Volunteers '' , whose words came from a stanza in Tian Han 's 1934 poem entitled `` The Great Wall '' . The song , originally from the anti-Japanese movie Children of Troubled Times , enjoyed continued popularity in China and was selected as the provisional national anthem of the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) at its establishment in 1949 . US President Nixon visits the Great Wall , 1972 In 1952 , the scholar - turned - bureaucrat Guo Moruo laid out the first modern proposal to repair the Great Wall . Five years later , the renovated Badaling became the first section to be opened to the public since the establishment of the PRC . The Badaling Great Wall has since become a staple stop for foreign dignitaries who come to China , beginning with Nepali prime minister Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala in 1960 , and most notably the American president Richard Nixon in his historic 1972 visit to China . To date , Badaling is still the most visited stretch of the Great Wall . Other stretches did not fare so well . During the Cultural Revolution ( 1966 -- 76 ) , hundreds of kilometres of the Great Wall -- already damaged in the wars of the last century and eroded by wind and rain -- were deliberately destroyed by fervent Red Guards who regarded it as part of the `` Four Olds '' to be eradicated in the new China . Quarrying machines and even dynamite were used to dismantle the Wall , and the pilfered materials were used for construction . As China opened up in the 1980s , reformist leader Deng Xiaoping initiated the `` Love our China and restore our Great Wall '' campaign ( 爱 我 中华 , 修 我 长城 ) to repair and preserve the Great Wall . The Great Wall was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987 . However , while tourism boomed over the years , slipshod restoration methods have left sections of the Great Wall near Beijing `` looking like a Hollywood set '' in the words of the National Geographic News . The less prominent stretches of the Great Wall did not get as much attention . In 2002 the New York - based World Monuments Fund put the Great Wall on its list of the World 's 100 Most Endangered Sites . In 2003 the Chinese government began to enact laws to protect the Great Wall . Historiography ( edit ) See also : Chinese historiography and Sinology In China , one of the first individuals to attempt a multi-dynastic history of the Great Wall was the 17th - century scholar Gu Yanwu . More recently , in the 1930s and 1940s , Wang Guoliang ( 王國良 ) and Shou Pengfei ( 壽 鵬 飛 ) produced exhaustive studies that culled extant literary records to date and mapped the courses of early border walls . However , these efforts were based solely on written records that contain obscure place names and elusive literary references . The rise of modern archeology has contributed much to the study of the Great Wall , either in corroborating existing research or in refuting it . However these efforts do not yet give a full picture of the Great Wall 's history , as many wall sites dating to the Period of Disunity ( 220 -- 589 ) had been overlaid by the extant Ming Great Wall . The first map of China printed in a European atlas , engraved by Abraham Ortelius ( 1584 ) , shows a series of walls wedged between mountains against the Tartars , represented by yurts . Western scholarship of the Great Wall was , until recently , affected by misconceptions derived from traditional accounts of the Wall . When the Jesuits brought back the first reports of the Wall to the West , European scholars were puzzled that Marco Polo had not mentioned the presumably perennial `` Great Wall '' in his Travels . Some 17th - century scholars reasoned that the Wall must have been built in the Ming dynasty , after Marco Polo 's departure . This view was soon replaced by another that argued , against Polo 's own account , that the Venetian merchant had come to China from the south and so did not come into contact with the Wall . Thus , Father Martino Martini 's mistaken claim that the Wall had `` lasted right up to the present time without injury or destruction '' since the time of Qin was accepted as fact by the 18th - century philosophes . Since then , many scholars have operated under the belief that the Great Wall continually defended China 's border against the steppe nomads for two thousand years . For example , the 18th - century sinologist Joseph de Guignes assigned macrohistorical importance to such walls when he advanced the theory that the Qin construction forced the Xiongnu to migrate west to Europe and , becoming known as the Huns , ultimately contributed to the decline of the Roman Empire . Some have attempted to make general statements regarding Chinese society and foreign policy based on the conception of a perennial Great Wall : Karl Marx took the Wall to represent the stagnation of the Chinese society and economy , Owen Lattimore supposed that the Great Wall demonstrated a need to divide the nomadic way of life from the agricultural communities of China , and John K. Fairbank posited that the Wall played a part in upholding the Sinocentric world order . Despite the significance that the Great Wall seemed to have , scholarly treatment of the Wall itself remained scant during the 20th century . Joseph Needham bemoaned this dearth when he was compiling the section on walls for his Science and Civilisation in China : `` There is no lack of travelers ' description of the Great Wall , but studies based on modern scholarship are few and far between , whether in Chinese or Western languages . '' In 1990 , Arthur Waldron published the influential The Great Wall : From History to Myth , where he challenged the notion of a unitary Great Wall maintained since antiquity , dismissing it as a modern myth . Waldron 's approach prompted a re-examination of the Wall in Western scholarship . Still , as of 2008 , there is not yet a full authoritative text in any language that is devoted to the Great Wall . The reason for this , according to The New Yorker journalist Peter Hessler , is that the Great Wall fits into neither the study of political institutions ( favoured by Chinese historians ) nor the excavation of tombs ( favoured by Chinese archeologists ) . Some of the void left by academia is being filled by independent research from Great Wall enthusiasts such as ex-Xinhua reporter Cheng Dalin ( 成 大林 ) and self - funded scholar David Spindler . See also ( edit ) History of China History of Central Asia Military history of China before 1911 Foreign relations of Imperial China Lady Meng Jiang , a Chinese folk tale about the Great Wall Battle of Shanhaiguan ( 1900 ) , British forces occupy and damage parts of Shanhai Pass during the Boxer Rebellion The Great Wall of China , a short story by Franz Kafka Great Wall of China hoax , published in 1899 and expanded in 1939 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Great Wall of China even longer than previously thought : Survey measures the wall at 21,196 km long '' . CBC News . June 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 8 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , p. 218 . ^ Jump up to : Owen , James ( March 19 , 2012 ) . `` ' Lost ' Great Wall of China Segment Found ? Google Earth , carbon dating suggest wall network even bigger than thought '' . National Geographic Daily News . National Geographic Society . Retrieved March 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Great Wall '' . World Heritage List . 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It should be noted that in 1075 the Song eventually yielded to Liao demands and shifted the border south to conform with the Hengshan watershed lines instead of the Northern Qi walls . Jump up ^ Tackett 2008 , pp. 116 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Tackett 2008 , p. 127 . Jump up ^ Tackett 2008 , p. 128 . Jump up ^ Tackett 2008 , p. 119 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 165 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 172 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 173 . ^ Jump up to : Lovell 2006 , p. 174 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 176 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 68 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 70 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1983 , p. 647 . Jump up ^ Mote 1999 , p. 563 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 76 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , p. 78 . Jump up ^ Spindler 2009 , p. 69 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 80 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 98 . Jump up ^ Edmonds 1985 , pp. 38 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 81 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , pp. 90 -- 91 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 101 . 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Though it stretches for some 4,500 miles , the ancient Chinese fortification is not as visible from orbit as modern desert roads '' . China , the Olympics , and the Environment . Scientific American . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , p. 214 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , p. 215 . Jump up ^ Rojas 2010 , pp. 129 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 311 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 312 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 308 . Jump up ^ Rojas 2010 , p. 132 . Jump up ^ Pickowicz 1991 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Despite falling from grace during the Cultural Revolution , the anthem 's status was confirmed in 1982 and enshrined in the Chinese Constitution in 2004 . Jump up ^ Rojas 2010 , p. 140 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 317 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 226 . Jump up ^ Rojas 2010 , p. 182 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : Mooney , Paul ( May 15 , 2007 ) . `` Great Wall of China Overrun , Damaged , Disneyfied '' . National Geographic News . Beijing : National Geographic Society . ^ Jump up to : Tackett 2008 , p. 104 . Jump up ^ Rojas 2010 , p. 115 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1983 , p. 648 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 212 . Jump up ^ Lattimore 1962 , p. 546 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 31 , note 92 . Jump up ^ Needham 1971 , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Rojas 2010 , p. 187 . Jump up ^ Man 2008 , p. 389 . Jump up ^ Hessler 2007 , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Hessler 2007 , pp. 64 -- 5 . Bibliography ( edit ) Barfield , Thomas ( 1989 ) . The Perilous Frontier . Oxford : B. Blackwell . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55786 - 043 - 9 . Bodde , Derk ( 1978 ) . `` 1 . The state and empire of Ch'in '' . In Twitchett , Denis ; Loewe , Michael . The Cambridge History of China . 1 . Cambridge Eng . New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 24327 - 8 . Bush , Susan ( 1981 ) . `` Archeological Remains of the Chin Dynasty ( 1115 -- 1234 ) '' ( PDF ) . Bulletin of Song - Yüan Studies . 17 : 6 -- 31 . Retrieved June 23 , 2013 . Chang , Chun - shu ( 2007 ) . The Rise of the Chinese Empire , Volume 1 : Nation , State , and Imperialism in Early China , ca . 1600 B.C. -- A.D. 8 . Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 472 - 11533 - 4 . de Crespigny , Rafe ( 1984 ) . Northern frontier : the policies and strategy of the later Han Empire . Canberra : Faculty of Asian Studies , Australian National University . ISBN 0 - 86784 - 410 - 8 . di Cosmo , Nicola ( 1999 ) . `` 13 . The Northern Frontier in pre-Imperial China '' . In Loewe , Michael ; Shaughnessy , Edward . The Cambridge History of Ancient China . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 47030 - 8 . di Cosmo , Nicola ( 2002 ) . Ancient China and Its Enemies : The Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History . Cambridge , UK New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 052 - 1 - 77064 - 4 . Ebrey , Patricia Buckley ; Walthall , Anne ; Palais , James ( 2006 ) , East Asia : A Cultural , Social , and Political History , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , ISBN 0 - 618 - 13384 - 4 . Edmonds , Richard L. ( December 1979 ) . `` The Willow Palisade '' . Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 69 ( 4 ) : 599 -- 621 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 8306.1979. tb01285. x . JSTOR 2563132 . Edmonds , Richard Louis ( 1985 ) . Northern Frontiers of Qing China and Tokugawa Japan : A Comparative Study of Frontier Policy . University of Chicago , Department of Geography ; Research Paper No. 213 . pp. 38 -- 40 . ISBN 0 - 89065 - 118 - 3 . Elliott , Mark C. ( 2001 ) . The Manchu Way : The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China . Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 4684 - 7 . Graff , David ( 2002 ) . Medieval Chinese warfare , 300 -- 900 . London New York : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 23955 - 4 . Guo , Xuezhi ( 2002 ) . The Ideal Chinese Political Leader : A Historical and Cultural Perspective . Westport : Praeger Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 97259 - 2 . Hessler , Peter ( 2007 ) . `` Letter from China : Walking the Wall '' . The New Yorker ( May 21 , 2007 ) : 58 -- 67 . Lattimore , Owen ( 1937 ) . `` Origins of the Great Wall of China : A Frontier Concept in Theory and Practice '' . Geographical Review . American Geographical Society ( 4 ) : 529 -- 549 . JSTOR 209853 . Lattimore , Owen ( 1962 ) . Inner Asian frontiers of China . Boston : Beacon Press . Lorge , Peter ( 2008 ) . `` The Great Ditch of China and the Song - Liao Border '' . In Don J. Wyatt . Battlefronts Real and Imagined : War , Border , and Identity in the Chinese Middle Period . New York : Palgrave MacMillan . pp. 59 -- 74 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4039 - 6084 - 9 ... Lovell , Julia ( 2006 ) . The Great Wall : China against the world 1000 BC -- 2000 AD . Sydney : Picador Pan Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 330 - 42241 - 3 . Man , John ( 2008 ) . The Great Wall : the extraordinary history of China 's wonder of the world . London England : Bantam Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 593 - 05574 - 8 . Mooney , Paul ( May 15 , 2007 ) . `` Great Wall of China Overrun , Damaged , Disneyfied '' . National Geographic News . Retrieved November 29 , 2013 . Mote , Frederick W. ( 1999 ) , Imperial China : 900 -- 1800 , Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press , ISBN 0 - 674 - 01212 - 7 Needham , Joseph ( 1971 ) . Science and Civilisation in China . 4 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 07060 - 0 . Owen , James ( March 19 , 2012 ) . `` ' Lost ' Great Wall of China Segment Found ? '' . National Geographic News . Retrieved June 7 , 2013 . Pickowicz , Paul G. ( 1991 ) , `` The Theme of Spiritual Pollution in Chinese Films of the 1930s '' , Modern China , 17 ( 1 ) Rojas , Carlos ( 2010 ) . The Great Wall : a cultural history . Cambridge , Mass : Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 04787 - 7 . Spindler , David ( 2009 ) . `` A Twice - Scorned Mongol Woman , the Raid of 1576 , and the Building of the Brick Great Wall '' . Ming Studies . Maney Publishing . 60 : 66 -- 94 . Standen , Naomi ( 2009 ) , `` The Five Dynasties '' , in Denis C. Twitchett and Paul Jakov Smith , Cambridge History of China , Vol. 5 , Part One : The Sung Dynasty and its Precursors , 907 -- 1279 , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , pp. 38 -- 132 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 81248 - 1 Tackett , Nicholas ( 2008 ) . `` The Great Wall and Conceptualizations of the Border Under the Northern Song '' . Journal of Song - Yuan Studies . The Society for Song , Yuan , and Conquest Dynasty Studies . 38 : 99 -- 138 . doi : 10.1353 / sys. 0.0032 . Wakeman , Frederic ( 1985 ) , The Great Enterprise : The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth - Century China , Berkeley , Los Angeles , and London : University of California Press , ISBN 0 - 520 - 04804 - 0 . In two volumes . Waldron , Arthur ( 1983 ) . `` The Problem of The Great Wall of China '' . Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies . Harvard - Yenching Institute . 43 ( 2 ) : 643 -- 663 . JSTOR 2719110 . Waldron , Arthur ( 1990 ) . The Great Wall of China : from history to myth . Cambridge England New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 42707 - 4 . Yap , Joseph P. ( 2009 ) . Wars with the Xiongnu : a translation from Zizhi Tongjian . Bloomington , IN : Authorhouse . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4490 - 0604 - 4 . Yu , Ying - Shih ( 1978 ) . `` 6 . Han foreign relations '' . In Twitchett , Denis ; Loewe , Michael . The Cambridge History of China . 1 . Cambridge Eng . New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 24327 - 8 . Yule , Sir Henry , ed. ( 1866 ) . `` Cathay and the way thither : being a collection of medieval notices of China '' . Works Issued by the Hakluyt Society . Issues 36 -- 37 . London : T. Richards . ( in Chinese ) Zhongguo changcheng yiji tiaocha baogao ji 中国 长城 遗迹 调查 报告 集 ( Collected reports on surveys of the Great Wall of China ) . Beijing : Cultural Relics Publishing House . 1981 . ( hide ) Great Wall of China Yumen Pass Yang Pass Jiayu Pass Yanmen Pass Jumenbu Niangzi Pass Pingxing Pass Dajingmen Badaling Juyong Pass ( Cloud Platform ) Huanghuacheng Jiankou ( Beijing Knot ) Mutianyu Baimaguan Gubeikou Jinshanling Simatai Huangya Pass Shanhai Pass Hushan History of the Great Wall of China ( Qi , Ming ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Great_Wall_of_China&oldid=810416088 '' Categories : Great Wall of China Chinese architectural history Military history of China Hidden categories : Good articles Use Canadian English from March 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in Canadian English Use mdy dates from March 2014 Articles containing traditional Chinese - language text Articles containing simplified Chinese - language text Articles with Chinese - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Shqip Edit links This page was last edited on 15 November 2017 , at 03 : 10 . 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how many members are there in local electro act goldfish
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GoldFish is an electronic dance duo originating from Cape Town , South Africa , consisting of Dominic Peters and David Poole . They create dance music containing elements of house , pop , jazz and African music . The band has released a number of albums , including Late Night People , Perceptions of Pacha and Get Busy Living , and GoldFish was named `` Best Pop '' at the MTV Africa Music Awards 2014 .
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Goldfish ( band )
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goldfish ( band )
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GoldFish is an electronic dance duo originating from Cape Town , South Africa , consisting of Dominic Peters and David Poole . They create dance music containing elements of house , pop , jazz and African music . The band has released a number of albums , including Late Night People , Perceptions of Pacha and Get Busy Living , and GoldFish was named `` Best Pop '' at the MTV Africa Music Awards 2014 .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Founding and early years 1.2 Recent touring and releases 2 Musical style 3 Members 4 Awards and nominations 5 Discography 5.1 Albums 5.2 Singles 5.3 Remixes 6 Further reading 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) Founding and early years ( edit ) See also : Perceptions of Pacha One of the group 's early logos . Dominic Peters and David Poole founded GoldFish in Cape Town , South Africa . The two jazz musicians had first met while studying music at college . After the 2006 release of their debut album Caught in the Loop , the group went on to open for artists such as Fat Boy Slim , Mr Scruff , Audio Bullys , Stereo MC 's . Basement Jaxx , Faithless , Paul van Dyk , and Pete Tong . GoldFish was nominated for the Best Alternative category at the first MTV Africa Music Awards 2008 but did not win . They released their album Perceptions of Pacha on August 29 , 2008 . In 2009 , they set a new South African Music Awards record for most nominations , with eight nominations including Best Duo or Group and Album of the Year , winning Best Engineer and Best Dance Album . Their album GoldFish spent three weeks on the Dutch Albums Top 100 chart , peaking at No. 44 in 2012 . Recent touring and releases ( edit ) See also : Get Busy Living External video GoldFish - `` Fort Knox '' ( ft . Sakhile Moleshe ) - Official Music Video ( Oct 7 , 2009 ) GoldFish - `` Take Back Tomorrow '' - Official Music Video ( Mar 8 , 2013 ) In 2011 , their album Get Busy Living won at the South African Music Awards . A number of their singles have also been used commercially . An advertisement for the Kia Soul automobile featured their track `` Fort Knox . '' Nike recently used the song `` Washing Over Me '' featuring Morning Parade in the advertisement of the Nike+ App . `` Washing Over Me '' was also featured in the Castle Lager advert for the Castle Lager Incoming Series . `` Washing Over Me '' also reached No. 1 on the 5FM Top 40 in July 2012 . Their 2013 album Three Second Memory reached No. 89 on the Dutch Albums Top 100 . GoldFish was named `` Best Pop '' at the MTV Africa Music Awards 2014 . On December 15 , 2014 , GoldFish released a remix of the Wyclef Jean and Avicii song `` Divine Sorrow '' exclusively through Billboard . At that point the duo had performed at festivals such as Glastonbury and Ultra Music Festival , and in March 2015 they performed at SXSW . Musical style ( edit ) They create dance music containing elements of jazz and African music , combining live instruments like double bass , saxophones , keyboards , flute , and vocals with samplers , effects and synths . Members ( edit ) Dominic Peters - production , keyboards , upright bass , bass guitar David Poole - production , saxophone , flute , vocals Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Nominated work Result 2008 MTV Africa Music Awards GoldFish Best Alternative Nominated 2009 15th South African Music Awards GoldFish Best Engineer Won Perceptions of Pacha Best Dance Album Won Album of the Year Nominated GoldFish Best Duo or Group Nominated GoldFish Best Alternative Music : English Nominated GoldFish Best Producer Nominated Nominated `` This Is How It Goes '' Record of the Year Nominated 2011 17th South African Music Awards Get Busy Living Best Global Dance Album Won Record of the Year Nominated GoldFish Best Producer Nominated 2014 MTV Africa Music Awards GoldFish Best Pop Won Discography ( edit ) Albums ( edit ) Albums by GoldFish Year Album title Release details Chart peaks Dutch 100 2006 Caught in the Loop Released : May 29 , 2006 Label : GoldFish / Pioneer Format : CD , digital download -- 2008 Perceptions of Pacha Released : April 21 , 2008 Label : Pacha / SBME Africa Format : CD , digital download -- 2009 Perceptions of Pacha Remixed Released : November 17 , 2009 Label : GoldFish Format : CD , digital download -- Get Busy Living Released : Sep 20 , 2010 Label : GoldFish Music Format : CD , digital download -- 2012 GoldFish Released : June 6 , 2012 Label : EMI Format : CD , digital download 44 2013 Three Second Memory Released : Oct 15 , 2013 Label : GoldFish Music / Casablanca Format : CD , digital download 89 2017 Late Night People Released : Oct 6 , 2017 Label : Armada Music / Sony Music South Africa Format : CD , digital download , vinyl -- `` -- '' denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory . Singles ( edit ) Incomplete list of songs by GoldFish Year Title Chart peaks Album Release details 5FM 40 -- 2007 `` Coming Home '' -- -- 3 - track single Pacha Recordings ( Jun 22 , 2007 ) 2008 `` Pure Pacha '' -- -- Single only Pacha Recordings ( 2008 ) 2009 `` Crusing Through '' -- -- Single / remix EP Pacha Multimedia ( May 15 , 2009 ) `` Fort Knox '' -- -- Fort Knox ( Remixes ) - EP Pacha Recordings ( May 15 , 2009 ) `` Wet Welly '' -- -- Single only Pacha Multimedia ( Jun 3 , 2009 ) `` Sold My Soul '' -- -- 2 track single Pacha Recordings ( Jul 03 , 2009 ) `` Are You Lulu '' -- -- 2 - track single Pacha Multimedia ( Jul 03 , 2009 ) `` This is How it Goes '' -- -- Single Pacha Recordings ( Nov 13 , 2009 ) `` Hold Tight '' -- -- Single Pacha Recordings ( Nov 20 , 2009 ) `` Just For Tonight '' -- -- Single Pacha Recordings ( Jan 08 , 2010 ) 2011 `` Let 's Do It Again '' ( with Freshlyground ) -- -- Single Freeground Records ( July 15 , 2011 ) 2012 `` Washing Over Me '' ( feat . Morning Parade ) -- GoldFish GoldFish Music ( 2012 ) 2013 `` Take Back Tomorrow '' -- -- Three Second Memory GoldFish Music ( 2013 ) `` Just For Tonight '' -- -- 2 - track single Pacha Recordings ( Mar 11 , 2013 ) `` Soundtracks & Comebacks '' -- -- Remix EP Pacha Recordings ( Mar 11 , 2013 ) 2014 `` Choose Your Own Adventure '' -- -- Choose Your Own Adventure - EP GoldFish Music ( June 17 , 2014 ) 2015 `` The Storm '' ( with DIMMI ) -- -- Single SPRS ( Jul 20 , 2015 ) 2015 `` Heart Shaped Box '' -- -- Single GoldFish Music ( 2015 ) Remixes ( edit ) Selected remixes by GoldFish , with date of remix release Year Title Original artist Release details 2011 `` Get Busy Living ( Remix ) '' GoldFish GoldFish Music ( Feb 9 , 2011 ) 2014 `` She Moves ( GoldFish Remix ) '' Alle Farben B1 Recordings ( 2014 ) `` Divine Sorrow ( GoldFish Remix ) '' Wyclef Jean and Avicii Billboard ( Dec 15 , 2014 ) 2015 `` Feels Like This ( GoldFish Remix ) '' Lexer Warner Dance Labels Further reading ( edit ) Interviews and articles `` Goldfish Earns Eight SA Music Awards Nominations '' . Billboard . March 20 , 2009 . `` Sleeping with the Fishes '' . iAfrica.com . February 4 , 2011 . Discographies Goldfish at Allmusic Goldfish at Discogs See also ( edit ) Electronic music portal South Africa portal List of jazz fusion musicians List of trip hop artists List of EMI artists List of South African musicians List of electro house artists List of free improvising musicians and groups References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Sleeping with the Fishes '' . iAfrica.com . February 4 , 2011 . Retrieved February 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Goldfish Discography '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Goldfish Discography '' . iTunes . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2014 MAMA Winners '' . MTV . June 7 , 2014 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Goldfish charts '' . acharts.co . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` GoldFish '' . MyMusicMatrix. 2006 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 04 - 03 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Home '' . goldfishlive.com . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` First Ever MTV Africa Awards is a hit with Nigerians taking the lead '' . African Vibes . November 24 , 2008 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Perceptions of Pacha '' . Allmusic . August 29 , 2008 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Coetzer , Diane ( March 20 , 2009 ) . `` Goldfish Earns Eight SA Music Awards Nominations '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nominated Record Breaking 8 South African Music Awards '' . Goldfishlive.com . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` SAMA 2009 : All the Winners '' . channel24.co.za. April 29 , 2009 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Goldfish Bag Another No. 1 - Top 5fm charts '' . goldfishlive.com . July 30 , 2012 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Buerger , Megan ( December 11 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive Premiere : Hear GoldFish 's Remix of Wyclef Jean & Avicii 's ' Divine Sorrow ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2011 SAMA Nominations '' . SAMA . BaasDeBeer 's Blog. 2011 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Goldfish Remixes '' . Discogs . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 07 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Goldfish ( band ) . GoldfishLive.com Goldfish on Twitter Audio and video Goldfish on VEVO ( hide ) MTV Africa Music Awards Year 2008 2009 2014 2015 Hosts Trevor Nelson ( 2008 ) Wyclef Jean ( 2009 ) Eve ( 2010 ) Marlon Wayans ( 2014 ) Anthony Anderson ( 2015 ) Related Articles MTV Base MusicBrainz : 98f1b98b - 2296 - 4fb3 - ab16 - 4dffe67f2174 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Goldfish_(band)&oldid=808781583 '' Categories : South African electronic music groups Hidden categories : Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014 Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Deutsch Nederlands Polski Português Edit links This page was last edited on 5 November 2017 , at 03 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldfish%20%28band%29
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what is the purpose of the book of leviticus
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The instructions of Leviticus emphasize ritual , legal and moral practices rather than beliefs . Nevertheless , they reflect the world view of the creation story in Genesis 1 that God wishes to live with humans . The book teaches that faithful performance of the sanctuary rituals can make that possible , so long as the people avoid sin and impurity whenever possible . The rituals , especially the sin and guilt offerings , provide the means to gain forgiveness for sins ( Leviticus 4 -- 5 ) and purification from impurities ( Leviticus 11 -- 16 ) so that God can continue to live in the Tabernacle in the midst of the people .
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ritual , legal and moral practices
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Book of Leviticus
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book of leviticus
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The Book of Leviticus ( / lɪˈvɪtɪkəs / ) is the third book of the Torah and of the Old Testament . Most of its chapters ( 1 -- 7 , 11 -- 27 ) consist of God 's speeches to Moses , in which he is commanded to repeat to the Israelites . This takes place within the story of the Israelites ' Exodus after they escaped Egypt and reached Mt . Sinai ( Exodus 19 : 1 ) . The Book of Exodus narrates how Moses led the Israelites in building the Tabernacle ( Exodus 35 -- 40 ) based on God 's instructions ( Exodus 25 -- 31 ) . Then in Leviticus , God tells the Israelites and their priests how to make offerings in the Tabernacle and how to conduct themselves while camped around the holy tent sanctuary . Leviticus takes place during the month or month - and - a-half between the completion of the Tabernacle ( Exodus 40 : 17 ) and the Israelites ' departure from Sinai ( Numbers 1 : 1 , 10 : 11 ) .
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The instructions of Leviticus emphasize ritual , legal and moral practices rather than beliefs . Nevertheless , they reflect the world view of the creation story in Genesis 1 that God wishes to live with humans . The book teaches that faithful performance of the sanctuary rituals can make that possible , so long as the people avoid sin and impurity whenever possible . The rituals , especially the sin and guilt offerings , provide the means to gain forgiveness for sins ( Leviticus 4 -- 5 ) and purification from impurities ( Leviticus 11 -- 16 ) so that God can continue to live in the Tabernacle in the midst of the people . Scholars generally agree that Leviticus developed over a long time and that it reached its present form in the Persian period ( 538 -- 332 BC ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Name 2 Authorship 3 Structure 4 Summary 5 Composition 6 Themes 6.1 Sacrifice and ritual 6.2 Kehuna ( Jewish Priesthood ) 6.3 Uncleanliness and purity 6.4 Atonement 6.5 Holiness 7 Subsequent tradition 8 Contents according to Judaism 's weekly Torah portions 9 See also 10 References 11 Bibliography 11.1 Translations of Leviticus 11.2 Commentaries on Leviticus 11.3 General 12 External links Name ( edit ) The English name Leviticus comes from the Latin Leviticus , which is in turn from the Greek Greek Λευιτικόν , Leuitikon , referring the priestly tribe of the Israelites , `` Levi . '' The Greek expression is in turn a variant of the rabbinic Hebrew torat kohanim , `` law of priests . '' In Hebrew the book is called Vayikra ( Hebrew : וַיִּקְרָא ) , from the first word of the book , Vayikra , `` He ( God ) called . '' Authorship ( edit ) The traditional view is that Leviticus was compiled by Moses , or that the material in it goes back to his time , but internal clues suggest that the book developed much later in Israel 's history and was completed either near the end of the Kingdom of Judah in the late seventh century BC or in the exilic and post-exilic period of the sixth and fifth centuries BC . Scholars debate whether it was written primarily for Jewish worship in exile that centered on reading or preaching , or was aimed instead at worshipers at temples in Jerusalem and Samaria , but they are practically unanimous that the book had a long period of growth , and that although it includes some material of considerable antiquity , it reached its present form in the Persian period ( 538 -- 332 BC ) . Structure ( edit ) ( The outlines provided by commentaries are similar , though not identical ; compare those of Wenham , Hartley , Milgrom , and Watts ) I. Laws on sacrifice ( 1 : 1 -- 7 : 38 ) A. Instructions for the laity on bringing offerings ( 1 : 1 -- 6 : 7 ) 1 -- 5 . The types of offering : burnt , cereal , peace , purification , reparation ( or sin ) offerings ( ch. 1 -- 5 ) B. Instructions for the priests ( 6 : 1 -- 7 : 38 ) 1 -- 6 . The various offerings , with the addition of the priests ' cereal offering ( 6 : 1 -- 7 : 36 ) 7 . Summary ( 7 : 37 -- 38 ) II . Institution of the priesthood ( 8 : 1 -- 10 : 20 ) A. Ordination of Aaron and his sons ( ch. 8 ) B. Aaron makes the first sacrifices ( ch. 9 ) C. Judgement on Nadab and Abihu ( ch. 10 ) III . Uncleanliness and its treatment ( 11 : 1 -- 15 : 33 ) A. Unclean animals ( ch. 11 ) B. Uncleanliness caused by childbirth ( ch. 12 ) C. Unclean diseases ( ch. 13 ) D. Cleansing of diseases ( ch. 14 ) E. Unclean discharges ( ch. 15 ) IV . Day of Atonement : purification of the tabernacle from the effects of uncleanliness and sin ( ch. 16 ) V. Prescriptions for practical holiness ( the Holiness Code , chs. 17 -- 26 ) A. Sacrifice and food ( ch. 17 ) B. Sexual behaviour ( ch. 18 ) C. Neighbourliness ( ch. 19 ) D. Grave crimes ( ch. 20 ) E. Rules for priests ( ch. 21 ) F. Rules for eating sacrifices ( ch. 22 ) G. Festivals ( ch. 23 ) H. Rules for the tabernacle ( ch. 24 : 1 -- 9 ) I. Blasphemy ( ch. 24 : 10 -- 23 ) J. Sabbatical and Jubilee years ( ch. 25 ) K. Exhortation to obey the law : blessing and curse ( ch. 26 ) VI . Redemption of votive gifts ( ch. 27 ) Summary ( edit ) Vaikro -- Book of Leviticus , Warsaw edition , 1860 , page 1 Chapters 1 -- 5 describe the various sacrifices from the sacrificers ' point of view , although the priests are essential for handling the blood . Chapters 6 -- 7 go over much the same ground , but from the point of view of the priest , who , as the one actually carrying out the sacrifice and dividing the `` portions '' , needs to know how this is to be done . Sacrifices are to be divided between God , the priest , and the offerers , although in some cases the entire sacrifice is a single portion consigned to God -- i.e. , burnt to ashes . Chapters 8 -- 10 describe the consecration by Moses of Aaron and his sons as the first priests , the first sacrifices , and God 's destruction of two of Aaron 's sons for ritual offenses . The purpose is to underline the character of altar priesthood ( i.e. , those priests empowered to offer sacrifices to God ) as an Aaronite privilege , and the responsibilities and dangers of their position . With sacrifice and priesthood established , chapters 11 -- 15 instruct the lay people on purity ( or cleanliness ) . Eating certain animals produces uncleanliness , as does giving birth ; certain skin diseases ( but not all ) are unclean , as are certain conditions affecting walls and clothing ( mildew and similar conditions ) ; and genital discharges , including female menses and male gonorrhea , are unclean . The reasoning behind the food rules are obscure ; for the rest the guiding principle seems to be that all these conditions involve a loss of `` life force '' , usually but not always blood . Leviticus 16 concerns the Day of Atonement . This is the only day on which the High Priest is to enter the holiest part of the sanctuary , the holy of holies . He is to sacrifice a bull for the sins of the priests , and a goat for the sins of the laypeople . A second goat is to be sent into the desert to `` Azazel '' , bearing the sins of the whole people . Azazel may be a wilderness - demon , but its identity is mysterious . Chapters 17 -- 26 are the Holiness code . It begins with a prohibition on all slaughter of animals outside the Temple , even for food , and then prohibits a long list of sexual contacts and also child sacrifice . The `` holiness '' injunctions which give the code its name begin with the next section : penalties are imposed for the worship of Molech , consulting mediums and wizards , cursing one 's parents and engaging in unlawful sex . Priests are instructed on mourning rituals and acceptable bodily defects . Blasphemy is to be punished with death , and rules for the eating of sacrifices are set out ; the calendar is explained , and rules for sabbatical and Jubilee years set out ; and rules are made for oil lamps and bread in the sanctuary ; and rules are made for slavery . The code ends by telling the Israelites they must choose between the law and prosperity on the one hand , or , on the other , horrible punishments , the worst of which will be expulsion from the land . Chapter 27 is a disparate and probably late addition telling about persons and things dedicated to the Lord and how vows can be redeemed instead of fulfilled . Composition ( edit ) The Tabernacle and the Camp ( 19th Century drawing ) The majority of scholars have concluded that the Pentateuch received its final form during the Persian period ( 538 -- 332 BC ) . Nevertheless , Leviticus had a long period of growth before reaching that form . The entire book of Leviticus is composed of Priestly literature . Most scholars see chapters 1 -- 16 ( the Priestly code ) and chapters 17 -- 26 ( the Holiness code ) as the work of two related schools , but while the Holiness material employs the same technical terms as the Priestly code , it broadens their meaning from pure ritual to the theological and moral , turning the ritual of the Priestly code into a model for the relationship of Israel to God : as the tabernacle is made holy by the presence of the Lord and kept apart from uncleanliness , so He will dwell among Israel when Israel is purified ( made holy ) and separated from other peoples . The ritual instructions in the Priestly code apparently grew from priests giving instruction and answering questions about ritual matters ; the Holiness code ( or H ) used to be regarded as a separate document later incorporated into Leviticus , but it seems better to think of the Holiness authors as editors who worked with the Priestly code and actually produced Leviticus as we now have it . The En - Gedi Scroll , a burnt text that was excavated from an ancient Synagogue in Ein Gedi in 1970 , and has been carbon dated to the 3rd century AD , was recently discovered to contain verses from the second chapter of Leviticus , making it the oldest piece of the Torah ever discovered after the Dead Sea Scrolls . The text was unreadable until analyzed with a micro CT scanner that was then used to recreate a 3D image of the scroll . It is the first Torah scroll to be found in an ancient Synagogue . Themes ( edit ) Sacrifice and ritual ( edit ) Many scholars argue that the rituals of Leviticus have a theological meaning concerning Israel 's relationship with its God . Jacob Milgrom was especially influential in spreading this view . He maintained that the priestly regulations in Leviticus expressed a rational system of theological thought . The writers expected them to be put into practice in Israel 's temple , so the rituals would express this theology as well , as well as ethical concern for the poor . Milgrom also argued that the book 's purity regulations ( chaps. 11 -- 15 ) are based in ethical thinking . Many other interpreters have followed Milgrom in exploring the theological and ethical implications of Leviticus 's regulations ( e.g. Marx , Balentine ) , though some have questioned how systematic they really are . Ritual , therefore , is not a series of actions undertaken for their own sake , but a means of maintaining the relationship between God , the world , and humankind . Kehuna ( Jewish priesthood ) ( edit ) Main article : kohen The main function of the priests is service at the altar , and only the sons of Aaron are priests in the full sense . ( Ezekiel also distinguishes between altar - priests and lower Levites , but in Ezekiel the altar - priests are called sons of Zadok instead of sons of Aaron ; many scholars see this as a remnant of struggles between different priestly factions in First Temple times , resolved by the Second Temple into a hierarchy of Aaronite altar - priests and lower - level Levites , including singers , gatekeepers and the like ) . In chapter 10 , God kills Nadab and Abihu , the oldest sons of Aaron , for offering `` strange incense '' . Fortunately , Aaron has two sons left . Commentators have read various messages in the incident : a reflection of struggles between priestly factions in the post -- Exilic period ( Gerstenberger ) ; or a warning against offering incense outside the Temple , where there might be the risk of invoking strange gods ( Milgrom ) . In any case , the sanctuary has been polluted by the bodies of the two dead priests , leading into the next theme , holiness . Uncleanliness and purity ( edit ) Ritual purity is essential for an Israelite to be able to approach Yahweh and remain part of the community . Uncleanliness threatens holiness ; Chapters 11 -- 15 review the various causes of uncleanliness and describe the rituals which will restore cleanliness ; cleanliness is to be maintained through observation of the rules on sexual behaviour , family relations , land ownership , worship , sacrifice , and observance of holy days . Yahweh dwells with Israel in the holy of holies . All of the priestly ritual is focused on Yahweh and the construction and maintenance of a holy space , but sin generates impurity , as do everyday events such as childbirth and menstruation ; impurity pollutes the holy dwelling place . Failure to ritually purify the sacred space could result in God leaving , which would be disastrous . Atonement ( edit ) The Scapegoat ( 1854 painting by William Holman Hunt ) Through sacrifice the priest `` makes atonement '' for sin and the offerer is forgiven ( but only if God accepts the sacrifice -- forgiveness comes only from God ) . Atonement rituals involve blood , poured or sprinkled , as the symbol of the life of the victim : the blood has the power to wipe out or absorb the sin . The role of atonement is reflected structurally in two - part division of the book : chapters 1 -- 16 call for the establishment of the institution for atonement , and chapters 17 -- 27 call for the life of the atoned community in holiness . Holiness ( edit ) The consistent theme of chapters 17 -- 26 is the repeated phrase , `` Be holy , for I the Lord your God am holy . '' Holiness in ancient Israel had a different meaning than in contemporary usage : it might have been regarded as the `` god - ness '' of God , an invisible but physical and potentially dangerous force . Specific objects , or even days , can be holy , but they derive holiness from being connected with God -- the seventh day , the tabernacle , and the priests all derive their holiness from God . As a result , Israel had to maintain its own holiness in order to live safely alongside God . The need for holiness is directed to the possession of the Promised Land ( Canaan ) , where the Jews will become a holy people : `` You shall not do as they do in the land of Egypt where you dwelt , and you shall not do as they do in the land of Canaan to which I am bringing you ... You shall do my ordinances and keep my statutes ... I am the Lord , your God '' ( ch. 18 : 3 ) . Subsequent tradition ( edit ) Portion of the Temple Scroll Leviticus , as part of the Torah , became the law book of Jerusalem 's Second Temple as well as of the Samaritan temple . Evidence of its influence was found among the Dead Sea Scrolls , which included fragments of seventeen manuscripts of Leviticus dating from the third to the first centuries BC . Many other Qumran scrolls cite the book , especially the Temple Scroll and 4QMMT . Leviticus 's instructions for animal offerings have not been observed by Jews or Christians since the first century AD . Because of the destruction of the temple in Jerusalem in 70 AD , Jewish worship has focused on prayer and the study of Torah . Nevertheless , Leviticus constitutes a major source of Jewish law and is traditionally the first book taught to children in the Rabbinic system of education . There are two main Midrashim on Leviticus -- the halakhic one ( Sifra ) and a more aggadic one ( Vayikra Rabbah ) . The New Testament , particularly the Epistle to the Hebrews , uses ideas and images from Leviticus to describe Christ as the high priest who offers his own blood as a sin offering . Therefore , Christians do not make animal offerings either , as Gordon Wenham summarized : `` With the death of Christ the only sufficient `` burnt offering '' was offered once and for all , and therefore the animal sacrifices which foreshadowed Christ 's sacrifice were made obsolete . '' Christians generally have the view that the New Covenant supersedes ( i.e. , replaces ) the Old Testament 's ritual laws , which includes many of the rules in Leviticus . Christians therefore have usually not observed Leviticus ' rules regarding diet , purity , and agriculture . Christian teachings have differed , however , as to where to draw the line between ritual and moral regulations . Contents according to judaism 's weekly Torah portions ( edit ) A Torah scroll and silver pointer ( yad ) used in reading . Main article : Weekly Torah portion For detailed contents see : Vayikra , on Leviticus 1 -- 5 : Laws of the sacrifices Tzav , on Leviticus 6 -- 8 : Sacrifices , ordination of the priests Shemini , on Leviticus 9 -- 11 : Tabernacle consecrated , alien fire , dietary laws Tazria , on Leviticus 12 -- 13 : Childbirth , skin disease , clothing Metzora , on Leviticus 14 -- 15 : Skin disease , infected houses , genital discharges Acharei Mot , on Leviticus 16 -- 18 : Yom Kippur , centralized offerings , sexual practices Kedoshim , on Leviticus 19 -- 20 : Holiness , penalties for transgressions Emor , on Leviticus 21 -- 24 : Rules for priests , holy days , lights and bread , a blasphemer Behar , on Leviticus 25 -- 25 : Sabbatical year , debt servitude limited Bechukotai , on Leviticus 26 -- 27 : Blessings and curses , payment of vows See also ( edit ) 613 commandments References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gorman , pp. 4 -- 5 , 14 -- 16 ^ Jump up to : Berlin , Adele ; Brettler , Marc Zvi ( 2014 ) . Jewish Study Bible ( 2 Rev ed . ( November 2014 ) ed . ) . ( S.l. ) : Oxford University Press . p. 193 . ISBN 978 - 0199978465 . Retrieved 6 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Wenham , p. 8 ff . Jump up ^ Gerstenberger , p. 4 Jump up ^ Watts ( 2013 ) , pp. 104 -- 07 ^ Jump up to : Grabbe ( 1998 ) , p. 92 Jump up ^ Wenham , pp. 3 -- 4 Jump up ^ Hartley , pp. vii -- viii Jump up ^ Milgrom ( 1991 ) , pp. v -- x Jump up ^ Watts ( 2013 ) , pp. 12 -- 20 Jump up ^ Grabbe ( 2006 ) , p. 208 ^ Jump up to : Kugler , Hartin , p. 82 Jump up ^ Kugler , Hartin , pp. 82 -- 83 Jump up ^ Kugler , Hartin , p. 83 Jump up ^ `` Leviticus 25 NIV '' . niv.scripturetext.com . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ Kugler , Hartin , pp. 83 -- 84 Jump up ^ Kugler , Hartin , p. 84 Jump up ^ Newsom , p. 26 Jump up ^ Levine ( 2006 ) , p. 11 Jump up ^ Houston , p. 102 Jump up ^ Houston , pp. 102 -- 03 Jump up ^ `` The Most Ancient Hebrew Scroll since the Dead Sea Scrolls has been Deciphered '' . Israel Antiquities Authority . Jump up ^ Milgrom ( 2004 ) , pp. 8 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Milgrom ( 1991 ) , pp. 704 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Watts ( 2013 ) , pp. 40 -- 54 . Jump up ^ Balentine ( 1999 ) p. 150 Jump up ^ Grabbe ( 2006 ) , p. 211 Jump up ^ Grabbe ( 2006 ) , p. 211 ( fn. 11 ) Jump up ^ Houston , p. 110 Jump up ^ Davies , Rogerson , p. 101 Jump up ^ Marx , p. 104 ^ Jump up to : Balentine ( 2002 ) , p. 8 Jump up ^ Gorman , pp. 10 -- 11 Jump up ^ Houston , p. 106 ^ Jump up to : Houston , p. 107 Jump up ^ Knierim , p. 114 Jump up ^ Rodd , p. 7 Jump up ^ Brueggemann , p. 99 Jump up ^ Rodd , p. 8 Jump up ^ Clines , p. 56 Jump up ^ Watts ( 2013 ) , p. 10 Jump up ^ Wenham , p. 65 Jump up ^ Watts ( 2013 ) , pp. 77 -- 86 Bibliography ( edit ) Translations of Leviticus ( edit ) Leviticus at Bible gateway Commentaries on Leviticus ( edit ) Balentine , Samuel E ( 2002 ) . Leviticus . Westminster John Knox Press . ISBN 9780664237356 . Bamberger , Bernard Jacob The Torah : A Modern Commentary ( 1981 ) , ISBN 0 - 8074 - 0055 - 6 Gerstenberger , Erhard S ( 1996 ) . Leviticus : A Commentary . Westminster John Knox Press . ISBN 9780664226732 . Gorman , Frank H ( 1997 ) . Divine presence and community : a commentary on the Book of Leviticus . Eerdmans . ISBN 9780802801104 . Grabbe , Lester ( 1998 ) . `` Leviticus '' . In John Barton . Oxford Bible Commentary . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780198755005 . Hartley , John E. ( 1992 ) . Leviticus . Word . ISBN 0849902037 . Houston , Walter J ( 2003 ) . `` Leviticus '' . In James D.G. Dunn , John William Rogerson . Eerdmans Bible Commentary . Eerdmans . ISBN 9780802837110 . Kleinig , John W ( 2004 ) . Leviticus . Concordia Publishing House . ISBN 9780570063179 . Levine , Baruch A. ( 1989 ) . JPS Torah Commentary : Leviticus . Jewish Publication Society . Milgrom , Jacob ( 1998 -- 2001 ) . Leviticus 1 -- 16 , Leviticus 17 -- 22 , Leviticus 23 -- 27 . New Haven : Yale . Milgrom , Jacob ( 2004 ) . Leviticus : A Book of Ritual and Ethics . Minneapolis : Fortress . ISBN 9781451410150 . Watts , James W. ( 2013 ) . Leviticus 1 -- 10 . Leuven : Peeters . ISBN 9042929847 . Wenham , Gordon ( 1979 ) . The book of Leviticus . Eerdmans . ISBN 9780802825223 . General ( edit ) Balentine , Samuel E ( 1999 ) . The Torah 's Vision of Worship . Fortress Press . ISBN 9781451418088 . Bandstra , Barry L ( 2004 ) . Reading the Old Testament : An Introduction to the Hebrew Bible . Wadsworth . ISBN 9780495391050 . Brueggemann , Walter ( 2002 ) . Reverberations of Faith : A Theological Handbook of Old Testament themes . Westminster John Knox . ISBN 9780664222314 . Campbell , Antony F ; O'Brien , Mark A ( 1993 ) . Sources of the Pentateuch : Texts , Introductions , Annotations . Fortress Press . ISBN 9781451413670 . Clines , David A ( 1997 ) . The Theme of the Pentateuch . Sheffield Academic Press . ISBN 9780567431967 . Davies , Philip R ; Rogerson , John W ( 2005 ) . The Old Testament World . Liturgical Press . ISBN 9780664230258 . Dawes , Gregory W ( 2005 ) . Introduction to the Bible . Liturgical Press . ISBN 9780814628355 . Gilbert , Christopher ( 2009 ) . A Complete Introduction to the Bible . Paulist Press . ISBN 9780809145522 . Grabbe , Lester ( 2006 ) . `` The priests in Leviticus '' . In Rolf Rendtorff , Robert A. Kugler . The Book of Leviticus : Composition and Reception . Brill . ISBN 9789004126343 . Knierim , Rolf P ( 1995 ) . The Task of Old Testament Theology : Substance , Method , and Cases . Eerdmans . ISBN 9780802807151 . Kugler , Robert ; Hartin , Patrick ( 2009 ) . An Introduction to the Bible . Eerdmans . ISBN 9780802846365 . Levine , Baruch ( 2006 ) . `` Leviticus : Its Literary History and Location in Biblical Literature '' . In Rolf Rendtorff , Robert A. Kugler . The Book of Leviticus : Composition and Reception . Brill . ISBN 9789004126343 . Marx , Alfred ( 2006 ) . `` The Theology of the Sacrifice according to Leviticus 1 -- 7 '' . In Rolf Rendtorff , Robert A. Kugler . The Book of Leviticus : Composition and Reception . Brill . ISBN 9789004126343 . McDermott , John J ( 2002 ) . Reading the Pentateuch : A Historical Introduction . Pauline Press . ISBN 9780809140824 . Newsom , Carol Ann ( 2004 ) . The Self as Symbolic Space : Constructing Identity and Community at Qumran . BRILL . ISBN 9789004138032 . Nihan , Christophe ( 2007 ) . From Priestly Torah to Pentateuch : A Study in the Composition of the Book of Leviticus . Tuebingen : Mohr Siebeck . ISBN 9783161492570 . Rodd , Cyril S ( 2001 ) . Glimpses of a Strange Land : Studies in Old Testament Ethics . T&T Clark . ISBN 9780567087539 . Rogerson , J.W ( 1991 ) . Genesis 1 -- 11 . T&T Clark . ISBN 9780567083388 . Van Seters , John ( 1998 ) . `` The Pentateuch '' . In Steven L. McKenzie , Matt Patrick Graham . The Hebrew Bible Today : An Introduction to Critical Issues . Westminster John Knox Press . ISBN 9780664256524 . Ska , Jean - Louis ( 2006 ) . Introduction to Reading the Pentateuch . Eisenbrauns . ISBN 9781575061221 . Watts , James W. ( 2007 ) . Ritual and Rhetoric in Leviticus : From Sacrifice to Scripture . New York : Cambridge . ISBN 9780521871938 . Wenham , Gordon ( 2003 ) . Exploring the Old Testament : The Pentateuch . SPCK . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Leviticus ( Bible ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Book of Leviticus . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Book of Leviticus Online versions of Leviticus : Hebrew : Leviticus - Mikraot Gedolot Haketer - online edition , Menachem Cohen , Bar Ilan University ( Hebrew ) Leviticus at Mechon - Mamre ( Jewish Publication Society translation ) Leviticus ( The Living Torah ) Rabbi Aryeh Kaplan 's translation and commentary at Ort.org Vayikra -- Levitichius ( Judaica Press ) translation ( with Rashi 's commentary ) at Chabad.org ויקרא Vayikra -- Leviticus ( Hebrew -- English at Mechon-Mamre.org ) Christian translations : The Book of Leviticus , Douay Rheims Version , with Bishop Challoner Commentaries Online Bible at GospelHall.org ( King James Version ) Online Audio and Classic Bible at Bible-Book.org ( King James Version ) oremus Bible Browser ( New Revised Standard Version ) oremus Bible Browser ( Anglicized New Revised Standard Version ) Leviticus public domain audiobook at LibriVox Various versions Related article : Book of Leviticus article ( Jewish Encyclopedia ) The Literary Structure of Leviticus ( chaver.com ) Brief introduction Leviticus Book of Leviticus Pentateuch Preceded by Exodus Hebrew Bible Succeeded by Numbers Christian Old Testament Book of Leviticus Bible Leviticus 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Places Mount Sinai People Aaron Abihu Eleazar Ithamar Moses Nadab Terms Azazel High Priest of Israel Israel Jewish holidays Jubilee ( biblical ) Shmita Tabernacle Sources Hebrew Bible Septuagint Latin Vulgate Wycliffe Version King James Version American Standard Version World English Version ← Book of Exodus ( chapter 40 ) Book of Numbers ( chapter 1 ) → Books of the Bible Principal divisions Hebrew Bible / Old Testament Protocanon Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy Joshua Judges Ruth 1 -- 2 Samuel 1 -- 2 Kings 1 -- 2 Chronicles Ezra Nehemiah Esther Job Psalms Proverbs Ecclesiastes Song Isaiah Jeremiah Lamentations Ezekiel Daniel Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Deuterocanon and Apocrypha Catholic Orthodox Tobit Judith Additions to Esther 1 Maccabees 2 Maccabees Wisdom Sirach Baruch / Letter of Jeremiah Additions to Daniel Susanna Song of the Three Children Bel and the Dragon Orthodox only 1 Esdras 2 Esdras Prayer of Manasseh Psalm 151 3 Maccabees 4 Maccabees Odes Tewahedo Orthodox Enoch Jubilees 1 , 2 , and 3 Meqabyan Paralipomena of Baruch Broader canon Syriac Letter of Baruch Psalms 152 -- 155 New Testament Matthew Mark Luke Acts Romans 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians 1 Timothy 2 Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews James 1 Peter 2 Peter 1 John 2 John 3 John Jude Revelation Subdivisions Chapters and verses Pentateuch Wisdom Major prophets / Minor prophets Gospels Synoptic Epistles Pauline Johannine Pastoral Catholic Apocalyptic literature Development Old Testament canon New Testament canon Antilegomena Jewish canon Christian canon Manuscripts Dead Sea Scrolls Samaritan Pentateuch Septuagint Targum Diatessaron Muratorian fragment Peshitta Vetus Latina Masoretic Text New Testament manuscript categories New Testament papyri New Testament uncials See also Biblical canon Luther 's canon Authorship English Bible translations Other books referenced in the Bible Pseudepigrapha list New Testament apocrypha Studies Synod of Hippo Textual criticism Portal WikiProject Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Leviticus&oldid=848212312 '' Categories : 7th - century BC books 6th - century BC books 5th - century BC books 4th - century BC books Book of Leviticus Tabernacle and Temples in Jerusalem Torah books Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Articles containing Hebrew - language text Articles with LibriVox links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Afrikaans Aragonés Asturianu Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Boarisch Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Kinyarwanda Kiswahili Ladino Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Malagasy മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Rumantsch Runa Simi Русский Scots Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Türkçe Українська اردو Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 中文 Lingua Franca Nova 78 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 June 2018 , at 13 : 33 ( UTC ) . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book%20of%20Leviticus
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which statement is not true of rostow's age of high mass consumption
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Rostow 's Stages of growth
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rostow's stages of growth
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Rostow 's Stages of Economic Growth model is one of the major historical models of economic growth . It was published by American economist Walt Whitman Rostow in 1960 . The model postulates that economic growth occurs in five basic stages , of varying length :
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Traditional society Preconditions for take - off Take - off Drive to maturity Age of high mass consumption Rostow 's model is one of the more structuralist models of economic growth , particularly in comparison with the `` backwardness '' model developed by Alexander Gerschenkron , although the two models are not mutually exclusive . Rostow argued that economic take - off must initially be led by a few individual economic sectors . This belief echoes David Ricardo 's comparative advantage thesis and criticizes Marxist revolutionaries ' push for economic self - reliance in that it pushes for the `` initial '' development of only one or two sectors over the development of all sectors equally . This became one of the important concepts in the theory of modernization in social evolutionism . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Theoretical Framework 3 Stages of Development Process 3.1 Traditional Societies 3.2 Pre-conditions for Take - off 3.3 Take - off 3.4 Drive to Maturity 3.5 Age of High Mass Consumption 3.6 Beyond Consumption 4 Criticism of the model 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading Overview ( edit ) Below is a detailed outline of Rostow 's Five Stages of Growth : Traditional Society characterized by subsistence agriculture or hunting and gathering ; almost wholly a `` primary '' sector economy limited technology Some advancements and improvements to processes , but limited ability for economic growth because of the absence of modern technologies , lack of class or individual economic mobility , with stability prioritized and change seen negatively This is where society generally begins before progressing towards the next stages of growth No centralized nations or political systems . Pre-conditions to `` take - off '' External demand for raw materials initiates economic change . Development of more productive , commercial agriculture and cash crops not consumed by producers and / or largely exported . Widespread and enhanced investment in changes to the physical environment to expand production ( i.e. irrigation , canals , ports ) Increasing spread of technology and advances in existing technologies Changing social structure , with previous social equilibrium now in flux Individual social mobility begins Development of national identity and shared economic interests . Take - off Urbanization increases , industrialization proceeds , technological break through occurs . `` Secondary '' ( goods - producing ) sector expands and ratio of secondary vs. primary sectors in the economy shifts quickly towards secondary . Textiles and apparel are usually the first `` take - off '' industry , as happened in Great Britain 's classic `` Industrial Revolution '' An Example of the Take - off phase is the Agriculture ( Green ) Revolution in the 1960s . Drive to Maturity Diversification of the industrial base ; multiple industries expand and new ones take root quickly Manufacturing shifts from investment - driven ( capital goods ) towards consumer durables and domestic consumption Rapid development of transportation infrastructure . Large - scale investment in social infrastructure ( schools , universities , hospitals , etc . ) Age of Mass Consumption the industrial base dominates the economy ; the primary sector is of greatly diminished weight in economy and society widespread and normative consumption of high - value consumer goods ( e.g. automobiles ) consumers typically ( if not universally ) , have disposable income , beyond all basic needs , for additional goods Urban society ( a movement away from rural countrysides to the cities ) Beyond consumption age of diminishing relative marginal utility as well as an age for durable consumer goods large families and Americans feel as if they were born into a society that has high economic security and high consumption a stage where its merely speculation on whether there is further consumer diffusion or what the new generation will bring for growth Rostow claimed that these stages of growth were designed to tackle a number of issues , some of which he identified himself , writing : `` Under what impulses did traditional , agricultural societies begin the process of their modernization ? When and how did regular growth become a built - in feature of each society ? What forces drove the process of sustained growth along and determined its contours ? What common social and political features of the growth process may be discerned at each stage ? What forces have determined relations between the more developed and less developed areas ; and what relation if any did the relative sequence of growth bear to outbreak of war ? And finally where is compound interest taking us ? Is it taking us to communism ; or to the affluent suburbs , nicely rounded out with social overhead capital ; to destruction ; to the moon ; or where ? '' Rostow asserts that countries go through each of these stages fairly linearly , and set out a number of conditions that were likely to occur in investment , consumption , and social trends at each state . Not all of the conditions were certain to occur at each stage , however , and the stages and transition periods may occur at varying lengths from country to country , and even from region to region . Theoretical framework ( edit ) Rostow 's model is a part of the liberal school of economics , laying emphasis on the efficacy of modern concepts of free trade and the ideas of Adam Smith . It disagrees with Friedrich List 's argument which states that economies which rely on exports of raw materials may get `` locked in '' , and would not be able to diversify , regarding this Rostow 's model states that economies may need to depend on raw material exports to finance the development of industrial sector which has not yet of achieved superior level of competitiveness in the early stages of take - off . Rostow 's model does not disagree with John Maynard Keynes regarding the importance of government control over domestic development which is not generally accepted by some ardent free trade advocates . The basic assumption given by Rostow is that countries want to modernize and grow and that society will agree to the materialistic norms of economic growth . Stages of development process ( edit ) Traditional societies ( edit ) An economy in this stage has a limited production function which barely attains the minimum level of potential output . This does not entirely mean that the economy 's production level is static . The output level can still be increased , as there was often a surplus of uncultivated land which can be used for increasing agricultural production . Modern science and technology has yet to be introduced . As a result , these pre-Newtonian societies , unaware of the possibilities to manipulate the external world , rely heavily on manual labor and self - sufficiency to survive . States and individuals utilize irrigation systems in many instances , but most farming is still purely for subsistence . There have been technological innovations , but only on ad hoc basis . All of that this can result in increases in output , but never beyond an upper limit which can not be crossed . Trade is predominantly regional and local , largely done through barter , and the monetary system is not well developed . Investment 's share never exceeds 5 % of total economic production . Wars , famines and epidemics like plague cause initially expanding populations to halt or shrink , limiting the single greatest factor of production : human manual labor . Volume fluctuations in trade due to political instability are frequent ; historically , trading was subject to great risk and transport of goods and raw materials was expensive , difficult , slow and unreliable . The manufacturing sector and other industries have a tendency to grow but are limited by inadequate scientific knowledge and a `` backward '' or highly traditionalist frame of mind which contributes to low labour productivity . In this stage , some regions are entirely self - sufficient . In settled agricultural societies before the Industrial Revolution , a hierarchical social structure relied on near - absolute reverence for tradition , and an insistence on obedience and submission . This resulted in concentration of political power in the hands of landowners in most cases ; everywhere , family and lineage , and marriage ties , constituted the primary social organization , along with religious customs , and the state only rarely interacted with local populations and in limited spheres of life . This social structure was generally feudalistic in nature . Under modern conditions , these characteristics have been modified by outside influences , but the least developed regions and societies fit this description quite accurately . Preconditions for take - off ( edit ) In the second stage of economic growth the economy undergoes a process of change for building up of conditions for growth and take off . Rostow said that these changes in society and the economy had to be of fundamental nature in the socio - political structure and production techniques . This pattern was followed in Europe , parts of Asia , the Middle East and Africa . There is also a second or third pattern in which he said that there was no need for change in socio - political structure because these economies were not deeply caught up in older , traditional social and political structures . The only changes required were in economic and technical dimensions . The nations which followed this pattern were in North America and Oceania ( New Zealand and Australia ) . There are three important dimensions to this transition : firstly , the shift from an agrarian to an industrial or manufacturing society begins , albeit slowly . Secondly , trade and other commercial activities of the nation broaden the market 's reach not only to neighboring areas but also to far - flung regions , creating international markets . Lastly , the surplus attained should not be wasted on the conspicuous consumption of the land owners or the state , but should be spent on the development of industries , infrastructure and thereby prepare for self - sustained growth of the economy later on . Furthermore , agriculture becomes commercialized and mechanized via technological advancement ; shifts increasingly towards cash or export - oriented crops ; and there is a growth of agricultural entrepreneurship . The strategic factor is that investment level should be above 5 % of the national income . This rise in investment rate depends on many sectors of the economy . According to Rostow capital formation depends on the productivity of agriculture and the creation of social overhead capital . Agriculture plays a very important role in this transition process as the surplus quantity of the produce is to be utilized to support an increasing urban population of workers and also becomes a major exporting sector , earning foreign exchange for continued development and capital formation . Increases in agricultural productivity also lead to expansion of the domestic markets for manufactured goods and processed commodities , which adds to the growth of investment in the industrial sector . Social overhead capital creation can only be undertaken by government , in Rostow 's view . Government plays the driving role in development of social overhead capital as it is rarely profitable , it has a long gestation period , and the pay - offs accrue to all economic sectors , not primarily to the investing entity ; thus the private sector is not interested in playing a major role in its development . All these changes effectively prepare the way for `` take - off '' only if there is basic change in attitude of society towards risk taking , changes in working environment , and openness to change in social and political organisations and structures . According to Rostow , the preconditions to take - off begins from an external intervention by more developed and advanced societies , which `` set in motion ideas and sentiments which initiated the process by which a modern alternative to the traditional society was constructed out of the old culture . '' The pre-conditions of take - off closely track the historic stages of the ( initially ) British Industrial Revolution . Referring to the graph of savings and investment , notably , there is a steep increase in the rate of savings and investment from the stage of `` Pre Take - off '' till `` Drive to Maturity : '' then , following that stage , the growing rate of savings and investment moderates . This initial and accelerating steep increase in savings and investment is a pre-condition for the economy to reach the `` Take - off '' stage and far beyond . Take - off ( edit ) This stage is characterized by dynamic economic growth . As Rostow suggests , all is premised on a sharp stimulus ( or multiple stimuli ) that is / are any or all of economic , political and technological change . The main feature of this stage is rapid , self - sustained growth . Take - off occurs when sector led growth becomes common and society is driven more by economic processes than traditions . At this point , the norms of economic growth are well established and growth becomes a nation 's `` second nature '' and a shared goal . In discussing the take - off , Rostow is noted to have adopted the term `` transition '' , which describes the process of a traditional economy becoming a modern one . After take - off , a country will generally take as long as fifty to one hundred years to reach the mature stage according to the model , as occurred in countries that participated in the Industrial Revolution and were established as such when Rostow developed his ideas in the 1950s . Per Rostow there are three main requirements for take - off : 1 . The rate of productive investment should rise from approximately 5 % to over 10 % of national income or net national product 2 . The development of one or more substantial manufacturing sectors , with a high rate of growth ; 3 . The existence or quick emergence of a political , social and institutional framework which exploits the impulses to expansion in the modern sector and the potential external economy effects of the take - off . The third requirement implies that the needed capital must be mobilized from domestic resources and steered into the economy , rather than into domestic or state consumption. Industrialization becomes a crucial phenomenon as it helps to prepare the basic structure for structural changes on a massive scale . Rostow says that this transition does not follow a set trend as there are a variety of different motivations or stimulus which began this growth process . Take off requires a large and sufficient amount of loanable funds for expansion of the industrial sector which generally come from two sources which are : Shifts in income flows by way of taxation , implementation of land reforms and various other fiscal measures . Re-investment of profits earned from foreign trade as has been observed in many East Asian countries . While there are other examples of `` Take - off '' based on rapidly increasing demand for domestically produced goods for sale in domestic markets , more countries have followed the export - based model , overall and in the recent past . The US , Canada , Russia and Sweden are examples of domestically based `` take - off '' ; all of them , however , were characterized by massive capital imports and rapid adoption of their trading partners ' technological advances . This entire process of expansion of the industrial sector yields an increase in rate of return to some individuals who save at high rates and invest their savings in the industrial sector activities . The economy exploit their underutilized natural resources to increase their production . Tentative take - off dates The take - off also needs a group of entrepreneurs in the society who pursue innovation and accelerate the rate of growth in the economy . For such an entrepreneurial class to develop , firstly , an ethos of `` delayed gratification '' , a preference for capital accumulation over expenditure , and high tolerance of risk must be present . Secondly , entrepreneurial groups typically develop because they can not secure prestige and power in their society via marriage , via participating in well - established industries , or through government or military service ( among other routes to prominence ) because of some disqualifying social or legal attribute ; and lastly , their rapidly changing society must tolerate unorthodox paths to economic and political power . The ability of a country to make it through this stage depends on the following major factors : Existence of enlarged , sustained effective demand for the product of key sectors . Introduction of new productive technologies and techniques in these sectors . The society 's increasing capacity to generate or earn enough capital to complete the take - off transition . Activities in the key sector should induce a chain of growth in other sectors of the economy , that also develop rapidly . An example of a country in the Take - off stage of development is Equatorial Guinea . It has the largest increases in GDP growth since 1980 and the rate of productive investment has risen from 5 % to over 10 % of income or product . In the table note that Take - off periods of different countries are the same as the industrial revolution in those countries . Drive to maturity ( edit ) After take - off , there follows a long interval of sustained growth known as the stage of drive to maturity . Rostow defines it `` as the period when a society has effectively applied the range of modern technology to the bulk of its resources . '' Now regularly growing economy drives to extend modern technology over the whole front of its economic activity . Some 10 - 20 % of the national income is steadily invested , permitting output regularly to outstrip the increase in population . The make - up of the economy changes unceasingly as technique improves , new industries accelerate , older industries level off . The economy finds its place in the international economy : goods formerly imported are produced at home ; new import requirements develop , and new export commodities to match them . The leading sectors will in an economy be determined by the nature of resource endowments and not only by technology . Tentative drive to maturity dates On comparing the dates of take - off and drive to maturity , these countries reached the stage of maturity in approximately 60 years . The structural changes in the society during this stage are in three ways : Work force composition in agriculture shifts from 75 % of the working population to 20 % . The workers acquire greater skill and their wages increase in real terms . The character of leadership changes significantly in the industries and a high degree of professionalism is introduced Environmental and health cost of industrialization is recognized and policy changes are thus made . During this stage a country has to decide whether the industrial power and technology it has generated is to be used for the welfare of its people or to gain supremacy over others , or the world in toto . A prime example of a country in the Drive to Maturity stage is South Africa . It is developing a world - class infrastructure - including a modern transport network , widely available energy , and sophisticated telecommunications facilities . Additionally , the commercial farm sector shed 140,000 jobs , a decline of roughly 20 % , in the eleven - year period from 1988 to 1998 . This diversity leads to reduction in poverty rate and increasing standards of living , as the society no longer needs to sacrifice its comfort in order to build up certain sectors . Age of high mass consumption ( edit ) The age of high mass consumption refers to the period of contemporary comfort afforded many western nations , wherein consumers concentrate on durable goods , and hardly remember the subsistence concerns of previous stages . Rostow uses the Buddenbrooks dynamics metaphor to describe this change in attitude . In Thomas Mann 's 1901 novel , Buddenbrooks , a family is chronicled for three generations . The first generation is interested in economic development , the second in its position in society . The third , already having money and prestige , concerns itself with the arts and music , worrying little about those previous , earthly concerns . So too , in the age of high mass consumption , a society is able to choose between concentrating on military and security issues , on equality and welfare issues , or on developing great luxuries for its upper class . Each country in this position chooses its own balance between these three goals . There is a desire to develop an egalitarian society and measures are taken to reach this goal . According to Rostow , a country tries to determine its uniqueness and factors affecting it are its political , geographical and cultural structure and also values present in its society . Historically , the United States is said to have reached this stage first , followed by other western European nations , and then Japan in the 1950s . Beyond consumption ( edit ) This step is more of a theoretical speculation by Rostow rather than an analytical step in the process by Rostow . Individuals begin having larger families and do not value income as a pre-requisite for more vacation days . Consumer products become more durable and more diverse . New Americans will behave in a way where the high economic security and level mass consumption is considered normal . Rostow does make the point that it is possible with the large baby boom it could either cause economic issues or dictate an even larger diffusion of consumer goods . With increasing urban and suburban population there will be undoubtedly an increase in consumer goods and services as well . Criticism of the model ( edit ) Rostow is historical in the sense that the end result is known at the outset and is derived from the historical geography of a developed , bureaucratic society . Rostow is mechanical in the sense that the underlying motor of change is not disclosed and therefore the stages become little more than a classificatory system based on data from developed countries . His model is based on American and European history and defines the American norm of high mass consumption as integral to the economic development process of all industrialized societies . His model assumes the inevitable adoption of Neoliberal trade policies which allow the manufacturing base of a given advanced polity to be relocated to lower - wage regions . Rostow 's model does not apply to the Asian and the African countries as events in these countries are not justified in any stage of his model . The stages are not identifiable properly as the conditions of the take - off and pre take - off stage are very similar and also overlap . According to Rostow growth becomes automatic by the time it reaches the maturity stage but Kuznets asserts that no growth can be automatic there is need for push always . There are two unrelated theories of take off one is that take is a sectoral and a non-linear notion and other is that it is highly aggregative . Rostow 's thesis is biased towards a western model of modernization , but at the time of Rostow the world 's only mature economies were in the west , and no controlled economies were in the `` era of high mass consumption . '' The model de-emphasizes differences between sectors in capitalistic vs. communistic societies , but seems to innately recognize that modernization can be achieved in different ways in different types of economies . The most disabling assumption that Rostow took is of trying to fit economic progress into a linear system . This assumption is false as due to empirical evidence of many countries making false starts then reaching a degree of progress and change and then slipping back . E.g. : In the case of contemporary Russia slipping back from high mass consumption to a country in transition , the main cause being the end of the Cold War and geopolitical struggles . Another problem that Rostow 's work has is that it considered large countries with a large population ( Japan ) , with natural resources available at just the right time in its history ( Coal in Northern European countries ) , or with a large land mass ( Argentina ) . He has little to say and indeed offers little hope for small countries , such as Rwanda , which do not have such advantages . Neo-liberal economic theory to Rostow , and many others , does offer hope to much of the world that economic maturity is coming and the age of high mass consumption is nigh . But that does leave a sort of `` grim meathook future '' for the outliers , which do not have the resources , political will , or external backing to become competitive . ( See Dependency theory ) See also ( edit ) Development economics Ragnar Nurkse Virtuous circle and vicious circle Critical minimum effort theory Strategy of unbalanced growth Low - level equilibrium trap Dual economy Big Push Model References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Rostow , W.W. ( 1960 ) . `` The Five Stages of Growth - A Summary '' . The Stages of Economic Growth : A Non-Communist Manifesto . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 4 -- 16 . ^ Jump up to : Rostow , W.W. ( 1962 ) . The Stages of Economic Growth . London : Cambridge University Press . pp. 2 , 38 , 59 . ^ Jump up to : Mishra , Puri ( 2010 ) . Economics of Development and Planning -- Theory and Practice . Himalaya Publishing House . pp. 127 -- 136 . ISBN 81 - 8488 - 829 - 5 . Jump up ^ Rostow emphasizes in Stages that `` the stages of growth are an arbitrary and limited way of looking at the sequence of modern history : ... to dramatize not merely the uniformities in the sequence of modernization but also -- and equally -- the uniqueness of each nation 's experience . '' Jump up ^ `` Rostow 's Stages of Development vs. Self - Sufficiency '' . Lewis historical society . 4 January 2011 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Rostow , W.W. ( 1960 ) . The Stages of Economic Growth : A Non-Communist Manifesto . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 10 . Jump up ^ Brett Wallace ( 2008 - 02 - 02 ) . `` IB Geography : Development : Rostow Model '' . Slideshare.net . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Seligso , Mitchell A . `` The Five Stages of Growth W.W. Rostow '' . Development and Underdevelopment : The Political Economy of Global Inequality . Lynne Rienner : 12 . ^ Jump up to : Mallick , Oliver Basu ( 2005 ) . `` Rostow 's five - stage model of development and ist ( sic ) relevance in Globalization '' ( PDF ) . School of Social Science Faculty of Education and Arts the University of Newcastle . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Stages of Development '' . Nvcc.edu. 2004 - 04 - 22 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : http://albahaegeo.files.wordpress.com/2011/03/rostow_lewis.pdf ^ Jump up to : Beckett , Paul A . The Journal of Developing Areas 29.2 ( 1995 ) : 284 - 86 . Web . Jump up ^ Itagaki , Yoichi ( 1963 ) . `` Criticism of Rostow 's Stage Approach : The Concept of State , System and Type '' . The Developing Economies. 1 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 17 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1746 - 1049.1963. tb01138. x . Jump up ^ `` Fall of the Soviet Union '' . Cold War Museum . The Cold War Museum . Retrieved 8 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grim Meathook Future '' is a quote from new media writer Joshua Ellis `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 03 - 29 . Retrieved 2006 - 04 - 18 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) . Further reading ( edit ) Rostow , W.W. ( 1960 ) . The Stages of Economic Growth : A Non-Communist Manifesto . Cambridge University Press . Baran , P. ; Hobsbawm , E.J. ( 1961 ) . `` The Stages of Economic Growth '' . Kyklos. 14 ( 2 ) : 234 -- 242 . Hunt , Diana ( 1989 ) . `` Rostow of the Stages of Growth '' . Economic Theories of Development : An Analysis of Competing Paradigms . New York : Harvester Wheatsheaf . pp. 95 -- 101 . ISBN 0 - 7450 - 0237 - 4 . Meier , Gerald M. ( 1989 ) . `` Sequence of Stages '' . Leading Issues in Economic Development ( Fifth ed . ) . New York : Oxford University Press . pp. 69 -- 72 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 505572 - 1 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rostow%27s_stages_of_growth&oldid=803444212 '' Categories : Economics models Economic growth Political economy Economic history studies Theories of history Economic development Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2014 CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Italiano Nederlands Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 October 2017 , at 15 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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when did the movie saturday night fever come out
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Saturday Night Fever is a 1977 American musical drama film directed by John Badham . It stars John Travolta as Tony Manero , a working - class young man who spends his weekends dancing and drinking at a local Brooklyn discothèque ; Karen Lynn Gorney as Stephanie Mangano , his dance partner and eventual confidante ; and Donna Pescow as Annette , Tony 's former dance partner and would - be girlfriend . While in the disco , Tony is the champion dancer . His circle of friends and weekend dancing help him to cope with the harsh realities of his life : a dead - end job , clashes with his unsupportive and squabbling parents , racial tensions in the local community , and his general restlessness .
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1977
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Saturday Night Fever
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saturday night fever
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Saturday Night Fever Theatrical release poster Directed by John Badham Produced by Robert Stigwood Screenplay by Norman Wexler Based on `` Tribal Rites of the New Saturday Night '' by Nik Cohn Starring John Travolta Karen Gorney Music by Barry Gibb Maurice Gibb Robin Gibb David Shire Cinematography Ralf D. Bode Edited by David Rawlins Production company Robert Stigwood Organization Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date December 14 , 1977 ( 1977 - 12 - 14 ) Running time 116 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $3.5 million Box office $237.1 million Saturday Night Fever is a 1977 American musical drama film directed by John Badham . It stars John Travolta as Tony Manero , a working - class young man who spends his weekends dancing and drinking at a local Brooklyn discothèque ; Karen Lynn Gorney as Stephanie Mangano , his dance partner and eventual confidante ; and Donna Pescow as Annette , Tony 's former dance partner and would - be girlfriend . While in the disco , Tony is the champion dancer . His circle of friends and weekend dancing help him to cope with the harsh realities of his life : a dead - end job , clashes with his unsupportive and squabbling parents , racial tensions in the local community , and his general restlessness . The story is based upon a 1976 New York magazine article by British writer Nik Cohn , `` Tribal Rites of the New Saturday Night '' ; in the mid-1990s , Cohn acknowledged that he fabricated the article . A newcomer to the United States and a stranger to the disco lifestyle , Cohn was unable to make any sense of the subculture he had been assigned to write about ; instead , the character who became Tony Manero was based on an English mod acquaintance of Cohn . A huge commercial success , the film significantly helped to popularize disco music around the world and made Travolta , already well known from his role on TV 's Welcome Back , Kotter , a household name . The Saturday Night Fever soundtrack , featuring disco songs by the Bee Gees , is one of the best - selling soundtracks of all time . The film showcased aspects of the music , the dancing , and the subculture surrounding the disco era : symphony - orchestrated melodies ; haute couture styles of clothing ; pre-AIDS sexual promiscuity ; and graceful choreography . The sequel Staying Alive ( 1983 ) also starred John Travolta and was directed by Sylvester Stallone , but received less positive reception . In 2010 , Saturday Night Fever was deemed `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' by the Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Soundtrack 5 Distribution 5.1 Theatrical releases 5.2 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 6.2 Awards and nominations 7 References in popular culture 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Anthony `` Tony '' Manero is a 19 - year - old Italian American from the Bay Ridge neighborhood of Brooklyn , New York . He lives with his parents , grandmother , and younger sister , and works at a dead - end job in a small hardware store . To escape his day - to - day life , Tony goes to 2001 Odyssey , a local disco club , where he is king of the dance floor and receives the admiration and respect he longs for . Tony has four close friends : Joey , Double J , Gus , and Bobby C. A fringe member of his group of friends is Annette , a neighborhood girl who longs for a more sexual relationship with Tony . Tony and his friends ritually stop on the Verrazano -- Narrows Bridge to clown around . The bridge has special significance for Tony as a symbol of escape to a better life on the other side - in more suburban Staten Island . Tony agrees to be Annette 's partner in an upcoming dance contest , but her happiness is short - lived when Tony is mesmerized by another woman at the club , Stephanie Mangano , whose dancing skills exceed Annette 's . Although Stephanie rejects Tony 's advances , she eventually agrees to be his partner in the dance competition , provided that their partnership remains professional . Tony 's older brother , Frank Jr. , who was the pride of the family since he was ordained a Roman Catholic priest , brings despair to their parents and grandmother when he tells them he quit the priesthood . Tony shares a warm relationship with Frank Jr. , but feels pleased that he , Tony , is no longer the black sheep of the family . Frank , Jr. tells Tony that he never wanted to be a priest and only did it to make their parents happy . Frank Jr. encourages Tony to do something with his dancing . While on his way home from the grocery store , Gus is attacked by a gang and hospitalized . He tells Tony and his friends that his attackers were the Barracudas . Meanwhile , Bobby C. has been trying to get out of his relationship with his devout Catholic girlfriend , Pauline , who is pregnant with his child . Facing pressure from his family and others to marry her , Bobby asks Frank Jr. if the Pope would grant him dispensation for an abortion . When Frank tells him such a thing would be highly unlikely , Bobby 's feelings of desperation increase . Eventually , the group gets their revenge on the Barracudas , and crash Bobby C 's car into their hangout . Tony , Double J , and Joey get out of the car to fight , but Bobby C. takes off when a gang member tries to attack him in the car . When the group visit Gus in the hospital , they are angry when he tells them that he may have identified the wrong gang . Later , Tony and Stephanie dance at the competition and end up winning first prize . However , Tony believes that a Puerto Rican couple performed better , and that the judges ' decision was racially motivated . He gives the Puerto Rican couple his trophy and reward money , and leaves with Stephanie . Once outside in a car , Tony tries to rape Stephanie , but she resists and runs from him . Tony 's friends come to the car along with an intoxicated Annette . Joey says she has agreed to have sex with everyone . Tony tries to lead her away , but is subdued by Double J and Joey , and sullenly leaves with the group in the car . Double J and Joey rape Annette . Bobby C. pulls the car over on the Verrazano - Narrows Bridge for their usual cable - climbing antics . Instead of abstaining as usual , Bobby performs stunts more recklessly than the rest of the gang . Realizing that he is acting recklessly , Tony tries to get him to come down . Bobby 's strong sense of despair , the situation with Pauline , and Tony 's broken promise to call him earlier that day all lead to a suicidal tirade about Tony 's lack of caring before Bobby slips and falls to his death in the water below . Disgusted and disillusioned by his friends , his family , and his life , Tony spends the rest of the night riding the subway into Manhattan . Morning has dawned by the time he appears at Stephanie 's apartment . He apologizes for his bad behavior , telling her that he plans to relocate from Brooklyn to Manhattan to try and start a new life . Tony and Stephanie salvage their relationship and agree to be friends . Cast ( edit ) John Travolta as Anthony `` Tony '' Manero Karen Lynn Gorney as Stephanie Mangano Barry Miller as Bobby C . Joseph Cali as Joey Paul Pape as Double J . Donna Pescow as Annette Bruce Ornstein as Gus Val Bisoglio as Frank Manero , Sr . Julie Bovasso as Flo Manero Martin Shakar as Frank Manero , Jr . Lisa Peluso as Linda Manero Nina Hansen as Grandmother Sam Coppola as Dan Fusco Denny Dillon as Doreen Robert Weil as Becker Fran Drescher as Connie Monti Rock as the DJ Robert Costanzo as paint store customer Ann Travolta as pizza girl ( Travolta 's sister ) Helen Travolta as paint store customer ( Travolta 's mother ) Production ( edit ) Donna Pescow was almost considered `` too pretty '' for the role of Annette . She corrected this matter by putting on 40 pounds and relearning her native Brooklyn accent , which she had overcome while studying drama at the American Academy of Dramatic Arts . After production ended , she quickly lost the weight she had gained for the role . John Travolta 's mother Helen and sister Ann both appeared in minor roles in the beginning of the film . Travolta 's sister is the pizzeria waitress who serves him the pizza slices ( and delivers the first dialogue ) , and his mother plays the woman to whom he sells the can of paint ( after being late ) . John G. Avildsen was signed to direct but was fired three weeks prior to principal photography over a script dispute with producer Robert Stigwood . Despite this , Travolta 's character has a Rocky poster in his room , a film directed by Avildsen . Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : Saturday Night Fever ( soundtrack ) `` Stayin ' Alive '' performed by Bee Gees -- 4 : 45 `` How Deep Is Your Love '' performed by Bee Gees -- 4 : 05 `` Night Fever '' performed by Bee Gees -- 3 : 33 `` More Than a Woman '' performed by Bee Gees -- 3 : 17 `` If I Ca n't Have You '' performed by Yvonne Elliman -- 3 : 00 `` A Fifth of Beethoven '' performed by Walter Murphy -- 3 : 03 `` More Than a Woman '' performed by Tavares -- 3 : 17 `` Manhattan Skyline '' performed by David Shire -- 4 : 44 `` Calypso Breakdown '' performed by Ralph MacDonald -- 7 : 50 `` Night on Disco Mountain '' performed by David Shire -- 5 : 12 `` Open Sesame '' performed by Kool & the Gang -- 4 : 01 `` Jive Talkin ' '' performed by Bee Gees -- 3 : 43 ( * ) `` You Should Be Dancing '' performed by Bee Gees -- 4 : 14 `` Boogie Shoes '' performed by KC and the Sunshine Band -- 2 : 17 `` Salsation '' performed by David Shire -- 3 : 50 `` K - Jee '' performed by MFSB -- 4 : 13 `` Disco Inferno '' performed by The Trammps -- 10 : 51 With the exception of ( * ) track 12 `` Jive Talkin '' , all of the songs are played in the film . The novelty songs `` Dr. Disco '' and `` Disco Duck '' , both performed by Rick Dees , are also played in the film but not included on the album . According to the DVD commentary for Saturday Night Fever , the producers intended to use the song `` Lowdown '' by Boz Scaggs in the rehearsal scene between Tony and Annette in the dance studio , and choreographed their dance moves to the song . However , representatives for Scaggs ' label , Columbia Records , refused to grant legal clearance for it , as they wanted to pursue another disco movie project , which never materialized . Composer David Shire , who scored the film , had to in turn write a song to match the dance steps demonstrated in the scene and eliminate the need for future legal hassles . However , this track does not appear on the movie 's soundtrack . The song `` K - Jee '' was used during the dance contest with the Puerto Rican couple that competed against Tony and Stephanie . Some VHS cassettes used a more traditional Latin - style song instead . The DVD restores the original recording . The album has been added to the National Recording Registry in the Library of Congress . Distribution ( edit ) Theatrical releases ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Movie poster of the PG version of Saturday Night Fever Two theatrical versions of the film were released : the original R - rated version and an edited PG - rated version . ( The PG - rated re-issue was in 1979 ; the middle - ground PG - 13 rating was not created until 1984 . ) The R - rated version released in 1977 represented the movie 's first run , and totaled 118 minutes . After the success of the first run , in 1979 , the film 's content was re-edited into a toned down , PG - rated version and re-released during a second run , not only to attract a wider audience , but also to capitalize on attracting the target audience of the teenagers who were not old enough to see the film by themselves , but who made the soundtrack album to the film a monster hit . The R - rated version 's profanity , nudity , fight sequence , and a multiple rape scene in a car , were all de-emphasized or removed from the PG version . Producer Robert Stigwood said in an A&E Documentary of `` The Inside Story : Saturday Night Fever '' , about the PG version : It does n't have the power , or the impact , of the original , R - rated edition . The PG - rated version was 112 minutes . Numerous profanity - filled scenes were replaced with alternate takes of the same scenes , substituting milder language initially intended for the network television cut . The PG - rated version of the film was also paired by Paramount in a double feature along with its other John Travolta blockbuster , Grease . When the film premiered on network television , on ABC in 1980 , a new milder version was created to conform with network broadcast standards . To maintain runtime , a few deleted scenes were restored ( including Tony dancing with Doreen to `` Disco Duck '' , Tony running his finger along the cables of the Verrazano -- Narrows Bridge , and Tony 's father getting his job back ) . The last two deleted scenes were included in the 2017 director 's cut . When Saturday Night Fever premiered on HBO in 1980 , HBO aired both versions of the film : the PG version during the day , and the R version during the evening ( HBO had a programming rule of only showing R - rated films during the evening . This was before switching to a 24 - hour - a-day operation , while still under their old broadcast standards concerning R - rated films ) . The premiere of the R - rated edition occurred at midnight on January 1 , 1980 . In 2017 the director 's cut ( 122 minutes ) premiered at the TCM Festival at Grauman 's Chinese Theatre in Hollywood . Fathom Events hosted special screenings of this version in 2017 . This version was released on Blu - Ray & DVD in May . Home media ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Both theatrical versions were released on VHS . The PG - rated version never had a Home Video Release on Laserdisc . The R - rated special - edition DVD release includes most of the deleted scenes present on the PG version . The DVD release also includes a director 's commentary and `` Behind the Music '' highlights . Starting in the late 1990s VH1 , TBS , and TNT started showing the original R - rated version with a TV - 14 rating . The nudity was removed / censored , and the stronger profanity was either edited or ( on recent airings ) silenced . But this TV edit included some of the innuendos from the original film that were edited or removed from the PG version . Turner Classic Movies has aired the film in both versions ( the R - rated version is commonly seen on their normal lineup , while the PG version has appeared on TCM 's `` Funday Night at the Movies '' and `` Essentials Jr . '' program blocks . ) The network television version ( which premiered on November 16 , 1980 , on ABC ) was basically a slightly shortened form of the PG - rated version , but contained several minutes of out - takes normally excised from both theatrical releases to make up for lost / cut material . It is among the longest cuts of the film . On May 5 , 2009 , Paramount released Saturday Night Fever on Blu - ray Disc in 1.78 : 1 aspect ratio . This release retains the R - rated version of the film along with many special features new to home media . The 4K director 's cut ( 122 minutes ) was released on Blu - Ray on May 2 , 2017 . This disc includes both the director 's cut and the original theatrical version , as well as the bulk of the bonus features from the prior release . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Saturday Night Fever received positive reviews and is regarded by many critics as one of the best films of 1977 . On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 86 % based on 44 reviews , with an average rating of 7.5 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Boasting a smart , poignant story , a classic soundtrack , and a starmaking performance from John Travolta , Saturday Night Fever ranks among the finest dramas of the 1970s . '' At Metacritic the film has a score of 77 out of 100 , based on 7 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . It was added to The New York Times `` Guide to the Best 1,000 Movies Ever Made '' , which was published in 2004 . In 2010 , the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . Film critic Gene Siskel , who would later list this as his favorite movie , praised the film : `` One minute into Saturday Night Fever you know this picture is onto something , that it knows what it 's talking about . '' He also praised John Travolta 's energetic performance : `` Travolta on the dance floor is like a peacock on amphetamines . He struts like crazy . '' Siskel even bought Travolta 's famous white suit from the film at a charity auction . Film critic Pauline Kael wrote a gushing review of the film in The New Yorker : `` The way Saturday Night Fever has been directed and shot , we feel the languorous pull of the discotheque , and the gaudiness is transformed . These are among the most hypnotically beautiful pop dance scenes ever filmed ... Travolta gets so far inside the role he seems incapable of a false note ; even the Brooklyn accent sounds unerring ... At its best , though , Saturday Night Fever gets at something deeply romantic : the need to move , to dance , and the need to be who you 'd like to be . Nirvana is the dance ; when the music stops , you return to being ordinary . '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) Award wins : National Board of Review Award for Best Actor -- John Travolta Golden Screen Award , Germany Award nominations : Academy Award for Best Actor -- John Travolta BAFTA Award for Best Film Music -- Barry Gibb , Maurice Gibb , Robin Gibb BAFTA Award for Best Sound -- Michael Colgan , Robert W. Glass Jr. , Les Lazarowitz , John T. Reitz , John Wilkinson Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture - Musical or Comedy Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Musical or Comedy -- John Travolta Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score -- Barry Gibb , Maurice Gibb , Robin Gibb , David Shire Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song -- Barry Gibb , Maurice Gibb and Robin Gibb for the song `` How Deep Is Your Love ? '' Writers Guild Award for Best Drama Written Directly for the Screen -- Norman Wexler American Film Institute Lists AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies -- Nominated AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs : Stayin ' Alive -- # 9 More Than a Woman -- Nominated AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers -- Nominated AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) -- Nominated References in popular culture ( edit ) In 2008 , the director Pablo Larraín made a film , Tony Manero , about a Chilean dancer obsessed by the main character in Saturday Night Fever who tries to win a Tony Manero look - alike contest . On April 17 , 2012 , Fox aired series Glee 's episode 16 , `` Saturday Night Glee - ver '' , which pays tribute to the film and features various songs from its soundtrack ( especially the songs performed by the Bee Gees ) , covered by the series ' cast . The Red Hot Chili Peppers 2016 music video for their song `` Go Robot '' is heavily inspired by the film and recreates the opening scene and classic characters from the film who are portrayed by each band member . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Saturday Night Fever at the American Film Institute Catalog Jump up ^ History.com Jump up ^ `` Saturday Night Fever ( 1977 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Loftis , Ryan ( December 12 , 2012 ) , Saturday Night Fever Turns 35 . Suite101 . Retrieved April 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Saturday Night Fever , Box Office Information '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Leduff , Charlie ( June 9 , 1996 ) . `` Saturday Night Fever : The Life '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ Bee Gees ' Maurice Gibb dies . USA Today ( January 12 , 2003 ) . Jump up ^ Richards , Chris . `` Library of Congress adds ' Saturday Night Fever , ' Simon and Garfunkel , Pink Floyd to audio archive -- San Jose Mercury News '' . Mercurynews.com . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Gold , Aaron ( 1979 - 03 - 27 ) . `` Tower Ticker '' . Chicago Tribune . pp. A7 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Terrence , Sir ( May 8 , 2009 ) . `` Saturday Night Fever Blu - ray Review '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gene Siskel 's Top Ten Lists 1969 -- 1998 '' . Alumnus.caltech.edu . February 20 , 1999 . Retrieved April 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Greatest Films of 1977 : `` melodramatic , out - dated blockbuster '' `` . Filmsite.org . Retrieved April 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ MaryAnn Johanson ( May 25 , 2007 ) . `` The 10 Best Movies of 1977 -- Movies '' . Film.com . Retrieved April 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Best Movies of 1977 by Rank '' . Films101.com . Retrieved April 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Saturday Night Fever '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ EvanW . `` Saturday Night Fever '' . Metacritic . Retrieved December 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Best 1,000 Movies Ever Made '' . The New York Times . April 29 , 2003 . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2013 . Retrieved May 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gene Siskel , Chicago Tribune , December 16 , 1977 Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( March 7 , 1999 ) . `` Saturday Night Fever ( 1977 ) '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Jump up ^ `` Critics ' Corner -- Saturday Night Fever '' . Tcm.com . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Kael , Pauline ( December 26 , 1977 ) . `` Nirvana '' . The New Yorker . pp. 59 -- 60 . Jump up ^ Rohter , Larry ( July 2 , 2009 ) . `` The Dictator and the Disco King '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harnick , Chris ( April 13 , 2012 ) . `` WATCH : ' Glee ' Goes Disco '' . The Huffington Post . Jump up ^ Entertainment News , Photos and Videos -- HuffPost Entertainment Jump up ^ Ivie , Devon ( September 9 , 2016 ) . `` Anthony Kiedis Makes a White - Painted Saturday Night Fever Homage in the Red Hot Chili Peppers ' ' Go Robot ' Video '' . New York . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Saturday Night Fever Saturday Night Fever on IMDb Saturday Night Fever at the TCM Movie Database Saturday Night Fever Films Saturday Night Fever Staying Alive People John Travolta Robert Stigwood Norman Wexler John Badham Sylvester Stallone Music Saturday Night Fever soundtrack Staying Alive soundtrack `` Far from Over '' Bee Gees David Shire Related topics Stage adaptation Nik Cohn `` Tribal Rites of the New Saturday Night '' `` Saturday Night Glee - ver '' Tony Manero Films directed by John Badham Is n't It Shocking ? ( 1973 ) The Gun ( 1974 ) Reflections of Murder ( 1974 ) The Bingo Long Traveling All - Stars & Motor Kings ( 1976 ) Saturday Night Fever ( 1977 ) Dracula ( 1979 ) Whose Life Is It Anyway ? ( 1981 ) Blue Thunder ( 1983 ) WarGames ( 1983 ) American Flyers ( 1985 ) Short Circuit ( 1986 ) Stakeout ( 1987 ) Bird on a Wire ( 1990 ) The Hard Way ( 1991 ) Point of No Return ( 1993 ) Another Stakeout ( 1993 ) Drop Zone ( 1994 ) Nick of Time ( 1995 ) Incognito ( 1997 ) The Jack Bull ( 1999 ) The Last Debate ( 2000 ) Footsteps ( 2003 ) Evel Knievel ( 2004 ) GND : 7656149 - 5 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saturday_Night_Fever&oldid=852536044 '' Categories : 1977 films English - language films 1970s coming - of - age films 1970s dance films 1970s drama films American coming - of - age films American dance films American drama films American films Films about dysfunctional families Films based on newspaper and magazine articles Films directed by John Badham Films produced by Robert Stigwood Films set in Brooklyn Films shot in New York City Paramount Pictures films Screenplays by Norman Wexler United States National Film Registry films Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use mdy dates from April 2017 Articles needing additional references from December 2017 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Македонски مصرى Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 July 2018 , at 17 : 33 ( UTC ) . 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seattle space needle how it got its name
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Space Needle
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space needle
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The Space Needle is an observation tower in Seattle , Washington , a landmark of the Pacific Northwest , and an icon of Seattle . It was built in the Seattle Center for the 1962 World 's Fair , which drew over 2.3 million visitors , when nearly 20,000 people a day used its elevators .
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Once the tallest structure west of the Mississippi River , it is 605 ft ( 184 m ) high , 138 ft ( 42 m ) wide , and weighs 9,550 short tons ( 8,660 tonnes ) . It is built to withstand winds of up to 200 miles per hour ( 89 m / s ; 320 km / h ) and earthquakes of up to 9.1 magnitude , as strong as the 1700 Cascadia earthquake . It also has 25 lightning rods . The Space Needle has an observation deck at 520 ft ( 160 m ) and the rotating SkyCity restaurant at 500 ft ( 150 m ) . The downtown Seattle skyline , as well as the Olympic and Cascade Mountains , Mount Rainier , Mount Baker , Elliott Bay and surrounding islands can be viewed from the top of the Needle . Photographs of the Seattle skyline often show the Space Needle prominently , above skyscrapers and Mount Rainier . Visitors can reach the top of the Space Needle by elevators that travel at 10 miles per hour ( 4.5 m / s ; 16 km / h ) . The trip takes 41 seconds . On windy days , the elevators slow to 5 miles per hour ( 2.2 m / s ; 8.0 km / h ) . On April 19 , 1999 , the city 's Landmarks Preservation Board designated it a historic landmark . In September 2017 , the restaurant was temporarily closed as part of a US $100 million renovation , currently scheduled for completion in June 2018 . The renovation includes the installation of a new rotation motor and see - through glass floors in the restaurant , as well as the replacement of the observation deck 's wire enclosure with glass panels . The observation deck will remain open for the duration of the project . Contents ( hide ) 1 Architecture 2 History 2.1 Construction 2.2 Carillon 2.3 After the Fair 3 Jumping incidents 4 In culture 5 Gallery 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Architecture ( edit ) CN Tower , Toronto Willis Tower ( Sears Tower ) , Chicago Stratosphere , Las Vegas Space Needle , Seattle The top of the Space Needle ( 2007 ) . The architecture of the Space Needle is the result of a compromise between the designs of two men , Edward E. Carlson and John Graham , Jr . The two leading ideas for the World Fair involved businessman Edward E. Carlson 's sketch of a giant balloon tethered to the ground ( see the gently sloping base ) and architect John Graham 's concept of a flying saucer ( see the halo that houses the restaurant and observation deck ) . Victor Steinbrueck introduced the hourglass profile of the tower . The Space Needle was built to withstand wind speeds of 200 mph ( 322 km / h ) , double the requirements in the building code of 1962 . The 6.8 M Nisqually earthquake jolted the Needle enough in 2001 for water to slosh out of the toilets in the restrooms . The Space Needle will not sustain serious structural damage during earthquakes of magnitudes below 9.1 . Also made to withstand Category 5 hurricane - force winds , the Space Needle sways only 1 inch per 10 mph ( 16 mm per 10 km / h ) of wind speed . For decades , the hovering disk of the Space Needle was home to two restaurants 500 ft ( 150 m ) above the ground : the Space Needle Restaurant , which was originally named Eye of the Needle , and Emerald Suite . These were closed in 2000 to make way for SkyCity , a larger restaurant that features Pacific Northwest cuisine . It rotates 360 degrees in exactly forty - seven minutes . In 1993 , the elevators were replaced with new computerized versions . The new elevators descend at a rate of 10 miles per hour ( 4.5 m / s ) . On December 31 , 1999 , a powerful beam of light was unveiled for the first time . Called the Legacy Light or Skybeam , it is powered by lamps that total 85 million candela shining skyward from the top of the Space Needle to honor national holidays and special occasions in Seattle . The concept of this beam was derived from the official 1962 World 's Fair poster , which depicted such a light source although none was incorporated into the original design . It is somewhat controversial because of the light pollution it creates . Originally planned to be turned on 75 nights per year , it has generally been used fewer than a dozen times per year . It did remain lit for eleven days in a row from September 11 , 2001 , to September 22 , 2001 , in response to the September 11 , 2001 attacks . A 1962 Seattle World 's Fair poster showed a grand spiral entryway leading to the elevator that was ultimately omitted from final building plans . The stairway was eventually added as part of the Pavilion and Spacebase remodel in June 2000 . The main stairwell has 848 steps from the basement to the top of the observation deck . At approximately 605 ft ( 184 m ) , the Space Needle was the tallest building west of the Mississippi River at the time it was built by Howard S. Wright Construction Co. , but is now dwarfed by other structures along the Seattle skyline , among them the Columbia Center , at 967 ft ( 295 m ) . Unlike many other similar structures , such as the CN Tower in Toronto , the Space Needle is not used for broadcasting purposes . History ( edit ) Construction ( edit ) Edward F. Carlson , chairman of the 1962 World 's Fair in Seattle , had an idea for erecting a tower with a restaurant at the World 's Fair . Carlson was president of a hotel company and was not recognized in art or design , but he was inspired by a recent visit to the Stuttgart Tower of Germany . John Graham , an architect who had won praise for designing the Northgate Mall in Seattle , soon became involved . Graham 's first move was to alter the restaurant featured in the plans to a revolving restaurant , in the same manner as a tower ( La Ronde ) he had previously designed for the Ala Moana Shopping Center in Hawaii . The proposed Space Needle had no pre-selected site . Since it was not financed by the city , land had to be purchased within the fairgrounds . The investors had been unable to find suitable land and the search for a site was nearly dead when , in 1961 , they discovered a plot , 120 by 120 ft ( 37 by 37 m ) , containing switching equipment for the fire and police alarm systems . The land sold for $75,000 . At this point , only one year remained before the World 's Fair would begin . The Needle was privately financed and built by the Pentagram Corporation , consisting of Bagley Wright , contractor Howard S. Wright , architect John Graham , Ned Skinner , and Norton Clapp . In 1977 Bagley , Skinner and Clapp sold their interest to Howard Wright who now controls it under the name of Space Needle Corporation . The earthquake stability of the Space Needle was ensured when a hole was dug 30 ft ( 9.1 m ) deep and 120 ft ( 37 m ) across , and 467 concrete trucks took one full day to fill it . The foundation weighs 5850 tons ( including 250 tons of reinforcing steel ) , the same as the above - ground structure . The structure is bolted to the foundation with 72 bolts , each one 30 ft ( 9.1 m ) long . With time an issue , the construction team worked around the clock . The domed top , housing the top five levels ( including the restaurants and observation deck ) , was perfectly balanced so that the restaurant could rotate with the help of one tiny electric motor , originally 0.8 kilowatts ( 1.1 hp ) , later replaced with a 1.1 kilowatts ( 1.5 hp ) motor . With paint colors named Orbital Olive for the body , Astronaut White for the legs , Re-entry Red for the saucer , and Galaxy Gold for the roof , the Space Needle was finished in less than one year . It was completed in April 1962 at a cost of $4.5 million . The last elevator car was installed the day before the Fair opened on April 21 . During the course of the Fair nearly 20,000 people a day rode the elevators to the Observation Deck . The 20,000 mark was never reached , missed by fewer than 50 people one day . At the time of construction , it was the tallest building in the West , taking the title from the Smith Tower across town that had held that title since 1914 . The revolving restaurant was operated by Western International Hotels , of which Carlson was President , under a 20 - year contract from April 1 , 1962 to April 1 , 1982 . Carillon ( edit ) An imitation carillon ( a multi-bell musical device ) was installed in the Space Needle , and played several times a day during the World 's Fair . The instrument , built by the Schulmerich Bells Company of Hatfield , Pennsylvania under the name `` Carillon Americana , '' recreated the sounds of 538 bells and was the largest in the world , until eclipsed by a 732 bell instrument at the 1964 New York World 's Fair . The operator 's console was located in the base of the Space Needle , completely enclosed in glass to allow observation of the musician playing the instrument . It was also capable of being played from a roll , just as a player piano would be . The forty - four stentors ( speakers ) of the carillon were located underneath the Needle 's disc at the 200 foot level , and were audible over the entire fairgrounds and up to ten miles away . The carillon was disassembled after the fair 's close . The carillon bells were featured on an LP record called `` Bells On Hi - Fi '' ( catalog number AR - 8 , produced by Americana Records , of Sellersville , Pennsylvania ) . There are 12 pieces recorded on the `` Carillon Americana '' before it was installed in the Space Needle , performed by noted carilloneur John Klein ( 1915 - 1981 ) . After the Fair ( edit ) The Space Needle in May 2012 , painted Galaxy Gold for its 50th anniversary celebration . In 1974 , author Stephen Cosgrove 's children 's book Wheedle on the Needle imagined a furry creature called a Wheedle who lived on top of the Space Needle and caused its light to flash . Its closing quatrain is : There 's a Wheedle on the Needle / I know just what you 're thinking / But if you look up late at night / You 'll see his red nose blinking . The Wheedle has since become a fixture of Seattle . It even became the mascot of the Seattle SuperSonics National Basketball Association ( NBA ) franchise , who played in nearby KeyArena ( originally known as the Seattle Center Coliseum ) . The SuperSonics moved to Oklahoma City on July 3 , 2008 . In 1982 , the SkyLine level was added at the height of 100 ft ( 30 m ) . While this level had been part of the original plans for the Space Needle , it was not built until this time . Today , the SkyLine Banquet Facility can accommodate groups of 20 -- 360 people . Renovations were completed in 2000 at a cost ( $21 million ) approximately the same in inflated dollars as the original construction price . Renovations between 1999 and 2000 included the SkyCity restaurant , SpaceBase retail store , Skybeam installation , Observation Deck overhaul , lighting additions and repainting . Every year on New Year 's Eve , the Space Needle celebrates with a fireworks show at midnight that is synchronized to music . The fireworks artist Alberto Navarro from Bellevue , designed the show for 20 years , since its inception in 1994 . In 2000 , public celebrations were canceled because of perceived terror threats against the structure after investigations into the foiled millennium bombing plots , but the fireworks show was still performed . On May 19 , 2007 , the Space Needle welcomed its 45 millionth visitor , Greg Novoa of San Francisco . He received a free trip for two to Paris , which included a VIP dinner at the Eiffel Tower . Scaffold surrounding top section during 2017 renovation In May 2008 , the Space Needle received its first professional cleaning since the opening of the 1962 World 's Fair . The monument was pressure washed by Kärcher with water at a pressure of 2,900 psi ( 20,000 kPa ) and a temperature of 194 ° F ( 90 ° C ) . No detergents were used in consideration of the Seattle Center and the EMP building . As part of the celebration of its 50th anniversary , the Needle was painted `` Galaxy Gold '' in April 2012 , the same color used when the needle was originally constructed for the 1962 World 's Fair . This temporary makeover , intended to last through the summer , is not the Needle 's first : it had the University of Washington ( UW ) Huskies football team logo painted after the team won the 1992 Rose Bowl , appeared as a giant `` Wheel of Fortune '' in 1995 , was painted crimson after Washington State won the Apple Cup , and has been seen in Seattle SuperSonics colors . A worker standing near the scaffold 's crane A renovation of the top of the Space Needle began in the summer of 2017 , to add an all - glass floor to the restaurant , and replace the observation platform windows with unbroken floor - to - ceiling glass panels unobstructed by mullions to more closely match the 1962 original concept sketches , as well as upgrades and updates to the internal systems . Called the Century Project , the work is scheduled to finish by June 2018 , at a cost of $100 million in private funds . The rotating restaurant 's motor will be replaced , the elevator capacity will be increased by adding elevators , or double - stacking them , and the energy efficiency of the building will be improved with the aim of achieving LEED Silver Certification . The temporary scaffold 's 28,000 - pound ( 13,000 kg ) , 44,650 - square - foot ( 4,148 m ) platform under the top structure was assembled on the ground , and then lifted by cables 500 ft ( 150 m ) from the ground to the underside of the structure , controlled by 12 operators standing on the platform as it was raised . The platform is the largest in circumference ever made by Safway Services , a company specializing in unique construction scaffolding . Jumping incidents ( edit ) Six parachutists have leaped from the tower since its opening , in a sport known as BASE jumping . This activity is only legal with prior consent . Four of them were part of an authorized promotion in 1996 , and the other two were arrested . Paul D. Baker was the first person to jump from the Space Needle in a successful suicide attempt on March 4 , 1974 . Mary Lucille Wolf purchased a ticket for the elevator to the observation deck on May 25 , 1974 where she proceeded to scale the glass fence surrounding the deck onto the edge and jumped off in what the Seattle Police Department called `` an obvious suicide '' . Police found a correspondence in Wolf 's purse that was from a friend extending their condolences regarding the recent death of Wolf 's husband . Following the two suicides in 1974 , a netting and additional fencing were installed on the observation deck . However , another suicide occurred on July 5 , 1978 when an unidentified `` young woman '' as described in a United Press International report climbed over the suicide - prevention netting and leaped to her death on the northeast side of the structure . In culture ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) As a symbol of the Pacific Northwest , the Space Needle has made numerous appearances in films , TV shows and other works of fiction . Examples of films include It Happened at the World 's Fair ( 1962 ) , where it was used as a filming location , and Sleepless in Seattle ( 1993 ) . In the 1974 film The Parallax View , the inside and outside platforms of the observation deck are the setting for a political assassination , and there 's a brief chase on the roof above it . In the 1999 film Austin Powers : The Spy Who Shagged Me , it served as a base of operations for the villain Doctor Evil with the word Starbucks written across its saucer after his henchman Number 2 shifted the organization 's resources toward the coffee company . It is also featured prominently in Chronicle ( 2012 ) , and is a key element in the film 's climax . On April 1 , 2015 , public radio station KPLU 88.5 FM reported in the news story `` Proposed Development To ' Assimilate ' Seattle 's Landmark Space Needle ? '' that a permit application ( Notice of Proposed Land Use Action ) had been submitted `` to construct a 666 unit cube to assimilate '' the landmark . The story is an April Fools ' Day practical joke . In the TV series Frasier an outline of it appears in the opening credits and the base is visible from the high - rise condo , although that view is an artificial composite image , as there are no high rise condos in the area depicted , of that height . Other TV appearances include The History Channel 's Life After People , in which it collapses after 200 years because of corrosion . It was also destroyed in the TV miniseries 10.5 when a 7.9 earthquake hits Seattle . The movie mistakenly portrays the Needle as crumbling concrete , though the structure is actually made of iron and designed to withstand up to a 9.0 earthquake . The needle is also featured in some episodes of Bill Nye the Science Guy , such as the episode `` Storms '' where Bill Nye uses the lightning rod on top of it as an example of conducting lightning strikes . Max Guevara , the main character from the series Dark Angel which is set in a post-apocalyptic Seattle , is often seen on the roof of the derelict Space Needle . The Space Needle has been used for some other purposes as well , including a 57 piece Lego construction set of it that has been released as part of Lego Architecture 's structures . Gallery ( edit ) The top of the Space Needle decorated for Memorial Day Night view The Space Needle in the 1960s A 1962 commemorative postage stamp of the Space Needle View of the Space Needle from base View from the base of the Needle The Space Needle , framed on a foggy night by the ferris wheel The gift shop in the Space Needle The Space Needle at night as seen from Kerry Park Supporting nut and bolt at base of the Space Needle The Space Needle seen at sunset The Space Needle in the foreground of an aerial photo of Seattle ; the Museum of Pop Culture adjacent to the Space Needle , on the left The Seattle Center International Fountain with the Space Needle in the background Downtown Seattle seen from atop the Space Needle See also ( edit ) Seattle portal Fernsehturm Berlin Googie architecture Henninger Turm New York State Pavilion Oriental Pearl Tower Reunion Tower Skylon Tower Stratosphere Las Vegas Sydney Tower Tokyo Skytree Tower of the Americas References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Landmarks and Designation '' . City of Seattle . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Space Needle '' . CTBUH Skyscraper Database . Jump up ^ Space Needle at Emporis Jump up ^ Space Needle at Glass Steel and Stone Jump up ^ `` Space Needle '' . SkyscraperPage . Jump up ^ Space Needle at Structurae ^ Jump up to : `` Space Needle Fun Facts '' . Space Needle Official Site . August 19 , 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Space Needle '' . Jump up ^ http://komonews.com/weather/scotts-weather-blog/lightning-doesnt-strike-the-same-place-twice-the-space-needle-begs-to-differ Jump up ^ `` Seattle holds groundbreaking ceremony for the Space Needle on April 17 , 1961 '' . HistoryLink.org . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Photos : Revamping Space Needle is like ' building a ship inside a glass bottle ' '' . The Seattle Times . 2017 - 11 - 07 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ Speidel , Bill . Through the Eye of the Needle . Seattle : Nettle Creek . pp. 6 -- 7 . ISBN 0914890042 . The final design ... was either John Graham 's ... or Victor Steinbrueck 's , who took the trouble of calling me from his deathbed to make sure I did n't credit Graham . Jump up ^ `` Needle in the sky '' . Via Magazine . January 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Big beam for Space Needle is protested '' . Seattle Times . 30 November 1999 . Jump up ^ Jacobs , Jeff ( June 3 , 2013 ) . `` Seattle Space Needle '' . Emerald City Journal . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` '' Seattle World 's Fair '' poster `` . Jump up ^ Northwest , Durango ( 16 July 2010 ) . `` Durango Washington : Seattle Space Needle '' . Jump up ^ Emporis GmbH . `` Columbia Center '' . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 04 - 26 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` About the Needle - Space Needle '' . Jump up ^ http://www.wsulibs.wsu.edu%2Fmasc%2Fwestin%2FCombinedmodDate.xls Jump up ^ http://schulmerichbells.com/g5-carillon/ Jump up ^ `` Schulmerich Bells '' . Jump up ^ `` Space Needle History : Sounds of the Needle '' . Jump up ^ `` Century 21 Exposition ( 1962 ) : Theme Songs and Souvenir Records - HistoryLink.org '' . Jump up ^ rixarcade ( 15 August 2013 ) . `` The Space Needle Carillon - Malaguena '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ P-I Staff and News Services ( May 19 , 2007 ) . `` Californian is Needle 's 45 millionth visitor '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Retrieved May 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Cleaning Equipment from Karcher '' . Jump up ^ `` Spit and polish for a Seattle icon '' . KOMO News . May 15 , 2008 . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trujillo , Joshua ( April 17 , 2012 ) . `` Space Needle returns to its original color '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Space Needle painted crimson and gray '' . Washington State University . November 15 , 2005 . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Greenstone , Scott ( June 12 , 2017 ) , `` Space Needle to get its biggest renovation ever : glass floor , opened views , more elevators '' , The Seattle Times Jump up ^ Young , Bob ( September 16 , 2017 ) , `` Circular scaffolding goes up on Space Needle in preparation for makeover '' , The Seattle Times Jump up ^ Mandapat , Dave ( September 19 , 2017 ) , Space Needle To Launch Historic Renovation Project ( press release ) , Space Needle , LLC Jump up ^ Schlosser , Kurt ( September 19 , 2017 ) , `` Drone video shows 28,000 - pound scaffold being lifted 400 feet for Space Needle renovation '' , Geekwire Jump up ^ `` CNN - Parachutist 's jump from Space Needle goes awry - Nov. 21 , 1996 '' . Jump up ^ `` Fun Facts - Space Needle '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Woman falls to death from Space Needle '' . The Sunday Oregonian . Portland , Oregon . Associated Press . May 26 , 1974 . p. 49 . Jump up ^ `` Seattle Space Needle was site of premature birth '' . The Oregonian . Portland , Oregon . Associated Press . June 12 , 1974 . p. 92 . Jump up ^ `` Young Woman Third to Leap From Needle '' . Nashua Telegraph . Nashua , New Hampshire . United Press International . July 6 , 1978 . p. 2 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jeremy Packer ( 2009 ) . Secret Agents : Popular Icons Beyond James Bond . Peter Lang . p. 65 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8204 - 8669 - 7 . Jump up ^ Steve Zimmerman ( 21 November 2012 ) . Food in the Movies , 2d ed . McFarland . p. 121 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 5569 - 0 . Jump up ^ Kim Fellner ( 19 June 2008 ) . Wrestling with Starbucks : Conscience , Capital , Cappuccino . Rutgers University Press . p. 2 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8135 - 4506 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` KPLU.org '' . Jump up ^ McFadden , Kay ( 2004 - 05 - 13 ) . `` Condo by condo , Seattle has become a lot like ' Frasier ' '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ Fuchs , Cynthia . `` Dark Angel '' . PopMatters . Retrieved June 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lego Architecture : Seattle Space Needle '' . Lego Architecture . Jump up ^ Hohenadel , Kristin ( December 31 , 2013 ) . `` A New Eiffel Tower Building Set for Paris - Loving Lego Fanatics '' . Slate . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Lost and Found Films : Building the Space Needle , 1961 Knute Berger ( 2012 ) . Space Needle : The Spirit of Seattle . Documentary Media . ISBN 978 - 1933245263 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Space Needle . Official website Century 21 Exposition design plans for the 1962 Seattle World 's Fair -- Architecture of the Pacific Northwest Database from the University of Washington Entry at site of Howard S. Wright Construction Co . Video of scaffold platform lifted 500 feet at night : Space Needle Construction Kicks - off with Hoist of 28,000 Pound Scaffold Platform ( press release ) , Space Needle Corporation , September 19 , 2017 Seattle skyscrapers and towers Current Columbia Center 1201 Third Avenue Two Union Square Seattle Municipal Tower Safeco Plaza Space Needle Russell Investments Center U.S. Bank Centre Wells Fargo Center 800 Fifth Avenue 901 Fifth Avenue Madison Centre Doppler Day 1 Rainier Tower Fourth and Madison Building 1918 Eighth Avenue 1600 Seventh Avenue 1000 Second Avenue Henry M. Jackson Federal Building Smith Tower One Union Square Olive 8 1111 Third Avenue Westin Seattle North Tower Fifteen Twenty - One Second Avenue Premiere on Pine Cirrus Insignia Towers Kinects Helios AMLI Arc Stratus West Edge Tower Westin Building Aspira United States Courthouse Seattle Tower UW Tower Exchange Building Under construction Rainier Square Tower F5 Tower Amazon Tower III 2 + U Hyatt Regency Seattle McKenzie Apartments Arrivé Nexus 970 Denny Way The Emerald 1120 Denny Way Proposed 4 / C 3rd & Cherry AVA Never built 888 Tower Seventh at Westlake Tower 1015 Second Avenue Demolished McGuire Apartments See also : Tallest buildings in Seattle Timeline of the tallest buildings in Seattle and Washington Pioneer Building ( 28 m ) ( 1892 ) Alaska Building ( 51 m ) ( 1904 ) Hoge Building ( 60 m ) ( 1911 ) Key Bank Center * ( 71 m ) ( 1911 ) Smith Tower ( 141 m ) ( 1914 ) Space Needle ( 184 m ) ( 1962 ) Safeco Plaza ( 192 m ) ( 1969 ) Columbia Center ( 285 m ) ( 1985 ) Key Bank Center is located in Tacoma and was only the tallest in Washington when completed . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Space_Needle&oldid=843286094 '' Categories : Towers completed in 1961 Googie architecture Buildings and structures in Seattle Towers with revolving restaurants Landmarks in Seattle Seattle Center Observation towers in the United States Towers in Washington ( state ) Tourist attractions in Seattle World 's fair architecture in Seattle Century 21 Exposition 1961 establishments in Washington ( state ) Hidden categories : Skyscraper Center ID same as Wikidata Structurae ID different from Wikidata Coordinates on Wikidata Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 M w Articles needing additional references from March 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 04 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space%20Needle
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who wrote the theme song for ncis los angeles
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NCIS : Los Angeles Genre Police procedural Military Action drama Created by Shane Brennan Starring Chris O'Donnell Peter Cambor Daniela Ruah Adam Jamal Craig LL Cool J Linda Hunt Barrett Foa Eric Christian Olsen Renée Felice Smith Miguel Ferrer Nia Long Theme music composer James S. Levine Composer ( s ) Jay Ferguson ( 2010 -- present ) James S. Levine ( 2009 -- 10 ) Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 9 No. of episodes 205 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Shane Brennan Cinematography Victor Hammer Russell McElhatton ( 2013 ) Running time 42 -- 44 minutes Production company ( s ) Shane Brennan Productions CBS Television Studios R. Scott Gemmill Productions Distributor CBS Television Distribution Paramount Home Media Distribution ( DVD ) Release Original network CBS Picture format HDTV 1080i Original release September 22 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 22 ) -- present Chronology Related shows NCIS External links Official website
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James S. Levine
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NCIS : Los Angeles
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ncis : los angeles
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NCIS : Los Angeles is an American action television series combining elements of the military drama and police procedural genres , which premiered on CBS on September 22 , 2009 , and stars Chris O'Donnell and LL Cool J. The series follows the exploits of the Los Angeles - based Office of Special Projects ( OSP ) , an elite division of the Naval Criminal Investigative Service that specializes in undercover assignments . NCIS : Los Angeles is the first spin - off of the successful series NCIS . On March 23 , 2017 , CBS renewed the series for a ninth season which premiered on October 1 , 2017 . Nia Long joined the cast as Shay Mosley for the ninth season after Miguel Ferrer 's death .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main characters 2.2 Recurring cast and characters 2.3 Other 3 Production 4 Episodes 4.1 Crossovers 5 Reception 5.1 Critical reception 5.2 Ratings 5.3 Awards and nominations 6 Potential spin - off 7 Home video releases 8 International broadcast 9 Adaptations 10 References 11 External links Premise ( edit ) NCIS : Los Angeles follows Special Agent G. Callen ( Chris O'Donnell ) , a `` legend '' assigned to the fictional Naval Criminal Investigative Service branch known as the Office of Special Projects ( OSP ) . Callen leads an elite team of undercover operatives as they battle enemies both foreign and domestic under the watchful eye of Operational Manager Henrietta Lange ( Linda Hunt ) . The team is composed of Agent Kensi Blye ( Daniela Ruah ) , a hand - to - hand combat specialist and forensic whiz , Sam Hanna ( LL Cool J ) , a former Navy Seal and G 's partner , technical analyst Eric Beale ( Barrett Foa ) , and ranking team member Shay Mosley ( Nia Long ) , NCIS Executive Assistant Director for Pacific Operations ( EAD - PAC ) . Over the course of the series , the team are assisted by allies from both NCIS and its local counterparts , including LAPD liaison officer Marty Deeks ( Eric Christian Olsen ) , Intelligence Analyst Nell Jones ( Renee Felice Smith ) , Operational Psychologist Nate Getz ( Peter Cambor ) , and rookie field agent Dominic Vail ( Adam Jamal Craig ) , all of whom work side - by - side with NCIS Assistant Director Owen Granger ( Miguel Ferrer ) , a laconic agent and skilled bureaucrat . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of NCIS : Los Angeles characters Main characters ( edit ) G. Callen ( Chris O'Donnell ) ( birthname Grisha Aleksandrovich Nikolaev ) is the Lead Senior Special Agent and undercover operative attached to the NCIS Office of Special Projects . He speaks several languages fluently , including Russian . Callen is a highly skilled field agent having worked numerous overseas undercover assignments . Placed in the foster system at a young age , G. did not know his first name but eventually learned about his family , and in turn , himself . As G. lives somewhat of a nomadic nature , Los Angeles is G 's most stable home . He is partnered with Sam Hanna . Nate Getz ( Peter Cambor ) is an Operational Psychologist originally attached to OSP in order to monitor the team 's emotional well - being . Valued as both an agent and a doctor , Getz is later drafted to a deep cover operation and subsequently becomes a well - established field agent . Despite his career change , Getz still returns to Los Angeles when needed ( season 1 ; recurring seasons 2 onwards ) . Kensi Blye ( Daniela Ruah ) is the daughter of a Marine and , initially , the only female Special Agent attached to OSP . Her father died at a young age , after which Kensi spent some time living on the streets . Estranged from her mother , Kensi is a skilled undercover operative and sniper who is not afraid to use her sexuality to get results . She is engaged to her partner Marty Deeks . Dominic Vail ( Adam Jamal Craig ) is a probationary agent and a technical specialist who was assigned to OSP straight out of training . He is partnered with Kensi and seen as a sort of younger brother to the other team members ; NCIS Los Angeles is left devastated when , following a period as a missing person , Dom is assassinated during his own rescue mission ( season 1 ) . Sam Hanna ( LL Cool J ) is the team 's Senior Field Agent and G 's partner . Sam has the most stable home life of the team as he is married with children . He met his wife on the job and still lives for the thrill of undercover work . He is a former Navy SEAL , an expert on Middle Eastern culture , and speaks fluent Arabic , and as such he not only provides invaluable insight on cases involving the USMC and USN , but also on cases involving ethnicity . Henrietta `` Hetty '' Lange ( Linda Hunt ) is a Supervisory Special Agent and the team 's Operational Manager . As a veteran undercover operative , Hetty has achieved an unbelievable amount during her life , with distinguished work as an overseas intelligence operative during the Cold War . During her younger years , she took in several orphans ( including Callen and Hunter ) from the streets in order to mold them into undercover operatives . Eric Beale ( Barrett Foa ) is the team 's Technical Operator and resident geek . He is not an undercover operative like his teammates and as such is not firearms trained . Beale is incredibly comfortable in the OSP much to the chagrin of his teammates who often become annoyed by his quirks such as leaving his surf board by their cars . He is partnered and close friends with Nell ( season 1 onwards ; recurring season 1 ) . Marty Deeks ( Eric Christian Olsen ) is a veteran Los Angeles Police Department Detective who worked undercover and was exiled socially within the LAPD . Deeks is also an experienced attorney at law having worked as a Public Defender in the Los Angeles Criminal Courts prior to joining the LAPD . After he is selected by Hetty to be the LAPD 's Liaison Officer to NCIS , it becomes clear that her plan is for Deeks to become an Agent . He has not had the easiest childhood and deflects a great deal using humor . He is partnered with , and engaged to , Kensi ( season 2 onwards ; recurring season 1 ) . Nell Jones ( Renée Felice Smith ) is a Special Agent who acts as the team 's intelligence analyst . She is just as comfortable outside the office as in it , and it appears that Hetty is grooming her as a replacement . Jones is a highly capable field operative and extremely skilled firearms expert . She has the highest IQ of anybody at NCIS . She is partnered and close friends with Eric ( season 2 onwards ; recurring season 2 ) . Owen Granger ( Miguel Ferrer ) is the Assistant Director of NCIS . He is the team 's link to Washington , and while he is often seen at loggerheads with his subordinates , he no doubt has a great desire to keep them safe . Unlike other administrators , he is not afraid to accompany the team into the field . Granger spent many years overseas as a field agent on many hazardous assignments before becoming an administrator . He is a long time friend and sometimes adversary of Hetty . Miguel Ferrer 's last appearance as Owen Granger was on the Season 8 episode `` Payback '' , which aired on February 19 , 2017 ( seasons 5 -- 8 ; recurring seasons 3 -- 4 ) . Shay Mosely ( Nia Long ) is a former Secret Service agent and current NCIS Executive Assistant Director for Pacific Operations ( EAD - PAC ) ( season 9 ) . Recurring cast and characters ( edit ) Aunjanue Ellis as Michelle Hanna aka `` Quinn '' ( seasons 4 -- 8 ) : Sam Hanna 's wife , Michelle is a former deep - cover CIA operative . In season 8 , Michelle is murdered . Rocky Carroll as Leon Vance , the Director of NCIS ( seasons 1 -- 3 , 6 ) : He initially spent a great amount of time `` getting the new LA office up and running '' , but still returns to ensure the well - being of his agents . Carroll also appears on both NCIS ( as a regular ) , and NCIS : New Orleans . He makes a seventh appearance in `` Hunted '' . Vance appears in the season two finale and season three premiere . He makes his tenth appearance during season six . Brian Avers as Mike Renko , an agent attached to NCIS ' Los Angeles satellite office ( seasons 1 , 3 ) : He often works with OSP . An undercover operative , Renko later reported directly to Owen Granger . The team were fond of him , so it came as a shock when he was gunned down during an operation gone awry in a revenge attack . Kathleen Rose Perkins as Rose Schwartz , a Los Angeles County Medical Examiner ( seasons 1 -- 4 ) : She often assists the team on their investigations . She is incredibly quirky and develops an affinity for Nate Getz , showing great romantic interest in the psychologist . Ronald Auguste as Moe Dusa , a man whom Sam first came into contact with in Sudan ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) : A `` brother '' to Sam , of sorts , he joins a terrorist group and assists in the kidnapping of Dom . Developing a conscience , Moe assists in Dom 's escape . He is later found dead by the NCIS agents . Vyto Ruginis as Arkady Kolcheck , a retired Russian operative ( seasons 1 -- present ) : He is friends with Callen . He considers himself to be of great assistance to the NCIS team but often brings trouble in his wake . He has a daughter whom he does not know very well . Claire Forlani as Lauren Hunter , an NCIS Operations Manager and SSA ( seasons 2 -- 3 ) : Taken in by Hetty as a teenager , Lauren later becomes an NCIS agent and succeeds Hetty for a short time as Special Agent in Charge of OSP . Initially adversarial , the team later warmed to Hunter . She was reassigned following Lange 's return but was later kidnapped and murdered by the Chameleon . Her death has a lasting effect on Lange . Christopher Lambert as Marcel Janvier , a serial killer and criminal mastermind ( season 3 -- 5 ) : When Marcel is conducting business transactions , his M.O. is to buy the supplies for his employers and then arrange a drop - off for the merchandise . He is the primary antagonist to Callen during the show 's third season and is responsible for the deaths of Hunter and Renko . Scott Grimes as Dave Flynn , an NCIS Special Agent ( seasons 4 , 8 ) : Initially an NCIS forensic specialist assigned to the elite rapid response NCIS : Red team stationed out of San Diego , Dave later transfers to San Diego 's NCIS : Cyber where he re-trains as a senior intelligence analyst . Erik Palladino as Vostanik Sabatino , a CIA Agent ( seasons 4 -- 5 , 7 -- 8 ) : He is arrested by the team while deep undercover . He is friends with Michelle Hanna and later joins Kensi Blye 's Afghanistan team . Kensi initially believes him to be her suspect , but she later realizes he is a skilled operative and will be of great use to her . In season 8 , it is revealed that Sabatino is working as part of a rogue CIA faction attempting to dismantle the NCIS team . Anslem Richardson as Tahir Khaled , a local warlord in Sudan ( seasons 3 , 7 - 8 ) : A war criminal and warlord , he went in conflict with CIA agents and later NCIS agents Sam Hanna and G. Callen when they went to collect evidences about genocide and pick up his sister Jada Khaled . He is Sam 's arch - enemy where Sam took his sister from him and , since then , Tahir began plotting to get revenge upon him . He is the primary antagonist of seventh and eighth season , where in later one killed Sam 's wife , Michelle . Matthew Del Negro as Jack Simon ( seasons 5 , 7 ) : Kensi 's ex-fiance , who was suspected of being a war - criminal known as ' The White Ghost ' . Kensi was assigned to assassinate him in the series ' fifth season . Bar Paly as Anastasia `` Anna '' Kolcheck , a freelance NCIS Special Agent ( seasons 6 -- present ) : The estranged daughter of Arkady Kolcheck , she is a prospective ATF agent who begins filling in on NCIS missions while Kensi is on medical leave . Following Kensi 's return , Anna embarks on a relationship with Callen and joins NCIS as a Special Agent on a freelance basis . John M. Jackson as A.J. Chegwidden , a retired Rear Admiral and the former Judge Advocate General of the Navy ( season 8 -- present ) : A wartime confidente of both Hetty and Granger , Chegwidden served in Vietnam as a Navy Seal . He reenters the NCIS-fold at the behest of Lange during an investigation into the CIA . Jackson previously appeared as Chegwidden in nine seasons of JAG , and in one episode of NCIS . Andrea Bordeaux as Harley Hidoko , NCIS Special Agent ( season 9 -- present ) : Executive Assistant to the EADPAC . Other ( edit ) Louise Lombard as Lara Macy ; a former Military Police Lieutenant and the Supervisory Special Agent of OSP , Macy was relieved of her position sometime between the pilot episode and the beginning of season one . Hetty remarks she was sent to Djibouti in retaliation for insubordination regarding budget , although the truthfulness of this is unknown . After a short time working with an NCIS satellite division , Macy is found dead in an NCIS episode , murdered as part of a vendetta against Washington Special Agent Leroy Jethro Gibbs . Lombard was not picked up as a regular in the new series and the character was killed in the NCIS episode `` Patriot Down '' . Production ( edit ) Special Agent G. Callen was initially a CIA operative created by Shane Brennan for a series that was never produced . After taking over show runner duties previously held by Donald P. Bellisario on NCIS , he used the potential of a spin - off to bring his story to fruition . Brennan intended for the series to hold a Miami Vice-esque vibe through its two co-leads , Callen and Agent Sam Hanna . However , the character of Lara Macy was written to serve as a parallel for Gibbs , the lead of the original NCIS team . Macy was portrayed by Louise Lombard in the backdoor pilot , but she was not featured in the actual spin - off , and Brennan was able to produce the show as he originally envisioned it . The show was known as NCIS : Legend while in production ( referring to the episodes of NCIS in which the spin - off was introduced ) , and other names considered included OSP : Office of Special Projects , NCIS : OSP and NCIS : Undercover . Filming started in February 2009 , with the characters being introduced in the two - part NCIS episode titled `` Legend '' , the first part of which aired on April 28 , 2009 . This episode served as a backdoor pilot for the series , in a manner similar to the way NCIS was introduced by way of a two - part episode of JAG . Part of the cast in 2012 ( from left ) : Barrett Foa , Daniela Ruah , Eric Christian Olsen and Renée Felice Smith Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of NCIS : Los Angeles episodes Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Rating Intro April 28 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 28 ) May 5 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 05 ) N / A N / A 24 September 22 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 22 ) May 25 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 25 ) 8 9.8 ( Tied with Undercover Boss ) 24 September 21 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 21 ) May 17 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 17 ) 7 10.1 24 September 20 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 20 ) May 15 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 15 ) 7 10.2 24 September 25 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 25 ) May 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 14 ) 11.0 5 24 September 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 24 ) May 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 13 ) 10.3 6 24 September 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 29 ) May 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 18 ) 22 7.6 7 24 September 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 21 ) May 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 02 ) 21 7.1 ( Tied with Blindspot and The Good Wife ) 8 24 September 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 25 ) May 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 14 ) 10 7.8 9 24 October 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 01 ) TBA TBA TBA Crossovers ( edit ) Crossover between Episode Type Actors crossing over Date aired Series A Series B Hawaii Five - 0 NCIS : Los Angeles `` Ka Hakaka Maikaʻi '' ( Hawaii Five - 0 2.6 ) Guest appearance Appearing in Series A : Daniela Ruah October 24 , 2011 Joe White calls in Agent Kensi Blye to review the video of John McGarrett , Governor Jameson , and Wo Fat for Steve McGarrett from Hawaii Five - 0 , but only recognizes the word `` Shelburne '' . Hawaii Five - 0 NCIS : Los Angeles `` Pa Make Loa '' ( Hawaii Five - 0 2.21 ) `` Touch of Death '' ( NCIS : Los Angeles 3.21 ) Two - Part Crossover Appearing in Series A : Chris O'Donnell , LL Cool J Appearing in Series B : Scott Caan , Daniel Dae Kim April 30 , 2012 May 1 , 2012 Agents Sam Hanna and G. Callen are called in to assist Five - 0 finding a suspect , Dracul Comescu . Later , Callen and Sam must return to Los Angeles to stop a possible smallpox outbreak from becoming a reality with Danny Williams and Chin Ho Kelly of Hawaii Five - 0 coming along to help . Reception ( edit ) Filming the pilot episode in 2009 Critical reception ( edit ) `` Identity '' , the series ' first episode , garnered 18.73 million viewers with a 4.4 / 11 share in the 18 - to 49 - year - old demographic and therefore won its timeslot . It was the second most watched show of the week , behind only the original NCIS . Reviews for the show have been mixed . It has a score of 59 / 100 on Metacritic . According to Mary McNamara of the Los Angeles Times , `` The crime is intriguing and multifaceted , its resolution requiring a nice balance of street smarts and lots of gunfire . But as with the original `` NCIS '' , the emphasis is on the characters of the team ... Los Angeles , meanwhile , looks fabulous , a pleasing mixture of noir and gridlock , and there 's an air of stability that 's comforting in these uncertain times . '' The New York Daily News reviewer , David Hinckley , was more critical of the show saying that although `` It all adds up to an hour of decent entertainment , and there 's room for enough character development to give `` NCIS : Los Angeles '' a personality of its own , ... a premiere episode should n't feel even a little like something we 've already seen . '' Tom Shales of The Washington Post felt that , `` NCIS : Los Angeles gets the job done ... It 's a procedural that follows strictly the established procedure , but it has likable characters , dislikable bad guys and the occasional flabbergasting shot of L.A. '' Robert Bianco of USA Today summarized it as a `` serviceable hour that takes the NCIS formula -- a light tone and a lot of banter wrapped around a fairly rudimentary investigatory plot -- and transfers it to a special , undercover NCIS division in Los Angeles . Nothing more , but also nothing less . '' The Hollywood Reporter compared the show to The A-Team with `` the same lighthearted approach to life - or - death situations . Maybe the biggest change is that ' NCIS : L.A. ' achieves its inevitably favorable outcomes with a little more intellect and a little less testosterone . '' IGN stated that although `` NCIS : Los Angeles does n't exactly reinvent the police procedural ... it 's another above - average entry , aided by the fact that the people behind the show know what they 're doing '' and ultimately gave the episode a 7.7 / 10 . Ratings ( edit ) Seasonal rankings ( based on average total viewers per episode ) of NCIS : Los Angeles on CBS . Note : Each U.S. network television season starts in late September and ends in late May , which coincides with the completion of May sweeps . Seasonal ratings table Season Timeslot ( ET ) No. of episodes Premiered Ended TV season Rank Viewers ( in millions ) Date Premiere viewers ( in millions ) Date Finale viewers ( in millions ) Tuesday 9 : 00 pm / 8c 24 September 22 , 2009 18.73 May 25 , 2010 13.12 2009 -- 10 9 16.08 24 September 21 , 2010 15.76 May 17 , 2011 15.61 2010 -- 11 7 16.54 24 September 20 , 2011 16.71 May 15 , 2012 15.19 2011 -- 12 7 16.01 24 September 25 , 2012 16.74 May 14 , 2013 13.52 2012 -- 13 17.31 5 24 September 24 , 2013 16.35 May 13 , 2014 14.85 2013 -- 14 16.03 6 Monday 10 : 00 pm / 9c 24 September 29 , 2014 9.48 May 18 , 2015 9.33 2014 -- 15 27 11.72 7 24 September 21 , 2015 7.89 May 2 , 2016 8.10 2015 -- 16 24 11.11 8 Sunday 8 : 00 pm / 7c 24 September 25 , 2016 10.34 May 14 , 2017 9.40 2016 -- 17 11 12.51 9 Sunday 9 : 00 pm / 8c October 1 , 2017 8.95 2017 -- 18 Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Association Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . People 's Choice Awards Favorite New TV Drama -- Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Action Show -- Won Choice Actor Action LL Cool J Nominated Choice Actress Action Daniela Ruah Nominated Portuguese Golden Globes Revelation Daniela Ruah Won 2011 Teen Choice Awards Choice Action Show -- Won Choice Actor Action LL Cool J Nominated Choice Actress Action Linda Hunt Won 2012 Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Stunt Direction Troy James Brown Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Action Show -- Nominated Choice Actor Action LL Cool J Nominated Choice Actress Action Linda Hunt Won 2013 Teen Choice Awards Choice Action Show -- Won Choice Actor Action LL Cool J Won Potential spin - off ( edit ) On November 5 , 2012 , Deadline.com reported the first news about a spin - off of NCIS : Los Angeles titled NCIS : Red . The new characters were introduced during a two - part episode of NCIS : Los Angeles . The spin - off was to feature a team of mobile agents , who travel around the country to solve crimes . This would have been the second successive spin - off in the NCIS franchise . However , on May 15 , 2013 , CBS confirmed that NCIS : Red was officially passed on and would not be moving forward . Scott Grimes reprised his potential spinoff role as NCIS Red Agent Dave Flynn during the eighth season of NCIS : Los Angeles . Home video releases ( edit ) Main article : List of NCIS : Los Angeles home video releases The first six seasons have been released on DVD in Regions 1 , 2 and 4 , and Season 1 was released on Blu - ray Disc in Region A . The first season DVD release includes the two - part pilot episode that aired as part of the sixth season of NCIS , which were also included on the Season 6 DVD of NCIS . All releases are distributed by Paramount Home Entertainment . International Broadcast ( edit ) In India the series airs on AXN ( India ) . In the UK the series airs on Sky 1 and on Channel Five . In the Netherlands the series airs on SBS 6 . NCIS : Los Angeles airs on Network Ten and TVH ! TS ( formerly TV1 ) in Australia . In Portugal the series airs on FOX. and on M6 in France . Adaptations ( edit ) In August 2016 , Titan Books published NCIS Los Angeles : Extremis , a novel by Jerome Preisler . Three months later , it was followed by NCIS Los Angeles : Bolthole , written by Jeff Mariotte . Both books contain original stories featuring the characters from the show . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Keveney , Bill ( September 21 , 2009 ) . `` Shane Brennan of ' NCIS ' : The hardest - working man in TV biz '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2009 . Retrieved September 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( June 24 , 2009 ) . `` Fall TV : CBS Schedules Fall Premiere Dates '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2009 . Retrieved August 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Fixmer , Andy ; Rabil , Sarah ( May 20 , 2009 ) . `` CBS Adds ' NCIS ' Spinoff , Takes ' Medium ' Away From NBC ( Update2 ) '' . Bloomberg.com . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2016 . Retrieved May 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( December 12 , 2008 ) . `` Exclusive : Fresh ' NCIS ' spin - off intel '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 20 , 2009 ) . `` CBS Announces 2009 -- 2010 Schedule '' . TV By the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2009 . Retrieved May 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Bierly , Mandi ( February 25 , 2009 ) . `` ' NCIS ' spinoff officially lands LL Cool J '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2009 . Retrieved February 25 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Sullivan , Brian Ford ( March 19 , 2009 ) . `` The Futon 's first look : `` NCIS : Legend '' `` . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2016 . Retrieved March 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` CBS Renews 5 Freshman & 11 Returning Series , Including ' MacGyver ' , ' Superior Donuts ' , ' Life In Pieces ' & ' Hawaii Five - O ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2017 . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Agard , Chancellor ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` NCIS : Los Angeles lands Nia Long as a series regular for season 9 '' . Entertainment Weekly . New York City : Time Inc . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nelle ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' : Nia Long Joins CBS Drama Series As Series Regular '' . Deadline.com . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` Nia Long Joins NCIS : Los Angeles as a Series Regular in Season 9 '' . TVLine . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Saperstein , Pat ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` Miguel Ferrer , ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' Actor , Dies at 61 '' . Variety . Los Angeles : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` Miguel Ferrer Dies : ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' & ' Crossing Jordan ' Star Was 61 '' . Deadline.com . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Miguel Ferrer , ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' actor , dies at 61 '' . Chicago Tribune . Chicago : Tronc , Inc . January 19 , 2017 . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 27 , 2009 ) . `` O'Donnell nabs lead role in `` NCIS '' spin - off `` . Reuters . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2009 . Retrieved February 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( July 1 , 2009 ) . `` NCIS Exclusive : Rocky Carroll to Pull Double Duty on Spin - Off '' . TVGuide.com . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2009 . Retrieved August 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Rocky Carroll Will Do ' NCIS ' Twice Next Season '' . Buddytv.com . July 3 , 2009 . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2009 . Retrieved July 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Staff ( May 28 , 2009 ) . `` Recasting hits CBS ' ' Three Rivers , ' ABC 's ' Forgotten ' '' . Hitfix.com . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2009 . Retrieved May 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( May 28 , 2009 ) . `` Fall TV : New NCIS , Other Shows Recast Lead Roles '' . TVGuide.com . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2009 . Retrieved August 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( August 12 , 2009 ) . `` Ask Ausiello : Spoilers on ' House , ' ' Bones , ' ' 24 , ' ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' True Blood , ' ' Smallville , ' and more ! '' . EW.com . Retrieved August 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Press Release for NCIS episode `` Legend '' '' ( Press release ) . CBS via The Futon Critic. April 7 , 2009 . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2015 . Retrieved April 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Top Rated TV Programs By Season ( 2007 - Present ) Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( September 23 , 2009 ) . `` NCIS gains in 18 -- 49 demo , goes over 20 million ( 20.60 M ) in broadcast finals '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2009 . Retrieved September 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ McNamara , Mary ( September 22 , 2009 ) . `` Noir meets Navy in ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2009 . Retrieved September 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hinckley , David ( September 22 , 2009 ) . `` LL Cool J , Chris O'Donnell and ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' solid , not super as CBS seeks a new ' CSI ' '' . Daily News . New York . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2009 . Retrieved September 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Shales , Tom ( September 22 , 2009 ) . `` ' NCIS ' 2 Nabs The Formula '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2012 . Retrieved September 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bianco , Robert ( September 22 , 2009 ) . `` ' NCIS ' popularity should keep spinoff in hunt '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2009 . Retrieved September 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Garron , Barry ( September 21 , 2009 ) . `` NCIS : Los Angeles -- TV Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Associated Press . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2017 . Retrieved September 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Chamberlin , James . `` NCIS : Los Angeles : `` Identity '' Review `` . IGN . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2011 . Retrieved September 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bill Gorman ( September 23 , 2009 ) . `` TV Ratings Tuesday : NCIS Storms Back , The Good Wife Looks Good , the forgotten Nearly Was '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2016 . Retrieved October 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings : Overnight Nielsen Ratings for Tuesday : Glee ratings , Parenthood finale Ratings , Dancing With The Stars finale ratings , American Idol Ratings , Biggest Loser finale ratings , 90210 ratings , Life Unexpected ratings , NCIS finale ratings , NCIS : LA finale ratings , The Good Wife finale ratings '' . Tvbythenumbers.com . May 26 , 2010 . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2012 . Retrieved August 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 16 , 2010 ) . `` Final 2009 -- 10 Broadcast Primetime Show Average Viewership '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2010 . Retrieved July 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( September 22 , 2010 ) . `` Tuesday Finals : ' Glee , ' ' Parenthood , ' ' DWTS ' Up ; ' Running Wilde , ' ' Detroit 1 -- 8 -- 7 ? Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2010 . Retrieved September 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 18 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Breaking In , ' ' The Good Wife , ' ' Body of Proof ' Adjusted Down ; ' NCIS , ' ' NCIS : LA , ' ' Glee , ' ' The Biggest Loser ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2011 . Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 1 , 2011 ) . `` 2010 -- 11 Season Broadcast Primetime Show Viewership Averages '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2011 . Retrieved June 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( September 27 , 2011 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Two And A Half Men ' Tops ' Sunday Night Football ' For Week Ending September 25 , 2011 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2011 . Retrieved September 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 22 , 2012 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' American Idol ' , ' NCIS ' Top Week 35 Viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2012 . Retrieved May 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gormam , Bill ( May 25 , 2012 ) . `` Complete List Of 2011 -- 12 Season TV Show Viewership : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops , Followed By ' American Idol , ' ' NCIS ' & ' Dancing With The Stars ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2014 . Retrieved May 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 2 , 2012 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : Sunday Night Football Tops Week 1 Viewing Among Adults 18 -- 49 and With Total Viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2012 . Retrieved October 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 15 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' NCIS ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment for ' Grimm ' or ' New Girl ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2013 . Retrieved May 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 29 , 2013 ) . `` Complete List Of 2012 -- 13 Season TV Show Viewership : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops , Followed By ' NCIS , ' ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2013 . Retrieved May 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 25 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' The Voice ' & ' NCIS ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Goldbergs ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2014 . Retrieved September 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 14 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' & ' The Goldbergs ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Originals ' , ' Supernatural ' & ' About A Boy ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2014 . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Deadline Team , The ( May 23 , 2014 ) . `` Full 2014 -- 14 Series Rankings '' . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2014 . Retrieved May 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 30 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' The Voice ' & ' Dancing With the Stars ' & ' Castle ' & ' Adjusted Down ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2014 . Retrieved September 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 19 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Stalker ' , ' Mike & Molly ' & ' Dancing With the Stars ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2015 . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Full 2014 -- 15 Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 22 , 2015 . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 22 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up , ' Significant Mother ' , ' Life in Pieces ' & ' Penn & Teller ' Adjusted Down '' . TVbytheNumbers . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2015 . Retrieved September 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 3 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' NCIS : LA ' finale and all others hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2016 . Retrieved May 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Full 2015 -- 16 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2015 . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2016 . Retrieved May 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : ' Once Upon a Time ' and ' NCIS : LA ' adjust up , FOX shows adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2016 . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' finale adjusts up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Final 2016 - 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2017 . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS : LA ' and ' 60 Minutes ' adjust up , ' Wisdom of the Crowd ' and ' Ten Days in the Valley ' down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Chocie Award winners '' . People 's Choice Awards . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Teen choice awards 2010 '' . IMDB . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globes Portugal '' . IMDB . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards 2011 winners '' . IMDB . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Outstanding Stunt Direction '' . Primetime Emmy Awards . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards '' . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2010 . Retrieved May 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( November 5 , 2012 ) . `` CBS Prepping ' NCIS : LA ' Spinoff Created By Shane Brennan As Planted Two - Part Episode '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2012 . Retrieved November 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Confirms ' NCIS ' Spinoff Will Not be Moving Forward '' . May 15 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2013 . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NCIS : Los Angeles -- Episodes '' . AXN India . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ NCIS : Los Angeles Archived October 26 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine. , Sky.com ; accessed 19 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NCIS : Los Angeles '' . SBS 6 ( in Dutch ) . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Investigacao Criminal : Los Angeles '' . FOX ( in Portuguese ) . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ ( August 30 , 2016 ) , `` NCIS Los Angeles : Extremis - Jerome Preisler , '' Titan Books . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 Jump up ^ ( December 2 , 2016 ) , `` NCIS Los Angeles : Bolthole - Jeff Mariotte , '' Titan Books . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 External links ( edit ) Official website NCIS : Los Angeles on IMDb NCIS : Los Angeles at TV.com NCIS franchise NCIS Characters Leroy Jethro Gibbs Caitlin `` Kate '' Todd Anthony `` Tony '' DiNozzo Abigail `` Abby '' Sciuto Timothy `` Tim '' McGee Ziva David Cast list Episodes Introductory `` Ice Queen '' Season 1 `` Yankee White '' Season 2 `` Twilight '' Season 3 `` Kill Ari ( Parts I & II ) '' `` Under Covers '' `` Hiatus ( Parts I & II ) '' Season 4 `` Grace Period '' `` Angel of Death '' Season 5 `` Requiem '' Season 6 `` Last Man Standing '' `` Aliyah '' Season 7 `` Truth or Consequences '' `` Good Cop , Bad Cop '' Season 8 `` Enemies Foreign '' `` Freedom '' `` A Man Walks Into a Bar ... '' `` One Last Score '' `` Baltimore '' Season 9 `` Nature of the Beast '' `` Enemy on the Hill '' `` Devil 's Triangle '' `` Newborn King '' `` Housekeeping '' `` A Desperate Man '' `` Life Before His Eyes '' `` Secrets '' `` Psych Out '' `` Need to Know '' `` The Tell '' `` The Good Son '' `` The Missionary Position '' `` Rekindled '' `` Playing with Fire '' `` Up in Smoke '' `` Till Death Do Us Part '' Season 10 `` Extreme Prejudice '' `` Recovery '' `` Phoenix '' `` Lost at Sea '' `` The Namesake '' `` Shell Shock ( Part I ) '' `` Shell Shock ( Part II ) '' `` Gone '' `` Devil 's Trifecta '' `` You Better Watch Out '' `` Shabbat Shalom '' `` Shiva '' `` Hit and Run '' `` Canary '' `` Hereafter '' `` Detour '' `` Prime Suspect '' `` Seek '' `` Squall '' `` Chasing Ghosts '' `` Berlin '' `` Revenge '' `` Double Blind '' `` Damned If You Do '' Season 11 `` Whiskey Tango Foxtrot '' `` Past , Present , and Future '' `` Under the Radar '' `` Anonymous Was a Woman '' `` Once a Crook '' `` Oil & Water '' `` Better Angels '' `` Alibi '' `` Gut Check '' `` Devil 's Triad '' Season 12 Season 13 Season 14 Season 15 Related Tony DiNozzo and Ziva David Ziva David captivity storyline Other media Home video releases Soundtrack NCIS : Los Angeles Characters G. Callen Kensi Blye Sam Hanna Episodes Introductory Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 Notable episodes `` Identity '' `` Blye , K. , Part 2 '' Other media Home video releases NCIS : New Orleans Characters Episodes Season 1 Related JAG CBS programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime 48 Hours ( since 1988 ) 60 Minutes ( since 1968 ) 9JKL ( since 2017 ) The Amazing Race ( since 2001 ) The Big Bang Theory ( since 2007 ) Big Brother ( since 2000 ) Blue Bloods ( since 2010 ) Bull ( since 2016 ) Celebrity Big Brother ( since 2018 ) Code Black ( since 2015 ) Criminal Minds ( since 2005 ) Elementary ( since 2012 ) Hawaii Five - 0 ( since 2010 ) Hunted ( since 2017 ) Kevin Can Wait ( since 2016 ) Life in Pieces ( since 2015 ) Living Biblically ( since 2018 ) MacGyver ( since 2016 ) Madam Secretary ( since 2014 ) Man with a Plan ( since 2016 ) Mom ( since 2013 ) NCIS ( since 2003 ) NCIS : Los Angeles ( since 2009 ) NCIS : New Orleans ( since 2014 ) Ransom ( since 2017 ) Salvation ( since 2017 ) Scorpion ( since 2014 ) SEAL Team ( since 2017 ) Superior Donuts ( since 2017 ) Survivor ( since 2000 ) S.W.A.T. 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when do you shave your mustache for movember
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Movember
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movember
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Movember ( a portmanteau of the Australian - English diminutive word for moustache , `` mo '' , and `` November '' ) is an annual event involving the growing of moustaches during the month of November to raise awareness of men 's health issues , such as prostate cancer , testicular cancer , and men 's suicide . The Movember Foundation runs the Movember charity event , housed at Movember.com . The goal of Movember is to `` change the face of men 's health . ''
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By encouraging men ( whom the charity refers to as `` Mo Bros '' ) to get involved , Movember aims to increase early cancer detection , diagnosis and effective treatments , and ultimately reduce the number of preventable deaths . Besides annual check - ups , the Movember Foundation encourages men to be aware of family history of cancer and to adopt a healthier lifestyle . Since 2004 , the Movember Foundation charity has run Movember events to raise awareness and funds for men 's health issues , such as prostate cancer and depression , in Australia and New Zealand . In 2007 , events were launched in Ireland , Canada , Czech Republic , Denmark , El Salvador , Spain , the United Kingdom , Israel , South Africa , Taiwan and the United States . As of 2011 , Canadians were the largest contributors to the Movember charities of any nation . In 2010 , Movember merged with the testicular cancer event Tacheback . In 2012 , the Global Journal listed Movember as one of the world 's top 100 NGOs ( non-government organization ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Origins 1.2 The Moscars 1.3 International Man of Movember 1.4 Controversies 2 Partners 2.1 Ambassadors 2.2 Charities 2.3 Video games 3 Similar events 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Origins ( edit ) Seven Nightly News aired a story in 1999 including a group of young men in Adelaide , South Australia who coined the term `` Movember '' and the idea of growing moustaches for charity throughout the month of November . In the news report , members of the Adelaide - based `` Movember Committee '' explained how they came up with the idea for Movember one night in the pub . The group started with 80 men from Adelaide and soon became a nationwide phenomenon . They also aimed to raise money for the RSPCA through selling T - shirts in what they termed `` Growing whiskers for whiskers '' . In 2004 , an unrelated group in Melbourne , Victoria organised an event where 30 men would grow a moustache for 30 days in order to raise awareness for prostate cancer and depression in men . This group would later become the Movember Foundation charity . The Movember Foundation has since raised $174 - million worldwide , after spreading to South Africa and Europe , reaching North America in 2006 . In 2010 , participants in the United States alone raised over $7.5 million . In 2012 , 1.1 million people signed up to participate , raising upwards of $95 million . The Moscars ( edit ) Public hospital in Brazil with an inflatable moustache in November 2013 The charity launched The Moscars in 2010 , an online global user - submitted video contest that helps Movember participants showcase their involvement in the movement . Submissions can not be longer than 4 minutes each , and prizes can be won in several categories . In 2012 , head judge Stan Lee awarded the Moscar to South Africa 's comedy duo Derick Watts & The Sunday Blues for their video , `` The Movember Song '' , a parody of Carly Rae Jepsen 's hit `` Call Me Maybe '' . International Man of Movember ( edit ) The International Man of Movember is chosen from 21 national winners all over the world to wear the crown and be the face of Movember for a whole year . Each national Man of Movember winner is voted in at that particular country 's main Gala Parté , held at the end of November , by both judges and fans . The very first champion was Mark Knight from London in 2010 . South Africa 's Anton Taylor won the title in 2011 , and in 2012 it was Chris Thwaites from New Zealand who won the coveted sash. 2013 saw Sweden 's Tom Rickard crowned . Controversies ( edit ) In November 2007 , at Scots College in Wellington , New Zealand , several graduating students were banned from end - of - year prizes for growing moustaches and the college threatened to ban a senior student from their NCEA examinations ( official secondary school qualification ) for growing a moustache during November . In 2007 , the Movember Foundation events were featured on Australian tabloid current affairs program Today Tonight , which accused the foundation of spending a disproportionate amount on running costs and high salaries for its directors . The financial summary of the Australian 2008 Movember campaign listed campaign costs ( administration and fundraising ) as being 8 % of the total amount raised . In 2007 , campaign costs were listed as 9 % of total amount raised . Partners ( edit ) Members of the Australia national rugby union team sporting moustaches at the unveiling of a promotionally decorated Boeing 737 - 800 aircraft , during Movember in 2011 In 2011 , Google Chrome partnered with Movember to create a video . The video featured real participants , and how they utilize the web and Movember.com to raise awareness and funds for the cause . The video generated well over 1.1 million views . It featured the Handsome Furs song `` Repatriated . '' In 2010 and 2011 , Movember partnered with TOMS to create limited edition Movember shoes for those participating . In 2011 , Qantas supported Movember by painting a moustache and `` Movember.com '' on one of its airplanes . In 2011 , the world 's largest sandcastle Mo was built on Bondi Beach , in Sydney , New South Wales . A 2012 Movember video featuring Parks and Recreation star Nick Offerman was one of the top 10 most watched charity videos of the year , with 1.9 million views . Offerman made additional sketches for Movember 2013 . Since 2012 , Royal Mail has supported the Movember campaign and created a special postmark featuring a moustache . In November 2013 , the UK National Trust authorised the temporary placement of a huge grass moustache to the Cerne Abbas Giant , the UK 's largest chalk hill figure . The moustache added to the 55 - metre ( 180 ft ) giant . was 12 metres ( 39 ft ) wide and 3 metres ( 10 ft ) deep according to the designer but both the National Trust and the BBC reported it as being 36 by 9 feet ( 11.0 by 2.7 m ) , In 2015 Carlsberg Group beer brand made special Movember beer beauty accessories to look after mustaches and beard . Ambassadors ( edit ) Many high - profile athletes , celebrities , and dignitaries have supported the Movember Foundation , including Australian World Champion surfer Mick Fanning ; author , columnist , and presenter Samantha Brett ; Today sports presenter Cameron Williams ; ex-Big Brother housemate Ryan Fitzgerald ; Queensland cricket all - rounder Andrew Symonds ; and several AFL players . NHL `` tough guy '' George Parros , alongside Bill McCreary , shaved his moustache to participate in the 2010 Movember event . In 2009 , many of the Australian rugby union team players were seen sporting moustaches during the Autumn Test Series . 2009 F1 World Champion Jenson Button started his support for Movember by showing off his blond moustache at the Abu Dhabi Grand Prix . Indian cricketers Ravindra Jadeja and Shikhar Dhawan support this cause too . In 2010 , some of the Montreal Canadiens were seen sporting moustaches during the month of November , with a video appearing on the Canadiens homepage , thus confirming the worldwide spread of Movember . 2011 Movember Ambassadors included Foster the People , Morgan Spurlock , George Parros of the Anaheim Ducks , Snoop Dogg , Kevin Connolly , Brody Jenner , Matt Leinart , Bloomberg TV 's Matt Miller , Mr. Clean , UFC Lightweight Champ Frankie Edgar , and Philip Bloom . South Africa 's ambassador for Movember is rapper Jack Parow . Movember is regularly supported by sporting organisations and celebrities in New Zealand , with names such as national rugby captain Richie McCaw actively involved in supporting the charity . Charities ( edit ) Since 2004 , the Movember Foundation charity has used Movember to raise awareness and funds for men 's health issues in Australia and New Zealand . Monetary proceeds go toward the Prostate Cancer Foundation of Australia , the Cancer Society and Mental Health Foundation of New Zealand , and Beyond Blue . In 2007 , the Foundation launched campaigns in Canada ( funds raised go to the Prostate Cancer Research Foundation of Canada ) , Spain ( FEFOC ) , the United Kingdom Prostate Cancer UK , and the United States ( the Prostate Cancer Foundation and the Livestrong Foundation ) . In the US , Movember 's men 's health partners are The Prostate Cancer Foundation and LIVESTRONG . In 2008 , the Movember Foundation started the event in the Republic of Ireland . The beneficiary in that country is Action Prostate Cancer , an initiative of the Irish Cancer Society . A non-foundation Movember event has been held in the Cayman Islands by a `` MOvember Committee '' since 2006 . The event has been sponsored by CML Offshore Recruitment and raises funds for the Cayman Islands Cancer Society . Video games ( edit ) Players in Football Manager 2015 grow moustaches during the month of November . FIFA 14 Ultimate Team features a Movember Cup . Sony released a moustache sticker intended to be placed on the front of the DualShock 4 controller in support of Movember . In November 2012 , four Movember themed games were released as Google Chrome web apps . Similar events ( edit ) Palácio do Planalto , the office of the President of Brazil , decorated for `` Novembro Azul '' ( Blue November ) , similar to Movember . Since the Vietnam War era , U.S. Air Force members have participated in Mustache March , where Airmen grow moustaches in good - natured defiance of facial hair regulations during the month of March . In 2015 , a Decembeard event promoted awareness of bowel cancer . See also ( edit ) American Mustache Institute National Prostate Cancer Awareness Month Playoff beard References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Garone , Adam ( November 2011 ) . `` Healthier men , one moustache at a time '' ( Video with transcript ) . TED.com . TED Conferences , LLC . Retrieved 2 November 2014 . So in Australia , ' mo ' is slang for mustache , so we renamed the month of November ' Movember ' . Jump up ^ `` Movember United States '' . Movember United States . Jump up ^ `` Movember United States - About Movember '' . Us.movember.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Chato B. ( 2010 - 11 - 17 ) . `` Change the FACE of Men 's Health by Growing a mustache for Dick Cancer Mental Health Humor '' . Blogs.psychcentral.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Mustaches Raise Millions for Men 's Health '' . Myfoxdc.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Movember United States - Mo Money '' . Us.movember.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ Doll , Jen ( 2011 - 11 - 01 ) . `` Movember : Shave Off Your Moustache ( and Grow It Back ) for Men 's Health , Amusement - New York News - Runnin ' Scared '' . Blogs.villagevoice.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Movember ' gets hairy , for a cause '' . CNN.com. 2011 - 11 - 01 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` AM980 News Talk Sports From Scary To Hairy , Halloween Is Over But Movember Is Just Starting Local News '' . Am980.ca . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian website '' . Ca.movember.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . Tacheback . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 NGOs '' . The Global Journal . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Ashcroft , J. ( 30 November 1999 ) Seven Nightly News Movember Mo - Phenomenon https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NPH0qQFqs0M%7C , Channel 7 Adelaide Jump up ^ Goldberg , Eleanor ( 2011 - 11 - 04 ) . `` ' Movember ' Urges Men To Grow Facial Hair , Fundraise For Prostate Cancer Awareness ( SLIDESHOW ) '' . huffingtonpost.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Movember Australia '' . movember.com.au . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ Flandez , Raymund ( 2011 - 11 - 13 ) . `` Charity Tries New Messages and Logos Every Year - Marketing and Communications - The Chronicle of Philanthropy - Connecting the nonprofit world with news , jobs , and ideas '' . Philanthropy.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` A Social Media Look Into the Madness of ' Movember ' '' . SmallWerks. 2011 - 11 - 04 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ Kwoh , Leslie ( 2012 - 11 - 30 ) . `` Movember - Moustache - Growing Event Draws CEOs and Company Leaders - At Work - WSJ '' . Blogs.wsj.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Movember Launches ' The Moscars ' Video Contest '' . PRLog. 2010 - 10 - 07 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The Moscars 2012 '' . Movember . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ https://beardicure.com/what-is-movember Jump up ^ Nichols , Lane ( 16 November 2007 ) . `` No mo or no show at exams '' . The Dominion Post . Retrieved 16 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Seymour , B. ( 26 October 2007 ( Eastern Seaboard ) ; 20 November 2007 ( Adelaide ) ) Today Tonight , Channel 7 Adelaide Jump up ^ `` Financial Summary 2008 '' . Au.movemberfoundation.com . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Givewell Charity Profiles - Movember Foundation '' . Givewell.com.au. 2009 - 04 - 30 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` More information Givewell Charity Profiles - Movember Foundation '' . Givewell.com.au. 2009 - 04 - 30 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ Julia Kilgore ( 2011 - 11 - 18 ) . `` Movember : If You Do n't Know , Google It : : AdVirtues : virtuous advertising is not an oxymoron ... and we can prove it ! '' . AdVirtues . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Movember - Limited Edition - Help Change the Face of Men 's Health '' . TOMS.com. 2011 - 09 - 23 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Movember : Qantas Celebrates by Growing a ' Mo ' '' . Ibtimes.com. 2011 - 11 - 14 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Bondi Beach Lifeguards And Amanda Hinchcliffe Help Build Giant Mo Sandcastle ! '' . Media Man International ( mediamanint.com ) . 2011 - 11 - 22 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` The Most Viral Video Charity Campaigns of 2012 '' . Corp.visiblemeasures.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Mail 's Movember campaign '' . Royalmailgroup.com . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Cerne Abbas Giant '' . Cool Places Ltd. 2015 . Retrieved 20 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cerne Giant Watch our Cerne Giant Movember video '' . National Trust . National Trust . 2013 . Retrieved 19 March 2015 . Note : The measurements are taken from the video clip , entitled , Watch our Cerne Giant Movember video Starting at 39 seconds into the video , Richard Brown , from British Seed Houses , says , `` The moustache is 12 metres long by three metres deep and it took five of us four and a half hours to construct it on the day . '' Jump up ^ `` Giant support for Movember is a sight to behold '' . National Trust . 1 November 2013 . Archived from the original on 6 November 2013 . Retrieved 19 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cerne Abbas Giant sports moustache for Movember '' . BBC News . BBC . 1 November 2013 . Retrieved 15 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Carlsberg Beer Beaty '' . Jump up ^ `` World 's Best ... Growing Moustaches '' . World Professional Surfers. 14 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Movember wrap - up ! '' . Sydney Morning Herald . 28 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Movember millions '' . Herald Sun . 30 November 2006 . Jump up ^ Ducks right wing George Parros , who has gained notoriety for his signature moustache during his tenure in the NHL , is leading the charge during the 30 - day moustache - growing movement in November . Parros will `` start from scratch '' by shaving and re-growing his moustache . Jump up ^ `` Things Are Getting Hairy '' . NHL Canadiens . Retrieved 19 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Foster the People participate in MoVember '' . Lightning 100 . 2011 - 11 - 16 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Morgan Spurlock Joins Movember Campaign to Raise Awareness for Cancers Affecting Men - NEW YORK , Nov. 14 , 2011 / PRNewswire / '' . New York : Prnewswire.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ Waxman , Matthew ( 2011 - 11 - 17 ) . `` Interview with the Anaheim Ducks ' George Parros : Profiles '' . GQ . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Snoop Dogg 's Official Movember T - shirt '' . Store.lancasterltd.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Mustache Photos - Kevin Connolly 's Movember Stache - 1 '' . Celebuzz. 2011 - 11 - 16 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Zach . `` Kevin Connolly Grows a Mustache for Prostate Cancer Awareness '' . UsMagazine.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Movember Update : DCI 's Kevin McLaughlin Overtakes MTV 's Brody Jenner '' . FamousDC . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Texans -- Blog Leinart , teammates support Movember `` '' . Blog.houstontexans.com. 2011 - 11 - 05 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` ' Movember ' : The Mustache Growing Movement '' . Bloomberg. 2011 - 11 - 10 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ Todd Wasserman 27 ( 2011 - 11 - 02 ) . `` Mr. Clean to Grow a ' Stache for Movember '' . Mashable.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ sarah ( 2011 - 11 - 18 ) . `` UFC lightweight champion Frankie Edgar has agreed to give up his babyface to grow a moustache ... '' MMAmania.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Movember 2011 is upon us . Let those beautiful Moustaches grow and let 's beat prostate cancer ! '' . Philip Bloom. 2011 - 10 - 30 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Richie McCaw supports Movember '' . Lifestyle.msn.co.nz . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` Movember Australia - Movember Foundation '' . Movember Foundation . 2008 . Archived from the original on 19 July 2008 . Retrieved 4 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Prostate Cancer UK '' . Prostate Cancer UK . Jump up ^ `` Movember - Prostate Cancer Foundation '' . PCF . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` ' Movember ' Urges Men To Grow Facial Hair , Fundraise For Prostate Cancer Awareness ( SLIDESHOW ) '' . The Huffington Post . 2011 - 11 - 04 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Fund Raising Outcomes '' . Movember Ireland . Movember Foundation . 2008 . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2009 . Retrieved 29 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` MOvember News '' . Movember.ky . Archived from the original on 2 January 2008 . Retrieved 29 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Football Manager 15 is so realistic players will grow moustaches for Movember '' . metro.co.uk . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA 14 Ultimate Team Supports Movember '' . easports.com . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` PlayStation joins the Movember men 's health charity movement '' . ign.com . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Movember collaborates with Google Chrome on ' Movember Games ' '' . marketingmag.com.au. 2012 - 11 - 12 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ Men are campaigning for Bowel cancer awareness by growing beards this December , Metro , 8 December 2015 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 16 ' What is Movember ? '' Article containing tips on raising more money for Movember . March 26 , 2013 External links ( edit ) Media related to Movember at Wikimedia Commons Movember Worldwide official international website . Movember Cayman official website for Movember in the Cayman Islands . Movember : Month of the Moustache , since 1999 Healthier men , one moustache at a time , Adam Garone at TEDx Toronto , November 2011 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movember&oldid=820639810 '' Categories : Cancer awareness Cancer fundraisers Facial hair Men 's health November observances Shaving Public awareness campaigns Prostate cancer Hidden categories : Articles that may contain original research from November 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français ગુજરાતી 한국어 Italiano עברית മലയാളം Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska తెలుగు Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 January 2018 , at 19 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movember
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shaving cream be nice and clean gong show
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Shaving Cream ( song )
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shaving cream ( song )
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`` Shaving Cream '' is a song written by Benny Bell in 1946 , and originally sung by Paul Wynn . It is a novelty song where each verse ends with a mind rhyme of shit , the initial sh - segueing into the refrain , `` Shaving Cream '' ; for example :
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`` I have a sad story to tell you It may hurt your feelings a bit Last night when I walked into my bathroom I stepped in a big pile of ... shhhhh ... aving cream , be nice and clean ... Shave ev'ry day and you 'll always look keen . '' The original version of `` Shaving Cream '' was issued on Bell 's Cocktail Party Songs record label in 1946 , with Phil Winston on vocals under the pseudonym Paul Wynn , and as that name was also used by Bell himself , Winston 's version has often been mistaken for Bell 's , and has appeared on Benny Bell compilation albums more frequently than Bell 's own version . After the song began to be played on the Dr. Demento radio show in the 1970s , Vanguard Records reissued the song in 1975 , and it became a hit , peaking at # 30 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart . Early copies of the 1975 Vanguard single credited Bell as the performer . However , after controversy ensued , the same recording was re-released with revised labels crediting Paul Wynn as performer . A remake of `` Shaving Cream '' performed as a duet with Dr. Demento was released on the albums , Dr. Demento 's Dementia Royale and Dr. Demento 's 25th Anniversary Collection . Dr. Demento occasionally performed the song live in concert with `` Weird Al '' Yankovic 's band ( Yankovic playing accordion ) . Another 1970s cover version was recorded by a soca group , The Fabulous Five . Dave Van Ronk performed this song at his shows over the years , and a version is included on the CD of rarities , The Mayor of MacDougal Street . He modifies the trick of the song by changing the last line to `` stick your head in a bucket of shit '' rather than `` a bucket of shaving cream '' . On the 2017 revival of The Gong Show , this song is performed as an intermission partway through each show , and is sung in audience sing - along fashion , led by a staff performer . See also ( edit ) Vanguard Records List of 1970s one - hit wonders in the United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard book of top 40 hits . Billboard Books . ISBN 0 - 8230 - 7499 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Lyrics : Shaving Cream by Benny Bell '' . Top40db.net . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Fred Armisen , Elizabeth Banks , Will Forte '' . The Gong Show ( 2017 ) . Season 1 . Episode 2 . 2017 - 06 - 29 . ABC . Jump up ^ `` Dana Carvey ; Tracee Ellis Ross ; Anthony Anderson '' . The Gong Show ( 2017 ) . Season 1 . Episode 3 . 2017 - 07 - 06 . ABC . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shaving_Cream_(song)&oldid=793678181 '' Categories : Novelty songs 1946 songs 1975 singles Comedy songs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk About Wikipedia Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 3 August 2017 , at 08 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaving%20Cream%20%28song%29
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what language do they speak in the ukraine
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Languages of Ukraine
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languages of ukraine
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Ukrainian Significant unofficial languages Russian Turkish Indigenous languages Crimean Tatar Krymchak Karaim Urum Regional languages Russian in 7 oblasts and Crimean Tatar in Crimea Hungarian in 7 villages of Zakarpattia Oblast Romanian in Tarasivtsi village Minority languages 13 recognised ( show ) Belarusian Bulgarian Crimean Gagauz German Greek Hungarian Yiddish Polish Romanian Russian Slovak Main foreign languages Russian English German French Spanish Chinese / Italian / Arabic Sign languages Ukrainian Sign Language Common keyboard layouts Cyrillic layout in Windows Vista Source Census - 2001 The official language of Ukraine is Ukrainian , an East Slavic language which is the native language of 67.5 % of Ukraine 's population ( including Surzhyk ) . Russian is the native language of 29.6 % of Ukraine 's population ( mostly urban areas ) and the rest ( 2.9 % ) are native speakers of other languages . Ethnologue lists 40 minority languages and dialects ; nearly all are native to the former Soviet Union . According to Article 10 of the Constitution of Ukraine the state has an obligation to ensure the comprehensive development and functioning of the Ukrainian language in all spheres of social life throughout Ukraine while guaranteeing the free development , use and protection of the Russian language and other languages of national minorities of Ukraine . Contents ( hide ) 1 Language and daily life 1.1 Past polling 2 Current languages 3 Regional languages 4 Historical facts 5 Maps 5.1 All - Ukraine 5.2 Crimea 6 See also 7 References 8 Bibliography Language and daily life ( edit ) In an 11 -- 23 December 2015 study by the Razumkov Centre taken in all regions of Ukraine other than Russian - annexed Crimea , and separatist controlled Donetsk , and Luhansk , a majority considered Ukrainian their native language ( 60 % ) , followed by Russian ( 15 % ) , while 22 % used both languages equally . Two percent held an other native language . For the preferred language of work , an equal amount chose either Ukrainian or Russian ( 37 % ) and 21 % communicated bilingually . The study polled 10,071 individuals and held a 1 % margin of error . Past polling ( edit ) In an October 2009 poll by FOM - Ukraine of 1,000 respondents , 52 % stated they use Russian as their `` Language of communication '' ; while 41 % of the respondents state they use Ukrainian and 8 % stated they use a mixture of both . A March 2010 poll by Research & Branding Group showed that 65 % considered Ukrainian as their native language and 33 % Russian . This poll also showed the standard of knowledge of the Russian language ( free conversational language , writing and reading ) in current Ukraine is higher ( 76 % ) than the standard of knowledge of the Ukrainian language ( 69 % ) . More respondents preferred to speak Ukrainian ( 46 % ) than Russian ( 38 % ) with 16 % preferring to speak both in equal manner . A poll held November 2009 revealed that 54.7 % of the population of Ukraine believed the language issue in Ukraine was irrelevant , that each person could speak the language he or she preferred and that a lot more important problems existed in the country ; 14.7 % of those polled stated that the language issue was an urgent problem that could not be postponed and that calls for immediate resolution ; another 28.3 % believed that , while the language issue needed to be resolved , this could be postponed . An August 2011 poll by Razumkov Centre showed that 53.3 % of the respondents use the Ukrainian language in everyday life , while 44.5 % use Russian . In a May 2012 poll by RATING 50 % of respondents considered Ukrainian their native language , 29 % Russian , 20 % consider both Ukrainian and Russian their mother tongue and 1 % considered a different language their native language . Current languages ( edit ) The languages of Ukraine , according to Ethnologue , are as follows . ( Not included are Vlax Romani , Jakati , and Slovak , for which no population data is available ) : Ukrainian : 32,000,000 ( 2001 ) Russian : 8,330,000 ( 2001 ) Eastern Yiddish : 634,000 ( 1991 ) Rusyn : 560,000 ( 2000 ) Romanian / Moldovan : 319,000 ( 2001 ) Belarusian : 276,000 ( 2001 ) Crimean Tatar : 260,000 ( 2006 ) Bulgarian : 234,000 Ukrainian Sign Language : 223,000 ( 2014 ) Hungarian : 157,000 ( 2001 ) Polish : 144,000 ( 2001 ) Armenian : 99,900 Urum : 95,000 ( 2000 ) German : 33,000 ( 2001 ) Gagauz : 25,000 ( 2007 ) Carpathian Romani : 21,200 ( 2001 ) Czech : 21,000 ( 1970 ) Greek : 5,850 ( 2001 ) Serbian : 5,000 Bashkort : 3,670 Krimchak : 200 ( 2007 ) Karaim : 6 ( 2007 ) Regional languages ( edit ) Main article : Legislation on languages in Ukraine As a result of legislation entitled the ' Bill on the principles of the state language policy `` , which was adopted by the Verkhovna Rada in August 2012 , languages spoken by at least 10 % of an oblast 's population were made possible to be elevated to the status of ' regional language ' . Whilst Ukrainian remained the country 's only ' official ' language nationwide , other languages , dependent on their adoption by oblast authorities , became accepted mediums of communication in education , local government offices , courts and official correspondence . Regional languages in Ukraine Region Regional languages Autonomous Republic of Crimea Crimean Tatar Cherkasy Oblast Chernihiv Oblast Chernivtsi Oblast Romanian ( Tarasivtsi village only ) Dnipropetrovsk Oblast Russian Donetsk Oblast Russian Ivano - Frankivsk Oblast Kharkiv Oblast Russian Kherson Oblast Russian Khmelnytskyi Oblast Kiev Oblast Kirovohrad Oblast Kyiv City Luhansk Oblast Russian Lviv Oblast Mykolaiv Oblast Russian Odessa Oblast Russian Poltava Oblast Rivne Oblast Sevastopol City Russian Sumy Oblast Ternopil Oblast Vinnytsia Oblast Volyn Oblast Zakarpattia Oblast Hungarian ( Berehove town only ) Romanian ( Bila Tserkva village only ) Zaporizhia Oblast Russian Zhytomyr Oblast Historical facts ( edit ) According to the Russian census 1897 on the territory of the nine Russian guberniyas in modern Ukraine yielded the following results : Language composition Ukrainian - 14,931.5 ( 73 % ) Russian - 2,146.1 ( 11 % ) Yiddish - 1,871.8 ( 9 % ) German - 451.3 ( 2 % ) Polish - 375.9 ( 2 % ) Belorussian language - 208.5 ( 1 % ) Romanian - 185.7 ( 1 % ) Other - 1 % List of mentioned regions Poltava Governorate Kharkov Governorate Podolie Governorate Kiev Governorate Volyn Governorate Yekaterinoslav Governorate Chernigov Governorate Kherson Governorate Taurida Governorate Maps ( edit ) All - Ukraine ( edit ) 1989 / 2001 Fluency in Ukrainian ( red column ) and Russian ( blue column ) 2001 Majority self - professed `` native '' ( not necessarily habitually spoken ) language by locality 2001 Ukrainian 2001 Russian 2001 Both 2003 Surzhyk Crimea ( edit ) Crimean Tatar language in Crimea See also ( edit ) Ukrainian language Demographics of Ukraine Russian language in Ukraine References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Українці стали частіше розмовляти українською '' . Українська правда . Retrieved 8 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` КОНСОЛІДАЦІЯ УКРАЇНСЬКОГО СУСПІЛЬСТВА : ШЛЯХИ , ВИКЛИКИ , ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ : Інформаційно - аналітичні матеріали '' ( PDF ) . Uceps.org . Retrieved 8 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ФОМ > Мнения и взгляды населения Украины в сентябре - октябре 2009 года '' . Bd.fom.ru . Retrieved 8 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Маркетинговые , социологические и политические исследования - R&B Group '' . Rb.com.ua . Retrieved 8 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Poll : more than half of Ukrainians did not consider language issue pressing , Kyiv Post ( November 25 , 2009 ) Jump up ^ `` Опитування : більшість українців спілкуються вдома українською мовою '' . Retrieved 8 October 2017 . Jump up ^ The language question , the results of recent research in 2012 , RATING ( 25 May 2012 ) Jump up ^ Languages of Ukraine , Ethnologue , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Russian becomes regional language in three more regions in Ukraine '' . ukrinform.ua . ^ Jump up to : `` '' Popov : No bilingualism in Kyiv `` '' . Kyivpost.com. 19 September 2012 . Retrieved 8 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kherson Regional Council declares Russian a regional language '' . Kyivpost.com . Retrieved 8 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Russian becomes regional language in Mykolaiv region '' . Kyivpost.com . Retrieved 8 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Romanian becomes regional language in Bila Tserkva in Zakarpattia region '' . Kyivpost.com . Retrieved 8 October 2017 . Bibliography ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Languages of Ukraine . Linguistic composition of the population , according to the Ukrainian census of 2001 Languages of Ukraine by Ethnologue Суржик - проблема української мови Languages of Ukraine Official language Ukrainian dialects Minority languages Armenian Azerbaijani Belarusian Bulgarian Crimean Tatar Gagauz German Zipser Greek Pontic Mariupol Hungarian Karaim Krymchak Lezgian Polish Lwów Plautdietsch Romanian Moldavian Romani Carpathian Russian Rusyn Tatar Slovak Urum Yiddish Sign languages Ukrainian Sign Language See Also : Language policy in Ukraine Ukraine articles History Chronology East Slavs Kuyaba Kievan Rus ' Mongol invasion Galicia -- Volhynia Grand Duchy of Lithuania Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth Zaporozhian Cossacks Russian Empire Galicia After the Russian Revolution Ukrainian People 's Republic West Ukrainian People 's Republic Ukrainian SSR Chernobyl disaster Independence Orange Revolution Ukrainian crisis 2013 -- 14 Euromaidan 2014 Ukrainian revolution Russian military intervention Annexation of Crimea by Russia 2014 pro-Russian unrest War in Donbass By topic Christianity Economic Military Geography National parks Biosphere Reserves Seven Natural Wonders of Ukraine Rivers Mountains Waterfalls Islands and sandbars Politics Constitution Flag President Parliament Government Foreign relations Military Political parties Elections Judicial system Law Law enforcement Economy Hryvnia ( currency ) National Bank Banking Banks Stock exchanges UX PFTS index Energy Telecommunications Internet Tourism Transport Ukrainian Railways Automobile roads Society Languages Religion Education Health Crime Human rights LGBT history Admin . divisions Oblasts regions by area by population by income Cities Raions Urban - type settlements Culture Vyshyvanka Pysanka Literature Taras Shevchenko Dance Architecture Seven Wonders of Ukraine Cinema Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors Gogolfest festival Cuisine wine Borshch Holidays Media television Music Sport Demographics Ukrainian people Rus ' people Ruthenians diaspora Immigration to Ukraine Censuses 2020 Outline Portal Languages of Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Vatican City States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Other entities European Union Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Ukraine&oldid=844849299 '' Categories : Languages of Ukraine Ukrainian society Ukrainian culture Hidden categories : All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from November 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages বাংলা Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Čeština Français 한국어 Հայերեն ქართული Русский Shqip Українська اردو 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 June 2018 , at 15 : 54 . 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we are the music makers and we are the dreamer of dreams
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Ode ( poem )
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ode ( poem )
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Ode is a poem written by the English poet Arthur O'Shaughnessy and first published in 1873 . It is often referred to by its first line We are the music makers .
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Wikisource has original text related to this article : Ode ( O'Shaughnessy ) The Ode is the first poem in O'Shaughnessy's collection Music and Moonlight ( 1874 ) . It has nine stanzas , although it is commonly believed to be only three stanzas long . The opening stanza is : We are the music makers , And we are the dreamers of dreams , Wandering by lone sea - breakers , And sitting by desolate streams ; -- World - losers and world - forsakers , On whom the pale moon gleams : Yet we are the movers and shakers Of the world for ever , it seems . The phrase `` movers and shakers '' ( now almost universally misunderstood as a reference to powerful and worldly individuals and groups ) originates here . The poem has been set to music , or alluded to , many times : Sir Edward Elgar set the ode to music in 1912 in his work entitled The Music Makers , Op 69 . The work was dedicated to Elgar 's old friend Nicholas Kilburn and the first performance took place at the Birmingham Triennial Music Festival in 1912 . Performances available include : The Music Makers , with Sir Adrian Boult conducting the London Philharmonic Orchestra in 1975 ( reissued 1999 ) , paired with Elgar 's Dream of Gerontius ; and the 2006 album Sea Pictures paired with The Music Makers , Simon Wright conducting the Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra . Zoltán Kodály ( 1882 -- 1967 ) also set the ode to music in his work Music Makers , dedicated to Merton College , Oxford on the occasion of its 700th anniversary in 1964 . The Hungarian composer Zoltán Kodály also made a setting for and dedicated to Merton College , Oxford on the occasion of its 700th anniversary in 1964 . Cultural references and parodies ( edit ) In the feature film Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory , after Willy Wonka ( Gene Wilder ) states that `` The snozzberries taste like snozzberries ! '' , Veruca Salt responds in an arrogant tone , `` Snozzberries ? Who ever heard of a snozzberry ? '' Willy Wonka grabs her cheeks , pulls her face towards him and gently replies , `` We are the music makers , and we are the dreamers of dreams . '' The line is played during the 89th Academy Awards In Memoriam section , when Gene Wilder is honored . A sample of Willy Wonka 's line appears at the beginning of Bassnectar 's album Motions of Mutation . Wonka 's line is played at the beginning of Bastille 's cover of `` Dreams '' by Fleetwood Mac . The track `` Nephatiti '' from 808 State 's album Ex : el uses a sample of Willy Wonka saying `` We are the music makers , and we are the dreamers of dreams . '' The introduction of the song `` Nothing Less ( Ft . Slug ) '' by the rap group Living Legends begins with the sample of Willy Wonka . The track `` Tighten Up '' from The Specktator 's album `` About That Life '' features an introduction of a sample of Willy Wonka saying `` We are the music makers , and we are the dreamers of dreams . '' The same track on Spotify does not feature the same introduction . The Aphex Twin track `` We Are the Music Makers '' from Selected Ambient Works 85 - 92 begins with a sample of Willy Wonka . It is repeated a number of times throughout the track . Echolyn 's 1992 song `` A Little Nonsense '' contains a sample of Wonka saying the phrase . The song 's title also references another quote which Wonka sings , `` A little nonsense now and then / Is relished by the wisest men . '' The Gathering 's instrumental song `` Diamond Box '' begins with a sample of Wonka 's line . The podcast The Music Makers begins with a sample of Wonka saying the phrase . Scarling . has a song called `` We Are the Music Makers . '' The line is said in the beginning of the chorus . The first stanza is quoted in the animated TV show American Dad ! on Season 5 , Episode 6 . DJ Zinc 's track `` Music Makers '' repeats this phrase throughout the song . Joy Electric 's 1996 album We Are the Music Makers is a reference to the first line . The track `` Movers And Shakers '' by Eden Burning begins with a setting of the first stanza of `` Ode . '' The track `` Music Makers '' by ILS the track starts off with `` We are the music makers , and we are the dreamers of dreams . '' `` Ode '' is quoted at the end of the movie Last Summer in the Hamptons ( 1995 ) . The initial verse is used at the start of the Raymond E. Feist novel Rage of a Demon King . In the Hollywood party scene in Stephen Sondheim 's musical Merrily We Roll Along , the character Mary sardonically surveys the other guests and comments `` These are the movers / These are the shapers / These are the people / That fill the papers . '' The poem is used in the introduction of Elizabeth Haydon 's book The Assassin King . The opening line has been incorporated into the name of the New York band We Are the Music Makers , and the Singaporean Orchestra of the Music Makers . The line `` We are the music makers , we are the dreamers of dreams '' is also quoted multiple times in the song `` Imagineer '' by Lange The line `` We are the music makers , we are the dreamers of dreams '' was quoted in `` Lonely Soul , '' a Chillout track by the musician Direct . The line `` We are the music makers , we are the dreamers of dreams '' is quoted multiple times in the song `` Dreamers of Dreams '' by Orkidea The line `` We are the music makers , we are the dreamers of dreams '' is quoted in the song `` From Your Mind Into My Heart '' by A Sol Mechanic The line `` We are the music makers , we are the dreamers of dreams '' sentence was also used on track `` East 98th Street '' at Interstate Highway album Man with No Name ( musician ) . The line `` We are the music makers , we are the dreamers of dreams '' is quoted in the beginning of HugLife 's trap remix of The Weeknd ' s `` Wicked Games '' The line `` We are the music makers , we are the dreamers of dreams '' is sampled on the track `` Dreamers & Dreams '' by Arctic Moon and Bryan Kearney The line `` We are the music makers , we are the dreamers of dreams '' is used in the opening part of the song `` Ode '' by Sylence ( Hardstyle Artist ) . `` Music Makers & Dreamers of Dreams '' is a track off the album `` As Above , So Below '' by `` Windmills '' . The Seo Linn song `` Music Makers '' , commissioned by RTÉ for the centenary of the 1916 Easter Rising , is in Irish but uses much of the first stanza of `` Ode '' as its chorus in English . Three stanzas of the poem are referenced in `` Black '' , a House track by Fabian Reichelt and Raycoux Jr. on the album Circle South African band , Gimp , performed a rock anthem of the poem in 2005 at Woodstock South Africa The phrase `` We are the dreamers of dreams '' is quoted in Episode 7 of the 9th Season of The Big Bang Theory . The line `` We are the music makers and We are the dreamers of dreams '' is used in the Leander High School 's Marching Band 2017 production `` Internal Landscapes '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ O'Shaughnessy , Arthur ( 4 October 1873 ) . `` An Ode '' . Appleton 's Journal . New York , NY : D. Appleton & Company . Retrieved 15 April 2014 . External links ( edit ) Full Text of Poem Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ode_(poem)&oldid=833643822 '' Categories : English poems Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 1 April 2018 , at 19 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ode%20%28poem%29
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who has had the most no 1 singles in the uk
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List of artists by number of UK singles chart number ones
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list of artists by number of uk singles chart number ones
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This is a list of artists and the titles of their number - one singles in order of total number - one singles in the UK Singles Chart since it began in 1952 . To qualify for entry on the list , they must have been individually credited as an artist on four or more number one singles , as recognised by the Official Charts Company . Simply playing or singing on a single is not counted ( for example as part of a group or supergroup ) , so , for example Clem Cattini , a prolific session musician who has played on over 40 number ones , is not included .
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In addition to his number ones as a member of The Beatles , Paul McCartney has received an individual credit on three more ( `` Ebony and Ivory '' , `` Pipes of Peace '' and `` Ferry Cross the Mersey '' charity record ) and as a member of Wings ( `` Mull of Kintyre '' ) as well as four more charity records ( `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' by Band Aid and Band Aid 20 , `` Let It Be '' by Ferry Aid and `` He Ai n't Heavy , He 's My Brother '' by Justice Collective ) , making a total of 99 weeks at number one with 25 different singles , including the biggest selling single of the 1960s , 70s and 80s ( `` She Loves You '' , `` Mull of Kintyre '' and `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Summary 2 Details 2.1 Twenty one 2.2 Seventeen 2.3 Fourteen 2.4 Thirteen 2.5 Twelve 2.6 Nine 2.7 Eight 2.8 Seven 2.9 Six 2.10 Five 2.11 Four 3 Most Number Twos 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References Summary ( edit ) Number - ones Artist 21 Elvis Presley 17 The Beatles 14 Cliff Richard Westlife 13 Madonna 12 The Shadows Take That 9 ABBA Spice Girls Rihanna 8 The Rolling Stones Oasis Eminem Calvin Harris 7 Michael Jackson Kylie Minogue Elton John U2 George Michael McFly Robbie Williams Tinie Tempah 6 Slade Rod Stewart Blondie Boyzone Queen Sugababes JLS Britney Spears David Guetta Justin Bieber Sam Smith 5 The Police David Bowie Bee Gees All Saints Beyoncé Dizzee Rascal The Black Eyed Peas Ne - Yo Flo Rida will.i.am Cheryl Bruno Mars One Direction Jess Glynne Katy Perry Number - ones Artist Frankie Laine Guy Mitchell The Everly Brothers Frank Ifield T. Rex The Jam Shakin ' Stevens Wham ! Pet Shop Boys Gerry Marsden Jason Donovan Whitney Houston Cher B * Witched Geri Halliwell Shaggy S Club 7 Christina Aguilera Gareth Gates Will Young Busted Nelly Girls Aloud Jay - Z Lady Gaga Usher Olly Murs Justin Timberlake Rita Ora Jason Derulo Little Mix Pharrell Williams Details ( edit ) Twenty one ( edit ) Total Artist Singles Year reached number one Weeks at number one Notes 21 Elvis Presley `` All Shook Up '' 1957 7 `` Jailhouse Rock '' 1958 `` One Night '' / `` I Got Stung '' 1959 `` A Fool Such As I '' / `` I Need Your Love Tonight '' 5 `` It 's Now or Never '' 1960 8 First artist to have five number - ones `` Are You Lonesome Tonight ? '' First artist to have six number - ones `` Wooden Heart '' 1961 6 First artist to have seven number - ones `` Surrender '' First artist to have eight number - ones `` Little Sister '' / `` ( Marie 's the Name ) His Latest Flame '' First artist to have nine number - ones `` Rock - A-Hula Baby '' / `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' 1962 First artist to have 10 number - ones `` Good Luck Charm '' 5 First artist to have 11 number - ones `` She 's Not You '' First artist to have 12 number - ones `` Return to Sender '' First artist to have 13 number - ones `` ( You 're the ) Devil in Disguise '' 1963 First artist to have 14 number - ones `` Crying in the Chapel '' 1965 First artist to have 15 number - ones `` The Wonder of You '' 1970 6 `` Way Down '' 1977 5 `` A Little Less Conversation '' 2002 First artist to have 18 number - ones . Credited as Elvis vs JXL `` Jailhouse Rock '' 2005 First artist to have 19 number - ones `` One Night '' / `` I Got Stung '' First artist to have 20 number - ones `` It 's Now or Never '' First artist to have 21 number - ones Seventeen ( edit ) Total Artist Singles Year reached number one Weeks at number one Notes 17 The Beatles `` From Me to You '' 1963 7 `` She Loves You '' 6 `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' 5 `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' 1964 `` A Hard Day 's Night '' `` I Feel Fine '' 5 `` Ticket to Ride '' 1965 `` Help ! '' `` Day Tripper '' / `` We Can Work It Out '' 5 `` Paperback Writer '' 1966 `` Yellow Submarine '' / `` Eleanor Rigby '' First artist to have seven consecutive UK number ones `` All You Need Is Love '' 1967 `` Hello , Goodbye '' 7 `` Lady Madonna '' 1968 `` Hey Jude '' `` Get Back '' 1969 6 The Beatles with Billy Preston . First artist to have 16 number ones `` The Ballad of John and Yoko '' First artist to have 17 number ones Fourteen ( edit ) Total Artist Singles Year reached number one Weeks at number one Notes 14 Cliff Richard `` Living Doll '' 1959 6 Cliff Richard and the Drifters `` Travellin ' Light '' 5 Cliff Richard and the Shadows `` Please Do n't Tease '' 1960 `` I Love You '' `` The Young Ones '' 1962 6 `` The Next Time '' / `` Bachelor Boy '' `` Summer Holiday '' 1963 `` The Minute You 're Gone '' 1965 `` Congratulations '' 1968 `` We Do n't Talk Anymore '' 1979 `` Living Doll '' 1986 Cliff Richard & the Young Ones , featuring Hank Marvin `` Mistletoe and Wine '' 1988 `` Saviour 's Day '' 1990 `` The Millennium Prayer '' 1999 14 Westlife `` Swear It Again '' 1999 `` If I Let You Go '' `` Flying Without Wings '' `` I Have a Dream '' / `` Seasons in the Sun '' `` Fool Again '' 2000 `` Against All Odds '' Westlife & Mariah Carey `` My Love '' Record holders for most consecutive No. 1s ( 7 ) `` Uptown Girl '' 2001 `` Queen of My Heart '' `` World of Our Own '' 2002 `` Unbreakable '' `` Mandy '' 2003 `` You Raise Me Up '' 2005 `` The Rose '' 2006 Thirteen ( edit ) Total Artist Singles Year reached number one Weeks at number one Notes 13 Madonna `` Into the Groove '' 1985 `` Papa Do n't Preach '' 1986 `` True Blue '' `` La Isla Bonita '' `` Who 's That Girl '' `` Like a Prayer '' 1989 `` Vogue '' 1990 `` Frozen '' 1998 `` American Pie '' 2000 `` Music '' `` Hung Up '' 2005 `` Sorry '' 2006 `` 4 Minutes '' 2008 Madonna featuring Justin Timberlake & Timbaland Twelve ( edit ) Total Artist Singles Year reached number one Weeks at number one Notes 12 The Shadows `` Living Doll '' 1959 6 Cliff Richard and the Drifters `` Travellin ' Light '' 5 Cliff Richard and the Shadows `` Please Do n't Tease '' 1960 `` Apache '' 5 `` I Love You '' Cliff Richard and the Shadows `` Kon - Tiki '' 1961 `` The Young Ones '' 1962 6 Cliff Richard and the Shadows `` Wonderful Land '' 8 `` The Next Time '' / `` Bachelor Boy '' Cliff Richard and the Shadows `` Dance On ! '' 1963 `` Summer Holiday '' Cliff Richard and the Shadows `` Foot Tapper '' 12 Take That `` Pray '' 1993 `` Relight My Fire '' Take That featuring Lulu `` Babe '' `` Everything Changes '' `` Sure '' `` Back for Good '' 1995 `` Never Forget '' `` How Deep Is Your Love '' `` Patience '' 2006 `` Shine '' 2007 `` Greatest Day '' 2008 `` These Days '' 2014 Nine ( edit ) Total Artist Singles Year reached number one Weeks at number one Notes 9 ABBA `` Waterloo '' `` Mamma Mia '' 1976 `` Fernando '' `` Dancing Queen '' 6 `` Knowing Me , Knowing You '' 1977 5 `` The Name of the Game '' `` Take a Chance on Me '' 1978 `` The Winner Takes It All '' 1980 `` Super Trouper '' 9 Spice Girls `` Wannabe '' 7 `` Say You 'll Be There '' `` 2 Become 1 '' `` Mama '' / `` Who Do You Think You Are '' 1997 `` Spice Up Your Life '' `` Too Much '' `` Viva Forever '' 1998 `` Goodbye '' `` Holler '' / `` Let Love Lead the Way '' 2000 9 Rihanna `` Umbrella '' 2007 10 Rihanna featuring Jay - Z `` Take a Bow '' 2008 `` Run This Town '' 2009 Jay - Z featuring Rihanna & Kanye West `` Only Girl ( In the World ) '' `` What 's My Name ? '' 2011 Rihanna featuring Drake `` We Found Love '' 6 Rihanna featuring Calvin Harris `` Diamonds '' 2012 `` The Monster '' 2013 Eminem featuring Rihanna `` Wild Thoughts '' 2017 DJ Khaled featuring Rihanna & Bryson Tiller Eight ( edit ) Total Artist Singles Year reached number one Weeks at number one Notes 8 The Rolling Stones `` It 's All Over Now '' 1964 `` Little Red Rooster '' `` The Last Time '' 1965 `` ( I Ca n't Get No ) Satisfaction '' `` Get Off of My Cloud '' `` Paint It Black '' 1966 `` Jumpin ' Jack Flash 1968 `` Honky Tonk Women '' 1969 5 8 Oasis `` Some Might Say '' 1995 `` Do n't Look Back in Anger '' `` D'You Know What I Mean '' 1997 `` All Around the World '' 1998 `` Go Let It Out '' 2000 `` The Hindu Times '' 2002 `` Lyla '' 2005 `` The Importance of Being Idle '' 8 Eminem `` The Real Slim Shady '' 2000 `` Stan '' `` Without Me '' 2002 `` Lose Yourself '' `` Just Lose It '' `` Like Toy Soldiers '' 2005 `` Smack That '' 2006 Akon featuring Eminem `` The Monster '' 2013 Eminem featuring Rihanna 8 Calvin Harris `` Dance wiv Me '' 2008 Dizzee Rascal featuring Calvin Harris & Chrome `` I 'm Not Alone '' 2009 `` We Found Love '' 2011 6 Rihanna featuring Calvin Harris `` Sweet Nothing '' 2012 Calvin Harris featuring Florence Welch `` Under Control '' 2013 Calvin Harris & Alesso featuring Hurts `` Summer '' 2014 `` Blame '' Calvin Harris featuring John Newman `` Feels '' 2017 Calvin Harris featuring Pharrell Williams , Katy Perry & Big Sean Seven ( edit ) Total Artist Singles Year reached number one Weeks at number one Notes 7 George Michael `` Careless Whisper '' 1984 `` A Different Corner '' 1986 `` I Knew You Were Waiting ( For Me ) '' With Aretha Franklin `` Do n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' 1991 George Michael and Elton John `` Five Live ( EP ) '' 1993 With Lisa Stansfield and Queen . `` Jesus to a Child '' `` Fastlove '' 7 Michael Jackson `` One Day in Your Life '' 1981 `` Billie Jean '' `` I Just Ca n't Stop Loving You '' Michael Jackson & Siedah Garrett `` Black or White '' 1991 `` You Are Not Alone '' 1995 `` Earth Song '' 6 `` Blood on the Dance Floor '' 1997 7 Kylie Minogue `` I Should Be So Lucky '' * 1988 5 `` Especially for You '' 1989 Kylie Minogue & Jason Donovan `` Hand on Your Heart '' `` Tears on My Pillow '' 1990 `` Spinning Around '' 2000 `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' 2001 `` Slow '' 2003 7 Elton John `` Do n't Go Breaking My Heart '' 1976 6 Elton John & Kiki Dee `` Sacrifice '' / `` Healing Hands '' 1990 5 `` Do n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' 1991 George Michael & Elton John `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' / `` Candle in the Wind ' 97 '' 1997 5 `` Sorry Seems to Be the Hardest Word '' 2002 Blue featuring Elton John `` Are You Ready for Love ? '' 2003 `` Ghetto Gospel '' 2005 2Pac featuring Elton John 7 U2 `` Desire '' 1988 `` The Fly '' 1991 `` Discothèque '' 1997 `` Beautiful Day '' 2000 `` Take Me to the Clouds Above '' LMC vs U2 `` Vertigo '' `` Sometimes You Ca n't Make It on Your Own '' 2005 7 McFly `` 5 Colours in Her Hair '' * `` Obviously '' * `` All About You / You 've Got a Friend '' 2005 `` I 'll Be OK '' `` Do n't Stop Me Now '' / `` Please , Please '' 2006 `` Star Girl '' `` Baby 's Coming Back / Transylvania '' 2007 7 Robbie Williams `` Millennium '' 1998 `` She 's the One '' / `` It 's Only Us '' 1999 `` Rock DJ '' 2000 `` Eternity / The Road to Mandalay '' 2001 `` Somethin ' Stupid '' Robbie Williams & Nicole Kidman `` Radio '' `` Candy '' 2012 7 Tinie Tempah `` Pass Out '' Tinie Tempah featuring Labrinth `` Written in the Stars '' Tinie Tempah featuring Eric Turner `` R.I.P. '' 2012 Rita Ora featuring Tinie Tempah `` Tsunami ( Jump ) '' 2014 DVBBS & Borgeous featuring Tinie Tempah `` Crazy Stupid Love '' Cheryl Cole featuring Tinie Tempah `` Not Letting Go '' 2015 Tinie Tempah featuring Jess Glynne `` Turn the Music Louder ( Rumble ) '' KDA featuring Tinie Tempah & Katy B Six ( edit ) Total Artist Singles Year reached number one Weeks at number one Notes 6 Slade `` Coz I Luv You '' 1971 `` Take Me Bak ' Ome '' 1972 `` Mama Weer All Crazee Now '' `` Cum On Feel the Noize '' 1973 `` Skweeze Me Pleeze Me '' `` Merry Xmas Everybody '' 5 6 Rod Stewart `` Maggie May '' 1971 5 `` You Wear It Well '' 1972 `` Sailing '' `` I Do n't Want to Talk About It '' / `` The First Cut Is the Deepest '' 1977 `` Da Ya Think I 'm Sexy ? '' 1978 `` Baby Jane '' 6 Blondie `` Heart of Glass '' 1979 `` Sunday Girl '' `` Atomic '' 1980 `` Call Me '' `` The Tide Is High '' `` Maria '' 1999 6 Boyzone `` Words '' `` A Different Beat '' `` All That I Need '' 1998 `` No Matter What '' `` When the Going Gets Tough '' 1999 `` You Needed Me '' 6 Queen `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' 9 `` Under Pressure '' 1981 Queen & David Bowie `` Innuendo '' 1991 `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' / `` These Are the Days of Our Lives '' 5 Five Live ( EP ) 1993 George Michael & Queen with Lisa Stansfield `` We Will Rock You '' 2000 Five and Queen 6 Sugababes `` Freak like Me '' 2002 `` Round Round '' `` Hole in the Head '' 2003 `` Push the Button '' 2005 `` Walk This Way '' 2007 Sugababes vs. Girls Aloud `` About You Now '' 6 JLS `` Beat Again '' 2009 `` Everybody in Love '' `` The Club Is Alive '' `` Love You More '' `` She Makes Me Wanna '' 2011 JLS featuring Dev `` Wishing on a Star '' The X Factor Finalists 2011 featuring JLS and One Direction 6 Britney Spears `` ... Baby One More Time '' 1999 `` Born to Make You Happy '' 2000 `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' `` Toxic '' `` Everytime '' `` Scream & Shout '' 2013 will.i.am featuring Britney Spears 6 David Guetta `` When Love Takes Over '' 2009 David Guetta featuring Kelly Rowland `` Sexy Bitch '' David Guetta featuring Akon `` Gettin ' Over You '' David Guetta and Chris Willis featuring Fergie and LMFAO `` Club Ca n't Handle Me '' Flo Rida featuring David Guetta `` Titanium '' 2012 David Guetta featuring Sia `` Lovers on the Sun '' 2014 David Guetta featuring Sam Martin 6 Justin Bieber `` What Do You Mean ? '' 2015 5 `` Sorry '' `` Love Yourself '' 6 `` Cold Water '' 2016 5 Major Lazer featuring Justin Bieber & MØ `` I 'm the One '' 2017 DJ Khaled featuring Justin Bieber , Quavo , Chance the Rapper & Lil Wayne `` Despacito '' 11 Luis Fonsi & Daddy Yankee featuring Justin Bieber 6 Sam Smith `` La La La '' 2013 Naughty Boy featuring Sam Smith `` Money on My Mind '' 2014 `` Stay With Me '' `` Lay Me Down '' 2015 Sam Smith featuring John Legend `` Writing 's On The Wall '' `` Too Good at Goodbyes '' 2017 Five ( edit ) Total Artist Singles Year reached number one Weeks at number one Notes 5 The Police `` Message in a Bottle '' 1979 `` Walking on the Moon '' `` Do n't Stand So Close to Me '' 1980 `` Every Little Thing She Does Is Magic '' 1981 `` Every Breath You Take '' 5 David Bowie `` Space Oddity '' `` Ashes to Ashes '' 1980 `` Under Pressure '' 1981 Queen & David Bowie `` Let 's Dance '' `` Dancing in the Street '' 1985 David Bowie & Mick Jagger 5 Bee Gees `` Massachusetts '' 1967 `` I 've Gotta Get a Message to You '' 1968 `` Night Fever '' 1978 `` Tragedy '' 1979 `` You Win Again '' 5 All Saints `` Never Ever '' 1998 `` Under the Bridge / Lady Marmalade '' `` Bootie Call '' `` Pure Shores '' 2000 `` Black Coffee '' 5 Beyoncé `` Crazy in Love '' 2003 Beyoncé featuring Jay - Z `` Déjà Vu '' 2006 `` Beautiful Liar '' 2007 Beyoncé & Shakira `` If I Were a Boy '' 2008 `` Telephone '' Lady Gaga featuring Beyoncé 5 Dizzee Rascal `` Dance wiv Me '' 2008 Dizzee Rascal featuring Calvin Harris & Chrome `` Bonkers '' 2009 Dizzee Rascal & Armand Van Helden `` Holiday '' Dizzee Rascal featuring Chrome `` Dirtee Disco '' `` Shout '' Shout for England featuring Dizzee Rascal & James Corden 5 The Black Eyed Peas `` Where Is the Love ? 2003 6 `` Boom Boom Pow '' 2009 `` I Gotta Feeling '' `` Meet Me Halfway '' `` The Time ( Dirty Bit ) '' 5 Ne - Yo `` So Sick '' 2006 `` Closer '' 2008 `` Beautiful Monster '' `` Give Me Everything '' 2011 Pitbull featuring Ne - Yo , Afrojack & Nayer `` Let Me Love You ( Until You Learn to Love Yourself ) '' 2012 5 Flo Rida `` Right Round '' 2009 Flo Rida featuring Kesha `` Bad Boys '' Alexandra Burke featuring Flo Rida `` Club Ca n't Handle Me '' Flo Rida featuring David Guetta `` Good Feeling '' 2012 `` Troublemaker '' Olly Murs featuring Flo Rida 5 will.i.am `` OMG '' Usher featuring will.i.am `` This Is Love '' 2012 will.i.am featuring Eva Simons `` Hall of Fame '' The Script featuring will.i.am `` Scream & Shout '' 2013 will.i.am featuring Britney Spears `` It 's My Birthday '' 2014 will.i.am & Cody Wise 5 Cheryl `` Fight for This Love '' 2009 Cheryl Cole `` Promise This '' Cheryl Cole `` Call My Name '' 2012 Cheryl Cole `` Crazy Stupid Love '' 2014 Cheryl Cole featuring Tinie Tempah `` I Do n't Care '' 5 Bruno Mars `` Nothin ' on You '' B.o.B featuring Bruno Mars `` Just the Way You Are '' `` Grenade '' 2011 `` The Lazy Song '' `` Uptown Funk '' 2014 7 Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars 5 One Direction `` What Makes You Beautiful '' 2011 `` Wishing on a Star '' The X Factor finalists 2011 featuring JLS & One Direction `` Little Things '' 2012 `` One Way or Another ( Teenage Kicks ) '' 2013 `` Drag Me Down '' 2015 5 Jess Glynne `` Rather Be '' 2014 Clean Bandit featuring Jess Glynne `` My Love '' Route 94 featuring Jess Glynne `` Hold My Hand '' 2015 `` Not Letting Go '' Tinie Tempah featuring Jess Glynne `` Do n't Be So Hard on Yourself '' 5 Katy Perry `` I Kissed a Girl '' 2008 5 `` California Gurls '' Katy Perry featuring Snoop Dogg `` Part of Me '' 2012 `` Roar '' 2013 `` Feels '' 2017 Calvin Harris featuring Pharrell Williams , Katy Perry & Big Sean Four ( edit ) Total Artist Singles Year reached number one Weeks at number one Notes Frankie Laine `` I Believe '' 1953 18 `` Hey Joe '' `` Answer Me '' 8 First artist to have three No. 1s `` A Woman in Love '' 1956 First artist to have four No. 1s Guy Mitchell `` She Wears Red Feathers '' 1953 `` Look at That Girl '' 6 `` Singing the Blues '' 1957 `` Rock - a-Billy '' The Everly Brothers `` All I Have to Do Is Dream '' / `` Claudette '' 1958 7 `` Cathy 's Clown '' 1960 7 `` Walk Right Back '' / `` Ebony Eyes '' 1961 `` Temptation '' Frank Ifield `` I Remember You '' 1962 7 `` Lovesick Blues '' 5 `` The Wayward Wind '' 1963 `` ( I 'm ) Confessin ' ( that I Love You ) '' T. Rex `` Hot Love '' 1971 6 `` Get It On '' `` Telegram Sam '' 1972 `` Metal Guru '' The Jam `` Going Underground '' / `` Dreams of Children '' 1980 `` Start ! '' `` Town Called Malice '' / `` Precious '' 1982 `` Beat Surrender '' Shakin ' Stevens `` This Ole House '' 1981 `` Green Door '' `` Oh Julie '' 1982 `` Merry Christmas Everyone '' 1985 Wham ! `` Wake Me Up Before You Go - Go '' 1984 `` Freedom '' `` I 'm Your Man '' 1985 `` The Edge of Heaven '' 1986 Pet Shop Boys `` West End Girls '' 1986 `` It 's a Sin '' `` Always on My Mind '' `` Heart '' 1988 Gerry Marsden `` How Do You Do It ? '' 1963 Gerry and the Pacemakers `` I Like It '' * `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' `` Ferry Cross the Mersey '' 1989 Gerry Marsden , Paul McCartney , Holly Johnson & Christians Jason Donovan `` Especially for You '' 1989 Kylie Minogue & Jason Donovan `` Too Many Broken Hearts '' `` Sealed with a Kiss '' `` Any Dream Will Do '' 1991 Whitney Houston `` Saving All My Love for You '' 1985 `` I Wanna Dance with Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) '' `` One Moment in Time '' 1988 `` I Will Always Love You '' 10 Cher `` I Got You Babe '' 1965 Sonny & Cher `` The Shoop Shoop Song ( It 's in His Kiss ) '' 1991 5 `` Love Can Build a Bridge '' 1995 Cher , Chrissie Hynde & Neneh Cherry with Eric Clapton `` Believe '' 1998 7 B * Witched `` C'est la Vie '' 1998 `` Rollercoaster '' `` To You I Belong '' `` Blame It on the Weatherman '' 1999 Geri Halliwell `` Mi Chico Latino '' 1999 `` Lift Me Up '' `` Bag It Up '' 2000 `` It 's Raining Men '' 2001 Shaggy `` Oh Carolina '' 1993 `` Boombastic '' 1995 `` It Was n't Me '' 2001 Shaggy featuring Rikrok `` Angel '' Shaggy featuring Rayvon S Club 7 `` Bring It All Back '' 1999 `` Never Had a Dream Come True '' 2000 `` Do n't Stop Movin ' '' 2001 `` Have You Ever '' Christina Aguilera `` Genie in a Bottle '' 1999 `` Lady Marmalade '' 2001 Christina Aguilera with Lil ' Kim , Mýa & Pink `` Dirrty '' 2002 `` Beautiful '' 2003 Gareth Gates `` Unchained Melody '' 2002 `` Anyone of Us ( Stupid Mistake ) '' `` The Long and Winding Road '' / `` Suspicious Minds '' Will Young & Gareth Gates `` Spirit in the Sky '' 2003 Gareth Gates featuring the Kumars Will Young `` Evergreen / Anything Is Possible '' 2002 `` Light My Fire '' `` The Long and Winding Road '' / `` Suspicious Minds '' Will Young & Gareth Gates `` Leave Right Now '' 2003 Busted `` You Said No '' 2003 `` Crashed the Wedding '' `` Who 's David '' `` Thunderbirds / 3AM '' Nelly `` Dilemma '' 2002 Nelly featuring Kelly Rowland `` My Place '' / `` Flap Your Wings '' `` Over and Over '' 2005 Nelly featuring Tim McGraw `` Nasty Girl '' 2006 The Notorious B.I.G. featuring Diddy , Nelly , Jagged Edge & Avery Storm Girls Aloud `` Sound of the Underground '' 2002 `` I 'll Stand by You '' `` Walk This Way '' 2007 Sugababes Vs Girls Aloud `` The Promise '' 2008 Jay - Z `` Crazy in Love '' 2003 Beyoncé featuring Jay - Z `` Déjà Vu '' 2006 `` Umbrella '' 2007 10 Rihanna featuring Jay - Z `` Run This Town '' 2009 Jay - Z featuring Rihanna & Kanye West Lady Gaga `` Just Dance '' 2009 `` Poker Face '' `` Bad Romance '' `` Telephone '' Lady Gaga featuring Beyoncé Usher `` You Make Me Wanna ... '' 1998 `` Yeah ! '' Usher featuring Lil ' Jon & Ludacris `` Burn '' `` OMG '' Usher featuring will.i.am Olly Murs `` Please Do n't Let Me Go '' `` Heart Skips a Beat '' 2011 Olly Murs featuring Rizzle Kicks `` Dance with Me Tonight '' `` Troublemaker '' 2012 Olly Murs featuring Flo Rida Justin Timberlake `` SexyBack '' 2006 `` Give It to Me '' 2007 Timbaland featuring Justin Timberlake & Nelly Furtado `` 4 Minutes '' 2008 Madonna featuring Justin Timberlake & Timbaland `` Mirrors '' 2013 Rita Ora `` Hot Right Now '' 2012 DJ Fresh featuring Rita Ora `` R.I.P. '' Rita Ora featuring Tinie Tempah `` How We Do ( Party ) '' `` I Will Never Let You Down '' 2014 Jason Derulo `` In My Head '' `` Do n't Wanna Go Home '' 2011 `` Talk Dirty '' 2013 Jason Derulo featuring 2 Chainz `` Want to Want Me '' 2015 Little Mix `` Cannonball '' 2011 `` Wings '' 2012 `` Black Magic '' 2015 `` Shout Out to My Ex '' 2016 Pharrell Williams `` Get Lucky '' 2013 Daft Punk featuring Pharrell Williams & Nile Rodgers `` Blurred Lines '' 5 Robin Thicke featuring T.I. & Pharrell Williams `` Happy '' `` Feels '' 2017 Calvin Harris featuring Pharrell Williams , Katy Perry & Big Sean Most number twos ( edit ) Total Artist 17 Elvis Presley 12 Madonna 11 Kylie Minogue 10 Cliff Richard 9 Rihanna 7 Justin Timberlake 6 Boyzone Calvin Harris Michael Jackson Oasis Paul McCartney Queen Robbie Williams 5 The Beatles Girls Aloud George Michael Sash ! Steps Tom Jones U2 Cliff Richard 's total includes songs with The Shadows and Paul McCartney 's total includes songs with Wings . Sash ! is noted as the act with the most singles to peak at # 2 without ever reaching # 1 . See also ( edit ) List of artists by number of UK Albums Chart number ones List of artists who reached number one on the UK Singles Chart Notes ( edit ) Asterisks indicate chains of consecutive hits following a debut number one . ^ Jump up to : Artist also performed on Band Aid II ^ Jump up to : For its first week , the single was `` The Next Time '' . For the other two weeks , it became the double A-side `` The Next Time '' / `` Bachelor Boy '' . Jump up ^ The Shadows , or the Drifters as they were originally called , are credited on twelve No. 1 singles . Seven of these share credit with Cliff Richard ^ Jump up to : Artist also performed in Band Aid Jump up ^ Artist performed in USA for Africa ^ Jump up to : Artist performed in Helping Haiti ^ Jump up to : Artist also performed in Band Aid 20 ^ Jump up to : Artist performed in Artists for Grenfell ^ Jump up to : Artist also performed in Band Aid 30 ^ Jump up to : Gates is credited for both A-sides , Young for `` The Long and Winding Road '' only References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wilson , John . `` Clem Cattini , Britain 's record chart topper , keeps that backbeat going strong at 72 '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ The End of the Question Mark . London : Profile Books . 2006 . p. 98 . ISBN 1 86197 869 3 . Jump up ^ `` Ask Official Charts : Your questions on The X Factor , Spice Girls and more answered '' . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 30 . ( hide ) UK Music Charts UK Singles Number ones 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Number one artists Most number ones Christmas Posthumous Scottish Instrumental Simultaneous UK and US Top 10 singles ( By artist ) Best - selling 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s ( decade ) 2010s 1900s 2000s ( century ) All time Yearly Most downloaded Most streamed Million - sellers Platinum singles ( pre-2000 ) Platinum singles ( post-2000 ) Most weeks on chart One - hit wonders Records UK Albums Number ones 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Most number ones Christmas Posthumous Simultaneous UK and US Best - selling 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s ( decade ) 2010s 2000s ( century ) All time Yearly Most weeks on chart One - hit wonders Genre charts Number ones Christian & Gospel Classical ( singles / albums / compilations ) Dance ( singles / albums ) Indie ( singles / albums ) Indie Breakers ( singles / albums ) Progressive R&B ( singles / albums ) Rock & Metal ( singles / albums ) Specialist Classical Other charts Current Album Downloads Albums Streaming Audio Streaming Compilations Midweeks Record Store Singles Downloads UKHot40 Vinyl Albums Vinyl Singles The Vodafone Big Top 40 Former 1952 -- 1969 1Xtra EPs Fab 40 Fresh 40 Hit40UK Mersey Beat The Net 40 The Network Chart Show NME Pepsi Chart Pick of the Pops Record Mirror Subscription Plays Top Pops Related Music Week Official Charts Company The Official Chart UKChartsPlus UK Video Charts The Virgin Book of British Hit Singles Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_artists_by_number_of_UK_Singles_Chart_number_ones&oldid=806746527 '' Categories : Lists of artists by record chart achievement Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2017 , at 22 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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cost of iphone 7 when it came out
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IPhone 7
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iphone 7
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iPhone 7 iPhone 7 Plus iPhone 7 Plus in Jet Black Brand Apple Inc . Manufacturer Foxconn ( on contract ) Pegatron ( on contract ) Slogan This is 7 Generation 10th Model 7 : A1660 ( with Qualcomm modem ) A1778 ( with Intel modem ) A1779 ( sold in Japan ) 7 Plus : A1661 ( with Qualcomm modem ) A1784 ( with Intel modem ) A1785 ( sold in Japan ) Compatible networks GSM , CDMA2000 , EV - DO , HSPA+ , LTE , LTE Advanced First released September 16 , 2016 ; 22 months ago ( 2016 - 09 - 16 ) Availability by country September 16 , 2016 ( show ) Australia Austria Belgium Canada China Denmark Finland France Germany Hong Kong Ireland Italy Japan Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Portugal Singapore Spain Sweden Switzerland Taiwan United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States September 23 , 2016 ( show ) Andorra Bahrain Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Estonia Greece Greenland Guernsey Hungary Iceland Isle of Man Jersey Kosovo Kuwait Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Maldives Malta Monaco Poland Pakistan Qatar Romania Russia Saudi Arabia Slovakia Slovenia October 7 , 2016 ( show ) India October 14 , 2016 ( show ) Macau Republic of Macedonia Macedonia Malaysia Montenegro South Africa Turkey October 15 , 2016 ( show ) Jordan Oman October 20 , 2016 ( show ) Israel Egypt October 21 , 2016 ( show ) South Korea Costa Rica Morocco Thailand Mauritius Madagascar Uganda Colombia October 28 , 2016 ( show ) Cameroon Botswana Kenya Mozambique Senegal Moldova November 4 , 2016 ( show ) Armenia Mali Guinea - Bissau Central African Republic November 11 , 2016 ( show ) Philippines Brazil March 31 , 2017 ( show ) Indonesia Predecessor iPhone 6S ( Plus ) Successor iPhone 8 ( Plus ) iPhone X Type 7 : Smartphone 7 Plus : Phablet Form factor Slate 7 : H : 138.3 mm ( 5.44 in ) W : 67.1 mm ( 2.64 in ) D: 7.1 mm ( 0.28 in ) 7 Plus : H : 158.2 mm ( 6.23 in ) W : 77.9 mm ( 3.07 in ) D: 7.3 mm ( 0.29 in ) Weight 7 : 138 g ( 4.9 oz ) 7 Plus : 188 g ( 6.6 oz ) Operating system Original : iOS 10.0. 1 Current : iOS 11.4. 1 , released July 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 09 ) System on chip Apple A10 Fusion CPU 2.34 GHz quad - core ( two used ) 64 - bit GPU Custom Imagination PowerVR ( Series 7XT ) GT7600 Plus ( hexa - core ) Memory 7 : 2 GB LPDDR4 RAM 7 Plus : 3 GB LPDDR4 RAM Storage 32 , 128 , or 256 GB Removable storage None Battery 7 : 3.80 V 7.45 W h ( 1960 mA h ) Li - ion 7 Plus : 3.82 V 11.10 W h ( 2900 mA h ) Li - ion Display 7 : 4.7 in ( 120 mm ) Retina HD : LED - backlit IPS LCD , 1334 × 750 px resolution ( 326 ppi ) ( 1 megapixel ) 7 Plus : 5.5 in ( 140 mm ) Retina HD : LED - backlit IPS LCD , 1920 × 1080 px resolution ( 401 ppi ) ( 2.1 megapixels ) All models : 625 cd / m2 max . brightness ( typical ) , with dual - ion exchange - strengthened glass , and 3D Touch Rear camera 7 : 12 MP 2nd - generation Sony Exmor RS with six - element lens , quad - LED `` True Tone '' flash , autofocus , IR filter , Burst mode , f / 1.8 aperture , 4K video recording at 30 fps or 1080p at 30 or 60 fps , slow - motion video ( 1080p at 120 fps and 720p at 240 fps ) , timelapse with stabilization , panorama , facial recognition , digital image stabilization , optical image stabilization 7 Plus : In addition to above : A telephoto lens with 2 × optical zoom / 10 × digital zoom , f / 2.8 aperture Front camera 7 MP , f / 2.2 aperture , burst mode , exposure control , face detection , auto - HDR , auto image stabilization , Retina flash , 1080p HD video recording Sound Stereo speakers Connectivity All models : ( show ) LTE ( bands 1 to 5 , 7 , 8 , 12 , 13 , 17 to 20 , 25 to 30 ) , TD - LTE ( bands 38 to 41 ) , UMTS / HSPA+ / DC - HSDPA ( 850 , 900 , 1700 / 2100 , 1900 , 2100 MHz ) , GSM / EDGE ( 850 , 900 , 1800 , 1900 MHz ) , Wi - Fi ( 802.11 a / b / g / n / ac ) , Bluetooth 4.2 , NFC , GPS , GLONASS , Galileo & QZSS Models A1660 , A1661 , A1779 & A1785 : ( show ) TD - SCDMA 1900 ( F ) , 2000 ( A ) & CDMA2000 EV - DO Rev. A ( 800 , 1900 , 2100 MHz ) Models A1779 & A1785 : ( show ) LTE ( bands 11 , 21 ) , FeliCa Other IP67 IEC standard 60529 ( splash , water , and dust resistant ) SAR 7 ( show ) Model A1660 , A1780 Head : 1.19 W / kg Body : 1.20 W / kg Model A1779 Head : 1.20 W / kg Body : 1.19 W / kg Model A1778 Head : 1.19 W / kg Body : 1.19 W / kg 7 Plus ( show ) Model A1661 , A1786 Head : 1.19 W / kg Body : 1.17 W / kg Model A1785 Head : 1.19 W / kg Body : 1.19 W / kg Model A1784 Head : 1.19 W / kg Body : 1.19 W / kg Hearing aid compatibility M3 , T4 Website www.apple.com/iphone-7/ This article is part of a series on the iPhone 1st 3G 3GS 4S 5 5C 5S SE 6 / 6 Plus 6S / 6S Plus 7 / 7 Plus 8 / 8 Plus X List of iPhone models iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus are smartphones designed , developed , and marketed by Apple Inc . They were announced on September 7 , 2016 , at the Bill Graham Civic Auditorium in San Francisco by Apple CEO Tim Cook , and were released on September 16 , 2016 , succeeding the iPhone 6S and iPhone 6S Plus as the flagship devices in the iPhone series . Apple also released the iPhone 7 and 7 Plus in numerous countries worldwide throughout September and October 2016 . They were succeeded as flagship devices by the iPhone 8 and iPhone 8 Plus on September 22 , 2017 , and the iPhone X on November 3 , 2017 . The iPhone 7 's overall design is similar to the iPhone 6S , but introduces new color options ( matte black and jet black ) , water and dust resistance , a new capacitive , static home button , and removes the 3.5 mm headphone jack . The device 's internal hardware also received upgrades , including a heterogeneous quad - core system - on - chip with improved system and graphics performance , and upgraded 12 megapixel rear - facing cameras with optical image stabilization on all models and an additional telephoto lens on the iPhone 7 Plus model to provide enhanced zoom capabilities . Reception of the iPhone 7 was mixed . Although reviewers noted the improvements to the camera , especially the dual rear camera on the Plus model , they also stated that the iPhone 7 did not make significant changes to the display or build quality , where competing flagship smartphones surpassed the quality of the iPhone 7 . Many reviews highlighted the controversial removal of the 3.5 mm headphone jack ; some critics argued that the change was meant to bolster licensing of the proprietary Lightning connector and the sales of Apple 's own wireless headphone products , and questioned the effects of the change on audio quality . Apple was also mocked by critics for Phil Schiller 's statement that such a drastic change required `` courage '' . The iPhone 7 has been the subject of several reported issues , most notably a hissing noise during heavy usage of the phones and significant differences in performance between device variants . Apple has not released sales numbers for iPhone 7 , but multiple U.S. carriers reported that it was in high demand on launch . Subsequent reports at the end of 2016 stated that Apple had reduced production of the models due to `` sluggish '' sales and decreasing demand , though sales research after the first quarter of 2017 placed the devices as the best - selling smartphones in the world . Contents 1 History 2 Specifications 2.1 Hardware 2.2 Software 2.3 Accessories 3 Reception 3.1 Removal of the headphone jack 4 Issues 4.1 Hissing noise 4.2 Performance differences 4.3 Explosions and smoke emissions 4.4 Perception of slogan in Cantonese - speaking regions 4.5 Replacing the home button 4.6 Failure to connect to cellular service 5 Sales 5.1 US carrier trade - in deals 5.2 Reports about trimmed production 6 Timeline of iPhone models 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links History Prior to its official announcement , multiple aspects of the iPhone 7 were heavily rumored . Apple 's plans to remove the 3.5 mm headphone jack received significant media attention . Other rumors included a flush camera , stereo speakers , a 256 gigabyte storage option , and a larger 3,100 mAh battery . On August 29 , 2016 , invitations to a press event at the Bill Graham Civic Auditorium in San Francisco , California on September 7 , 2016 were sent out to members of the media , prompting immediate speculation of the iPhone 7 's upcoming announcement . The iPhone 7 was officially announced at that event , with pre-orders beginning September 9 , and general availability on September 16 . The iPhone 7 launched in 30 new countries later in September , with further international rollouts throughout October and November 2016 . Indonesia was the last country to release the iPhone 7 and 7 Plus , with availability starting on March 31 , 2017 , following Apple 's research and development investment in the country . On March 21 , 2017 , Apple announced an iPhone 7 with a red color finish ( and white front ) , as part of its partnership with Product Red to highlight its AIDS fundraising campaign . It launched on March 24 , 2017 , but it was later discontinued after the announcement of the iPhone 8 , iPhone 8 Plus and iPhone X in September 2017 . In September 2017 , Apple announced the iPhone 8 and iPhone 8 Plus as direct successors to the iPhone 7 and 7 Plus , alongside the iPhone X . On February 4 , 2018 , the NYPD began rolling out about 600 phones per day to its officers , who get to choose between an iPhone 7 and an iPhone 7 Plus , switching from the failed Windows Phone . Specifications Hardware The iPhone 7 's exterior is similar in shape and volume to iPhone 6 and iPhone 6S . Alongside the existing silver , gold , and rose gold colors , the device is offered in new colors of matte black , glossy `` jet black '' , and , for a limited time , red . The `` jet black '' color is a dark shade , high - gloss black finish . It is created through a multi-step process , beginning with an anodization phase to make the surface of the casing a porous aluminum oxide , and then using a machine to sweep the casing through a powdered compound , absorbed by aluminum oxide . The process is concluded with an `` ultrafine particle bath '' for additional finishing ; the entire process takes less than an hour . iPhone 7 is rated IP67 water and dust resistant , although tests have resulted in malfunctions , specifically distorted speakers , after water exposure . The warranty does not cover any water damage to the phone . iPhone 7 's home button uses a capacitive mechanism for input rather than a physical push - button , as on previous models , meaning direct skin contact ( or a capacitive glove ) is required to operate the device . Physical feedback is provided via a Taptic Engine vibrator , and the button is also pressure - sensitive . iPhone 7 retains the `` 3D Touch '' display system introduced on the iPhone 6S , providing pressure - sensitive touchscreen input . Comparison of ports on iPhone 6 / 6S ( top ) and iPhone 7 ( bottom ) The iPhone 7 does not feature a 3.5 mm headphone jack ; it was replaced by a second speaker grille that serves as a vent for the internal barometer . A Lightning - to - 3.5 - mm - connector adapter , as well as in - ear headphones that use the Lightning connector , are bundled with the device , and the adapter is also sold separately as an accessory . The adapter is also compatible with other iPhone , iPad , and iPod Touch devices running iOS 10 . iPhone 7 uses the Apple A10 Fusion 64 - bit system - on - chip , which consists of two low - power cores and two high - power cores ( only two cores are used at any point in time ) . The A10 chip also features a hexa - core graphics chip capable of `` console - level gaming '' . As with prior models , iPhone 7 is available in two sizes : one with a 4.7 - inch screen , and a `` Plus '' variant with a 5.5 - inch screen . The displays have identical sizes and resolutions to iPhone 6S , but with a wider color gamut and increased brightness . The screen - to - body ratio is about ~ 66 % and ~ 68 % for the 7 and 7 Plus , respectively . Both device variants also contain a new iteration of Apple 's motion coprocessor , the M10 . Unlike previous iPhone models , internal storage options for iPhone 7 begin at 32 GB instead of 16 GB , and max out at 256 GB . iPhone 7 Plus offers 3 GB of RAM , more than any other previous iPhone ; the 4.7 - inch iPhone 7 has 2 GB . iPhone 7 Plus with dual - lens camera Capturing timelapse using iPhone 7 The iPhone 7 includes a 12 - megapixel rear - facing camera with a quad - LED `` True Tone '' flash ; its aperture was widened to f / 1.8 , and the standard - size phone model adds optical image stabilization -- a feature that was previously exclusive to Plus models . The iPhone 7 Plus includes a second 12 - megapixel telephoto lens , which can be used to achieve 2 × optical zoom , and up to 10 × digital zoom . The front - facing camera was upgraded to a 7 - megapixel sensor with automatic image stabilization . Software See also : iOS version history , iOS 10 , iOS 11 , and iOS 12 iPhone 7 ships with iOS 10 pre-installed . The iPhone 7 Plus received an exclusive portrait camera mode in the iOS 10.1 software update . This camera mode is capable of producing a bokeh effect using depth of field analysis of the second camera of dual - lens in the back of iPhone 7 Plus . Accessories Headphone jack adapter with an iPhone 7 Plus beside it iPhone 7 unboxed set in Silver Each iPhone 7 comes with a Lightning - to - 3.5 - mm adapter . Apple sells the adapter independently as well . Apple also unveiled several Bluetooth wireless headphones ostensibly intended for use with iPhone 7 , including AirPods , wireless in - ear headphones , and three new Beats headphone products . All four products utilize an in - house wireless chip known as Apple W1 , which is designed to provide low - power Bluetooth operation and integration with iOS and macOS products ( though they are still compatible with other Bluetooth - supported devices ) . Reception Back and side detail from a standard iPhone 7 in `` rose gold '' finish Dual cameras on the back of the iPhone 7 Plus Reception to the iPhone 7 was mixed . Gordon Kelly of Forbes noted that rival smartphones , such as the Samsung Galaxy S7 , had increased battery life and added water resistance over its predecessor while retaining the headphone jack , and that the iPhone 7 's camera photo quality was improved but still lagging behind some phones already on the market , including the Galaxy S7 and Nexus 6P . Kelly praised how Apple was able to extract improved brightness and accurate color reproduction from its LCD display panel , while noting that it was old technology which was also well behind rivals who had already moved to sharper 1080p or even 2K screens . The iPhone 7 's exterior , which reuses the aging design of the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6S , was criticized , especially the size of the device and thick top / bottom bezels , with Kelly writing that `` the iPhone 7 Plus is simply far too big for a smartphone with a 5.5 - inch display '' . Nilay Patel of The Verge described the devices as being `` full of aggressive breaks from convention '' despite their design continuity with previous models ( going as far as dubbing them `` a prototype of next year 's rumored drastic iPhone redesign disguised as an iPhone 6 '' ) , citing the headphone jack removal ( which he felt was an attempt to encourage the use of wireless headphones ) , heterogeneous CPU , and home button redesign . The display quality was considered an improvement over previous models , albeit `` not as insane '' as the quad HD displays on competing phones . The Taptic Engine was considered the `` first really valuable new UI concept I 've seen on phones in years '' ( as opposed to the `` gimmick '' of 3D Touch ) , Patel felt that the cameras of the devices were a `` step '' above the 6S in terms of performance , and praised the dual - lens camera on the 7 Plus for enhancing the phone 's camera functionality . However , he panned the lack of editing features that made use of them . In regards to the enhanced Bluetooth audio support provided by devices containing the W1 chip , he argued that Apple `` took away an established open standard in favor of new technologies , but instead of making the experience of using those new technologies better across the board , it made every third - party wireless audio product a second - class citizen of the Apple ecosystem . '' Giving the iPhone 7 a 9 out of 10 , he concluded that the devices were `` legitimately among the most interesting , opinionated , powerful phones Apple has ever shipped , and the most confident expressions of the company 's vision in a long time . iOS 10 is excellent , the cameras are better , and the performance is phenomenal . And the batteries last longer . '' John McCann of TechRadar wrote that for the first time , the phablet - sized iPhone 7 Plus was `` markedly better '' than the smaller model . He highlighted improved battery life and praised the camera , calling the Plus ' dual cameras `` excellent '' for point - and - shoot , and `` much improved '' for low - light performance . McCann wrote that the lack of a headphone jack was `` initially frustrating '' , but noted that it was a `` positive step forward for the mobile industry '' , despite the `` short - term effects ... making the most noise for now '' . Removal of the headphone jack Criticism of the iPhone 7 centered around the removal of the headphone jack , including the inability to use wired headphones with the included adapter and charge the device simultaneously . In a particularly scathing article , Nilay Patel of The Verge wrote that removing the headphone jack - `` ditching a deeply established standard '' - would be `` user - hostile and stupid '' . He goes on to list reasons why removing the port is negative , concluding with `` No one is asking for this '' and `` Vote with your dollars '' . Gordon Kelly of Forbes noted that wireless audio technology was immature at the moment , with Bluetooth audio quality being inferior while Lightning audio reliability was still in question . The removal of the headphone jack meant `` you 're being pushed into an era where you will have to pay more for decent headphones due to their need for an integrated DAC and / or Lightning licensing '' , and pointed out that `` the only company to profit from this situation is Apple , who will now be charging licensing fees to millions of headphone companies '' . In particular , Apple 's vice president Phil Schiller , who announced the change , was mocked extensively online for stating that removing the headphone jack took ' courage ' . An online petition created by the consumer group SumOfUs , that accuses Apple of planned obsolescence and causing substantial electronic waste by removing the headphone jack , reached over 300,000 signatures . Issues Hissing noise Some users have reported a strange hissing noise during heavy usage of the phone . CNET reports it as `` faint buzzes and hums coming from the backside '' . The Daily Telegraph speculates that the iPhone 7 's new A10 Fusion processor is the source of the noise , linking to tweets that compare the phone 's hissing sound to `` hearing the fans spin up loudly whenever your Mac 's CPU gets used to its actual potential . '' The issue has been referred to as Hissgate . Performance differences The Guardian reported in October 2016 that storage tests from Unbox Therapy and GSMArena showed that the 32 GB iPhone 7 is `` significantly '' slower than the 128 and 256 GB versions , measuring data write speeds of 341 MB / s on a 128 GB iPhone 7 model versus 42 MB / s on a 32 GB model . October 2016 network tests by Cellular Insights showed that models A1660 and A1661 with Qualcomm modems had `` a significant performance edge '' over models A1778 and A1784 with Intel modems . Inspection of the modems also found that the Qualcomm version 's ability to use Ultra HD Voice had been turned off , likely to `` level the playing field between the Qualcomm , and Intel variants '' . The report concluded with the statement that `` We are not sure what was the main reason behind Apple 's decision to source two different modem suppliers for the newest iPhone '' . Bloomberg reported in November 2016 that tests by researchers from Twin Prime and Cellular Insights had shown the two modems to perform similarly on some U.S. cellular networks despite one of the modems being technically capable of faster connectivity . Apple spokeswoman Trudy Muller told the publication that `` Every iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus meets or exceeds all of Apple 's wireless performance standards , quality metrics , and reliability testing ... In all of our rigorous lab tests based on wireless industry standards , in thousands of hours of real - world field testing , and in extensive carrier partner testing , the data shows there is no discernible difference in the wireless performance of any of the models '' . Bloomberg quoted analysts and technology advisers who stated that `` ( Apple ) do n't want one version to get the reputation that it is better '' and that `` This may not impact the fanboys , but it may make other consumers think twice about buying an Apple phone , especially if they think they might be purchasing a sub-standard product '' . Explosions and smoke emissions In a similar manner with the now - discontinued Samsung Galaxy Note 7 , there have been reports of the iPhone 7 exploding or emitting smoke . In September 2016 , one device reportedly exploded while in transit , while another one had a `` malfunction that caused the battery to blow up internally '' . Another report about an iPhone 7 emitting smoke and `` melting '' was published in October 2016 . Perception of slogan in Cantonese - speaking regions The iPhone 7 's `` This is 7 '' slogan has been misunderstood when translated to certain other languages . The phone 's slogan in Mainland China is `` 7 , is here ; '' ( Chinese : 7 , 在 此 ; pinyin : 7 , zài cǐ ) , while in Hong Kong , its slogan is , `` This , is iPhone 7 ; '' ( Chinese : 這 , 就是 iPhone 7 ; Jyutping : ze5 , zau6 si6 iPhone 7 ) . In Cantonese , the local language of Hong Kong , the slogan could be mistakenly interpreted as `` This is penis '' . `` Tsat '' , ( Chinese : 杘 ; Jyutping : cat6 ) , is a common slang term for an erect penis , and `` seven '' , ( Chinese : 七 ; Jyutping : cat1 ) , which varies only in tone , is often used as a eupuemism . Replacing the home button In the iPhone 7 , Apple added a software lock that prevents individuals from attempting to replace the home button on their own . Users are now required to go to an Apple Store to have repairs done , with `` recalibration '' of the button being necessary . This is a step further than Apple went with iPhone 5S , 6 and 6S , where only Touch ID functionality would get disabled but the `` return - to - home '' functionality still worked . Failure to connect to cellular service Some iPhone 7 devices with the model numbers A1660 , A1780 and A1779 suffer from a problem where they show a `` No service '' message even when cellular reception is available . Apple will repair those devices for free within two years of the first retail sale of the unit . Sales Apple has deliberately withheld pre-order sales numbers , citing that these are `` no longer a representative metric for our investors and customers '' . Without releasing specific numbers , T - Mobile US stated that the iPhone 7 had broken the carrier 's all - time record for first - day pre-order sales . The following weekend , T - Mobile US stated that iPhone 7 was its biggest iPhone launch ever , being `` up nearly 4x compared to the next most popular iPhone '' . On September 14 , 2016 , two days before the iPhone 7 went on sale , Apple announced that due to high demand , they had sold out of all `` jet black '' iPhone 7 's , and all colors of the iPhone 7 Plus . This caused issues for customers in the iPhone Upgrade Program , who were unable to reserve new phones . After customer complaints and a class action lawsuit , Apple made changes to ensure members of the program could get new phones as soon as possible . In May 2017 , analytics research company Strategy Analytics announced that iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus were the best - selling smartphones worldwide during the first quarter of 2017 , selling 21.5 million and 17.4 million units , respectively . US carrier trade - in deals For the initial U.S. sales of the iPhone 7 , all four major wireless carriers announced trade - in deals . Under the deals , the monthly installment plan cost of the iPhone 7 is negated by a monthly credit on consumers ' bill , but consumers who cancel their service with the carrier or pay off the phone prior to the installment contract completion will not receive credits for the remaining months . Jacob Kastrenakes of The Verge noted that the deals effectively constituted a return to two - year phone contracts , in which the deals `` essentially lock you into that carrier for two years '' . In the wake of these deals , Verizon announced they had seen an increase in sales over the release of the previous year 's iPhone 6S , AT&T said that sales had exceeded its expectations , and T - Mobile and Sprint announced `` huge increases in sales '' , with T - Mobile seeing a demand roughly four times higher for the 7 than the 6 . Reports about trimmed production In December 2016 , DigiTimes reported that Apple had reduced production of the iPhone 7 because of decreasing demand for the product after the initial surge of interest waned . A reason cited was consumers and suppliers turning their attention to next year 's iPhone model . A new report from Nikkei at the end of December included details on sales and production of the iPhone 7 . The report , `` based on data from suppliers '' , stated that Apple would trim production of the iPhone 7 by 10 % in the first quarter of 2017 , following `` sluggish '' sales . Nikkei reported that Apple previously trimmed production of the iPhone 7 by 20 % due to accumulated inventory of the previous model , but that the new models had `` sold more sluggishly than expected '' . 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Jump up ^ Carey , Bridget ( September 19 , 2016 ) . `` iPhone 7 ' Hissgate : ' CNET Update viewers share their experiences '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Criddle , Cristina ( September 19 , 2016 ) . `` iPhone 7 and 7 Plus handsets are making a mysterious hissing sound '' . The Daily Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved January 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ T. , Nick ( September 23 , 2016 ) . `` This could be why some iPhone 7 units make a hissing noise '' . PhoneArena . Retrieved September 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Haslam , Oliver ( September 19 , 2016 ) . `` Hissgate ? Some iPhone 7 Units Allegedly Make Hissing Sound When Put Under Heavy Load '' . RedmondPie . Retrieved September 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gibbs , Samuel ( October 21 , 2016 ) . `` 32GB iPhone 7 significantly slower than more expensive versions , tests show '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media Group . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone 7 Plus : A Tale of Two Personalities '' . Cellular Insights . October 20 , 2016 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Benjamin , Jeff ( October 20 , 2016 ) . `` Report : iPhone 7 models w / Qualcomm modem feature better cellular performance versus Intel '' . 9to5Mac . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ King , Ian ; Moritz , Scott ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` Apple 's Chip Choices May Leave Some iPhone Users in Slow Lane '' . Bloomberg Technology . Bloomberg . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Epstein , Zach ( September 29 , 2016 ) . `` iPhone 7 catches fire while in transit '' . BGR . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gleyo , Fritz ( September 29 , 2016 ) . `` LOOK : Did This iPhone 7 Explode Too ? '' . Tech Times . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Smith , Chris ( September 30 , 2016 ) . `` Another iPhone 7 battery blew up , but this time the phone did n't go up in flames '' . BGR . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Epstein , Zach ( October 20 , 2016 ) . `` Man claims iPhone 7 burst into flames and destroyed his car '' . BGR . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Huang , Zheping ( September 9 , 2016 ) . `` The slogan for Apple 's new iPhone 7 translates into `` This is penis '' in Hong Kong `` . Quartz . Atlantic Media . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trenholm , Richard ( September 9 , 2016 ) . `` iPhone 7 slogan means something else in Hong Kong '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Koebler , Jason ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` The iPhone 7 Has Arbitrary Software Locks That Prevent Repair '' . Motherboard . Vice . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Williams , Brett ( April 8 , 2017 ) . `` Do n't try to fix your iPhone 7 home button yourself '' . Mashable . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Apple offers free repairs for iPhone 7 devices hit with ' No Service ' bug '' . The Verge . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ Roettgers , Janko ( September 8 , 2016 ) . `` Apple Wo n't Release First - Weekend iPhone 7 Sales Numbers '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus Shatter Records at T - Mobile '' . T - Mobile US . September 13 , 2016 . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Musil , Steven ( September 14 , 2016 ) . `` Apple says it has sold out of initial quantities of iPhone 7 Plus '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rossignol , Joe ( September 9 , 2016 ) . `` iPhone Upgrade Program Causes Headaches on Launch Day Due to Limited Stock '' . MacRumors . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Clover , Juli ( September 12 , 2016 ) . `` Apple Hit With Class Action Lawsuit Over iPhone Upgrade Program Woes '' . MacRumors . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rossignol , Joe ( September 14 , 2016 ) . `` Apple Makes More iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus Stock Available to Upgrade Program Members '' . MacRumors . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hall , Zac ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Apple tops Q1 2017 highest - selling smartphone list with iPhone 7 '' . 9to5Mac . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wuerthele , Mike ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Apple 's iPhone 7 was world 's best - selling smartphone in first quarter of 2017 '' . AppleInsider . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miller , Matthew ( September 9 , 2016 ) . `` T - Mobile 's free iPhone 7 offer requires upfront costs and lots of patience '' . ZDNet . CBS Interactive . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kastrenakes , Jacob ( September 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Free ' iPhone 7 offers from AT&T , Verizon , and others are basically two - year contracts '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pressmann , Aaron ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` Here 's Why Verizon Thinks iPhone 7 Sales Are Better Than Last Year '' . Fortune . Time . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chen , Monica ; Shen , Steve ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` Apple reportedly begins to reduce orders for iPhone 7 , say sources '' . DigiTimes . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2016 . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Siegal , Jacob ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` iPhone 7 orders reportedly drop as Apple goes big on the iPhone 8 '' . BGR . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Apple to slice iPhone production 10 % '' . Nikkei . December 30 , 2016 . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Apple Inc. ( 2007 - 2018 ) . iPhone News - Newsroom Archive . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . 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No . overall No. in season Title Original air date US viewers ( millions ) 178 `` Catalina gana el reinado '' 12 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 12 ) 1.68 While everyone is anxiously awaiting the results of the finalists for Miss Risaralda 's contest , La Diabla tries to get her sister out of the event as soon as possible . On the other hand Hilda asks Albeiro what was done to him since his attitude is very strange ; but right at that moment Albeiro is out of control because he needs to be next to La Diabla , since the spell they did to him brings him crazy . In another place , Catalina Santana and the rest of the agents find out that there are two women who are very similar to Daniela 's aunt so one of them can be La Diabla . After listening to the answers of the finalists , one of the women members of the jury tells her partner that they have her threatened with death if she does not choose Daniela as the winner . After knowing the results of the contest winner , Daniela decides to go to her room and cuts her wrists . 179 `` La Diabla pierde a Daniela '' 13 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 13 ) 1.46 After finding Daniela seriously wounded , La Diabla takes her daughter to a hospital to be treated as soon as possible ; but seeing with her own eyes that doctors can not do anything for her daughter , she decides to take her daughter to her home where she expects her daughter to be seen by her trusted doctor , but it 's too late . Elsewhere , Albeiro asks Hilda and his daughter for help since he can not get La Diabla out of his head . After her participation in the beauty contest , Dayana tells Titi that she is not happy with the judges ' decision . Mariana is taken to the hospital after she feels labor pains . Hilda looks for her eldest daughter to tell her that she believes someone is doing witchcraft on Albeiro . 180 `` Asignan refuerzos a Catalina '' 14 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 14 ) 1.47 The head of the T.E.A is looking for Catalina to tell him that Martin managed to escape from the maximum security prison and that because of this situation he will have a new shooting guard , since Martin will not take long to get revenge for what they did to him . In another place , Catalina Marin tells her mother that she feels very sad with the arrival of the baby of her boyfriend and that of her niece . When she meets her daughter , Hernán Darío learns that Mariana decided to name her daughter Catalina . Dayana goes to the hospital to give a very important reason to Catalina Santana about El Titi . After reuniting with Albeiro , La Diabla asks him what he is feeling for Hilda and her daughters . 181 `` La Diabla embalsama a Daniela '' 15 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 15 ) 1.22 Upon meet with Villa , Martín informs him of the route used by La Diabla and his partner to send drugs to the United States . After knowing the baby of La Diabla , Albeiro he becomes attached to him and promises to be by his side since he always yearns to have a son . Catalina Santana looks for Vanessa to tell her that she was finally able to tell Santiago about the witch 's curse and Dayana tells El Titi that she was able to convince Catalina Santana to visit him . La Diabla takes Daniela 's body out to take a walk the streets of the neighborhood where they lived for a couple of years . After seeing a letter from Martin himself in his room Catalina Santana goes into despair . 182 `` La pesadilla de Catalina '' 18 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 18 ) 1.49 After finding Martin 's letter in his room , Catalina Santana begins to look for him throughout his house , but while walking through the corridors she remembers the words of his her friends and Catalina Santana calls Santiago to ask him not to neglect Mariana and her granddaughter since they both may be in danger . On the other hand Catalina Marín asks Hernán Darío what is going to happen now with the arrival of her daughter as she thinks that this would bring problems for the dreams they have as a couple . Jota tells his wife that he is sure that something bad is happening to Albeiro and that he will not rest until he knows what it is . Valentina asks her mother for an explanation of why she is obsessing about taking care of her at all times . Meanwhile , Ximena tells Paola and Vanessa that they must meet with La Diabla in order to discover the reason for the curse . Zoraya appears in the hospital and finds Santiago together with Catalina Santana . 183 6 `` Albeiro quiere casarse '' 19 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 19 ) 1.43 After leaving the clinic , Mariana asks her mother to think things through as she has the right to make her life with Hernán Darío . On the other hand , listening to the doctor 's instructions La Diabla tells Yamile that for a few more days she will stay by her son 's side . Vanesa Paola and Ximena propose to Jota that they let them go to look for La Diabla to talk about the curse that falls on their daughters . Realizing that Albeiro is in danger , Catalina Santana decides to risk his integrity as long as he does not commit a madness and Margarita arrives at the house of dona Hilda to ask for her help as she discovered who was the person who took her brother and his wife . 184 7 `` Se rompe el hechizo de Albeiro '' 20 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 20 ) 1.42 After hearing that La Diabla hired a belly to get pregnant , Albeiro questions she him for having made that decision . When opening one of the windows of her room Valentina is kidnapped by Martin . Catalina Marín looks for her godfather to tell her that she can not take it anymore to see Hernan Dario with her daughter and she is also sure that her father is doing witchcraft . In another place Catalina Santana takes advantage of the visit to her mother 's house to ask her if she is still in love with Albeiro ; But after talking about the situation he is going through , Hilda asks her daughter if she still feels something for him . Realizing that Valentina is not in her room Ximena is looking for her friends to help her find her . 185 8 `` Le disparan a Albeiro '' 21 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 21 ) 1.53 After having shot the witch , La Diabla learns that Albeiro can stop loving her and because of this La Diabla calls her man of trust to ask her to look for her husband and tie him up before he escapes . On the other hand , Catalina Santana tells Tony that they should get more escorts since her daughter is in serious danger or else she will be forced to leave the country . After this Catalina Santana gathers the women of her family to tell them that Martín is in the city ; but also wants to talk about the curse that falls on the girls in the neighborhood . Elsewhere , Yamile tries to take advantage of the fact that La Diabla is not at home to try to escape and Martin tells Valentina that if she behaves well nothing bad will happen to her . 186 9 `` Catalina va por La Diabla '' 22 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 22 ) 1.15 After Albeiro received several shots , La Diabla calls his trusted doctor to heal his wounds . On the other hand , Yamile tells Hilda that La Diabla made a deal with her to have a child because she wanted to deceive the man she is living with . Elsewhere Tony introduces Catalina Santana to the two new escorts who will take care of the safety of his daughter and granddaughter . Martín visits Valentina to tell her that for a couple of hours she will be alone but when he returns he does not want to take any surprise . El Calvo meets with El Cerdo to ask him to help him with important information he needs about La Diabla . 187 10 `` Entre la espada y la pared '' 25 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 25 ) 1.62 Daniel communicates with the Colonel Granados to tell him that his research team found the house of the witch Abigail and is sure that this woman could help them a lot to clarify the death of the neighborhood girls and also help them resolve the disappearance of Valentina . In another place , Hernán Darío tells to Catalina Marín that he is going to be absent from classes again since he has to visit his daughter and after a long journey Yamile manages to locate the house of La Diabla . For his part , La Diabla prepares a very special surprise to welcome Chalo and Cerdo communicates with El Calvo to tell him that he is in serious trouble since La Diabla is beginning to suspect that Yamile escaped from his house with his son . 188 11 `` El Titi quiere casarse '' 26 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 26 ) 1.47 While talking with Catalina Santana about her daughter , Santiago takes advantage of the moment to tell her the true reasons why she is living with Zoraya ; but also wants to know if the relationship they had still has some salvation . On the other hand , El Calvo receives a message from La Diabla where he says he accepts that he will return to work for her , but in return he must comply with two very important conditions . When returning to his house , Santiago realizes that Zoraya cut his wrists and El Chalo asks La Diabla to tell him the truth of what is happening on his house , since he himself heard the shots . Upon entering the witch 's house , authorities discover a dead woman and Paola confirms that this woman is Abigail . 189 12 `` La Diabla se sale con la suya '' 27 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 27 ) 1.51 Realizing that her sister left the house , Dayana orders her mother to look for her throughout the neighborhood , because if she does not fulfill her part of the deal she would be in serious trouble with El Titi . Elsewhere , Mariana tells her mom that she does not believe in the truce Catalina Marín proposed and is more certain that she is planning to do something against she and his baby . After talking with La Diabla , El Calvo looks for ways to get Yamile 's son out of the house without raising any suspicion . Colonel Granados meets with Catalina Santana to show him some evidence that they managed to find in the office of the witch Abigail and also tells him that La Diabla is apparently behind his death . 190 13 `` El Titi complica a Catalina '' 28 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 28 ) 1.42 When going to the place mentioned with Catalina Santana , Dayana asks him to cover his face for security reasons . On the other hand La Diabla communicates with El Calvo so that they meet as soon as possible ; But as she prepares to leave the house , Hilda tells her that she knows he is hiding something from her since lately she has noticed that her way of being changed radically . When seeing herself again with Catalina Santana , El Titi welcomes the one she also hopes to be her home . While reviewing the witch Abigail 's house , the Colonel Granados discovers a note that speaks of the curse that Catalina mentioned earlier . On the other hand , Sandra tells her friend that she helped her get a geneticist to talk about the DNA test she wants to do to her niece 's baby . 191 14 `` La Diabla mata a Chalo '' 29 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 29 ) 1.30 After receiving a call La Diabla tells El Calvo that there was a change of plans and now she needs your help to end Chalo and in return Hilda 's life would be forgiven . On the other hand , the doctor who is seeing Albeiro tries to explain to Chalo why he is in the Diabla house . After talking to geneticist Catalina Marín , she tells her friend Sandra that she is thinking about which sample she can take to test her niece 's DNA without Mariana suspecting and Tony tells her boss that she feels very distressed already . that Catalina Santana is in serious danger on the house of El Titi . Finally , Liseth communicates with her mother to tell her that she can not go home because she will not allow her sister to sell her for any reason . 192 15 `` La Diabla tiene cómo negociar '' 2 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 02 ) 1.40 Upon learning that Chalo took Daniela 's body from his altar and burned it , La Diabla despairs and starts looking for him in every corner of his estate . In another place , Catalina communicates with Hernán Darío to ask her to stay with Mariana and her daughter because she does not want them to be unprotected . On the other hand , Hilda tells Margarita that she feels very bad about what happened with Esteban ; but just at that moment Esteban he communicates with Hilda to talk about what he truly feels towards her . In the middle of the investigation of the witch 's house Abigail , the Colonel Granados shows Ximena and her friends a room where they discovered a chest with some photos ; which leads them to discover a secret of their past . 193 16 `` Catalina y su misión peligrosa '' 3 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 03 ) 1.33 After finishing with Chalo , La Diabla tells Calvo that only three people can know where his body was buried . On the other hand , El Titi prepares a very special breakfast for Catalina Santana and thus welcome her home ; but she asks him to let her look for her children , since she has to say goodbye to them . Ximena tells her best friend that she could not sleep all night thinking about the curse ; but at that moment Paola arrives to tell them that she finally discovered why the witch Abigail retaliated against her . On the other hand Liseth tells Catalina Marín and Hernan Dario that she thought about seeing her mother and La Diabla tells Albeiro that she has something very important to be able to negotiate with the TEA . 194 17 `` Catalina se juega la vida '' 4 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 04 ) 0.99 Upon returning home , Catalina Santana tries to explain to Mariana why she is risking everything to save other people 's lives . On the other hand , La Diabla confesses to Calvo that he had to resort to witchcraft to have Albeiro by his side . Liseth realizing that Dayana found her , tries to run away since she is not willing to let her own sister prostitute her . After talking to her daughter and her ex-husband , Catalina Santana , she communicates with her boss to tell her that she has a plan that could help them capture the Titi once and for all and now she needs your approval to be able to carry it out . On the other hand , Ximena , Paola and Vanessa tell Daniel and his wife about the curse they have over them and now they need their help to find Laura 's family . 195 18 `` La Diabla contacta a El Titi '' 5 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 05 ) 1.43 Upon learning that the plan did not work , Catalina Santana asked her escort to take care of putting a GPS in Cabra 's truck , since she has no choice but to return to the house of El Titi . On the other hand , El Calvo one realizes that there are two policemen waiting in the door of the church and Dayana tells her boss that her sister refused to see him ; but while I was chasing her to fulfill her obligation , she was hit by a car . Later the head of the TEA communicates with the Colonel Granados to ask again for help as one of his agents managed to place a device inside one of the trucks of the Titi . Albeiro thinks it is time to look for Hilda and take her baby with her . 196 19 `` Catalina le da el sí a El Titi '' 6 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 06 ) 1.28 After reuniting with Dayana , La Diabla requires her to communicate with her boss as soon as possible and after receiving a call El Titi tells Catalina Santana that the person who contacted her was one of her enemies . On the other hand , Albeiro tries to escape from the house of La Diabla in the company of his son . Miguel and Tony meet with the Colonel Granados to mount the operation that will help them capture El Titi as soon as possible ; but in the middle of the conversation the Colonel Granados tells the agents that he has everything ready to enter the house where the Diabla is hidden . In another place , Catalina Marín and Hernán Daríio threaten Dayana with reporting her to the authorities when she learned that Liseth had an accident because of her . 197 20 `` Catalina salva a Mariana '' 9 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 09 ) 1.47 Upon realizing that a strange man entered the house , Mariana communicates with her mother to inform her of the situation and after learning of this fact ; Catalina Santana communicates with Tony to demand an explanation of why he failed to comply with his orders and left his daughter and granddaughter unprotected . Elsewhere , La Diabla tells El Calvo that they are going to look for Albeiro at Hilda 's house since she is sure that he can be in this place and now he does not mind being in danger . On the other hand , Hilda meets her daughter at the hospital and tells her that her father is seriously injured ; but also came home with a baby in his arms . 198 21 `` Catalina amenaza a El Titi '' 10 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 10 ) 1.51 When discovering the very Titi in the house of Catalina Santana , Tony communicates with his team to tell them the situation as he believes that this is the perfect opportunity to capture him . In the middle of a tense discussion , Mariana looks for her mother and seeing her El Titi is surprised that Mariana is the daughter of the woman he is in love with . On the other hand Margarita looking for Jota and Vanessa to tell them that Albeiro returned to the house but because he was in very poor condition had to transfer him to the hospital and she La Diabla and Calvo took his nephew out of his hands . Upon meeting Mariana 's daughter , Titi asks Catalina to enlist everything they need , since the three of them are going to live with him . 199 22 `` Catalina caza a La Diabla '' 11 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 11 ) 1.48 Realizing that Albeiro is in grave danger , Hilda her daughter and the rest of her friends go to the clinic to prevent the Bald from ending his life . On the other hand , the Titi flees from his home to ask Villa for help since the authorities can find him at any time . After capturing El Calvo , the Colonel Granados is responsible for preparing an operation for this subject to direct them to the place where La Diabla is hidden ; but he refuses to give them any information until he talks to Hilda . In another place , Mariana communicates with her dad to tell her that she had to flee from her house and now she is in a hotel with her baby and Tony asks his team to think of a strategy before facing El Titi . 200 23 `` Catalina captura a La Diabla '' 12 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 12 ) 1.60 After capturing Calvo , Catalina Santana is in charge of directing the operation to arrest La Diabla ; but when she sees , he assures Catalina Santana that she is immortal and is not willing to be separated from her son . Elsewhere , the Titi tells Villa that La Diabla sought him to propose that they be seen as soon as possible . After helping with the capture of La Diabla , Catalina asks her boss to let her leave the operation to catch El Titi as it could do a lot of damage to his family . On the other hand , Mariana tells her dad that there is no time to go back to live in Miami with her daughter and Hernan Dario and upon entering the house of the Titi and discover that this escape , Miguel asks Catalina for an explanation . 201 24 `` La Diabla nunca se rinde '' 13 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 13 ) 1.31 After being stopped by the police La Diabla asks the Colonel Granados to contact her with someone from the TEA since she knows the exact location of where El Chalo is located . Upon learning that Carlos may be involved with the curse that falls on his daughter and the neighborhood girls , Hilda decides to go with his friends to help them find their whereabouts as soon as possible . In another place Mariana tells her mom that she organized a small meeting so she can talk alone with her dad and Miguel communicates with his superior to tell him that La Diabla is apparently telling him the truth and if he knows where one is of the most important drug traffickers in the world . 202 25 `` Un ultimátum para La Diabla '' 16 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 16 ) 1.38 For the deal between the TEA and La Diabla comes true , she has to be extradited to the United States . Dayana wants Catalina , La Mediana 's head and seduces Villa to kill her . 203 26 `` Martín planea cocinar a Lucía '' 17 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 17 ) 1.36 Pregnant and kidnapped by Martín , Lucía does not know the hell that awaits her , when the cannibal prepares her dish for the day . Santiago asks Catalina to marry him again , with a ring . 204 27 `` Catalina vuelve con Santiago '' 18 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 18 ) 1.47 Santiago bursts with happiness , when the love of his life and the mother of his children , agrees to marry him again . They decide to recover their family . La Diabla arrives at the maximum security bunker . 205 28 `` Albeiro piensa en Catalina '' 19 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 19 ) 1.42 Very confused with his feelings , Albeiro can not get Catalina out of his head and loneliness makes him call her , to hear her voice . Meanwhile , she spends a night of passion with Santiago . 206 29 `` Albeiro deja atrás a Catalina '' 20 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 20 ) 1.23 Albeiro admits to Santiago , that Catalina has always been his great love , but he will not stir up the past . He is aware that Hilda is now his reality . Carlos Jaramillo appears in a madhouse . 207 30 `` Nachi no se alejará de su hija '' 23 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 23 ) 1.53 Catalina and Santiago tell Hernán Darío that they are returning to Miami and fear for the life of their daughter and granddaughter . They offer help with the visa , so he can visit the girl . 208 31 `` Nacho no es padre '' 24 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 24 ) 1.42 Catalina delivers the DNA results to Nachito and now nothing stands between them . La Diabla does not accept the proposal of the TEA : they offer a reduced sentence of five years . 209 32 `` Hernán Darío encara a Mariana '' 25 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 25 ) 1.53 Mariana refuses to corroborate with another DNA test , that Hernán Darío is the father of Catalina , La Bebé . Hilda talks to Albeiro about Carlos and agrees to help him . 210 33 `` Catalina sufre por Ximena '' 26 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 26 ) 1.62 Dayana leaves her mom 's house to move in Villa 's house . Elsewhere , Hernan Dario visits the laboratory , where Catalina `` the small '' got the DNA results , and a doctor confirms him that the DNA results are genuine . Elsewhere , Paola shows her concern about Ximena 's disappearance and calls Catalina to learn if she knows about Ximena . Catalina then goes to look for Ximena at her house . While knocking on the main door , the colonel comes about and tells her on Ximena 's death , making Catalina burst into tears . After a while , Catalina makes a call to Jota , unable to utter a word . Albeiro learns about Catalina 's mysterious phone call and makes a call back to Catalina to ask her about the call . She informs him on Ximena 's death and then Albeiro informs Hilda , Jota , Paola and Vanessa on Ximena 's death , making them burst into tears . When Jota makes a mention about the links between the episode and the second curse , all of them get a shock . Elsewhere , Dayana tells Titi about her plan to kill Villa . 211 34 `` Titi pasa el dato a Catalina '' 27 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 27 ) 1.40 Titi calls Catalina to warn her that her sister is in danger , because the number 2 narco - trafficker from Mexico issued an order to kill her daughter , forcing Catalina to come back to work for TEA . Meanwhile , after confirmation on the authenticity of the DNA results , Hernan Dario proposes to Catalina ( the small ) and then both have sex . Elsewhere , Albeiro and Hilda go to the mental hospital to pick Carlos up but he turns aggressive after remembering some episodes . Meanwhile , Jota and Paola go to the old house only to find the old man , Manuel , who told them about the curse , in skeleton form and they rush to the police station . Elsewhere , Catalina goes to visit her daughter to warn her about the death threat . Catalina `` the small '' connects many episodes together to conclude Dayana is behind the death threat . 212 35 `` Mariana se quita la máscara '' 30 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 30 ) 1.48 Catalina slaps Mariana , after admitting that her granddaughter is from another man . In addition , she rubs her past , because she worked in prostitution . Zoraya points to Santiago with a gun . 213 36 `` El Titi en la mira de Catalina '' 31 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 31 ) 1.61 Catalina discovers that El Titi got involved with her daughter and that he is the biological father of her granddaughter . Now more than ever , she goes with everything and is determined to capture him . Mariana asks to ally with Dayana . 214 37 `` Mariana renuncia a su hija '' 1 August 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 01 ) 1.60 Aware that she can not be a good mother , Mariana flees , to live the life she wants . She says goodbye with a letter and lets her parents take care of her baby . Paola disappears . 215 38 `` El Titi se entera que es padre '' 2 August 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 02 ) 1.55 El Titi is speechless , when Mariana says he is a father and the idea of having an heiress intrigues him . He 's willing to give his daughter his last name , Catalina Jaramillo . Paola is in the hands of Laura . 216 39 `` Mariana tiene aliados '' 3 August 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 03 ) 1.38 With thirst for revenge , Mariana with El Titi and Dayana plan to bombard the house of Hernán Darío and make it fly in pieces with Catalina , La Mediana . La Diabla has a hidden enemy . 217 40 `` Emboscada contra La Diabla '' 6 August 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 06 ) 1.43 El Titi and Villa have the data , that La Diabla will be extradited to the United States and to make sure she will not betray them , they decide to kill her , before she gets on the plane . Daniel wakes up in the hospital . 218 41 `` La Diabla camino a su fin '' 7 August 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 07 ) 1.52 The TEA moves to La Diabla in a caravan . The thugs who El Titi hired wait for her , to shoot her with a bazooka and execute the most powerful drug trafficker . 219 42 `` La Diabla sobrevive el ataque '' 8 August 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 08 ) 1.48 After receiving the impact of the bazooka , in the middle of a bloody scene , La Diabla with her disfigured face , flees without knowing where to go . Mariana learns that her daughter is in danger . 220 43 `` Explota la casa de Nachito '' 9 August 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 09 ) 1.49 El Titi and Mariana spend tremendous fright , knowing that their baby is in danger and run to rescue her . Catalina , La Mediana and the girl are saved . Nachito is seriously injured . 221 44 `` Nachi al borde de la muerte '' 10 August 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 10 ) TBD The doctors fight to save the life of Hernán Darío , after the impact of the bomb . Unconscious , he remembers what he has lived . Catalina , La Grande is reunited with her father .
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12 June 2018
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Sin senos sí hay paraíso ( Season 3 )
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sin senos si hay paraiso ( season 3 )
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The third season of Sin senos sí hay paraíso , an American television series created by Gustavo Bolívar , that premiered on Telemundo on 12 June 2018 .
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The start of production of the third season was confirmed from November 2017 , and concluded on 19 April 2018 . Contents 1 Premise 1.1 Synopsis 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Special guest stars 3 Episodes 4 References Premise ( edit ) The season begins with the expected results of the departmental beauty contest of Colombia , and revolves around the doubts that remained in the previous season , about the curse that persecutes the daughters of `` Las Chicas del Barrio '' , the spell of Albeiro ( Fabián Ríos ) and the confusion of Catalina , La Grande ( Carmen Villalobos ) , for her love for El Titi ( Gregorio Pernía ) and Albeiro . As well as the conflict between Hernán Darío ( Juan Pablo Urrego ) , and Catalina , La Pequeña ( Carolina Gaitán ) about Mariana 's pregnancy , and the return of Martín ( Juan Alfonso Baptista ) , who has returned to take revenge on Catalina , La Grande for having handed him over to the authorities . Synopsis ( edit ) The time has come to choose the most beautiful girl in the region . The catwalk has become a battlefield . The support of the Marín family towards Catalina La Pequeña ( Carolina Gaitán ) and Yésica Beltrán ( Majida Issa ) towards her daughter is immense since she is willing to do anything to see her daughter Daniela ( Johanna Fadul ) crowned as queen of the region . Yésica , who attends the event in disguise of her sister , has come in contact with the juries and seeks to bribe them to tilt their vote in favor of Daniela . But Catalina La Pequeña one stands out not only for her beauty but for her intelligence . The result of this contest will define the course of their lives . The relationship of Catalina La Pequeña and Hernán Darío ( Juan Pablo Urrego ) is threatened by Mariana 's obsession . She will give birth to a beautiful girl and continue to claim that she is the daughter of Hernán Darío . Catalina La Pequeña doubt of the paternity of Hernán Darío and will do everything in his power to decipher the identity of the true father . It will not be an easy battle and Mariana will do everything possible to snatch the love of her life to Catalina La Pequeña . On the other hand , the fearsome curse of the witch Abigail materializes . Catalina La Grande ( Carmen Villalobos ) and her friends know that their daughters are in danger . Adriana , Vanessa 's daughter died , as did Martina , Paola 's daughter , and now Catalina La Grande will have to redouble her efforts to take care of Mariana , while Ximena will take care of the steps of her daughter , Valentina . In this battle against evil they will have many allies but there is no lack of enemies . Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of Sin senos sí hay paraíso characters Main ( edit ) Carmen Villalobos as Catalina Santana Catherine Siachoque as Hilda Santana Fabián Ríos as Albeiro Marín Majida Issa as Yésica Beltrán Carolina Gaitán as Catalina Marín Roberto Manrique as Santiago Sanín Gregorio Pernía as Aurelio Jaramillo Javier Jattin as Tony Campana Juan Pablo Urrego as Hernán Darío Francisco Bolívar as José Luis Vargas Juan Alfonso Baptista as Martín Cruz Recurring ( edit ) Estefanía Gómez as Vanessa Salazar Mauricio Mejía as Carlos Marilyn Patiño as Lucía Barrios Jennifer Arenas as Valentina Fonseca Stephania Duque as Mariana Sanín Johan Esteban Díaz as Sebastián Sanín Manuel Antonio Gómez as Esteban Calvo Elianis Garrido as Dayana Muriel Carolina Sepúlveda as Ximena Fonseca María Alejandra Pinzón as Paola Pizarro Andrea Pita as Laura Patricia Maldonado as Abigail Luis Fernando Bohórquez as Coronel Granados Emilia Ceballos as Yamile Rubén Arciniegas as El Chalo Ricardo Henao as Gabriel Alejandra Monsalve as Sandra Milena Granados as Margarita Special guest stars ( edit ) Dennis Fernando as Himself Juan Angel Esparza as Carmelo Villa Juan Pablo Llano as Daniel Cerón Eileen Roca as Zoraya Johanna Fadul as Daniela Barrera Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Sin senos sí hay paraíso episodes No . overall No. in season Title Original air date US viewers ( millions ) 178 `` Catalina gana el reinado '' 12 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 12 ) 1.68 While everyone is anxiously awaiting the results of the finalists for Miss Risaralda 's contest , La Diabla tries to get her sister out of the event as soon as possible . On the other hand Hilda asks Albeiro what was done to him since his attitude is very strange ; but right at that moment Albeiro is out of control because he needs to be next to La Diabla , since the spell they did to him brings him crazy . In another place , Catalina Santana and the rest of the agents find out that there are two women who are very similar to Daniela 's aunt so one of them can be La Diabla . After listening to the answers of the finalists , one of the women members of the jury tells her partner that they have her threatened with death if she does not choose Daniela as the winner . After knowing the results of the contest winner , Daniela decides to go to her room and cuts her wrists . 179 `` La Diabla pierde a Daniela '' 13 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 13 ) 1.46 After finding Daniela seriously wounded , La Diabla takes her daughter to a hospital to be treated as soon as possible ; but seeing with her own eyes that doctors can not do anything for her daughter , she decides to take her daughter to her home where she expects her daughter to be seen by her trusted doctor , but it 's too late . Elsewhere , Albeiro asks Hilda and his daughter for help since he can not get La Diabla out of his head . After her participation in the beauty contest , Dayana tells Titi that she is not happy with the judges ' decision . Mariana is taken to the hospital after she feels labor pains . Hilda looks for her eldest daughter to tell her that she believes someone is doing witchcraft on Albeiro . 180 `` Asignan refuerzos a Catalina '' 14 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 14 ) 1.47 The head of the T.E.A is looking for Catalina to tell him that Martin managed to escape from the maximum security prison and that because of this situation he will have a new shooting guard , since Martin will not take long to get revenge for what they did to him . In another place , Catalina Marin tells her mother that she feels very sad with the arrival of the baby of her boyfriend and that of her niece . When she meets her daughter , Hernán Darío learns that Mariana decided to name her daughter Catalina . Dayana goes to the hospital to give a very important reason to Catalina Santana about El Titi . After reuniting with Albeiro , La Diabla asks him what he is feeling for Hilda and her daughters . 181 `` La Diabla embalsama a Daniela '' 15 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 15 ) 1.22 Upon meet with Villa , Martín informs him of the route used by La Diabla and his partner to send drugs to the United States . After knowing the baby of La Diabla , Albeiro he becomes attached to him and promises to be by his side since he always yearns to have a son . Catalina Santana looks for Vanessa to tell her that she was finally able to tell Santiago about the witch 's curse and Dayana tells El Titi that she was able to convince Catalina Santana to visit him . La Diabla takes Daniela 's body out to take a walk the streets of the neighborhood where they lived for a couple of years . After seeing a letter from Martin himself in his room Catalina Santana goes into despair . 182 `` La pesadilla de Catalina '' 18 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 18 ) 1.49 After finding Martin 's letter in his room , Catalina Santana begins to look for him throughout his house , but while walking through the corridors she remembers the words of his her friends and Catalina Santana calls Santiago to ask him not to neglect Mariana and her granddaughter since they both may be in danger . On the other hand Catalina Marín asks Hernán Darío what is going to happen now with the arrival of her daughter as she thinks that this would bring problems for the dreams they have as a couple . Jota tells his wife that he is sure that something bad is happening to Albeiro and that he will not rest until he knows what it is . Valentina asks her mother for an explanation of why she is obsessing about taking care of her at all times . Meanwhile , Ximena tells Paola and Vanessa that they must meet with La Diabla in order to discover the reason for the curse . Zoraya appears in the hospital and finds Santiago together with Catalina Santana . 183 6 `` Albeiro quiere casarse '' 19 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 19 ) 1.43 After leaving the clinic , Mariana asks her mother to think things through as she has the right to make her life with Hernán Darío . On the other hand , listening to the doctor 's instructions La Diabla tells Yamile that for a few more days she will stay by her son 's side . Vanesa Paola and Ximena propose to Jota that they let them go to look for La Diabla to talk about the curse that falls on their daughters . Realizing that Albeiro is in danger , Catalina Santana decides to risk his integrity as long as he does not commit a madness and Margarita arrives at the house of dona Hilda to ask for her help as she discovered who was the person who took her brother and his wife . 184 7 `` Se rompe el hechizo de Albeiro '' 20 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 20 ) 1.42 After hearing that La Diabla hired a belly to get pregnant , Albeiro questions she him for having made that decision . When opening one of the windows of her room Valentina is kidnapped by Martin . Catalina Marín looks for her godfather to tell her that she can not take it anymore to see Hernan Dario with her daughter and she is also sure that her father is doing witchcraft . In another place Catalina Santana takes advantage of the visit to her mother 's house to ask her if she is still in love with Albeiro ; But after talking about the situation he is going through , Hilda asks her daughter if she still feels something for him . Realizing that Valentina is not in her room Ximena is looking for her friends to help her find her . 185 8 `` Le disparan a Albeiro '' 21 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 21 ) 1.53 After having shot the witch , La Diabla learns that Albeiro can stop loving her and because of this La Diabla calls her man of trust to ask her to look for her husband and tie him up before he escapes . On the other hand , Catalina Santana tells Tony that they should get more escorts since her daughter is in serious danger or else she will be forced to leave the country . After this Catalina Santana gathers the women of her family to tell them that Martín is in the city ; but also wants to talk about the curse that falls on the girls in the neighborhood . Elsewhere , Yamile tries to take advantage of the fact that La Diabla is not at home to try to escape and Martin tells Valentina that if she behaves well nothing bad will happen to her . 186 9 `` Catalina va por La Diabla '' 22 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 22 ) 1.15 After Albeiro received several shots , La Diabla calls his trusted doctor to heal his wounds . On the other hand , Yamile tells Hilda that La Diabla made a deal with her to have a child because she wanted to deceive the man she is living with . Elsewhere Tony introduces Catalina Santana to the two new escorts who will take care of the safety of his daughter and granddaughter . Martín visits Valentina to tell her that for a couple of hours she will be alone but when he returns he does not want to take any surprise . El Calvo meets with El Cerdo to ask him to help him with important information he needs about La Diabla . 187 10 `` Entre la espada y la pared '' 25 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 25 ) 1.62 Daniel communicates with the Colonel Granados to tell him that his research team found the house of the witch Abigail and is sure that this woman could help them a lot to clarify the death of the neighborhood girls and also help them resolve the disappearance of Valentina . In another place , Hernán Darío tells to Catalina Marín that he is going to be absent from classes again since he has to visit his daughter and after a long journey Yamile manages to locate the house of La Diabla . For his part , La Diabla prepares a very special surprise to welcome Chalo and Cerdo communicates with El Calvo to tell him that he is in serious trouble since La Diabla is beginning to suspect that Yamile escaped from his house with his son . 188 11 `` El Titi quiere casarse '' 26 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 26 ) 1.47 While talking with Catalina Santana about her daughter , Santiago takes advantage of the moment to tell her the true reasons why she is living with Zoraya ; but also wants to know if the relationship they had still has some salvation . On the other hand , El Calvo receives a message from La Diabla where he says he accepts that he will return to work for her , but in return he must comply with two very important conditions . When returning to his house , Santiago realizes that Zoraya cut his wrists and El Chalo asks La Diabla to tell him the truth of what is happening on his house , since he himself heard the shots . Upon entering the witch 's house , authorities discover a dead woman and Paola confirms that this woman is Abigail . 189 12 `` La Diabla se sale con la suya '' 27 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 27 ) 1.51 Realizing that her sister left the house , Dayana orders her mother to look for her throughout the neighborhood , because if she does not fulfill her part of the deal she would be in serious trouble with El Titi . Elsewhere , Mariana tells her mom that she does not believe in the truce Catalina Marín proposed and is more certain that she is planning to do something against she and his baby . After talking with La Diabla , El Calvo looks for ways to get Yamile 's son out of the house without raising any suspicion . Colonel Granados meets with Catalina Santana to show him some evidence that they managed to find in the office of the witch Abigail and also tells him that La Diabla is apparently behind his death . 190 13 `` El Titi complica a Catalina '' 28 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 28 ) 1.42 When going to the place mentioned with Catalina Santana , Dayana asks him to cover his face for security reasons . On the other hand La Diabla communicates with El Calvo so that they meet as soon as possible ; But as she prepares to leave the house , Hilda tells her that she knows he is hiding something from her since lately she has noticed that her way of being changed radically . When seeing herself again with Catalina Santana , El Titi welcomes the one she also hopes to be her home . While reviewing the witch Abigail 's house , the Colonel Granados discovers a note that speaks of the curse that Catalina mentioned earlier . On the other hand , Sandra tells her friend that she helped her get a geneticist to talk about the DNA test she wants to do to her niece 's baby . 191 14 `` La Diabla mata a Chalo '' 29 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 29 ) 1.30 After receiving a call La Diabla tells El Calvo that there was a change of plans and now she needs your help to end Chalo and in return Hilda 's life would be forgiven . On the other hand , the doctor who is seeing Albeiro tries to explain to Chalo why he is in the Diabla house . After talking to geneticist Catalina Marín , she tells her friend Sandra that she is thinking about which sample she can take to test her niece 's DNA without Mariana suspecting and Tony tells her boss that she feels very distressed already . that Catalina Santana is in serious danger on the house of El Titi . Finally , Liseth communicates with her mother to tell her that she can not go home because she will not allow her sister to sell her for any reason . 192 15 `` La Diabla tiene cómo negociar '' 2 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 02 ) 1.40 Upon learning that Chalo took Daniela 's body from his altar and burned it , La Diabla despairs and starts looking for him in every corner of his estate . In another place , Catalina communicates with Hernán Darío to ask her to stay with Mariana and her daughter because she does not want them to be unprotected . On the other hand , Hilda tells Margarita that she feels very bad about what happened with Esteban ; but just at that moment Esteban he communicates with Hilda to talk about what he truly feels towards her . In the middle of the investigation of the witch 's house Abigail , the Colonel Granados shows Ximena and her friends a room where they discovered a chest with some photos ; which leads them to discover a secret of their past . 193 16 `` Catalina y su misión peligrosa '' 3 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 03 ) 1.33 After finishing with Chalo , La Diabla tells Calvo that only three people can know where his body was buried . On the other hand , El Titi prepares a very special breakfast for Catalina Santana and thus welcome her home ; but she asks him to let her look for her children , since she has to say goodbye to them . Ximena tells her best friend that she could not sleep all night thinking about the curse ; but at that moment Paola arrives to tell them that she finally discovered why the witch Abigail retaliated against her . On the other hand Liseth tells Catalina Marín and Hernan Dario that she thought about seeing her mother and La Diabla tells Albeiro that she has something very important to be able to negotiate with the TEA . 194 17 `` Catalina se juega la vida '' 4 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 04 ) 0.99 Upon returning home , Catalina Santana tries to explain to Mariana why she is risking everything to save other people 's lives . On the other hand , La Diabla confesses to Calvo that he had to resort to witchcraft to have Albeiro by his side . Liseth realizing that Dayana found her , tries to run away since she is not willing to let her own sister prostitute her . After talking to her daughter and her ex-husband , Catalina Santana , she communicates with her boss to tell her that she has a plan that could help them capture the Titi once and for all and now she needs your approval to be able to carry it out . On the other hand , Ximena , Paola and Vanessa tell Daniel and his wife about the curse they have over them and now they need their help to find Laura 's family . 195 18 `` La Diabla contacta a El Titi '' 5 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 05 ) 1.43 Upon learning that the plan did not work , Catalina Santana asked her escort to take care of putting a GPS in Cabra 's truck , since she has no choice but to return to the house of El Titi . On the other hand , El Calvo one realizes that there are two policemen waiting in the door of the church and Dayana tells her boss that her sister refused to see him ; but while I was chasing her to fulfill her obligation , she was hit by a car . Later the head of the TEA communicates with the Colonel Granados to ask again for help as one of his agents managed to place a device inside one of the trucks of the Titi . Albeiro thinks it is time to look for Hilda and take her baby with her . 196 19 `` Catalina le da el sí a El Titi '' 6 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 06 ) 1.28 After reuniting with Dayana , La Diabla requires her to communicate with her boss as soon as possible and after receiving a call El Titi tells Catalina Santana that the person who contacted her was one of her enemies . On the other hand , Albeiro tries to escape from the house of La Diabla in the company of his son . Miguel and Tony meet with the Colonel Granados to mount the operation that will help them capture El Titi as soon as possible ; but in the middle of the conversation the Colonel Granados tells the agents that he has everything ready to enter the house where the Diabla is hidden . In another place , Catalina Marín and Hernán Daríio threaten Dayana with reporting her to the authorities when she learned that Liseth had an accident because of her . 197 20 `` Catalina salva a Mariana '' 9 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 09 ) 1.47 Upon realizing that a strange man entered the house , Mariana communicates with her mother to inform her of the situation and after learning of this fact ; Catalina Santana communicates with Tony to demand an explanation of why he failed to comply with his orders and left his daughter and granddaughter unprotected . Elsewhere , La Diabla tells El Calvo that they are going to look for Albeiro at Hilda 's house since she is sure that he can be in this place and now he does not mind being in danger . On the other hand , Hilda meets her daughter at the hospital and tells her that her father is seriously injured ; but also came home with a baby in his arms . 198 21 `` Catalina amenaza a El Titi '' 10 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 10 ) 1.51 When discovering the very Titi in the house of Catalina Santana , Tony communicates with his team to tell them the situation as he believes that this is the perfect opportunity to capture him . In the middle of a tense discussion , Mariana looks for her mother and seeing her El Titi is surprised that Mariana is the daughter of the woman he is in love with . On the other hand Margarita looking for Jota and Vanessa to tell them that Albeiro returned to the house but because he was in very poor condition had to transfer him to the hospital and she La Diabla and Calvo took his nephew out of his hands . Upon meeting Mariana 's daughter , Titi asks Catalina to enlist everything they need , since the three of them are going to live with him . 199 22 `` Catalina caza a La Diabla '' 11 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 11 ) 1.48 Realizing that Albeiro is in grave danger , Hilda her daughter and the rest of her friends go to the clinic to prevent the Bald from ending his life . On the other hand , the Titi flees from his home to ask Villa for help since the authorities can find him at any time . After capturing El Calvo , the Colonel Granados is responsible for preparing an operation for this subject to direct them to the place where La Diabla is hidden ; but he refuses to give them any information until he talks to Hilda . In another place , Mariana communicates with her dad to tell her that she had to flee from her house and now she is in a hotel with her baby and Tony asks his team to think of a strategy before facing El Titi . 200 23 `` Catalina captura a La Diabla '' 12 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 12 ) 1.60 After capturing Calvo , Catalina Santana is in charge of directing the operation to arrest La Diabla ; but when she sees , he assures Catalina Santana that she is immortal and is not willing to be separated from her son . Elsewhere , the Titi tells Villa that La Diabla sought him to propose that they be seen as soon as possible . After helping with the capture of La Diabla , Catalina asks her boss to let her leave the operation to catch El Titi as it could do a lot of damage to his family . On the other hand , Mariana tells her dad that there is no time to go back to live in Miami with her daughter and Hernan Dario and upon entering the house of the Titi and discover that this escape , Miguel asks Catalina for an explanation . 201 24 `` La Diabla nunca se rinde '' 13 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 13 ) 1.31 After being stopped by the police La Diabla asks the Colonel Granados to contact her with someone from the TEA since she knows the exact location of where El Chalo is located . Upon learning that Carlos may be involved with the curse that falls on his daughter and the neighborhood girls , Hilda decides to go with his friends to help them find their whereabouts as soon as possible . In another place Mariana tells her mom that she organized a small meeting so she can talk alone with her dad and Miguel communicates with his superior to tell him that La Diabla is apparently telling him the truth and if he knows where one is of the most important drug traffickers in the world . 202 25 `` Un ultimátum para La Diabla '' 16 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 16 ) 1.38 For the deal between the TEA and La Diabla comes true , she has to be extradited to the United States . Dayana wants Catalina , La Mediana 's head and seduces Villa to kill her . 203 26 `` Martín planea cocinar a Lucía '' 17 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 17 ) 1.36 Pregnant and kidnapped by Martín , Lucía does not know the hell that awaits her , when the cannibal prepares her dish for the day . Santiago asks Catalina to marry him again , with a ring . 204 27 `` Catalina vuelve con Santiago '' 18 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 18 ) 1.47 Santiago bursts with happiness , when the love of his life and the mother of his children , agrees to marry him again . They decide to recover their family . La Diabla arrives at the maximum security bunker . 205 28 `` Albeiro piensa en Catalina '' 19 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 19 ) 1.42 Very confused with his feelings , Albeiro can not get Catalina out of his head and loneliness makes him call her , to hear her voice . Meanwhile , she spends a night of passion with Santiago . 206 29 `` Albeiro deja atrás a Catalina '' 20 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 20 ) 1.23 Albeiro admits to Santiago , that Catalina has always been his great love , but he will not stir up the past . He is aware that Hilda is now his reality . Carlos Jaramillo appears in a madhouse . 207 30 `` Nachi no se alejará de su hija '' 23 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 23 ) 1.53 Catalina and Santiago tell Hernán Darío that they are returning to Miami and fear for the life of their daughter and granddaughter . They offer help with the visa , so he can visit the girl . 208 31 `` Nacho no es padre '' 24 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 24 ) 1.42 Catalina delivers the DNA results to Nachito and now nothing stands between them . La Diabla does not accept the proposal of the TEA : they offer a reduced sentence of five years . 209 32 `` Hernán Darío encara a Mariana '' 25 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 25 ) 1.53 Mariana refuses to corroborate with another DNA test , that Hernán Darío is the father of Catalina , La Bebé . Hilda talks to Albeiro about Carlos and agrees to help him . 210 33 `` Catalina sufre por Ximena '' 26 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 26 ) 1.62 Dayana leaves her mom 's house to move in Villa 's house . Elsewhere , Hernan Dario visits the laboratory , where Catalina `` the small '' got the DNA results , and a doctor confirms him that the DNA results are genuine . Elsewhere , Paola shows her concern about Ximena 's disappearance and calls Catalina to learn if she knows about Ximena . Catalina then goes to look for Ximena at her house . While knocking on the main door , the colonel comes about and tells her on Ximena 's death , making Catalina burst into tears . After a while , Catalina makes a call to Jota , unable to utter a word . Albeiro learns about Catalina 's mysterious phone call and makes a call back to Catalina to ask her about the call . She informs him on Ximena 's death and then Albeiro informs Hilda , Jota , Paola and Vanessa on Ximena 's death , making them burst into tears . When Jota makes a mention about the links between the episode and the second curse , all of them get a shock . Elsewhere , Dayana tells Titi about her plan to kill Villa . 211 34 `` Titi pasa el dato a Catalina '' 27 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 27 ) 1.40 Titi calls Catalina to warn her that her sister is in danger , because the number 2 narco - trafficker from Mexico issued an order to kill her daughter , forcing Catalina to come back to work for TEA . Meanwhile , after confirmation on the authenticity of the DNA results , Hernan Dario proposes to Catalina ( the small ) and then both have sex . Elsewhere , Albeiro and Hilda go to the mental hospital to pick Carlos up but he turns aggressive after remembering some episodes . Meanwhile , Jota and Paola go to the old house only to find the old man , Manuel , who told them about the curse , in skeleton form and they rush to the police station . Elsewhere , Catalina goes to visit her daughter to warn her about the death threat . Catalina `` the small '' connects many episodes together to conclude Dayana is behind the death threat . 212 35 `` Mariana se quita la máscara '' 30 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 30 ) 1.48 Catalina slaps Mariana , after admitting that her granddaughter is from another man . In addition , she rubs her past , because she worked in prostitution . Zoraya points to Santiago with a gun . 213 36 `` El Titi en la mira de Catalina '' 31 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 31 ) 1.61 Catalina discovers that El Titi got involved with her daughter and that he is the biological father of her granddaughter . Now more than ever , she goes with everything and is determined to capture him . Mariana asks to ally with Dayana . 214 37 `` Mariana renuncia a su hija '' 1 August 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 01 ) 1.60 Aware that she can not be a good mother , Mariana flees , to live the life she wants . She says goodbye with a letter and lets her parents take care of her baby . Paola disappears . 215 38 `` El Titi se entera que es padre '' 2 August 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 02 ) 1.55 El Titi is speechless , when Mariana says he is a father and the idea of having an heiress intrigues him . He 's willing to give his daughter his last name , Catalina Jaramillo . Paola is in the hands of Laura . 216 39 `` Mariana tiene aliados '' 3 August 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 03 ) 1.38 With thirst for revenge , Mariana with El Titi and Dayana plan to bombard the house of Hernán Darío and make it fly in pieces with Catalina , La Mediana . La Diabla has a hidden enemy . 217 40 `` Emboscada contra La Diabla '' 6 August 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 06 ) 1.43 El Titi and Villa have the data , that La Diabla will be extradited to the United States and to make sure she will not betray them , they decide to kill her , before she gets on the plane . Daniel wakes up in the hospital . 218 41 `` La Diabla camino a su fin '' 7 August 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 07 ) 1.52 The TEA moves to La Diabla in a caravan . The thugs who El Titi hired wait for her , to shoot her with a bazooka and execute the most powerful drug trafficker . 219 42 `` La Diabla sobrevive el ataque '' 8 August 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 08 ) 1.48 After receiving the impact of the bazooka , in the middle of a bloody scene , La Diabla with her disfigured face , flees without knowing where to go . Mariana learns that her daughter is in danger . 220 43 `` Explota la casa de Nachito '' 9 August 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 09 ) 1.49 El Titi and Mariana spend tremendous fright , knowing that their baby is in danger and run to rescue her . Catalina , La Mediana and the girl are saved . Nachito is seriously injured . 221 44 `` Nachi al borde de la muerte '' 10 August 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 10 ) TBD The doctors fight to save the life of Hernán Darío , after the impact of the bomb . Unconscious , he remembers what he has lived . Catalina , La Grande is reunited with her father . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ @ SinSenosSiHay ( 22 May 2018 ) . `` El martes 12 de JUNIO todo saldrá a la luz en la nueva temporada a las 9 / 8C solo por @ Telemundo '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : `` Sin senos sí hay paraíso , temporada 3 : nuevas fotos de las grabaciones de los episodios nuevos '' . laprensa.peru.com ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 26 April 2018 . Jump up ^ González , Moisés . `` Aracely Arámbula confirma La doña 2 , Arath de la Torre revive a Pancho López y otras 8 noticias ¡ De telenovela ! '' . peopleenespanol.com ( in Spanish ) . People en Español . Retrieved 15 May 2018 . Jump up ^ González , Moisés . `` Lo que se sabe de la tercera temporada de Sin senos sí hay paraíso '' . peopleenespanol.com ( in Spanish ) . People en Español . Retrieved 26 April 2018 . Jump up ^ González , Moisés . `` Angélica Vale , Sin senos sí hay paraíso , José Ron y más ¡ De telenovela ! '' . peopleenespanol.com ( in Spanish ) . People en Español . Retrieved 26 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sin senos sí hay paraíso 3 ya tiene fecha de estreno y ganadora del concurso de belleza '' . laprensa.peru.com ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 25 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Sin senos sí hay paraíso ' tendrá temporada 4 , según Carmen Villalobos '' . laprensa.peru.com ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 25 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Así es la historia de ' Sin senos sí hay paraíso 3 ' , telenovela de Telemundo '' . laopinion.com ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 2 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` TELEMUNDO REVELA NUEVOS PERSONAJES PARA LA PRÓXIMA TEMPORADA DE `` SIN SENOS SÍ HAY PARAÍSO '' `` . www.nbcumv.com ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 10 May 2018 . Jump up ^ González , Moisés . `` Conoce al nuevo galán de la tercera temporada de Sin senos si hay paraíso '' . peopleenespanol.com ( in Spanish ) . People en Español . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Elenco de ' Sin senos sí hay paraíso 3 ′ : Conoce a los personajes de telenovela de Telemundo '' . laopinion.com ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 2 June 2018 . Jump up ^ González , Moisés . `` Johanna Fadul : `` Me dio duro ( la muerte de Daniela ) , pero también siento que el personaje salió en el momento que debía salir '' `` . peopleenespanol.com ( in Spanish ) . People en Español . Retrieved 14 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : Telemundo the Runner - Up Network from 9 - 11 p.m. Among Young Adults with ' Sin Senos Si Hay Paraiso ' Season Premiere and ' El Señor de Los Cielos ' '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 14 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Gordon Ramsay 's ' 24 Hours To Hell & Back ' Debut on Fox Improves on ' MasterChef ' Lead - In Among Key Demos '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Thursday Final Ratings : Fox Registers 3 - Year High for its Broadcast Network U.S. Open Golf First Round Coverage '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Friday Final Ratings : ' Live PD ' on A&E Tops Original Prime Time Telecasts Among Adults 18 - 34 '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 18 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Monday Final Ratings : MTV Movie & TV Awards Across Ten Viacom Networks Draws its Second - Best Viewership in Five Years '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 20 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : USA the Second - Place Network in Prime Time Among Adults 18 - 49 and Adults 18 - 34 '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 20 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Solid Start for ' Yellowstone ' on Paramount Network '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 21 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ESPN Wins Prime Time Among All Key Adult and Male Demos Thanks to NBA Draft '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 23 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Friday Final Ratings : Charles Krauthammer Tribute on Fox News Leads Night on Cable Among Total Viewers '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 26 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Monday Final Ratings : Positive Debut for ' Double Dare ' Revival on Nickelodeon , Tops Night Among All Telecasts in Teens and Females 12 - 17 '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 27 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Below Deck Mediterranean ' on Bravo Reaches Series - High in Live Plus Same Day Total Viewers '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 27 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Big Brother 20 ' Season Premiere Leads Prime Time in All Key Demos ; ' Code Black ' Earns its Best Adults 18 - 49 Performance of Summer '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 29 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Thursday Final Ratings : CBS Wins Prime Time in All Key Figures with ' Big Brother 20 ' Time Slot Premiere '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 30 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Friday Final Ratings : Telemundo Wins Prime Time Among Adults 18 - 34 '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Monday Final Ratings : Braves - Yankees is YES Network 's Highest - Rated Non-Red Sox Telecast in Four Years '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 4 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : NBC Remains Prime Time Leader on Mostly Rerun - Filled Night '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 5 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Macy 's 4th of July Fireworks Spectacular ' on NBC Draws Six - Year High in Total Viewers '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Gong Show ' Draws its Most - Watched Telecast Since ABC Debut ; ' Match Game ' Reaches 18 - Month High in Total Viewers '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Friday Final Ratings : Prime Time Leaders : CBS in Viewers , NBC in Adults 18 - 49 and 25 - 54 , Telemundo in Adults 18 - 34 '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' American Ninja Warrior ' on NBC Rises Double - Digits in Viewers and Demos from Most Recent Telecast with Time Slot Move '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Challenge : Final Reckoning ' Season Premiere on MTV is Second - Highest Rated Cable Original in Prime Time Among Adults 18 - 49 '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 12 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Modest Premiere for ' TKO : Total Knockout ' on CBS but ' 24 Hours to Hell & Back ' on Fox Wins the Hour Among Adults 18 - 49 '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 13 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Southern Charm ' Season Finale on Bravo Leads All Cable Telecasts Among Adults 18 - 49 '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Friday Final Ratings : A&E Tops in Adults 18 - 49 from 9 - 11 p.m. with ' Live PD ' '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 17 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Monday Final Ratings : ESPN Tops All Key Adult and Male Demos with MLB Home Run Derby and Celebrity Softball '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 17 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : MLB All - Star Game on Fox Falls to Record Lows '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 24 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Code Black ' Finale on CBS Leads Prime Time in Total Viewers , Wins the Hour in Adults 25 - 54 '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 24 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Snowfall ' Season Premiere on FX Scores Best Viewership Since its Series Debut Telecast '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 24 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Friday Final Ratings : ' Kids ' Choice Sports Awards ' on Nickelodeon Loses Nearly Half its Total Viewers from Last Year '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 24 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Monday Final Ratings : ABC Wins Prime Time in Total Viewers and Key Adult and Female Demos Thanks to ' Bachelorette ' '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 25 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : Decent Start to USA Network Reality Series ' Miz & Mrs . ' '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 26 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Two - Hour ' World of Dance ' on NBC Edges Past Fox 's Two Gordon Ramsay Shows from 8 - 10 p.m. Among Adults 18 - 49 '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 27 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Thursday Final Ratings : CBS Leads in Most Key Prime Times Figures ; Fox Tops Among Adults 18 - 34 '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Friday Final Ratings : Telemundo in Virtual Tie for Adults 18 - 49 Prime Time Lead and Tops Adults 18 - 34 Outright '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 6 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Monday Final Ratings : NBC and ABC Share Summer Prime Time Leadership '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 6 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : NBC Continues Tuesday Winning Streak on Night of ' Making It ' Premiere '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 6 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Originals ' on CW Reaches 12 - Week High in Live + Same Day Viewers with Series Finale Telecast '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 6 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Four ' on Fox Reaches Summer Highs in Second Cycle Finale '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 6 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Friday Final Ratings : ' TKO ' on CBS Wins Low - Rated 8 p.m. Hour on its New Night '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 6 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Better Call Saul ' on AMC Returns On - Par from Prior Season Among Total Viewers '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 8 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Castaways ' Debut Delivers ABC 's Best Summer Tuesday 10 p.m. Figures in Two Years '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 8 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Dr. Pimple Popper ' on TLC is Cable 's Top Regularly - Scheduled Original Telecast Among Adults 18 - 49 for Third Straight Week '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 9 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Thursday Final Ratings : Featured Preseason Football Game on NFL Network Sees Slight Gains from Year - Ago Telecast '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 10 August 2018 . Sin senos sí hay paraíso List Episodes Season 2 Characters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Sin_senos_sí_hay_paraíso_ ( season_3 ) &oldid = 854507831 '' Categories : Sin senos sí hay paraíso 2018 American television seasons Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 21 : 33 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sin%20senos%20s%25C3%25AD%20hay%20para%25C3%25ADso%20%28season%203%29
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by the eighteenth century the english colonies in north america
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Colonial History of the United States
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colonial history of the united states
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The colonial history of the United States covers the history of European settlements from the start of colonization in the early 16th century until their incorporation into the United States of America . In the late 16th century , England , France , Spain , and the Netherlands launched major colonization programs in eastern North America . Small early attempts sometimes disappeared , such as the English Lost Colony of Roanoke . Everywhere , the death rate was very high among the first arrivals . Nevertheless , successful colonies were established within several decades .
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European settlers came from a variety of social and religious groups , including adventurers , soldiers , farmers , and tradesmen , and some from the aristocracy . Settlers traveling to the new continent included the Dutch of New Netherland , the Swedes and Finns of New Sweden , the English Quakers of Pennsylvania , the English Puritans of New England , the English settlers of Jamestown , the `` worthy poor '' of Georgia , the Germans who settled the mid-Atlantic colonies , and the Ulster Scots people of the Appalachian Mountains . These groups all became part of the United States when it gained its independence in 1776 . Russian America and parts of New France and New Spain were also incorporated into the United States at various points . The diverse groups from these various regions built colonies of distinctive social , religious , political , and economic style . Over time , non-British colonies East of the Mississippi River were taken over and most of the inhabitants were assimilated . In Nova Scotia , however , the British expelled French Acadian inhabitants ; many relocated to Louisiana . No major civil wars occurred in the thirteen colonies . The two chief armed rebellions were short - lived failures in Virginia in 1676 and in New York in 1689 -- 91 . Some of the colonies developed legalized systems of slavery , centered largely around the Atlantic slave trade . Wars were recurrent between the French and the British during the French and Indian Wars . By 1760 , France was defeated and its colonies were seized by Britain . On the eastern seaboard of what became the United States , the four distinct English regions were New England , the Middle Colonies , the Chesapeake Bay Colonies ( Upper South ) , and the Lower South . Some historians add a fifth region of the Frontier , which was never separately organized . By the time that European settlers arrived around 1600 -- 1650 , a significant percentage of the Indians living in the eastern region had been ravaged by disease , possibly introduced to them decades before by explorers and sailors ( although no conclusive cause has ever been established ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 The goals of colonization 1.1 Mercantilism 1.2 Freedom from religious persecution 2 Early colonial failures 3 New Spain 3.1 Florida 3.2 New Mexico 3.3 California 3.4 Texas 3.5 Puerto Rico 4 New France 4.1 Pays d'en Haut 4.2 Illinois Country 4.3 Louisiana 5 New Netherland 6 New Sweden 7 Russian colonies 8 English colonies 8.1 Chesapeake Bay area 8.1. 1 Virginia 8.2 New England 8.2. 1 Puritans 8.2. 2 Other New England 8.2. 3 Dominion of New England 8.3 Middle Colonies 8.4 South 8.4. 1 Chesapeake society 8.4. 2 Carolinas 8.4. 3 Georgia 8.4. 4 East and West Florida 9 Unification of the British colonies 9.1 Colonial wars : a common defense 9.1. 1 French and Indian War 9.2 Ties to the British Empire 9.2. 1 Republicanism 9.2. 2 Consumption of British goods 9.3 Atlantic world 9.4 Growing dissent and the American Revolution 10 Colonial life 10.1 British colonial government 10.1. 1 Political culture 10.2 Medical conditions 10.3 Religion 10.3. 1 Great Awakening 10.4 Women 's roles 10.5 Slaves 10.6 New England 10.6. 1 Farm and family life 10.6. 2 Town life 10.6. 3 Culture and education 10.6. 4 Religion 10.7 Delaware Valley and Mid-Atlantic region 10.7. 1 Ways of life 10.7. 2 Farming 10.7. 3 Seaports 10.8 Southern colonies 10.8. 1 Women in the South 11 See also 12 Footnotes 13 Bibliography 13.1 Reference books 13.2 Surveys 13.3 Special topics 13.4 Primary sources 13.5 Online sources 14 External links The goals of colonization ( edit ) Colonizers came from European kingdoms that had highly developed military , naval , governmental , and entrepreneurial capabilities . The Spanish and Portuguese centuries - old experience of conquest and colonization during the Reconquista , coupled with new oceanic ship navigation skills , provided the tools , ability , and desire to colonize the New World . These efforts were managed respectively by the Casa de Contratación and the Casa da Índia . England , France , and the Netherlands had also started colonies in both the West Indies and North America . They had the ability to build ocean - worthy ships but did not have as strong a history of colonization in foreign lands as did Portugal and Spain . However , English entrepreneurs gave their colonies a foundation of merchant - based investment that seemed to need much less government support . Initially , matters concerning the colonies were dealt with primarily by the Privy Council and its committees . The Commission of Trade was set up in 1625 as the first special body convened to advise on colonial ( plantation ) questions . From 1696 until the end of the revolution , colonial affairs were the responsibility of the Board of Trade in partnership with the relevant secretaries of state , which changed from the Secretary of State for the Southern Department to the Secretary of State for the Colonies in 1768 . Mercantilism ( edit ) Mercantilism was the basic policy imposed by Britain on its colonies from the 1660s . Mercantilism meant that the government became a partner with merchants based in England , with the goal of increasing political power and private wealth , to the exclusion of other empires and even other merchants based in its own colonies . The government protected its London - based merchants and kept out others by trade barriers , regulations , and subsidies to domestic industries in order to maximize exports from the realm and minimize imports . The government also fought smuggling , and this became a direct source of controversy with American merchants when their business activities became classified as smuggling according to the Navigation Acts -- including activities that had been considered business as normal previously , such as direct trade with the French , Spanish , Dutch , and Portuguese . The goal of mercantilism was to run trade surpluses , so that gold and silver would pour into London . The government took its share through duties and taxes , with the remainder going to merchants in Britain . The government spent much of its revenue on a superb Royal Navy which protected the British colonies and also threatened the colonies of the other empires , sometimes even seizing them . Thus , the British Navy captured New Amsterdam ( New York ) in 1664 . The colonies were captive markets for British industry , and the goal was to enrich the mother country . Freedom from religious persecution ( edit ) The prospect of religious persecution by authorities of the crown and the Church of England prompted a significant number of colonization efforts . People fleeing persecution by King Charles I were responsible for settling most of New England , and the Province of Maryland was founded in part to be a haven for Roman Catholics . Early colonial failures ( edit ) Part of a series on European colonization of the Americas First wave of European colonization British Couronian Danish Dutch French German Hospitaller ( Maltese ) Norse Portuguese Russian Scottish Spanish Swedish Colonization of Canada Colonization of the United States Decolonization Colonialism portal Anonymous Portuguese explorers were the first Europeans to map the eastern seaboard of the U.S. from New York to Florida , as documented in the Cantino planisphere of 1502 . However , they kept their discoveries a secret and did not attempt to settle in North America , as the Inter caetera had granted these lands to Spain , issued by Pope Alexander VI in 1493 . Other countries did attempt to found colonies in America over the following century , and most of these attempts ended in failure . The colonists faced high rates of death due to many reasons , including disease , starvation , inefficient resupply , conflict with American Indians , and attacks by rival European powers . Spain had numerous failed attempts , including San Miguel de Gualdape in Georgia ( 1526 ) , Pánfilo de Narváez 's expedition to Florida 's Gulf coast ( 1528 -- 36 ) , Pensacola in West Florida ( 1559 -- 61 ) , Fort San Juan in North Carolina ( 1567 -- 68 ) , and the Ajacán Mission in Virginia ( 1570 -- 71 ) . The French failed at Parris Island , South Carolina ( 1562 -- 63 ) , Fort Caroline on Florida 's Atlantic coast ( 1564 -- 65 ) , Saint Croix Island , Maine ( 1604 - 05 ) , and Fort Saint Louis , Texas ( 1685 -- 89 ) . The most notable English failures were the `` Lost Colony of Roanoke '' ( 1587 -- 90 ) in North Carolina and Popham Colony in Maine ( 1607 -- 08 ) . It was at the Roanoke Colony that Virginia Dare became the first English child born in the Americas ; her fate is unknown . New Spain ( edit ) Main articles : Viceroyalty of New Spain and Spanish colonization of the Americas The Spaniard Juan Ponce de León named and explored Florida . Starting in the 15th century , Spain built a huge colonial empire in the Americas , consisting of New Spain and other viceroyalties . New Spain included territories in present - day Florida , Alabama , Mississippi , much of the United States west of the Mississippi River , parts of Latin America ( including Puerto Rico ) , and the Spanish East Indies ( including Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands ) . New Spain encompassed the territory of Louisiana after the 1762 signing of the Treaty of Fontainebleau , though Louisiana reverted to France in the 1800 Third Treaty of San Ildefonso . Many territories that had been part of New Spain would become part of the United States after 1776 through various wars and treaties , including the Louisiana Purchase ( 1803 ) , the Adams -- Onís Treaty ( 1819 ) , the Mexican -- American War ( 1846 - 1848 ) , and the Spanish -- American War ( 1898 ) . Spain also sent several expeditions to the Pacific Northwest , and it transferred its claims to the Pacific Northwest to the United States in the Adams -- Onís Treaty . In terms of Spanish settlers , there were several thousand families in New Mexico and California that became American citizens in 1848 , plus small numbers in the other colonies . The Castillo de San Marcos , built to defend Spanish St. Augustine , Florida . Construction began in 1672 . Florida ( edit ) Main articles : History of Florida and Spanish Florida Spain established several small outposts in Florida in the early 16th century . The most important of these was St. Augustine , founded in 1565 but repeatedly attacked and burned by pirates , privateers , and English forces . Its buildings survived , even as nearly all the Spanish left . It claims to be the oldest European settlement in the continental United States . The British attacked Spanish Florida during numerous wars . As early as 1687 , the Spanish government had begun to offer asylum to slaves from British colonies . In 1693 , the Spanish Crown officially proclaimed that runaways would find freedom in Florida , in return for converting to Catholicism and a term for men of four years ' military service to the Crown . In effect , Spain created a maroon settlement in Florida as a front - line defense against English attacks from the north . Spain also intended to destabilize the plantation economy of the British colonies by creating a free black community to attract slaves seeking escape and refuge from the British slavery . In 1763 , Spain traded Florida to Great Britain in exchange for control of Havana , Cuba , which had been captured by the British during the Seven Years ' War . Florida was home to about 3,000 Spaniards at the time , and nearly all quickly left . Britain occupied Florida , but did not send many settlers to the area , and control was restored to Spain in 1783 by the Peace of Paris , which ended the American Revolutionary War . Spain sent no more settlers or missionaries to Florida during this second colonial period . The inhabitants of West Florida revolted against the Spanish in 1810 and formed the Republic of West Florida , which was quickly annexed by the United States . The United States took possession of East Florida in 1821 according to the terms of the Adams -- Onís Treaty . New Mexico ( edit ) Main article : History of New Mexico Throughout the 16th century , Spain explored the southwest from Mexico , with the most notable explorer being Francisco Coronado , whose expedition rode throughout modern New Mexico and Arizona . The Spanish moved north from Mexico , settling villages in the upper valley of the Rio Grande , including much of the western half of the present - day state of New Mexico . The capital was Santa Fe . Local Indians expelled the Spanish for 12 years following the Pueblo Revolt of 1680 ; they returned in 1692 in the bloodless reoccupation of Santa Fe . Control was by Spain ( 223 years ) and Mexico ( 25 years ) until 1846 , when the American Army of the West took over in the Mexican -- American War . About a third of the population in the 21st century is descended from the Spanish settlers . California ( edit ) Main article : History of California through 1899 Further information : Spanish missions in California and Territorial evolution of California The ruins of the Spanish Mission San Juan Capistrano in California . Spanish explorers sailed along the coast of present - day California from the early 16th century to the mid-18th century , but no settlements were established over those centuries . From 1769 until the independence of Mexico in 1820 , Spain sent missionaries and soldiers to Alta California who created a series of missions operated by Franciscan priests . They also operated presidios ( forts ) , pueblos ( settlements ) s , and ranchos ( land grant ranches ) , along the southern and central coast of California . Father Junípero Serra , founded the first missions in Spanish upper Las Californias , starting with Mission San Diego de Alcalá in 1769 . Through the Spanish and Mexican eras they eventually comprised a series of 21 missions to spread Roman Catholicism among the local Native Americans , linked by El Camino Real ( `` The Royal Road '' ) . They were established to convert the indigenous peoples of California , while protecting historic Spanish claims to the area . The missions introduced European technology , livestock , and crops . The Indian Reductions converted the native peoples into groups of Mission Indians ; they worked as laborers in the missions and the ranchos . In the 1830s the missions were disbanded and the lands sold to Californios . The indigenous Native American population was around 150,000 ; the Californios ( Mexican era Californians ) around 10,000 ; with the rest immigrant Americans and other nationalities involved in trade and business in California . Texas ( edit ) Further information : Spanish Texas and Spanish missions in Texas Puerto Rico ( edit ) Further information : History of Puerto Rico In September 1493 , Christopher Columbus set sail on his second voyage with 17 ships from Cádiz . On November 19 , 1493 he landed on the island of Puerto Rico , naming it San Juan Bautista in honor of Saint John the Baptist . The first European colony , Caparra , was founded on August 8 , 1508 by Juan Ponce de León , a lieutenant under Columbus , who was greeted by the Taíno Cacique Agüeybaná and who later became the first governor of the island . Ponce de Leon was actively involved in the Higuey massacre of 1503 in Puerto Rico . In 1508 , Sir Ponce de Leon was chosen by the Spanish Crown to lead the conquest and slavery of the Taíno Indians for gold mining operations . The following year , the colony was abandoned in favor of a nearby islet on the coast , named Puerto Rico ( Rich Port ) , which had a suitable harbor . In 1511 , a second settlement , San Germán was established in the southwestern part of the island . During the 1520s , the island took the name of Puerto Rico while the port became San Juan . As part of the colonization process , African slaves were brought to the island in 1513 . Following the decline of the Taíno population , more slaves were brought to Puerto Rico ; however , the number of slaves on the island paled in comparison to those in neighboring islands . Also , early in the colonization of Puerto Rico , attempts were made to wrest control of Puerto Rico from Spain . The Caribs , a raiding tribe of the Caribbean , attacked Spanish settlements along the banks of the Daguao and Macao rivers in 1514 and again in 1521 but each time they were easily repelled by the superior Spanish firepower . However , these would not be the last attempts at control of Puerto Rico . The European powers quickly realized the potential of the newly discovered lands and attempted to gain control of them . Nonetheless , Puerto Rico remained a Spanish possession until the 19th century . The last half of the 19th century was marked by the Puerto Rican struggle for sovereignty . A census conducted in 1860 revealed a population of 583,308 . Of these , 300,406 ( 51.5 % ) were white and 282,775 ( 48.5 % ) were persons of color , the latter including people of primarily African heritage , mulattos and mestizos . The majority of the population in Puerto Rico was illiterate ( 83.7 % ) and lived in poverty , and the agricultural industry -- at the time , the main source of income -- was hampered by lack of road infrastructure , adequate tools and equipment , and natural disasters , including hurricanes and droughts . The economy also suffered from increasing tariffs and taxes imposed by the Spanish Crown . Furthermore , Spain had begun to exile or jail any person who called for liberal reforms . The Spanish -- American War broke out in 1898 , in the aftermath of the explosion of USS Maine in Havana harbor . The U.S. defeated Spain by the end of the year , and won control of Puerto Rico in the ensuing peace treaty . In the Foraker Act of 1900 , the U.S. Congress established Puerto Rico 's status as an unincorporated territory . New France ( edit ) Main articles : New France and French colonization of the Americas The 1750 possessions of Britain ( pink and purple ) , France ( blue ) , and Spain ( orange ) in contrast to the borders of contemporary Canada and the United States . New France was the vast area centered on the Saint Lawrence river , Great Lakes , Mississippi River and other major tributary rivers that was explored and claimed by France starting in the early 17th century . It was composed of several colonies : Acadia , Canada , Newfoundland , Louisiana , Île - Royale ( present - day Cape Breton Island ) , and Île Saint Jean ( present - day Prince Edward Island ) . These colonies came under British or Spanish control after the French and Indian War , though France briefly re-acquired a portion of Louisiana in 1800 . The United States would gain much of New France in the 1783 Treaty of Paris , and the U.S. would acquire another portion of French territory with the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 . The remainder of New France became part of Canada , with the exception of the French island of Saint Pierre and Miquelon . Pays d'en Haut ( edit ) By 1660 , French fur trappers , missionaries and military detachments based in Montreal pushed west along the Great Lakes upriver into the Pays d'en Haut and founded outposts at Green Bay , Fort de Buade and Saint Ignace ( both at Michilimackinac ) , Sault Sainte Marie , Vincennes , and Detroit in 1701 . During the French and Indian War ( 1754 -- 1763 ) many of these settlements became occupied by the British . By 1773 , the population of Detroit was 1,400 . At the end of the War for Independence in 1783 , the region south of the Great Lakes formally became part of the United States . Illinois country ( edit ) The Illinois country by 1752 had a French population of 2,500 ; it was located to the west of the Ohio Country and was concentrated around Kaskaskia , Cahokia , and Sainte Genevieve . According to one scholar , `` The Illinois Habitant was a gay soul ; he seemed shockingly carefree to later , self - righteous Puritans from the American colonies . '' Louisiana ( edit ) French claims to French Louisiana stretched thousands of miles from modern Louisiana north to the largely unexplored Midwest , and west to the Rocky Mountains . It was generally divided into Upper and Lower Louisiana . This vast tract was first settled at Mobile and Biloxi around 1700 , and continued to grow when 7,000 French immigrants founded New Orleans in 1718 . Settlement proceeded very slowly ; New Orleans became an important port as the gateway to the Mississippi River , but there was little other economic development because the city lacked a prosperous hinterland . In 1763 , Louisiana was ceded to Spain around New Orleans and west of the Mississippi River . In the 1780s , the western border of the newly independent United States stretched to the Mississippi River . The United States reached an agreement with Spain for navigation rights on the river and was content to let the `` feeble '' colonial power stay in control of the area . The situation changed when Napoleon forced Spain to return Louisiana to France in 1802 and threatened to close the river to American vessels . Alarmed , the United States offered to buy New Orleans . Napoleon needed funds to wage another war with Great Britain , and he doubted that France could defend such a huge and distant territory . He therefore offered to sell all of Louisiana for $15 million . The United States completed the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 , doubling the size of the nation . New Netherland ( edit ) Main articles : New Netherland and Dutch colonization of the Americas ( show ) New Netherland series Exploration Fortifications : Fort Amsterdam Fort Nassau ( North ) Fort Orange Fort Nassau ( South ) Fort Goede Hoop De Wal Fort Casimir Fort Altena Fort Wilhelmus Fort Beversreede Fort Nya Korsholm De Rondout Settlements : Noten Eylandt Nieuw Amsterdam Rensselaerswijck Nieuw Haarlem Beverwijck Wiltwijk Bergen Pavonia Vriessendael Achter Col Vlissingen Oude Dorpe Colen Donck Greenwich Heemstede Rustdorp Gravesende Breuckelen Nieuw Amersfoort Midwout Nieuw Utrecht Boswijk Swaanendael Nieuw Amstel Nieuw Dorp The Patroon System Charter of Freedoms and Exemptions Cornelius Jacobsen May ( 1620 -- 25 ) Willem Verhulst ( 1625 -- 26 ) Peter Minuit ( 1626 -- 32 ) Sebastiaen Jansen Krol ( 1632 -- 33 ) Wouter van Twiller ( 1633 -- 38 ) Willem Kieft ( 1638 -- 47 ) Peter Stuyvesant ( 1647 -- 64 ) People of New Netherland New Netherlander Twelve Men Eight Men Nine Men Flushing Remonstrance A map of New Amsterdam in 1660 Nieuw - Nederland , or New Netherland , was a colonial province of the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands chartered in 1614 , in what became New York State , New Jersey , and parts of other neighboring states . The peak population was less than 10,000 . The Dutch established a patroon system with feudal - like rights given to a few powerful landholders ; they also established religious tolerance and free trade . The colony 's capital of New Amsterdam was founded in 1625 and located at the southern tip of the island of Manhattan , which grew to become a major world city . The city was captured by the English in 1664 ; they took complete control of the colony in 1674 and renamed it New York . However the Dutch landholdings remained , and the Hudson River Valley maintained a traditional Dutch character until the 1820s . Traces of Dutch influence remain in present - day northern New Jersey and southeastern New York State , such as homes , family surnames , and the names of roads and whole towns . New Sweden ( edit ) Main articles : New Sweden and Swedish colonization of the Americas Map of New Sweden by Amandus Johnson New Sweden ( Swedish : Nya Sverige ) was a Swedish colony that existed along the Delaware River Valley from 1638 to 1655 and encompassed land in present - day Delaware , southern New Jersey , and southeastern Pennsylvania . The several hundred settlers were centered around the capital of Fort Christina , at the location of what is today the city of Wilmington , Delaware . The colony also had settlements near the present - day location of Salem , New Jersey ( Fort Nya Elfsborg ) and on Tinicum Island , Pennsylvania . The colony was captured by the Dutch in 1655 and merged into New Netherland , with most of the colonists remaining . Years later , the entire New Netherland colony was incorporated into England 's colonial holdings . The colony of New Sweden introduced Lutheranism to America in the form of some of the continent 's oldest European churches . The colonists also introduced the log cabin to America , and numerous rivers , towns , and families in the lower Delaware River Valley region derive their names from the Swedes . The Nothnagle Log House in present - day Gibbstown , New Jersey was constructed in the late 1630s during the time of the New Sweden colony . It remains the oldest European - built house in New Jersey and is believed to be one of the oldest surviving log houses in the United States . Russian colonies ( edit ) Main articles : Russian America and Russian colonization of the Americas Russia explored the area that became Alaska , starting with the Second Kamchatka expedition in the 1730s and early 1740s . Their first settlement was founded in 1784 by Grigory Shelikhov . The Russian - American Company was formed in 1799 with the influence of Nikolay Rezanov , for the purpose of buying sea otters for their fur from native hunters . In 1867 , the U.S. purchased Alaska , and nearly all Russians abandoned the area except a few missionaries of the Russian Orthodox Church working among the natives . English colonies ( edit ) See also : English overseas possessions , British America , British colonization of the Americas , and Thirteen Colonies The 1606 grants by James I to the London and Plymouth companies . The overlapping area ( yellow ) was granted to both companies on the stipulation that neither found a settlement within 100 miles ( 160 km ) of each other . The location of the Jamestown Settlement is shown by `` J '' England made its first successful efforts at the start of the 17th century for several reasons . During this era , English proto - nationalism and national assertiveness blossomed under the threat of Spanish invasion , assisted by a degree of Protestant militarism and the energy of Queen Elizabeth . At this time , however , there was no official attempt by the English government to create a colonial empire . Rather , the motivation behind the founding of colonies was piecemeal and variable . Practical considerations played their parts , such as commercial enterprise , over-crowding , and the desire for freedom of religion . The main waves of settlement came in the 17th century . After 1700 , most immigrants to Colonial America arrived as indentured servants , young unmarried men and women seeking a new life in a much richer environment . The consensus view among economic historians and economists is that the indentured servitude occurred largely as `` an institutional response to a capital market imperfection , '' but that it `` enabled prospective migrants to borrow against their future earnings in order to pay the high cost of passage to America . '' Between the late 1610s and the American Revolution , the British shipped an estimated 50,000 to 120,000 convicts to its American colonies . Dr. Alexander Hamilton ( 1712 -- 1756 ) was a Scottish - born doctor and writer who lived and worked in Annapolis , Maryland . Leo Lemay says that his 1744 travel diary Gentleman 's Progress : The Itinerarium of Dr. Alexander Hamilton is `` the best single portrait of men and manners , of rural and urban life , of the wide range of society and scenery in colonial America . '' His diary has been widely used by scholars , and covers his travels from Maryland to Maine . Biographer Elaine Breslaw says that he encountered : the relatively primitive social milieu of the New World . He faced unfamiliar and challenging social institutions : the labor system that relied on black slaves , extraordinarily fluid social statuses , distasteful business methods , unpleasant conversational quirks , as well as variant habits of dress , food , and drink . Chesapeake Bay area ( edit ) Main articles : Jamestown , Virginia ; Colony of Virginia ; and Province of Maryland Virginia ( edit ) The first successful English colony was Jamestown , established May 14 , 1607 near Chesapeake Bay . The business venture was financed and coordinated by the London Virginia Company , a joint stock company looking for gold . Its first years were extremely difficult , with very high death rates from disease and starvation , wars with local Indians , and little gold . The colony survived and flourished by turning to tobacco as a cash crop . By the late 17th century , Virginia 's export economy was largely based on tobacco , and new , richer settlers came in to take up large portions of land , build large plantations and import indentured servants and slaves . In 1676 , Bacon 's Rebellion occurred , but was suppressed by royal officials . After Bacon 's Rebellion , African slaves rapidly replaced indentured servants as Virginia 's main labor force . The colonial assembly shared power with a royally appointed governor . On a more local level , governmental power was invested in county courts , which were self - perpetuating ( the incumbents filled any vacancies and there never were popular elections ) . As cash crop producers , Chesapeake plantations were heavily dependent on trade with England . With easy navigation by river , there were few towns and no cities ; planters shipped directly to Britain . High death rates and a very young population profile characterized the colony during its first years . Randall Miller points out that `` America had no titled aristocracy ... although one aristocrat , Lord Thomas Fairfax , did take up residence in Virginia in 1734 . '' Lord Fairfax ( 1693 - 1781 ) was a Scottish baron who came to America permanently to oversee his family 's vast land holdings . Historian Arthur Schlesinger says that he `` was unique among the permanent comers in bearing so high a rank as baron . '' He was a patron of George Washington and was not disturbed during the war . New England ( edit ) Main articles : History of New England , Connecticut Colony , Plymouth Colony , Massachusetts Bay Colony , Province of New Hampshire , and Colony of Rhode Island Puritans ( edit ) Main articles : Puritans and Pilgrims ( Plymouth Colony ) The Pilgrims were a small group of Puritan separatists who felt that they needed to physically distance themselves themselves from the Church of England . They initially moved to the Netherlands , then decided to re-establish themselves in America . The initial Pilgrim settlers sailed to North America in 1620 on the Mayflower . Upon their arrival , they drew up the Mayflower Compact , by which they bound themselves together as a united community , thus establishing the small Plymouth Colony . William Bradford was their main leader . After its founding , other settlers traveled from England to join the colony . The non-separatist Puritans constituted a much larger group than the Pilgrims , and they established the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1629 with 400 settlers . They sought to reform the Church of England by creating a new , pure church in the New World . By 1640 , 20,000 had arrived ; many died soon after arrival , but the others found a healthy climate and an ample food supply . The Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay colonies together spawned other Puritan colonies in New England , including the New Haven , Saybrook , and Connecticut colonies . During the 17th century , the New Haven and Saybrook colonies were absorbed by Connecticut . The Puritans created a deeply religious , socially tight - knit , and politically innovative culture that still influences the modern United States . They hoped that this new land would serve as a `` redeemer nation '' . They fled England and attempted to create a `` nation of saints '' or a `` City upon a Hill '' in America : an intensely religious , thoroughly righteous community designed to be an example for all of Europe . Economically , Puritan New England fulfilled the expectations of its founders . The Puritan economy was based on the efforts of self - supporting farmsteads that traded only for goods which they could not produce themselves , unlike the cash crop - oriented plantations of the Chesapeake region . There was a generally higher economic standing and standard of living in New England than in the Chesapeake . New England became an important mercantile and shipbuilding center , along with agriculture , fishing , and logging , serving as the hub for trading between the southern colonies and Europe . Other New England ( edit ) Providence Plantation was founded in 1636 by Roger Williams on land provided by Narragansett sachem Canonicus . Williams was a Puritan who preached religious tolerance , separation of Church and State , and a complete break with the Church of England . He was banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony over theological disagreements , and he and other settlers founded Providence Plantation based on an egalitarian constitution providing for majority rule `` in civil things '' and `` liberty of conscience '' in religious matters . In 1637 , a second group including Anne Hutchinson established a second settlement on Aquidneck Island , also known as Rhode Island . Other colonists settled to the north , mingling with adventurers and profit - oriented settlers to establish more religiously diverse colonies in New Hampshire and Maine . These small settlements were absorbed by Massachusetts when it made significant land claims in the 1640s and 1650s , but New Hampshire was eventually given a separate charter in 1679 . Maine remained a part of Massachusetts until achieving statehood in 1820 . Dominion of New England ( edit ) Under King James II of England , the New England colonies , New York , and the Jerseys were briefly united as the Dominion of New England ( 1686 -- 89 ) . The administration was eventually led by Governor Sir Edmund Andros and seized colonial charters , revoked land titles , and ruled without local assemblies , causing anger among the population . The 1689 Boston revolt was inspired by England 's Glorious Revolution against James II and led to the arrest of Andros , Boston Anglicans , and senior dominion officials by the Massachusetts militia . Andros was jailed for several months , then returned to England . The Dominion of New England was dissolved and governments resumed under their earlier charters . However , the Massachusetts charter had been revoked in 1684 , and a new one was issued in 1691 that combined Massachusetts and Plymouth into the Province of Massachusetts Bay . King William III sought to unite the New England colonies militarily by appointing the Earl of Bellomont to three simultaneous governorships and military command over Connecticut and Rhode Island . However , these attempts failed at unified control . Middle colonies ( edit ) Main article : Middle Colonies The Middle Colonies consisted of the present - day states of New York , New Jersey , Pennsylvania , and Delaware and were characterized by a large degree of diversity -- religious , political , economic , and ethnic . The Dutch colony of New Netherland was taken over by the British and renamed New York . However , large numbers of Dutch remained in the colony , dominating the rural areas between New York City and Albany . Meanwhile , Yankees from New England started moving in , as did immigrants from Germany . New York City attracted a large polyglot population , including a large black slave population . New Jersey began as a division of New York , and was divided into the proprietary colonies of East and West Jersey for a time . Pennsylvania was founded in 1681 as a proprietary colony of Quaker William Penn . The main population elements included Quaker population based in Philadelphia , a Scotch Irish population on the Western frontier , and numerous German colonies in between . Philadelphia became the largest city in the colonies with its central location , excellent port , and a population of about 30,000 . By the mid-18th century , Pennsylvania was basically a middle - class colony with limited deference to the small upper - class . A writer in the Pennsylvania Journal summed it up in 1756 : The People of this Province are generally of the middling Sort , and at present pretty much upon a Level . They are chiefly industrious Farmers , Artificers or Men in Trade ; they enjoy in ( are fond of ) Freedom , and the meanest among them thinks he has a right to Civility from the greatest . South ( edit ) The predominant culture of the South was rooted in the settlement of the region by British colonists . In the seventeenth century , most voluntary immigrants were of English origins who settled chiefly along the coastal regions of the Eastern seaboard . The majority of early British settlers were indentured servants , who gained freedom after enough work to pay off their passage . The wealthier men who paid their way received land grants known as headrights , to encourage settlement . The French and Spanish established colonies in Florida , Louisiana , and Texas . The Spanish colonized Florida in the 16th century , with their communities reaching a peak in the late 17th century . In the British and French colonies , most immigrants arrived after 1700 . They cleared land , built houses and outbuildings , and worked on the large plantations that dominated export agriculture . Many were involved in the labor - intensive cultivation of tobacco , the first cash crop of Virginia . With a decrease in the number of British willing to go to the colonies in the eighteenth century , planters began importing more enslaved Africans , who became the predominant labor force on the plantations . Tobacco exhausted the soil quickly , requiring new fields to be cleared on a regular basis . Old fields were used as pasture and for crops such as corn and wheat , or allowed to grow into woodlots . Also in the seventeenth century , colonists started importing African laborers . In the coastal and other settlements , early workers lived closely together in a multiracial society . Europeans married and made unions with Africans and Native Americans . The colonies gradually passed laws that hardened early conditions of indenture into lifelong racial slavery attached to African descent . Africans contributed to the economy of rice and indigo cultivation with their skilled knowledge , technology and labor , as well as to all the commodity crops ; and to every aspect of culture ( food , music , stories and religion ) . Rice cultivation in South Carolina became another major commodity crop . Some historians have argued that slaves from the lowlands of western Africa , where rice was a basic crop , provided key skills , knowledge and technology for irrigation and construction of earthworks to support rice cultivation . The early methods and tools used in South Carolina were congruent with those in Africa . British immigrants would have had little or no familiarity with the complex process of growing rice in fields flooded by irrigation works . Africans were instrumental in the development of major earthworks for cultivating these commodities , as well as in the knowledge of technology and techniques for processing . The earthworks included extensive , elaborate systems of dams and irrigation for rice . In the mid - to late - 18th century , large groups of Scots and Ulster - Scots ( later called the Scots - Irish ) immigrated and settled in the back country of Appalachia and the Piedmont . They were the largest group of immigrants from the British Isles before the American Revolution . In a census taken in 2000 of Americans and their self - reported ancestries , areas where people reported ' American ' ancestry were the places where , historically , many Scottish , Scotch - Irish and English Borderer Protestants settled in America : the interior as well as some of the coastal areas of the South , and especially the Appalachian region . The population with some Scots and Scots - Irish ancestry may number 47 million , as most people have multiple heritages , some of which they may not know . The early colonists , especially the Scots - Irish in the back - country , engaged in warfare , trade , and cultural exchanges . Those living in the backcountry were more likely to join with Creek Indians , Cherokee , and Choctaws and other regional native groups . The oldest university in the South , The College of William & Mary , was founded in 1693 in Virginia ; it pioneered in the teaching of political economy and educated future U.S. Presidents Jefferson , Monroe and Tyler , all from Virginia . Indeed , the entire region dominated politics in the First Party System era : for example , four of the first five Presidents -- Washington , Jefferson , Madison , and Monroe -- were from Virginia . The two oldest public universities are also in the South : the University of North Carolina ( 1795 ) and the University of Georgia ( 1785 ) . The colonial South included the plantation colonies of the Chesapeake region ( Virginia , Maryland , and , by some classifications , Delaware ) and the lower South ( Carolina , which eventually split into North and South Carolina ; and Georgia ) . Chesapeake society ( edit ) The top five percent or so of the white population of Virginia and Maryland in the mid-18th century were planters who possessed growing wealth and increasing political power and social prestige . They controlled the local Anglican church , choosing ministers and handling church property and disbursing local charity . They sought election to the house of purchases or appointment as justice of the peace . About 60 percent of white Virginians were part of a broad middle class that owned substantial farms . By the second generation , death rates from malaria and other local diseases had declined so much that a stable family structure was possible . The bottom third owned no land and verged on poverty . Many were recent arrivals , recently released from indentured servitude . In some districts near present - day Washington DC , 70 percent of the land was owned by a handful of families , and three fourths of the whites had no land at all . Large numbers of Irish and German Protestants had settled in the frontier districts , often moving down from Pennsylvania . Tobacco was not important here ; farmers focused on hemp , grain , cattle , and horses . Entrepreneurs had begun to mine and smelt the local iron ores . Sports occupied a great deal of attention at every social level , starting at the top . In England , hunting was sharply restricted to landowners and enforced by armed gameskeepers . In America , game was more than plentiful . Everyone could and did hunt , including servants and slaves . Poor men with good rifle skills won praise ; rich gentlemen who were off target won ridicule . In 1691 , governor Sir Francis Nicholson organized competitions for the `` better sort of Virginians onely who are Batchelors , '' and he offered prizes `` to be shot for , wrastled , played at backswords , & Run for by Horse and foott . '' Horse racing was the main event . The typical farmer did not own a horse in the first place , and racing was a matter for gentlemen only , but ordinary farmers were spectators and gamblers . Selected slaves often became skilled horse trainers . Horse racing was especially important for knitting together the gentry . The race was a major public event designed to demonstrate to the world the superior social status of the gentry through expensive breeding , training , boasting , and gambling , and especially winning the races themselves . Historian Timothy Breen explains that horse racing and high - stakes gambling were essential to maintaining the status of the gentry . When they publicly bet a large sum on their favorite horse , it told the world that competitiveness , individualism , and materialism where the core elements of gentry values . Historian Edmund Morgan ( 1975 ) argues that Virginians in the 1650s and for the next two centuries turned to slavery and a racial divide as an alternative to class conflict . `` Racism made it possible for white Virginians to develop a devotion to the equality that English republicans had declared to be the soul of liberty . '' That is , white men became politically much more equal than was possible without a population of low - status slaves . By 1700 , the Virginia population reached 70,000 and continued to grow rapidly from a high birth rate , low death rate , importation of slaves from the Caribbean , and immigration from Britain , Germany , and Pennsylvania . The climate was mild ; the farm lands were cheap and fertile . Carolinas ( edit ) Main articles : History of South Carolina , History of North Carolina , and Province of Carolina The Province of Carolina was the first attempted English settlement south of Virginia . It was a private venture , financed by a group of English Lords Proprietors who obtained a Royal Charter to the Carolinas in 1663 , hoping that a new colony in the south would become profitable like Jamestown . Carolina was not settled until 1670 , and even then the first attempt failed because there was no incentive for emigration to that area . Eventually , however , the Lords combined their remaining capital and financed a settlement mission to the area led by Sir John Colleton . The expedition located fertile and defensible ground at what became Charleston , originally Charles Town for Charles II of England . The original settlers in South Carolina established a lucrative trade in food for the slave plantations in the Caribbean . The settlers came mainly from the English colony of Barbados and brought African slaves with them . Barbados was a wealthy sugarcane plantation island , one of the early English colonies to use large numbers of Africans in plantation - style agriculture . The cultivation of rice was introduced during the 1690s and became an important export crop . At first , South Carolina was politically divided . Its ethnic makeup included the original settlers ( a group of rich , slave - owning English settlers from the island of Barbados ) and Huguenots , a French - speaking community of Protestants . Nearly continuous frontier warfare during the era of King William 's War and Queen Anne 's War drove economic and political wedges between merchants and planters . The disaster of the 1715 Yamasee War threatened the colony 's viability and set off a decade of political turmoil . By 1729 , the proprietary government had collapsed , and the Proprietors sold both colonies back to the British crown . North Carolina had the smallest upper - class . The richest 10 percent owned about 40 percent of all land , compared to 50 to 60 percent in neighboring Virginia and South Carolina . There were no cities of any size and very few towns , so there was scarcely an urban middle class at all . Heavily rural North Carolina was dominated by subsistence farmers with small operations . In addition , one fourth of the whites had no land at all . Georgia ( edit ) Main article : Province of Georgia Savannah , Georgia Colony , early 18th century British Member of Parliament James Oglethorpe established the Georgia Colony in 1733 as a solution to two problems . At that time , tension was high between Spain and Great Britain , and the British feared that Spanish Florida was threatening the British Carolinas . Oglethorpe decided to establish a colony in the contested border region of Georgia and to populate it with debtors who would otherwise have been imprisoned according to standard British practice . This plan would both rid Great Britain of its undesirable elements and provide her with a base from which to attack Florida . The first colonists arrived in 1733 . Georgia was established on strict moralistic principles . Slavery was officially forbidden , as were alcohol and other forms of immorality . However , the reality of the colony was far different . The colonists rejected a moralistic lifestyle and complained that their colony could not compete economically with the Carolina rice plantations . Georgia initially failed to prosper , but eventually the restrictions were lifted , slavery was allowed , and it became as prosperous as the Carolinas . The colony of Georgia never had an established religion ; it consisted of people of various faiths . East and West Florida ( edit ) Main articles : British Florida , East Florida , and West Florida Spain ceded Florida to Great Britain in 1763 , which established the colonies of East and West Florida . The Floridas remained loyal to Great Britain during the American Revolution . They were returned to Spain in 1783 in exchange for the Bahamas , at which time most of the British left . The Spanish then neglected the Floridas ; few Spaniards lived there when the US bought the area in 1819 . Unification of the British colonies ( edit ) Colonial wars : a common defense ( edit ) Main article : Colonial American military history Efforts began as early as the 1640s toward a common defense of the colonies , principally against shared threats from Indians , the French , and the Dutch . The Puritan colonies of New England formed a confederation to coordinate military and judicial matters . From the 1670s , several royal governors attempted to find means of coordinating defensive and offensive military matters , notably Sir Edmund Andros ( who governed New York , New England , and Virginia at various times ) and Francis Nicholson ( governed Maryland , Virginia , Nova Scotia , and Carolina ) . After King Phillips War , Andros successfully negotiated the Covenant Chain , a series of Indian treaties that brought relative calm to the frontiers of the middle colonies for many years . The northern colonies experienced numerous assaults from the Wabanaki Confederacy and the French from Acadia during the four French and Indian Wars , particularly present - day Maine and New Hampshire , as well as Father Rale 's War and Father Le Loutre 's War . Siege of Louisbourg ( 1745 ) by Peter Monamy One event that reminded colonists of their shared identity as British subjects was the War of the Austrian Succession ( 1740 -- 1748 ) in Europe . This conflict spilled over into the colonies , where it was known as `` King George 's War '' . The major battles took place in Europe , but American colonial troops fought the French and their Indian allies in New York , New England , and Nova Scotia with the Siege of Louisbourg ( 1745 ) . At the Albany Congress of 1754 , Benjamin Franklin proposed that the colonies be united by a Grand Council overseeing a common policy for defense , expansion , and Indian affairs . The plan was thwarted by colonial legislatures and King George II , but it was an early indication that the British colonies of North America were headed towards unification . French and Indian War ( edit ) Main article : French and Indian War George Washington during the French and Indian War Benjamin Franklin 's political cartoon calling for colonial unity during the French and Indian War , used again during the American Revolution . The French and Indian War ( 1754 -- 1763 ) was the American extension of the general European conflict known as the Seven Years ' War . Previous colonial wars in North America had started in Europe and then spread to the colonies , but the French and Indian War is notable for having started in North America and spread to Europe . One of the primary causes of the war was increasing competition between Britain and France , especially in the Great Lakes and Ohio valley . The French and Indian War took on a new significance for the British North American colonists when William Pitt the Elder decided that major military resources needed to be devoted to North America in order to win the war against France . For the first time , the continent became one of the main theaters of what could be termed a `` world war '' . During the war , the position of the British colonies as part of the British Empire was made truly apparent , as British military and civilian officials took on an increased presence in the lives of Americans . The war also increased a sense of American unity in other ways . It caused men to travel across the continent who might otherwise have never left their own colony , fighting alongside men from decidedly different backgrounds who were nonetheless still `` American '' . Throughout the course of the war , British officers trained American ones for battle , most notably George Washington , which benefitted the American cause during the Revolution . Also , colonial legislatures and officials had to cooperate intensively , for the first time , in pursuit of the continent - wide military effort . The relations between the British military establishment and the colonists were not always positive , setting the stage for later distrust and dislike of British troops . Territorial changes following the French and Indian War : land held by the British before 1763 is shown in red , land gained by Britain in 1763 is shown in pink . In the Treaty of Paris ( 1763 ) , France formally ceded to Britain the eastern part of its vast North American empire , having secretly given to Spain the territory of Louisiana west of the Mississippi River the previous year . Before the war , Britain held the thirteen American colonies , most of present - day Nova Scotia , and most of the Hudson Bay watershed . Following the war , Britain gained all French territory east of the Mississippi River , including Quebec , the Great Lakes , and the Ohio River valley . Britain also gained Spanish Florida , from which it formed the colonies of East and West Florida . In removing a major foreign threat to the thirteen colonies , the war also largely removed the colonists ' need of colonial protection . The British and colonists triumphed jointly over a common foe . The colonists ' loyalty to the mother country was stronger than ever before . However , disunity was beginning to form . British Prime Minister William Pitt the Elder had decided to wage the war in the colonies with the use of troops from the colonies and tax funds from Britain itself . This was a successful wartime strategy but , after the war was over , each side believed that it had borne a greater burden than the other . The British elite , the most heavily taxed of any in Europe , pointed out angrily that the colonists paid little to the royal coffers . The colonists replied that their sons had fought and died in a war that served European interests more than their own . This dispute was a link in the chain of events that soon brought about the American Revolution . Ties to the British empire ( edit ) The colonies were very different from one another but they were still a part of the British Empire in more than just name . Socially , the colonial elite of Boston , New York , Charleston , and Philadelphia saw their identity as British . Many had never been to Britain , yet they imitated British styles of dress , dance , and etiquette . This social upper echelon built its mansions in the Georgian style , copied the furniture designs of Thomas Chippendale , and participated in the intellectual currents of Europe , such as the Enlightenment . The seaport cities of colonial America were truly British cities in the eyes of many inhabitants . Republicanism ( edit ) Many of the political structures of the colonies drew upon the republicanism expressed by opposition leaders in Britain , most notably the Commonwealth men and the Whig traditions . Many Americans at the time saw the colonies ' systems of governance as modeled after the British constitution of the time , with the king corresponding to the governor , the House of Commons to the colonial assembly , and the House of Lords to the governor 's council . The codes of law of the colonies were often drawn directly from English law ; indeed , English common law survives not only in Canada , but also throughout the United States . Eventually , it was a dispute over the meaning of some of these political ideals ( especially political representation ) and republicanism that led to the American Revolution . Consumption of British goods ( edit ) Another point on which the colonies found themselves more similar than different was the booming import of British goods . The British economy had begun to grow rapidly at the end of the 17th century and , by the mid-18th century , small factories in Britain were producing much more than the nation could consume . Britain found a market for their goods in the British colonies of North America , increasing her exports to that region by 360 % between 1740 and 1770 . British merchants offered credit to their customers ; this allowed Americans to buy a large amount of British goods . From Nova Scotia to Georgia , all British subjects bought similar products , creating and anglicizing a sort of common identity . Atlantic world ( edit ) In recent years , historians have enlarged their perspective to cover the entire Atlantic world in a subfield now known as Atlantic history . Of special interest are such themes as international migration , trade , colonization , comparative military and governmental institutions , the transmission of religions and missionary work , and the slave trade . It was the Age of the Enlightenment , and ideas flowed back and forth across the Atlantic , with Philadelphian Benjamin Franklin playing a major role . Francois Furstenberg ( 2008 ) offers a different perspective on the historical period . He suggests that warfare was critical among the major imperial players : Britain , the American colonies , Spain , France , and the First Nations ( Indians ) . They fought a series of conflicts from 1754 to 1815 that Furstenberg calls a `` Long War for the West '' over control of the region . Women played a role in the emergence of the capitalist economy in the Atlantic world . The types of local commercial exchange in which they participated independently were well integrated with the trade networks between colonial merchants throughout the Atlantic region , especially markets in dairy and produce commodities . For example , local women merchants were important suppliers of foodstuffs to transatlantic shipping concerns . Growing dissent and the American Revolution ( edit ) Main article : American Revolution In the colonial era , Americans insisted on their rights as Englishmen to have their own legislature raise all taxes . Tax loads in practice were very light and far lower than in England . Beginning in 1765 , the British Parliament asserted its supreme authority to lay taxes , and a series of American protests began that led directly to the American Revolution . The first wave of protests attacked the Stamp Act of 1765 , and marked the first time that Americans met together from each of the 13 colonies and planned a common front against British taxation . The Boston Tea Party of 1773 dumped British tea into Boston Harbor because it contained a hidden tax that Americans refused to pay . The British responded by trying to crush traditional liberties in Massachusetts , leading to the American revolution starting in 1775 . The idea of independence steadily became more widespread , after being first proposed and advocated by a number of public figures and commentators throughout the Colonies . One of the most prominent voices on behalf of independence was Thomas Paine in his pamphlet Common Sense published in 1776 . Another group which called for independence was the Sons of Liberty , which had been founded in 1765 in Boston by Samuel Adams and which was now becoming even more strident and numerous . The Parliament attempted a series of taxes and punishments which met more and more resistance : First Quartering Act ( 1765 ) ; Declaratory Act ( 1766 ) ; Townshend Revenue Act ( 1767 ) ; and Tea Act ( 1773 ) . In response to the Boston Tea Party , Parliament passed the Intolerable Acts : Second Quartering Act ( 1774 ) ; Quebec Act ( 1774 ) ; Massachusetts Government Act ( 1774 ) ; Administration of Justice Act ( 1774 ) ; Boston Port Act ( 1774 ) ; Prohibitory Act ( 1775 ) . By this point , the 13 colonies had organized themselves into the Continental Congress and began setting up shadow governments and drilling their militia in preparation for war . Colonial life ( edit ) British colonial government ( edit ) In the British colonies , the three forms of government were provincial ( royal colony ) , proprietary , and charter . These governments were all subordinate to the King of England , with no explicit relationship with the British ( Parliament of Great Britain Parliament ) ) . Beginning late in the 17th century , the administration of all British colonies was overseen by the Board of Trade in London . Each colony had a paid colonial agent in London to represent its interests . New Hampshire , New York , Virginia , North Carolina , South Carolina , Georgia , and eventually Massachusetts were crown colonies . The provincial colony was governed by commissions created at pleasure of the king . A governor and ( in some provinces ) his council were appointed by the crown . The governor was invested with general executive powers and authorized to call a locally elected assembly . The governor 's council would sit as an upper house when the assembly was in session , in addition to its role in advising the governor . Assemblies were made up of representatives elected by the freeholders and planters ( landowners ) of the province . The governor had the power of absolute veto and could prorogue ( i.e. , delay ) and dissolve the assembly . The assembly 's role was to make all local laws and ordinances , ensuring that they were not inconsistent with the laws of England . In practice , this did not always occur , since many of the provincial assemblies sought to expand their powers and limit those of the governor and crown . Laws could be examined by the British Privy Council or Board of Trade , which also held veto power of legislation . Pennsylvania ( which included Delaware ) , New Jersey , and Maryland were proprietary colonies . They were governed much as royal colonies except that lord proprietors , rather than the king , appointed the governor . They were set up after the Restoration of 1660 and typically enjoyed greater civil and religious liberty . Massachusetts , Providence Plantation , Rhode Island , Warwick , and Connecticut were charter colonies . The Massachusetts charter was revoked in 1684 and was replaced by a provincial charter that was issued in 1691 . Charter governments were political corporations created by letters patent , giving the grantees control of the land and the powers of legislative government . The charters provided a fundamental constitution and divided powers among legislative , executive , and judicial functions , with those powers being vested in officials . Political culture ( edit ) The primary political cultures of the United States had their origins in the colonial period . Most theories of political culture identify New England , the Mid-Atlantic , and the South as having formed separate and distinct political cultures . As Bonomi ( 1971 ) shows , the most distinctive feature of colonial society was the vibrant political culture , which attracted the most talented and ambitious young men into politics . First , suffrage was the most generous in the world , with every man allowed to vote who owned a certain amount of property . Fewer than one - percent of British men could vote , whereas a majority of American freemen were eligible . The roots of democracy were present , although deference was typically shown to social elites in colonial elections . Second , a very wide range of public and private business was decided by elected bodies in the colonies , especially the assemblies and county governments in each colony . They handled land grants , commercial subsidies , and taxation , as well as oversight of roads , poor relief , taverns , and schools . Americans sued each other at a very high rate , with binding decisions made not by a great lord but by local judges and juries . This promoted the rapid expansion of the legal profession , so that the intense involvement of lawyers in politics became an American characteristic by the 1770s . Third , the American colonies were exceptional in the world because of the representation of many different interest groups in political decision - making . The American political culture was open to economic , social , religious , ethnic , and geographical interests , with merchants , landlords , petty farmers , artisans , Anglicans , Presbyterians , Quakers , Germans , Scotch Irish , Yankees , Yorkers , and many other identifiable groups taking part . Elected representatives learned to listen to these interests because 90 % of the men in the lower houses lived in their districts , unlike England where it was common to have an absentee member of Parliament . All of this was very unlike Europe , where aristocratic families and the established church were in control . Finally and most dramatically , the Americans were fascinated by and increasingly adopted the political values of Republicanism which stressed equal rights , the need for virtuous citizens , and the evils of corruption , luxury , and aristocracy . Republicanism provided the framework for colonial resistance to British schemes of taxation after 1763 , which escalated into the Revolution . None of the colonies had stable political parties of the sort that formed in the 1790s , but each had shifting factions that vied for power , especially in the perennial battles between the appointed governor and the elected assembly . There were often `` country '' and `` court '' factions , representing those opposed to the governor 's agenda and those in favor of it , respectively . Massachusetts had particularly low requirements for voting eligibility and strong rural representation in its assembly from its 1691 charter ; consequently , it also had a strong populist faction that represented the province 's lower classes . Up and down the colonies , non-English ethnic groups had clusters of settlements . The most numerous were the Scotch Irish and the Germans . Each group assimilated into the dominant English , Protestant , commercial , and political culture , albeit with local variations . They tended to vote in blocs , and politicians negotiated with group leaders for votes . They generally retained their historic languages and cultural traditions , even as they merged into the developing American culture . Ethnocultural factors were most visible in Pennsylvania . During 1756 -- 76 , the Quakers were the largest faction in the legislature , but they were losing their dominance to the growing Presbyterian faction based on Scotch - Irish votes , supported by Germans . Medical conditions ( edit ) Main articles : Disease in colonial America and History of medicine in the United States Mortality was very high for new arrivals , and high for children in the colonial era . Malaria was deadly to many new arrivals in the Southern colonies . For an example of newly arrived able - bodied young men , over one - fourth of the Anglican missionaries died within five years of their arrival in the Carolinas . Mortality was high for infants and small children , especially from diphtheria , yellow fever , and malaria . Most sick people turned to local healers and used folk remedies . Others relied upon the minister - physicians , barber - surgeons , apothecaries , midwives , and ministers ; a few used colonial physicians trained either in Britain or an apprenticeship in the colonies . There was little government control , regulation of medical care , or attention to public health . Colonial physicians introduced modern medicine to the cities in the 18th century , following the models in England and Scotland , and made some advances in vaccination , pathology , anatomy , and pharmacology . Religion ( edit ) Main article : History of religion in the United States The religious history of the United States began with the first Pilgrim settlers who came on the Mayflower in 1620 . Their Puritan faith motivated their move from Europe . The Spanish set up a network of Catholic missions in California , but they had all closed decades before 1848 when California became part of the U.S. There were a few important French Catholic churches and institutions in New Orleans . Most of the settlers came from Protestant backgrounds in England and Western Europe , with a small proportion of Catholics ( chiefly in Maryland ) and a few Jews in port cities . The English and the Germans brought along multiple Protestant denominations . Several colonies had an `` established '' church , which meant that local tax money went to the established denomination . Freedom of religion became a basic American principle , and numerous new movements emerged , many of which became established denominations in their own right . The Puritans of New England kept in close touch with nonconformists in England , as did the Quakers and the Methodists . The Church of England ( Anglican ) was officially established in five Southern colonies , which meant that local taxes paid the salary of the clergy . The parish had civic responsibilities such as poor relief . The local gentry controlled the budget , rather than the clergy . The Crown never appointed a bishop in the American colonies because of resistance from other churches . Anglicans in America were under the authority of the Bishop of London . He sent out missionaries from England and ordained men from the Colonies to minister there in parishes . Historians debate how influential Christianity was in the era of the American Revolution . Many of the founding fathers were active in a local church ; some of them had Deist sentiments , such as Jefferson , Franklin , and Washington . Catholics were few outside of Maryland ; however , they played the Patriot role during the Revolution . Leaders such as George Washington strongly endorsed tolerance for them and indeed for all denominations . Great Awakening ( edit ) Main article : First Great Awakening The First Great Awakening was the nation 's first major religious revival , occurring in the middle of the 18th century , and it injected new vigor into Christian faith . It was a wave of religious enthusiasm among Protestants that swept the colonies in the 1730s and 1740s , leaving a permanent impact on American religion . Jonathan Edwards was a key leader and a powerful intellectual in colonial America . George Whitefield came over from England and made many converts . The Great Awakening emphasized the traditional Reformed virtues of Godly preaching , rudimentary liturgy , and a deep awareness of personal sin and redemption by Christ Jesus , spurred on by powerful preaching that deeply affected listeners . Pulling away from ritual and ceremony , the Great Awakening made religion personal to the average person . The Awakening had a major impact in reshaping the Congregational , Presbyterian , Dutch Reformed , and German Reformed denominations , and it strengthened the small Baptist and Methodist denominations . It brought Christianity to the slaves and was a powerful event in New England that challenged established authority . It incited rancor and division between the new revivalists and the old traditionalists who insisted on ritual and liturgy . The Awakening had little impact on Anglicans and Quakers . The First Great Awakening focused on people who were already church members , unlike the Second Great Awakening that began around 1800 and reached out to the unchurched . It changed their rituals , their piety , and their self - awareness . The new style of sermons and the way that people practiced their faith breathed new life into religion in America . People became passionately and emotionally involved in their religion , rather than passively listening to intellectual discourse in a detached manner . Ministers who used this new style of preaching were generally called `` new lights '' , while the traditional - styled preachers were called `` old lights '' . People began to study the Bible at home , which effectively decentralized the means of informing the public on religious manners and was akin to the individualistic trends present in Europe during the Protestant Reformation . Women 's roles ( edit ) See also : Cuisine of the Thirteen Colonies The experiences of women varied greatly from colony to colony during the colonial era . In New England , the Puritan settlers brought their strong religious values with them to the New World , which dictated that a woman be submissive to her husband and dedicate herself to rearing God - fearing children to the best of her ability . There were ethnic differences in the treatment of women . Among Puritan settlers in New England , wives almost never worked in the fields with their husbands . In German communities in Pennsylvania , however , many women worked in fields and stables . German and Dutch immigrants granted women more control over property , which was not permitted in the local English law . Unlike English colonial wives , German and Dutch wives owned their own clothes and other items and were also given the ability to write wills disposing of the property brought into the marriage . By the mid-18th century , the values of the American Enlightenment became established and weakened the view that husbands were natural `` rulers '' over their wives . There was a new sense of shared marriage . Legally , husbands took control of wives ' property when marrying . Divorce was almost impossible until the late eighteenth century . Slaves ( edit ) Main article : Slavery in the colonial United States Slaves imported to American colonies 1620 - 1700 ... 21,000 1701 - 1760 ... 189,000 1761 - 1770 ... 63,000 1771 - 1790 ... 56,000 1791 - 1800 ... 79,000 1801 - 1810 ... 124,000 1810 - 1865 ... 51,000 Total ... 597,000 About 600,000 slaves were imported into what is now the U.S. , or 5 % of the 12 million slaves brought from Africa . The great majority went to sugarcane - growing colonies in the Caribbean and to Brazil , where life expectancy was short and the numbers had to be continually replenished . Life expectancy was much greater in the North American colonies because of better food , less disease , lighter work loads , and better medical care , so the numbers grew rapidly by excesses of births over deaths , reaching 4 million by the 1860 Census . From 1770 until 1860 , the rate of natural growth of North American slaves was much greater than for the population of any nation in Europe , and was nearly twice as rapid as that of England . The Africans are commonly referred to as African slaves , although they were not considered slaves until they were officially purchased by a planter or plantation owner . Those who worked in the indigo , tobacco , and rice fields in the South came from mainly western and central Africa . Slavery in colonial America was very oppressive , as it passed from generation to generation , and slaves had no legal rights . The colonies that had the most specialization in agricultural production , such as sugar and coffee , and relied the most upon slaves , had the highest per capita ( including slaves ) income in the New World . However , the slaves did not accrue wages or receive rights ; they provided free labor to those who purchased them , receiving just enough to live . They were considered to be in chattel slavery . In 1700 , there were about 9,600 slaves in the Chesapeake region and a few hundred in the Carolinas . About 170,000 more Africans were forcibly brought over during the next five decades . By 1750 , there were more than 250,000 slaves in British America , and they made up about 60 percent of the total population in the Carolinas . New England ( edit ) In New England , the Puritans created self - governing communities of religious congregations of farmers ( or yeomen ) and their families . High - level politicians gave out plots of land to settlers ( or proprietors ) who then divided the land amongst themselves . Large portions were usually given to men of higher social standing , but every man who was n't indentured or criminally bonded had enough land to support a family . Every male citizen had a voice in the town meeting . The town meeting levied taxes , built roads , and elected officials who managed town affairs . The towns did not have courts ; that was a function of the county , whose officials were appointed by the state government . The Congregational Church which the Puritans founded was not automatically joined by all New England residents because of Puritan beliefs that God singled out specific people for salvation . Instead , membership was limited to those who could convincingly `` test '' before members of the church that they had been saved . They were known as `` the elect '' or `` Saints . '' Farm and family life ( edit ) A majority of New England residents were small farmers . A man had complete power over the property within these small farm families . When married , an English woman gave up her maiden name . The role of wives was to raise and nurture healthy children and support their husbands . Most women carried out these duties . During the 18th century , couples usually married between the ages of 20 - 24 , and 6 - 8 children were typical of a family , with three on average surviving to adulthood . Farm women provided most of the materials needed by the rest of the family by spinning yarn from wool and knitting sweaters and stockings , making candles and soap from ashes , and churning milk into butter . long - term economic growth Most New England parents tried to help their sons establish farms of their own . When sons married , fathers gave them gifts of land , livestock , or farming equipment ; daughters received household goods , farm animals , or cash . Arranged marriages were very unusual ; normally , children chose their own spouses from within a circle of suitable acquaintances who shared their race , religion , and social standing . Parents retained veto power over their children 's marriages . New England farming families generally lived in wooden houses because of the abundance of trees . A typical New England farmhouse was one - and - a-half stories tall and had a strong frame ( usually made of large square timbers ) that was covered by wooden clapboard siding . A large chimney stood in the middle of the house that provided cooking facilities and warmth during the winter . One side of the ground floor contained a hall , a general - purpose room where the family worked and ate meals . Adjacent to the hall was the parlor , a room used to entertain guests that contained the family 's best furnishings and the parents ' bed . Children slept in a loft above , while the kitchen was either part of the hall or was located in a shed along the back of the house . Colonial families were large , and these small dwellings had much activity and there was little privacy . By the middle of the 18th century , New England 's population had grown dramatically , going from about 100,000 people in 1700 to 250,000 in 1725 and 375,000 in 1750 thanks to high birth rates and relatively high overall life expectancy . ( A 15 - year - old boy in 1700 could expect to live to about 63 . ) Colonists in Massachusetts , Connecticut , and Rhode Island continued to subdivide their land between farmers ; the farms became too small to support single families , and this threatened the New England ideal of a society of independent yeoman farmers . Some farmers obtained land grants to create farms in undeveloped land in Massachusetts and Connecticut or bought plots of land from speculators in New Hampshire and what later became Vermont . Other farmers became agricultural innovators . They planted nutritious English grass such as red clover and timothy - grass , which provided more feed for livestock , and potatoes , which provided a high production rate that was an advantage for small farms . Families increased their productivity by exchanging goods and labor with each other . They lent livestock and grazing land to one another and worked together to spin yarn , sew quilts , and shuck corn . Migration , agricultural innovation , and economic cooperation were creative measures that preserved New England 's yeoman society until the 19th century . Town life ( edit ) Saltbox - style homes originated in New England after 1650 By the mid-18th century in New England , shipbuilding was a staple , particularly as the North American wilderness offered a seemingly endless supply of timber . ( By comparison , Europe 's forests had been depleted , and most timber had to be purchased from Scandinavia . ) The British crown often turned to the inexpensive yet strongly built American ships . There was a shipyard at the mouth of almost every river in New England . By 1750 , a variety of artisans , shopkeepers , and merchants provided services to the growing farming population . Blacksmiths , wheelwrights , and furniture makers set up shops in rural villages . There they built and repaired goods needed by farm families . Stores were set up by traders selling English manufactures such as cloth , iron utensils , and window glass , as well as West Indian products such as sugar and molasses . The storekeepers of these shops sold their imported goods in exchange for crops and other local products , including roof shingles , potash , and barrel staves . These local goods were shipped to towns and cities all along the Atlantic Coast . Enterprising men set up stables and taverns along wagon roads to serve this transportation system . These products were delivered to port towns such as Boston and Salem in Massachusetts , New Haven in Connecticut , and Newport and Providence in Rhode Island . Merchants then exported them to the West Indies , where they were traded for molasses , sugar , gold coins , and bills of exchange ( credit slips ) . They carried the West Indian products to New England factories , where the raw sugar was turned into granulated sugar and the molasses distilled into rum . The gold and credit slips were sent to England where they were exchanged for manufactures , which were shipped back to the colonies and sold along with the sugar and rum to farmers . Other New England merchants took advantage of the rich fishing areas along the Atlantic Coast and financed a large fishing fleet , transporting its catch of mackerel and cod to the West Indies and Europe . Some merchants exploited the vast amounts of timber along the coasts and rivers of northern New England . They funded sawmills that supplied cheap wood for houses and shipbuilding . Hundreds of New England shipwrights built oceangoing ships , which they sold to British and American merchants . Many merchants became very wealthy by providing their goods to the agricultural population , and ended up dominating the society of sea port cities . Unlike yeoman farmhouses , these merchants lived in elegant 2 ⁄ - story houses designed in the new Georgian style , imitating the lifestyle of the upper class of England . These Georgian houses had a symmetrical façade with equal numbers of windows on both sides of the central door . The interior consisted of a passageway down the middle of the house with specialized rooms off the sides , such as a library , dining room , formal parlor , and master bedroom . Unlike the multi-purpose space of the yeoman houses , each of these rooms served a separate purpose . These houses contained bedrooms on the second floor that provided privacy to parents and children . Culture and education ( edit ) Main articles : History of education in the United States § Colonial Era , and Education in Colonial America Education was primarily the responsibility of families , but numerous religious groups established tax - supported elementary schools , especially the Puritans in New England , so that their children could read the Bible . Nearly all the religious denominations set up their own schools and colleges to train ministers . Each city and most towns had private academies for the children of affluent families . Massachusetts Hall , oldest building at Harvard University , built 1718 -- 1720 as a dormitory The practical sciences were of great interest to colonial Americans , who were engaged in the process of taming and settling a wild frontier country . The mainstream of intellectual activity in the colonies was on technological and engineering developments rather than more abstract topics such as politics or metaphysics . American scientific activity was pursued by such people as : David Rittenhouse , who constructed the first planetarium in the Western Hemisphere New York lieutenant governor Cadwallader Colden , botanist and anthropologist Dr. Benjamin Rush , physician , social reformer , and member of the American Philosophical Society Benjamin Franklin , founder of the above American Philosophical society who contributed important discoveries to physics such as electricity , but was more successful in his practical inventions , such as stoves and lightning rods The arts in colonial America were not as successful as the sciences . Literature in the European sense was nearly nonexistent , with histories being far more noteworthy . These included The History and present State of Virginia ( 1705 ) by Robert Beverly and History of the Dividing Line ( 1728 -- 29 ) by William Byrd , which was not published until a century later . Instead , the newspaper was the principal form of reading material in the colonies . Printing was expensive , and most publications focused on purely practical matters , such as major news , advertisements , and business reports . Almanacs were very popular , also , Benjamin Franklin 's Poor Richard 's Almanac being the most famous . Literary magazines appeared at mid-century , but few were profitable and most went out of business after only a few years . American publications never approached the intellectual quality of European writers , but they were much more widespread and achieved a greater readership than anything produced by Voltaire , Locke , or Rousseau . New Englanders wrote journals , pamphlets , books , and especially sermons -- more than all of the other colonies combined . Boston minister Cotton Mather published Magnalia Christi Americana ( The Great Works of Christ in America , 1702 ) , while revivalist Jonathan Edwards wrote his philosophical work A Careful and Strict Enquiry Into ... Notions of ... Freedom of Will ... ( 1754 ) . Most music had a religious theme , as well , and was mainly the singing of Psalms . Because of New England 's deep religious beliefs , artistic works that were insufficiently religious or too `` worldly '' were banned , especially the theater . The leading theologian and philosopher of the colonial era was Jonathan Edwards of Massachusetts , an interpreter of Calvinism and the leader of the First Great Awakening . Art and drama were somewhat more successful than literature . Benjamin West was a noteworthy painter of historical subjects , and two first - rate portrait painters emerged in John Copley and Gilbert Stuart , yet all three men spent much of their lives in London . Theater was more developed in the Southern colonies , especially South Carolina , but nowhere did stage works attain the level of Europe . Puritans in New England and Quakers in Pennsylvania opposed theatrical performances as immoral and ungodly . Elementary education was widespread in New England . Early Puritan settlers believed that it was necessary to study the Bible , so children were taught to read at an early age . It was also required that each town pay for a primary school . About 10 percent enjoyed secondary schooling and funded grammar schools in larger towns . Most boys learned skills from their fathers on the farm or as apprentices to artisans . Few girls attended formal schools , but most were able to get some education at home or at so - called `` Dame schools '' where women taught basic reading and writing skills in their own houses . By 1750 , nearly 90 % of New England 's women and almost all of its men could read and write . Puritans founded Harvard College in 1636 and Yale College in 1701 . Later , Baptists founded Rhode Island College ( now Brown University ) in 1764 and Congregationalists established Dartmouth College in 1769 . Virginia founded the College of William and Mary in 1693 ; it was primarily Anglican . The colleges were designed for aspiring ministers , lawyers , or doctors . There were no departments or majors , as every student shared the same curriculum , which focused on Latin and Greek , mathematics , and history , philosophy , logic , ethics , rhetoric , oratory , and a little basic science . There were no sports or fraternities and few extracurricular activities apart from literary societies . There were no separate seminaries , law schools , or divinity schools . The first medical schools were founded late in the colonial era in Philadelphia and New York . Religion ( edit ) Some emigrants who came to Colonial America were in search of religious freedom . London did not make the Church of England official in the colonies -- it never sent a bishop -- so religious practice became diverse . The Great Awakening was a major religious revival movement that took place in most colonies in the 1730s and 1740s . The movement began with Jonathan Edwards , a Massachusetts preacher who sought to return to the Pilgrims ' Calvinist roots and to reawaken the `` Fear of God . '' English preacher George Whitefield and other itinerant preachers continued the movement , traveling throughout the colonies and preaching in a dramatic and emotional style . Followers of Edwards and other preachers called themselves the `` New Lights '' , as contrasted with the `` Old Lights '' who disapproved of their movement . To promote their viewpoints , the two sides established academies and colleges , including Princeton and Williams College . The Great Awakening has been called the first truly American event . A similar pietistic revival movement took place among some German and Dutch settlers , leading to more divisions . By the 1770s , the Baptists were growing rapidly both in the north ( where they founded Brown University ) and in the South ( where they challenged the previously unquestioned moral authority of the Anglican establishment ) . Delaware valley and Mid-Atlantic region ( edit ) Unlike New England , the Mid-Atlantic region gained much of its population from new immigration and , by 1750 , the combined populations of New York , New Jersey , and Pennsylvania had reached nearly 300,000 people . By 1750 , about 60,000 Irish and 50,000 Germans came to live in British North America , many of them settling in the Mid-Atlantic Region . William Penn founded the colony of Pennsylvania in 1682 , and attracted an influx of British Quakers with his policies of religious liberty and freehold ownership . ( `` Freehold '' meant owning land free and clear , with the right to resell it to anyone . ) The first major influx of settlers were the Scotch Irish who headed to the frontier . Many Germans came to escape the religious conflicts and declining economic opportunities in Germany and Switzerland . Thousands of poor German farmers , chiefly from the Palatine region of Germany , migrated to upstate districts after 1700 . They kept to themselves , married their own , spoke German , attended Lutheran churches , and retained their own customs and foods . They emphasized farm ownership . Some mastered English to become conversant with local legal and business opportunities . They ignored the Indians and tolerated slavery ( although few were rich enough to own a slave ) . Ways of life ( edit ) Grumblethorpe Tenant House , Germantown , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , where 80 percent of the buildings were made entirely of stone . Much of the architecture of the Middle Colonies reflects the diversity of its people . In Albany and New York City , a majority of the buildings were Dutch style with brick exteriors and high gables at each end , while many Dutch churches were octagonal . German and Welsh settlers in Pennsylvania used cut stone to build their houses , following the way of their homeland and completely ignoring the plethora of timber in the area . An example of this would be Germantown , Pennsylvania where 80 percent of the buildings in the town were made entirely of stone . On the other hand , settlers from Ireland took advantage of America 's ample supply of timber and constructed sturdy log cabins . Ethnic cultures also affected styles of furniture . Rural Quakers preferred simple designs in furnishings such as tables , chairs , and chests , and shunned elaborate decorations . However , some urban Quakers had much more elaborate furniture . The city of Philadelphia became a major center of furniture - making because of its massive wealth from Quaker and British merchants . Philadelphian cabinet makers built elegant desks and highboys . German artisans created intricate carved designs on their chests and other furniture , with painted scenes of flowers and birds . German potters also crafted a large array of jugs , pots , and plates of both elegant and traditional design . By the time of the Revolutionary War , approximately 85 percent of white Americans were of English , Irish , Welsh , or Scottish descent . Approximately 8.8 percent of whites were of German ancestry , and 3.5 percent were of Dutch origin . Farming ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Ethnicity made a difference in agricultural practice . As an example , German farmers generally preferred oxen rather than horses to pull their plows and Scots - Irish made a farming economy based on hogs and corn . Eventually cows were brought with the horses . They were more useful than horses for many reasons . Almost all the farms had cows on their land . In Ireland , people farmed intensively , working small pieces of land trying to get the largest possible production - rate from their crops . In the American colonies , settlers from northern Ireland focused on mixed - farming . Using this technique , they grew corn for human consumption and as feed for hogs and other livestock . Many improvement - minded farmers of all different backgrounds began using new agricultural practices to raise their output . During the 1750s , these agricultural innovators replaced the hand sickles and scythes used to harvest hay , wheat , and barley with the cradle scythe , a tool with wooden fingers that arranged the stalks of grain for easy collection . This tool was able to triple the amount of work done by farmers in one day . Farmers also began fertilizing their fields with dung and lime and rotating their crops to keep the soil fertile . By 1700 , Philadelphia was exporting 350,000 bushels of wheat and 18,000 tons of flour annually . The Southern colonies in particular relied on cash crops such as tobacco and cotton . South Carolina produced rice and indigo . North Carolina was somewhat less involved in the plantation economy , but because a major producer of naval stores . Virginia and Maryland came to be almost totally dependent on tobacco , which would ultimately prove fatal at the end of the 18th century thanks to exhausted soil and collapsing prices , but for most of the century , the soil remained good and a single - crop economy profitable . Before 1720 , most colonists in the mid-Atlantic region worked with small - scale farming and paid for imported manufactures by supplying the West Indies with corn and flour . In New York , a fur - pelt export trade to Europe flourished adding additional wealth to the region . After 1720 , mid-Atlantic farming stimulated with the international demand for wheat . A massive population explosion in Europe brought wheat prices up . By 1770 , a bushel of wheat cost twice as much as it did in 1720 . Farmers also expanded their production of flax seed and corn since flax was a high demand in the Irish linen industry and a demand for corn existed in the West Indies . Thus , by mid-century , most colonial farming was a commercial venture , although subsistence agriculture continued to exist in New England and the middle colonies . Some immigrants who just arrived purchased farms and shared in this export wealth , but many poor German and Irish immigrants were forced to work as agricultural wage laborers . Merchants and artisans also hired these homeless workers for a domestic system for the manufacture of cloth and other goods . Merchants often bought wool and flax from farmers and employed newly arrived immigrants , who had been textile workers in Ireland and Germany , to work in their homes spinning the materials into yarn and cloth . Large farmers and merchants became wealthy , while farmers with smaller farms and artisans only made enough for subsistence . The Mid-Atlantic region , by 1750 , was divided by both ethnic background and wealth . Seaports ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Seaports that expanded from wheat trade had more social classes than anywhere else in the Middle Colonies . By 1773 , the population of Philadelphia had reached 40,000 , New York 25,000 , and Baltimore 6,000 . Merchants dominated seaport society , and about 40 merchants controlled half of Philadelphia 's trade . Wealthy merchants in Philadelphia and New York , like their counterparts in New England , built elegant Georgian - style mansions such as those in Fairmount Park . Shopkeepers , artisans , shipwrights , butchers , coopers , seamstresses , cobblers , bakers , carpenters , masons , and many other specialized professions made up the middle class of seaport society . Wives and husbands often worked as a team and taught their children their crafts to pass it on through the family . Many of these artisans and traders made enough money to create a modest life . Laborers stood at the bottom of seaport society . These poor people worked on the docks unloading inbound vessels and loading outbound vessels with wheat , corn , and flax seed . Many of these were African American ; some were free , while others were enslaved . In 1750 , blacks made up about 10 percent of the population of New York and Philadelphia . Hundreds of seamen worked as sailors on merchant ships , some of whom were African American . Southern colonies ( edit ) The Southern colonies were mainly dominated by the wealthy planters in Maryland , Virginia , and South Carolina . They owned increasingly large plantations that were worked by African slaves . Of the 650,000 inhabitants of the South in 1750 , about 250,000 or 40 percent , were slaves . The plantations grew tobacco , indigo and rice for export , and raised most of their own food supplies . In addition , many small subsistence farms were family owned and operated by yeoman . Most white men owned some land , and therefore could vote . Women in the South ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Historians have paid special attention to the role of women , family , and gender in the colonial South since the social history revolution in the 1970s . Very few women were present in the early Chesapeake colonies . In 1650 , estimates put Maryland 's total population near six hundred , with fewer than two hundred women present . Much of the population consisted of young , single , white indentured servants and , as such , the colonies lacked social cohesiveness , to a large degree . African women entered the colony as early as 1619 , although their status remains a historical debate -- free , slave , or indentured servant . In the 17th century , high mortality rates for newcomers and a very high ratio of men to women made family life either impossible or unstable for most colonists . These factors made families and communities fundamentally different from their counterparts in Europe and New England in the Virginia - Maryland region before 1700 , along with dispersed settlements and a reluctance to live in villages , together with a growing immigration of white indentured servants and black slaves . These extreme conditions both demeaned and empowered women . Women were often vulnerable to exploitation and abuse , especially teenage girls who were indentured servants and lacking male protectors . On the other hand , young women had much more freedom in choosing spouses , without parental oversight , and the shortage of eligible women enabled them to use marriage as an avenue to upward mobility . The high death rates meant that Chesapeake wives generally became widows who inherited property ; many widows increased their property by remarrying as soon as possible . The population began to stabilize around 1700 , with a 1704 census listing 30,437 white people present with 7,163 of those being women . Women married younger , remained wed longer , bore more children , and lost influence within the family polity . See also ( edit ) British North America Chronology of the colonization of North America Colonial American military history Disease in colonial America European colonization of the Americas Indigenous peoples of the Americas List of incidents of civil unrest in Colonial North America List of place names in the United States of Native American origin New France New Spain Political culture of the United States Slavery in the colonial United States Thirteen Colonies Credit in the Thirteen Colonies Cuisine of the Thirteen Colonies Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Cooke , ed . North America in Colonial Times ( 1998 ) Jump up ^ William M. Wiecek , `` The Statutory Law of Slavery and Race in the Thirteen Mainland Colonies of British America , '' William and Mary Quarterly 34 # 2 ( 1977 ) in JSTOR Jump up ^ Richard Middleton and Anne Lombard , Colonial America : A History to 1763 ( 4th ed. 2011 ) p. 23 Jump up ^ Wallace Notestein , English People on Eve of Colonization , 1603 -- 30 ( 1954 ) Jump up ^ Board of Trade and Secretaries of State : America and West Indies , Original Correspondence , The National Archives Jump up ^ Charles McLean Andrews , Colonial Self - Government , 1652 - 1689 , ( 1904 ) Jump up ^ Charles M. Andrews , British Committees , Commissions , and Councils of Trade and Plantations , 1622 - 1675 , ( 1908 ) Jump up ^ American and West Indian colonies before 1782 , The National Archives Jump up ^ William R. Nester , The Great Frontier War : Britain , France , and the Imperial Struggle for North America , 1607 -- 1755 ( Praeger , 2000 ) p , 54 . Jump up ^ David J. Weber , `` The Spanish Frontier in North America . '' OAH Magazine of History 14.4 ( 2000 ) : 5 - 11 . online Jump up ^ David J. Weber , `` The Spanish Borderlands , Historiography Redux . '' History Teacher 39.1 ( 2005 ) : 43 - 56 . online Jump up ^ David J. Weber , `` The Spanish legacy in North America and the historical imagination . '' Western Historical Quarterly 23.1 ( 1992 ) : 4 - 24 . online Jump up ^ Linebaugh , Peter ; Rediker , Marcus ( 2001 ) . The Many - Headed Hydra : Sailors , Slaves , Commoners and the Hidden History of the Revolutionary Atlantic . United States : Beacon Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8070 - 5007 - 1 . Jump up ^ Tebeau , Charlton W. ( 1971 ) . A History of Florida . Coral Gables , Florida : University of Miami Press . pp. 114 -- 118 . Jump up ^ Michael Gannon , The New History of Florida ( 1996 ) Jump up ^ David Grant Noble , Santa Fe : History of an Ancient City ( 2nd ed. 2008 ) ch 3 -- 5 Jump up ^ Weber , ch 5 Jump up ^ Charles E. Chapman , A History of California : The Spanish Period ( 1991 ) ch 27 - 31 online Jump up ^ Brau , Salvador ( 1894 ) . Puerto Rico y su historia : investigaciones críticas ( in Spanish ) . Valencia , Spain : Francisco Vives Moras . pp. 96 -- 97 . Jump up ^ Vicente Yañez Pinzón is considered the first appointed governor of Puerto Rico , but he never arrived on the island . Jump up ^ Rouse , Irving . The Tainos - Rise and Decline of the People Who Greeted Columbus . Yale University Press . p. 155 . ISBN 0 - 300 - 05181 - 6 . Jump up ^ Dietz , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Grose , Howard B. , Advance in the Antilles ; the new era in Cuba and Porto Rico , OCLC 1445643 Jump up ^ Dietz , James L. ( 1987 ) . Economic History of Puerto Rico . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 02248 - 8 . Jump up ^ Jacqueline Peterson , Jennifer S.H. Brown , Many roads to Red River ( 2001 ) , p69 Jump up ^ Natalia Maree Belting ; Carl J. Ekberg ( 2003 ) . Kaskaskia Under the French Regime . SIU Press . p. 153 . Jump up ^ John Garretson Clark ( 1970 ) . New Orleans , 1718 - 1812 : An Economic History . Pelican Publishing . p. 23 . Jump up ^ http://www.monticello.org/site/jefferson/louisiana-purchase Jump up ^ Junius P. Rodriguez , The Louisiana Purchase : A Historical and Geographical Encyclopedia ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Jaap Jacobs , The Colony of New Netherland : A Dutch Settlement in Seventeenth - Century America ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Michael G. Kammen , Colonial New York : A History ( 1996 ) Jump up ^ John Andrew Doyle , English Colonies in America : Volume IV The Middle Colonies ( 1907 ) ch. 1 online Jump up ^ Amandus Johnson The Swedes on the Delaware ( 1927 ) Jump up ^ `` Nothnagle Log Cabin , Gibbstown '' . Art and Archtitecture of New Jersey . Richard Stokton College of New Jersey . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ OLDEST - Log House in North America - Superlatives on Waymarking.com Jump up ^ `` Meeting of Frontiers : Alaska -- The Russian Colonization of Alaska '' . Lcweb2.loc.gov . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ Hubert Howe Bancroft , The Works of Hubert Howe Bancroft vol. 33 : History of Alaska , 1730 -- 1885 ( 1886 ) online Jump up ^ Herbert Moller , `` Sex Composition and Correlated Culture Patterns of Colonial America , '' William and Mary Quarterly Vol. 2 , No. 2 ( Apr. , 1945 ) , pp. 113 -- 153 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Whaples , Robert ( March 1995 ) . `` Where Is There Consensus Among American Economic Historians ? The Results of a Survey on Forty Propositions '' . The Journal of Economic History . Cambridge University Press . 55 ( 1 ) : 140 , 144 . doi : 10.1017 / S0022050700040602 . JSTOR 2123771 -- via JSTOR . ( Registration required ( help ) ) ... ( the ) vast majority ( of economic historians and economists ) accept the view that indentured servitude was an economic arrangement designed to iron out imperfections in the capital market . Jump up ^ James Davie Butler , `` British Convicts Shipped to American Colonies , '' American Historical Review 2 ( October 1896 ) : 12 -- 33 ; Thomas Keneally , The Commonwealth of Thieves , Random House Publishing , Sydney , 2005 . Jump up ^ J.A. Leo Lemay , Men of Letters in Colonial Maryland ( 1972 ) p 229 . Jump up ^ Elaine G. Breslaw ( 2008 ) . Dr. Alexander Hamilton and Provincial America : Expanding the Orbit of Scottish Culture . LSU Press . p. x . ^ Jump up to : Alan Taylor , American Colonies , , 2001 . ^ Jump up to : Ronald L. Heinemann , Old Dominion , New Commonwealth : A History of Virginia , 1607 -- 2007 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Randall M. Miller ( 2008 ) . The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Daily Life in America . ABC - CLIO . p. 87 . Jump up ^ Arthur M. Schlesinger , `` The Aristocracy in Colonial America . '' Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society . Vol. 74 . Massachusetts Historical Society ( 1962 ) p 3 . in JSTOR . Jump up ^ Nathaniel Philbrick , Mayflower : A Story of Courage , Community , and War ( 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Francis J. Bremer , The Puritan Experiment : New England Society from Bradford to Edwards ( 1995 ) . Jump up ^ Ernest Lee Tuveson , Redeemer nation : the idea of America 's millennial role ( University of Chicago Press , 1980 ) Jump up ^ Anne Mackin , Americans and their land : the house built on abundance ( University of Michigan Press , 2006 ) p 29 ^ Jump up to : James Ciment , ed . Colonial America : An Encyclopedia of Social , Political , Cultural , and Economic History , 2005 . Jump up ^ Benjamin Woods Labaree , Colonial Massachusetts : a history ( 1979 ) Jump up ^ James Truslow Adams , The founding of New England ( 1921 ) pp 398 -- 431 online Jump up ^ Wayne Bodle , `` Themes and directions in Middle Colonies historiography , 1980 - 1994 . '' William and Mary Quarterly 51.3 ( 1994 ) : 355 - 388 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Michael G. Kammen , Colonial New York : A History ( 1974 ) . Jump up ^ John E. Pomfret , Colonial New Jersey : A History ( 1973 ) . Jump up ^ Joseph E. Illick , Colonial Pennsylvania : a history ( 1976 ) . Jump up ^ Russell F. Weigley , ed. , Philadelphia : a 300 year history ( 1982 ) . excerpt Jump up ^ Clinton Rossiter , Seedtime of the Republic : the origin of the American tradition of political liberty ( 1953 ) p 106 . Jump up ^ `` Indentured Servitude in Colonial America '' Jump up ^ Isaac , Rhys ( 1982 ) . The Transformation of Virginia 1740 - 1790 . University of North Carolina Press . pp. 22 -- 23 . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 4814 - X . Jump up ^ Meinig , D.W. ( 1986 ) . The Shaping of America : A Geographical Perspective on 500 Years of History , Volume 1 : Atlantic America , 1492 - 1800 . Yale University Press . pp. 175 -- 176 . ISBN 0 - 300 - 03548 - 9 . Jump up ^ David Hackett Fischer , Albion 's Seed : Four British Folkways in America , New York : Oxford University Press , 1989 , pp. 361 - 368 Jump up ^ `` Population by Selected Ancestry Group and Region : 2005 '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 25 . Retrieved 22 Aug 2006 . Jump up ^ Albert H. Tillson ( 1991 ) . Gentry and Common Folk : Political Culture on a Virginia Frontier , 1740 - 1789 . UP of Kentucky . p. 20ff . Jump up ^ Alan Taylor , American Colonies : The Settling of North America ( 2002 ) p 157 . Jump up ^ John E. Selby , The Revolution in Virginia , 1775 - 1783 ( 1988 ) p 24 - 25 . Jump up ^ Quoted in Nancy L. Struna , `` The Formalizing of Sport and the Formation of an Elite : The Chesapeake Gentry , 1650 - 1720s . '' Journal of Sport History 13 # 3 ( 1986 ) p 219 . online Jump up ^ Struna , `` The Formalizing of Sport and the Formation of an Elite pp 212 - 16 . Jump up ^ Timothy H. Breen , `` Horses and gentlemen : The cultural significance of gambling among the gentry of Virginia . '' William and Mary Quarterly ( 1977 ) 34 # 2 pp : 239 - 257 . online Jump up ^ Edmund Morgan , American Slavery , American Freedom : The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia ( 1975 ) p 386 Jump up ^ Ronald H Heinemann et al. Old Dominion , New Commonwealth : A history of Virginia 1607 - 2007 ( 2007 ) pp 83 -- 90 Jump up ^ Robert M. Weir , Colonial South Carolina : A History ( 1983 ) . Jump up ^ Jackson Turner Main ( 1965 ) . Social Structure of Revolutionary America . p. 9 . Jump up ^ Hugh Talmage Lefler , and William Stevens Powell , Colonial North Carolina : A History ( 1973 ) . Jump up ^ Kenneth Coleman , Kenneth . Colonial Georgia : a history ( 1976 ) . Jump up ^ H.W. Brands , The First American : The Life and Times of Benjamin Franklin ( 2002 ) ^ Jump up to : Fred Anderson , The War That Made America : A Short History of the French and Indian War ( 2006 ) ^ Jump up to : Daniel Vickers , ed . A Companion to Colonial America ( 2006 ) , ch 13 -- 16 Jump up ^ Bernard Bailyn , The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution ( 1967 ) ; Jack P. Greene and J.R. Pole , eds . A Companion to the American Revolution ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ Miller , John C ( 1959 ) . `` Origins of the American Revolution '' . Stanford University Press . Retrieved 20 April 2016 . Jump up ^ David Armitage and Michael J. Braddick , eds. , The British Atlantic World , 1500 -- 1800 ( 2002 ) ; Jump up ^ Alison . Games , `` Atlantic History : Definitions , Challenges , and Opportunities , '' American Historical Review , June 2006 , Vol. 111 Issue 3 , pp 741 -- 757 Jump up ^ François Furstenberg , `` The Significance of the Trans - Appalachian Frontier in Atlantic History , '' American Historical Review , June 2008 , Vol. 113 Issue 3 , pp 647 -- 677 , Jump up ^ James E ... McWilliams , `` Butter , Milk , and a ' Spare Ribb ' : Women 's Work and the Transatlantic Economic Transition in Seventeenth - Century Massachusetts , '' New England Quarterly , March 2009 , Vol. 82 Issue 1 , pp 5 -- 24 Jump up ^ Thomas P. Slaughter , `` The Tax Man Cometh : Ideological Opposition to Internal Taxes , 1760 -- 1790 , '' William and Mary Quarterly Vol. 41 , No. 4 ( October 1984 ) , pp. 566 -- 591 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Francis D. Cogliano , Revolutionary America , 1763 -- 1815 ; A Political History ( 2nd ed. 2008 ) pp 49 -- 76 Jump up ^ John Andrew Doyle , English Colonies in America : Volume IV The Middle Colonies ( 1907 ) online Jump up ^ Louise Phelps Kellogg , The American colonial charter ( 1904 ) online Jump up ^ Wilson , Thomas D . The Ashley Cooper Plan : The Founding of Carolina and the Origins of Southern Political Culture . Chapel Hill , N.C. : University of North Carolina Press , 2016 . 142 - 181 . Jump up ^ Patricia U. Bonomi , A Factious People : Politics and Society in Colonial New York ( Columbia U.P. , 1971 ) p 281 Jump up ^ Robert J. Dinkin , Voting in Provincial America : A Study of Elections in the Thirteen Colonies , 1689 -- 1776 ( 1977 ) Jump up ^ Pole , J.R. ( 1962 ) . `` Historians and the Problem of Early American Democracy '' . American Historical Review . 67 ( 3 ) : 626 -- 46 . doi : 10.2307 / 1844105 . Jump up ^ Richard R. Beeman , `` The Varieties of Deference in Eighteenth - Century America , '' Early American Studies : An Interdisciplinary Journal , Volume 3 # 2 Fall 2005 , pp. 311 -- 340 Jump up ^ Patricia U. Bonomi , A Factious People : Politics and Society in Colonial New York ( Columbia U.P. , 1971 ) pp 281 -- 2 Jump up ^ Cooke , Encyclopedia of the North American Colonies ( 1993 ) vol 1 pp 341 -- 62 , 391 -- 402 ; 435 -- 39 Jump up ^ Anton - Hermann Chroust , The Rise of the Legal Profession in America : Volume 1 , The Colonial Experience ( 1965 ) Jump up ^ Bonomi , A Factious People , p. 282 Jump up ^ Bonomi , A Factious People , pp 281 -- 286 Jump up ^ On the historiography , see Alan Tully , `` Colonial Politics , '' in Daniel Vickers ed . A Companion to Colonial America ( Blackwell , 2006 ) pp 288 -- 310 Jump up ^ Jack P. Greene , Peripheries and Center : Constitutional Development in the Extended Polities of the British Empire and the United States , 1607 -- 1788 ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ James Graham Leyburn , The Scotch - Irish : A Social History ( 1989 ) Jump up ^ Aaron Spencer Fogleman , Hopeful Journeys : German Immigration , Settlement and Political Culture in Colonial America , 1717 -- 1775 ( 1996 ) . Jump up ^ Jack P. Greene , `` ' Pluribus ' or ' Unum ? ' White Ethnicity in the Formation of Colonial American Culture , '' History Now , 1998 , Vol. 4 Issue 1 , pp 1 -- 12 Jump up ^ Wayne L. Bockelman , and Owen S. Ireland , `` The Internal Revolution in Pennsylvania : An Ethnic - Religious Interpretation , '' Pennsylvania History , March 1974 , Vol. 41 Issue 2 , pp 125 -- 159 Jump up ^ Rebecca Jo Tannenbaum , Health and Wellness in Colonial America ( ABC - CLIO , 2012 ) Jump up ^ Henry R. Viets , `` Some Features of the History of Medicine in Massachusetts during the Colonial Period , 1620 - 1770 , '' Isis ( 1935 ) , 23 : 389 - 405 Jump up ^ Bradford J. Wood , `` ' A Constant Attendance on God 's Alter ' : Death , Disease , and the Anglican Church in Colonial South Carolina , 1706 - 1750 , '' South Carolina Historical Magazine ( 1999 ) 100 # 3 pp. 204 - 220 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Richard H. Shryock , `` Eighteenth Century Medicine in America , '' Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society ( Oct 1949 ) 59 # 2 pp 275 - 292 . online Jump up ^ Patricia U. Bonomi , Under the Cope of Heaven : Religion , Society , and Politics in Colonial America ( 1986 ) excerpt and text search Jump up ^ See , for example , Of Plymouth Plantation by William Bradford . Jump up ^ see History of the Religious Society of Friends Jump up ^ Sydney E. Ahlstrom , A Religious History of the American People ( 1972 ) pp 121 - 384 excerpt and text search Jump up ^ Anglican clergy in the southern colonies were commonly referred to as `` ministers '' to distinguish them from Roman Catholic priests -- although they were actually ordained as priests , unlike other Protestants . Jump up ^ See Religion in early Virginia . Jump up ^ John Nelson , A Blessed Company : Parishes , Parsons , and Parishioners in Anglican Virginia , 1690 -- 1776 ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ Carl Bridenbaugh , Mitre and Sceptre : Transatlantic Faiths , Ideas , Personalities , and Politics , 1689 - 1775 ( 1967 ) . Jump up ^ Compare Steven K. Green , Inventing a Christian America : The Myth of the Religious Founding ( 2015 ) with Thomas S. Kidd , God of Liberty : A Religious History of the American Revolution ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ Robert Emmett Curran , Papist Devils : Catholics in British America , 1574 - 1783 ( 2014 ) Jump up ^ John Howard Smith , The First Great Awakening : Redefining Religion in British America , 1725 -- 1775 ( Rowman & Littlefield , 2015 ) Jump up ^ Thomas S. Kidd , The Great Awakening : The Roots of Evangelical Christianity in Colonial America ( Yale University Press , 2009 ) Jump up ^ Laurel Thatcher Ulrich , `` Of pens and needles : sources in early American women 's history . '' Journal of American History 77.1 ( 1990 ) : 200 - 207 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Carol Berkin , First Generations : Women in Colonial America ( 1997 ) Jump up ^ Source : Miller and Smith , eds . Dictionary of American Slavery ( 1988 ) p . 678 Jump up ^ Includes 10,000 to Louisiana before 1803 . Jump up ^ Michael Tadman , `` The Demographic Cost of Sugar : Debates on Slave Societies and Natural Increase in the Americas , '' The American Historical Review Dec. 2000 105 : 5 online Archived 2011 - 11 - 23 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Kenneth A. Lockridge , A New England Town , The First Hundred Years : Dedham , Massachusetts , 1636 -- 1736 ( 1969 ) Jump up ^ Joseph A. Conforti , Saints and Strangers : New England in British North America ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ Edmund S. Morgan , The Puritan Family : Religion and Domestic Relations in Seventeenth - Century New England ( 1966 ) excerpt and text search Jump up ^ Brian Donahue , The Great Meadow : Farmers and the Land in Colonial Concord ( Yale Agrarian Studies Series ) ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Percy Wells Bidwell , Rural economy in New England at the beginning of the nineteenth century ( 1916 ) full text online Jump up ^ Lawrence A. Cremin , American Education : The Colonial Experience , 1607 -- 1783 ( Harper , 1972 ) Jump up ^ Cremin , American Education : The Colonial Experience , 1607 -- 1783 ( 1972 ) Jump up ^ Sydney E. Ahlstrom , A Religious History of the American People ( 2nd ed. 2004 ) ch 17 -- 22 Jump up ^ Sydney E. Ahlstrom , A Religious History of the American People ( 2nd ed. 2004 ) ch 18 , 20 Jump up ^ Historian Jon Butler has questioned the concept of a Great Awakening , but most historians use it . John M. Murrin ( June 1983 ) . `` No Awakening , No Revolution ? More Counterfactual Speculations '' . Reviews in American History . The Johns Hopkins University Press . 11 ( 2 ) : 161 -- 171 . doi : 10.2307 / 2702135 . ISSN 0048 - 7511 . JSTOR 2702135 . Jump up ^ Philip Otterness , Becoming German : The 1709 Palatine Migration to New York ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ An Illustrated History of Baltimore , Suzanne Ellery Greene , Woodland Hills , California : Windsor Publications , 1980 Jump up ^ Robert W. Twyman and David C. Roller , eds. , Encyclopedia of Southern History ( 1979 ) . ISBN 0 - 8071 - 0575 - 9 . Jump up ^ Robert E. Brown and B. Katherine Brown , Virginia , 1705 -- 1786 : Democracy or Aristocracy ? ( 1964 ) Jump up ^ Cynthia A. Kierner , `` Gender , Families , and Households in the Southern Colonies , '' Journal of Southern History , Aug 2007 , Vol. 73 Issue 3 , pp 643 -- 658 Jump up ^ On Virginia , see Kathleen M. Brown , Good Wives , Nasty Wenches , and Anxious Patriarchs : Gender , Race , and Power in Colonial Virginia ( 1996 ) 512pp excerpt and text search Jump up ^ Ben Marsh , Georgia 's Frontier Women : Female Fortunes in a Southern Colony ( 2007 ) ^ Jump up to : Carr , Lois Green ; Walsh , Lorena S. ( Oct 1977 ) . `` The Planter 's Wife : The Experience of White Women in Seventeenth - Century Maryland '' . The William and Mary Quarterly . 34 ( 4 ) : 542 -- 571 . doi : 10.2307 / 2936182 . JSTOR 2936182 . Bibliography ( edit ) Reference books ( edit ) American National Biography ( 20 vol 2000 ; also online ) ; scholarly biographies of every major figure Ciment , James , ed . Colonial America : An Encyclopedia of Social , Political , Cultural , and Economic History ( 2005 ) Cooke , Jacob Ernest , ed . Encyclopedia of the North American Colonies ( 3 vol 1993 ) Cooke , Jacob , ed . North America in Colonial Times : An Encyclopedia for Students ( 1998 ) Faragher , John Mack . The Encyclopedia of Colonial and Revolutionary America ( 1996 ) Gallay , Alan , ed . Colonial Wars of North America , 1512 -- 1763 : An Encyclopedia ( 1996 ) excerpt and text search Gipson , Lawrence . The British Empire Before the American Revolution ( 15 volumes ) ( 1936 -- 1970 ) , Pulitzer Prize ; highly detailed discussion of every British colony in the New World Pencak , William . Historical Dictionary of Colonial America ( 2011 ) excerpt and text search ; 400 entries ; 492pp Taylor , Dale . The Writer 's Guide to Everyday Life in Colonial America , 1607 - 1783 ( 2002 ) excerpt and text search Vickers , Daniel , ed . A Companion to Colonial America ( 2006 ) , long topics essays by scholars Surveys ( edit ) Adams , James Truslow . The Founding of New England ( 1921 ) . online Andrews , Charles M. ( 1934 -- 38 ) . The Colonial Period of American History . ( the standard overview in four volumes ) Bonomi , Patricia U. ( 1988 ) . Under the Cope of Heaven : Religion , Society , and Politics in Colonial America . ( online at ACLS History e-book project ) Butler , Jon . Religion in Colonial America ( Oxford University Press , 2000 ) online Conforti , Joseph A. Saints and Strangers : New England in British North America ( 2006 ) . 236pp ; the latest scholarly history of New England Greene , Evarts Boutelle . Provincial America , 1690 -- 1740 ( 1905 ) old , comprehensive overview by scholar online Kupperman , Karen Ordahl , ed . Major Problems In American Colonial History : Documents and Essays ( 1999 ) short excerpts from scholars and primary sources McNeese , Tim . Colonial America 1543 -- 1763 ( 2010 ) , short survey Middleton , Richard and Anne Lombard . Colonial America : A History , 1565 -- 1776 ( 4th ed 2011 ) , 624pp excerpt and text search Nettels Curtis P. Roots Of American Civilization ( 1938 ) online 800pp Savelle , Max . Seeds of Liberty : The Genesis of the American Mind ( 1965 ) comprehensive survey of intellectual history online edition Taylor , Alan . American Colonies , ( 2001 ) survey by leading scholar excerpt and text search Taylor , Alan . Colonial America : A Very Short Introduction ( 2012 ) 168pp excerpt and text search Special topics ( edit ) Andrews , Charles M. ( October 1914 ) . `` Colonial Commerce '' . American Historical Review . American Historical Association . 20 ( 1 ) : 43 -- 63 . JSTOR 1836116 . Also online at JSTOR Andrews , Charles M. ( 1904 ) . Colonial Self - Government , 1652 -- 1689 . online Beeman , Richard R . The Varieties of Political Experience in Eighteenth - Century America ( 2006 ) excerpt and text search Beer , George Louis . `` British Colonial Policy , 1754 -- 1765 , '' Political Science Quarterly , vol 22 ( March 1907 ) pp 1 -- 48 ; Berkin , Carol . First Generations : Women in Colonial America ( 1997 ) 276pp excerpt and text search Bonomi , Patricia U. ( 1971 ) . A Factious People : Politics and Society in Colonial New York . Breen , T. H ( 1980 ) . Puritans and Adventurers : Change and Persistence in Early America . Bremer , Francis J. The Puritan Experiment : New England Society from Bradford to Edwards ( 1995 ) . Brown , Kathleen M. Good Wives , Nasty Wenches , and Anxious Patriarchs : Gender , Race , and Power in Colonial Virginia ( 1996 ) 512pp excerpt and text search Bruce , Philip A. Economic History of Virginia in the Seventeenth Century : An Inquiry into the Material Condition of the People , Based on Original and Contemporaneous Records . ( 1896 ) , very old fashioned history Carr , Lois Green and Philip D. Morgan . Colonial Chesapeake Society ( 1991 ) , 524pp excerpt and text search Crane , Verner W. ( 1920 ) . The Southern Frontier , 1670 -- 1732 . Crane , Verner W. ( April 1919 ) . `` The Southern Frontier in Queen Anne 's War '' . American Historical Review . 24 : 379 -- 95 . doi : 10.2307 / 1835775 . JSTOR 1835775 . Curran , Robert Emmett . Papist Devils : Catholics in British America , 1574 - 1783 ( 2014 ) Daniels , Bruce C. `` Economic Development in Colonial and Revolutionary Connecticut : An Overview , '' William and Mary Quarterly ( 1980 ) 37 # 3 pp. 429 -- 450 in JSTOR Daniel , Bruce . Puritans at Play : Leisure and Recreation in Colonial New England ( 1996 ) excerpt Fischer , David Hackett . Albion 's Seed : Four British Folkways in America ( 1989 ) , comprehensive look at major ethnic groups excerpt and text search Fogleman , Aaron . Hopeful Journeys : German Immigration , Settlement , and Political Culture in Colonial America , 1717 - 1775 ( University of Pennsylvania Press , 1996 ) online Hatfield , April Lee . Atlantic Virginia : Intercolonial Relations in the Seventeenth Century ( 2007 ) excerpt and text search Illick , Joseph E. Colonial Pennsylvania : A History , ( 1976 ) online edition Kammen , Michael . Colonial New York : A History , ( 2003 ) Katz , Stanley , et al. eds . Colonial America : Essays in Politics and Social Development ( 6th ed. 2010 ) , 606pp ; essays by 28 leading scholars table of contents Kidd , Thomas S . The Great Awakening : The Roots of Evangelical Christianity in Colonial America ( 2009 ) Kulikoff , Allan ( 2000 ) . From British Peasants to Colonial American Farmers . Labaree , Benjamin Woods . Colonial Massachusetts : A History , ( 1979 ) Mancall , Peter C. `` Pigs for Historians : Changes in the Land and Beyond William and Mary Quarterly ( 2010 ) 67 # 2 pp. 347 - 375 in JSTOR , covers historiography of environmental history Morgan , Edmund S. American Slavery , American Freedom : The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia ( 1975 ) Pulitzer Prize online edition Nagl , Dominik . No Part of the Mother Country , but Distinct Dominions - Law , State Formation and Governance in England , Massachusetts und South Carolina , 1630 - 1769 ( 2013 ). online edition Struna , Nancy L. People of Prowess Sport Leisure and Labor in Early Anglo - America ( 1996 ) excerpt Tate , Thad W. Chesapeake in the Seventeenth Century ( 1980 ) excerpt and text search Wilson , Thomas D . The Ashley Cooper Plan : The Founding of Carolina and the Origins of Southern Political Culture . Chapel Hill , N.C. : University of North Carolina Press , 2016 . Wood , Betty . Slavery in Colonial America , 1619 -- 1776 ( 2005 ) Primary sources ( edit ) Kavenagh , W. Keith , ed . Foundations of Colonial America : A Documentary History ( 1973 ) 4 vol. 22 Phillips , Ulrich B. Plantation and Frontier Documents , 1649 -- 1863 ; Illustrative of Industrial History in the Colonial and Antebellum South : Collected from MSS. and Other Rare Sources . 2 Volumes. ( 1909 ) . vol 1 & 2 online edition Rushforth , Brett , Paul Mapp , and Alan Taylor , eds . North America and the Atlantic World : A History in Documents ( 2008 ) Sarson , Steven , and Jack P. Greene , eds . The American Colonies and the British Empire , 1607 -- 1783 ( 8 vol , 2010 ) ; primary sources Online sources ( edit ) Archiving Early America Colonial History of the United States at Thayer 's American History site Colonial America 1600 -- 1775 , K12 Resources at the Wayback Machine ( archived October 23 , 2007 ) External links ( edit ) Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : US History Media related to Colonial America at Wikimedia Commons Colonial American Culture The short film Americans : 1776 ( 1975 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive The short film Force of Citizens is available for free download at the Internet Archive Articles related to the colonial history of the United States The Thirteen Colonies of Colonial America New England Colonies Middle Colonies Chesapeake Colonies Southern Colonies Connecticut Delaware Georgia Maryland Massachusetts Bay New Hampshire New Jersey New York North Carolina Pennsylvania Rhode Island and Providence Plantations South Carolina Virginia Early English colonial entities Carolina East Jersey Maine New England New Haven Plymouth Saybrook West Jersey History of the United States Timeline Prehistory Pre-Columbian Colonial 1776 -- 89 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 65 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 45 1945 -- 64 1964 -- 80 1980 -- 91 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present Topics American Century Cities Constitution Demographic Diplomatic Economic Education Immigration Medical Merchant Marine Military Musical Religious Slavery Southern Technological and industrial Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Voting rights Women Category Portal United States articles History By event Timeline of U.S. history Pre-Columbian era Colonial era Thirteen Colonies military history Continental Congress American Revolution War American frontier Drafting and ratification of Constitution Federalist Era War of 1812 Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Mexican -- American War Civil War Reconstruction Era Indian Wars Gilded Age Progressive Era African - 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who is.the mother in how i met your mother
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Tracy McConnell , better known as `` The Mother '' , is the title character from the CBS television sitcom How I Met Your Mother . The show , narrated by Future Ted , tells the story of how Ted Mosby met The Mother . Tracy McConnell appears in 8 episodes from `` Lucky Penny '' to `` The Time Travelers '' as an unseen character ; she was first seen fully in `` Something New '' and was promoted to a main character in season 9 . The Mother is played by Cristin Milioti .
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Tracy McConnell
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The Mother ( How I Met Your Mother )
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the mother ( how i met your mother )
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Tracy McConnell , better known as `` The Mother '' , is the title character from the CBS television sitcom How I Met Your Mother . The show , narrated by Future Ted , tells the story of how Ted Mosby met The Mother . Tracy McConnell appears in 8 episodes from `` Lucky Penny '' to `` The Time Travelers '' as an unseen character ; she was first seen fully in `` Something New '' and was promoted to a main character in season 9 . The Mother is played by Cristin Milioti .
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The story of how Ted met The Mother is the framing device behind the series ; many facts about her are revealed throughout the series , including the fact that Ted once unwittingly owned her umbrella before accidentally leaving it behind in her apartment . Ted and The Mother meet at the Farhampton train station following Barney Stinson and Robin Scherbatsky 's wedding ; this scene is shown in `` Last Forever '' , the series finale . The Mother 's death from an unspecified terminal illness in 2024 , also revealed in the series finale , received a mixed reaction from fans . An alternate ending was released in the ninth season DVD . In the alternate ending , Tracy Mosby is still living when Ted is telling the story in 2030 . In the video , future Ted is heard saying , `` ... When I think how lucky I am to wake up next to your mom every morning , I ca n't help but be amazed how easy it all really was ... '' , indirectly stating that The Mother is alive . The video ends right after the train passes at Farhampton station and credits start rolling , implying that Ted never went back to Robin as he lived a successful married life with Tracy Mosby . Contents ( hide ) 1 Casting 2 Character history 2.1 Name 3 Death 4 Notes 5 References Casting ( edit ) During its first eight seasons , the successful sitcom How I Met Your Mother often hinted at the unseen character of The Mother . Well - known actresses often made guest appearances on the show . Many fans expected that another would play one of the most - wanted roles in Hollywood , but creators Carter Bays and Craig Thomas wanted an unknown . Using Anne Hathaway and Amy Adams as examples , Thomas said that `` We did n't want it to be a big famous star because we did n't want the wider audience to have associations with whatever actress this would be ... The whole idea is that Ted 's never seen this woman before , so it better feel that way to the audience '' , similar to how Cobie Smulders being cast as Robin Scherbatsky had `` kept the show alive '' when it began . Bays and Thomas also did not want a large casting call . They chose Cristin Milioti after seeing her on 30 Rock and Once ; her musical ability was also helpful , as The Mother had been described as a band member . After competing for the role against at least two others , Milioti filmed her first scene -- for the last episode of season 8 -- having never watched How I Met Your Mother ; she recalled , `` I had ignorance on my side . So I did n't know what it meant . '' Milioti learned of the character 's importance only after binge watching the show during the summer . Character history ( edit ) The Mother was born on September 19 , 1984 . The Mother , joined by her roommate Kelly awaits the arrival of her boyfriend Max only to receive a call informing her of his death . After the funeral service , she returns to the apartment to open Max 's last gift to her -- a ukulele . The Mother spends the next few years grieving the passing of the man she believes was her one true love . In `` Wait for It '' , it is revealed that the short story of how they met involved her yellow umbrella . In `` No Tomorrow '' , Ted finds the umbrella at a club and takes it home after attending a St. Patrick 's Day party which she also attended , as it had been two and a half years since the death of Max , her late boyfriend . She is still grieving , but her roommate Kelly encourages her to go out and date again , bringing her to the same bar where Ted and Barney are celebrating . The two women run into Mitch , her old orchestra instructor ; The Mother offers to give Mitch her cello for his work at a school and they head to her apartment . After they start talking , Mitch encourages her to pursue her dreams . The Mother expresses her desire to end poverty by taking up economics in college . On his first day of teaching as Professor Mosby , as seen in the season 4 finale `` The Leap '' , he is seen in front of the classroom of students , one of which Future Ted says is the titular mother . But in the first episode of season 5 , `` Definitions '' , it is revealed that he was actually in the wrong classroom -- Economics instead of Architecture . At the same time in `` How Your Mother Met Me '' , the Mother sits her first session in Economics 305 and meets another graduate student named Cindy ( Rachel Bilson ) , whom she offers to move in with her as her roommate . They see Ted enter the room , but when he announces the subject , The Mother thinks she is in the wrong room and runs off . She heads back to the room after seeing Ted scramble to his actual classroom . Later , in `` Girls Versus Suits '' , Ted dates Cindy , not knowing that her roommate is his future wife . Throughout the episode , Ted notes that Cindy had spent most of their first date talking jealously about her roommate . When in Cindy and the mother 's apartment he picks up many of The Mother 's belongings , attempting to show how compatible he and Cindy are ( thinking the items are Cindy 's ) and glimpses the mother 's foot as she disappears into her room after taking a shower . Ted finds out at this time that she plays bass guitar in a band . Ted forgets to take the yellow umbrella with him when he goes out and Future Ted mentions , `` this is how your mother got her yellow umbrella back . '' In `` How Your Mother Met Me '' , it is revealed that , after Ted left the apartment , the Mother had discovered the umbrella and , upon going to question Cindy , finds her in a state . As she tried to console her , Cindy said that she was a much better match for Ted , and began to lovingly list all of the reasons that Ted would find the mother attractive , before spontaneously kissing her , revealing that her jealousy towards her roommate was actually a crush . While this incident made Cindy realise that she is a lesbian , it also made the Mother decide to go back into dating , as the kiss was her first in a long time . Some time after this , a man named Darren approaches The Mother and is welcomed into her band named Superfreakonomics . Darren gradually takes over the band . In the season 6 opener `` Big Days '' it is revealed Ted meets his future wife `` the day of '' the wedding at which he is the best man . In the episode `` False Positive '' Robin asks Ted to be her future best man , should she ever get married . In the episode `` Challenge Accepted '' , it is revealed that Ted meets the mother of his children the day of Barney 's wedding . In the last episode of season 7 , `` The Magician 's Code '' it is shown that Barney will marry Robin , and Ted will meet the mother `` the day of '' their wedding . On the premiere of season 8 , Ted 's wife appears after Barney and Robin 's wedding , outside at the `` Farhampton '' station while holding a yellow umbrella and her bass guitar . In the season 8 episode `` Band or DJ ? , '' Ted runs into Cindy on the subway and tells her that the band Barney and Robin hired to play at their wedding cancelled at the last minute . The end result of the encounter is that Cindy 's ( now ex - ) roommate 's band plays at Barney and Robin 's wedding . The Mother is first shown meeting Louis in `` How Your Mother Met Me '' as she is left to carry the band equipment while the now - lead band member Darren talks to his fans . Later at MacLaren 's Pub , she tells him she 's not yet ready to date . Louis asks her to give him a call if she changes her mind and they begin dating not long after . The Mother meets all of Ted 's best friends ( Barney , Lily , Marshall and Robin ) before she meets him . The Mother is responsible for convincing Barney to pursue Robin , as revealed through a flashback in `` Platonish '' . In `` The Locket '' , Tracy meets Lily on a train journey . In `` Bass Player Wanted '' , the Mother picks up a hitchhiking Marshall , carrying his son Marvin , on her way to Farhampton Inn . On their way , it is revealed that the Mother is a bass player in the band , that is scheduled to play at the wedding reception . But the band 's leader , Darren , forced her to quit . The Mother ultimately decides to confront Darren and retake the band . She ends up alone at the bar , and while practicing a speech to give Darren , Darren walks up to her furious the groom 's best man punched him for `` no reason . '' Amused by this , the Mother laughs , and Darren quits the band in anger . In `` How Your Mother Met Me '' , it is shown that after this incident , the Mother returns to Louis ' summer cottage not far from the Farhampton Inn where she has been staying for the duration of the wedding weekend . As she walks in the door , Louis proposes to her , but she goes outside to think about it for a few minutes . She declines Louis ' proposal and leaves his cottage , going to check in at Farhampton Inn . On her room 's balcony , she plays the ukulele and sings `` La Vie en Rose '' . Ted hears her singing from his room next door . In `` Gary Blauman '' , Ted and the Mother are on their first date . Ted picks her up at her New York City apartment and they proceed to walk to a Scottish - Mexican fusion restaurant for dinner . On the way there , Ted is telling her a story when they nearly have a run - in with Louis . She says that she is in the `` weirdest place on earth '' right now and that it is too soon for her to be dating . Ted walks her back to her apartment . They say goodnight and Ted begins to walk away . The Mother then stops him and asks him to finish the story he was telling her . When the story is over , they say goodnight again . The Mother takes a step towards Ted and they kiss for the first time , before deciding to carry on their date . In a flashforward in `` The Lighthouse '' , Ted proposes to the Mother at the top of the lighthouse near Farhampton Inn . She immediately accepts . In another flashfoward in `` Unpause '' , the Mother is revealed to be pregnant with their second child , Luke , in the year 2017 . She goes into labor while she and Ted are staying at Farhampton . Name ( edit ) The Mother 's real name is not revealed until the series finale , `` Last Forever '' . When Ted meets her at the Farhampton train station , she reveals that her name is Tracy McConnell . In the season 1 episode `` Belly Full of Turkey '' , Ted meets a stripper named Tracy and says `` ... that , kids , is the true story of how I met your mother '' . The children react in surprise and appear to believe Ted before he admits he is joking , which led some fans to correctly guess that The Mother 's name is Tracy . Death ( edit ) See also : Last Forever In the series finale , it is revealed that six years prior to Ted telling the story to his children , Tracy died in 2024 from an undisclosed illness . In the finale the characters do not directly state that the mother is dead . Ted says that she `` became sick '' and his children saying that she has been `` gone '' for six years . Many fans expressed considerable disappointment to The Mother 's death . Milioti cried when she learned her character was supposed to die , but came to accept the ending was what the writers had planned from the beginning . Bill Kuchman from Popculturology said that The Mother was `` an amazing character '' and that `` over the course of this final season HIMYM made us care about Tracy . Kuchman said that `` asking fans to drop all of that with a simple line about The Mother getting sick and passing away was a very difficult request '' , that the finale `` advanced too quickly '' and that `` HIMYM was a victim of its own success on this issue '' . A petition was started , aiming to rewrite and reshoot the finale . The petition has over 20,000 signatures and considerable online news coverage . On April 5 , 2014 , Carter Bays announced on Twitter that an alternate ending would be included on the Season 9 DVD . No new material was shot for this scene . In the alternate ending , the mother is still living when Ted is telling the story in 2030 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Mother celebrates her 21st birthday on the day that `` Pilot '' is set . The pilot is set on September 19 , 2005 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Debnath , Neela ( 7 September 2014 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother alternative finale leaks online ahead of DVD release '' . The Independent . Retrieved 15 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( September 6 , 2014 ) . `` Watch the Happier ' How I Met Your Mother ' Alternate Ending '' . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ MacGregor , Rachel ( September 23 , 2014 ) . `` 8 reasons why How I Met Your Mother should 've used its alternative ending '' . Metro UK . Jump up ^ Stransky , Tanner ( 2013 - 05 - 13 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' : Burning questions about the mother '' . Entertainment Weekly . ^ Jump up to : Fallon , Kevin ( 2013 - 05 - 14 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' Mother Revealed : Meet Cristin Milioti '' . The Daily Beast . Jump up ^ Fallon , Kevin ( 2015 - 11 - 03 ) . `` How Cristin Milioti Met ' Fargo ' -- And Left ' How I Met Your Mother ' Behind '' . The Daily Beast . ^ Jump up to : `` How Your Mother Met Me '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 9 . Episode 16 . January 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pilot '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 1 . Episode 1 . September 19 , 2005 . CBS . ^ Jump up to : Kuchman , Bill ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' ' Last Forever ' Recap : A Divisive Finale and What It Means for ' HIMYM ' '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rullo , Samantha ( 10 March 2014 ) . `` What is The Mother 's Name on ' How I Met Your Mother ' ? Episode Title Might Hold the Secret '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` HIMYM Tomatometer Watch : Series Finale Currently Rotten - Majority of critics disappointed by ' Last Forever ' '' . Rotten Tomatoes. April 2 , 2014 . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/cristin-milioti-sobbed-found-characters-fate-met-mother/story?id=25947923 Jump up ^ Kuchman , Bill ( March 31 , 2014 ) . `` ' HIMYM ' Finale Instant Reaction '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Guerrero , Danger ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` Now There 's A Petition To ' Rewrite And Reshoot ' The ' How I Met Your Mother ' Ending '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Maresca , Rachel ( April 3 , 2014 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' series finale sparks online petition from fans who want ending changed '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Update for those who 've been asking : Alt # himym ending will be on s9 DVD and also in the series box set . https://twitter.com/CarterBays/status/452299544995184640 Jump up ^ James , Lauren ( April 5 , 2014 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' May Get Alternate Ending After Petition , Says Carter Bays '' . Contact Music . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( September 6 , 2014 ) . `` Watch the Happier ' How I Met Your Mother ' Alternate Ending '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved November 16 , 2014 . ( hide ) How I Met Your Mother Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Season 7 Season 8 Season 9 Characters Ted Mosby Marshall Eriksen Lily Aldrin Barney Stinson Robin Scherbatsky The Mother ( Tracy McConnell ) Soundtracks How I Met Your Music Related articles Awards and nominations The Bro Code Cheerleader effect `` Nothing Suits Me Like a Suit '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Mother_(How_I_Met_Your_Mother)&oldid=800867272 '' Categories : How I Met Your Mother characters Fictional characters introduced in 2013 Fictional female musicians Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Pages using infobox character with unknown parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Magyar Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 04 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Mother%20%28How%20I%20Met%20Your%20Mother%29
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who knows where the time goes kate wolf
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Who Knows Where the Time Goes ?
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who knows where the time goes?
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`` Who Knows Where the Time Goes ? '' is a song written by the English folk - rock singer and songwriter Sandy Denny . Denny originally recorded the song as a demo in 1967 , singing and playing guitar on the track . Later that year , she briefly joined the folk band The Strawbs , and re-recorded the song , again with only her voice and guitar , for what became the album All Our Own Work , which would not be released until 1973 .
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American folk singer Judy Collins heard a tape of the original demo recording in 1968 , and decided to cover the song . She released her recording first as the B - side of her cover of `` Both Sides , Now '' , and then as the title track of her album Who Knows Where the Time Goes , both released in 1968 . Hers was the first widely available recording of the song . In 1968 Denny joined the folk - rock band Fairport Convention . She recorded the song on her second album with the band , the 1969 album Unhalfbricking . This version had more of a rock influence . `` Who Knows Where the Time Goes ? '' became a signature song for both Denny and Fairport Convention , and has been covered by many artists . In 2007 , the Unhalfbricking version was voted `` Favourite Folk Track Of All Time '' by listeners of BBC Radio 2 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 2 Cover versions 3 Soundtrack appearances 4 References 5 External links Structure ( edit ) The song is a slow - paced reflection in three verses on observed events ( `` Across the evening sky all the birds are leaving '' ) Having described these observations , Denny then writes that for her , some things are timeless ( `` Before the winter 's fire , I will still be dreamin ' ; I have no thought of time '' ) and in the last line of the short chorus asks rhetorically `` Who knows where the time goes ? '' . The song is in the key of E major and employs relatively complex jazz - like chord progressions . Cover versions ( edit ) Cover versions have been recorded by , among others , Mia Doi Todd , 10,000 Maniacs , Mary Black , Eva Cassidy , Judy Collins , Nana Mouskouri , Lonnie Donegan , Nanci Griffith , Susanna Hoffs and Matthew Sweet , Deanna Kirk , Charlie Louvin , Cat Power , Eddi Reader , Julianne Regan ( with Fairport Convention ) , Kate Rusby , Nina Simone ( on her 1970 live album Black Gold ) , Barbara Dickson , Kate Wolf , Lumiere w / Sinéad O'Connor , Heather Masse ( on the radio program A Prairie Home Companion ) , , Dez Mona. and Itsuwa Mayumi Besides Judy Collins ' 1968 album Who Knows Where the Time Goes , Who Knows Where the Time Goes is the title of Fairport Convention 's 1997 album , Michel Griffin 's 2008 album , Kate Rusby 's single CD , and Rondi Charleston 's 2011 jazz album . Soundtrack appearances ( edit ) The Fairport Convention version was used as the closing music for the 2017 final episode of the Netflix series Grace and Frankie and the closing music in the 2009 film Do n't Worry About Me . The Judy Collins version can be heard in the 1968 film The Subject Was Roses and the 1999 film A Walk on the Moon . The Nina Simone version is used in the 2002 film The Dancer Upstairs . In the 2011 Broadway production of Jerusalem by Jez Butterworth , the song is played in its entirety towards the end of the final act . A young girl puts an LP record on a turntable and the song plays as Mark Rylance 's character , Johnny Byron , dances with her and is then brutally beaten by the girl 's stepfather and his brothers . The version used is the live recording from BBC Radio Sounds of the Seventies , recorded September 11 , 1973 . The actress Lucy Hale sings it in an episode of the TV show Pretty Little Liars . The song was played in the BBC 's Inspector George Gently episode `` The Lost Child '' set in 1968 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` BBC - Press Office - Radio 2 Folk Awards 2007 winners '' . BBC . 6 February 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` purple '' is used in Denny 's original home demo , later versions used `` evening '' Jump up ^ `` Sandy Denny '' . New Musical Express . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Who Knows Where The Time Goes Chords by Fairport Convention @ Ultimate-Guitar.Com '' . www.ultimate-guitar.com . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Sandy Denny : Who Knows Where the Time Goes ? '' . Reinhard Zierke . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` A Prairie Home Companion for December 31 , 2011 '' . American Public Media . 2012 . Retrieved 27 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dez Mona - Persued Sinners ( 2010 ) '' . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ http://www.michelgriffin.com/Album.php External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Sandy Denny Solo albums The North Star Grassman and the Ravens Sandy Like an Old Fashioned Waltz Rendezvous Gold Dust Live albums Gold Dust 19 Rupert St Compilations It 's Sandy Denny Who Knows Where the Time Goes ? The Best of Sandy Denny The Attic Tracks 1972 -- 1984 The BBC Sessions 1971 -- 1973 Listen Listen - An Introduction to Sandy Denny No More Sad Refrains : The Anthology The Best of Sandy Denny ( 20th Century Masters : The Millennium Collection ) The Collection A Boxful of Treasures Where The Time Goes - Sandy ' 67 Live at the BBC The Best of the BBC Recordings The Music Weaver : Sandy Denny Remembered Sandy Denny The Notes and the Word : A Collection of Demos and Rarities Albums with the Strawbs All Our Own Work Sandy Denny and the Strawbs All Our Own Work : The Complete Sessions Remastered Albums with Fairport Convention What We Did on Our Holidays Unhalfbricking Liege & Lief Fairport Live Convention Rising for the Moon Heyday : the BBC Radio Sessions 1968 -- 69 Albums with Fotheringay Fotheringay Fotheringay 2 Albums with The Bunch Rock On Collaborations Alex Campbell and His Friends Sandy and Johnny ( split album with Johnny Silvo ) Do n't Stop Singing ( Thea Gilmore ) Guest appearances Led Zeppelin : `` The Battle of Evermore '' The Who : Tommy The Young Tradition : Galleries Stefan Grossman : Ragtime Cowboy Jew Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Who_Knows_Where_the_Time_Goes%3F&oldid=808490400 '' Categories : 1967 songs Fairport Convention songs Judy Collins songs Nina Simone songs Sandy Denny songs Songs written by Sandy Denny Matthew Sweet songs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Norsk nynorsk Edit links This page was last edited on 3 November 2017 , at 04 : 46 . 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who is the patron saint for lost items
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Saint Anthony of Padua ( Portuguese : St. António de Lisboa ) , born Fernando Martins de Bulhões ( 15 August 1195 -- 13 June 1231 ) , also known as Anthony of Lisbon , was a Portuguese Catholic priest and friar of the Franciscan Order . He was born and raised by a wealthy family in Lisbon , Portugal , and died in Padua , Italy . Noted by his contemporaries for his powerful preaching , expert knowledge of scripture , and undying love and devotion to the poor and the sick , he was one of the most quickly canonized saints in church history . He was proclaimed a Doctor of the Church on 16 January 1946 . He is also the patron saint of lost things .
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Saint Anthony of Padua ( Portuguese : St. António de Lisboa ) , born Fernando Martins de Bulhões ( 15 August 1195 -- 13 June 1231 ) , also known as Anthony of Lisbon
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Anthony of Padua
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anthony of padua
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Saint Anthony of Padua ( Portuguese : St. António de Lisboa ) , born Fernando Martins de Bulhões ( 15 August 1195 -- 13 June 1231 ) , also known as Anthony of Lisbon , was a Portuguese Catholic priest and friar of the Franciscan Order . He was born and raised by a wealthy family in Lisbon , Portugal , and died in Padua , Italy . Noted by his contemporaries for his powerful preaching , expert knowledge of scripture , and undying love and devotion to the poor and the sick , he was one of the most quickly canonized saints in church history . He was proclaimed a Doctor of the Church on 16 January 1946 . He is also the patron saint of lost things .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Life 1.1 Early years 1.2 Joining the Franciscans 1.3 Preaching and teaching 1.4 Death 2 Saint and Doctor of the Church 3 Veneration as patron saint 3.1 North America 3.2 Brazil and Europe 3.3 Asia 4 In art 5 In films 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Life ( edit ) Church of Saint Anthony , in Lisbon , Portugal , the birthplace of Saint Anthony of Padua Early years ( edit ) Fernando Martins was born in Lisbon , Portugal . While fifteenth century writers state that his parents were Vicente Martins and Teresa Pais Taveira , and that his father was the brother of Pedro Martins de Bulhões , the ancestor of the Bulhão or Bulhões family , Niccolò Dal - Gal views this as less certain . His wealthy and noble family arranged for him to be instructed at the local cathedral school . At the age of fifteen , he entered the community of Canons Regular at the Augustinian Abbey of Saint Vincent on the outskirts of Lisbon . In 1212 , distracted by frequent visits from family and friends , he asked to be transferred to the motherhouse of the congregation , the Abbey of Santa Cruz in Coimbra , then the capital of Portugal . There the young Fernando studied theology and Latin . Joining the Franciscans ( edit ) In Alvise Vivarini 's painting , Anthony is distinguished from the other saints by his attributes , the book and the white lily stalk . After his ordination to the priesthood , Fernando was named guestmaster and placed in charge of hospitality for the abbey . While he was in Coimbra , some Franciscan friars arrived and settled at a small hermitage outside Coimbra dedicated to Saint Anthony of Egypt . Fernando was strongly attracted to the simple , evangelical lifestyle of the friars , whose order had been founded only eleven years prior . News arrived that five Franciscans had been beheaded in Morocco , the first of their order to be killed . King Afonso ransomed their bodies to be returned and buried as martyrs in the Abbey of Santa Cruz . Inspired by their example , Fernando obtained permission from church authorities to leave the Canons Regular to join the new Franciscan Order . Upon his admission to the life of the friars , he joined the small hermitage in Olivais , adopting the name Anthony ( from the name of the chapel located there , dedicated to Saint Anthony the Great ) , by which he was to be known . Anthony then set out for Morocco , in fulfillment of his new vocation . However , he fell seriously ill in Morocco and set sail back for Portugal in hope of regaining his health . On the return voyage the ship was blown off course and landed in Sicily . From Sicily he made his way to Tuscany where he was assigned to a convent of the order , but he met with difficulty on account of his sickly appearance . He was finally assigned to the rural hermitage of San Paolo near Forlì , Romagna , a choice made after considering his poor health . There he had recourse to a cell one of the friars had made in a nearby cave , spending time in private prayer and study . Preaching and teaching ( edit ) Saint Anthony of Padua Holding Baby Jesus by Strozzi , c. 1625 ; the white lily represents purity . One day , in 1222 , in the town of Forli , on the occasion of an ordination , a number of visiting Dominican friars were present , and there was some misunderstanding over who should preach . The Franciscans naturally expected that one of the Dominicans would occupy the pulpit , for they were renowned for their preaching ; the Dominicans , on the other hand , had come unprepared , thinking that a Franciscan would be the homilist . In this quandary , the head of the hermitage , who had no one among his own humble friars suitable for the occasion , called upon Anthony , whom he suspected was most qualified , and entreated him to speak whatever the Holy Spirit should put into his mouth . Anthony objected but was overruled , and his sermon created a deep impression . Not only his rich voice and arresting manner , but the entire theme and substance of his discourse and his moving eloquence , held the attention of his hearers . Everyone was impressed with his knowledge of scripture , acquired during his years as an Augustinian friar . At that point , Anthony was sent by Brother Gratian , the local Minister Provincial , to the Franciscan province of Romagna , based in Bologna . He soon came to the attention of the founder of the order , Francis of Assisi . Francis had held a strong distrust of the place of theological studies in the life of his brotherhood , fearing that it might lead to an abandonment of their commitment to a life of real poverty . In Anthony , however , he found a kindred spirit for his vision , who was also able to provide the teaching needed by young members of the order who might seek ordination . In 1224 he entrusted the pursuit of studies for any of his friars to the care of Anthony . St Anthony holding Baby Jesus The reason St. Anthony 's help is invoked for finding things lost or stolen is traced to an incident that occurred in Bologna . According to the story , Anthony had a book of psalms that was of some importance to him as it contained the notes and comments he had made to use in teaching his students . A novice who had decided to leave took the psalter with him . Prior to the invention of the printing press , any book was an item of value . Upon noticing it was missing , Anthony prayed it would be found or returned . The thief was moved to restore the book to Anthony and return to the Order . The stolen book is said to be preserved in the Franciscan friary in Bologna . Occasionally he took another post , as a teacher , for instance , at the universities of Montpellier and Toulouse in southern France , but it was as a preacher that Anthony revealed his supreme gift . According to historian Sophronius Clasen , Anthony preached the grandeur of Christianity . His method included allegory and symbolical explanation of Scripture . In 1226 , after attending the General Chapter of his order held at Arles , France , and preaching in the French region of Provence , Anthony returned to Italy and was appointed provincial superior of northern Italy . He chose the city of Padua as his location . In 1228 he served as envoy from the general chapter to Pope Gregory IX . At the Papal court , his preaching was hailed as a `` jewel case of the Bible '' and he was commissioned to produce his collection of sermons , Sermons for Feast Days ( Sermones in Festivitates ) . Gregory IX himself described him as the `` Ark of the Testament '' ( Doctor Arca testamenti ) . Death ( edit ) Anthony of Padua with the Infant Jesus by Antonio de Pereda , detail Anthony became sick with ergotism , a disease which is now known also under the name `` Saint Anthony 's Fire '' , and , in 1231 , went to the woodland retreat at Camposampiero with two other friars for a respite . There he lived in a cell built for him under the branches of a walnut tree . Anthony died on the way back to Padua on 13 June 1231 at the Poor Clare monastery at Arcella ( now part of Padua ) , aged 35 . According to the request of Anthony , he was buried in the small church of Santa Maria Mater Domini , probably dating from the late 12th century and near a convent which had been founded by him in 1229 . Nevertheless , due to his increased notability , construction of a large Basilica began around 1232 -- although it was not completed until 1301 . The smaller church was incorporated into structure as the Cappella della Madonna Mora ( Chapel of the Dark Madonna ) . The basilica is commonly known today as `` Il Santo '' . Various legends surround the death of Anthony . One holds that when he died , the children cried in the streets and that all the bells of the churches rang of their own accord . Another legend regards his tongue . Anthony is buried in a chapel within the large basilica built to honor him , where his tongue is displayed for veneration in a large reliquary along with his jaw and his vocal cords . When his body was exhumed thirty years after his death , it was found turned to dust , but the tongue was claimed to have glistened and looked as if it was still alive and moist ; apparently a further claim was made that this was a sign of his gift of preaching . On 1 January 1981 , Pope Saint John Paul II authorized a scientific team to study the saint 's remains and the tomb was opened on 6 January . Saint and Doctor of the church ( edit ) St Anthony of Padua and St Francis of Assisi by Friedrich Pacher Anthony was canonized by Pope Gregory IX on 30 May 1232 , at Spoleto , Italy , less than one year after his death . `` The richness of spiritual teaching contained in the Sermons was so great that in ( 16 January ) 1946 Venerable Pope Pius XII proclaimed Anthony a Doctor of the Church , attributing to him the title Doctor Evangelicus ( '' Evangelical Doctor `` ) , since the freshness and beauty of the Gospel emerge from these writings . '' Veneration as patron Saint ( edit ) El Greco 's painting , 1580 , shows the book with an image of the Christ child on the page . Anthony 's fame spread through Portuguese evangelization , and he has been known as the most celebrated of the followers of Saint Francis of Assisi . He is the patron saint of Lisbon , Padua and many places in Portugal and in the countries of the former Portuguese Empire . He is especially invoked and venerated all over the world as the patron saint for the recovery of lost items and is credited with many miracles involving lost people , lost things and even lost spiritual goods . North America ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 1692 Spanish missionaries came across a small Payaya Indian community along what was then known as the Yanaguana River on the feast day of Saint Anthony , 13 June . The Franciscan chaplain , Father Damien Massanet , with agreement General Domingo de Teran , renamed the rivers in his honor , and eventually a mission built nearby as well . This mission became the focal point of a small community that eventually grew in size and scope to become the seventh largest city in the country , the U.S. city of San Antonio , Texas . In New York City , the Shrine Church of St. Anthony in Greenwich Village , Manhattan celebrates his feast day , starting with the traditional novena of prayers asking for his intercession on the thirteen Tuesdays preceding his feast . This culminates with a week - long series of services and a street fair . A traditional Italian - style procession is held that day through the streets of its South Village neighborhood , in which a relic of the saint is carried for veneration . Miraculous Image of Saint Anthony , by Franciszek Lekszycki OFM , 1649 , Przeworsk , Poland Each year on the weekend of the last Sunday in August , Boston 's North End holds a feast in honor of Saint Anthony . Referred to as the `` Feast of All Feasts '' , Saint Anthony 's Feast in Boston 's North End was begun in 1919 by Italian immigrants from Montefalcione , a small town near Naples , where the tradition of honoring Saint Anthony goes back to 1688 . Each year the Sandia Pueblo along with Santa Clara Pueblo celebrate the feast day of Saint Anthony with traditional Native American dances . On 27 January 1907 , in Beaumont , Texas , a church was dedicated and named in honor of Saint Anthony . The church was later designated a cathedral in 1966 with the formation of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Beaumont , but was not formally consecrated . On 28 April 1974 , St. Anthony Cathedral was dedicated and consecrated by Bishop Warren Boudreaux . In 2006 Pope Benedict XVI granted the cathedral the designation of minor basilica . St. Anthony Cathedral Basilica celebrated its 100th anniversary on 28 January 2007 . St. Anthony gives his name to Mission San Antonio de Padua , the third Franciscan mission dedicated along El Camino Real in California in 1771 . In Ellicott City , Maryland , southwest of Baltimore , the Conventual Franciscans of the St. Anthony Province dedicated their old novitiate house as The Shrine of St. Anthony which since 1 July 2004 serves as the official Shrine to Saint Anthony for the Archdiocese of Baltimore , the nation 's `` premier see '' and oldest diocese / first bishop . A large relic of Saint Anthony was donated to the shrine in 1995 by the friars in Padua as well as copies of thirteen original paintings detailing particularly important moments in the life of St. Anthony . The Shrine of Saint Anthony is modeled upon the `` Sacro Convento '' in Assisi , Italy and situated upon land once owned in a large estate by Charles Carroll of Carrollton , the only Roman Catholic signer of the Declaration of Independence for Maryland and then wealthiest man in America . Maryland had been founded as an English colony and a haven for Catholics in 1634 . In addition to daily Mass and regular confession schedule , the Shrine of St. Anthony also offers retreat spaces for outside guests and hosts an annual pilgrimage in mid-June in honor of the Feast Day of St. Anthony of Padua . Brazil and europe ( edit ) Santo Antônio ( Saint Anthony ) Church in Teresópolis , Brazil Saint Anthony is known in Portugal , Spain and Brazil as a marriage saint , because there are legends of him reconciling couples . His feast day , 13 June , is Lisbon 's municipal holiday , celebrated with parades and marriages ( the previous day , 12 June , is the Dia dos Namorados in Brazil ) . He is one of the saints celebrated in the Brazilian Festa Junina ( also known as the `` Santo Antônio '' ) , along with John the Baptist and Saint Peter . He is venerated in Mogán Village in Gran Canaria where his feast day is celebrated every year with oversized objects carried through the streets for the fiesta . In the town of Brusciano , Italy , located near Naples , an annual feast in honor of Saint Anthony is held in late August . This tradition dates back to 1875 . The tradition started when a man prayed to Saint Anthony for his sick son to get better . He vowed that if his son would become healthy that he would build and dance a giglio like the people of Nola do for their patron San Paolino during the annual Fest Dei Gigli . ( A giglio is a tall tower topped with a statue of the saint that is carried through the streets in carefully choreographed maneuvers that resemble a dance . ) The celebration has grown over the years to include six giglio towers built in honor of the saint . This tradition has also carried over to America , specifically the East Harlem area of New York where the immigrants from the town of Brusciano formed the Giglio Society of East Harlem and have been holding their annual feast since the early 1900s . In Poland he is the patron saint of Przeworsk . The icon of Saint Anthony , dating from 1649 , is housed in a local ( Franciscan church , Kaplica Świętego Antoniego w Przeworsku ( pl ) ) . Asia ( edit ) St. Anthony of Padua in St. Joseph 's Church , Macao Devotion to Saint Anthony is popular throughout all of India . In Uvari , in Tamil Nadu , India , the church of Saint Anthony is home to an ancient wooden statue that is said to have cured the entire crew of a Portuguese ship suffering from cholera . Saint Anthony is said to perform many miracles daily , and Uvari is visited by pilgrims of different religions from all over South India . Christians in Tamil Nadu have great reverence for Saint Anthony and he is a popular saint there , where he is called `` The Miracle Saint . '' Also in India , a small crusady known with the name of Saint Anthony is located in the village called Pothiyanvilai , state of Tamil Nadu Kanyakumari district near Thengapattinam , where thousands of devotees attend every Tuesday and Friday to receive his blessings , miracles and guidings directly from St. Anthony 's soul entering in the body of a holy person for the last 34 years . The southern Indian state of Karnataka is also a holy pilgrimage center in honor of Saint Anthony ( specifically located in the small village of Dornahalli , near Mysore ) . Local lore holds that a farmer there unearthed a statue that was later identified as being that of Saint Anthony . The statue was deemed miraculous and an incident of divine intervention . A church was then erected to honor the saint . Additionally , Saint Anthony is highly venerated in Sri Lanka , and the nation 's Saint Anthony National Shrine in Kochikade , Colombo , receives many devotees of Saint Anthony , both Catholic and non-Catholic . In the Philippines , the devotion to St. Anthony of Padua began in the year 1581 , in the town of Pila , Laguna where Franciscans established the very first church in the whole country dedicated to St. Anthony of Padua , now it is elevated as the Diocesan Shrine of St. Anthony of Padua under the Diocese of San Pablo . In Siolim , a village in the Indian state of Goa , St. Anthony is always shown holding a serpent on a stick . This is a depiction of the incident which occurred during the construction of the church wherein a snake was disrupting construction work . The people turned to St. Anthony for help and placed his statue at the construction site . The next morning , the snake was found caught in the cord placed in the statue 's hand . In Art ( edit ) Giacomo Farelli -- St. Antony of Padua As the number of Franciscan saints increased , iconography struggled to distinguish Anthony from the others . Because of a legend that he had once preached to the fish , this was sometimes used as his attribute . He is also often seen with a white lily stalk , representing his purity . Other conventions referred to St. Anthony 's visionary fervor . Thus , one attribute in use for some time was a flaming heart . In 1511 , Titian painted three large frescoes in the Scuola del Santo ( it ) in Padua , depicting scenes of the miracles from the life of Saint Anthony : The Miracle of the Jealous Husband , which depicts the murder of a young woman by her husband ; A Child Testifying to Its Mother 's Innocence ; and The Saint Healing the Young Man with a Broken Limb . Another key pattern has him meditating on an open book in which the Christ Child himself appears , as in the El Greco above . Over time the child came to be shown considerably larger than the book and some images even do without the book entirely . He typically appears carrying the infant Jesus and holding a cross . Anthony of Padua in Art An early work by Raphael , 1503 , at the Dulwich Picture Gallery , London , UK Baby Jesus with St. Anthony of Padua , Elisabetta Sirani , 1656 , Bologna , Italy Anthony of Padua with the Infant Jesus by Antonio de Pereda St Antony Reading by Marco Antonio Bassetti Triptych of Saint Antonius by Ambrosius Benson Saint Anthony of Padua with the Infant Christ by Guercino , 1656 , Bologna , Italy Vision of Saint Anthony , by Alonso Cano St. Antony with Christ Child , from , Carinthia , in Austria . In films ( edit ) The 1931 silent film Saint Anthony of Padua ( Antonio di Padova , il santo dei miracoli ) directed by Giulio Antamoro . He was played in the 1949 Italian film Anthony of Padua by Aldo Fiorelli Umberto Marino 's 2002 Sant'Antonio di Padova aka Saint Anthony : The Miracle Worker of Padua is an Italian TV movie about the saint . While the VHS format is without English subtitles , the DVD version released in 2005 is simply called Saint Anthony and is subtitled . Saint Anthony , The Faithful Knight . Antonello Belluco 's 2006 Antonio guerriero di Dio aka Anthony , Warrior of God is a biopic about the saint . João Pedro Rodrigues directed the 2016 film The Ornithologist , a sort of modern - day fantastic allegory of the life of St. Anthony . See also ( edit ) Part of a series on Christian mysticism Theology Philosophy ( show ) Apophatic Ascetical Cataphatic Catholic spirituality Hellenistic Mystical theology Neoplatonic Henosis Practices ( show ) Monasticism Monasticism Asceticism Spiritual direction Meditation Meditation Lectio Divina Invoking of Mystic Saints Active ascetism Contemplation Hesychasm Jesus prayer Quietism Stages of Christian perfection Divinization Catharsis Theosis Kenosis Spiritual dryness Religious ecstasy Passive ascetism Abstinence People ( by era or century ) ( show ) Antiquity ( show ) Ancient African Origen Gregory of Nyssa Pseudo-Dionysius Desert Fathers ( show ) Paul of Thebes Anthony the Great Arsenius the Great Poemen Macarius of Egypt Moses the Black Syncletica Athanasius John Chrysostom Hilarion John Cassian 11th 12th ( show ) Bernard of Clairvaux Guigo II Hildegard of Bingen Symeon the New Theologian 13th 14th ( show ) Dominican Dominic de Guzmán Franciscan Francis of Assisi Anthony of Padua Bonaventure Jacopone da Todi Angela of Foligno English Richard Rolle Walter Hilton Julian of Norwich Margery Kempe Flemish Hadewijch Beatrice of Nazareth John of Ruysbroeck German Meister Eckhart Johannes Tauler Henry Suso Female Beatrice of Nazareth Bridget of Sweden Catherine of Siena Mechthild of Magdeburg Marguerite Porete 15th 16th ( show ) Spanish Ignatius of Loyola Francisco de Osuna John of Ávila Teresa of Ávila John of the Cross Others Catherine of Genoa 17th 18th ( show ) French Pierre de Bérulle Jean - Jacques Olier Louis de Montfort Charles de Condren John Eudes John of St. Samson Others María de Ágreda Anne Catherine Emmerich Veronica Giuliani Francis de Sales 19th ( show ) Dina Bélanger Catherine Labouré Mélanie Calvat Maximin Giraud Bernadette Soubirous Conchita de Armida Luisa Piccarreta Mary of the Divine Heart Thérèse of Lisieux Gemma Galgani 20th ( show ) Padre Pio Therese Neumann Marthe Robin Adrienne von Speyr Alexandrina of Balazar Faustina Kowalska Berthe Petit Sister Lúcia of Fátima Edgar Cayce Simone Weil Alfred Delp Thomas Merton Charles de Foucauld Contemporary papal views ( show ) Aspects of meditation ( Orationis Formas , 1989 ) Reflection on the New Age ( 2003 ) Literature Media ( show ) Lingua Ignota Ordo Virtutum Scivias Ascent of Mount Carmel Dark Night of the Soul Spiritual Canticle Way of Perfection Book of the First Monks The Interior Castle Abbey of the Holy Ghost A Dialogue of Comfort against Tribulation Diary : Divine Mercy in My Soul From Willow Creek to Sacred Heart The Glories of Mary The Imitation of Christ The Ladder of Divine Ascent Philokalia Revelations of Divine Love Spiritual Canticle The Story of a Soul Theologia Germanica Devotio Moderna The Miracle of Our Lady of Fatima Sol de Fátima The Cloud of Unknowing The Consolation of Philosophy The Mirror of Simple Souls Sister Catherine Treatise Tractatus de Purgatorio Sancti Patricii The Vision of Adamnán Divine Comedy Inferno Purgatorio Paradiso List of Catholic saints List of Latin nicknames of the Middle Ages : Doctors in theology Basilica of Saint Anthony of Padua Marian doctrines of St. Anthony Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Purcell , Mary ( 1960 ) . Saint Anthony and His Times . Garden City , New York : Hanover House . pp. 19 , 275 -- 6 . ^ Jump up to : Dal - Gal , Niccolò ( 1907 ) . `` St. Anthony of Padua '' . The Catholic Encyclopedia . 1 . Robert Appleton Company . Retrieved 13 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Monti , Dominic V. ( O.F.M. ) ( 2008 ) . Francis and His Brothers . A Popular History of the Franciscan Friars . Cincinnati , Ohio : Franciscan Media . ISBN 0 - 86716855 - 2 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 867 - 16855 - 6 . Excerpt . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ José Manuel Azevedo Silva ( 2011 ) , p. 1 ^ Jump up to : Wintz O.F.M. , Jack . `` Anthony of Padua : The Italian Years '' , St. Anthony Messenger , Franciscan Media ^ Jump up to : Foley , Leonard . `` Who Is St. Anthony ? '' . American Catholic . Archived from the original on 17 October 2000 . Retrieved 27 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Perry O.F.M. , Norman . Anthony of Padua : The Story of His Life and Popular Devotions Jump up ^ Pope Benedict XVI ( 10 February 2010 ) . `` GENERAL AUDIENCE '' . Vatican City : Holy See . Retrieved 15 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Skeleton of St Anthony goes on display to public more than 750 years after his death '' . Daily Mail . 15 February 2010 . Retrieved 29 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` When Anthony spoke again '' . Messenger of Saint Anthony . Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 . Retrieved 21 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Pope Benedict XVI ( 10 February 2010 ) . `` GENERAL AUDIENCE '' . Retrieved 13 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Anthony of Padua , Saint '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ `` Novena to Saint Anthony to Find a Lost Article - Prayer to Saint Anthony of Padua - Novena to Find a Lost Item '' . 14 November 2007 . Archived from the original on 14 November 2007 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` San Antonio : The City of St. Anthony '' . St. Anthony Messenger Magazine Online . Americancatholic.org . June 2004 . Retrieved June 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mass Schedule '' . stanthonynyc.org . Archived from the original on 2009 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ Aluia , Jason ( 2013 - 08 - 19 ) . `` 94th St. Anthony 's Feast Schedule Highlights -- Friday , August 23 -- Monday , August 26 , 2013 '' . North End Waterfront.com . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ Sweet , Jill Drayson ( 2004 ) . Dances of the Tewa Pueblo Indians : expressions of new life . Santa Fe : School of American Research Press . ISBN 1 - 930618 - 29 - 8 . Jump up ^ Media , Mogan . `` Church of San Antonio El Chico '' . www.moganguide.com . Jump up ^ Green , Frank . `` Parishioners will hoist nearly 4 - ton wooden tower during Dance of the Giglio Festival '' , , Daily News , August 07 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Siolim The Village Everyone Loves St. Mary 's Goan Community Dubai '' . 6 June 2012 . Archived from the original on 11 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Morosini , Sergio Rossetti ( March 1999 ) . `` New Findings in Titian 's Fresco Technique at the Scuola del Santo in Padua '' . The Art Bulletin . New York . 81 ( 1 ) : 163 -- 164 . Jump up ^ Chong , Alan , ed . Christianity in Asia : Sacred Art and Visual Splendour . Printed in Singapore for the Asian Civilisations Museum : Dominie Press , 2016 , p. 189 . Jump up ^ Sant'Antonio di Padova aka Saint Anthony : The Miracle Worker of Padua at IMDb . Jump up ^ VHS on Amazon . Jump up ^ DVD on Amazon . Jump up ^ DVD on Amazon with English subtitles . Jump up ^ Antonio guerriero di Dio aka Anthony , Warrior of God at IMDb . References ( edit ) St. Anthony , Doctor of the Church , Franciscan Institute Publications , 1973 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8199 - 0458 - 4 Anthony of Padua , Sermones for the Easter Cycle , Franciscan Institute Publications , 1994 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 57659 - 041 - 6 Attwater , Donald ; John , Catherine Rachel ( 1993 ) , The Penguin Dictionary of Saints ( 3rd ed . ) , New York , New York : Penguin Books , ISBN 0 - 14 - 051312 - 4 Silva , José Manuel Azevedo ( 2011 ) , Câmara Municipal , ed. , A criação da freguesia de Santo António dos Olivais : Visão Histórica e Perspectivas Actuais ( PDF ) ( in Portuguese ) , Santo António dos Olivias ( Coimbra ) , Portugal : Câmara Municipal de Santo António dos Olivais , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 20 December 2011 , retrieved 5 September 2011 External links ( edit ) Media related to Saint Anthony of Padua at Wikimedia Commons St. Anthony Basilica official website Representations of Anthony of Padua `` Saint Anthony of Padua '' at the Christian 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony%20of%20Padua
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who is the sportscaster that bit the lady
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Albert became the focus of a media frenzy in 1997 when he went on trial for felony charges of forcible sodomy . A 42 - year - old woman named Vanessa Perhach accused Albert of throwing her on a bed , biting her , and forcing her to perform oral sex after a February 12 , 1997 argument in his Pentagon City hotel room . DNA testing linked Albert to genetic material taken from the bite marks and from semen in Perhach 's underwear . During the trial , testimony was presented from another woman , Patricia Masden , who told the jury that Albert had bitten her on two different occasions in 1993 and 1994 in Miami and Dallas hotels , which she viewed as unwanted sexual advances . Masden claimed that in Dallas , Albert called her to his hotel room to help him send a fax , only for her to find him wearing `` white panties and garter belt '' . Albert maintained that Perhach had requested that he bite her and denied her accusation that he 'd asked her to bring another man into their sexual affair . He described the recorded conversation of hers with the police on the night of the incident `` an Academy Award performance '' . After tests proved that the bite marks were his , he pleaded guilty to misdemeanor assault and battery charges , while the sodomy charge was dropped . Albert was given a 12 - month suspended sentence .
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Marv Albert
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marv albert
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Marv Albert ( born Marvin Philip Aufrichtig ; June 12 , 1941 ) is an American sportscaster . Honored for his work as a member of the Basketball Hall of Fame , he is commonly referred to as `` the voice of basketball '' . From 1967 to 2004 , he was also known as `` the voice of the New York Knicks '' . Albert currently works for Turner Sports , serving as lead announcer for NBA games on TNT .
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In addition to calling both professional and college basketball , he has experience announcing other sports such as American football , ice hockey , horse racing , boxing , and tennis . Albert has called the play - by - play of six Super Bowls , NBA Finals , and seven Stanley Cup Finals . He has also called the Wimbledon Tennis Championships for TNT with Jim Courier and Mary Carillo . He also worked as a co-host and reporter for two World Series ( 1986 and 1988 ) Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Broadcasting career 2.1 National Basketball Association 2.1. 1 New York Knicks ( MSG ) 2.1. 2 NBC Sports 2.1. 3 TNT 2.1. 4 New Jersey Nets ( YES ) 2.1. 5 Other basketball - related duties 2.2 Outside of basketball 2.2. 1 New York Giants 2.2. 2 New York Rangers 2.2. 3 Monday Night Football 2.2. 4 NFL on CBS 2.2. 5 Other network duties 2.3 Popularity 2.4 Honors and awards 3 Family 4 Sexual assault charges 4.1 Ousted from NBC 4.2 Return to NBC 5 Broadcasting partners 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Albert was born to a Jewish family in Brooklyn , where he went to Abraham Lincoln High School . While Albert grew up , members of his family owned a grocery store on Brighton Beach Avenue between 3rd and 4th streets known as Aufrichtig 's . He then attended Syracuse University 's Newhouse School of Public Communications from 1960 through 1963 . In 1962 , he served as the voice of the AAA Syracuse Chiefs . He then graduated from New York University in 1965 . Broadcasting career ( edit ) National basketball Association ( edit ) New York Knicks ( MSG ) ( edit ) For 37 years beginning in 1967 , Albert was the voice of the New York Knicks on radio and television ( getting his start by being a ball boy for the Knicks before getting his first break on New York radio by sportscaster Marty Glickman ) before being let go by James L. Dolan , the chairman of the MSG Network and Cablevision , after Albert criticized the Knicks ' poor play on - air in 2004 . His son Kenny Albert has been a part - time play - by - play announcer for the Knicks since 2009 , whenever the older Albert 's successor Mike Breen ( whom he later followed on the NBA on NBC broadcasts and now works on ESPN and ABC aside from his role at MSG ) is unavailable . For a brief period before he resumed his normal broadcasting duties following his sexual assault arrest ( see below ) , Albert anchored MSG 's former nightly sports news report , MSG SportsDesk . NBC Sports ( edit ) Marv Albert was the lead play - by - play broadcaster for the NBA on NBC for most of its run from 1990 to 2002 , calling every NBA Finals during that timeframe except for 1998 , 1999 , and 2000 . During this time , Bob Costas had taken over the lead job and called the Finals after Marv 's arrest for sexual assault had brought him national disgrace . Marv resumed his previous position for the 2000 -- 2001 season and called Game 4 of the 2002 NBA Finals which was the final NBA telecast on NBC . During his time on NBC , Albert continued as lead play - by - play man for the New York Knicks on local MSG Network telecasts and began calling national games for TNT in 1999 as well . When he regained the lead broadcaster position on NBC , he continued to call play - by - play for both networks until the end of NBC 's coverage in 2002 . TNT ( edit ) Albert continues to be the lead play - by - play announcer for National Basketball Association games on TNT , a position he assumed in 1999 . Indeed , TNT has become his primary commitment ever since his longtime employer NBC lost the NBA broadcasting rights in 2002 , and may have played a role in his departure from the Knicks ' broadcast booth . The Knicks reportedly wanted Albert to accept a salary commensurate with his reduced Knicks schedule , but also were n't happy about Albert making what Knicks management felt were overly critical comments about their team in spite of their losing record . In basketball , his most famous call is his simple `` Yes ! '' for a basket , rendered in many variations of volume and length depending on the situation ; and a catchphrase that he began using in his youth when playing pickup games with friends . On April 17 , 2002 , shortly after calling a game between the Indiana Pacers and Philadelphia 76ers on TNT , both Albert and color analyst Mike Fratello were injured in a limo accident in Trenton , New Jersey . Albert sustained facial lacerations , a concussion , and a sprained ankle . The 2002 NBA Playoffs were scheduled to begin two days later , with Albert scheduled to call multiple games that week . Bob Costas filled in those games , and Albert returned to call Game 1 of the Western Conference Semifinals between the Dallas Mavericks and Sacramento Kings . New Jersey Nets ( YES ) ( edit ) In 2005 , Albert officially became the lead play - by - play man for the New Jersey Nets franchise and started calling their games on the YES Network , often teaming with Brooklyn native and NBA veteran , Mark Jackson . With that , the Nets employed all three Albert brothers during the franchise 's history ; Al started his broadcast career with the Nets during their ABA days , while Steve called Nets games during the late 1970s and 1980s . Beginning with the 2008 -- 09 season , Albert was also paired with his TNT broadcast colleague Mike Fratello on the YES Network . However , with the Nets ' struggles in the 2009 -- 10 season , Nets management relegated Albert to secondary play - by - play , to avoid a similar incident while Albert was with the Knicks . Since then Ian Eagle has taken over the broadcasts . In 2011 , Albert left the YES Network to join CBS Sports for NFL and NCAA tournament coverage . Other basketball - related duties ( edit ) Albert hosts a basketball - focused interview show on NBA TV , which also airs later on YES . Since 2003 , Albert has also been providing the play - by - play voice on the NBA Live video - game series on EA Sports , a role he fulfilled until NBA Live 10 . From 2011 to 2015 , Albert announced NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Championship tournament games , the result of longtime tournament broadcaster CBS handing off some of its coverage to Turner Sports . In February 2016 , Albert and Turner Sports announced that he would no longer call NCAA Tournament basketball games , stating that calling four games in one day during the first round , and a total of six matches in three days during the first two rounds , was too much for his 74 - year - old voice to handle . Albert said that he `` felt it was the wiser move to go primarily NBA at this stage '' . Outside of basketball ( edit ) New York Giants ( edit ) From 1973 to 1976 , Albert called radio broadcasts of New York Giants football games , succeeding Marty Glickman after the latter 's defection to the New York Jets . New York Rangers ( edit ) In addition to the Knicks , Albert had a lengthy tenure ( beginning in 1965 ) calling the games of another Madison Square Garden tenant , the New York Rangers . He handled the radio call of the Rangers ' Stanley Cup -- clinching victory in 1994 . He also famously coined the nickname `` Red Light '' for radio analyst Sal Messina , a former Rangers goaltender . His signature play - by - play phrase was `` kick save and a beauty . '' Over his years as the Rangers broadcaster , Albert missed a large number of games for other commitments . Many other broadcasters filled in , including several who later served long stints for other NHL teams , including Howie Rose , Mike Emrick and John Kelly , as well as brothers Al and Steve . It was Albert 's absence from Game 7 of the Rangers -- Devils Conference Championship game that led to Rose 's famed Matteau , Matteau , Matteau call . Albert left the Rangers after the 1994 -- 95 season at the same time Rose took the job as play - by - play announcer of the New York Islanders . Albert 's son , Kenny , replaced him , and has been the radio voice of the Rangers ever since . Kenny also announces part - time for the NBC Sports Network , mostly during Stanley Cup playoff games not involving the Rangers . Monday night football ( edit ) Albert was also the lead play - by - play voice of the Westwood One radio network 's NFL coverage from 2002 to 2009 seasons , calling Monday Night Football as well as numerous playoff games and every Super Bowl from 2003 to 2010 . On June 4 , 2010 , it was announced that Albert was leaving his NFL on Westwood One duties . He was succeeded on the broadcasts by Kevin Harlan . NFL on CBS ( edit ) On June 6 , 2011 , it was announced that Albert was joining CBS Sports to call play - by - play for The NFL on CBS . Albert was usually teamed with Rich Gannon on broadcasts . On May 29 , 2014 , Albert stepped down from calling The NFL on CBS to focus more on his basketball duties for TNT and CBS . Other Network duties ( edit ) Other NBC Sports duties that Albert held were play - by - play announcing for the NFL ( by 1983 , Albert was the # 2 play - by - play man behind Dick Enberg , usually alternating the secondary NFL role year to year with Don Criqui ) , college basketball ( teaming with Bucky Waters on Big East / ECAC games ) , horse racing , boxing ( often working with Ferdie Pacheco and subsequently , Sugar Ray Leonard when NBC relaunched boxing under the Premier Boxing Champions umbrella ) , NHL All - Star Games ( Albert called the NHL All - Star Game with John Davidson on NBC from 1990 - 1994 ) , and Major League Baseball , as well as hosting baseball studio and pre-game shows ( including NBC 's coverage of the 1986 and 1988 World Series alongside Bob Costas ) . He also spent 13 years as the sports director of the network 's flagship station , WNBC - TV in New York . Albert also called regular - season and playoff NHL games for the syndicated NHL Network in the 1976 -- 77 season , and from 2000 to 2002 he helped call TNT 's coverage of the Wimbledon Championships tennis tournament . Popularity ( edit ) Albert made 126 guest appearances on David Letterman 's late night talk shows for NBC and CBS . Each time Albert appeared , he brought with him a group of clips featuring sports bloopers and outstanding plays , which he narrated and dubbed the `` Albert Achievement Awards '' . The music accompanying the bloopers was `` 12th Street Rag '' . Albert was placed as number 14 on David J. Halberstam 's list of Top 50 All Time Network Television Sports Announcers on Yahoo ! Sports . In 1992 , he appeared as himself on Roger Waters ' rock album Amused to Death , giving a mock commentary on the destruction of an oil rig on the song `` Perfect Sense , Part II '' . An `` Albert Achievement Awards '' video was released in 1993 . It featured cameos by Mike Fratello , Ahmad Rashād , Charles Barkley , David Letterman , O.J. Simpson , Bob Costas , and Tom Brokaw . Albert became the first guest commentator in MTV 's Celebrity Death Match cartoon series . He appeared in the 1998 pilot episode before being replaced with Stacey Cornbred . Albert was briefly mentioned in the 2006 film Grandma 's Boy . Albert also appeared as a special guest on The Simpsons , in the Season 20 episode `` The Burns and the Bees '' in 2008 . Albert 's voice is imitated in the popular video game NBA Jam . The announcer was modeled on Albert although there is no mention of Albert in the game and was actually voiced by Tim Kitzrow . Albert did play - by - play commentary in the video games NFL Quarterback Club ' 98 and NBA Live . In the 1999 episode `` Tube Steaks '' of the CBS sitcom The King of Queens , Doug and his friends watch a Knicks - game with Albert 's voice commentary . He authored ( with Rick Reilly ) an autobiography , I 'd Love to But I Have a Game , in 1993 . Albert appeared in a short scene in the 2015 comedy film Trainwreck . Honors and Awards ( edit ) Cable ACE Award -- six times . Curt Gowdy Media Award -- awarded by the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame , 1994 . American Sportscasters Association Sportscaster of the Year ( Play - by - Play ) -- 1996 . Other honorees included Sportscaster of the Year ( Studio Host ) Chris Berman , Hall of Fame inductee Jack Whitaker , Sports Legend Joe Frazier and Honorary Sportscaster Dr. Henry Kissinger . Emmy Award -- for national sports : five times ; for New York : three times . Nassau County Sports Hall of Fame -- inducted in 2006 . National Jewish Museum Sports Hall of Fame -- inducted in 1992 . New York State Sportscaster of the Year -- twenty times . Noted in Roger Waters album , `` Amused to Death . '' National Sportscasters and Sportswriters Association Hall of Fame -- inducted in 2014 . Family ( edit ) Albert 's son , Kenny , is also a sports commentator , who calls baseball and football for Fox , New York Rangers games on the radio , and has been one of NBC 's commentators for ice hockey at the Winter Olympics , as well as NBC 's NHL coverage . His daughter , Denise , is a reporter for NBA TV . Marv has two younger brothers who also are announcers . Steve Albert was the Phoenix Suns play - by - play announcer before his retirement following the 2016 - 17 season , and has also called play - by - play for several other teams , including the New Orleans Hornets , New Jersey Nets , New York Islanders , New York Mets , and Golden State Warriors . Steve is best known for his work on Showtime Championship Boxing , notably the Holyfield -- Tyson bouts . Al Albert was the former play - by - play announcer for USA Tuesday Night Fights , the Indiana Pacers and the Denver Nuggets . Al also called national NBA games on the USA Network during its brief tenure in the early 1980s . Sexual assault charges ( edit ) Albert became the focus of a media frenzy in 1997 when he went on trial for felony charges of forcible sodomy . A 42 - year - old woman named Vanessa Perhach accused Albert of throwing her on a bed , biting her , and forcing her to perform oral sex after a February 12 , 1997 argument in his Pentagon City hotel room . DNA testing linked Albert to genetic material taken from the bite marks and from semen in Perhach 's underwear . During the trial , testimony was presented from another woman , Patricia Masden , who told the jury that Albert had bitten her on two different occasions in 1993 and 1994 in Miami and Dallas hotels , which she viewed as unwanted sexual advances . Masden claimed that in Dallas , Albert called her to his hotel room to help him send a fax , only for her to find him wearing `` white panties and garter belt '' . Albert maintained that Perhach had requested that he bite her and denied her accusation that he 'd asked her to bring another man into their sexual affair . He described the recorded conversation of hers with the police on the night of the incident `` an Academy Award performance '' . After tests proved that the bite marks were his , he pleaded guilty to misdemeanor assault and battery charges , while the sodomy charge was dropped . Albert was given a 12 - month suspended sentence . Ousted from NBC ( edit ) Consequently , NBC -- for which Albert worked for over 20 years -- fired him shortly before the 1997 -- 98 NBA season began on The NBA on NBC . Bob Costas took over for Albert on the basketball side in the 1997 -- 98 season before stepping down after the 2000 NBA Finals for Albert 's return . In addition , Tom Hammond spelled his football duties . It is also revealed on a Simpsons DVD commentary that he was to appear in the episode `` Bart Star '' but , due to the scandal , was replaced by Roy Firestone . Return to NBC ( edit ) NBC brought Albert back less than two years later , and he was the network 's main play - by - play man for the 2000 -- 01 and 2001 -- 02 NBA seasons , including the Finals ( working with Doug Collins and later Bill Walton and Steve Jones respectively ) . NBC lost the rights to the NBA to ABC following the 2001 -- 02 season . Broadcasting partners ( edit ) John Andariese Bill Chadwick Chip Cipolla Doug Collins Cris Collinsworth John Davidson Boomer Esiason Mike Fratello Rich Gannon Matt Guokas Sam Huff Magic Johnson Steve `` Snapper '' Jones Steve Kerr Dick Lynch Paul Maguire Sal Messina Reggie Miller Bill Parcells Bob Trumpy Jeff Van Gundy Bill Walton Bucky Waters Chris Webber Sam Wyche References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Today in history '' . ABC News . Associated Press . June 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Corcoran , Tully . `` KU attracts Brooklyn star '' , The Topeka Capital - Journal , October 26 , 2007 . Accessed September 17 , 2009 . `` Lincoln High School in Brooklyn , N.Y. , is to high school basketball what Odessa Permian High School , in Texas , is to high school football . Basketball rules there . Stephon Marbury starred there . Marv Albert went there . Even Jesus Shuttlesworth , the fictional baller played by Ray Allen in He 's Got Game went there . Kansas coach Bill Self may be spending a bit of time there in the next year , too . Lance Stephenson , a 6 -- 5 , `` 395 '' - pound junior guard from Lincoln who is the No. 4 overall player in the class of 2009 recently contacted Self about his interest in Kansas . '' Jump up ^ `` CNN / SI -- Turner Sports -- NBA -- Marv Albert '' . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Marv Albert , Turner agree to long - term extension '' . Newsday . February 9 , 2016 . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sandomir , Richard ( June 6 , 2011 ) . `` Marv Albert to Call N.F.L. Games for CBS '' . New York Times . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marv Albert leaves Westwood One football play - by - play gig '' . newsday.com . Newsday . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Vanderberg , Marcus . `` Marv Albert Joins The NFL on CBS '' . Retrieved 6 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Yoder , Matt . `` Marv Albert Stepping away '' . Retrieved 29 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Yoder , Matt ( 9 February 2015 ) . `` Marv Albert and Sugar Ray Leonard are NBC 's boxing announcing team '' . Awful Announcing . Jump up ^ `` David Letterman by the Numbers : First Top 10 List , Most Frequent Guests , Who Was on His First Show '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 30 April 2015 . Jump up ^ IGN : Breaking into the Industry : Tim Kitzrow Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt3152624/ ^ Jump up to : Nets Broadcasters Archived 2006 - 10 - 31 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Curt Gowdy Media Awards Archived 2008 - 07 - 05 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) American Sportscasters Association Jump up ^ Nassau County Sports Hall of Fame ^ Jump up to : Jewish Sports Hall of Fame -- Marv Albert Jump up ^ `` Costas , Elway to Present Albert , Reilly for Hall of Fame Induction '' . nssafame.com. April 7 , 2014 . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Grant , Michael ( September 13 , 2017 ) . `` Notes on a Scandal : The Marv Albert sex trial is 20 years old '' . Awful Announcing . ^ Jump up to : `` 24 X 7 '' . Infoplease.com. 1941 - 06 - 12 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marv Albert Calls Accuser A Liar '' . Durant Daily Democrat . 7 November 1997 . Retrieved 30 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Albert Case Merges Sex , Significance ; Lawyers Expect Trial To Look at Social Issues '' . Washington Post . 21 September 1997 . Retrieved 30 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Mihoces , Gary ( 25 September 1997 ) . `` New witness ' allegations ' carbon copy , ' judge says '' . USA Today . Retrieved 30 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Surprise witness ' belts ' Marv '' . Reading Eagle . 25 September 1997 . Retrieved 30 October 2011 . Jump up ^ CNNSI archive of video news coverage Jump up ^ Court Tv Online -- Marv Albert Sexual Assault Trial Archived 2006 - 05 - 30 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Davis , Patricia ( 9 October 1998 ) . `` Marv Albert 's Record Cleared in Biting Case ; Judge Dismisses Charge a Year After Trial '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 30 October 2011 . External links ( edit ) Marv Albert on IMDb Links to related articles Preceded by Dick Stockton Play - by - Play announcer , NBA Finals 1991 -- 1997 Succeeded by Bob Costas Preceded by Bob Costas Play - by - Play announcer , NBA Finals 2001 -- 2002 Succeeded by Brad Nessler Preceded by Howard David Monday Night Football national radio play - by - play announcer 2002 -- 2009 Succeeded by Kevin Harlan Preceded by Tim Ryan Stanley Cup Finals American network television play - by - play announcer 1976 ( with Ted Darling ; Albert called Games 1 , 3 - 4 ) Succeeded by Dan Kelly Major League Baseball on NBC Related programs Baseball Night in America ( 1994 -- 1995 ) Major League Baseball : An Inside Look ( 1979 -- 1989 ) Major League Baseball Game of the Week ( 1957 -- 1964 ; 1966 -- 1989 ) Major League Baseball on NBC Radio ( 1927 -- 1938 ; 1957 -- 1975 ) Monday Night Baseball ( 1967 -- 1975 ) Misc . programs Gillette Cavalcade of Sports USA Thursday Game of the Week ( 1979 -- 1983 ) Related articles The Baseball Network World Series television ratings Television contracts NBC 's owned & operated TV stations W2XBS ( later WNBT ) ( New York Yankees , 1939 -- 1945 ) WCAU 10 ( Philadelphia Phillies , 2014 -- present ) KCST 39 ( later KNSD ) ( San Diego Padres , 1971 -- 1972 ; 1984 -- 1986 ) KNTV 11 ( San Francisco Giants , 2008 -- present ) Comcast SportsNet Bay Area ( San Francisco Giants ) California ( Oakland Athletics ) Chicago ( Chicago Cubs & White Sox ) Philadelphia ( Philadelphia Phillies ) New York ( New York Mets ) Sponsors Ford Gillette National Bohemian Commentators The Baseball Network All - Star Game ALCS ALDS NLCS NLDS World Series Key figures Mel Allen Jim Britt Jack Buck Skip Caray Bob Carpenter Bob Costas Dick Enberg Bill Enis Joe Garagiola Curt Gowdy Greg Gumbel Merle Harmon Ernie Harwell Charlie Jones George Kell Jon Miller Monte Moore Bob Neal Lindsey Nelson Bill O'Donnell Jay Randolph Ted Robinson Vin Scully Jim Simpson Chuck Thompson Gary Thorne Pete van Wieren Bob Wolff Jim Woods Color commentators Sal Bando Bucky Dent Larry Dierker Don Drysdale Leo Durocher Joe Garagiola Ken Harrelson Fred Haney Tommy Hutton Jim Kaat Sandy Koufax Tony Kubek Ron Luciano John Lowenstein Mickey Mantle Tim McCarver Joe Morgan Bobby Murcer Wes Parker Pee Wee Reese Al Rosen Tom Seaver Mike Shannon Joe Torre Bob Uecker Bill Veeck Maury Wills Guest commentators Rick Dempsey Barry Larkin Ronald Reagan Mike Schmidt Don Sutton Bobby Valentine Hosts Mike Adamle Marv Albert Len Berman Jimmy Cefalo Gayle Gardner Bryant Gumbel Bill Macatee Keith Olbermann Ahmad Rashād Hannah Storm Field reporters Johnny Bench Jim Gray Jimmy Roberts Craig Sager Bob Wischusen Lore Regular season games # 715 ( 1974 ) `` The Sandberg Game '' ( 1984 ) Tie - breaker games 1951 National League tie - breaker series ( Games 2 - 3 ) 1962 National League tie - breaker series LCS games `` Go crazy folks ! 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intrinsically disordered regions typically lack hydrophobic amino acids
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Intrinsically disordered proteins
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intrinsically disordered proteins
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An intrinsically disordered protein ( IDP ) is a protein that lacks a fixed or ordered three - dimensional structure . IDPs cover a spectrum of states from fully unstructured to partially structured and include random coils , ( pre - ) molten globules , and large multi-domain proteins connected by flexible linkers . They constitute one of the main types of protein ( alongside globular , fibrous and membrane proteins ) .
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The discovery of IDPs has challenged the traditional protein structure paradigm , that protein function depends on a fixed three - dimensional structure . This dogma has been challenged over the 2000s and 2010s by increasing evidence from various branches of structural biology , suggesting that protein dynamics may be highly relevant for such systems . Despite their lack of stable structure , IDPs are a very large and functionally important class of proteins . In some cases , IDPs can adopt a fixed three - dimensional structure after binding to other macromolecules . Overall , IDPs are different from structured proteins in many ways and tend to have distinct properties in terms of function , structure , sequence , interactions , evolution and regulation . Contents 1 History 2 Biological roles 2.1 Flexible linkers 2.2 Linear motifs 2.3 Coupled folding and binding 2.4 Disorder in the bound state ( fuzzy complexes ) 3 Structural aspects 4 Experimental validation 5 Disorder prediction 5.1 Distinguishing IDPs from well - structured proteins 5.2 Prediction methods 6 Disorder and disease 7 Computer simulations 8 See also 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) An ensemble of NMR structures of the Thylakoid soluble phosphoprotein TSP9 , which shows a largely flexible protein chain . In the 1930s - 1950s , the first protein structures were solved by protein crystallography . These early structures suggested that a fixed three - dimensional structure might be generally required to mediate biological functions of proteins . When stating that proteins have just one uniquely defined configuration , Mirsky and Pauling did not recognize that Fisher 's work would have supported their thesis with his ' Lock and Key ' model ( 1894 ) . These publications solidified the central dogma of molecular biology in that the sequence determines the structure which , in turn , determines the function of proteins . In 1950 , Karush wrote about ' Configurational Adaptability ' contradicting all the assumptions and research in the 19th century . He was convinced that proteins have more than one configuration at the same energy level and can choose one when binding to other substrates . In the 1960s , Levinthal 's paradox suggested that the systematic conformational search of a long polypeptide is unlikely to yield a single folded protein structure on biologically relevant timescales ( i.e. seconds to minutes ) . Curiously , for many ( small ) proteins or protein domains , relatively rapid and efficient refolding can be observed in vitro . As stated in Anfinsen 's Dogma from 1973 , the fixed 3D structure of these proteins is uniquely encoded in its primary structure ( the amino acid sequence ) , is kinetically accessible and stable under a range of ( near ) physiological conditions , and can therefore be considered as the native state of such `` ordered '' proteins . During the subsequent decades , however , many large protein regions could not be assigned in x-ray datasets , indicating that they occupy multiple positions , which average out in electron density maps . The lack of fixed , unique positions relative to the crystal lattice suggested that these regions were `` disordered '' . Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of proteins also demonstrated the presence of large flexible linkers and termini in many solved structural ensembles . It is now generally accepted that proteins exist as an ensemble of similar structures with some regions more constrained than others . Intrinsically Unstructured Proteins ( IUPs ) occupy the extreme end of this spectrum of flexibility , whereas IDPs also include proteins of considerable local structure tendency or flexible multidomain assemblies. These highly dynamic disordered regions of proteins have subsequently been linked to functionally important phenomena such as allosteric regulation and enzyme catalysis . In the 2000s , bioinformatic predictions of intrinsic disorder in proteins indicated that intrinsic disorder is more common in sequenced / predicted proteomes than in known structures in the protein database . Based on DISOPRED2 prediction , long ( > 30 residue ) disordered segments occur in 2.0 % of archaean , 4.2 % of eubacterial and 33.0 % of eukaryotic proteins . In 2001 , Dunker published his paper ' Intrinsically Disordered Proteins ' questioning whether the newly found information was ignored for 50 years . In the 2010s it became clear that IDPs are highly abundant among disease - related proteins . Biological roles ( edit ) Many disordered proteins have the binding affinity with their receptors regulated by post-translational modification , thus it has been proposed that the flexibility of disordered proteins facilitates the different conformational requirements for binding the modifying enzymes as well as their receptors . Intrinsic disorder is particularly enriched in proteins implicated in cell signaling , transcription and chromatin remodeling functions . Flexible linkers ( edit ) Disordered regions are often found as flexible linkers or loops connecting domains . Linker sequences vary greatly in length but are typically rich in polar uncharged amino acids . Flexible linkers allow the connecting domains to freely twist and rotate to recruit their binding partners via protein domain dynamics . They also allow their binding partners to induce larger scale conformational changes by long - range allostery . Linear motifs ( edit ) Linear motifs are short disordered segments of proteins that mediate functional interactions with other proteins or other biomolecules ( RNA , DNA , sugars etc . ) . Many roles of linear motifs are associated with cell regulation , for instance in control of cell shape , subcellular localisation of individual proteins and regulated protein turnover . Often , post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation tune the affinity ( not rarely by several orders of magnitude ) of individual linear motifs for specific interactions . Relatively rapid evolution and a relatively small number of structural restraints for establishing novel ( low - affinity ) interfaces make it particularly challenging to detect linear motifs but their widespread biological roles and the fact that many viruses mimick / hijack linear motifs to efficiently recode infected cells underlines the timely urgency of research on this very challenging and exciting topic . Unlike globular proteins IDPs do not have spatially - disposed active pockets . Nevertheless , in 80 % of IDPs ( ~ 3 dozens ) subjected to detailed structural characterization by NMR there are linear motifs termed PreSMos ( pre-structured motifs ) that are transient secondary structural elements primed for target recognition . In several cases it has been demonstrated that these transient structures become full and stable secondary structures , e.g. , helices , upon target binding . Hence , PreSMos are the putative active sites in IDPs . Coupled folding and binding ( edit ) Many unstructured proteins undergo transitions to more ordered states upon binding to their targets ( e.g. Molecular Recognition Features ( MoRFs ) ) . The coupled folding and binding may be local , involving only a few interacting residues , or it might involve an entire protein domain . It was recently shown that the coupled folding and binding allows the burial of a large surface area that would be possible only for fully structured proteins if they were much larger . Moreover , certain disordered regions might serve as `` molecular switches '' in regulating certain biological function by switching to ordered conformation upon molecular recognition like small molecule - binding , DNA / RNA binding , ion interactions etc . The ability of disordered proteins to bind , and thus to exert a function , shows that stability is not a required condition . Many short functional sites , for example Short Linear Motifs are over-represented in disordered proteins . Disorder in the bound state ( fuzzy complexes ) ( edit ) Intrinsically disordered proteins can retain their conformational freedom even when they bind specifically to other proteins . The structural disorder in bound state can be static or dynamic . In fuzzy complexes structural multiplicity is required for function and the manipulation of the bound disordered region changes activity . The conformational ensemble of the complex is modulated via post-translational modifications or protein interactions . Specificity of DNA binding proteins often depends on the length of fuzzy regions , which is varied by alternative splicing . Structural aspects ( edit ) Intrinsically disordered proteins adapt many different structures in vivo according to the cell 's conditions , creating a structural or conformational ensemble . Therefore , their structures are strongly function - related . However , only few proteins are fully disordered in their native state . Disorder is mostly found in intrinsically disordered regions ( IDRs ) within an otherwise well - structured protein . The term intrinsically disordered protein ( IDP ) therefore includes proteins that contain IDRs as well as fully disordered proteins . The existence and kind of protein disorder is encoded in its amino acid sequence . In general , IDPs are characterized by a low content of bulky hydrophobic amino acids and a high proportion of polar and charged amino acids , usually referred to as low hydrophobicity . This property leads to good interactions with water . Furthermore , high net charges promote disorder because of electrostatic repulsion resulting from equally charged residues . Thus disordered sequences can not sufficiently bury a hydrophobic core to fold into stable globular proteins . In some cases , hydrophobic clusters in disordered sequences provide the clues for identifying the regions that undergo coupled folding and binding ( refer to biological roles ) . Many disordered proteins reveal regions without any regular secondary structure These regions can be termed as flexible , compared to structured loops . While the latter are rigid and contain only one set of Ramachandran angles , IDPs involve multiple sets of angles . The term flexibility is also used for well - structured proteins , but describes a different phenomenon in the context of disordered proteins . Flexibility in structured proteins is bound to an equilibrium state , while it is not so in IDPs . Many disordered proteins also reveal low complexity sequences , i.e. sequences with over-representation of a few residues . While low complexity sequences are a strong indication of disorder , the reverse is not necessarily true , that is , not all disordered proteins have low complexity sequences . Disordered proteins have a low content of predicted secondary structure . Experimental validation ( edit ) Large - scale in - cell validation of IDR predictions is possible using biotin ' painting ' . Intrinsically unfolded proteins , once purified , can be identified by various experimental methods . The primary method to obtain information on disordered regions of a protein is NMR spectroscopy . The lack of electron density in X-ray crystallographic studies may also be a sign of disorder . Folded proteins have a high density ( partial specific volume of 0.72 - 0.74 mL / g ) and commensurately small radius of gyration . Hence , unfolded proteins can be detected by methods that are sensitive to molecular size , density or hydrodynamic drag , such as size exclusion chromatography , analytical ultracentrifugation , small angle X-ray scattering ( SAXS ) , and measurements of the diffusion constant . Unfolded proteins are also characterized by their lack of secondary structure , as assessed by far - UV ( 170 - 250 nm ) circular dichroism ( esp . a pronounced minimum at ~ 200 nm ) or infrared spectroscopy . Unfolded proteins also have exposed backbone peptide groups exposed to solvent , so that they are readily cleaved by proteases , undergo rapid hydrogen - deuterium exchange and exhibit a small dispersion ( < 1 ppm ) in their 1H amide chemical shifts as measured by NMR . ( Folded proteins typically show dispersions as large as 5 ppm for the amide protons . ) Recently , new methods including Fast parallel proteolysis ( FASTpp ) have been introduced , which allow to determine the fraction folded / disordered without the need for purification . Even subtle differences in the stability of missense mutations , protein partner binding and ( self ) polymerisation - induced folding of ( e.g. ) coiled - coils can be detected using FASTpp as recently demonstrated using the tropomyosin - troponin protein interaction . Fully unstructured protein regions can be experimentally validated by their hypersusceptibility to proteolysis using short digestion times and low protease concentrations . Bulk methods to study IDP structure and dynamics include SAXS for ensemble shape information , NMR for atomistic ensemble refinement , Fluorescence for visualising molecular interactions and conformational transitions , x-ray crystallography to highlight more mobile regions in otherwise rigid protein crystals , cryo - EM to reveal less fixed parts of proteins , light scattering to monitor size distributions of IDPs or their aggregation kinetics , Circular Dichroism to monitor secondary structure of IDPs . Single - molecule methods to study IDPs include spFRET to study conformational flexibility of IDPs and the kinetics of structural transitions , optical tweezers for high - resolution insights into the ensembles of IDPs and their oligomers or aggregates , nanopores to reveal global shape distributions of IDPs , magnetic tweezers to study structural transitions for long times at low forces , high - speed AFM to visualise the spatio - temporal flexibility of IDPs directly . Disorder prediction ( edit ) REMARK465 - missing electron densities in X-ray structure representing protein disorder ( PDB : 1a22 , human growth hormone bound to receptor ) . Compilation of screenshots from PDB database and molecule representation via VMD . Blue and red arrows point to missing residues on receptor and growth hormone , respectively . Disorder prediction algorithms can predict Intrinsic Disorder ( ID ) propensity with high accuracy ( approaching around 80 % ) based on primary sequence composition , similarity to unassigned segments in protein x-ray datasets , flexible regions in NMR studies and physico - chemical properties of amino acids . Distinguishing IDPs from well - structured proteins ( edit ) Separating disordered from ordered proteins is essential for disorder prediction . One of the first steps to find a factor that distinguishes IDPs from non-IDPs is to specify biases within the amino acid composition . The following hydrophilic , charged amino acids A , R , G , Q , S , P , E and K have been characterized as disorder - promoting amino acids , while order - promoting amino acids W , C , F , I , Y , V , L , and N are hydrophobic and uncharged . The remaining amino acids H , M , T and D are ambiguous , found in both ordered and unstructured regions . This information is the basis of most sequence - based predictors . Regions with little to no secondary structure , also known as NORS ( NO Regular Secondary structure ) regions , and low - complexity regions can easily be detected . However , not all disordered proteins contain such low complexity sequences . Prediction methods ( edit ) Main article : List of disorder prediction software Determining disordered regions from biochemical methods is very costly and time - consuming . Due to the variable nature of IDPs , only certain aspects of their structure can be detected , so that a full characterization requires a large number of different methods and experiments . This further increases the expense of IDP determination . In order to overcome this obstacle , computer - based methods are created for predicting protein structure and function . It is one of the main goals of bioinformatics to derive knowledge by prediction . Predictors for IDP function are also being developed , but mainly use structural information such as linear motif sites . There are different approaches for predicting IDP structure , such as neural networks or matrix calculations , based on different structural and / or biophysical properties . Many computational methods exploit sequence information to predict whether a protein is disordered . Notable examples of such software include IUPRED and Disopred . Different methods may use different definitions of disorder . Meta - predictors show a new concept , combining different primary predictors to create a more competent and exact predictor . Due to the different approaches of predicting disordered proteins , estimating their relative accuracy is fairly difficult . For example , neural networks are often trained on different datasets . The disorder prediction category is a part of biannual CASP experiment that is designed to test methods according accuracy in finding regions with missing 3D structure ( marked in PDB files as REMARK465 , missing electron densities in X-ray structures ) . Disorder and disease ( edit ) Intrinsically unstructured proteins have been implicated in a number of diseases . Aggregation of misfolded proteins is the cause of many synucleinopathies and toxicity as those proteins start binding to each other randomly and can lead to cancer or cardiovascular diseases . Thereby , misfolding can happen spontaneously because millions of copies of proteins are made during the lifetime of an organism . The aggregation of the intrinsically unstructured protein α - synuclein is thought to be responsible . The structural flexibility of this protein together with its susceptibility to modification in the cell leads to misfolding and aggregation . Genetics , oxidative and nitrative stress as well as mitochondrial impairment impact the structural flexibility of the unstructured α - synuclein protein and associated disease mechanisms . Many key tumour suppressors have large intrinsically unstructured regions , for example p53 and BRCA1 . These regions of the proteins are responsible for mediating many of their interactions . Taking the cell 's native defense mechanisms as a model drugs can be developed , trying to block the place of noxious substrates and inhibiting them , and thus counteracting the disease . Computer simulations ( edit ) Owing to high structural heterogeneity , NMR / SAXS experimental parameters obtained will be an average over a large number of highly diverse and disordered states ( an ensemble of disordered states ) . Hence , to understand the structural implications of these experimental parameters , there is a necessity for accurate representation of these ensembles by computer simulations . All - atom molecular dynamic simulations can be used for this purpose but their use is limited by the accuracy of current force - fields in representing disordered proteins . Nevertheless , some force - fields have been explicitly developed for studying disordered proteins by optimising force - field parameters using available NMR data for disordered proteins . ( examples are CHARMM 22 * , CHARMM 32 , Amber ff03 * etc . ) MD simulations restrained by experimental parameters ( restrained - MD ) have also been used to characterise disordered proteins . In principle , one can sample the whole conformational space given an MD simulation ( with accurate Force - field ) is run long enough . Because of very high structural heterogeneity , the time scales that needs to be run for this purpose are very large and are limited by computational power . However , other computational techniques such as accelerated - MD simulations , or replica exchange simulations , metadynamics or methods using coarse - grained representation have been used to sample broader conformational space in smaller time scales . Moreover , various protocols and methods of analyzing IDPs , such as studies based on quantitative analysis of GC content in genes and their respective chromosomal bands , have been used to understand functional IDP segments . See also ( edit ) IDPbyNMR DisProt database MobiDB database Molten globule Random coil References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Majorek K , Kozlowski L , Jakalski M , Bujnicki , JM ( December 18 , 2008 ) . `` Chapter 2 : First Steps of Protein Structure Prediction '' . In Bujnicki J. Prediction of Protein Structures , Functions , and Interactions ( PDF ) . John Wiley & Sons , Ltd . pp. 39 -- 62 . doi : 10.1002 / 9780470741894. ch2 . ISBN 9780470517673 . ^ Jump up to : Dunker AK , Lawson JD , Brown CJ , Williams RM , Romero P , Oh JS , Oldfield CJ , Campen AM , Ratliff CM , Hipps KW , Ausio J , Nissen MS , Reeves R , Kang C , Kissinger CR , Bailey RW , Griswold MD , Chiu W , Garner EC , Obradovic Z ( 2001 ) . `` Intrinsically disordered protein '' . Journal of Molecular Graphics & Modelling. 19 ( 1 ) : 26 -- 59 . doi : 10.1016 / s1093 - 3263 ( 00 ) 00138 - 8 . PMID 11381529 . Jump up ^ Dyson HJ , Wright PE ( March 2005 ) . `` Intrinsically unstructured proteins and their functions '' . Nature Reviews . Molecular Cell Biology . 6 ( 3 ) : 197 -- 208 . doi : 10.1038 / nrm1589 . PMID 15738986 . ^ Jump up to : Dunker AK , Silman I , Uversky VN , Sussman JL ( December 2008 ) . `` Function and structure of inherently disordered proteins '' . Current Opinion in Structural Biology . 18 ( 6 ) : 756 -- 64 . doi : 10.1016 / j. sbi. 2008.10. 002 . PMID 18952168 . Jump up ^ Andreeva A , Howorth D , Chothia C , Kulesha E , Murzin AG ( January 2014 ) . `` SCOP2 prototype : a new approach to protein structure mining '' . Nucleic Acids Research . 42 ( Database issue ) : D310 -- 4 . doi : 10.1093 / nar / gkt1242 . PMC 3964979 . PMID 24293656 . Jump up ^ van der Lee R , Buljan M , Lang B , Weatheritt RJ , Daughdrill GW , Dunker AK , Fuxreiter M , Gough J , Gsponer J , Jones DT , Kim PM , Kriwacki RW , Oldfield CJ , Pappu RV , Tompa P , Uversky VN , Wright PE , Babu MM ( July 2014 ) . `` Classification of intrinsically disordered regions and proteins '' . Chemical Reviews . 114 ( 13 ) : 6589 -- 631 . doi : 10.1021 / cr400525m . PMC 4095912 . PMID 24773235 . Jump up ^ Song J , Lee MS , Carlberg I , Vener AV , Markley JL ( December 2006 ) . `` Micelle - induced folding of spinach thylakoid soluble phosphoprotein of 9 kDa and its functional implications '' . Biochemistry . 45 ( 51 ) : 15633 -- 43 . doi : 10.1021 / bi062148m . PMC 2533273 . PMID 17176085 . ^ Jump up to : Bu Z , Callaway DJ ( 2011 ) . `` Proteins move ! Protein dynamics and long - range allostery in cell signaling '' . Advances in Protein Chemistry and Structural Biology . Advances in Protein Chemistry and Structural Biology . 83 : 163 -- 221 . doi : 10.1016 / B978 - 0 - 12 - 381262 - 9.00005 - 7 . ISBN 9780123812629 . PMID 21570668 . Jump up ^ Kamerlin SC , Warshel A ( May 2010 ) . `` At the dawn of the 21st century : Is dynamics the missing link for understanding enzyme catalysis ? '' . Proteins. 78 ( 6 ) : 1339 -- 75 . doi : 10.1002 / prot. 22654 . PMC 2841229 . PMID 20099310 . Jump up ^ Ward JJ , Sodhi JS , McGuffin LJ , Buxton BF , Jones DT ( March 2004 ) . `` Prediction and functional analysis of native disorder in proteins from the three kingdoms of life '' . Journal of Molecular Biology . 337 ( 3 ) : 635 -- 45 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jmb. 2004.02. 002 . PMID 15019783 . Jump up ^ Dunker AK , Lawson JD , Brown CJ , Williams RM , Romero P , Oh JS , Oldfield CJ , Campen AM , Ratliff CM , Hipps KW , Ausio J , Nissen MS , Reeves R , Kang C , Kissinger CR , Bailey RW , Griswold MD , Chiu W , Garner EC , Obradovic Z ( 2001 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Intrinsically disordered protein '' . Journal of Molecular Graphics & Modelling. 19 ( 1 ) : 26 -- 59 . doi : 10.1016 / s1093 - 3263 ( 00 ) 00138 - 8 . PMID 11381529 . Jump up ^ Uversky VN , Oldfield CJ , Dunker AK ( 2008 ) . `` Intrinsically disordered proteins in human diseases : introducing the D2 concept '' . Annual Review of Biophysics. 37 : 215 -- 46 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. biophys. 37.032807. 125924 . PMID 18573080 . Jump up ^ Collins MO , Yu L , Campuzano I , Grant SG , Choudhary JS ( July 2008 ) . `` Phosphoproteomic analysis of the mouse brain cytosol reveals a predominance of protein phosphorylation in regions of intrinsic sequence disorder '' . Molecular & Cellular Proteomics. 7 ( 7 ) : 1331 -- 48 . doi : 10.1074 / mcp. M700564 - MCP200 . PMID 18388127 . Jump up ^ Iakoucheva LM , Brown CJ , Lawson JD , Obradović Z , Dunker AK ( October 2002 ) . `` Intrinsic disorder in cell - signaling and cancer - associated proteins '' . Journal of Molecular Biology . 323 ( 3 ) : 573 -- 84 . doi : 10.1016 / S0022 - 2836 ( 02 ) 00969 - 5 . PMID 12381310 . Jump up ^ Sandhu KS ( 2009 ) . `` Intrinsic disorder explains diverse nuclear roles of chromatin remodeling proteins '' . Journal of Molecular Recognition . 22 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 8 . doi : 10.1002 / jmr. 915 . PMID 18802931 . Jump up ^ Lee SH , Kim DH , Han JJ , Cha EJ , Lim JE , Cho YJ , Lee C , Han KH ( February 2012 ) . `` Understanding pre-structured motifs ( PreSMos ) in intrinsically unfolded proteins '' . Current Protein & Peptide Science . 13 ( 1 ) : 34 -- 54 . doi : 10.2174 / 138920312799277974 . PMID 22044148 . Jump up ^ Mohan A , Oldfield CJ , Radivojac P , Vacic V , Cortese MS , Dunker AK , Uversky VN ( October 2006 ) . `` Analysis of molecular recognition features ( MoRFs ) '' . Journal of Molecular Biology . 362 ( 5 ) : 1043 -- 59 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jmb. 2006.07. 087 . PMID 16935303 . Jump up ^ Gunasekaran K , Tsai CJ , Kumar S , Zanuy D , Nussinov R ( February 2003 ) . `` Extended disordered proteins : targeting function with less scaffold '' . Trends in Biochemical Sciences . 28 ( 2 ) : 81 -- 5 . doi : 10.1016 / S0968 - 0004 ( 03 ) 00003 - 3 . PMID 12575995 . Jump up ^ Sandhu KS , Dash D ( July 2007 ) . `` Dynamic alpha - helices : conformations that do not conform '' . Proteins. 68 ( 1 ) : 109 -- 22 . doi : 10.1002 / prot. 21328 . PMID 17407165 . Jump up ^ Fuxreiter M ( January 2012 ) . `` Fuzziness : linking regulation to protein dynamics '' . Molecular bioSystems. 8 ( 1 ) : 168 -- 77 . doi : 10.1039 / c1mb05234a . PMID 21927770 . Jump up ^ Fuxreiter M , Simon I , Bondos S ( August 2011 ) . `` Dynamic protein - DNA recognition : beyond what can be seen '' . Trends in Biochemical Sciences . 36 ( 8 ) : 415 -- 23 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tibs. 2011.04. 006 . PMID 21620710 . ^ Jump up to : Uversky VN ( August 2011 ) . `` Intrinsically disordered proteins from A to Z '' . The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology . 43 ( 8 ) : 1090 -- 103 . doi : 10.1016 / j. biocel. 2011.04. 001 . PMID 21501695 . ^ Jump up to : Oldfield , C. ( 2014 ) . `` Intrinsically Disordered Proteins and Intrinsically Disordered Protein Regions '' . Annual Review of Biochemistry . 83 : 553 -- 584 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev - biochem - 072711 . Jump up ^ Minde DP , Ramakrishna M , Lilley KS ( 2018 ) . `` Biotinylation by proximity labelling favours unfolded proteins '' . bioRxiv . doi : 10.1101 / 274761 . Jump up ^ Minde DP , Maurice MM , Rüdiger SG ( 2012 ) . Uversky VN , ed . `` Determining biophysical protein stability in lysates by a fast proteolysis assay , FASTpp '' . PLOS One . 7 ( 10 ) : e46147 . Bibcode : 2012PLoSO ... 746147M . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0046147 . PMC 3463568 . PMID 23056252 . Jump up ^ Park C , Marqusee S ( March 2005 ) . `` Pulse proteolysis : a simple method for quantitative determination of protein stability and ligand binding '' . Nature Methods. 2 ( 3 ) : 207 -- 12 . doi : 10.1038 / nmeth740 . PMID 15782190 . Jump up ^ Robaszkiewicz K , Ostrowska Z , Cyranka - Czaja A , Moraczewska J ( May 2015 ) . `` Impaired tropomyosin - troponin interactions reduce activation of the actin thin filament '' . Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1854 ( 5 ) : 381 -- 90 . doi : 10.1016 / j. bbapap. 2015.01. 004 . PMID 25603119 . Jump up ^ Minde DP , Radli M , Forneris F , Maurice MM , Rüdiger SG ( 2013 ) . Buckle AM , ed . `` Large extent of disorder in Adenomatous Polyposis Coli offers a strategy to guard Wnt signalling against point mutations '' . PLOS One . 8 ( 10 ) : e77257 . Bibcode : 2013PLoSO ... 877257M . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0077257 . PMC 3793970 . PMID 24130866 . Jump up ^ Brucale M , Schuler B , Samorì B ( March 2014 ) . `` Single - molecule studies of intrinsically disordered proteins '' . Chemical Reviews . 114 ( 6 ) : 3281 -- 317 . doi : 10.1021 / cr400297g . PMID 24432838 . Jump up ^ Neupane K , Solanki A , Sosova I , Belov M , Woodside MT ( 2014 ) . `` Diverse metastable structures formed by small oligomers of α - synuclein probed by force spectroscopy '' . PLOS One . 9 ( 1 ) : e86495 . Bibcode : 2014PLoSO ... 986495N . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0086495 . PMC 3901707 . PMID 24475132 . Jump up ^ Japrung D , Dogan J , Freedman KJ , Nadzeyka A , Bauerdick S , Albrecht T , Kim MJ , Jemth P , Edel JB ( February 2013 ) . `` Single - molecule studies of intrinsically disordered proteins using solid - state nanopores '' . Analytical Chemistry . 85 ( 4 ) : 2449 -- 56 . doi : 10.1021 / ac3035025 . PMID 23327569 . Jump up ^ Min D , Kim K , Hyeon C , Cho YH , Shin YK , Yoon TY ( 2013 ) . `` Mechanical unzipping and rezipping of a single SNARE complex reveals hysteresis as a force - generating mechanism '' . Nature Communications . 4 ( 4 ) : 1705 . Bibcode : 2013NatCo ... 4E1705M . doi : 10.1038 / ncomms2692 . PMC 3644077 . PMID 23591872 . Jump up ^ Miyagi A , Tsunaka Y , Uchihashi T , Mayanagi K , Hirose S , Morikawa K , Ando T ( September 2008 ) . `` Visualization of intrinsically disordered regions of proteins by high - speed atomic force microscopy '' . Chemphyschem. 9 ( 13 ) : 1859 -- 66 . doi : 10.1002 / cphc. 200800210 . PMID 18698566 . Jump up ^ Schlessinger A , Schaefer C , Vicedo E , Schmidberger M , Punta M , Rost B ( June 2011 ) . `` Protein disorder -- a breakthrough invention of evolution ? '' . Current Opinion in Structural Biology . 21 ( 3 ) : 412 -- 8 . doi : 10.1016 / j. sbi. 2011.03. 14 . PMID 21514145 . Jump up ^ Tompa , P. ( 2011 ) . `` Unstructural biology coming of age '' . Current Opinion in Structural Biology . 21 : 419 -- 425 . doi : 10.1016 / j. sbi. 2011.03. 12 . Jump up ^ Ferron F , Longhi S , Canard B , Karlin D ( October 2006 ) . `` A practical overview of protein disorder prediction methods '' . Proteins. 65 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 14 . doi : 10.1002 / prot. 21075 . PMID 16856179 . Jump up ^ Uversky VN , Oldfield CJ , Dunker AK ( 2008 ) . `` Intrinsically disordered proteins in human diseases : introducing the D2 concept '' . Annual Review of Biophysics. 37 : 215 -- 46 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. biophys. 37.032807. 125924 . PMID 18573080 . Jump up ^ Wise - Scira O , Dunn A , Aloglu AK , Sakallioglu IT , Coskuner O ( March 2013 ) . `` Structures of the E46K mutant - type α - synuclein protein and impact of E46K mutation on the structures of the wild - type α - synuclein protein '' . ACS Chemical Neuroscience. 4 ( 3 ) : 498 -- 508 . doi : 10.1021 / cn3002027 . PMID 23374074 . Jump up ^ Dobson CM ( December 2003 ) . `` Protein folding and misfolding '' . Nature . 426 ( 6968 ) : 884 -- 90 . Bibcode : 2003Natur. 426 ... 884D . doi : 10.1038 / nature02261 . PMID 14685248 . Jump up ^ Best RB , Zhu X , Shim J , Lopes PE , Mittal J , Feig M , Mackerell AD ( September 2012 ) . `` Optimization of the additive CHARMM all - atom protein force field targeting improved sampling of the backbone φ , ψ and side - chain χ ( 1 ) and χ ( 2 ) dihedral angles '' . Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation. 8 ( 9 ) : 3257 -- 3273 . doi : 10.1021 / ct300400x . PMC 3549273 . PMID 23341755 . Jump up ^ Best RB ( February 2017 ) . `` Computational and theoretical advances in studies of intrinsically disordered proteins '' . Current Opinion in Structural Biology . 42 : 147 -- 154 . doi : 10.1016 / j. sbi. 2017.01. 006 . PMID 28259050 . Jump up ^ Chong SH , Chatterjee P , Ham S ( May 2017 ) . `` Computer Simulations of Intrinsically Disordered Proteins '' . Annual Review of Physical Chemistry . 68 : 117 -- 134 . Bibcode : 2017ARPC ... 68 ... 117C . doi : 10.1146 / annurev - physchem - 052516 - 050843 . PMID 28226222 . Jump up ^ Fox SJ , Kannan S ( September 2017 ) . `` Probing the dynamics of disorder '' . Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology . 128 : 57 -- 62 . doi : 10.1016 / j. pbiomolbio. 2017.05. 008 . PMID 28554553 . Jump up ^ Terakawa T , Takada S ( September 2011 ) . `` Multiscale ensemble modeling of intrinsically disordered proteins : p53 N - terminal domain '' . Biophysical Journal . 101 ( 6 ) : 1450 -- 8 . Bibcode : 2011BpJ ... 101.1450 T . doi : 10.1016 / j. bpj. 2011.08. 003 . PMC 3177054 . PMID 21943426 . Jump up ^ Fisher , Charles K ; Stultz , Collin M ( 2011 ) . `` Constructing ensembles for intrinsically disordered proteins '' . Current Opinion in Structural Biology . 21 ( 3 ) : 426 . doi : 10.1016 / j. sbi. 2011.04. 001 . PMID 21530234 . Jump up ^ Apicella A , Marascio M , Colangelo V , Soncini M , Gautieri A , Plummer CJ ( June 2017 ) . `` Molecular dynamics simulations of the intrinsically disordered protein amelogenin '' . Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics . 35 ( 8 ) : 1813 -- 1823 . doi : 10.1080 / 07391102.2016. 1196151 . PMID 27366858 . Jump up ^ Zerze GH , Miller CM , Granata D , Mittal J ( June 2015 ) . `` Free energy surface of an intrinsically disordered protein : comparison between temperature replica exchange molecular dynamics and bias - exchange metadynamics '' . Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation. 11 ( 6 ) : 2776 -- 82 . doi : 10.1021 / acs. jctc. 5b00047 . PMID 26575570 . Jump up ^ Granata D , Baftizadeh F , Habchi J , Galvagnion C , De Simone A , Camilloni C , Laio A , Vendruscolo M ( October 2015 ) . `` The inverted free energy landscape of an intrinsically disordered peptide by simulations and experiments '' . Scientific Reports . 5 : 15449 . Bibcode : 2015NatSR ... 515449G . doi : 10.1038 / srep15449 . PMC 4620491 . PMID 26498066 . Jump up ^ Kurcinski , Mateusz ; Kolinski , Andrzej ; Kmiecik , Sebastian ( 2014 - 05 - 21 ) . `` Mechanism of Folding and Binding of an Intrinsically Disordered Protein As Revealed by ab Initio Simulations '' . Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation. 10 ( 6 ) : 2224 -- 2231 . doi : 10.1021 / ct500287c . ISSN 1549 - 9618 . Jump up ^ Uversky VN ( 2013 ) . `` Digested disorder : Quarterly intrinsic disorder digest ( January / February / March , 2013 ) '' . Intrinsically Disordered Proteins. 1 ( 1 ) : e25496 . doi : 10.4161 / idp. 25496 . PMC 5424799 . PMID 28516015 . Jump up ^ Costantini S , Sharma A , Raucci R , Costantini M , Autiero I , Colonna G ( March 2013 ) . `` Genealogy of an ancient protein family : the Sirtuins , a family of disordered members '' . BMC Evolutionary Biology . 13 : 60 . doi : 10.1186 / 1471 - 2148 - 13 - 60 . PMC 3599600 . PMID 23497088 . External links ( edit ) Intrinsically disordered protein at Proteopedia MobiDB : a comprehensive database or intrinsic protein disorder annotations IDEAL - Intrinsically Disordered proteins with Extensive Annotations and Literature D P Database of Disordered Protein Predictions Gallery of images of intrinsically disordered proteins First IDP journal covering all topics of IDP research IDP Journal Database of experimentally validated IDPs IDP ensemble database Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Intrinsically_disordered_proteins&oldid=851883651 '' Categories : Proteins by structure Protein structure Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 25 July 2018 , at 05 : 54 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrinsically%20disordered%20proteins
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why did you leave the one you left me for
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Why Have You Left the one You Left Me for
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why have you left the one you left me for
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`` Why Have You Left the One You Left Me For '' is a song written by Mark True , and recorded by American country music artist Crystal Gayle . It was released in October 1978 as the second single from the album When I Dream . `` Why Have You Left the One You Left Me For '' was Crystal Gayle 's sixth number one on the country chart . The single stayed at number one for a single week and spent a total of ten weeks on the country chart .
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Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1978 -- 79 ) Peak position US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) U.S. Billboard Easy Listening 22 Canadian RPM Country Tracks Canadian RPM Adult Contemporary 16 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book Of Top 40 Country Hits : 1944 - 2006 , Second edition . Record Research . p. 131 . Jump up ^ `` Crystal Gayle -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Country Songs for Crystal Gayle . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2002 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 - 2001 . Record Research . p. 100 . Jump up ^ `` Item : 42 - Library and Archives Canada '' . Bac-lac.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 14 . Preceded by `` I Really Got the Feeling '' by Dolly Parton Billboard Hot Country Singles number - one single January 27 - February 3 , 1979 Succeeded by `` Every Which Way but Loose '' by Eddie Rabbitt RPM Country Tracks number - one single February 17 , 1979 Crystal Gayle singles Albums Singles 1970s `` Wrong Road Again '' `` Somebody Loves You '' 1976 `` I 'll Get Over You '' `` You Never Miss a Real Good Thing ( Till He Says Goodbye ) '' 1977 `` I 'll Do It All Over Again '' `` Do n't It Make My Brown Eyes Blue '' 1978 `` Ready for the Times to Get Better '' `` Talking in Your Sleep '' `` Why Have You Left the One You Left Me For '' 1979 `` When I Dream '' `` Your Kisses Will '' `` Half the Way '' `` Your Old Cold Shoulder '' 1980s 1980 `` It 's Like We Never Said Goodbye '' `` The Blue Side '' `` If You Ever Change Your Mind '' 1981 `` Take It Easy '' `` Too Many Lovers '' `` The Woman in Me '' 1982 `` You Never Gave Up on Me '' `` Livin ' in These Troubled Times '' `` ' Til I Gain Control Again '' You and I '' ( with Eddie Rabbitt ) `` Everything I Own '' `` Our Love Is on the Faultline '' `` Baby , What About You '' `` The Sound of Goodbye '' 1984 `` I Do n't Wanna Lose Your Love '' `` Turning Away '' `` Me Against the Night '' 1985 `` Nobody Wants to Be Alone '' `` A Long and Lasting Love '' `` Makin ' Up for Lost Time ( The Dallas Lovers ' Song ) '' ( with Gary Morris ) 1986 `` Cry '' `` Straight to the Heart '' `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' `` Another World '' ( with Gary Morris ) `` Nobody Should Have to Love This Way '' `` Only Love Can Save Me Now '' `` O Holy Night '' `` Nobody 's Angel '' 1990s `` Never Ending Song of Love '' 1999 `` Two Sleepy People '' ( with Willie Nelson ) 2000s 2003 `` Hallelujah I Love Him So '' Book This 1970s country song -- related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Why_Have_You_Left_the_One_You_Left_Me_For&oldid=757930138 '' Categories : 1978 singles Crystal Gayle songs Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles RPM Country Tracks number - one singles Song recordings produced by Allen Reynolds United Artists Records singles 1978 songs 1970s country song stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Singlechart called without song All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 2 January 2017 , at 15 : 05 . About Wikipedia
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bridget jones diary who does she end up with
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When they are about to kiss for the first time , Bridget goes to her bedroom to change into sexier underwear . While Bridget is changing , Mark peeks at her diary , in which she has written many insults about him . Bridget returns to find that he has left . Realising that he had read her diary and that she might potentially lose him again , Bridget runs outside after him in the snow with a thin sweater and tiger skin - print underwear . Unable to find him , she is disheartened and is about to return home when Mark appears having bought a new diary for Bridget in order `` to make a fresh start . '' They kiss in the snow - covered streets . Bridget then notes that `` nice boys do n't kiss like that , '' to which Mark , contrary to his uptight nature , retorts `` Oh yes they fucking do . ''
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Mark
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Bridget Jones 's Diary ( film )
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bridget jones's diary ( film )
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Bridget Jones 's Diary is a 2001 romantic comedy film directed by Sharon Maguire and written by Richard Curtis , Andrew Davies , and Helen Fielding . It is based on Fielding 's novel of the same name , which is a reinterpretation of Jane Austen 's Pride and Prejudice . The adaptation stars Renée Zellweger as Bridget , Hugh Grant as the caddish Daniel Cleaver , and Colin Firth as Bridget 's `` true love '' , Mark Darcy . Production began in August 2000 and ended in November 2000 , and took place largely on location in London and the Home Counties . The film premiered on 4 April 2001 in the United Kingdom and was released to theatres on 13 April 2001 simultaneously in the United Kingdom and in the United States .
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Bridget Jones 's Diary received positive reviews and was a commercial success , grossing over $280 million worldwide . Zellweger was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress for her role in the film . A sequel , Bridget Jones : The Edge of Reason , was released in 2004 , and another sequel , Bridget Jones 's Baby , was released in 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Casting 3.2 Filming 4 Reception 5 Awards and nominations 6 Soundtrack 6.1 Bridget Jones 's Diary 2 : More Music from the Motion Picture and Other V.G. Songs 6.1. 1 Track listing 6.1. 2 Chart positions 7 DVD and VHS release 8 Connection to Pride and Prejudice 9 Musical adaptation 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Plot ( edit ) Bridget Jones ( Renée Zellweger ) is 32 years old , single , very accident - prone , and worried about her weight . She works in publicity at a book publishing company in London where her main focus is fantasising about her boss , Daniel Cleaver ( Hugh Grant ) . At a New Year party hosted by her parents , she re-encounters Mark Darcy ( Colin Firth ) , the barrister son of her parents ' friends . They had known each other as children . After their initial encounter , Mark thinks that Bridget is a fool and vulgar and Bridget thinks that he is arrogant and rude , and is disgusted by his novelty Christmas jumper . After overhearing Mark grumble to his mother about her attempts to set him up with `` a verbally incontinent spinster who smokes like a chimney , drinks like a fish and dresses like her mother '' , she decides to turn her life around . She starts her own diary , which covers all her attempts to stop smoking , lose weight and find her Mr. Right . Bridget and Daniel begin to flirt heavily at work , first over email , ahead of an important book launch , at which Bridget bumps into Mark and his glamorous but haughty colleague Natasha ( Embeth Davidtz ) . Bridget leaves with Daniel and they have dinner , despite the fact that he is a notorious womaniser with a questionable personality , of which Bridget is aware . Bridget learns from Daniel that he and Mark have a history and , as a result , hate each other . Daniel informs Bridget of their falling - out , telling her that Mark broke their friendship by sleeping with Daniel 's fiancée . Bridget is invited to a family party , and she takes Daniel along as her `` plus one '' . They spend the day before the party at a country house hotel , where Mark and Natasha are also staying . Daniel , having to spend the day working , is not able to attend and sends Bridget to the party alone . However , his dubious character becomes clearer to Bridget when she returns home from the party to find Daniel with another woman , a colleague of his , Lara ( Lisa Barbuscia ) , and Bridget cuts ties with him soon after . Bridget begins to search for a new job and after landing a job in television , quits her role at the publishing house without giving notice . Daniel makes a desperate attempt to convince Bridget to stay , only for her to retort that she would `` rather have a job wiping Saddam Hussein 's arse . '' Bridget has a long - standing invitation to a friend 's dinner party , where she is the only single person and distraught to see Mark and Natasha seated at the table . During the party , Mark privately confesses to Bridget that , despite her faults , he likes her `` just as you are . '' He later helps Bridget to achieve an exclusive TV interview in a landmark legal case . Bridget begins to develop feelings for Mark , and he comes to her rescue at her birthday dinner party at her flat in Borough , which she is disastrously attempting to cater for herself . Daniel drunkenly visits , temporarily claiming Bridget 's attention . Mark leaves the party , but returns to face Daniel . Mark punches Daniel and the two fight . They end up in a nearby restaurant and finally smash through the window , landing on the street . Mark wins the battle and knocks Daniel out . Bridget chides Mark for being mean and he leaves , but after an insensitive appeal by Daniel , she also rejects him emphatically . In the meantime , Bridget 's mother , Pamela ( Gemma Jones ) temporarily leaves Bridget 's father , Colin ( Jim Broadbent ) and begins an affair with a perma - tanned shopping channel presenter named Julian . After the affair is over and she has reconciled with Colin , she returns to the Jones family home and unintentionally reveals a truth : that Mark and Daniel 's falling - out resulted from Daniel ( who was Mark 's best friend at Cambridge University ) seducing Mark 's wife , not the other way around , as Daniel had led Bridget to believe . At the Darcys ' ruby wedding anniversary party the same day , Bridget confesses her feelings for Mark , only to find out that he and Natasha are both leaving to accept jobs in New York . Bridget interrupts the toast to their pending engagement with a stuttering but moving speech about England losing one of its finest men . Her words clearly have an effect on Mark , but he still flies to New York , though with obvious misgivings . Bridget 's friends rally to repair her broken heart with a surprise trip to Paris , and just as they are about to leave , Mark appears at Bridget 's flat . When they are about to kiss for the first time , Bridget goes to her bedroom to change into sexier underwear . While Bridget is changing , Mark peeks at her diary , in which she has written many insults about him . Bridget returns to find that he has left . Realising that he had read her diary and that she might potentially lose him again , Bridget runs outside after him in the snow with a thin sweater and tiger skin - print underwear . Unable to find him , she is disheartened and is about to return home when Mark appears having bought a new diary for Bridget in order `` to make a fresh start . '' They kiss in the snow - covered streets . Bridget then notes that `` nice boys do n't kiss like that , '' to which Mark , contrary to his uptight nature , retorts `` Oh yes they fucking do . '' Cast ( edit ) Renée Zellweger as Bridget Jones Colin Firth as Mark Darcy Hugh Grant as Daniel Cleaver Jim Broadbent as Mr. Colin Jones Gemma Jones as Mrs. Pamela Jones Celia Imrie as Una Alconbury James Faulkner as Uncle Geoffrey Shirley Henderson as Jude James Callis as Tom Sally Phillips as Sharon `` Shazzer '' Lisa Barbuscia as Lara Donald Douglas as Admiral Darcy Charmian May as Mrs. Darcy Paul Brooke as Mr. `` Tits Pervert '' Fitzherbert Embeth Davidtz as Natasha Glenville Patrick Barlow as Julian Felicity Montagu as Perpetua Neil Pearson as Richard Finch Dolly Wells as Woney Also , Salman Rushdie and Jeffrey Archer have cameos in the film , which pokes fun at Archer 's hack writer reputation . Honor Blackman also has a cameo as a party guest . Christopher Kouros also made an appearance as the singing Greek chef in the restaurant fight scene . Andrew Davies , screenwriter of the 1995 television adaptation of Pride and Prejudice , collaborated on the screenplays for the 2001 and 2004 Bridget Jones films , in which Crispin Bonham - Carter ( Mr. Bingley ) and Lucy Robinson ( Mrs. Hurst ) appeared in minor roles . The self - referential in - joke between the projects convinced Colin Firth to accept the role of Mark Darcy , as it gave him an opportunity to ridicule and liberate himself from his Pride and Prejudice character . Production ( edit ) Working Title Films acquired the film rights of the novel in 1997 before it became a best - seller . Casting ( edit ) Actresses who were considered for the role of Bridget Jones were Helena Bonham Carter , Cate Blanchett , Emily Watson , Rachel Weisz and Cameron Diaz . Toni Collette declined the role because she was on Broadway starring in The Wild Party at the time . Kate Winslet was also considered , but the producers decided she was too young . Zellweger 's participation to the film was announced in late May 2000 which concluded a two - year search . Producer Eric Fellner explained that she `` brings enormous character and conviction to the part '' . Maguire said of Zellweger , `` I saw in Renee a gift few people have , that she was able to straddle comedy and emotion . '' Zellweger worked on her accent with Barbara Berkery , who had helped Gwyneth Paltrow for Shakespeare in Love . She also gained 20 pounds for the part . To prepare for the role , Zellweger worked at the producers ' request at London book publishers Picador as a trainee in the publicity department . Before the film was released , a considerable amount of controversy surrounded the casting of the American Zellweger as what some saw as a quintessentially British heroine . However , her performance , including her south - eastern English accent , is widely considered to be of a high standard . In July 2000 , the leading male roles were given to Colin Firth and Hugh Grant . The director of the film , Sharon Maguire , is one of Fielding 's friends , on whom the film 's character `` Shazza '' or `` Shazzer '' ( English shorthand for Sharon ) was reportedly based . In the film , Shazza is played by Sally Phillips . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography began on 1 August 2000 and concluded on 5 November 2000 . The crew spent six weeks shooting in and around London . Locations used included Shad Thames where Bridget and Daniel have their first date , the Royal Courts of Justice , St Pancras railway station and Tower Bridge . Scenes were filmed at Stoke Park in Buckinghamshire where Bridget and Daniel ventured to for their mini-break . Wrotham Park in Hertfordshire served as the Darcys ' home . Stansted Airport doubled as JFK Airport in New York , while Syon House in Brentford featured as the venue for the anniversary party . The crew filmed for four days at Snowshill in Gloucestershire which featured as the home of Bridget Jones 's family . After six weeks of shooting on location , the crew moved to Shepperton Studios in Surrey . Reception ( edit ) The film holds an 80 % approval rating on aggregate review site Rotten Tomatoes with an average score of 6.9 / 10 , based on 158 reviews . The site 's critical consensus reads : `` Though there was controversy over the choice of casting , Zellweger 's Bridget Jones is a sympathetic , likable , funny character , giving this romantic comedy a lot of charm . '' Another review aggregator , Metacritic , which assigns a weighted mean rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , calculated an average score of 66 , based on 33 reviews , considered to be `` generally favorable reviews '' . Critic Roger Ebert gave the film 3.5 out of 4 possible stars . The film is recognised by American Film Institute in these lists : 2008 : AFI 's 10 Top 10 : Nominated Romantic Comedy Film Awards and nominations ( edit ) Renée Zellweger was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress , the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role , the Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress , the Empire Award for Best Actress , the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy , the MTV Movie Award for Best Kiss ( shared with Colin Firth ) , the Satellite Award for Best Actress -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy , the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role , the Teen Choice Award for Choice Chemistry ( shared with Hugh Grant ) , the Teen Choice Award for Choice Liplock ( shared with Grant ) , and the Dallas -- Fort Worth Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress . Firth won the European Film Awards Audience Award for Best Actor and the European Film Award -- Jameson People 's Choice Award -- Best Actor and was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role and the Satellite Award for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy . Grant won the Evening Standard British Film Awards ' Peter Sellers Award for Comedy and was nominated for the Empire Award for Best British Actor , the Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy , and the European Film Award -- Jameson People 's Choice Award -- Best Actor . Richard Curtis , Andrew Davies , and Helen Fielding were nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Adapted Screenplay . The film was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best British Film , the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy , and the Satellite Award for Best Film -- Musical or Comedy . Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : Bridget Jones 's Diary : Music from the Motion Picture Bridget Jones 's Diary 2 : More Music from the Motion Picture and Other V.G. Songs ( edit ) Bridget Jones 's Diary 2 : More Music from the Motion Picture and Other V.G. Songs Soundtrack album by Various artists Released 29 October 2001 ( 2001 - 10 - 29 ) Genre Mixed Length 72 : 53 Label Mercury Records Producer Dave Allen Various artists chronology Bridget Jones 's Diary : Music from the Motion Picture Bridget Jones 's Diary 2 : More Music from the Motion Picture and Other V.G. Songs Bridget Jones : The Edge of Reason soundtrack Track listing ( edit ) `` Me and Mrs. Jones '' by The Dramatics `` Someone Like You '' by Van Morrison `` My Lovin ' ( You 're Never Gonna Get It ) '' by En Vogue `` My Funny Valentine '' by Elvis Costello `` Ai n't No Mountain High Enough '' by Diana Ross `` Yes '' by McAlmont and Butler `` Woman '' by Neneh Cherry `` Without You '' by Nilsson `` Do What You Gotta Do '' by Nina Simone `` Say What You Want '' by Texas `` Brass in Pocket '' by The Pretenders `` Out of Reach ( Acoustic Version ) '' by Gabrielle `` Will You Love Me Tomorrow '' by The Shirelles `` Let 's Get It On '' by Marvin Gaye `` Waterfalls '' by TLC `` Angels '' by Robbie Williams `` It Should Have Been Me '' by Yvonne Fair `` Ooo Baby Baby '' by Smokey Robinson & The Miracles `` I Do n't Want to Talk About It '' by Dina Carroll `` Passionate Kisses '' by Mary Chapin Carpenter Chart positions ( edit ) Chart ( 2001 ) Peak position Austrian Albums ( Ö3 Austria ) 67 German Albums ( Offizielle Top 100 ) 97 DVD and VHS release ( edit ) The VHS was released in 2001 containing over 35 minutes of bonus material which includes : Deleted Scenes , Exclusive Interviews , Bridget 's Guide to `` Getting It Right '' . There was also a VHS of `` The Making of Bridget Jones '' . In 2001 , the film was released on DVD containing brand new bonus material and in 2011 a Blu - ray version of the film was released . A Collective Edition of the film was released in 2004 with new bonus material including ; The Bridget Phenomenon , The Young And The Mateless , Portrait Of The Makeup Artist , Domestic and International TV Spots , Bridget Jones : The Edge Of Reason Theatrical Trailer , Bridget Jones 's Diary Reviews and A Guide to Bridget Britishism . Connection to Pride and Prejudice ( edit ) Fielding has stated in many interviews that her novel was based upon both Jane Austen 's work Pride and Prejudice and its popular 1995 BBC adaptation . This was also reflected in the decision to cast Colin Firth as Darcy , since he played the ' real ' Mr. Darcy in the BBC adaptation of Pride and Prejudice . This is not the film 's only connection to that serial -- the screenplay was co-written by Andrew Davies , who had written the adaptation of Austen 's novel for the BBC . Musical adaptation ( edit ) Main article : Bridget Jones ' Diary ( musical ) The film version is currently being adapted into a musical , set to hit London 's West End , although no date has been set . British musician Lily Allen has written the score and lyrics , and Stephen Daldry , best known for his Tony award - winning work on the West End and Broadway productions of Billy Elliot , will be directing , joined by his co-worker Peter Darling , who will serve as choreographer . An official cast for the production has not yet been announced , but workshops for the show have already begun with television actress and current star of Legally Blonde , Sheridan Smith , in the title role . See also ( edit ) Film portal Bridget Jones : The Edge of Reason , the sequel My Lovely Sam Soon , a Korean series with some thematic and narrative similarities References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Bridget Jones 's Diary ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . 2 April 2001 . Retrieved 23 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Bridget Jones 's Diary ( 2001 ) Acting Credits , www.movies.nytimes.com . Accessed 2009 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ DVD commentary with Sharon Maguire Jump up ^ Steiner , Susie ( 31 March 2001 ) . `` Twice Shy '' . London : The Guardian . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Faillaci , Sara ( 16 October 2003 ) . `` Me Sexy ? '' . Vanity Fair ( Italy ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Bridget Jones 's Diary : Production Notes '' . Cinema.com . Retrieved 29 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hart , Hugh ( 8 April 2001 ) . `` A Part With Meat on Its Bones '' . Los Angeles Times . p. 2 . Retrieved 29 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Dicker , Ron ( 11 January 2002 ) . `` For Emily Watson , Acting Success Came In ` Waves ' '' . Hartford Courant . Retrieved 29 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` In brief : Rachel Weisz too beautiful for Bridget Jones '' . The Guardian . 16 March 2001 . Retrieved 29 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Hochman , David ( 17 December 1999 ) . `` Reel World : Bridget Jones CastinFeurl = http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,272123,00.html '' . Entertainment Weekly . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Toni Collette Online - Magazines '' . Tonicollette.org . Retrieved 3 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Renée wins Bridget role '' . BBC News . 24 February 2000 . Retrieved 29 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Loewenstein , Lael ( 28 March 2001 ) . `` Review : ' Bridget Jones 's Diary ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 29 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Grant defends beleaguered Bridget Jones star '' . The Guardian . 3 May 2000 . Retrieved 29 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Hoye , Sue ( 8 March 2000 ) . `` Bridget Jones is back and funny as ever '' . CNN . Retrieved 29 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Hale , Ellen ( April 12 , 2001 ) . `` Zellweger 's Bridget is ' bang on ' to Brits , if a bit posh '' . USA Today . Tysons Corner , Virginia . Retrieved November 15 , 2015 . Zellweger 's accent was a point of great discussion among those attending on opening night , many of whom admitted to trying to find flaws in her performance . Most agreed that at times her accent was too upper - class for her background ... Wrote Christopher Tookey , of the Daily Mail ... ' Those who predicted Renee Zellweger would n't be able to do English accent about to eat words . ' Jump up ^ Boyle , Simon ( 17 October 2015 ) . `` Bridget Jones 's Dialect conundrum as Renee Zellweger FORGETS how to do character 's accent '' . Mirror . London , England . Retrieved November 15 , 2015 . Renee 's plummy English accent became one of Bridget 's best known characteristics in the films ... Jump up ^ Graham , Bob ( April 1 , 2001 ) . `` Renee Zellweger 's Identity Switch / Texas actress managed to perfect an English accent for ' Bridget Jones ' '' . SFGate . Retrieved November 15 , 2015 . Zellweger brought the accent off , ( Hugh ) Grant now says , but ' there was a phase at the beginning when she was a little bit like Princess Margaret ... But even the most brutal British journalists , who are kind of snooty , have seen screenings in London and have had to eat humble pie . She 's impeccable . ' Jump up ^ Janine Dallas Steffan ( 17 April 2000 ) . `` Seen , Heard , Said '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved 29 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` moviescript '' . moviescript . Retrieved 10 August 2014 . Jump up ^ ' Stoke Park film history ' Stokepark.com , Retrieved 21 / 03 / 2013 Jump up ^ ' Bridget Jones ' Diary Locations ' at Gloucestershire On Screen Jump up ^ `` Bridget Jones 's Diary ( 2001 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved 1 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bridget Jones 's Diary Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 29 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bridget Jones 's Diary : : rogerebert.com : : Reviews '' . Roger Ebert. 2001 - 04 - 13 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 10 Top 10 Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original on 16 July 2011 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 19 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Soundtrack -- BRIDGET JONES 'S DIARY 2 '' ( in German ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Longplay - Chartverfolgung at Musicline '' ( in German ) . Musicline.de . Phononet GmbH . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Colin Firth '' . Vanity Fair ( Italy ) . 16 October 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Stage Musical Version of `` Bridget Jones 's Diary '' Is in the Works - Playbill.com `` . Archived from the original on 17 October 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Bridget Jones 's Diary ( film ) Bridget Jones 's Diary on IMDb Bridget Jones 's Diary at Box Office Mojo Bridget Jones 's Diary at Rotten Tomatoes Bridget Jones 's Diary at British Comedy Guide Bridget Jones Online Archive Related topic navboxes Bridget Jones by Helen Fielding Novels Bridget Jones 's Diary ( 1996 ) Bridget Jones : The Edge of Reason ( 1999 ) Films Bridget Jones 's Diary ( 2001 ) Bridget Jones : The Edge of Reason ( 2004 ) Bridget Jones 's Baby ( 2016 ) Other Bridget Jones ' Diary ( musical ) Jane Austen 's Pride and Prejudice Characters Bennet family Elizabeth Bennet Fitzwilliam Darcy William Collins Lady Catherine de Bourgh Mr. Wickham Films Pride and Prejudice ( 1940 ) Bridget Jones 's Diary ( 2001 ) Pride & Prejudice : A Latter - Day Comedy ( 2003 ) Bride and Prejudice ( 2004 ) Pride & Prejudice ( 2005 ) Pride and Prejudice and Zombies ( 2016 ) Television Pride and Prejudice ( 1958 ) Pride and Prejudice ( 1967 ) Pride and Prejudice ( 1980 ) Trishna ( 1985 ) Pride and Prejudice ( 1995 ) Will be Somewhere ( 2004 ) Lost in Austen ( 2008 ) Death Comes to Pemberley ( 2013 ) Novels Darcy 's Story ( 1995 ) Bridget Jones 's Diary ( 1996 ) Mr. Darcy 's Daughters ( 2003 ) Fitzwilliam Darcy , Gentleman An Assembly Such as This ( 2003 ) Duty and Desire ( 2004 ) These Three Remain ( 2005 ) Austenland ( 2007 ) Love , Lies and Lizzie ( 2009 ) Pride and Prejudice and Zombies ( 2009 parody ) Pride and Prejudice and Zombies : Dawn of the Dreadfuls ( 2010 parody ) Death Comes to Pemberley ( 2011 ) Longbourn ( 2013 ) Other First Impressions ( 1959 musical ) Pride and Prejudice ( 1993 musical ) Beyond a Joke ( 1997 ) Stolthet och fördom ( 2011 opera ) The Lizzie Bennet Diaries ( 2012 web series ) Austenland ( 2013 film ) See also Pride & Prejudice ( soundtrack ) Pemberley List of literary adaptations Richard Curtis Film Written and directed Love Actually ( 2003 ) The Boat That Rocked ( 2009 ) About Time ( 2013 ) Written only The Tall Guy ( 1989 ) Four Weddings and a Funeral ( 1994 ) Bean ( 1997 ) Notting Hill ( 1999 ) Bridget Jones 's Diary ( 2001 ) Bridget Jones : The Edge of Reason ( 2004 ) War Horse ( 2011 ) Trash ( 2014 ) Television TV films Bernard and the Genie ( 1991 ) Blackadder : Back & Forth ( 1999 ) The Girl in the Café ( 2005 ) Roald Dahl 's Esio Trot ( 2015 ) Red Nose Day Actually ( 2017 ) Series Blackadder ( 1983 - 1989 ) Mr. Bean ( 1990 -- 1995 ) Bernard and the Genie ( 1991 ) The Vicar of Dibley ( 1994 -- 2007 ) The No. 1 Ladies ' Detective Agency ( 2008 ) Other `` Vincent and the Doctor '' ( Doctor Who episode , 2010 ) Other Comic Relief The Atkinson People ( 1979 ) Dead on Time ( 1983 ) No Pressure ( 2010 ) Empire Award for Best British Film Shallow Grave ( 1996 ) Trainspotting ( 1997 ) The Full Monty ( 1998 ) Lock , Stock and Two Smoking Barrels ( 1999 ) Notting Hill ( 2000 ) Billy Elliot ( 2001 ) Bridget Jones 's Diary ( 2002 ) 28 Days Later ( 2003 ) Love Actually ( 2004 ) Shaun of the Dead ( 2005 ) Pride & Prejudice ( 2006 ) United 93 ( 2007 ) Atonement ( 2008 ) RocknRolla ( 2009 ) Harry Brown ( 2010 ) Kick - Ass ( 2011 ) Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy ( 2012 ) Sightseers ( 2013 ) The World 's End ( 2014 ) Kingsman : The Secret Service ( 2015 ) Spectre ( 2016 ) I , Daniel Blake ( 2017 ) God 's Own Country ( 2018 ) GND : 4707407 - 3 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bridget_Jones%27s_Diary_(film)&oldid=841321475 '' Categories : 2001 films English - language films Bridget Jones 2000s romantic comedy films American films American romantic comedy films Best British Film Empire Award winners British films British romantic comedy films Directorial debut films English films French films French romantic comedy films Films based on British novels Films based on Pride and Prejudice Films directed by Sharon Maguire Films produced by Eric Fellner Films produced by Tim Bevan Films scored by Patrick Doyle Films set in London Films shot in Gloucestershire Films shot in Hertfordshire Films shot in London Films shot in Surrey Screenplays by Richard Curtis StudioCanal films Working Title Films films Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown EngvarB from September 2016 Use dmy dates from September 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Кыргызча Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 May 2018 , at 03 : 49 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridget%20Jones%2527s%20Diary%20%28film%29
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when was the last time army won the commander in chief trophy
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Commander - in - Chief 's trophy
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commander - in - chief's trophy
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The Commander - in - Chief 's Trophy is awarded to each season 's winner of the American college football triangular series among the teams of the U.S. Military Academy ( Army Black Knights ) , the U.S. Naval Academy ( Navy Midshipmen ) , and U.S. Air Force Academy ( Air Force Falcons ) .
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The Navy -- Air Force game is traditionally played on the first Saturday in October , the Army -- Air Force game on the first Saturday in November , and the Army -- Navy Game on the second Saturday in December . In the event of a tie , the award is shared , but the previous winner retains possession of the trophy . Along with the Florida Cup , the Michigan MAC Trophy , and the Beehive Boot , the Commander - in - Chief 's Trophy is one of the few three - way rivalries that awards a trophy to the winner . Through 2017 , the Air Force Falcons hold the most trophy victories at 20 and the Navy Midshipmen have won 15 . The Army Black Knights trail with only 7 , but are the current holder . The trophy has been shared on four occasions , most recently in 1993 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History of the trophy 2 The trophy 3 Game results and trophy winners 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History of the trophy ( edit ) Prior to 1972 , Air Force played Army in odd years and Navy in even years . The Commander - in - Chief 's trophy was the brainchild of Air Force General George B. Simler , a former Air Force Academy athletic director who envisioned the trophy as a means to create an annual series of football games for the Air Force Academy against the Military Academy and the Naval Academy . First awarded in 1972 by President Richard Nixon , the trophy itself is jointly sponsored by the alumni associations of the three academies . The trophy is named for the U.S. President , who is the Commander - in - Chief of all U.S. military services under the U.S. Constitution . The President has personally awarded the trophy on a number of occasions . During the 1980s , for instance , President Ronald Reagan presented the award in an annual White House ceremony . In 1996 , President Bill Clinton presented the trophy to the last winning Army team at Veterans Stadium after the Army -- Navy Game . From 2003 to 2007 , President George W. Bush presented the trophy to Navy teams at ceremonies in the White House . During the late 1980s and early 1990s , the winner of the trophy , if bowl eligible , was granted an invitation to the Liberty Bowl in Memphis , Tennessee . Navy was the first to five wins in 1981 , while Army won its fifth in 1988 and Air Force in 1989 to knot the series ( five wins each with three shares ) . Air Force has led since their win in 1990 , and dominated through 2002 , with sixteen wins to Army 's six . Winless in the series for over two decades , Navy reeled off seven consecutive sweeps from 2003 through 2009 to draw close . In the annual series , Air Force plays a home game and a road game , usually both on campus , hosting Navy in even - numbered years and Army in odd years . Army -- Navy is a neutral site game , usually in a major eastern city and most frequently in Philadelphia ; it was last played on campus in 1942 and 1943 , during World War II travel restrictions . The other two federal service academies -- the U.S. Coast Guard Academy and U.S. Merchant Marine Academy -- do not participate in this competition . They are approximately one - quarter the size of the three Department of Defense academies and compete in Division III athletics , so they do not compete against the DOD military academies in most sports . The Coast Guard Bears and Merchant Marine Mariners have an annual football rivalry for the Secretaries Cup . The trophy ( edit ) The trophy itself stands 2.5 feet ( 0.76 m ) high and weighs a hefty 170 lb ( 77 kg ) . The design consists of three silver footballs in a pyramid - like arrangement , set on a circular base , with three arc - shaped sections cut out -- one for each academy . In each of the cut - out areas stands a silver figurine of the mascot of one of the academies , in front of small , engraved plates denoting which years the respective academy has won the trophy . Beneath each of the three silver footballs is the crest of one of the three academies . When Air Force has possession of the trophy , it is displayed in a glass case in the Cadet Fieldhouse , the indoor sports complex at the Air Force Academy . When Navy has possession of the trophy , it is displayed in a glass case in Bancroft Hall , the Midshipmen 's dormitory . When Army possesses the trophy , it is housed in a glass case in Eisenhower Hall , the academy 's theater and ballroom . Game results and trophy winners ( edit ) In the event of a shared award , the previous year 's winner retains custody of the trophy . Air Force victories Army victories Navy victories Shared trophies and tied games No game played , no trophy awarded and future events Season Trophy Winner Air Force -- Navy score Air Force -- Army score Army -- Navy score Before Trophy Established 1890 - 1958 N / A Not played Not played See Army - Navy Game 1959 N / A Not played 13 -- 13 43 -- 12 1960 N / A 35 -- 3 Not played 17 -- 12 1961 N / A Not played Not played 13 -- 7 1962 N / A Not played Not played 34 -- 14 1963 N / A Not played 14 -- 10 21 -- 15 1964 N / A Not played Not played 11 -- 8 1965 N / A Not played 14 -- 3 7 -- 7 1966 N / A 15 -- 7 Not played 20 -- 7 1967 N / A Not played 10 -- 7 19 -- 14 1968 N / A 26 -- 20 Not played 21 -- 14 1969 N / A Not played 13 -- 6 27 -- 0 1970 N / A 26 -- 3 Not played 11 -- 7 1971 N / A Not played 20 -- 7 24 -- 23 Trophy Established 1972 Army ( 1 ) 21 -- 17 17 -- 14 23 -- 15 1973 Navy ( 1 ) 42 -- 6 43 -- 10 51 -- 0 Shared ( Navy retained trophy ) ( 1 ) 19 -- 16 17 -- 16 19 -- 0 Navy ( 2 ) 17 -- 0 33 -- 3 30 -- 6 1976 Shared ( Navy retained trophy ) ( 2 ) 13 -- 3 24 -- 7 38 -- 10 1977 Army ( 2 ) 10 -- 7 31 -- 6 17 -- 14 1978 Navy ( 3 ) 37 -- 8 28 -- 14 28 -- 0 1979 Navy ( 4 ) 13 -- 9 28 -- 7 31 -- 7 1980 Shared ( Navy retained trophy ) ( 3 ) 21 -- 20 47 -- 24 33 -- 6 1981 Navy ( 5 ) 30 -- 13 7 -- 3 3 -- 3 1982 Air Force ( 1 ) 24 -- 21 27 -- 9 24 -- 7 Air Force ( 2 ) 44 -- 17 41 -- 20 42 -- 13 1984 Army ( 3 ) 29 -- 22 24 -- 12 28 -- 11 1985 Air Force ( 3 ) 24 -- 7 45 -- 7 17 -- 7 1986 Army ( 4 ) 40 -- 6 21 -- 11 27 -- 7 Air Force ( 4 ) 23 -- 13 27 -- 10 17 -- 3 1988 Army ( 5 ) 34 -- 24 28 -- 15 20 -- 15 1989 Air Force ( 5 ) 35 -- 7 29 -- 3 19 -- 17 1990 Air Force ( 6 ) 24 -- 7 15 -- 3 30 -- 20 1991 Air Force ( 7 ) 46 -- 6 25 -- 0 24 -- 3 1992 Air Force ( 8 ) 18 -- 16 7 -- 3 25 -- 24 1993 Shared ( Air Force retained trophy ) ( 4 ) 28 -- 24 25 -- 6 16 -- 14 1994 Air Force ( 9 ) 43 -- 21 10 -- 6 22 -- 20 1995 Air Force ( 10 ) 30 -- 20 38 -- 20 14 -- 13 Army ( 6 ) 20 -- 17 23 -- 7 28 -- 24 1997 Air Force ( 11 ) 10 -- 7 24 -- 0 39 -- 7 1998 Air Force ( 12 ) 49 -- 7 35 -- 7 34 -- 30 1999 Air Force ( 13 ) 19 -- 14 28 -- 0 19 -- 9 2000 Air Force ( 14 ) 27 -- 13 41 -- 27 30 -- 28 2001 Air Force ( 15 ) 24 -- 18 34 -- 24 26 -- 17 2002 Air Force ( 16 ) 48 -- 7 49 -- 30 58 -- 12 2003 Navy ( 6 ) 28 -- 25 31 -- 3 34 -- 6 Navy ( 7 ) 24 -- 21 31 -- 22 42 -- 13 2005 Navy ( 8 ) 27 -- 24 27 -- 24 42 -- 23 2006 Navy ( 9 ) 24 -- 17 43 -- 7 26 -- 14 2007 Navy ( 10 ) 31 -- 20 30 -- 10 38 -- 3 2008 Navy ( 11 ) 33 -- 27 16 -- 7 34 -- 0 2009 Navy ( 12 ) 16 -- 13 ( OT ) 35 -- 7 17 -- 3 Air Force ( 17 ) 14 -- 6 42 -- 22 31 -- 17 2011 Air Force ( 18 ) 35 -- 34 ( OT ) 24 -- 14 27 -- 21 2012 Navy ( 13 ) 28 -- 21 ( OT ) 41 -- 21 17 -- 13 2013 Navy ( 14 ) 28 -- 10 42 -- 28 34 -- 7 2014 Air Force ( 19 ) 30 -- 21 23 -- 6 17 -- 10 2015 Navy ( 15 ) 33 -- 11 20 -- 3 21 -- 17 2016 Air Force ( 20 ) 28 -- 14 31 -- 12 21 -- 17 2017 Army ( 7 ) 48 -- 45 21 -- 0 14 -- 13 2018 TBD October 6 , 2018 November 3 , 2018 December 8 , 2018 Season Trophy winner Air Force -- Navy Air Force -- Army Army -- Navy Records since 1972 Air Force : 26 -- 20 (. 565 ) Air Force : 33 -- 13 (. 717 ) Navy : 29 -- 16 -- 1 (. 641 ) All - time Records Air Force : 29 -- 21 (. 580 ) Air Force : 36 -- 15 -- 1 (. 702 ) Navy : 60 -- 51 -- 7 (. 538 ) Jump up ^ At Yankee Stadium ^ Jump up to : At Philadelphia Municipal Stadium / John F. Kennedy Stadium Jump up ^ At Baltimore Memorial Stadium ^ Jump up to : At Soldier Field ^ Jump up to : At Falcon Stadium ^ Jump up to : At Michie Stadium ^ Jump up to : At Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium ^ Jump up to : At Navy -- Marine Corps Memorial Stadium ^ Jump up to : At Veterans Stadium Jump up ^ At Rose Bowl ^ Jump up to : At Giants Stadium ^ Jump up to : At FedExField ^ Jump up to : At PSINet Stadium / M&T Bank Stadium ^ Jump up to : At Lincoln Financial Field Records since Trophy Established Team Trophies Last Pct . Air Force 20 2016 59 33 0 . 641 Navy 15 2015 49 42 . 538 Army 7 2017 29 62 . 321 Four shared trophies , last in 1993 Only tie was in 1981 ( Army -- Navy , 3 -- 3 ) Overtime for Division I-A regular season introduced in 1996 three OT games , all between Navy ( 2 -- 1 ) and Air Force See also ( edit ) Army -- Navy Game Secretaries Cup -- annual Division III rivalry game between the Coast Guard Bears and Merchant Marine Mariners References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Staff Sgt . Raymond Hoy ( April 18 , 2011 ) . `` Falcons bring home Commander - in - Chief 's Trophy '' . www.af.mil . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2012 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Kyle Meadows ( July 24 , 2008 ) . `` The Top Ten College Football Rivalry Trophies '' . Bleacher Report . Jump up ^ John Cavanaugh ( November 12 , 1989 ) . `` COLLEGE FOOTBALL ; Boston College Surprises Army '' . The New York Times . External links ( edit ) CinC Trophy Fact Sheet President Bush 's remarks at the White House presentation of the 2005 CinC 's Trophy to Navy Links to related articles Air Force Falcons football Venues DU Stadium ( 1955 -- 1961 ) Falcon Stadium ( 1962 -- present ) Bowls & rivalries Bowl games Army ( Commander - in - Chief 's Trophy ) Colorado State ( Ram -- Falcon Trophy ) Hawaii ( Kuter Trophy ) Navy ( Commander - in - Chief 's Trophy ) Culture & lore History The Bird `` Falcon Fight Song '' `` The U.S. Air Force '' United States Air Force Academy Band People Head coaches Statistical leaders Seasons 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Army Black Knights football Venues The Plain ( 1890 -- 1923 ) Michie Stadium ( 1924 -- present ) Bowls & rivalries Bowl games Air Force ( Commander - in - Chief 's Trophy ) Navy : Army -- Navy Game ( Commander - in - Chief 's Trophy ; Thompson Cup ) Notre Dame Culture & lore Army Mule Black Death Award `` On , Brave Old Army Team '' `` The Army Goes Rolling Along '' 1946 `` Game of the Century '' People Head coaches Statistical leaders Seasons 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 National championship seasons in bold Navy Midshipmen football Venues Worden Field ( 1890 -- 1923 ) Thompson Stadium ( 1924 -- 1958 ) Navy -- Marine Corps Memorial Stadium ( 1959 -- present ) Memorial Stadium ( alternate ) Bowls & rivalries Bowl games Army : Army -- Navy Game ( Commander - in - Chief 's Trophy ) Air Force ( Commander - in - Chief 's Trophy ) Johns Hopkins Maryland : Crab Bowl Classic Notre Dame ( Rip Miller Trophy ) SMU ( Gansz Trophy ) Culture & lore Bill the Goat `` Anchors Aweigh '' Marching band `` Navy ends the drought '' 2007 North Texas game People Head coaches Statistical leaders Seasons 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 National championship seasons in bold American Athletic Conference football rivalries Conference Civil Conflict ( Connecticut -- UCF ) East Carolina -- UCF Houston -- SMU Houston -- Tulsa Gansz Trophy ( SMU -- Navy ) War on I - 4 ( USF - UCF ) Non-conference Victory Bell ( Cincinnati -- Miami ) The Keg of Nails ( Cincinnati -- Louisville ) River City Rivalry ( Cincinnati -- Pittsburgh ) Connecticut -- Massachusetts Ramnapping Trophy ( Connecticut -- Rhode Island ) East Carolina -- Marshall East Carolina -- NC State Bayou Bucket Classic ( Houston -- Rice ) Louisville -- Memphis Paint Bucket Bowl ( Memphis -- Arkansas State ) Memphis -- Ole Miss Black and Blue Bowl ( Memphis -- Southern Miss ) Army -- Navy Commander - in - Chief 's Trophy ( Navy -- Air Force -- Army ) Navy -- Johns Hopkins Crab Bowl Classic ( Navy -- Maryland ) Navy -- Notre Dame Rice -- SMU Safeway Bowl ( SMU -- North Texas ) SMU -- TCU Mayor 's Cup ( Temple -- Villanova ) Tulane -- Auburn Georgia Tech -- Tulane Ole Miss -- Tulane Battle for the Bell ( Tulane -- Southern Miss ) Battle for the Rag ( Tulane -- LSU ) Oklahoma State -- Tulsa NCAA Division I FBS independents football rivalries Army -- Navy Game ( Army -- Navy ) Army -- Notre Dame Beehive Boot ( BYU -- Utah -- Utah State ) Boston College -- Massachusetts BYU -- Utah State Colonial Clash ( Massachusetts -- New Hampshire ) Commander - in - Chief 's Trophy ( Air Force -- Army -- Navy ) Connecticut -- Massachusetts Holy War ( Boston College -- Notre Dame ) Holy War ( BYU -- Utah ) Michigan -- Notre Dame Michigan State -- Notre Dame Navy -- Notre Dame Northwestern -- Notre Dame Notre Dame -- Purdue Notre Dame -- Stanford Notre Dame -- USC Mountain West Conference football rivalries Conference Air Force -- Colorado State Air Force -- Hawaii Boise State -- Fresno State Boise State -- Nevada Border War ( Colorado State -- Wyoming ) Fresno State -- Hawaii Fresno State -- San Diego State Fresno State -- San Jose State Fremont Cannon ( Nevada -- UNLV ) Hawaii -- Wyoming Utah State -- Wyoming Non-conference Arizona -- New Mexico Beehive Boot ( BYU -- Utah -- Utah State ) Bill Walsh Legacy Game ( San Jose State -- Stanford ) Boise State -- Idaho BYU -- Utah State Commander - in - Chief 's Trophy ( Air Force -- Army -- Navy ) Rocky Mountain Showdown ( Colorado -- Colorado State ) Rio Grande Rivalry ( New Mexico -- New Mexico State ) New Mexico -- Utah Battle of the Brothers ( Utah -- Utah State ) Battle for the Bone ( Fresno State -- Louisiana Tech ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Commander-in-Chief%27s_Trophy&oldid=815487653 '' Categories : College football rivalry trophies in the United States Army Black Knights football Navy Midshipmen football Air Force Falcons football Army -- Navy Game Military competitions in American football Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Use mdy dates from July 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 15 December 2017 , at 03 : 37 . 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where is have i got news for you recorded
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Have I Got News for You Also known as Have I Got a Bit More News for You ( extended version ) Have I Got Old News for You ( repeats ) Genre Comedy Panel game Created by Harry Thompson Presented by Angus Deayton ( 1990 -- 2002 ) Guest presenters ( 2002 onwards ) Starring Ian Hislop Paul Merton Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series 55 No. of episodes 479 ( as of 13 April 2018 ) ( list of episodes ) Production Location ( s ) The London Studios ( until 2018 ) Elstree Studios ( 2018 -- ) Running time 30 minutes ( standard ) 40 minutes ( extended ) Production company ( s ) Hat Trick Productions Release Original network BBC Two ( 1990 -- 2000 ) BBC One ( 2000 onwards ) BBC One HD ( 2011 onwards ) Picture format 576i 4 : 3 ( 1990 -- 1998 ) 576i 16 : 9 ( 1998 -- 2010 ) 1080i 16 : 9 ( 2011 onwards ) Original release 28 September 1990 ( 1990 - 09 - 28 ) -- present External links Website
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Have I Got News for You
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have i got news for you
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Have I Got News for You is a British television panel show produced by Hat Trick Productions for the BBC . It is loosely based on the BBC Radio 4 show The News Quiz , and has been regularly broadcast since 1990 . The show has cultivated a reputation for sailing close to the wind in matters of libel and slander with its topical and satirical remit .
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Have I Got News for You is often cited as beginning the increasing domination of panel shows in British TV comedy , and remains one of the genre 's key standard - bearers . In recognition of this , the show received the Lifetime Achievement Award at the 2011 British Comedy Awards . It was the first time the honour had been bestowed upon a collective instead of an individual or double act . In 2016 they also received a BAFTA in the Comedy and Comedy Entertainment Programme category . For its first 10 years , the programme was shown on BBC Two . In 2000 , the BBC moved its nightly BBC One news bulletin , the BBC Nine O'Clock News , from nine o'clock to ten o'clock ( now known as the BBC News at Ten ) after ITV moved their long - running ten o'clock bulletin , News at Ten , to eleven o'clock . This left a gap in the schedules , and Have I Got News for You was moved as a result to 9pm on Friday nights on BBC One , where it has remained since , apart from two series in 2010 when the show was broadcast on Thursday nights . There have been 55 series of the programme broadcast . The UKTV channel Dave carries regular repeats of the show . Contents ( hide ) 1 Participants 1.1 Guest presenters 1.2 Guest appearance records 1.3 Guest appearance tallies 2 Format 2.1 Main section 3 Controversy and litigation 4 Video exclusives 5 DVDs 6 Internet spin - offs 7 Other shows based on the Have I Got News for You format 8 Episodes 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Participants ( edit ) The original line - up , from 1990 to 2002 , was Angus Deayton as chairman , with Ian Hislop , the editor of Private Eye , and comedian Paul Merton as team captains . Each captain was accompanied by a guest , usually a politician , journalist or comedian , or somebody particularly relevant to recent news . Merton took a break from Have I Got News for You during the 11th series in 1996 , making only one appearance as a guest on Hislop 's team . He was variously replaced as opposing team captain by Clive Anderson , Alan Davies and Eddie Izzard ( with another two episodes featuring an equal - billing double act as the opponents of Hislop 's team ) . Merton later explained that at the time he was `` very tired '' of the show and that he thought it had become `` stuck in a rut '' . Nevertheless , he added that he felt his absence gave the programme the `` shot in the arm '' it needed and that it had been `` better ever since '' . In May 2002 , following newspaper headlines of his sex with a prostitute and use of illegal drugs , Deayton was relentlessly ridiculed on the show by Hislop and Merton ( along with guests Dave Gorman and Ken Livingstone ) . Following a second round of revelations about his private life later in the year , leading to further mockery , Deayton was fired in October , two shows into series 24 . At short notice , Merton hosted the first episode after Deayton 's departure , and was described as `` merciless '' in his treatment of his former co-star . A series of guest hosts appeared for the remainder of the series , including Anne Robinson , Boris Johnson , and Jeremy Clarkson . Despite an initial search for a permanent successor to Deayton , having a different guest host each week proved successful , with average audience figures increasing from 6 million to 7 million . It was therefore announced in June 2003 that this feature would continue permanently . Hislop is the only person to have appeared in every episode -- despite suffering from appendicitis during one 1994 edition and having to go to hospital immediately afterwards . Apart from Merton , there are twelve other people who have appeared as a panellist after being a guest host : Clive Anderson , Gyles Brandreth , Marcus Brigstocke , Jimmy Carr , Jeremy Clarkson ( who subsequently appeared as a guest host again ) , Alan Johnson , Charles Kennedy , Richard Madeley , Richard Osman , Robert Peston , John Prescott and Liza Tarbuck . The only guests to have also worked on the production off camera are Kevin Day and John O'Farrell who have both had stints on the writing team . Guest presenters ( edit ) Main article : List of Have I Got News for You presenters Guest appearance records ( edit ) Alexander Armstrong holds the record for both most appearances as guest presenter , as well as most guest appearances in total , having appeared 31 times in the central chair . He has never appeared in any other role . Andy Hamilton holds the record for appearances as a guest panellist , with 21 . Guest appearance tallies ( edit ) Many guests have appeared on the programme multiple times . The list below includes guests who have appeared as presenter or panellist , and does not include the two video - exclusive releases , Have I Got Unbroadcastable News for You and The Official Pirate Video , nor the various Comic Relief specials . List complete up to 11 May 2018 31 appearances Alexander Armstrong 21 appearances Jo Brand Andy Hamilton 19 appearances Ross Noble 16 appearances Victoria Coren Mitchell 15 appearances Martin Clunes 14 appearances Jack Dee Janet Street - Porter Kirsty Young 13 appearances Marcus Brigstocke Jeremy Clarkson David Mitchell 12 appearances Reginald D. Hunter Ken Livingstone Frank Skinner 10 appearances Clive Anderson Germaine Greer 9 appearances Danny Baker Gyles Brandreth Miles Jupp Charles Kennedy Stephen Mangan Richard Osman Will Self Mark Steel 8 appearances Julia Hartley - Brewer Jon Richardson 7 appearances Bill Bailey Charlie Brooker Roisin Conaty Dr Phil Hammond Armando Iannucci Boris Johnson 6 appearances Chris Addison Kevin Bridges Eddie Izzard Damian Lewis Fred MacAulay Lee Mack Lembit Öpik Sara Pascoe Nick Robinson Katherine Ryan Linda Smith Joe Wilkinson 5 appearances Clare Balding Jimmy Carr The Rev. Richard Coles Sara Cox Alan Davies Rich Hall Nick Hewer Maureen Lipman Camilla Long Bob Marshall - Andrews Andrew Neil Dara Ó Briain Sue Perkins John Sergeant Francis Wheen 4 appearances Diane Abbott Frankie Boyle Fern Britton Kathy Burke Ed Byrne Susan Calman Alan Coren Hal Cruttenden Hugh Dennis Alan Duncan Miranda Hart Alan Johnson Quentin Letts Graham Linehan Sean Lock John O'Farrell Jacob Rees - Mogg Griff Rhys Jones Alex Salmond Peter Serafinowicz John Simpson Tony Slattery Kirsty Wark Henning Wehn Jack Whitehall Josh Widdicombe Richard Wilson Format ( edit ) The Have I Got News for You studio Have I Got News for You began on BBC Two on 28 September 1990 and transferred to BBC One in October 2000 . `` Myself and Ian , we did a disastrous pilot for it , '' Paul Merton said nine years later . `` It was a beautiful summer 's afternoon in 1990 . Far too nice to be in a television studio , but I think the BBC had already bought it , so that 's how it became a series . '' Two series are made every year . At first , the number of episodes per series was inconsistent . However , a pattern soon formed whereby the spring series between April to June comprises eight episodes and the autumn series between October to December contains nine , with a one - week break in the middle to allow the broadcasting of Children in Need . The 39th series , broadcast in early 2010 , moved the show to a Thursday night slot . The 40th series remained in this new time slot , despite one episode being broadcast the day after due to the Royal Variety Performance ; both series featured an extra episode , with the spring series now featuring 9 episodes and the autumn series 10 episodes . Over an hour 's worth of material is recorded for each 30 - minute programme for broadcast the following day , allowing the programme to remain topical while the BBC 's lawyers have time to request cuts of potentially defamatory material . As for its popularity , Merton explained that it was mostly word - of - mouth : `` No reviewer could possibly review it in that time . We started off with an audience of two million , and somebody might have mentioned it to their friend , and then it sort of built up a momentum of its own . '' In recent years , the late - night weekend repeat has occasionally contained extra material from the week 's recording . This became a permanent feature from the spring 2007 series , with the repeat having a running time of 40 minutes , and being titled ( in the TV listings ) Have I Got a Bit More News for You . The programme is recorded at the London Studios , former home of London Weekend Television , although the 2001 Election special episode was recorded at BBC Television Centre on the Friday morning after the election . The quiz aspect and scores are largely ignored in favour of the panellists ' witty exchanges and jokes , and the format seems to change frequently . `` There 's been a lot of confusion , with people saying , ' Well , they see the questions beforehand , ' which we do , '' revealed Merton in 1999 . `` But some people say we see the answers , which we do n't , because that would rob it of being a quiz . '' `` There is a certain amount of show business that goes on in putting on a show , '' continued Merton . `` We found very early on that it 's worth seeing the questions beforehand so that you can work out your depth of ignorance . If you really do n't know , you think , ' Well , I 've really got to try and say something here . ' It 's much better to be doing that for ten or fifteen minutes before the show than be doing it when the cameras are rolling , in front of an audience , going , ' Well , who 's he ? ' '' Norman Tebbit wrote an article in The Mail on Sunday criticising the whole programme : ' Well , of course Have I Got News for You is all edited . These people , they could n't improvise live . You put them on a stage , they would n't be able to improvise . ' Merton said of this : `` Well , when Norman Tebbit said I could n't improvise , I was ... ( blows out cheeks and then goes silent ) . '' Main section ( edit ) The main section of the show comprises several rounds , although , as noted above , this is liable to change . Since the show originally aired , several rounds have been dropped from the original format , but a typical show will usually consist of the following : Round 1 is the `` Film Round '' . Silent video clips , usually from news reports , are played to the teams . Two points are awarded for correctly identifying the story -- but as the round covers the major stories of the week , the quiz aspect is downplayed here in favour of discussion and banter . The host will still ask questions to highlight details of a story , but no further points are awarded for the answers . Sometimes , the clips used have been specially chosen from particular sources , such as in the 2008 Christmas special , which used clips from Christmas specials of various other TV programmes to provide the clues . The 1993 ' Thatcher special ' presented a slight variation called Who Dares Loses ? , where the teams had to identify who in the clip ' lost ' . On rare occasions , sound is added to the clip , such as a `` ker - ching '' in the montage that depicted the 2009 MPs ' expenses scandal or the Blue Peter theme tune in the week that presenter Richard Bacon had been caught taking drugs . The only occasion that the video clip element of this round has been deviated from was during series 37 , when one of the clips was audio only with no pictures . The question was about the Hum , which none of the panel could hear anyway . Early series featured two similar games later in the show ; the `` Connections Round '' , with the panel identifying the individuals and the story that linked them , and the `` Archive Round '' , featuring pre-1990 news footage in a ' what happened next ? ' format . Both were dropped as the more popular rounds began to use up more time . Round 2 was originally the `` Tabloid Headlines Round '' , in which the panellists identified and commented on the more flippant stories of the week from sufficiently pun - filled tabloid headlines . Another of the original rounds later dropped was the similar `` Mini-Headlines Round '' , where the panel had to identify a story from the four words used in the original tabloid report as effective chapter headings . In 2004 , the headlines were filtered out and replaced with a picture game . An image is slowly revealed to the teams , the object being for one to buzz in before the other and guess how the resulting person or object is relevant to the week 's news . Originally this took the form of the `` Picture - Spin Quiz '' . Regular variants since have included the `` Jigsaw of News '' and the Christmas - themed `` Giblets of News '' , while others have featured wieldy props for the host , such as the `` Wheel of News '' , the `` One - Armed Bandit of News '' and the `` Strengthometer of News '' . A few versions have been more specific to that week 's guest host ; e.g. Dominic West , star of American cop drama The Wire , had the `` Squad Car of News '' . Occasionally the round is themed around one topic . In these instances , it usually becomes a more straightforward Q&A ' fingers - on - buzzers ' round . Another slight variation is a spoof of an existing quiz / gameshow , often done when pertinent to the current guests . For example ; a mock Mastermind game when Magnus Magnusson appeared or the infamous `` Play Your Iraqi Cards Right '' from Bruce Forsyth 's first time as host , which took the format of the presenter 's former game show , as well as referencing a special deck of cards produced by the Americans for the 2003 invasion of Iraq . Round 3 is the `` Odd One Out Round '' , where four personalities , characters and / or objects are presented to a team , whereupon they must identify the interloper , and the topical , amusing or ridiculously obscure link between the other three . In one episode , Merton 's `` Odd One Out '' selection consisted of 16 images and in another , the round comprised four photos of Michael Howard . On another occasion the four choices were Hislop , Merton and both guests , Germaine Greer and Charles Kennedy . The four pictures used were the live remote feeds from the studio cameras . ( This technique was also used in an episode hosted by Ronnie Corbett , when the comedian featured as one of the choices . ) One week , after it had been revealed that a group of celebrities had taken out press injunctions , the round consisted of four blanked out images , with the host , Rhod Gilbert , explaining that they were unable to reveal who exactly was the odd one out , or the reason . A short - lived variant was another take on the aforementioned `` Connections Round '' , with images of three people given , the teams working out what linked them . When Bruce Forsyth was host , this round was replaced by `` Conveyer Belt Connections '' , a reference to the final round of The Generation Game . One of the belts consisted of people and objects whose resulting connection was that they had all been the Odd One Out in previous editions of the show . This included the disparate grouping together of raw sewage , The Hay Wain , Tinky Winky and Osama bin Laden . Round 4 is the `` Missing Words Round '' , where newspaper headlines are displayed , with choice words blanked out . The panellists then suggest what these could be . Since 1994 , a regular feature of this round is that some of the banners are taken from that week 's choice of obscure `` guest publication '' . Over the years , these have included Goat World , Arthritis News , International Car Park Design , `` The Caravan Times '' and Diarrhoea Digest . Examples of Missing Words are `` I 'll take Edward up the _____ '' , `` Church may be forced to sell _____ '' and `` PM sucked into _____ '' . After the final scores are read out , there is often an additional Caption Competition , where potentially amusing pictures are shown , to which the panellists are invited to provide an apt headline . No points are awarded for this section . Controversy and litigation ( edit ) In a 1994 episode , Deayton read out the following : `` The BBC are cracking down on references to Ian and Kevin Maxwell , in case programme - makers appear biased in their treatment of these two heartless , scheming bastards . '' However , the Maxwell brothers were about to go on trial , and on 26 July 1996 , the BBC and Hat Trick Productions were fined £ 10,000 each in the High Court for contempt of court . The risky nature of the joke was readily apparent on the night itself , with Hislop and Merton humorously claiming that Deayton might genuinely have to prepare himself for a spell in prison because of it . In 1996 , a book based on the series , Have I Got 1997 for You , noted about Conservative MP Rupert Allason that `` ... given Mr Allason 's fondness for pursuing libel actions , there are also excellent legal reasons for not referring to him as a conniving little shit '' . Allason then pursued a libel action against BBC Worldwide and Hat Trick Productions over the remark , but lost the case . In April 2003 , three - time guest panellist Stephen Fry announced that he was boycotting the show following the sacking of Angus Deayton . Fry described Deayton 's disposal as `` greasy , miserable , British and pathetic '' . On 23 November 2007 , Ann Widdecombe appeared as a guest host for the second time , with Jimmy Carr as Hislop 's teammate . However , owing to Carr 's risqué material , Widdecombe vowed she would never appear on Have I Got News for You again . She said , `` His idea of wit is a barrage of filth and the sort of humour most men grow out of in their teens . There 's no amount of money for which I would go through those two recording hours again . At one stage I nearly walked out . '' The following week , Will Self appeared as a guest . Self , one of the most frequent guests on HIGNFY , said that he would not appear on the show again either . He said , `` I 'm afraid that without the reality element , the programme has become just like any other pseudo-panel contest , where funny fellows sit behind desks cracking jokes . Moreover , in the post-Hutton Inquiry era , the BBC seems to have lost its bottle so far as edgy satire is concerned : the sharpest crack I made all evening -- and the one that received the most audience laughter -- was cut for transmission . '' The edition of 26 April 2013 prompted over 100 complaints to the BBC and Ofcom for its perceived anti-Scottish stance during a section discussing Scottish independence . Ian Hislop had suggested Mars bars would become the currency of a post-independence Scotland , while guest host Ray Winstone added , `` To be fair the Scottish economy has its strengths -- its chief exports being oil , whisky , tartan and tramps . '' A June 2017 general election special episode of the programme featured a tweet allegedly from Conservative Member of Parliament `` James Conwyn '' of Earlingford . No such politician exists , nor does the Earlingford constituency . The BBC apologised for the mistake and stated they will amend any repeats of the episode . Video exclusives ( edit ) Four VHS videos were released , two containing specially made editions of the programme : Have I Got News For You , Volume 1 ( 1993 ) , containing clips from the first five series plus the complete 1992 election night special . Also released on Video CD . Have I Got Unbroadcastable News For You ( 1995 ) , featuring guests Eddie Izzard , Richard Wilson and a surprise appearance from Germaine Greer ( specially produced ) . Classic Battles & Bust - Ups ( 1996 ) , three full - length episodes featuring the Tub of Lard , Paula Yates and Germaine Greer , among others . Have I Got News For You : The Official Pirate Video ( 1997 ) , featuring guests Martin Clunes and Neil Morrissey ( specially produced ) . Dvds ( edit ) The Very Best of Have I Got News For You ( 2002 ) , a compilation of highlights from the first 12 years of the show , from the beginning up until the episode made after Deayton hit the tabloids . The running time is just over three hours long , and there are several hours of extras , including , among other things , running commentary of the whole presentation by Merton and Hislop . Also featured is a clip of Terry Wogan on Room 101 , nominating the programme as one of his pet hates . In addition , interviews with political figures ( taken from the Channel 4 Politics Awards ) reveal their opinions on the series . Have I Got News For You : The Best of the Guest Presenters ( 2003 ) , which , as well as including the normal half - hour cut of Boris Johnson 's first guest - hosting , also included a bonus disc , `` The Full Boris '' , which showed a far longer cut of the same episode ( lasting slightly under 60 minutes ) . Slightly longer versions of the shows featuring Martin Clunes , William Hague and Bruce Forsyth as chairman were also included , as well as a compilation of clips taken from other editions from the first two series with guest hosts ( with only the episode hosted by Liza Tarbuck not represented ) . There are also several small extra features , including a discussion between Paul Merton and Boris Johnson regarding Johnson 's appearance as presenter , filmed during his appearance as the celebrity guest on the Merton - hosted Room 101 . Have I Got News For You : The Best of the Guest Presenters Vol. 2 ( 2005 ) , which is nearer in content to the first `` Best of '' DVD compilation than its direct predecessor . It contains four 45 - minute compilations of the Autumn 2003 , Spring 2004 , Autumn 2004 and Spring 2005 series , rather than complete episodes ; although it does again contain a bonus disc with an uncut version of Boris Johnson 's second stint as presenter . This episode lasts about 80 minutes . `` The A to Z of HIGNFY '' is also included on the second disc . Each letter is used to stand for a different term or name often associated with the show , each highlighted by various example clips -- except for the `` problem letters '' of X , Y and Z , which just lead into a selection of random outtakes . This feature also includes some behind - the - scenes content , with Marcus Brigstocke guiding the viewer around the studio and backstage , on a recording night . Internet Spin - offs ( edit ) During the late 1990s , the website haveigotnewsforyou.com , run in association with Freeserve , featured interactive versions of the show 's games , including the missing words round and the caption competition , with prizes up for grabs . Have I Got News for You started broadcasting a video podcast , The Inevitable Internet Spin - off , on 13 April 2007 . It was initially planned to run for six series , from series 33 to 38 , taking it to the end of 2009 . Referred to as `` webisodes '' , episodes are available via both the BBC iPlayer and YouTube . From the beginning of Series 37 , a new internet feature , Have I Got News for You , News ... for You , was introduced . A short programme featuring typical opening and closing sequences ( without the presence of a live audience ) as well as other short sketches , it has so far been presented by Alexander Armstrong , and run fortnightly , bridging the gap between series 37 and 38 . Other shows based on the Have I Got News for You format ( edit ) Similar shows based on the Have I Got News for You format exist in other countries : American weekly radio show Wait Wait ... Do n't Tell Me ! was started in 1998 on public radio network NPR . Based in Chicago , the show follows a similar format with three panellists competing to win but no teams . They play some of the same games including fill in the missing headline , however many games are off limits due to their visual nature . Frequently the same stories are covered on both Wait Wait and Have I Got News for You . Differences include , listeners calling in to win mini games and a celebrity interview and quiz in the middle of the show . Wait Wait is more closely related to The News Quiz which is also the inspiration for Have I Got News for You . Dutch comedian Raoul Heertje appeared on the original Have I Got News for You in May 1995 . A year later he became team captain in the newly launched Dutch version of the show : Dit was het nieuws ( `` This was the news '' ) . On 19 December 2009 , the last episode was broadcast . RTL ran new episodes between May 2011 and October 2015 ; in December 2017 , the show returned to the public broadcaster AVROTROS . In Finland a show called Uutisvuoto ( literally `` newsleak '' ; the pun works as well in both languages ) has been aired since 1998 . In Australia , Paul McDermott hosted Good News Week ( GNW ) , first on ABC TV from 1996 to 2000 and later on Network Ten from 2008 to 2012 . The Ten version also had a weekend broadcast , Good News Weekend , taking its format from Never Mind the Buzzcocks . In 2001 , the company also developed a similar programme to Good News Weekend called The Glass House on ABC TV . Sveriges Television of Sweden aired their version of the show called Snacka om nyheter ( literally : `` Talk about news '' ) between 1995 and 2003 ( which reappeared for a new series in 2008 , this time on Kanal 9 ) . In Denmark . a localised version of the programme , Ugen Der Gak aired on TV2 from 1995 to 1999 , and a new version started airing in 2009 called Nyhedsministeriet ( Translation : `` The News Ministry '' ) . In Norway , NRK broadcasts the show Nytt på nytt ( literally : `` News on News '' ) . It is one of the most popular TV shows in the country around a million viewers every week ( out of a total population of five million ) . Nytt på nytt first aired in 1999 , and is still aired each week on NRK1 . Loosely based on the theme of Have I Got News for You , ITV in the United Kingdom aired a show in 2004 called Bognor or Bust , also fronted by Angus Deayton , which discussed current affairs . ITV made a second attempt at the Have I Got News for You format in 2007 , broadcasting News Knight with Sir Trevor McDonald in the United Kingdom . It was presented by newsreader Sir Trevor McDonald and made by Hat Trick Productions , the same production company which makes Have I Got News for You . In Israel , a similar show called Mishak Makhur ran for 54 episodes . In Ireland , RTÉ made one pilot episode of a licensed Have I Got News for You clone , with Dermot Morgan as the presenter sometime in the early 1990s . It was never named or made into a full series . However , a topical news and current affairs quiz appeared entitled Do n't Feed the Gondolas , which was comparable to a cross between Have I Got News for You and Never Mind the Buzzcocks . Another attempt at an equivalent began in 2010 with That 's All We 've Got Time For . Germany had a version called 7 Tage , 7 Köpfe ( literally `` Seven Days , Seven Heads '' ) Inspired by Have I Got News for You , Pakistan 's News , Views & Confused went on air on one of Pakistan 's leading TV channels , AAJ TV from 11 April 2007 . The show is hosted by TV personality and journalist Fasi Zaka and co-hosted by eccentric journalist and writer , Nadeem F. Paracha and fashion journalist , Mohsin Sayeed . Iceland had a version called Þetta Helst ( Translation : `` Top Stories '' ) in the mid-nineties , which aired on RÚV ( The Icelandic National Broadcasting Service ) . The Estonian version called Teletaip ( `` TV uptake '' ) , first aired in 2000 on ETV and a total of seven series have been produced . Its two main hosts have been the comedian Tarmo Leinatamm and current MEP Indrek Tarand . New Zealand has a similar show called 7 Days which began in August 2009 on TV3 and is hosted by Jeremy Corbett . In the USA on 20 November 2009 , NBC taped a pilot episode for an American version of the programme , with host Sam Seder and team captains Greg Giraldo and Michael Ian Black . A weekly panel show the Russian Channel One called Projektorparishilton ( Прожекторперисхилтон ) uses similar format . Four hosts discuss in a satirical manner current affairs read from local and international newspapers and magazines , with one ( occasionally , two or more ) celebrity guest joining them in the midst of the show . The first episode was aired on 17 May 2008 . The Taiwanese talk show Kangxi Lai Le has elements similar to Have I Got News for You 's topical discussion and comedic bantering . However , the comedy is mostly written for the hosts and guests . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Have I Got News for You episodes Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Very Best of Have I Got News for You ( 2002 ) : DVD commentary Jump up ^ Hat Trick Productions : VHS VC6587 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Have I Got News For You Audience Tickets '' . Hat Trick Productions . Retrieved 1 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Winners '' . The British Comedy Academy . Retrieved 18 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ian Heslop : My 20 Years at the Eye '' . Independent . 2007 . Retrieved 2 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Deayton ' feels a fool ' over reports '' . BBC News . 20 May 2002 . Retrieved 28 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Deayton in the lion 's den '' . BBC News . 24 May 2002 . Retrieved 28 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Quiz host Deayton fired by BBC '' . BBC News . 30 October 2002 . Retrieved 28 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Show goes on after Deayton exit '' . BBC News . 1 November 2002 . Retrieved 28 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` HIGNFY Jeremy Clarkson '' . BBC Press Office . BBC . 7 December 2002 . Retrieved 15 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` TV quiz denies Clunes is new host '' . BBC News . 29 April 2003 . Retrieved 28 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Deans , Jason ; Tryhorn , Chris ( 10 June 2003 ) . `` Forsyth boost for BBC news quiz '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media Group . Retrieved 15 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` '' I Hope the Lawyers Are Getting All This ! '' -- The ' ' Have I Got News For You ' ' Story `` . Off the Telly . Archived from the original on 8 June 2011 . Retrieved 28 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Have I Got News For You '' . IMDB. 2017 . Retrieved 2 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : The South Bank Show , 26 September 1999 ^ Jump up to : `` A lot more news for you : News 2007 : Chortle : The UK Comedy Guide '' . Chortle. 2007 - 04 - 11 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ Quote taken from a show on Merton 's `` and this is me PAUL MERTON '' tour of 1999 , as featured in The South Bank Show on 26 September 1999 Jump up ^ `` Contempt of Court -- 1996 '' . Swarb.co.uk . Retrieved 28 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ex-Tory MP loses libel action '' . BBC News . 21 January 1998 . Retrieved 28 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Fry boycotts ' pathetic ' quiz '' . BBC News . 16 April 2003 . Retrieved 28 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Media Monkey ( 28 November 2007 ) . `` Widdecombe disgusted by Carr 's ' filth ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Self , Will ( 4 December 2007 ) . `` Have I got news for you : TV satire 's lost its teeth '' . Evening Standard . Retrieved 7 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ray Winstone calls Scots ' tramps ' on TV quiz show '' . The Scotsman . Johnston Press . 1 May 2013 . Retrieved 1 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` BBC - Corrections and Clarifications - Help and Feedback '' . www.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Have I Got News For You guest hosts : Damian Lewis to Boris Johnson '' . Metro . DMG Media . 9 November 2012 . Retrieved 2 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Parker , Robin ( 22 April 2009 ) . `` Have I Got News for You internet spin - off to bridge TV run '' . BroadcastNow . Retrieved 28 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NPR Wait , Wait ... Do n't Tell Me '' . NPR. 2017 . Retrieved 2 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wait , Wait , Do n't Tell Me ... `` Night Listeners '' . Nightlisteners.com. 13 May 2009 . Archived from the original on 1 December 2009 . Retrieved 28 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Dit was het Nieuws stopt na dertien jaar '' . Trouw. 23 July 2009 . Retrieved 19 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jan Jaap van der Wal en Peter Pannekoek naast Harm Edens in Dit was het nieuws '' . AVROTROS. 14 November 2017 . Retrieved 14 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Viga ! '' ( in Estonian ) . err.ee . Jump up ^ `` Have I Got News For You '' . 20 November 2009 . Retrieved 28 December 2009 . Further reading ( edit ) Have I Got News For You : The Shameless Cash - in Book , BBC Books , 1994 , ISBN 0 - 563 - 37111 - 0 Have I Got 1997 for You , BBC Books , 1996 , ISBN 0 - 563 - 38783 - 1 External links ( edit ) Have I Got News for You on IMDb Have I Got News for You at BBC Programmes Have I Got A Bit More News for You at BBC Programmes Have I Got Old News for You at BBC Programmes Have I Got News for You at Hat Trick Productions Have I Got News for You at UKGameshows.com Have I Got News for You at the British Film Institute Have I Got News for You at British Comedy Guide TVWeek : American Adaptation Have I Got News for You Video Clips on BBC Comedy `` Deayton in the lion 's den '' . Jonathan Duffy , 24 May 2002 . BBC News Online . ( hide ) BAFTA TV Award for Best Comedy Series Yes Minister ( 1981 ) Yes Minister ( 1982 ) Yes Minister ( 1983 ) Hi - de-Hi ! ( 1984 ) The Young Ones ( 1985 ) Only Fools and Horses ( 1986 ) Just Good Friends ( 1987 ) Blackadder the Third ( 1988 ) Only Fools and Horses ( 1989 ) Blackadder Goes Forth ( 1990 ) The New Statesman ( 1991 ) One Foot in the Grave ( 1992 ) Absolutely Fabulous ( 1993 ) Drop the Dead Donkey ( 1994 ) Three Fights , Two Weddings and a Funeral ( 1995 ) Father Ted ( 1996 ) Only Fools and Horses ( 1997 ) I 'm Alan Partridge ( 1998 ) Father Ted ( 1999 ) The League of Gentlemen ( 2000 ) Da Ali G Show ( 2001 ) The Sketch Show ( 2002 ) Alistair McGowan 's Big Impression ( 2003 ) Little Britain ( 2004 ) Little Britain ( 2005 ) Help ( 2006 ) That Mitchell and Webb Look ( 2007 ) Fonejacker ( 2008 ) Harry & Paul ( 2009 ) The Armstrong & Miller Show ( 2010 ) Harry & Paul ( 2011 ) Stewart Lee 's Comedy Vehicle ( 2012 ) The Revolution Will Be Televised ( 2013 ) A League of Their Own ( 2014 ) The Graham Norton Show ( 2015 ) Have I Got News for You ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Have_I_Got_News_for_You&oldid=840736898 '' Categories : 1990 British television programme debuts 1990s British satirical television series 2000s British satirical television series 2010s British satirical television series BBC television comedy BBC panel games Comedy and humor podcasts English - language television programs Television series by Hat Trick Productions Video podcasts Hidden categories : CS1 Estonian - language sources ( et ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use dmy dates from April 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing Russian - language text BBC programme ID same as Wikidata BBC programme ID different from Wikidata Talk Contents Help About Wikipedia Cymraeg Gaeilge Nederlands Norsk Simple English Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 May 2018 , at 20 : 44 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Have%20I%20Got%20News%20for%20You
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the differentiation of cells during embryonic development depends on signals
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Cellular differentiation
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cellular differentiation
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In developmental biology , cellular differentiation is the process where a cell changes from one cell type to another . Most commonly the cell changes to a more specialized type . Differentiation occurs numerous times during the development of a multicellular organism as it changes from a simple zygote to a complex system of tissues and cell types . Differentiation continues in adulthood as adult stem cells divide and create fully differentiated daughter cells during tissue repair and during normal cell turnover . Some differentiation occurs in response to antigen exposure . Differentiation dramatically changes a cell 's size , shape , membrane potential , metabolic activity , and responsiveness to signals . These changes are largely due to highly controlled modifications in gene expression and are the study of epigenetics . With a few exceptions , cellular differentiation almost never involves a change in the DNA sequence itself . Thus , different cells can have very different physical characteristics despite having the same genome .
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There are multiple levels of cell potency , the cell 's ability to differentiate into other cell types . A greater potency indicates a larger number of cells that can be derived . A cell that can differentiate into all cell types , including the placental tissue , is known as totipotent . In mammals , only the zygote and subsequent blastomeres are totipotent , while in plants many differentiated cells can become totipotent with simple laboratory techniques . A cell that can differentiate into all cell types of the adult organism is known as pluripotent . Such cells are called meristematic cells in higher plants and embryonic stem cells in animals , though some groups report the presence of adult pluripotent cells . Virally induced expression of four transcription factors Oct4 , Sox2 , c - Myc , and Kfl4 ( Yamanaka factors ) is sufficient to create pluripotent ( iPS ) cells from adult fibroblasts . A multipotent cell is one that can differentiate into multiple different , but closely related cell types . Oligopotent cells are more restricted than multipotent , but can still differentiate into a few closely related cell types . Finally , unipotent cells can differentiate into only one cell type , but are capable of self - renewal . In cytopathology , the level of cellular differentiation is used as a measure of cancer progression . `` Grade '' is a marker of how differentiated a cell in a tumor is . Contents ( hide ) 1 Mammalian cell types 2 Dedifferentiation 3 Mechanisms 3.1 Epigenetic control 3.1. 1 Importance of epigenetic control 3.1. 2 Mechanisms of epigenetic regulation 3.1. 2.1 Pioneering factors ( Oct4 , Sox2 , Nanog ) 3.1. 2.2 Polycomb repressive complex ( PRC2 ) 3.1. 2.3 Trithorax group proteins ( TrxG ) 3.1. 2.4 DNA methylation 3.1. 2.5 Nucleosome positioning 3.1. 2.5. 1 Histone acetylation and methylation 3.1. 2.5. 2 In stem cells 3.1. 3 Role of signaling in epigenetic control 3.2 Effect of matrix elasticity 4 See also 5 References Mammalian cell types ( edit ) See also : List of distinct cell types in the adult human body Three basic categories of cells make up the mammalian body : germ cells , somatic cells , and stem cells . Each of the approximately 100 trillion ( 10 ) cells in an adult human has its own copy or copies of the genome except certain cell types , such as red blood cells , that lack nuclei in their fully differentiated state . Most cells are diploid ; they have two copies of each chromosome . Such cells , called somatic cells , make up most of the human body , such as skin and muscle cells . Cells differentiate to specialize for different functions . Germ line cells are any line of cells that give rise to gametes -- eggs and sperm -- and thus are continuous through the generations . Stem cells , on the other hand , have the ability to divide for indefinite periods and to give rise to specialized cells . They are best described in the context of normal human development . Development begins when a sperm fertilizes an egg and creates a single cell that has the potential to form an entire organism . In the first hours after fertilization , this cell divides into identical cells . In humans , approximately four days after fertilization and after several cycles of cell division , these cells begin to specialize , forming a hollow sphere of cells , called a blastocyst . The blastocyst has an outer layer of cells , and inside this hollow sphere , there is a cluster of cells called the inner cell mass . The cells of the inner cell mass go on to form virtually all of the tissues of the human body . Although the cells of the inner cell mass can form virtually every type of cell found in the human body , they can not form an organism . These cells are referred to as pluripotent . Pluripotent stem cells undergo further specialization into multipotent progenitor cells that then give rise to functional cells . Examples of stem and progenitor cells include : Radial glial cells ( embryonic neural stem cells ) that give rise to excitatory neurons in the fetal brain through the process of neurogenesis . Hematopoietic stem cells ( adult stem cells ) from the bone marrow that give rise to red blood cells , white blood cells , and platelets Mesenchymal stem cells ( adult stem cells ) from the bone marrow that give rise to stromal cells , fat cells , and types of bone cells Epithelial stem cells ( progenitor cells ) that give rise to the various types of skin cells Muscle satellite cells ( progenitor cells ) that contribute to differentiated muscle tissue . A pathway that is guided by the cell adhesion molecules consisting of four amino acids , arginine , glycine , asparagine , and serine , is created as the cellular blastomere differentiates from the single - layered blastula to the three primary layers of germ cells in mammals , namely the ectoderm , mesoderm and endoderm ( listed from most distal ( exterior ) to proximal ( interior ) ) . The ectoderm ends up forming the skin and the nervous system , the mesoderm forms the bones and muscular tissue , and the endoderm forms the internal organ tissues . Dedifferentiation ( edit ) Micrograph of a liposarcoma with some dedifferentiation , that is not identifiable as a liposarcoma , ( left edge of image ) and a differentiated component ( with lipoblasts and increased vascularity ( right of image ) ) . Fully differentiated ( morphologically benign ) adipose tissue ( center of the image ) has few blood vessels . H&E stain . Dedifferentiation , or integration is a cellular process often seen in more basal life forms such as worms and amphibians in which a partially or terminally differentiated cell reverts to an earlier developmental stage , usually as part of a regenerative process . Dedifferentiation also occurs in plants . Cells in cell culture can lose properties they originally had , such as protein expression , or change shape . This process is also termed dedifferentiation . Some believe dedifferentiation is an aberration of the normal development cycle that results in cancer , whereas others believe it to be a natural part of the immune response lost by humans at some point as a result of evolution . A small molecule dubbed reversine , a purine analog , has been discovered that has proven to induce dedifferentiation in myotubes . These dedifferentiated cells could then redifferentiate into osteoblasts and adipocytes . Diagram exposing several methods used to revert adult somatic cells to totipotency or pluripotency . Mechanisms ( edit ) Mechanisms of cellular differentiation . Each specialized cell type in an organism expresses a subset of all the genes that constitute the genome of that species . Each cell type is defined by its particular pattern of regulated gene expression . Cell differentiation is thus a transition of a cell from one cell type to another and it involves a switch from one pattern of gene expression to another . Cellular differentiation during development can be understood as the result of a gene regulatory network . A regulatory gene and its cis - regulatory modules are nodes in a gene regulatory network ; they receive input and create output elsewhere in the network . The systems biology approach to developmental biology emphasizes the importance of investigating how developmental mechanisms interact to produce predictable patterns ( morphogenesis ) . ( However , an alternative view has been proposed recently . Based on stochastic gene expression , cellular differentiation is the result of a Darwinian selective process occurring among cells . In this frame , protein and gene networks are the result of cellular processes and not their cause . See : Cellular Darwinism ) An overview of major signal transduction pathways . A few evolutionarily conserved types of molecular processes are often involved in the cellular mechanisms that control these switches . The major types of molecular processes that control cellular differentiation involve cell signaling . Many of the signal molecules that convey information from cell to cell during the control of cellular differentiation are called growth factors . Although the details of specific signal transduction pathways vary , these pathways often share the following general steps . A ligand produced by one cell binds to a receptor in the extracellular region of another cell , inducing a conformational change in the receptor . The shape of the cytoplasmic domain of the receptor changes , and the receptor acquires enzymatic activity . The receptor then catalyzes reactions that phosphorylate other proteins , activating them . A cascade of phosphorylation reactions eventually activates a dormant transcription factor or cytoskeletal protein , thus contributing to the differentiation process in the target cell . Cells and tissues can vary in competence , their ability to respond to external signals . Signal induction refers to cascades of signaling events , during which a cell or tissue signals to another cell or tissue to influence its developmental fate . Yamamoto and Jeffery investigated the role of the lens in eye formation in cave - and surface - dwelling fish , a striking example of induction . Through reciprocal transplants , Yamamoto and Jeffery found that the lens vesicle of surface fish can induce other parts of the eye to develop in cave - and surface - dwelling fish , while the lens vesicle of the cave - dwelling fish can not . Other important mechanisms fall under the category of asymmetric cell divisions , divisions that give rise to daughter cells with distinct developmental fates . Asymmetric cell divisions can occur because of asymmetrically expressed maternal cytoplasmic determinants or because of signaling . In the former mechanism , distinct daughter cells are created during cytokinesis because of an uneven distribution of regulatory molecules in the parent cell ; the distinct cytoplasm that each daughter cell inherits results in a distinct pattern of differentiation for each daughter cell . A well - studied example of pattern formation by asymmetric divisions is body axis patterning in Drosophila . RNA molecules are an important type of intracellular differentiation control signal . The molecular and genetic basis of asymmetric cell divisions has also been studied in green algae of the genus Volvox , a model system for studying how unicellular organisms can evolve into multicellular organisms . In Volvox carteri , the 16 cells in the anterior hemisphere of a 32 - cell embryo divide asymmetrically , each producing one large and one small daughter cell . The size of the cell at the end of all cell divisions determines whether it becomes a specialized germ or somatic cell . Epigenetic control ( edit ) Main article : Epigenetics in stem cell differentiation Since each cell , regardless of cell type , possesses the same genome , determination of cell type must occur at the level of gene expression . While the regulation of gene expression can occur through cis - and trans - regulatory elements including a gene 's promoter and enhancers , the problem arises as to how this expression pattern is maintained over numerous generations of cell division . As it turns out , epigenetic processes play a crucial role in regulating the decision to adopt a stem , progenitor , or mature cell fate . This section will focus primarily on mammalian stem cells . In systems biology and mathematical modeling of gene regulatory networks , cell - fate determination is predicted to exhibit certain dynamics , such as attractor - convergence ( the attractor can be an equilibrium point , limit cycle or strange attractor ) or oscillatory . Importance of epigenetic control ( edit ) The first question that can be asked is the extent and complexity of the role of epigenetic processes in the determination of cell fate . A clear answer to this question can be seen in the 2011 paper by Lister R , et al. on aberrant epigenomic programming in human induced pluripotent stem cells . As induced pluripotent stem cells ( iPSCs ) are thought to mimic embryonic stem cells in their pluripotent properties , few epigenetic differences should exist between them . To test this prediction , the authors conducted whole - genome profiling of DNA methylation patterns in several human embryonic stem cell ( ESC ) , iPSC , and progenitor cell lines . Female adipose cells , lung fibroblasts , and foreskin fibroblasts were reprogrammed into induced pluripotent state with the OCT4 , SOX2 , KLF4 , and MYC genes . Patterns of DNA methylation in ESCs , iPSCs , somatic cells were compared . Lister R , et al. observed significant resemblance in methylation levels between embryonic and induced pluripotent cells . Around 80 % of CG dinucleotides in ESCs and iPSCs were methylated , the same was true of only 60 % of CG dinucleotides in somatic cells . In addition , somatic cells possessed minimal levels of cytosine methylation in non-CG dinucleotides , while induced pluripotent cells possessed similar levels of methylation as embryonic stem cells , between 0.5 and 1.5 % . Thus , consistent with their respective transcriptional activities , DNA methylation patterns , at least on the genomic level , are similar between ESCs and iPSCs . However , upon examining methylation patterns more closely , the authors discovered 1175 regions of differential CG dinucleotide methylation between at least one ES or iPS cell line . By comparing these regions of differential methylation with regions of cytosine methylation in the original somatic cells , 44 - 49 % of differentially methylated regions reflected methylation patterns of the respective progenitor somatic cells , while 51 - 56 % of these regions were dissimilar to both the progenitor and embryonic cell lines . In vitro - induced differentiation of iPSC lines saw transmission of 88 % and 46 % of hyper and hypo - methylated differentially methylated regions , respectively . Two conclusions are readily apparent from this study . First , epigenetic processes are heavily involved in cell fate determination , as seen from the similar levels of cytosine methylation between induced pluripotent and embryonic stem cells , consistent with their respective patterns of transcription . Second , the mechanisms of de-differentiation ( and by extension , differentiation ) are very complex and can not be easily duplicated , as seen by the significant number of differentially methylated regions between ES and iPS cell lines . Now that these two points have been established , we can examine some of the epigenetic mechanisms that are thought to regulate cellular differentiation . Mechanisms of epigenetic regulation ( edit ) Pioneering factors ( Oct4 , Sox2 , NANOG ) ( edit ) Three transcription factors , OCT4 , SOX2 , and NANOG -- the first two of which are used in induced pluripotent stem cell ( iPSC ) reprogramming , along with Klf4 and c - Myc -- are highly expressed in undifferentiated embryonic stem cells and are necessary for the maintenance of their pluripotency . It is thought that they achieve this through alterations in chromatin structure , such as histone modification and DNA methylation , to restrict or permit the transcription of target genes . While highly expressed , their levels require a precise balance to maintain pluripotency , perturbation of which will promote differentiation towards different lineages based on how the gene expression levels change . Differential regulation of Oct - 4 and SOX2 levels have been shown to precede germ layer fate selection . Increased levels of Oct4 and decreased levels of Sox2 promote a mesendodermal fate , with Oct4 actively suppressing genes associated with a neural ectodermal fate . Similarly , Increased levels of Sox2 and decreased levels of Oct4 promote differentiation towards a neural ectodermal fate , with Sox2 inhibiting differentiation towards a mesendodermal fate . Regardless of the lineage cells differentiate down , suppression of NANOG has been identified as a necessary prerequisite for differentiation . Polycomb repressive complex ( PRC2 ) ( edit ) In the realm of gene silencing , Polycomb repressive complex 2 , one of two classes of the Polycomb group ( PcG ) family of proteins , catalyzes the di - and tri-methylation of histone H3 lysine 27 ( H3K27me2 / me3 ) . By binding to the H3K27me2 / 3 - tagged nucleosome , PRC1 ( also a complex of PcG family proteins ) catalyzes the mono - ubiquitinylation of histone H2A at lysine 119 ( H2AK119Ub1 ) , blocking RNA polymerase II activity and resulting in transcriptional suppression . PcG knockout ES cells do not differentiate efficiently into the three germ layers , and deletion of the PRC1 and PRC2 genes leads to increased expression of lineage - affiliated genes and unscheduled differentiation . Presumably , PcG complexes are responsible for transcriptionally repressing differentiation and development - promoting genes . Trithorax group proteins ( TrxG ) ( edit ) Alternately , upon receiving differentiation signals , PcG proteins are recruited to promoters of pluripotency transcription factors . PcG - deficient ES cells can begin differentiation but can not maintain the differentiated phenotype . Simultaneously , differentiation and development - promoting genes are activated by Trithorax group ( TrxG ) chromatin regulators and lose their repression . TrxG proteins are recruited at regions of high transcriptional activity , where they catalyze the trimethylation of histone H3 lysine 4 ( H3K4me3 ) and promote gene activation through histone acetylation . PcG and TrxG complexes engage in direct competition and are thought to be functionally antagonistic , creating at differentiation and development - promoting loci what is termed a `` bivalent domain '' and rendering these genes sensitive to rapid induction or repression . DNA methylation ( edit ) Regulation of gene expression is further achieved through DNA methylation , in which the DNA methyltransferase - mediated methylation of cytosine residues in CpG dinucleotides maintains heritable repression by controlling DNA accessibility . The majority of CpG sites in embryonic stem cells are unmethylated and appear to be associated with H3K4me3 - carrying nucleosomes . Upon differentiation , a small number of genes , including OCT4 and NANOG , are methylated and their promoters repressed to prevent their further expression . Consistently , DNA methylation - deficient embryonic stem cells rapidly enter apoptosis upon in vitro differentiation . Nucleosome positioning ( edit ) While the DNA sequence of most cells of an organism is the same , the binding patterns of transcription factors and the corresponding gene expression patterns are different . To a large extent , differences in transcription factor binding are determined by the chromatin accessibility of their binding sites through histone modification and / or pioneer factors . In particular , it is important to know whether a nucleosome is covering a given genomic binding site or not . This can be determined using a chromatin immunoprecipitation ( ChIP ) assay . Histone acetylation and methylation ( edit ) DNA - nucleosome interactions are characterized by two states : either tightly bound by nucleosomes and transcriptionally inactive , called heterochromatin , or loosely bound and usually , but not always , transcriptionally active , called euchromatin . The epigenetic processes of histone methylation and acetylation , and their inverses demethylation and deacetylation primarily account for these changes . The effects of acetylation and deacetylation are more predictable . An acetyl group is either added to or removed from the positively charged Lysine residues in histones by enzymes called histone acetyltransferases or histone deacteylases , respectively . The acetyl group prevents Lysine 's association with the negatively charged DNA backbone . Methylation is not as straightforward , as neither methylation nor demethylation consistently correlate with either gene activation or repression . However , certain methylations have been repeatedly shown to either activate or repress genes . The trimethylation of lysine 4 on histone 3 ( H3K4Me3 ) is associated with gene activation , whereas trimethylation of lysine 27 on histone 3 represses genes In stem cells ( edit ) During differentiation , stem cells change their gene expression profiles . Recent studies have implicated a role for nucleosome positioning and histone modifications during this process . There are two components of this process : turning off the expression of embryonic stem cell ( ESC ) genes , and the activation of cell fate genes . Lysine specific demethylase 1 ( KDM1A ) is thought to prevent the use of enhancer regions of pluripotency genes , thereby inhibiting their transcription . It interacts with Mi - 2 / NuRD complex ( nucleosome remodelling and histone deacetylase ) complex , giving an instance where methylation and acetylation are not discrete and mutually exclusive , but intertwined processes . Role of signaling in epigenetic control ( edit ) A final question to ask concerns the role of cell signaling in influencing the epigenetic processes governing differentiation . Such a role should exist , as it would be reasonable to think that extrinsic signaling can lead to epigenetic remodeling , just as it can lead to changes in gene expression through the activation or repression of different transcription factors . Interestingly , little direct data is available concerning the specific signals that influence the epigenome , and the majority of current knowledge consist of speculations on plausible candidate regulators of epigenetic remodeling . We will first discuss several major candidates thought to be involved in the induction and maintenance of both embryonic stem cells and their differentiated progeny , and then turn to one example of specific signaling pathways in which more direct evidence exists for its role in epigenetic change . The first major candidate is Wnt signaling pathway . The Wnt pathway is involved in all stages of differentiation , and the ligand Wnt3a can substitute for the overexpression of c - Myc in the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells . On the other hand , disruption of ß - catenin , a component of the Wnt signaling pathway , leads to decreased proliferation of neural progenitors . Growth factors comprise the second major set of candidates of epigenetic regulators of cellular differentiation . These morphogens are crucial for development , and include bone morphogenetic proteins , transforming growth factors ( TGFs ) , and fibroblast growth factors ( FGFs ) . TGFs and FGFs have been shown to sustain expression of OCT4 , SOX2 , and NANOG by downstream signaling to Smad proteins . Depletion of growth factors promotes the differentiation of ESCs , while genes with bivalent chromatin can become either more restrictive or permissive in their transcription . Several other signaling pathways are also considered to be primary candidates . Cytokine leukemia inhibitory factors are associated with the maintenance of mouse ESCs in an undifferentiated state . This is achieved through its activation of the Jak - STAT3 pathway , which has been shown to be necessary and sufficient towards maintaining mouse ESC pluripotency . Retinoic acid can induce differentiation of human and mouse ESCs , and Notch signaling is involved in the proliferation and self - renewal of stem cells . Finally , Sonic hedgehog , in addition to its role as a morphogen , promotes embryonic stem cell differentiation and the self - renewal of somatic stem cells . The problem , of course , is that the candidacy of these signaling pathways was inferred primarily on the basis of their role in development and cellular differentiation . While epigenetic regulation is necessary for driving cellular differentiation , they are certainly not sufficient for this process . Direct modulation of gene expression through modification of transcription factors plays a key role that must be distinguished from heritable epigenetic changes that can persist even in the absence of the original environmental signals . Only a few examples of signaling pathways leading to epigenetic changes that alter cell fate currently exist , and we will focus on one of them . Expression of Shh ( Sonic hedgehog ) upregulates the production of BMI1 , a component of the PcG complex that recognizes H3K27me3 . This occurs in a Gli - dependent manner , as Gli1 and Gli2 are downstream effectors of the Hedgehog signaling pathway . In culture , Bmi1 mediates the Hedgehog pathway 's ability to promote human mammary stem cell self - renewal . In both humans and mice , researchers showed Bmi1 to be highly expressed in proliferating immature cerebellar granule cell precursors . When Bmi1 was knocked out in mice , impaired cerebellar development resulted , leading to significant reductions in postnatal brain mass along with abnormalities in motor control and behavior . A separate study showed a significant decrease in neural stem cell proliferation along with increased astrocyte proliferation in Bmi null mice . In summary , the role of signaling in the epigenetic control of cell fate in mammals is largely unknown , but distinct examples exist that indicate the likely existence of further such mechanisms . Effect of matrix elasticity ( edit ) In order to fulfill the purpose of regenerating a variety of tissues , adult stems are known to migrate from their niches , adhere to new extracellular matrices ( ECM ) and differentiate . The ductility of these microenvironments are unique to different tissue types . The ECM surrounding brain , muscle and bone tissues range from soft to stiff . The transduction of the stem cells into these cells types is not directed solely by chemokine cues and cell to cell signaling . The elasticity of the microenvironment can also affect the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells ( MSCs which originate in bone marrow . ) When MSCs are placed on substrates of the same stiffness as brain , muscle and bone ECM , the MSCs take on properties of those respective cell types . Matrix sensing requires the cell to pull against the matrix at focal adhesions , which triggers a cellular mechano - transducer to generate a signal to be informed what force is needed to deform the matrix . To determine the key players in matrix - elasticity - driven lineage specification in MSCs , different matrix microenvironments were mimicked . From these experiments , it was concluded that focal adhesions of the MSCs were the cellular mechano - transducer sensing the differences of the matrix elasticity . The non-muscle myosin IIa - c isoforms generates the forces in the cell that lead to signaling of early commitment markers . Nonmuscle myosin IIa generates the least force increasing to non-muscle myosin IIc . There are also factors in the cell that inhibit non-muscle myosin II , such as blebbistatin . This makes the cell effectively blind to the surrounding matrix . Researchers have obtained some success in inducing stem cell - like properties in HEK 239 cells by providing a soft matrix without the use of diffusing factors . The stem - cell properties appear to be linked to tension in the cells ' actin network . One identified mechanism for matrix - induced differentiation is tension - induced proteins , which remodel chromatin in response to mechanical stretch . The RhoA pathway is also implicated in this process . 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Stem cells Sources / types Embryonic stem cells Adult stem cells Cancer stem cells Induced pluripotent stem cells Induced stem cells Cell potency Totipotent Zygote Spore Morula Pluripotent Embryonic stem cell Callus Multipotent Progenitor cell : Endothelial stem cell Hematopoietic stem cell Mesenchymal stem cell Neural stem cell Unipotent Precursor cell Related articles Cellular differentiation Stem cell therapy Stem cell controversy Stem cell line Stem cell laws Stem cell laws and policy in the United States Epigenetics in stem cell differentiation Commons Cells in humans derived from ectoderm Surface ectoderm Skin Trichocyte Keratinocyte Anterior pituitary Gonadotrope Corticotrope Thyrotrope Somatotrope Lactotroph Neural crest Peripheral nervous system Neuron Glia Schwann cell Satellite glial cell Neuroendocrine system Chromaffin cell Parafollicular cell Glomus cell Skin Melanocyte Nevus cell Merkel cell Teeth Odontoblast Cementoblast Eyes Corneal keratocyte Neural tube Central nervous system Neuron Glia ( Oligodendrocyte Astrocyte ) Ependyma Ependymocytes Pineal gland Pinealocyte Cells in humans derived from endoderm Foregut Respiratory Pneumocyte Type 1 Type 2 Club cell Goblet cell Digestive Stomach Enteroendocrine cell G cell Delta cell Enterochromaffin - like cell Gastric chief cell Parietal cell Foveolar cell Intestine Enteroendocrine cell Gastric inhibitory polypeptide S cell Delta cell Cholecystokinin Goblet cell Paneth cell Tuft cell Enterocyte Microfold cell Liver Hepatocyte Hepatic stellate cell ( Kupffer cell from mesoderm ) Gallbladder Cholecystocyte Exocrine pancreas Centroacinar cell Pancreatic stellate cell Islets of Langerhans alpha cell beta cell delta cell F cell ( PP cell epsilon cell Pharyngeal pouch Thyroid gland Follicular cell Parathyroid gland Parathyroid chief cell Oxyphil cell Hindgut / cloaca Urothelial cells Cells in humans derived from mesoderm Paraxial Mesenchymal stem cell Osteochondroprogenitor cell Bone ( Osteoblast → Osteocyte ) Cartilage ( Chondroblast → Chondrocyte ) Myofibroblast Fat Lipoblast → Adipocyte Muscle Myoblast → Myocyte Myosatellite cell Tendon cell Cardiac muscle cell Other Fibroblast → Fibrocyte Other Digestive system Interstitial cell of Cajal Intermediate Renal stem cell Angioblast → Endothelial cell Mesangial cell Intraglomerular Extraglomerular Juxtaglomerular cell Macula densa cell Stromal cell → Interstitial cell → Telocytes Simple epithelial cell → Podocyte Kidney proximal tubule brush border cell Reproductive system Sertoli cell Leydig cell Granulosa cell Peg cell germ cells spermatozoon ovum Lateral plate / hemangioblast Hematopoietic stem cell Lymphoid Lymphoblast see lymphocytes Myeloid CFU - GEMM see myeloid cells Circulatory system Endothelial progenitor cell Endothelial colony forming cell Endothelial stem cell Angioblast / Mesoangioblast Pericyte Mural cell Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cellular_differentiation&oldid=812369751 '' Categories : Cellular processes Developmental biology Induced stem cells Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Українська اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 November 2017 , at 13 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular%20differentiation
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what do you mean by the rowlatt act
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The Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes Act of 1919 , popularly known as the Rowlatt Act also known as Black Act , was a legislative act passed by the Imperial Legislative Council in Delhi on March 18 , 1919 , indefinitely extending the emergency measures of preventive indefinite detention , incarceration without trial and judicial review enacted in the Defence of India Act 1915 during the First World War . It was enacted in light of a perceived threat from revolutionary nationalist organisations of re-engaging in similar conspiracies as during the war which the Government felt the lapse of the DIRA regulations would enable . . The Montague Chlemsford reforms failed ro satisfy the Indians . The Indian National Congress at its annual summit described them as inadequate unsatisfactory and dissapointing . There was a split in the congress and the British government feared an agitation .
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Rowlatt Act
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rowlatt act
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The Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes Act of 1919 , popularly known as the Rowlatt Act also known as Black Act , was a legislative act passed by the Imperial Legislative Council in Delhi on March 18 , 1919 , indefinitely extending the emergency measures of preventive indefinite detention , incarceration without trial and judicial review enacted in the Defence of India Act 1915 during the First World War . It was enacted in light of a perceived threat from revolutionary nationalist organisations of re-engaging in similar conspiracies as during the war which the Government felt the lapse of the DIRA regulations would enable . . The Montague Chlemsford reforms failed ro satisfy the Indians . The Indian National Congress at its annual summit described them as inadequate unsatisfactory and dissapointing . There was a split in the congress and the British government feared an agitation .
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Passed on the recommendations of the Rowlatt Committee and named after its president , British judge Sir Sidney Rowlatt , this act effectively authorized the government to imprison any person suspected of terrorism living in the Raj for up to two years without a trial , and gave the imperial authorities power to deal with all revolutionary activities . The unpopular legislation provided for stricter control of the press , arrests without warrant , indefinite detention without trial , and juryless in camera trials for proscribed political acts . The accused were denied the right to know the accusers and the evidence used in the trial . Those convicted were required to deposit securities upon release , and were prohibited from taking part in any political , educational , or religious activities . On the report of the committee , headed by Justice Rowlatt , two bills were introduced in the central legislature in February 1919 . These bills came to be known as `` black bills '' . They gave enormous powers to the police to search a place and arrest any person they disapproved of without warrant . A well known description of the bills at that time was : No Dalil , No Vakil , No Appeal i.e. , no pleas , no lawyer , no Appeal . Despite much opposition , the Rowlatt Act was passed in March 1919 . The purpose of the act was to curb the growing nationalist upsurge in the country . Mahatma Gandhi , among other Indian leaders , was extremely critical of the Act and argued that not everyone should be punished in response to isolated political crimes . The Act angered many Indian leaders and the public , which caused the government to implement repressive measures . Gandhi and others thought that constitutional opposition to the measure was fruitless , so on April 6 , a `` hartal '' was organised where Indians would suspend all business and would fast , pray and hold public meetings against the ' Black Act ' as a sign of their opposition and civil disobedience would be offered against the law . This event was known as the Rowlatt Satyagraha . However , the success of the hartal in Delhi , on March 30 , was overshadowed by tensions running high , which resulted in rioting in the Punjab and other provinces . Deciding that Indians were not ready to make a stand consistent with the principle of nonviolence , an integral part of satyagraha , Gandhi suspended the resistance . The Rowlatt Act came into effect in March 1919 . In the Punjab the protest movement was very strong , and on April 10 two leaders of the congress , Dr. Satya Pal and Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlew , were arrested and taken secretly to Dharamsala . The army was called into Punjab , and on April 13 people from neighbouring villages gathered for Baisakhi Day celebrations and to protest against deportion of two important indian leaders in Amritsar , which led to the infamous Jallianwala Bagh massacre of 1919 . Accepting the report of the Repressive Laws Committee , the Government of India repealed the Rowlatt Act , the Press Act , and twenty - two other laws in March 1922. . The government passed the rotary of the accordance with the recommendation of this committee . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Popplewell 1995 , p. 175 Jump up ^ Lovett 1920 , pp. 94 , 187 -- 191 Jump up ^ Sarkar 1921 , p. 137 Jump up ^ Tinker 1968 , p. 92 Jump up ^ Fisher 1972 , p. 129 Jump up ^ www.goyalbrothers.com Jump up ^ www. national geographic.com ^ Jump up to : Vohra , Ranbir ( 2001 ) . The Making of India : A Historical Survey , 2nd Ed . Armonk , New York : M.E. Sharpe . ISBN 0 - 7656 - 0711 - 5 . p. 126 . Jump up ^ `` From the Land of Paradise to the Holy City '' . The Tribune . January 26 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Op - ed : Let 's not forget Jallianwala Bagh '' . Daily Times . April 13 , 2003 . Jump up ^ The history of British India : a chronology , John F. Riddick , 2006 See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rowlatt Act . Jallianwala Bagh massacre Champaran Satyagraha and Kheda Satyagraha Rowlatt Commission Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rowlatt_Act&oldid=842992587 '' Categories : 1919 in India 1919 in law Legislation in British India Political repression in British India 1919 in British law Talk About Wikipedia বাংলা Deutsch 한국어 हिन्दी Italiano മലയാളം 日本 語 தமிழ் తెలుగు اردو 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 May 2018 , at 03 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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where has irrigation been used by humans to alter biomes
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Environmental impact of irrigation
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environmental impact of irrigation
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The environmental impacts of irrigation relate to the changes in quantity and quality of soil and water as a result of irrigation and the effects on natural and social conditions in river basins and downstream of an irrigation scheme . The impacts stem from the altered hydrological conditions caused by the installation and operation of the irrigation scheme .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Direct effects 2 Indirect Effects 3 Adverse impacts 3.1 Reduced river flow 3.2 Increased groundwater recharge , waterlogging , soil salinity 3.3 Reduced downstream river water quality 3.4 Affected downstream water users 3.5 Lost land use opportunities 3.6 Groundwater mining with wells , land subsidence 4 Simulation and prediction 4.1 Case studies 4.2 Reduced downstream drainage and groundwater quality 5 Mitigation of adverse effects 5.1 Delayed environmental impacts 5.2 Potential benefits outweigh the potential disadvantages 6 See also 7 Further reading 8 External links 9 References Direct effects ( edit ) An irrigation scheme draws water from groundwater , rivers , lakes or overland flow , and distributes it over an area . Hydrological , or direct , effects of doing this include reduction in downstream river flow , increased evaporation in the irrigated area , increased level in the water table as groundwater recharge in the area is increased and flow increased in the irrigated area . Likewise , irrigation has immediate effects on the provision of moisture to the atmosphere , inducing atmospheric instabilities and increasing downwind rainfall , or in other cases modifies the atmospheric circulation , delivering rain to different downwind areas . Increases or decreases in irrigation are a key area of concern in precipitationshed studies , that examine how significant modifications to the delivery of evaporation to the atmosphere can alter downwind rainfall . Indirect effects ( edit ) Indirect effects are those that have consequences that take longer to develop and may also be longer - lasting . The indirect effects of irrigation include the following : Waterlogging Soil salination Ecological damage Socioeconomic impacts The indirect effects of waterlogging and soil salination occur directly on the land being irrigated . The ecological and socioeconomic consequences take longer to happen but can be more far - reaching . Some irrigation schemes use water wells for irrigation . As a result , the overall water level decreases . This may cause water mining , land / soil subsidence , and , along the coast , saltwater intrusion . Irrigated land area worldwide occupies about 16 % of the total agricultural area and the crop yield of irrigated land is roughly 40 % of the total yield . In other words , irrigated land produces 2.5 times more product than non-irrigated land . This article will discuss some of the environmental and socioeconomic impacts of irrigation . Adverse impacts ( edit ) Reduced river flow ( edit ) The reduced downstream river flow may cause : reduced downstream flooding disappearance of ecologically and economically important wetlands or flood forests reduced availability of industrial , municipal , household , and drinking water reduced shipping routes . Water withdrawal poses a serious threat to the Ganges . In India , barrages control all of the tributaries to the Ganges and divert roughly 60 percent of river flow to irrigation reduced fishing opportunities . The Indus River in Pakistan faces scarcity due to over-extraction of water for agriculture . The Indus is inhabited by 25 amphibian species and 147 fish species of which 22 are found nowhere else in the world . It harbors the endangered Indus River dolphin , one of the world 's rarest mammals . Fish populations , the main source of protein and overall life support systems for many communities , are also being threatened reduced discharge into the sea , which may have various consequences like coastal erosion ( e.g. in Ghana ) and salt water intrusion in delta 's and estuaries ( e.g. in Egypt , see Aswan dam ) . Current water withdrawal from the river Nile for irrigation is so high that , despite its size , in dry periods the river does not reach the sea . The Aral Sea has suffered an `` environmental catastrophe '' due to the interception of river water for irrigation purposes . Increased groundwater recharge , waterlogging , soil salinity ( edit ) Looking over the shoulder of a Peruvian farmer in the Huarmey delta at waterlogged and salinised irrigated land with a poor crop stand . This illustrates an environmental impact of upstream irrigation developments causing an increased flow of groundwater to this lower - lying area , leading to adverse conditions . Increased groundwater recharge stems from the unavoidable deep percolation losses occurring in the irrigation scheme . The lower the irrigation efficiency , the higher the losses . Although fairly high irrigation efficiencies of 70 % or more ( i.e. losses of 30 % or less ) can occur with sophisticated techniques like sprinkler irrigation and drip irrigation , or by well managed surface irrigation , in practice the losses are commonly in the order of 40 % to 60 % . This may cause the following issues : rising water tables increased storage of groundwater that may be used for irrigation , municipal , household and drinking water by pumping from wells waterlogging and drainage problems in villages , agricultural lands , and along roads - with mostly negative consequences . The increased level of the water table can lead to reduced agricultural production . shallow water tables - a sign that the aquifer is unable to cope with the groundwater recharge stemming from the deep percolation losses where water tables are shallow , the irrigation applications are reduced . As a result , the soil is no longer leached and soil salinity problems develop stagnant water tables at the soil surface are known to increase the incidence of water - borne diseases like malaria , filariasis , yellow fever , dengue , and schistosomiasis ( Bilharzia ) in many areas . Health costs , appraisals of health impacts and mitigation measures are rarely part of irrigation projects , if at all . to mitigate the adverse effects of shallow water tables and soil salinization , some form of watertable control , soil salinity control , drainage and drainage system is needed as drainage water moves through the soil profile it may dissolve nutrients ( either fertilizer - based or naturally occurring ) such as nitrates , leading to a buildup of those nutrients in the ground - water aquifer . High nitrate levels in drinking water can be harmful to humans , particularly infants under 6 months , where it is linked to `` blue - baby syndrome '' ( see Methemoglobinemia ) . Reduced downstream river water quality ( edit ) Owing to drainage of surface and groundwater in the project area , which waters may be salinized and polluted by agricultural chemicals like biocides and fertilizers , the quality of the river water below the project area can deteriorate , which makes it less fit for industrial , municipal and household use . It may lead to reduced public health . Polluted river water entering the sea may adversely affect the ecology along the sea shore ( see Aswan dam ) . The natural buildup of sedimentation can reduce downstream river flows due to the installation of irrigation systems . Sedimentation is an essential part of the ecosystem that requires the natural flux of the river flow . This natural cycle of sediment dispersion replenishes the nutrients in the soil , that will in turn , determine the livelihood of the plants and animals that rely on the sediments carried downstream . The benefits of heavy deposits of sedimentation can be seen in large rivers like the Nile River . The sediment from the delta has built up to form a giant aquifer during flood season , and retains water in the wetlands . The wetlands that are created and sustained due to built up sediment at the basin of the river is a habitat for numerous species of birds . However , heavy sedimentation can reduce downstream river water quality and can exacerbate floods up stream . This has been known to happen in the Sanmenxia reservoir in China . The Sanmenxia reservoir is part of a larger man - made project of hydro - electric dams called the Three Gorge Project In 1998 , uncertain calculations and heavy sediment greatly affected the reservoir 's ability to properly fulfill its flood - control function This also reduces the down stream river water quality . Shifting more towards mass irrigation installments in order to meet more socioeconomic demands is going against the natural balance of nature , and use water pragmatically - use it where it is found Affected downstream water users ( edit ) Water becomes scarce for nomadic pastoralist in Baluchistan due to new irrigation developments Downstream water users often have no legal water rights and may fall victim of the development of irrigation . Pastoralists and nomadic tribes may find their land and water resources blocked by new irrigation developments without having a legal recourse . Flood - recession cropping may be seriously affected by the upstream interception of river water for irrigation purposes . In Baluchistan , Pakistan , the development of new small - scale irrigation projects depleted the water resources of nomadic tribes traveling annually between Baluchistan and Gujarat or Rajasthan , India After the closure of the Kainji dam , Nigeria , 50 to 70 per cent of the downstream area of flood - recession cropping was lost Lake Manantali , 477 km2 , displaced 12,000 people . Lost land use opportunities ( edit ) Irrigation projects may reduce the fishing opportunities of the original population and the grazing opportunities for cattle . The livestock pressure on the remaining lands may increase considerably , because the ousted traditional pastoralist tribes will have to find their subsistence and existence elsewhere , overgrazing may increase , followed by serious soil erosion and the loss of natural resources . The Manatali reservoir formed by the Manantali dam in Mali intersects the migration routes of nomadic pastoralists and destroyed 43000 ha of savannah , probably leading to overgrazing and erosion elsewhere . Further , the reservoir destroyed 120 km2 of forest . The depletion of groundwater aquifers , which is caused by the suppression of the seasonal flood cycle , is damaging the forests downstream of the dam . Groundwater mining with wells , land subsidence ( edit ) Flooding as a consequence of land subsidence When more groundwater is pumped from wells than replenished , storage of water in the aquifer is being mined and the use of that water is no longer sustainable . As levels fail , it becomes more difficult to extract water and pumps will struggle to maintain the design flowrate and consume more may fenergy per unit of water . Eventually it may become so difficult to extract groundwater that farmers may be forced to abandon irrigated agriculture . Some notable examples include : The hundreds of tubewells installed in the state of Uttar Pradesh , India , with World Bank funding have operating periods of 1.4 to 4.7 hours / day , whereas they were designed to operate 16 hours / day In Baluchistan , Pakistan , the development of tubewell irrigation projects was at the expense of the traditional qanat or karez users Groundwater - related subsidence of the land due to mining of groundwater occurred in the United States at a rate of 1m for each 13m that the watertable was lowered Homes at Greens Bayou near Houston , Texas , where 5 to 7 feet of subsidence has occurred , were flooded during a storm in June 1989 as shown in the picture Simulation and prediction ( edit ) The effects of irrigation on watertable , soil salinity and salinity of drainage and groundwater , and the effects of mitigative measures can be simulated and predicted using agro-hydro - salinity models like SaltMod and SahysMod Case studies ( edit ) In India 2.19 million ha have been reported to suffer from waterlogging in irrigation canal commands . Also 3.47 million ha were reported to be seriously salt affected , In the Indus Plains in Pakistan , more than 2 million hectares of land is waterlogged . The soil of 13.6 million hectares within the Gross Command Area was surveyed , which revealed that 3.1 million hectares ( 23 % ) was saline. 23 % of this was in Sindh and 13 % in the Punjab . More than 3 million ha of water - logged lands have been provided with tube - wells and drains at the cost of billions of rupees , but the reclamation objectives were only partially achieved . The Asian Development Bank ( ADB ) states that 38 % of the irrigated area is now waterlogged and 14 % of the surface is too saline for use In the Nile delta of Egypt , drainage is being installed in millions of hectares to combat the water - logging resulting from the introduction of massive perennial irrigation after completion of the High Dam at Assuan In Mexico , 15 % of the 3 million ha of irrigable land is salinized and 10 % is waterlogged In Peru some 0.3 million ha of the 1.05 million ha of irrigable land suffers from degradation ( see Irrigation in Peru ) . Estimates indicate that roughly one - third of the irrigated land in the major irrigation countries is already badly affected by salinity or is expected to become so in the near future . Present estimates for Israel are 13 % of the irrigated land , Australia 20 % , China 15 % , Iraq 50 % , Egypt 30 % . Irrigation - induced salinity occurs in large and small irrigation systems alike FAO has estimated that by 1990 about 52 million ha of irrigated land will need to have improved drainage systems installed , much of it subsurface drainage to control salinity Reduced downstream drainage and groundwater quality ( edit ) The downstream drainage water quality may deteriorate owing to leaching of salts , nutrients , herbicides and pesticides with high salinity and alkalinity . There is threat of soils converting into saline or alkali soils . This may negatively affect the health of the population at the tail - end of the river basin and downstream of the irrigation scheme , as well as the ecological balance . The Aral Sea , for example , is seriously polluted by drainage water . The downstream quality of the groundwater may deteriorate in a similar way as the downstream drainage water and have similar consequences Mitigation of adverse effects ( edit ) Irrigation can have a variety negative impacts on ecology and socioeconomy , which may be mitigated in a number of ways . These include siting the irrigation project in a location which minimises negative impacts . The efficiency of existing projects can be improved and existing degraded croplands can be improved rather than establishing a new irrigation project Developing small - scale , individually owned irrigation systems as an alternative to large - scale , publicly owned and managed schemes . The use of sprinkler irrigation and micro-irrigation systems decreases the risk of waterlogging and erosion . Where practicable , using treated wastewater makes more water available to other users Maintaining flood flows downstream of the dams can ensure that an adequate area is flooded each year , supporting , amongst other objectives , fishery activities . Delayed environmental impacts ( edit ) It often takes time to accurately predict the impact that new irrigation schemes will have on the ecology and socioeconomy of a region . By the time these predictions are available , a considerable amount of time and resources may have already been expended in the implementation of that project . When that is the case , the project managers will often only change the project if the impact would be considerably more than they had originally expected . Potential benefits outweigh the potential disadvantages ( edit ) Frequently irrigation schemes are seen as extremely necessary for socioeconomic well - being especially in developing countries . One example of this can be demonstrated from a proposal for an irrigation scheme in Malawi . Here it was shown that the potential positive effects of the irrigation project that was being proposed `` outweighed the potential negative impacts '' . It was stated that the impacts would mostly `` be localized , minimal , short term occurring during the construction and operation phases of the Project '' . In order to help alleviate and prevent major environmental impacts , they would use techniques that minimize the potential negative impacts . As far as the region 's socioeconomic well - being , there would be no `` displacement and / or resettlement envisioned during the implementation of the Project activities '' . The original primary purposes of the irrigation project were to reduce poverty , improve food security , create local employment , increase household income and enhance the sustainability of land use . Due to this careful planning this project was successful both in improving the socialeconomic conditions in the region and ensuring that land and water are sustainability into the future . See also ( edit ) Environmental issues with agriculture Environmental impacts of reservoirs Alkali soils Irrigation in viticulture Routing ( hydrology ) Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education Further reading ( edit ) T.C. Dougherty and A.W. Hall , 1995 . Environmental impact assessment of irrigation and drainage projects . FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 53 . ISBN 92 - 5 - 103731 - 0 . On line : http://www.fao.org/docrep/v8350e/v8350e00.htm R.E. Tillman , 1981 . Environmental guidelines for irrigation . New York Botanical Garden Cary Arboretum . A comparative survey of dam - induced resettlement in 50 cases by Thayer Scudder and John Gray External links ( edit ) Download of simulation and prediction model SaltMod from : ( 9 ) Download of simulation and prediction model SahysMod from : ( 10 ) `` SaltMod : A tool for interweaving of irrigation and drainage for salinity control '' : ( 11 ) `` Modern interferences with traditional irrigation in Baluchistan '' : ( 12 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rosenburg , David ; Patrick McCully ; Catherine Pringle ( 2000 ) . `` Global - Scale Environmental Effects of Hydrological Alterations : Introduction '' . BioScience . Sep 2000 : 746 -- 751 . doi : 10.1641 / 0006 - 3568 ( 2000 ) 050 ( 0746 : GSEEOH ) 2.0.CO ; 2 . Retrieved 17 March 2014 . Jump up ^ M.H. Lo and J.S. Famiglietti , Irrigation in California 's Central Valley strengthens the southwestern U.S. water cycle , Geophysical Research Letters , Volume 40 , Issue 2 , pages 301 -- 306 , 28 January 20132 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ O.A. Tuinenburg et al. , The fate of evaporated water from the Ganges basin , Journal of Geophysical Research : Atmospheres , Volume 117 , Issue D1 , 16 January 2012 ( 2 ) Jump up ^ P.W. Keys et al. , Analyzing precipitationsheds to understand the vulnerability of rainfall dependent regions , Biogeosciences , 9 , 733 -- 746 , 2012 PDF Jump up ^ Bruce Sundquist , 2007 . Chapter 1 - Irrigation overview . In : The earth 's carrying capacity , Some related reviews and analysis . On line : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 02 - 17 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : World Wildlife Fund , WWF Names World 's Top 10 Rivers at Greatest Risk , on line : http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/mar2007/2007-03-21-01.asp Jump up ^ Timberlake , L. 1985 . Africa in Crisis - The Causes , Cures of Environmental Bankruptcy . Earthscan Paperback , IIED , London Jump up ^ World health organization ( WHO ) , 1983 . Environmental health impact assessment of irrigated Agriculture . Geneva , Switzerland . Jump up ^ Himanshu Thakkar . Assessment of Irrigation in India . World Commission on Dams . On line : http://www.dams.org/docs/kbase/contrib/opt161.pdf Jump up ^ Jump up ^ < / rEllen Wohl , `` The Chang Jiang : Bridling a Dragon '' , A World of Rivers p 275 , p. 283 . By calculating the amount of sediment that will be carried downstream to the Sanmenxia reservoir is difficult to estimate . Jump up ^ < Ellen Wohl , `` The Chang Jiang : Bridling a Dragon '' , A World of Rivers p284 Jump up ^ ^ Jump up to : Modern interferences in traditional water resources in Baluchistan . In : Annual Report 1982 , pp. 23 - 34 . ILRI , Wageningen , The Netherlands . Reprinted in Water International 9 ( 1984 ) , pp. 106 - 111 . Elsevier Sequoia , Amsterdam . Also reprinted in Water Research Journal ( 1983 ) 139 , pp. 53 - 60 . Download from : ( 3 ) , under nr. 10 , or directly as PDF : ( 4 ) Jump up ^ C.A. Drijver and M. Marchand , 1985 . Taming the floods . Environmental aspects of the floodplain developments of Africa . Centre of Environmental Studies , University of Leiden , The Netherlands . Jump up ^ Ecosystems Ltd. , 1983 . Tana delta ecological impact study . Nairobi , Kenya . Jump up ^ A. deGeorges and B.K. Reilly , 2006 . Dams and large scale irrigation on the Senegal river : impacts on man and the environment . UNDP Human Development Report . On line : http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/global/hdr2006/papers/DeGeorges%20Andre.pdf Jump up ^ Peter Bosshard . A Case Study on the Manantali Dam Project ( Mali , Mauritania , Senegal ) , Erklärung von Bern / internationalrivers : ( 5 ) Jump up ^ Center for development studies ( CDS ) , 1988 . A study of water distribution and management in new design public tubewells in eastern Uttar Pradesh . Lucknow , UP , India Jump up ^ Anthropogenic subsidence Jump up ^ D.K. Todd , 1980 . Groundwater hydrology . 2nd edition . John Wiley and sons , New York Jump up ^ US Geological Survey , Land Subsidence in the United States . on line : http://water.usgs.gov/ogw/pubs/fs00165/ Jump up ^ SaltMod : A tool for interweaving of irrigation and drainage for salinity control . In : W.B. Snellen ( ed . ) , Towards integration of irrigation , and drainage management . ILRI Special report , pp. 41 - 43 . Free download from : ( 6 ) , under nr. 8 : Saltmod application , or directly as PDF : ( 7 ) Jump up ^ N.K. Tyagi , 1996 . Salinity management : the CSSRI experience and future research agenda . In : W.B. Snellen ( Ed . ) , Towards integration of irrigation and drainage management . ILRI , Wageningen , The Netherlands , 1997 , pp. 17 - 27 . Jump up ^ N.T. Singh , 2005 . Irrigation and soil salinity in the Indian subcontinent : past and present . Lehigh University Press . ISBN 0 - 934223 - 78 - 5 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 934223 - 78 - 2 , 404 p . ^ Jump up to : Green Living Association Pakistan , Environmental Issues . Jump up ^ A.K. Bhatti , 1987 . A review of planning strategies of salinity control and reclamation projects in Pakistan . In : J. Vos ( Ed . ) Proceedings , Symposium 25th International Course on Land Drainage . ILRI publ. 42 . International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement , Wageningen , The Netherlands Jump up ^ Asian Development Bank ( ADB ) , Water in the 21st Century : Imperatives for Wise Water Management , From Public Good to Priced Commodity . Jump up ^ M.S. Abdel - Dayem , 1987 . Development of land drainage in Egypt . In : J. Vos ( Ed . ) Proceedings , Symposium 25th International Course on Land Drainage . ILRI publ. 42 . International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement , Wageningen , The Netherlands . Jump up ^ L. Pulido Madrigal , 1994 . ( in Spanish ) Anexo Tecnico : Estudio general de salinidad analizada . CNA - IMTA , Cuernavaca , Mexico . The data can be seen on line in the article : `` Land drainage and soil salinity : some Mexican experiences '' . In : Annual Report 1995 , International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement ( ILRI ) , Wageningen , The Netherlands , pp. 44 - 52 , : ( 8 ) Jump up ^ Claudio O. Stockle . Environmental impact of irrigation : a review . State of Washington Water Research Center , Washington State University . On line : `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2007 - 08 - 13 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ United Nations , 1977 . Water for Agriculture . In : Water Development and Management , Proceedings of the United Nations Water Conference , Part 3 . Mar del Plata , Argentina . ^ Jump up to : `` Irrigation potential in Africa : A basin approach '' . Natural Resources Management and Environment Department . Retrieved 13 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Dougherty , T.C. `` FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 53 '' ( PDF ) . Environmental Impact Assessment of Irrigation and Drainage Projects . Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations . Retrieved 13 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SMALLHOLDER IRRIGATION AND VALUE ADDITION PROJECT ( SIVAP ) '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 13 March 2014 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental%20impact%20of%20irrigation
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when is the festival of lights in thailand
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Loi Krathong takes place on the evening of the full moon of the 12th month in the traditional Thai lunar calendar ; hence , the exact date of the festival changes every year . In the Western calendar this usually falls in the month of November . In 2015 it was celebrated on November 25th ; in 2016 it was celebrated on November 14th .
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on the evening of the full moon of the 12th month in the traditional Thai lunar calendar
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Loi krathong
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loi krathong
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Loi Krathong ( Thai : ลอยกระทง , pronounced ( lɔ̄ːj krā. thōŋ ) ) is a Siamese festival celebrated annually throughout southwestern Tai cultures ( Thailand , Laos , Shan , Mon , Tanintharyi , Kelantan , Kedah and Xishuangbanna ) . The name could be translated as `` to float a basket '' , and comes from the tradition of making krathong or buoyant , decorated baskets , which are then floated on a river .
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Loi Krathong takes place on the evening of the full moon of the 12th month in the traditional Thai lunar calendar ; hence , the exact date of the festival changes every year . In the Western calendar this usually falls in the month of November . In 2015 it was celebrated on November 25th ; in 2016 it was celebrated on November 14th . In Thailand , the festival is known as `` Loi Krathong '' ( ลอยกระทง ) . Outside Thailand , this festival is celebrated under different names , including Myanmar as the `` Tazaungdaing festival '' , Sri Lanka as `` Il Full Moon Poya '' and Cambodia as `` Bon Om Touk '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 1.1 Yi Peng 2 The aftermath 3 Gallery 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Overview ( edit ) A hand - made krathong , made from banana tree trunk and banana leaves , held together with pins , and decorated with flowers Fireworks and large rafts on the Chao Phraya River , Loi Krathong Festival of Light , Bangkok , Nov 2004 According to the Royal Institute Dictionary 1999 , loi ( ลอย ) means `` to float '' , while krathong ( กระทง ) has various meanings , one of which is `` a small container made of leaves which can be floated on water during the Loi Krathong festival '' . Krathong is traditionally a small leaf container which is made to hold a small portion of goods like a traditional Thai dish ( such as `` Hor Mok '' ) or dessert . The traditional krathong used for floating at the festival are made from a slice of a banana tree trunk or a spider lily plant . Modern krathongs are more often made of bread or Styrofoam . A bread krathong will disintegrate after a few days and can be eaten by fish . Banana stalk krathong are also biodegradable , but Styrofoam krathongs are sometimes banned , as they pollute the rivers and may take years to decompose . A krathong is decorated with elaborately - folded banana leaves , incense sticks , and a candle . A small coin is sometimes included as an offering to the river spirits . On the night of the full moon , Thais launch their krathong on a river , canal or a pond , making a wish as they do so . The festival may originate from an ancient ritual paying respect to the water spirits . Government offices , corporations , and other organizations launch large decorated krathongs . There are competitions for the best of these large krathongs . A beauty contest is a regular feature and fireworks have become common in recent years . Loi Krathong is often claimed to have begun in the Sukhothai by a court lady named Nopphamat . However , it is now known that the Nopphamat tale comes from a poem written in the early Bangkok period . According to King Rama IV , writing in 1863 , it was a Brahmanical festival that was adapted by Thai Buddhists in Thailand to honor the Buddha , Prince Siddhartha Gautama . The candle venerates the Buddha with light , while the krathong 's floating symbolizes letting go of all one 's hatred , anger , and defilements . People sometimes cut their fingernails or hair and place the clippings on the krathong as a symbol of letting go of past transgressions and negative thoughts . Many Thais use the krathong to thank the Goddess of Water , the Hindu Goddess Ganga , Phra Mae Khongkha ( Thai : พระ แม่ คงคา ) . The beauty contests that accompany the festival are known as `` Nopphamat Queen Contests '' . According to legend , Nang Nopphamat ( Thai : นาง นพมาศ ; alternatively spelled as `` Noppamas '' or `` Nopamas '' ) was a consort of the 13th century Sukhothai king Sri Indraditya ( who is also known as Phra Ruang ) and she had been the first to float a decorated raft . However , this is a new story which was invented during the first part of the 19th century . There is no evidence that a Nang Nopphamat ever existed . Instead , it is a matter of fact that a woman of this name was the leading character of a novel released at the end of the reign of King Rama III , around 1850 CE . Her character was written as guidance for all women who wished to become civil servants . Kelantan in Malaysia celebrates Loi Krathong similarly , especially in the Tumpat area . The ministry in charge of tourism in Malaysia recognises it as an attraction for tourists . Many people visit the celebration each year . Yi Peng ( edit ) Thousands of Khom Loi in Mae Cho , Chiang Mai Loi Krathong coincides with the Lanna ( northern Thai ) festival known as Yi Peng ( Thai : ยี่ เป็ ง ) . Yi means `` two '' and peng means a `` full moon day '' . Yi Peng refers to the full moon day in the second month according to the Lanna lunar calendar ( the twelfth month of the Thai lunar calendar ) . The festival is meant as a time to make merit ( Thai : ทําบุญ ; rtgs : tham bun ) . Swarms of sky lanterns ( Thai : โคมลอย ; rtgs : khom loi ) , literally : ' floating lanterns ' , are launched into the air . Khom loi are made from a thin fabric , such as rice paper , stretched over a bamboo or wire frame , to which a candle or fuel cell is attached . When the fuel cell is lit , the resulting hot air is trapped inside the lantern and creates enough lift for the khom loi to float into the sky . Because they are a hazard to passing aircraft and `` ... can cause damage to important places in the areas such as the Grand Palace ( sic ) , temples and governmental offices , ... '' khom loi are increasingly subject to governmental restrictions . In Chiang Mai , authorities cancelled 78 flights in and out of Chiang Mai Airport on 3 - 4 November 2017 . Another 79 flights were rescheduled . In Bangkok , the public are prohibited from using fireworks and sky lanterns entirely . Violators may face three years imprisonment and / or a fine of 60,000 baht . One hundred - ninety piers on the Chao Phraya River will be open to the public to float their krathongs . During the festival , some people also decorate their houses , gardens , and temples with khom fai ( Thai : โคม ไฟ ) , intricately shaped paper lanterns which take on different forms . Khom thue ( Thai : โคม ถือ ) are lanterns which are carried around hanging from a stick , khom khwaen ( Thai : โคม แขวน ) are the hanging lanterns , and khom pariwat ( Thai : โคม ปริวรรต ) , which are placed at temples and which revolve due to the heat of the candle inside . The most elaborate Yi Peng celebrations can be seen in Chiang Mai , the ancient capital of the former Lanna kingdom , where now both Loi Krathong and Yi Peng are celebrated at the same time resulting in lights floating on the waters , lights hanging from trees / buildings or standing on walls , and lights floating in the sky . The tradition of Yi Peng was also adopted by certain parts of Laos during the 16th century . The aftermath ( edit ) In 2016 , the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration ( BMA ) cleaned six tonnes of rubbish from the city 's waterways on the day after Loi Krathong . The city governor said that 661,935 floats were collected from waterways across Bangkok . Of these , 617,901 ( 93.7 percent ) were made of decomposible natural materials , while 44,034 were non-biodegradable Styrofoam floats . There were 163,679 fewer krathong collected than in 2015 . The city mobilized 210 workers and 45 boats to collect floats from the Chao Phraya River and canals . In Nakhon Ratchasima , 50 workers collected krathong from the moat in the town centre near the Thao Suranaree Monument . In Buriram , more than 200 workers and volunteers in Mueang District cleared at least 20,000 krathong from the town 's moat . There , Styrofoam krathong will be banned in 2017 . In Lampang , more than 100 students and teachers from the Institute of Physical Education helped municipal workers clean up the Wang River in Mueang District . Gallery ( edit ) Partially made krathong , showing trunk of banana tree and banana leaves . Loi Krathong 2007 , Lumpini Park , Bangkok Loi Krathong 2007 , Lumpini Park , Bangkok Loi Krathong 2007 , Lumpini Park , Bangkok Launching khom loi , Yi Peng Festival , Mae Cho , Chiang Mai Play media Loi Krathong 2014 See also ( edit ) Public holidays in Thailand Thai folklore Similar festivals Tazaungdaing festival -- Burmese equivalent of Loi Krathong Bon Om Tuk - Cambodian equivalent of Loi Krathong Diwali -- Indian light festival Tōrō nagashi -- Japanese lantern festival Bali Jatra Leaf boat Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Alternative spellings include Loy Krathong , Loy Kratong , Loy Gratong , etc . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://m.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=1415855515180370&id=684563218309607&fs=5 Jump up ^ https://books.google.com.au/books?id=bNAJiwpmEo0C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false Jump up ^ http://calenworld.com/religion/buddhist-calendar Jump up ^ http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/10/23/pictures-of-the-day-23-october-2016/the-tazaungdaing-festival-of-lights-celebrates-the-end-of-the-ra/ Jump up ^ http://srilankaembassy.com.pl/en/sri-lanka/national-festivals/il-poya/ Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20170201085505/http://www.accorhotels.com/gb/australia/magazine/one-hour-one-day-one-week/full-moon-festivals-8f5f4.shtml Jump up ^ `` พจนานุกรม ฉบับ ราชบัณฑิตยสถาน พ. ศ. 2542 '' ( Royal Institute Dictionary 1999 ) ( in Thai ) . Royal Institute of Thailand . 2007 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 03 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 06 . Cite uses deprecated parameter trans_title = ( help ) Jump up ^ http://sconline.vru.ac.th/displayNews.php?id=65 Jump up ^ http://www.siamese-heritage.org/jsspdf/1951/JSS_038_2d_PhyaAnumanRajthon_LoiKratong.pdf Journal of the Siam Society , page 64 Jump up ^ สาระ น่า รู้ เกี่ยว กับ ประเพณี ยี่ เป็ ง ล้าน นา ( Info about Lanna 's Yi Peng ) ( in Thai ) . Chiang Rai Provincial Culture Office . 2004 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 06 . Cite uses deprecated parameter trans_title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Atthakor , Ploenpote ( 1 November 2017 ) . `` Loy Krathong must be kept under control '' . Bangkok Post . Retrieved 1 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Police and City Hall say no fireworks , firecrackers or sky lanterns on Loy Krathong Day '' . Thai PBS . 30 October 2017 . Retrieved 31 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lantern Festival of the Yee Peng Month '' . ^ Jump up to : `` City cleans 6 tonnes of krathong waste '' . Bangkok Post . 16 November 2016 . Retrieved 16 November 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Loi Krathong . Sukhothai celebrations Tourism Authority of Thailand ( TAT ) Loi Krathong Information Suttinee Yavaprapas ; Chaleo Manilerd ; Thailand . Krasūang Watthanatham . External Relations Division ; Thailand . Krasūang Watthanatham . Office of the Permanent Secretary ( 2004 ) . Loy Krathong Festival . Ministry of Culture , External Relations Division . ISBN 978 - 974 - 9681 - 22 - 0 . Retrieved 5 October 2011 . Donald K. Swearer ( 1 February 2010 ) . The Buddhist world of Southeast Asia . SUNY Press . pp. 49 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4384 - 3251 - 9 . Retrieved 5 October 2011 . Anuman Rajadhon ( Phrayā ) ( 1956 ) . Loy krathong & Songkran festival . National Culture Institute . Retrieved 5 October 2011 . The Kingdom of the Yellow Robe . Forgotten Books . pp. 358 -- 367 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4400 - 9096 - 7 . Retrieved 5 October 2011 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Loi_Krathong&oldid=808729275 '' Categories : Festivals in Thailand Buddhist holidays Buddhist festivals Non-Gregorian November observances Lunar observation Thai culture Observances set by the Thai lunar calendar Bananas in culture Hidden categories : CS1 errors : deprecated parameters CS1 Thai - language sources ( th ) CS1 uses Thai - language script ( th ) Articles needing additional references from March 2010 All articles needing additional references Accuracy disputes from March 2010 All accuracy disputes Infobox holiday with missing field Infobox holiday ( other ) Articles containing Thai - language text Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Dansk Deutsch Español Français Italiano Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi ไทย Tiếng Việt 吴语 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 November 2017 , at 19 : 47 . 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where is icc world cup 2019 is going to be held
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The 2019 Cricket World Cup ( officially ICC Cricket World Cup 2019 ) is the 12th edition of the Cricket World Cup , scheduled to be hosted by England and Wales , from 30 May to 14 July 2019 .
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England|Wales
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2019 Cricket World Cup
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2019 cricket world cup
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ICC Cricket World Cup England & Wales - 2019 Official Logo for ICC Cricket World Cup 2019 Dates 30 May -- 14 July Administrator ( s ) International Cricket Council Cricket format One Day International Tournament format ( s ) Round - robin and Knockout Host ( s ) England Wales Participants 10 Matches played 48 ← 2015 2023 → The 2019 Cricket World Cup ( officially ICC Cricket World Cup 2019 ) is the 12th edition of the Cricket World Cup , scheduled to be hosted by England and Wales , from 30 May to 14 July 2019 . The hosting rights were awarded in April 2006 , after England and Wales withdrew from the bidding to host the 2015 ICC Cricket World Cup , which was held in Australia and New Zealand . The first match will be played at The Oval while the final will be played at Lord 's . It is the fifth time that the Cricket World Cup will be held in England and Wales , following the 1975 , 1979 , 1983 and 1999 World Cups . The format for the tournament will be a single group of ten teams , with each team playing the other nine teams , and the top four teams progressing to a knockout stage of semi-finals and a final . The ten team tournament has gained criticism due to the lack of Associate teams in the tournament . Given the increase of the Test playing nations from 10 to 12 , with the admission of Ireland and Afghanistan in June 2017 , it will be the first World Cup to be contested without all of the Test playing nations being present , and after the elimination of all the Associate teams at the qualifying tournament , this will be also be the first World Cup to feature no Associate members . Contents 1 Qualification 2 Venues 3 Group stage 3.1 Points table 3.2 Fixtures 4 Knockout stage 4.1 Semi-finals 4.2 Final 5 References 6 External links Qualification Main article : 2018 Cricket World Cup Qualifier The 2019 World Cup will feature 10 teams , a decrease from previous World Cups in 2011 and 2015 which featured 14 teams . The hosts , England , and the top seven other teams in the ICC One Day International rankings as of 30 September 2017 earned automatic qualification , with the remaining two spots being decided by the 2018 Cricket World Cup Qualifier . At the time of the announcement of the qualification structure , ICC Associate and Affiliate members , who were guaranteed four spots in the previous two World Cup tournaments , could be represented by at most two teams , and possibly none at all if they were beaten by the lowest ranked Full Members in the Qualifier . It also meant that at least two of the 10 Test playing nations at the time of the announcement would have to play in the qualifying tournament , and could possibly miss the World Cup finals entirely . Following recent success , Ireland and Afghanistan were promoted into the ICC ODI Championship and have also since been promoted to full members of the ICC , becoming the newest Test cricketing nations . However , they still needed to qualify for the World Cup via the current process . Afghanistan won the qualifying tournament defeating the West Indies in the final . Both teams qualified for the World Cup , while Zimbabwe despite hosting the qualifying tournament failed to reach the final and will miss the World Cup for the first time since 1983 . Recently appointed full member Ireland will also miss the World Cup for the first time since 2007 and for the first time ever no Associate nation will be participating in the World Cup . Highlighted are the countries to participate in the 2019 Cricket World Cup . Qualified as host Qualified via the ICC ODI Championship ranking Qualified via the 2018 qualifier Participated in the qualifier but failed to qualify Means of qualification Date Venue Berths Qualified Host nation 30 September 2006 England ICC ODI Championship 30 September 2017 7 Australia Bangladesh India New Zealand Pakistan South Africa Sri Lanka 2018 Cricket World Cup Qualifier 23 March 2018 Zimbabwe Afghanistan West Indies Total 10 Venues Birmingham Bristol Cardiff Chester - le - Street Leeds Nottingham Manchester Lord 's The Oval Southampton Taunton Venues in England and Wales The fixture list for the tournament was released on 26 April 2018 after the completion of an International Cricket Council ( ICC ) meeting in Kolkata . London Stadium had been named as a possible venue in the planning stages , and in January 2017 the ICC completed an inspection of the ground , confirming that the pitch dimensions would be compliant with the requirements to host ODI matches . However , when the fixtures were announced , London Stadium was not included as a venue . City Birmingham Bristol Cardiff Chester - le - Street Leeds Ground Edgbaston Bristol County Ground Sophia Gardens Riverside Ground Headingley County Team Warwickshire Gloucestershire Glamorgan Durham Yorkshire Capacity 25,000 17,500 15,643 20,000 20,000 ( after redevelopment ) Matches 5 ( including semi-final ) London London Manchester Nottingham Southampton Taunton Lord 's The Oval Old Trafford Trent Bridge Rose Bowl County Ground Middlesex Surrey Lancashire Nottinghamshire Hampshire Somerset 28,000 25,500 26,000 17,500 25,000 12,500 5 ( including Final ) 5 6 ( including semi-final ) 5 5 Group stage Main article : 2019 Cricket World Cup Group Stage The group stage format is a round - robin , where all ten teams play each other once , in a single group . This means a total of 45 matches will be played , with each team playing a total of nine matches . The top four teams from the group will progress to the knockout stage . A similar format was previously used in the 1992 Cricket World Cup . Points table Pos Team Pld NR Pts NRR Qualification England 0 0 0 0 0 0 + 0.000 Advance to semi-finals South Africa 0 0 0 0 0 0 + 0.000 India 0 0 0 0 0 0 + 0.000 Australia 0 0 0 0 0 0 + 0.000 5 New Zealand 0 0 0 0 0 0 + 0.000 Eliminated 6 Pakistan 0 0 0 0 0 0 + 0.000 7 Bangladesh 0 0 0 0 0 0 + 0.000 8 Sri Lanka 0 0 0 0 0 0 + 0.000 9 Afghanistan 0 0 0 0 0 0 + 0.000 10 West Indies 0 0 0 0 0 0 + 0.000 Fixtures The ICC released the fixture details on 26 April 2018 . All times are in British Summer Time ( UTC + 01 : 00 ) 30 May 2019 10 : 30 Scorecard England South Africa The Oval , London 31 May 2019 10 : 30 Scorecard Pakistan West Indies Trent Bridge , Nottingham 1 June 2019 10 : 30 Scorecard New Zealand Sri Lanka Sophia Gardens , Cardiff 1 June 2019 13 : 30 ( D / N ) Scorecard Australia Afghanistan County Ground , Bristol 2 June 2019 10 : 30 Scorecard Bangladesh South Africa The Oval , London 3 June 2019 10 : 30 Scorecard England Pakistan Trent Bridge , Nottingham 4 June 2019 10 : 30 Scorecard Afghanistan Sri Lanka Sophia Gardens , Cardiff 5 June 2019 10 : 30 Scorecard India South Africa Rose Bowl , Southampton 5 June 2019 13 : 30 ( D / N ) Scorecard Bangladesh New Zealand The Oval , London 6 June 2019 10 : 30 Scorecard Australia West Indies Trent Bridge , Nottingham 7 June 2019 10 : 30 Scorecard Pakistan Sri Lanka County Ground , Bristol 8 June 2019 10 : 30 Scorecard England Bangladesh Sophia Gardens , Cardiff 8 June 2019 13 : 30 ( D / N ) Scorecard Afghanistan New Zealand County Ground , Taunton 9 June 2019 10 : 30 Scorecard Australia India The Oval , London 10 June 2019 10 : 30 Scorecard South Africa West Indies Rose Bowl , Southampton 11 June 2019 10 : 30 Scorecard Bangladesh Sri Lanka County Ground , Bristol 12 June 2019 10 : 30 Scorecard Australia Pakistan County Ground , Taunton 13 June 2019 10 : 30 Scorecard India New Zealand Trent Bridge , Nottingham 14 June 2019 10 : 30 Scorecard England West Indies Rose Bowl , Southampton 15 June 2019 10 : 30 Scorecard Australia Sri Lanka The Oval , London 15 June 2019 13 : 30 ( D / N ) Scorecard Afghanistan South Africa Sophia Gardens , Cardiff 16 June 2019 10 : 30 Scorecard India Pakistan Old Trafford , Manchester 17 June 2019 10 : 30 Scorecard Bangladesh West Indies County Ground , Taunton 18 June 2019 10 : 30 Scorecard England Afghanistan Old Trafford , Manchester 19 June 2019 10 : 30 Scorecard New Zealand South Africa Edgbaston , Birmingham 20 June 2019 10 : 30 Scorecard Australia Bangladesh Trent Bridge , Nottingham 21 June 2019 10 : 30 Scorecard England Sri Lanka Headingley , Leeds 22 June 2019 10 : 30 Scorecard Afghanistan India Rose Bowl , Southampton 22 June 2019 13 : 30 ( D / N ) Scorecard New Zealand West Indies Old Trafford , Manchester 23 June 2019 10 : 30 Scorecard Pakistan South Africa Lord 's , London 24 June 2019 10 : 30 Scorecard Afghanistan Bangladesh Rose Bowl , Southampton 25 June 2019 10 : 30 Scorecard England Australia Lord 's , London 26 June 2019 10 : 30 Scorecard New Zealand Pakistan Edgbaston , Birmingham 27 June 2019 10 : 30 Scorecard India West Indies Old Trafford , Manchester 28 June 2019 10 : 30 Scorecard South Africa Sri Lanka Riverside Ground , Chester - le - Street 29 June 2019 10 : 30 Scorecard Afghanistan Pakistan Headingley , Leeds 29 June 2019 13 : 30 ( D / N ) Scorecard Australia New Zealand Lord 's , London 30 June 2019 10 : 30 Scorecard England India Edgbaston , Birmingham 1 July 2019 10 : 30 Scorecard Sri Lanka West Indies Riverside Ground , Chester - le - Street 2 July 2019 10 : 30 Scorecard Bangladesh India Edgbaston , Birmingham 3 July 2019 10 : 30 Scorecard England New Zealand Riverside Ground , Chester - le - Street 4 July 2019 10 : 30 Scorecard Afghanistan West Indies Headingley , Leeds 5 July 2019 10 : 30 Scorecard Bangladesh Pakistan Lord 's , London 6 July 2019 10 : 30 Scorecard India Sri Lanka Headingley , Leeds 6 July 2019 13 : 30 ( D / N ) Scorecard Australia South Africa Old Trafford , Manchester Knockout stage The knockout stage will see two semi-finals , with the winners of each progressing to the final at Lord 's . On 25 April 2018 , it was reported that Old Trafford and Edgbaston would host the two semi-finals , with all of the knockout games having a reserve day . Semi-finals Main article : 2019 Cricket World Cup Semi-finals 9 July 2019 10 : 30 Scorecard Qualifier 1 Qualifier 4 Old Trafford , Manchester 11 July 2019 10 : 30 Scorecard Qualifier 2 Qualifier 3 Edgbaston , Birmingham Final Main article : 2019 Cricket World Cup Final 14 July 2019 10 : 30 Scorecard Winners Semi-final 1 Winners Semi-final 2 Lord 's , London References Jump up ^ `` England lands Cricket World Cup '' . BBC Sport. 2006 - 04 - 30 . Retrieved 2006 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` England awarded 2019 World Cup '' . espncricinfo . Retrieved 2006 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` OUTCOMES FROM ICC BOARD AND COMMITTEE MEETINGS '' . ICC. 29 January 2015 . Retrieved 29 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ICC 's Richardson wants more teams in World T20 '' . Jump up ^ `` Cricket World Cup 2019 to stay at only 10 teams '' . BBC Sport. 26 June 2015 . Retrieved 26 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Afghanistan and Ireland receive opportunity to qualify for the ICC Cricket World Cup 2019 with Full Members '' . icc-cricket.com . Jump up ^ `` UAE stun Zim '' . hindustantimes . Retrieved 26 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ireland miss out on World Cup for the first time since 2003 '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 26 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cricket World Cup : The Final 10 '' . International Cricket Council . Retrieved 23 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` England lands Cricket World Cup '' . BBC Sport. 30 April 2006 . Retrieved 2 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` London Stadium could stage 2019 Cricket World Cup matches '' . 6 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Wigmore , Exclusive by Tim ( 5 December 2016 ) . `` ECB considering using Olympic Stadium to host 2019 Cricket World Cup games '' . Retrieved 23 January 2017 -- via The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` London Olympic Stadium gets ICC approval '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 23 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2019 World Cup : London Stadium not one of 11 tournament venues '' . BBC Sport. 26 April 2018 . Retrieved 26 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ICC Cricket World Cup 2019 schedule announced '' . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Old Trafford to host India - Pakistan World Cup clash '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 25 . External links Tournament home at ESPN Cricinfo Cricket World Cup Tournaments England 1975 England 1979 England / Wales 1983 India / Pakistan 1987 Australia / New Zealand 1992 Pakistan / India / Sri Lanka 1996 England / Scotland / Wales / Ireland / Netherlands 1999 South Africa / Zimbabwe 2003 West Indies 2007 India / Sri Lanka / Bangladesh 2011 Australia / New Zealand 2015 England / Wales 2019 India 2023 Finals 1979 1992 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 Squads 1979 1992 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 Statistics 1979 1992 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 Qualification 1979 1992 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 Awards Format History Hosts Qualification Records Centuries Five - wicket hauls Teams Trophy Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2019_Cricket_World_Cup&oldid=856502450 '' Categories : 2019 Cricket World Cup 2019 in English sport 2019 in Welsh sport Cricket World Cup tournaments Scheduled sports events International cricket competitions in 2019 International cricket competitions in England International cricket competitions in Wales May 2019 sports events in Europe June 2019 sports events in Europe July 2019 sports events in Europe Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans অসমীয়া বাংলা Deutsch Français हिन्दी Italiano मराठी नेपाली 日本 語 Português සිංහල Simple English தமிழ் اردو 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 August 2018 , at 17 : 54 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%20Cricket%20World%20Cup
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how many games are in a wildcard game in baseball
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The one - game , win - or - go - home Wild Card format favors teams with at least one dominant pitcher . In the twelve games played since the new Wild Card system began in 2012 , five have been shutouts . In four of the seven others , the losing team scored 3 or fewer runs . Only the 2014 AL Wild Card game between the Kansas City Royals and Oakland Athletics and the 2017 NL Wild Card game between the Colorado Rockies and the Arizona Diamondbacks featured high scoring by both teams , with the Royals eventually winning 9 - 8 in 12 innings and the Diamondbacks winning 11 - 8 with the most runs scored in a Wild Card game . The margin of victory has been four runs or more in six of the twelve games played , and one run only twice -- in the 2014 Royals - Athletics game and the 2018 Rockies - Cubs game .
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Major League Baseball Wild Card game
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major league baseball wild card game
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`` Wild Card Playoff '' and `` Wild Card Game '' redirect here . For those in the National Football League , see NFL playoffs § Current playoff system . For general information on wild cards in sports , see Wild card ( sports ) . Part of a series on the Major League Baseball postseason Wild Card Wild Card Game Division Series ALDS NLDS League Championship Series ALCS ( Winners list ) NLCS ( Winners list ) World Series List of World Series champions Commissioner 's Trophy Teams Appearances Series Streaks Droughts The Major League Baseball Wild Card Game is a play - in game which was added to the Major League Baseball postseason in 2012 . The addition keeps the playoff format similar to the three - tiered postseason format used from 1995 through 2011 , but adds a second wild - card team . Two wild - card teams in each league play each other in a single - game playoff after the end of the regular season . The winner of the game advances to face the 1st seeded team in the Division Series . The home team for the wild - card game is the team with the better regular - season record ( 4th Seed ) . If both teams have the same number of wins and losses , tie - breaking procedures are used , with no additional games being played . On the other hand , teams tied for the division title will now always play a one - game playoff for the division title , even if both teams are already qualified for the postseason . This is in contrast to the earlier wild card format used , for example in the 2005 season when the New York Yankees and Boston Red Sox tied for first place in their division but did not play an additional game as both teams were qualified for the postseason in any event . In the division series , the winner of the wild - card game will always face whichever division champion has the best record . All division winners receive a bye as they await the result of the game . Previously , a wild - card team could not face the champion of its own division . This change makes it possible for the two teams with the best record in the league to face each other before the League Championship Series for the first time since 1997 , if the wild card winner has the second - best record only to its own division 's champion . From 1995 to 1997 the matchups for the division series were determined by annual rotation between the west , central and east divisions . Nineteen of the thirty MLB franchises have appeared in a Wild Card Game . The New York Yankees of the American League and the Pittsburgh Pirates of the National League have appeared in a record three games . The San Francisco Giants and the New York Yankees have won the most Wild Card Games with two each . Contents 1 Purpose 2 Implementation 3 Results 3.1 American League 3.2 National League 3.3 Win -- loss records by team 4 Records 5 See also 6 References Purpose ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The addition of a second wild - card team to each league was completed for multiple reasons : Added importance to division races . Before 1994 , only division - winning teams advanced to the playoffs , creating excitement when teams within a division competed for the best record in that division . From 1994 to 2011 , the urgency of a division race was somewhat reduced as one second place team from each league made the playoffs as a wild card . In addition , the winner of the wild - card game is at a disadvantage in the next series , due to having to make strategic decisions to avoid immediate elimination , such as play its best pitchers available , without regard for future playoff games . Wild - card teams are penalized . In the four - team format from 1994 to 2011 , the wild - card team had to win just as many postseason games as a division winner in order to reach the World Series . Now the winner of the wild - card game is at a disadvantage because it has to play an extra game . Increases postseason interest and revenue , with the tension of a sudden - death match at the start of the playoffs , similar to tie - breaker games held to resolve regular season ties . Recent examples of this were seen in tie - breaking games in 2007 , 2008 , and 2009 , as well as the final day of the 2011 regular season . With an additional playoff spot at stake , more teams are competing at the end of the regular season for a place in the playoffs . Implementation ( edit ) With the adoption of MLB 's new collective bargaining agreement in November 2011 , baseball commissioner Bud Selig announced that a new playoff system would begin within the next two years ; the change was ultimately put into place in 2012 . Even though one of the stated purposes of the Wild Card game was to create disadvantages for Wild Card teams in the postseason , Wild Card Game winners have won six of the first twelve Division Series played under the new format . Of the best - of - five Division Series lost by Wild Card Game winners , three lost in five games , two lost in four games , and only one team has been swept . The 2014 postseason featured the first Series sweeps involving Wild Card Game winners , but they were both in favor of the AL Wild Card Kansas City Royals who swept both the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim and the Baltimore Orioles en route to the second World Series featuring both NL and AL Wild Card Game winners , with the San Francisco Giants defeating the Royals in seven games . The first all Wild Card World Series also involved the Giants , but they were on the losing end , losing the 2002 World Series to the then Anaheim Angels in seven games . The one - game , win - or - go - home Wild Card format favors teams with at least one dominant pitcher . In the twelve games played since the new Wild Card system began in 2012 , five have been shutouts . In four of the seven others , the losing team scored 3 or fewer runs . Only the 2014 AL Wild Card game between the Kansas City Royals and Oakland Athletics and the 2017 NL Wild Card game between the Colorado Rockies and the Arizona Diamondbacks featured high scoring by both teams , with the Royals eventually winning 9 - 8 in 12 innings and the Diamondbacks winning 11 - 8 with the most runs scored in a Wild Card game . The margin of victory has been four runs or more in six of the twelve games played , and one run only twice -- in the 2014 Royals - Athletics game and the 2018 Rockies - Cubs game . Results ( edit ) Key bold Wild Card Game winner ↓ Lost tie - breaker game to reach Wild Card Game ( arrow links to game ) ↑ Won tie - breaker game to reach Wild Card Game ( arrow links to game ) Reached League Championship Series Reached World Series Won World Series The visiting team has had a surprising amount of success in the wild card game , having won 8 of the 14 games played by an average of 3.75 runs per win . 5 games have ended in a shutout , all 5 of them being thrown by the visiting team ( including 3 straight in the 2014 - 16 NL editions ) . 2017 was the first year in which the home team won both wild card games . Despite the road team 's statistical advantage , 2 games have ended in walk - off fashion , the 2014 and 2016 AL wild card games . American League ( edit ) Year Visitor Manager Score Host Manager Winner 's postseason performance 2012 Baltimore Orioles Buck Showalter 5 -- 1 Texas Rangers Ron Washington Lost ALDS 3 -- 2 ( Yankees ) 2013 Tampa Bay Rays ↑ Joe Maddon 4 -- 0 Cleveland Indians Terry Francona Lost ALDS 3 -- 1 ( Red Sox ) 2014 Oakland Athletics Bob Melvin 8 -- 9 ( 12 inn . ) Kansas City Royals Ned Yost Won ALDS 3 -- 0 ( Angels ) , Won ALCS 4 -- 0 ( Orioles ) , Lost WS 4 -- 3 ( Giants ) 2015 Houston Astros A.J. Hinch 3 -- 0 New York Yankees Joe Girardi Lost ALDS 3 -- 2 ( Royals ) 2016 Baltimore Orioles Buck Showalter 2 -- 5 ( 11 inn . ) Toronto Blue Jays John Gibbons Won ALDS 3 -- 0 ( Rangers ) , Lost ALCS 4 -- 1 ( Indians ) 2017 Minnesota Twins Paul Molitor 4 -- 8 New York Yankees Joe Girardi Won ALDS 3 -- 2 ( Indians ) , Lost ALCS 4 -- 3 ( Astros ) 2018 Oakland Athletics Bob Melvin 2 -- 7 New York Yankees Aaron Boone Lost ALDS 3 - 1 ( Red Sox ) National League ( edit ) Year Visitor Manager Score Host Manager Winner 's postseason performance 2012 St. Louis Cardinals Mike Matheny 6 -- 3 Atlanta Braves Fredi González Won NLDS 3 -- 2 ( Nationals ) , Lost NLCS 4 -- 3 ( Giants ) 2013 Cincinnati Reds Dusty Baker 2 -- 6 Pittsburgh Pirates Clint Hurdle Lost NLDS 3 -- 2 ( Cardinals ) 2014 San Francisco Giants Bruce Bochy 8 -- 0 Pittsburgh Pirates Clint Hurdle Won NLDS 3 -- 1 ( Nationals ) , Won NLCS 4 -- 1 ( Cardinals ) , Won WS 4 -- 3 ( Royals ) 2015 Chicago Cubs Joe Maddon 4 -- 0 Pittsburgh Pirates Clint Hurdle Won NLDS 3 -- 1 ( Cardinals ) , Lost NLCS 4 -- 0 ( Mets ) 2016 San Francisco Giants Bruce Bochy 3 -- 0 New York Mets Terry Collins Lost NLDS 3 -- 1 ( Cubs ) 2017 Colorado Rockies Bud Black 8 -- 11 Arizona Diamondbacks Torey Lovullo Lost NLDS 3 -- 0 ( Dodgers ) 2018 Colorado Rockies ↓ Bud Black 2 -- 1 ( 13 inn . ) Chicago Cubs ↓ Joe Maddon Lost NLDS 3 - 0 ( Brewers ) Win -- loss records by team ( edit ) Team Win -- loss record Appearances Arizona Diamondbacks 1 -- 0 Atlanta Braves 0 -- 1 Baltimore Orioles 1 -- 1 Cincinnati Reds 0 -- 1 Chicago Cubs 1 -- 1 Cleveland Indians 0 -- 1 Colorado Rockies 1 -- 1 Houston Astros 1 -- 0 Kansas City Royals 1 -- 0 Minnesota Twins 0 -- 1 New York Mets 0 -- 1 New York Yankees 2 -- 1 Oakland Athletics 0 -- 2 Pittsburgh Pirates 1 -- 2 San Francisco Giants 2 -- 0 St. Louis Cardinals 1 -- 0 Tampa Bay Rays 1 -- 0 Texas Rangers 0 -- 1 Toronto Blue Jays 1 -- 0 Records ( edit ) Most runs scored , one team : 11 , Arizona Diamondbacks vs Colorado Rockies , October 4 in the 2017 NLWC Most runs scored , both teams : 19 , Colorado Rockies 8 -- 11 Arizona Diamondbacks , October 4 in the 2017 NLWC Most hits , one team : 17 , Arizona Diamondbacks vs Colorado Rockies , October 4 in the 2017 NLWC Most hits , both teams : 30 , Colorado Rockies at Arizona Diamondbacks , October 4 in the 2017 NLWC Longest game , by innings : 2018 NLWC , 13 innings ( Colorado Rockies 2 , Chicago Cubs 1 ) See also ( edit ) Baseball portal List of American League Wild Card winners List of National League Wild Card winners List of Major League Baseball Wild Card Game broadcasters References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jayson Stark ( March 2 , 2012 ) . `` The new MLB postseason '' . ESPN.com . Jump up ^ `` MLB adopts expanded format for 2012 postseason '' . Retrieved Oct 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bloom , Barry M. ( March 2 , 2012 ) . `` Addition of Wild Card berths finalized for 2012 '' . MLB.com . MLB.com . Jump up ^ `` Fixing the Wild Card '' . September 26 , 1999 . Jump up ^ Game was played `` under protest '' by the Atlanta Braves regarding a perceived incorrect call regarding the infield fly rule , but shortly after the game Joe Torre , MLB executive vice president for baseball operations , denied the protest , citing umpire 's judgment . `` Wild - card game stopped after call '' . Associated Press / ESPN . October 5 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Team Batting Game Finder : In the LWC , From 1903 to 2017 , sorted by most recent date '' . Baseball Reference . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dale , Shane ( October 3 , 2018 ) . `` Rockies beat Cubs in longest winner - take - all game in MLB history '' . KNXV . Retrieved October 3 , 2018 . Major League Baseball ( 2018 ) American League East Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox New York Yankees Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Central Chicago White Sox Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals Minnesota Twins West Houston Astros Los Angeles Angels Oakland Athletics Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers National League East Atlanta Braves Miami Marlins New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies Washington Nationals Central Chicago Cubs Cincinnati Reds Milwaukee Brewers Pittsburgh Pirates St. Louis Cardinals West Arizona Diamondbacks Colorado Rockies Los Angeles Dodgers San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants Schedule Spring training Opening Day Jackie Robinson Day Civil Rights Game All - Star Game Interleague play International games Players Weekend World Baseball Classic Postseason World Series Champions AL AL Champions ALCS ALDS NL NL Champions NLCS NLDS Wild Card Game Appearances Streaks Droughts Series Business Draft Rule 5 Players Association Highest paid players Luxury tax Lockouts / strikes Winter Meetings Hot stove league Transactions Media Logo Radio Television MLB.com MLB Advanced Media Minor League Baseball Authentication Program Miscellaneous Instant replay Team uniforms Stadiums Mascots Rivalries Players investigated for domestic violence History History AL Seasons Tie - breakers Tie - breaking procedures Records Awards Retired numbers Hall of Fame Steroid usage Drug policy suspensions Mitchell Report Juiced Vindicated Biogenesis baseball scandal BALCO scandal Game of Shadows Barry Bonds perjury case Timeline Timeline of Major League Baseball History of team nicknames Dead - ball era Live - ball era Golden age of baseball Defunct and relocated teams Relocation of the 1950s -- 60s Expansion 1961 1962 1969 1977 1998 Commissioner : Rob Manfred League Presidents AL NL Major League Baseball Wild Card Game American League 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 National League 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 AL Wild Card winners NL Wild Card winners Broadcasters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Major_League_Baseball_Wild_Card_Game&oldid=863965719 '' Categories : Major League Baseball Wild Card Playoff Major League Baseball playoffs and champions Recurring sporting events established in 2012 October sporting events 2012 establishments in North America Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2018 Articles needing additional references from October 2018 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 한국어 日本 語 Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 October 2018 , at 07 : 13 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major%20League%20Baseball%20Wild%20Card%20Game
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you will always be the one i love
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I Will Always Love You
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i will always love you
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The song , `` I Will Always Love You '' was originally written and recorded in 1973 by American singer - songwriter , Dolly Parton . Her country version of the track was released in 1974 as a single and was written as a farewell to her one - time partner and mentor of seven years , Porter Wagoner , following Parton 's decision to pursue a solo career .
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Parton 's version of `` I Will Always Love You '' was a commercial success . It reached number one on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart twice . It first reached number one in June 1974 , and then in October 1982 , with her re-recording on the soundtrack of the movie version of The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas , making Parton the first singer ever to achieve the number one position twice with the same song . Whitney Houston recorded her version of the song for the 1992 film The Bodyguard . Her single spent 14 weeks at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart making it one of the best - selling singles of all time . It also holds the record for being the best - selling single by a woman in music history . Houston 's version of `` I Will Always Love You '' re-entered the charts in 2012 after her death , making it the second single ever to reach the top three on the Billboard Hot 100 in separate chart runs . The song has been recorded by many other significant artists including Linda Ronstadt and John Doe . Whitney Houston covered the song for the 1992 film The Bodyguard , in which she starred with Kevin Costner . Contents ( hide ) 1 Dolly Parton original version 1.1 Background and composition 1.2 Reception 1.3 Critical reception 1.4 Track listing 1.5 Credits and personnel 1.6 Charts 1.7 Controversy 2 Whitney Houston cover version 2.1 Background 2.2 Reception 2.3 Commercial performance 2.4 Critical reception 2.5 Accolades 2.6 Music video 2.7 Formats and track listings 2.8 Credits and personnel 2.9 Charts 2.10 Billboard Magazine Hot 100 Anniversary Charts 2.11 Certifications 2.12 Tributes 2.12. 1 Beyoncé 2.12. 2 Jennifer Hudson 2.12. 3 Jessica Sanchez 2.12. 4 Edyta Górniak 2.12. 5 Will Ferrell 3 Other versions 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Dolly Parton original version ( edit ) Background and composition ( edit ) `` I Will Always Love You '' An 18 second sample of Parton 's 1982 recording of `` I Will Always Love You '' . Problems playing this file ? See media help . A-side label of the original 1974 45 rpm release Country music singer - songwriter Dolly Parton wrote the song in 1973 for her one - time partner and mentor Porter Wagoner , from whom she was separating professionally after a seven - year partnership . She recorded it in RCA 's Studio B in Nashville on June 13 , 1973 . `` I Will Always Love You '' was issued on June 6 , 1974 , as the second single from Parton 's thirteenth solo studio album , Jolene ( 1974 ) . In 1982 , Parton re-recorded the song , when it was included on the soundtrack to the film The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas . In addition to the 1982 re-recording for the soundtrack album , Parton 's original 1974 recording of the song also appeared in Martin Scorsese 's film Alice Does n't Live Here Anymore , and the 1996 film It 's My Party . The song also won Parton Female Vocalist of the Year at the 1975 CMA Awards . Author Curtis W. Ellison stated that the song `` speaks about the breakup of a relationship between a man and a woman that does not descend into unremitting domestic turmoil , but instead envisions parting with respect -- because of the initiative of the woman '' . According to sheet music published at musicnotes.com by Hal Leonard Corporation , the country love track is set in a time signature of common time with a tempo of 66 beats per minute . ( Larghetto / Adagio ) Although Parton found much success with the song , many people are unaware of its origin ; during an interview , Parton 's manager Danny Nozel said that `` one thing we found out from American Idol is that most people do n't know that Dolly Parton wrote ( the track ) '' . Reception ( edit ) During its original release in 1974 , `` I Will Always Love You '' reached number four in Canada on the Canadian RPM Country Tracks chart and peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart , becoming one of the best selling singles of 1974 . When Parton re-recorded the song in 1982 for the soundtrack of the film The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas , the track was issued as a single and once again charted at number one on Hot Country Songs -- making her the first artist ever to earn a number one record twice with the same song . After recording a duet with Vince Gill in 1995 , `` I Will Always Love You '' re-entered the Billboard chart and peaked at number 15 . Another duet version of the song was released in 2017 with Michael Bolton from his album Songs of Cinema . When the 1974 recording of the song was reaching number one on the country charts , Elvis Presley indicated that he wanted to cover the song . Parton was interested until Presley 's manager , Colonel Tom Parker , told her that it was standard procedure for the songwriter to sign over half of the publishing rights to any song Elvis recorded . Parton refused . She recalls : I said , ' I 'm really sorry , ' and I cried all night . I mean , it was like the worst thing . You know , it 's like , Oh , my God ... Elvis Presley . ' And other people were saying , ' You 're nuts . It 's Elvis Presley . ' ... I said , ' I ca n't do that . Something in my heart says , ' Do n't do that . And I just did n't do it ... He would have killed it . But anyway , so he did n't . Then when Whitney ( Houston 's version ) came out , I made enough money to buy Graceland . Critical reception ( edit ) In Curtis W. Ellison 's book Country Music Culture : From Hard Times to Heaven ( 1995 ) , he stated : `` In the early 1990s , when ambiguity in romantic relationships accompanies changing expectations for both men and women , this song demonstrates Dolly Parton 's appeal as a songwriter in the pop music market . '' Ken Knight , author of The Midnight Show : Late Night Cable - TV `` Guy - Flicks '' of the ' 80s ( 2008 ) , commented that Parton is the only singer who can sing `` I Will Always Love You '' and `` make it memorable '' . Writer Paul Simpson criticized the singer , stating that the track was only written to `` soften the blow '' of Parton and Wagoner 's split . Track listing ( edit ) 7 '' vinyl `` I Will Always Love You '' -- 2 : 53 `` Lonely Comin ' Down '' -- 3 : 09 Credits and personnel ( edit ) Dolly Parton -- vocals , guitar Jimmy Colvard -- guitar Chip Young -- guitar Stu Basore -- pedal steel guitar Bobby Dyson -- bass Larrie Londin -- drums Ralph Gallant -- drums Buck Trent -- banjo Bobby Thompson -- banjo Mack Magaha -- fiddle Johnny Gimble -- fiddle Hargus `` Pig '' Robbins -- piano Dolores Edgin -- background vocals Hershel Winginton -- background vocals Joe Babcock -- background vocals June Page -- background vocals Charts ( edit ) Weekly Chart ( 1974 ) Peak position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Weekly Chart ( 1982 ) Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 72 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 8 Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) US Billboard Hot 100 53 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 17 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Weekly Chart ( 1995 ) Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) 22 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 15 Controversy ( edit ) After Whitney Houston 's recording of the song became a hit in 1992 , the tabloid press began reporting on a ' feud ' between the two performers , stemming from Dolly Parton allegedly reneging on an agreement that she would not perform the song for a number of months while Houston 's version was on the charts , so as not to compete with Houston 's recording . However , both Parton and Houston dispelled any rumors speaking glowingly of one another in interviews . Houston praised Parton for writing a beautiful song . In return , Parton thanked Houston for bringing her song to a wider audience and increasing the amount of royalties for her song in the process . Dolly Parton also gave a live interview , confirming this . When Houston won the Record of the Year award at the 1994 Grammy Awards for the recording , Parton ( along with David Foster ) presented her with the award . In a statement to Billboard on the day of Houston 's death in February 2012 , Parton said : Mine is only one of the millions of hearts broken over the death of Whitney Houston . I will always be grateful and in awe of the wonderful performance she did on my song and I can truly say from the bottom of my heart , ' Whitney , I will always love you . You will be missed . ' Whitney Houston cover version ( edit ) `` I Will Always Love You '' US CD single Single by Whitney Houston from the album The Bodyguard : Original Soundtrack Album B - side `` Jesus Loves Me '' `` Do You Hear What I Hear ? '' Released November 3 , 1992 ( 1992 - 11 - 03 ) Format CD single cassette single 7 '' single 12 '' single Recorded Spring 1992 Genre Pop Length 4 : 31 Label Arista Songwriter ( s ) Dolly Parton Producer ( s ) David Foster Whitney Houston singles chronology `` We Did n't Know '' ( 1992 ) `` I Will Always Love You '' ( 1992 ) `` I 'm Every Woman '' ( 1993 ) `` We Did n't Know '' ( 1992 ) `` I Will Always Love You '' ( 1992 ) `` I 'm Every Woman '' ( 1993 ) Audio sample file help The Bodyguard : Original Soundtrack Album track listing `` I Will Always Love You '' ( 1 ) `` I Have Nothing '' ( 2 ) Music video `` I Will Always Love You '' on YouTube Background ( edit ) In 1992 , R&B singer Whitney Houston recorded a new arrangement of `` I Will Always Love You '' for the soundtrack to The Bodyguard , her film debut . She was originally to record Jimmy Ruffin 's `` What Becomes of the Brokenhearted '' as the lead single from The Bodyguard . However , when it was discovered the song was to be used for Fried Green Tomatoes , Houston requested a different song . It was her co-star Kevin Costner who suggested `` I Will Always Love You '' , playing her Linda Ronstadt 's 1975 version from her album Prisoner in Disguise . Producer David Foster re-arranged the song as an R&B ballad . Her record company did not feel a song with an a cappella introduction would be as successful ; however , Houston and Costner insisted on retaining it . When Parton heard that Houston was using Ronstadt 's recording as a template , she called Foster to give him the final verse , which was missing from the Ronstadt recording , as she felt it was important to the song . The tenor saxophone solo was played by Kirk Whalum . Whitney Houston 's recording is not the only version of the song featured in the movie . In a scene where she dances with Kevin Costner , a version by John Doe can be heard playing on a jukebox . Houston 's version appears at No. 9 on NME 's Greatest No 1 Singles in History list . In 2004 , Houston 's version of `` I Will Always Love You '' finished at # 65 on AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs survey of top tunes in American cinema . It was also ranked at number 22 on The Guardian 's list of Britain 's favorite 100 songs , published in May 2002 . In February 2014 , the song was placed at number six on Billboard 's list of the Top 50 ' Love ' Songs of All Time . A live performance was included on the 1999 release Divas Live ' 99 , and on the 2014 CD / DVD release of Whitney Houston Live : Her Greatest Performances , a 1994 performance of the song was included as well . Reception ( edit ) The single spent 14 weeks at the top of the US Billboard Hot 100 , which at the time was a record . It became Houston 's longest run at number one , surpassing her previous record of three weeks with the `` Greatest Love of All '' in 1986 . It is also the longest running number one single from a soundtrack album . It debuted at number 40 on the Billboard Hot 100 , and became Houston 's tenth number one entry two weeks later . It also dominated other Billboard charts , spending 14 weeks at the top of Billboard Hot 100 Single Sales chart , and 11 weeks at number one on its Hot 100 Airplay chart . The song also remained at number one for five weeks on the Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks , and for 11 weeks on the Hot R&B Singles chart becoming the longest running number one on the R&B charts at the time ; it remained in the top 40 for 24 weeks . It became Arista Records ' biggest hit . The song was number one on the Hot 100 , Adult Contemporary , and R&B chart simultaneously for a record - equaling five weeks ; Ray Charles ' `` I Ca n't Stop Loving You '' in 1962 achieved the same feat on the same charts . The song stayed at number one in the United States throughout January and February 1993 , making it the first time Billboard did not rank a new number one single until March of the new year . Houston 's `` I Will Always Love You '' was also the year - end single of 1993 in the US . Similarly , in the UK , Houston 's version was ranked the number one single of 1992 , and then made the countdown again in 1993 where it was ranked number nine , marking the first time any artist or group had the same single ranked in the top 10 of the year - end review two years in a row . In Australia , it was the number 17 single of 1992 and the number two song of 1993 . Houston 's single was also an international success , peaking at number one of the singles charts in almost all countries , including the Eurochart Hot 100 Singles , where it spent 13 weeks at the top . The single ruled the summit position for ten weeks in Australia , five weeks in Austria , seven weeks for Belgium , eight weeks in France , six weeks in Germany , eight weeks in Ireland , two weeks in Italy , six weeks in Netherlands , 11 weeks in New Zealand , nine weeks in Norway , one week in Spain , six weeks in Sweden , eight weeks in Switzerland , and ten weeks in the United Kingdom . Houston 's 10 - week reign in the UK set the record for the longest run at the top by a solo female artist in the history of the British singles chart . It is the only single to have topped the United States , the United Kingdom , and Australian singles charts for at least ten weeks . Only a few hours after Houston 's death on February 11 , 2012 , `` I Will Always Love You '' topped the US iTunes charts . Also , in the week following her death , the single returned to the Billboard Hot 100 after almost 20 years , debuting at number 7 , and becoming a posthumous top - ten single for Houston , the first one since 2001 . The song eventually peaked at No. 3 , two spots shy of becoming the first song to return to the No. 1 position after falling off the chart since `` The Twist '' by Chubby Checker . It debuted on the Billboard Hot Digital Singles Chart at number 3 on the chart dated February 25 , 2012 , with over 195,000 copies downloaded . In the United Kingdom , the song charted at number 10 the week of Houston 's death . Commercial performance ( edit ) Houston 's single sold approximately 400,000 copies in its second week at the top of the charts , making it the best - selling song in a single week surpassing Bryan Adams ' `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' . It broke its own record in the following three weeks , peaking at 632,000 copies in the week ending December 27 , 1992 . The January 9 , 1993 issue of Billboard reported it had broken its own record for most copies sold in a single week for any song in the Nielsen SoundsScan era . This record was broken by Elton John 's `` Candle in the Wind 1997 / Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' , which sold 3.4 million in the final week of September 1997 . `` I Will Always Love You '' was certified four times Platinum in the US for shipments of over 4 million copies by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) on January 12 , 1993 , making Houston the first female artist with a single to reach that level in RIAA history . According to Nielsen SoundScan , as of 2009 , the single had sold 4,591,000 copies , and had become the second best - selling physical single in US alone , only behind Elton John 's single in 1997 . In the United Kingdom , the single sold over 1,550,000 copies , becoming the tenth best - selling single of the 1990s , and was certified two times Platinum by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) on January 1 , 1993 . It was certified Platinum for shipments of over 500,000 copies by the Bundesverband Musikindustrie ( BVMI ) in Germany . In Japan , `` I Will Always Love You '' sold over 810,000 copies , staying for 27 weeks on the chart , and became the best - selling single by a foreign female artist at the time , despite not topping the charts . Critical reception ( edit ) Houston 's version was later called her `` signature song '' . Stephen Holden of The New York Times said it was a `` magnificent rendition '' , commenting Houston transforms a plaintive country ballad into a towering pop - gospel assertion of lasting devotion to a departing lover . Her voice breaking and tensing , she treats the song as a series of emotional bursts in a steady climb toward a final full - out declamation . Along the way , her virtuosic gospel embellishments enhance the emotion and never seem merely ornamental . Writing for USA Today on November 17 , 1992 , James T. Jones IV called it a `` tour - de-force '' , and added `` ( Houston ) gives a 3 ⁄ - star ( out of four ) performance . Where Dolly Parton 's original ' I Will Always Love You ' was plaintive and tear - stained , Houston 's is gospel - infused and dramatic . '' Chris Willman of the Los Angeles Times stated : `` Houston has the goods to deliver on the tune 's haunting beauty and resists overpowering it -- until the finale , when the key change and stratospheric notes drain all the heart - rending sadness out of the song and make it sound like just another anthem of survival . '' Amy Linden of Entertainment Weekly wrote Houston 's version `` is artistically satisfying and uncharacteristically hip for the MOR songbird . '' Stewart Mason of AllMusic found Houston 's cover `` repulsively overwrought ... so boomingly bombastic and glutinous with self - approbation that the tenderness of Dolly Parton 's song is lost in the mire '' . Accolades ( edit ) `` I Will Always Love You '' won the 1994 Grammy Award for Record of the Year , and Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance , her third award for this category after earlier awards in 1986 and 1988 . During the Grammy Award telecast , the Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Performance , Female was presented to Houston by composer Dolly Parton and David Foster . The single topped the 1993 Billboard Hot 100 and Hot R&B Singles year - end charts simultaneously , becoming the first single by a female artist and the second overall to achieve that feat behind Prince 's `` When Doves Cry '' in 1984 . In addition , it received Favorite Pop / Rock Single and Favorite Soul / R&B Single awards at the 21st American Music Awards , which was the first record by a solo female artist to win both categories , and the third overall in AMA history behind `` Endless Love '' by Lionel Richie & Diana Ross in 1982 and `` Beat It '' by Michael Jackson in 1984 . `` I Will Always Love You '' won two Japan Gold Disc Awards in 1993 for International Song of the Year , and a 1994 International Song of the Year Special Award for Japanese sales of over one million units . In 2015 , `` I Will Always Love You '' was named the # 1 Song of the Rock Era in the book The Top 500 Songs of the Rock Era : 1955 - 2015 . Year Awards ceremony Award description ( s ) Results The 19th People 's Choice Awards Favorite New Music Video Won The 7th Soul Train Music Awards Best R&B / Soul Single , Female Won The 7th Japan Gold Disc Awards Song of the Year ( International ) Won The 2nd MTV Movie Awards Best Song from a Movie Won The 4th Billboard Music Awards # 1 Hot 100 Single ( Hot 100 Single of the Year ) Won # 1 Hot R&B Single ( R&B Single of the Year ) Won Special Award : Single Most Weeks at No. 1 ( 14 weeks ) Won No. 1 World Single Won No. 1 Hot 100 Singles Sales Won No. 1 Hot R&B Singles Sales Won 1994 The 21st American Music Awards Favorite Pop / Rock Single Won Favorite Soul / R&B Single Won 36th Grammy Awards Record of the Year Won Best Pop Vocal Performance , Female Won The 8th Soul Train Music Awards Best R&B Song of the Year Won The 8th Japan Gold Disc Awards Special Award Won Music video ( edit ) The single 's music video , is credited to Alan Smithee ( Nick Brandt removed his name due to the way Clive Davis re-edited the video ) , and produced by Rob Newman . It begins with the performance of the song Houston gives at the end of The Bodyguard . The video then cuts to Houston in a dark blue suit sitting in an empty theater with the spotlight shining on her , singing of her love . The video is inter-cut with scenes from The Bodyguard and gives the viewer the experience of reliving the moments with the singer . At the time of the video 's shooting Houston was pregnant with her daughter Bobbi Kristina so is shown only sitting in the theater scenes . Formats and track listings ( edit ) ' UK / Europe 12 '' vinyl single A `` I Will Always Love You '' ― 4 : 31 B1 `` Jesus Loves Me '' ― 5 : 11 B2 `` Do You Hear What I Hear ? '' ― 3 : 31 UK / Europe / US 7 '' vinyl single A `` I Will Always Love You '' ― 4 : 31 B `` Jesus Loves Me '' ― 5 : 11 US / Europe Maxi - CD single `` I Will Always Love You '' ― 4 : 31 `` Jesus Loves Me '' ― 5 : 11 `` Do You Hear What I Hear ? '' ― 3 : 31 Maxi - CD singles ( 1999 Remixes ) `` I Will Always Love You '' ( Hex Hector Radio Edit ) ― 4 : 50 `` I Will Always Love You '' ( Hex Hector 12 '' Club Mix ) ― 9 : 51 `` I Will Always Love You '' ( Hex Hector Anthem Dub Mix ) -- 5 : 44 Credits and personnel ( edit ) Performed by Whitney Houston Produced and arranged by David Foster Vocal arrangement -- Whitney Houston Directed by Rickey Minor Keyboards -- David Foster Sax solo -- Kirk Whalum Drums -- Ricky Lawson Guitars -- Dean Parks , Michael Landau Bass -- Neil Stubenhaus Synth programmers -- Tony Smith , Claude Gaudette String arrangements -- Ronn Huff Recording engineers -- Bill Schnee , Dave Reitzas , Peter J. Yianilos Mixing engineer -- Dave Reitzas Charts ( edit ) Weekly chart ( 1992 -- 93 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( VRT Top 30 ) Canada ( RPM ) Europe ( European Hot 100 ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Media Control Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( Musica e dischi ) Japan ( Oricon Charts ) 5 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) New Zealand ( RIANZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Spain ( AFYVE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) Weekly chart ( 2012 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 8 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 10 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 6 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 10 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 17 France ( SNEP ) Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 5 Ireland ( IRMA ) 13 Israel ( Media Forest ) Italy ( FIMI ) 7 Luxembourg ( Billboard ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 17 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 5 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 7 Norway ( VG - lista ) 12 Portugal ( Billboard ) Russia ( Russia Top 10 ) Scotland ( The Official Charts Company ) 19 South Korea International Singles ( Gaon ) 23 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 56 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 10 US Billboard Hot 100 Weekly chart ( 2013 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 132 Weekly chart ( 2014 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 68 Weekly chart ( 2015 ) France ( SNEP ) 83 Weekly chart ( 2016 ) Position France ( SNEP ) 182 Year - end chart ( 1992 ) Position Australian Singles Chart 17 Canadian Adult Contemporary Tracks 97 Dutch Top 40 61 Italian Singles Chart 7 UK Singles Chart Year - end chart ( 1993 ) Position Australian Singles Chart Austrian Singles Chart 8 Belgian Singles Chart ( Flanders ) 16 Canadian Singles Chart Canadian Adult Contemporary Singles 7 Dutch Top 40 13 Dutch Single Top 100 5 Finnish Singles Chart 5 Japanese Singles Chart 31 New Zealand Singles Chart Swiss Singles Chart 7 UK Singles Chart 9 US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary 18 US Hot Pop Singles US Hot R&B Singles Year - end chart ( 2012 ) Position Spanish Singles Chart 49 Decade - end chart ( 1990 -- 1999 ) Position Dutch Top 40 14 UK Singles Chart 10 US Billboard Hot 100 7 All - time chart ( 2015 ) Rank US Billboard Hot 100 51 Billboard Magazine Hot 100 Anniversary Charts ( edit ) Year Title Category Position Source 1998 Billboard 40 Years of the Top 40 The Top 10 Remakes No. 2 The Top 10 `` Love '' Songs No. 2 Billboard The Hot 100 of the Hot 100 : Top Songs of Four Decades No. 6 The Top 10 Soundtrack Songs No. 1 Song with the Most Weeks at No. 1 ( 14 weeks ) No. 2 2008 Billboard Hot 100 50th Anniversary The Billboard Hot 100 All - Time Top Songs No. 68 The All - Time Top R&B / Hip - Hop Songs No. 27 Hot 100 Song of the Year -- 1993 No. 1 2013 Billboard Hot 100 55th Anniversary The Billboard Hot 100 All - Time Top Songs No. 49 The All - Time Top R&B / Hip - Hop Songs No. 27 Hot 100 Song of the Year -- 1993 No. 1 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 4 × Platinum 280,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 25,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Gold 30,000 France ( SNEP ) Gold 332,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Platinum 500,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Platinum 15,000 Japan 810,080 Japan ( RIAJ ) Platinum 250,000 Netherlands ( NVPI ) Platinum 75,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 10,000 Mexico ( AMPROFON ) Gold 30,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Platinum 50,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 2 × Platinum 1,638,000 United States ( RIAA ) 6 × Platinum 5,166,000 Digital Japan ( RIAJ ) Platinum 250,000 United States ( RIAA ) 2 × Platinum 2,016,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Tributes ( edit ) Since Houston 's death in 2012 , many other artists have performed tributes to the late singer 's version of the song . Beyoncé ( edit ) In 2012 , following Whitney Houston 's death , American singer Beyoncé performed a tribute to Houston during her revue Revel Presents : Beyoncé Live in Atlantic City , New Jersey at the Revel resort . She began the performance of her song `` Halo '' singing the first verse of `` I Will Always Love You '' a cappella . Later , in 2013 , during her The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour , Beyoncé also sang the opening lines of `` I Will Always Love You '' prior to the performance of `` Halo '' as the final song of the tour . Jennifer Hudson ( edit ) Jennifer Hudson performed the song in front of Houston in 2010 . On February 12 , 2012 , Hudson performed the song as a tribute during the 54th Grammy Awards , the day after Houston 's death , alongside images of musicians who had died in 2011 and 2012 , including Amy Winehouse and Etta James . The song was played at Houston 's funeral as her casket was brought out of the church . Parton complimented Hudson on her performance , saying , I was brought to tears again last night , as I 'm sure many were , when Jennifer Hudson sang `` I Will Always Love You '' on the Grammys in memory of Whitney . Like everybody else , I am still in shock . But I know that Whitney will live forever in all the great music that she left behind . I will always have a very special piece of her in the song we shared together and had the good fortune to share with the world . Rest in peace , Whitney . Again , we will always love you . Jessica Sanchez ( edit ) On March 7 , 2012 , on the eleventh season of American Idol , during the Top 13 week , Jessica Sanchez performed a rendition of the song . She received a standing ovation for her performance . She performed the song again on the season finale , where she would finish as the eventual runner - up . Edyta Górniak ( edit ) During the festival TOP trends in 2012 , Edyta Górniak performed `` I Will Always Love You '' as a tribute to Whitney Houston on May 26 . Will Ferrell ( edit ) At the 2017 Commencement of the University of Southern California , Will Ferrell sang `` I Will Always Love You '' to the graduating class . See Washington Post commentary : Other versions ( edit ) In 2002 , English pop singer Rik Waller took his own version of `` I Will Always Love You '' into the Top Ten in the UK Singles Chart , peaking at number 6 . It was the first single released from his debut studio album From Now ... following him taking part in the Pop Idol series . Melinda Schneider and Beccy Cole included the song on their album Great Women of Country ( 2014 ) . `` Forever Country '' , released in September 2016 , is a medley of the song along with `` Take Me Home , Country Roads '' and `` On the Road Again '' . See also ( edit ) List of Australian number - one hits of 1993 List of Austrian number - one hits of 1993 List of number - one hits of 1993 ( Belgium Flanders ) List of RPM number - one singles of 1992 List of RPM number - one singles of 1993 Dutch Top 40 number - one hits of 1992 Dutch Top 40 number - one hits of 1993 List of European number - one hits of 1992 List of European number - one hits of 1993 List of French number - one hits of 1993 Number - one hits of 1993 ( Germany ) List of number - one singles of 1992 ( Ireland ) List of number - one singles of 1993 ( Ireland ) List of number - one hits of 1992 ( Italy ) List of number - one singles in 1992 ( New Zealand ) List of number - one singles in 1993 ( New Zealand ) List of number - one songs in Norway List of number - one singles of 1993 ( Spain ) List of number - one singles and albums in Sweden List of number - one hits of 1993 ( Switzerland ) List of UK Singles Chart number ones of the 1990s List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1992 ( U.S. ) List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1993 ( U.S. ) List of Hot 100 Airplay number - one singles of the 1990s List of Billboard Mainstream Top 40 number - one songs of the 1990s List of Billboard Rhythmic number - one songs of the 1990s List of number - one R&B singles of 1992 ( U.S. ) R&B number - one hits of 1993 ( USA ) List of million - selling singles in the United Kingdom List of best - selling singles of the 1990s in the United Kingdom List of best - selling singles by year ( UK ) List of UK top 10 singles in 1992 List of best - selling singles in Australia List of Top 25 singles for 1992 in Australia List of Top 25 singles for 1993 in Australia Billboard Year - End Hot 100 singles of 1993 List of Hot 100 number - one singles of the 1990s ( U.S. ) List of Billboard Hot 100 top 10 singles in 2012 List of top 10 singles in 2012 ( France ) List of best - selling singles in Japan List of best - selling singles References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Ellison 1995 , p. 195 ^ Jump up to : I Will Always Love You ( 7 vinyl liner notes ) . Dolly Parton . RCA Records . 1974 . GB 10505 . ^ Jump up to : `` I Will Always Love You by Dolly Parton Songfacts '' . www.songfacts.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Dolly Parton remembers writing ' I Will Always Love You ' '' . The Tennessean . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Ask Billboard : Is ' I Will Always Love You ' the Most Enduring Hit of the Rock Era ? '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( 2012 - 02 - 12 ) . `` Whitney Houston 's Musical Legacy , By The Numbers '' . MTV ( MTV Networks ) . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Is ' I Will Always Love You ' the Most Enduring Hit of the Rock Era ? '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ Oldes 2007 , p. 145 Jump up ^ Cramer 2009 , p. 1084 Jump up ^ `` The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dolly Part I Will Always Love You -- Digital Sheet Music '' . Music Notes . Hal Leonard Corporation . 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External links ( edit ) I Will Always Love You at Discogs Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Dolly Parton version Preceded by `` Pure Love '' by Ronnie Milsap Billboard Hot Country Singles number - one single June 8 , 1974 Succeeded by `` I Do n't See Me in Your Eyes Anymore '' by Charlie Rich Preceded by `` Yesterday 's Wine '' by Merle Haggard and George Jones Billboard Hot Country Singles number - one single October 16 , 1982 Succeeded by `` He Got You '' by Ronnie Milsap Preceded by `` What 's Forever For '' by Michael Martin Murphey RPM Country Tracks number - one single October 23 -- 30 , 1982 Succeeded by `` Let It Be Me '' by Willie Nelson Whitney Houston version Preceded by `` End of the Road '' by Boyz II Men Australian Singles Chart number - one single December 19 , 1992 -- February 26 , 1993 ( 10 weeks ) Succeeded by `` You Do n't Treat Me No Good '' by Sonia Dada Preceded by `` Would I Lie to You ? '' by Charles & Eddie `` Would I Lie to You ? '' by Charles & Eddie Austrian Singles Chart number - one single January 24 -- February 7 , 1993 February 21 -- 28 , 1993 ( 5 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Would I Lie to You ? '' by Charles & Eddie `` No Limit '' by 2 Unlimited Preceded by `` Highland '' by One More Time `` Would I Lie to You ? '' by Charles & Eddie Belgian Singles Chart number - one single January 9 -- 15 , 1993 January 23 -- March 5 , 1993 ( 7 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Would I Lie to You ? '' by Charles & Eddie `` It 's OK , All Right '' by Def Dames Dope Preceded by `` Song Instead of a Kiss '' by Alannah Myles Canadian Singles Chart number - one single December 19 , 1992 -- February 26 , 1993 ( 8 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Steam '' by Peter Gabriel Preceded by `` End of the Road '' by Boyz II Men Dutch Singles Chart number - one single Dutch Top 40 December 12 , 1992 -- February 19 , 1993 ( 9 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Mockin ' Bird Hill '' by Roots Syndicate Preceded by `` End of the Road '' by Boyz II Men Eurochart Hot 100 number - one single December 5 , 1992 -- March 5 , 1993 ( 13 weeks ) Succeeded by `` No Limit '' by 2 Unlimited Preceded by `` Dur dur d'être bébé ! '' by Jordy French Singles Chart number - one single January 30 -- March 20 , 1993 ( 8 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Alison '' by Jordy Preceded by `` Would I Lie to You ? '' by Charles & Eddie German Singles Chart number - one single January 25 -- March 7 , 1993 ( 6 weeks ) Succeeded by `` All That She Wants '' by Ace of Base Preceded by `` End of the Road '' by Boyz II Men Irish Singles Chart number - one single December 3 , 1992 -- January 23 , 1993 ( 8 weeks ) Succeeded by `` This Time '' by Christy Moore Preceded by `` Do n't You Want Me '' by Felix Italian Singles Chart number - one single December 5 -- 18 , 1992 ( 2 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Dur dur d'être bébé ! '' by Jordy Preceded by `` Would I Lie to You ? '' by Charles & Eddie New Zealand Singles Chart number - one single December 18 , 1992 -- March 25 , 1993 ( 11 weeks ) Succeeded by `` In the Still of the Nite ( I 'll Remember ) by Boyz II Men Preceded by `` Wheel of Fortune by Ace of Base Norwegian Singles Chart number - one single 53rd week , 1992 -- 8th week , 1993 ( 9 weeks ) Succeeded by `` No Limit '' by 2 Unlimited Preceded by `` Dur dur d'être bébé ! '' by Jordy Spanish Singles Chart number - one single February 20 , 1993 Succeeded by `` I Feel You '' by Depeche Mode Preceded by `` House of Love '' by East 17 Swedish Singles Chart number - one single January 13 -- February 23 , 1993 ( 6 weeks ) Succeeded by `` No Limit '' by 2 Unlimited Preceded by `` Die da ! ? '' by Die Fantastischen Vier Swiss Singles Chart number - one single January 17 -- March 13 , 1993 ( 8 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Somebody Dance with Me by DJ BoBo Preceded by `` Would I Lie to You ? '' by Charles & Eddie UK Singles Chart number - one single December 5 , 1992 -- February 12 , 1993 ( 10 weeks ) Succeeded by `` No Limit '' by 2 Unlimited Preceded by `` How Do You Talk to an Angel '' by The Heights US Billboard Hot 100 number - one single November 28 , 1992 -- March 5 , 1993 ( 14 weeks ) Succeeded by `` A Whole New World '' by Peabo Bryson & Regina Belle Preceded by `` To Love Somebody '' by Michael Bolton US Adult Contemporary number - one single December 19 , 1992 -- January 16 , 1993 ( 5 weeks ) Succeeded by `` A Whole New World '' by Peabo Bryson & Regina Belle Preceded by `` How Do You Talk to an Angel '' by The Heights US Top 40 / Mainstream number - one single December 12 , 1992 -- February 6 , 1993 ( 9 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Ordinary World '' by Duran Duran Preceded by `` If I Ever Fall In Love '' by Shai US R&B Singles number - one single December 5 , 1992 -- February 13 , 1993 ( 11 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Hip Hop Hooray '' by Naughty by Nature Dolly Parton Albums Singles Studio albums Hello , I 'm Dolly ( 1967 ) Just Because I 'm a Woman ( 1968 ) In the Good Old Days ( When Times Were Bad ) ( 1969 ) My Blue Ridge Mountain Boy ( 1969 ) The Fairest of Them All ( 1970 ) The Golden Streets of Glory ( 1971 ) Joshua ( 1971 ) Coat of Many Colors ( 1971 ) Touch Your Woman ( 1972 ) My Favorite Songwriter , Porter Wagoner ( 1972 ) My Tennessee Mountain Home ( 1973 ) Bubbling Over ( 1973 ) Jolene ( 1974 ) Love Is Like a Butterfly ( 1974 ) The Bargain Store ( 1975 ) Dolly ( 1975 ) All I Can Do ( 1976 ) New Harvest ... First Gathering ( 1977 ) Here You Come Again ( 1977 ) Heartbreaker ( 1978 ) Great Balls of Fire ( 1979 ) Dolly , Dolly , Dolly ( 1980 ) 9 to 5 and Odd Jobs ( 1980 ) Heartbreak Express ( 1982 ) Burlap & Satin ( 1983 ) The Great Pretender ( 1984 ) Real Love ( 1985 ) Rainbow ( 1987 ) White Limozeen ( 1989 ) Eagle When She Flies ( 1991 ) Slow Dancing with the Moon ( 1993 ) Something Special ( 1995 ) Treasures ( 1996 ) Hungry Again ( 1998 ) The Grass Is Blue ( 1999 ) Little Sparrow ( 2001 ) Halos & Horns ( 2002 ) For God and Country ( 2003 ) Those Were The Days ( 2005 ) Backwoods Barbie ( 2008 ) Better Day ( 2011 ) Blue Smoke ( 2014 ) Pure & Simple ( 2016 ) Compilations As Long as I Love ( 1970 ) The Best of Dolly Parton ( 1970 ) Just the Way I Am ( 1972 ) Mine ( 1973 ) Best of Dolly Parton ( 1975 ) Dolly Parton 's Greatest Hits ( 1982 ) Collector 's Series ( 1985 ) Think About Love ( 1986 ) The Best There Is ( 1987 ) Best of Dolly Parton , Vol. 3 ( 1987 ) I Will Always Love You and Other Greatest Hits ( 1996 ) Ultimate Dolly Parton ( 2003 ) Singer , Songwriter & Legendary Performer ( 2006 ) The Very Best of Dolly Parton ( 2007 ) 16 Biggest Hits ( 2007 ) Playlist : The Very Best of Dolly Parton ( 2008 ) Dolly ( 2009 ) Exclusives Precious Memories ( 1999 ) Sha - Kon - O - Hey ! Land of Blue Smoke ( 2009 ) Collaborations Just Between You And Me Just the Two of Us Always , Always Porter Wayne and Dolly Rebecca Once More Two of a Kind The Right Combination Burning the Midnight Oil Together Always We Found It Love & Music Porter ' n ' Dolly Say Forever You 'll Be Mine Porter & Dolly The Winning Hand Trio Honky Tonk Angels Trio II Songs `` Dumb Blonde '' `` Mule Skinner Blues '' `` Joshua '' `` Coat of Many Colors '' `` Touch Your Woman '' `` My Tennessee Mountain Home '' `` Jolene '' `` I Will Always Love You '' `` Love is Like a Butterfly `` The Bargain Store '' `` The Seeker '' `` We Used To '' `` All I Can Do '' `` Light of a Clear Blue Morning '' `` Here You Come Again '' `` Two Doors Down '' / `` It 's All Wrong , But It 's All Right '' `` Heartbreaker '' `` Baby I 'm Burning '' `` You 're The Only One '' `` Sweet Summer Lovin ' '' `` Starting Over Again '' `` Old Flames Ca n't Hold a Candle to You '' `` 9 to 5 '' `` But You Know I Love You '' `` The House of the Rising Sun '' `` Single Women '' `` Heartbreak Express '' `` Hard Candy Christmas '' `` Potential New Boyfriend '' `` Save the Last Dance for Me '' `` Tennessee Homesick Blues '' `` Do n't Call It Love '' `` Real Love '' ( w / Kenny Rogers ) `` Think About Love '' `` Tie Our Love ( In a Double Knot ) '' `` We Had It All '' `` The River Unbroken '' `` Why 'd You Come in Here Lookin ' Like That '' `` Yellow Roses '' `` White Limozeen '' `` Rockin ' Years '' `` Silver and Gold '' `` Eagle When She Flies '' `` Romeo '' `` Little Sparrow '' `` Better Get to Livin ' '' `` Together You and I '' Collaboration singles `` The Last Thing on My Mind '' `` Please Do n't Stop Loving Me '' `` Say Forever You 'll Be Mine '' `` To Know Him Is to Love Him '' `` Telling Me Lies '' `` Those Memories of You '' `` Wildflowers '' Guest singles `` Islands in the Stream '' ( w / Kenny Rogers ) `` Love Is Strange '' ( w / Kenny Rogers ) `` When I Get Where I 'm Going '' ( w / Brad Paisley ) Soundtracks The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas Rhinestone Straight Talk Live albums A Real Live Dolly Heartsongs : Live from Home Live and Well Live from London An Evening With ... Dolly Live ! Christmas albums Once Upon a Christmas ( w / Kenny Rogers ) Home for Christmas Children 's albums I Believe in You Films Hollywood to Dollywood The Book Lady For the Love of Dolly Dolly Parton 's Coat of Many Colors Dolly Parton 's Christmas of Many Colors : Circle of Love Tours Halos & Horns Tour Hello , I 'm Dolly Tour The Vintage Tour An Evening with Dolly Parton Backwoods Barbie Tour Better Day World Tour Blue Smoke World Tour Pure & Simple Tour Theme parks and attractions Dollywood Dollywood 's Splash Country Dolly Parton 's Dixie Stampede Related articles Awards and nominations Stella Parton Rachel Dennison Dollywood Foundation Porter Wagoner and Dolly Parton discography Just Because I 'm a Woman : Songs of Dolly Parton Book Category The Bodyguard Soundtrack `` I Will Always Love You '' `` I Have Nothing '' `` I 'm Every Woman '' `` Run to You '' `` Queen of the Night '' `` Someday ( I 'm Coming Back ) '' Related Musical Whitney Houston singles Whitney Houston `` Hold Me '' `` Thinking About You '' `` You Give Good Love '' `` All at Once '' `` Saving All My Love for You '' `` How Will I Know '' `` Greatest Love of All '' Whitney `` I Wanna Dance with Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) '' `` Did n't We Almost Have It All '' `` So Emotional '' `` Where Do Broken Hearts Go '' `` Love Will Save the Day '' `` I Know Him So Well '' I 'm Your Baby Tonight `` I 'm Your Baby Tonight '' `` All the Man That I Need '' `` Miracle '' `` My Name Is Not Susan '' `` I Belong to You '' `` We Did n't Know '' The Bodyguard `` I Will Always Love You '' `` I 'm Every Woman '' `` I Have Nothing '' `` Run to You '' `` Queen of the Night '' Waiting to Exhale `` Exhale ( Shoop Shoop ) '' `` Count On Me '' `` Why Does It Hurt So Bad '' The Preacher 's Wife `` I Believe in You and Me '' `` Step by Step '' `` My Heart Is Calling '' My Love Is Your Love `` When You Believe '' `` Heartbreak Hotel '' `` It 's Not Right but It 's Okay '' `` My Love Is Your Love '' `` I Learned from the Best '' Whitney : The Greatest Hits `` Could I Have This Kiss Forever '' `` If I Told You That '' `` Fine '' `` Same Script , Different Cast '' Just Whitney ... `` Whatchulookinat '' `` One of Those Days '' `` Try It on My Own '' `` Love That Man '' One Wish : The Holiday Album `` One Wish ( for Christmas ) '' I Look to You `` I Look to You '' `` Million Dollar Bill '' Sparkle `` Celebrate '' `` His Eye Is on the Sparrow '' I Will Always Love You : The Best of Whitney Houston `` I Look to You '' Other / featured / promotional singles `` One Moment in Time '' `` It Is n't , It Was n't , It Ai n't Never Gonna Be '' `` The Star Spangled Banner '' `` Something in Common '' `` I Did n't Know My Own Strength '' `` Memories '' Book Category Portal Vince Gill Studio albums The Things That Matter The Way Back Home When I Call Your Name Pocket Full of Gold I Still Believe in You When Love Finds You High Lonesome Sound The Key Let 's Make Sure We Kiss Goodbye Next Big Thing These Days Guitar Slinger Bakersfield Down to My Last Bad Habit Compilation albums The Essential Vince Gill Souvenirs Icon Christmas albums Let There Be Peace on Earth Breath of Heaven : A Christmas Collection ' Tis the Season Extended plays Turn Me Loose Notable singles `` True Love '' `` If It Were n't for Him '' ( with Rosanne Cash ) `` Oklahoma Borderline '' `` Cinderella '' `` Let 's Do Something '' `` Everybody 's Sweetheart '' `` The Radio '' `` Never Alone '' `` Oklahoma Swing '' ( with Reba McEntire ) `` When I Call Your Name '' `` Never Knew Lonely '' `` Pocket Full of Gold '' `` Liza Jane '' `` Look at Us '' `` Take Your Memory with You '' `` I Still Believe in You '' `` Do n't Let Our Love Start Slippin ' Away '' `` No Future in the Past '' `` One More Last Chance '' `` Tryin ' to Get Over You '' `` Whenever You Come Around '' `` What the Cowgirls Do '' `` When Love Finds You '' `` Which Bridge to Cross ( Which Bridge to Burn ) '' `` You Better Think Twice '' `` Go Rest High on That Mountain '' `` High Lonesome Sound '' `` Worlds Apart '' `` Pretty Little Adriana '' `` A Little More Love '' `` You and You Alone '' `` If You Ever Have Forever in Mind '' `` Kindly Keep It Country '' `` Do n't Come Cryin ' to Me '' `` My Kind of Woman / My Kind of Man '' ( with Patty Loveless ) `` Let 's Make Sure We Kiss Goodbye '' `` Feels Like Love '' `` Shoot Straight from Your Heart '' `` Next Big Thing '' `` Someday '' Guest singles `` The Heart Wo n't Lie '' ( with Reba McEntire ) `` House of Love '' ( with Amy Grant ) `` I Will Always Love You '' ( with Dolly Parton ) `` It 's Not Over '' ( with Mark Chesnutt and Alison Krauss `` No Place That Far '' ( with Sara Evans ) `` Building Bridges '' ( with Brooks & Dunn and Sheryl Crow ) `` Do n't Rush '' ( with Kelly Clarkson ) `` I Just Ca n't Help Believing '' ( with B.J. Thomas ) `` Sober Saturday Night '' ( with Chris Young ) Other songs `` Here We Are '' `` I Ca n't Tell You Why '' Related articles Discography RCA Records MCA Records Pure Prairie League The Notorious Cherry Bombs The Notorious Cherry Bombs Book : Vince Gill UK Christmas number - one singles in the 1990s `` Saviour 's Day '' ( Cliff Richard , 1990 ) `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' / `` These Are the Days of Our Lives '' ( Queen , 1991 ) `` I Will Always Love You '' ( Whitney Houston , 1992 ) `` Mr Blobby '' ( Mr Blobby , 1993 ) `` Stay Another Day '' ( East 17 , 1994 ) `` Earth Song '' ( Michael Jackson , 1995 ) `` 2 Become 1 '' ( Spice Girls , 1996 ) `` Too Much '' ( Spice Girls , 1997 ) `` Goodbye '' ( Spice Girls , 1998 ) `` I Have a Dream '' / `` Seasons in the Sun '' ( Westlife , 1999 ) Complete list 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Grammy Award for Record of the Year ( 1990s ) `` Wind Beneath My Wings '' * by Bette Midler produced by Arif Mardin ( 1990 ) `` Another Day in Paradise '' by Phil Collins produced by Hugh Padgham & Phil Collins ( 1991 ) `` Unforgettable '' * by Natalie Cole with Nat King Cole produced by David Foster ( 1992 ) `` Tears in Heaven '' * by Eric Clapton produced by Russ Titelman ( 1993 ) `` I Will Always Love You '' by Whitney Houston produced by David Foster ( 1994 ) `` All I Wanna Do '' by Sheryl Crow produced by Bill Bottrell ( 1995 ) `` Kiss from a Rose '' * by Seal produced by Trevor Horn ( 1996 ) `` Change the World '' * by Eric Clapton produced by Babyface ( 1997 ) `` Sunny Came Home '' * by Shawn Colvin produced by John Leventhal ( 1998 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' * by Celine Dion engineered / mixed by David Gleeson , Humberto Gatica & Simon Franglen ; produced by James Horner , Simon Franglen & Walter Afanasieff ( 1999 ) Complete list ( 1960s ) ( 1970s ) ( 1980s ) ( 1990s ) ( 2000s ) ( 2010s ) Billboard Year - End number one singles ( 1980 -- 1999 ) 1980 : `` Call Me '' -- Blondie 1981 : `` Bette Davis Eyes '' -- Kim Carnes 1982 : `` Physical '' -- Olivia Newton - John 1983 : `` Every Breath You Take '' -- The Police 1984 : `` When Doves Cry '' -- Prince 1985 : `` Careless Whisper '' -- Wham ! featuring George Michael 1986 : `` That 's What Friends Are For '' -- Dionne & Friends 1987 : `` Walk Like an Egyptian '' -- The Bangles 1988 : `` Faith '' -- George Michael 1989 : `` Look Away '' -- Chicago 1990 : `` Hold On '' -- Wilson Phillips 1991 : `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' -- Bryan Adams 1992 : `` End of the Road '' -- Boyz II Men 1993 : `` I Will Always Love You '' -- Whitney Houston 1994 : `` The Sign '' -- Ace of Base 1995 : `` Gangsta 's Paradise '' -- Coolio featuring L.V. 1996 : `` Macarena ( Bayside Boys Mix ) '' -- Los del Río 1997 : `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' / `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' -- Elton John 1998 : `` Too Close '' -- Next 1999 : `` Believe '' -- Cher Complete list ( 1946 -- 1959 ) ( 1960 -- 1979 ) ( 1980 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2019 ) Best - selling singles by year in the United Kingdom 1952 -- 1969 1952 : `` Auf Wiederseh'n Sweetheart '' -- Vera Lynn ( UK ) 1953 : `` I Believe '' -- Frankie Laine 1954 : `` Secret Love '' -- Doris Day 1955 : `` Rose Marie '' -- Slim Whitman 1956 : `` I 'll Be Home '' -- Pat Boone 1957 : `` Diana '' -- Paul Anka 1958 : `` Jailhouse Rock '' -- Elvis Presley 1959 : `` Living Doll '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1960 : `` It 's Now or Never '' -- Elvis Presley 1961 : `` Wooden Heart '' -- Elvis Presley 1962 : `` I Remember You '' -- Frank Ifield ( UK ) 1963 : `` She Loves You '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1964 : `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1965 : `` Tears '' -- Ken Dodd ( UK ) 1966 : `` Green , Green Grass of Home '' -- Tom Jones ( UK ) 1967 : `` Release Me '' -- Engelbert Humperdinck ( UK ) 1968 : `` Hey Jude '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1969 : `` Sugar , Sugar '' -- The Archies 1970 -- 1989 1970 : `` The Wonder of You '' -- Elvis Presley 1971 : `` My Sweet Lord '' -- George Harrison ( UK ) 1972 : `` Amazing Grace '' -- The Royal Scots Dragoon Guards Band ( UK ) 1973 : `` Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree '' -- Tony Orlando and Dawn 1974 : `` Tiger Feet '' -- Mud ( UK ) 1975 : `` Bye Bye Baby '' -- Bay City Rollers ( UK ) 1976 : `` Save Your Kisses for Me '' -- Brotherhood of Man ( UK ) 1977 : `` Mull of Kintyre '' / `` Girls ' School '' -- Wings ( UK ) 1978 : `` Rivers of Babylon '' / `` Brown Girl in the Ring '' -- Boney M . 1979 : `` Bright Eyes '' -- Art Garfunkel 1980 : `` Do n't Stand So Close to Me '' -- The Police ( UK ) 1981 : `` Do n't You Want Me '' -- The Human League ( UK ) 1982 : `` Come On Eileen '' -- Dexys Midnight Runners ( UK ) 1983 : `` Karma Chameleon '' -- Culture Club ( UK ) 1984 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' -- Band Aid ( UK ) 1985 : `` The Power of Love '' -- Jennifer Rush 1986 : `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' -- The Communards ( UK ) 1987 : `` Never Gonna Give You Up '' -- Rick Astley ( UK ) 1988 : `` Mistletoe and Wine '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1989 : `` Ride on Time '' -- Black Box 1990 -- 2009 1990 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- The Righteous Brothers 1991 : `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' -- Bryan Adams 1992 : `` I Will Always Love You '' -- Whitney Houston 1993 : `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' -- Meat Loaf 1994 : `` Love Is All Around '' -- Wet Wet Wet ( UK ) 1995 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- Robson & Jerome ( UK ) 1996 : `` Killing Me Softly '' -- Fugees 1997 : `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' / `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' -- Elton John ( UK ) 1998 : `` Believe '' -- Cher 1999 : `` ... Baby One More Time '' -- Britney Spears 2000 : `` Can We Fix It ? '' -- Bob the Builder ( UK ) 2001 : `` It Was n't Me '' -- Shaggy featuring Rikrok ( UK ) 2002 : `` Anything Is Possible '' / `` Evergreen '' -- Will Young ( UK ) 2003 : `` Where Is the Love ? '' -- The Black Eyed Peas 2004 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' -- Band Aid 20 ( UK ) 2005 : `` Is This the Way to Amarillo '' -- Tony Christie featuring Peter Kay ( UK ) 2006 : `` Crazy '' -- Gnarls Barkley 2007 : `` Bleeding Love '' -- Leona Lewis ( UK ) 2008 : `` Hallelujah '' -- Alexandra Burke ( UK ) 2009 : `` Poker Face '' -- Lady Gaga 2010 -- present 2010 : `` Love the Way You Lie '' -- Eminem featuring Rihanna 2011 : `` Someone Like You '' -- Adele ( UK ) 2012 : `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' -- Gotye featuring Kimbra 2013 : `` Blurred Lines '' -- Robin Thicke featuring T.I. & Pharrell Williams 2014 : `` Happy '' -- Pharrell Williams 2015 : `` Uptown Funk '' -- Mark Ronson ( UK ) featuring Bruno Mars 2016 : `` One Dance '' -- Drake featuring Wizkid and Kyla ( UK ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Will_Always_Love_You&oldid=801012143 '' Categories : Christmas number - one singles in the United Kingdom Dolly Parton songs Lara Fabian songs Whitney Houston songs Vince Gill songs 1973 songs 1974 singles 1982 singles 1992 singles 1995 singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles RPM Country Tracks number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in Austria Number - one singles in Belgium RPM Top Singles number - one singles European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles Number - one singles in France Number - one singles in Germany Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Oricon International Singles Chart number - one singles Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Number - one singles in New Zealand Number - one singles in Norway Number - one singles in Spain Number - one singles in Sweden Number - one singles in Switzerland UK Singles Chart number - one singles Grammy Award for Record of the Year Country ballads Pop ballads Rhythm and blues ballads Songs written by Dolly Parton RCA Records Nashville singles Columbia Records singles Music videos directed by Alan Smithee Song recordings produced by Bob Ferguson ( music ) Song recordings produced by David Foster Arista Records singles 1970s ballads Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Pages using web citations with no URL All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2014 Webarchive template wayback links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for Japan Certification Table Entry usages for Netherlands Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Mexico Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 03 : 49 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%20Will%20Always%20Love%20You
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who has the most hit songs in history
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List of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements and Milestones
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list of billboard hot 100 chart achievements and milestones
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This is a comprehensive listing that highlights significant achievements and milestones based upon Billboard magazine 's singles charts , most notably the Billboard Hot 100 . This list spans the period from the issue dated January 1 , 1955 to present . The Billboard Hot 100 began with the issue dated August 4 , 1958 , and is currently the standard popular music chart in the United States .
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Prior to the creation of the Hot 100 , Billboard published four singles charts : `` Best Sellers in Stores '' , `` Most Played by Jockeys '' , `` Most Played in Jukeboxes '' and `` The Top 100 '' . These charts , which ranged from 20 to 100 slots , were phased out at different times between 1957 and 1958 . Though technically not part of the Hot 100 chart history , their data are included for computational purposes , and to avoid unenlightening or misleading characterizations . All items listed below are from the Hot 100 era , unless otherwise noted ( pre-Hot 100 charts ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 All - Time Hot 100 achievements ( 1958 -- 2015 ) 1.1 Top 10 songs of All - Time ( 1958 -- 2015 ) 1.2 Top 10 artists of All - Time ( 1958 -- 2015 ) 1.3 Artists with the most songs on Billboard 's Top 100 Hits of All - Time ( 1958 -- 2015 ) 2 Song milestones 2.1 Most weeks at number one 2.2 Most weeks at number two ( without hitting number one ) 2.3 Most total weeks in the top ten 2.4 Most total weeks on the Hot 100 2.5 Number - one debuts 2.6 Biggest jump to number one 2.7 Biggest single - week upward movements 2.8 Longest climbs to number one 2.9 Biggest drop from number one 2.10 Biggest single - week downward movements 2.11 Biggest drops off the Hot 100 2.12 Number - one songs covered by different artists 2.13 Non-English language number - ones 2.14 Instrumental number - ones 3 Artist achievements 3.1 Most number - one singles 3.2 Most cumulative weeks at number one 3.3 Most consecutive number - one singles 3.4 Most consecutive weeks simultaneously topping the Hot 100 and Billboard 200 3.5 Most consecutive years charting a number - one single 3.6 Most number - one singles in a calendar year 3.7 Most top 10 singles 3.8 Most consecutive weeks in the top 10 3.9 Most top 40 singles 3.10 Most Hot 100 entries 3.11 Most consecutive weeks on Hot 100 3.12 Self - replacement at number one 3.13 Simultaneously occupying the top two positions 3.14 Simultaneously three or more singles in the top 10 3.15 Posthumous number - ones 3.16 Age records 3.17 Gap records 4 Album achievements 4.1 Most number - one singles from one album 4.2 Most top ten singles from one album 4.3 Other album achievements 5 Producer achievements 5.1 Producers with the most number - one singles 6 Songwriter achievements 6.1 Songwriters with the most number - one singles 6.2 Most number - one singles in a calendar year 7 Selected additional Hot 100 achievements 8 See also 9 References 10 Additional sources All - time Hot 100 achievements ( 1958 -- 2015 ) In 2008 , for the 50th anniversary of the Hot 100 , Billboard magazine compiled a ranking of the 100 best - performing songs on the chart over the 50 years , along with the best - performing artists . In 2013 , Billboard revised the rankings for the chart 's 55th anniversary edition . In 2015 , Billboard revised the rankings again . Shown below are the top 10 songs and top 10 artists over the 57 - year period of the Hot 100 , through October 2015 . Also shown are the artists placing the most songs on the overall `` all - time '' top 100 song list . Top 10 songs of All - Time ( 1958 -- 2015 ) Rank Single Year ( s ) released Artist ( s ) Peak and duration 1 . `` The Twist '' 1960 , 1961 * Chubby Checker # 1 for 3 weeks 2 . `` Smooth '' 1999 Santana featuring Rob Thomas # 1 for 12 weeks 3 . `` Mack the Knife '' 1959 Bobby Darin # 1 for 9 weeks 4 . `` How Do I Live '' 1997 LeAnn Rimes # 2 for 4 weeks 5 . `` Party Rock Anthem '' 2011 LMFAO featuring Lauren Bennett & GoonRock # 1 for 6 weeks 6 . `` I Gotta Feeling '' 2009 The Black Eyed Peas # 1 for 14 weeks 7 . `` Macarena ( Bayside Boys mix ) '' Los Del Rio # 1 for 14 weeks 8 . `` Physical '' 1981 Olivia Newton - John # 1 for 10 weeks 9 . `` You Light Up My Life '' 1977 Debby Boone # 1 for 10 weeks 10 . `` Hey Jude '' 1968 The Beatles # 1 for 9 weeks * -- re-released Source : Top 10 artists of All - Time ( 1958 -- 2015 ) Rank Artist 1 . The Beatles 2 . Madonna 3 . Elton John 4 . Elvis Presley 5 . Mariah Carey 6 . Stevie Wonder 7 . Janet Jackson 8 . Michael Jackson 9 . Whitney Houston 10 . The Rolling Stones Source : Artists with the most songs on Billboard 's Top 100 Hits of All - Time ( 1958 -- 2015 ) Number of songs Artist Songs ( ranking ) Lionel Richie `` Endless Love '' ( 16 ) , `` Say You , Say Me '' ( 89 ) , `` All Night Long '' ( 91 ) Boyz II Men `` I 'll Make Love to You '' ( 20 ) , `` One Sweet Day '' ( 35 ) , `` End of the Road '' ( 52 ) Bee Gees `` How Deep Is Your Love '' ( 23 ) , `` Night Fever '' ( 39 ) , `` Stayin ' Alive '' ( 56 ) Paul McCartney `` Silly Love Songs '' ( 37 ) , `` Say Say Say '' ( 41 ) , `` Ebony and Ivory '' ( 73 ) The Black Eyed Peas `` I Gotta Feeling '' ( 6 ) , `` Boom Boom Pow '' ( 53 ) The Beatles `` Hey Jude '' ( 10 ) , `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' ( 45 ) Mariah Carey `` We Belong Together '' ( 11 ) , `` One Sweet Day '' ( 35 ) Bruno Mars `` Uptown Funk '' ( 12 ) , `` Just the Way You Are '' ( 79 ) Diana Ross `` Endless Love '' ( 16 ) , `` Upside Down '' ( 77 ) Andy Gibb `` I Just Want to Be Your Everything '' ( 27 ) , `` Shadow Dancing '' ( 46 ) Marvin Gaye `` Let 's Get It On '' ( 38 ) , `` I Heard It Through the Grapevine '' ( 81 ) Michael Jackson `` Say Say Say '' ( 41 ) , `` Billie Jean '' ( 83 ) Pharrell Williams `` Blurred Lines '' ( 48 ) , `` Happy '' ( 76 ) Elton John `` Candle In the Wind 1997 '' ( 49 ) , `` That 's What Friends Are For '' ( 75 ) Stevie Wonder `` Ebony and Ivory '' ( 73 ) , `` That 's What Friends Are For '' ( 75 ) Source : Song milestones Most weeks at number one Number of weeks Artist ( s ) Song Year ( s ) 16 Mariah Carey and Boyz II Men `` One Sweet Day '' 1995 -- 96 Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee featuring Justin Bieber `` Despacito '' 2017 14 Whitney Houston `` I Will Always Love You '' 1992 -- 93 Boyz II Men `` I 'll Make Love to You '' 1994 Los del Río `` Macarena '' ( Bayside Boys mix ) Elton John `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' / `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' 1997 Mariah Carey `` We Belong Together '' 2005 The Black Eyed Peas `` I Gotta Feeling '' 2009 Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars `` Uptown Funk '' 2015 13 Boyz II Men `` End of the Road '' Brandy and Monica `` The Boy Is Mine '' 1998 12 Santana featuring Rob Thomas `` Smooth '' 1999 -- 2000 Eminem `` Lose Yourself '' 2002 -- 03 Usher featuring Lil Jon and Ludacris `` Yeah ! '' The Black Eyed Peas `` Boom Boom Pow '' 2009 Robin Thicke featuring T.I. and Pharrell `` Blurred Lines '' 2013 Wiz Khalifa featuring Charlie Puth `` See You Again '' 2015 The Chainsmokers featuring Halsey `` Closer '' 2016 Ed Sheeran `` Shape of You '' 2017 11 Elvis Presley † `` Hound Dog '' / `` Do n't Be Cruel '' 1956 All - 4 - One `` I Swear '' 1994 Toni Braxton `` Un-Break My Heart '' 1996 -- 97 Puff Daddy and Faith Evans featuring 112 `` I 'll Be Missing You '' 1997 Destiny 's Child `` Independent Women Part I '' 2000 -- 01 10 The McGuire Sisters † † `` Sincerely '' 1955 Pérez Prado † † † `` Cherry Pink and Apple Blossom White '' Debby Boone `` You Light Up My Life '' 1977 Olivia Newton - John `` Physical '' 1981 -- 82 Santana featuring The Product G&B `` Maria Maria '' 2000 Ashanti `` Foolish '' 2002 Nelly featuring Kelly Rowland `` Dilemma '' Kanye West featuring Jamie Foxx `` Gold Digger '' 2005 Beyoncé `` Irreplaceable '' 2006 -- 07 Flo Rida featuring T - Pain `` Low '' 2008 Rihanna featuring Calvin Harris `` We Found Love '' 2011 -- 12 Pharrell Williams `` Happy '' 2014 Adele `` Hello '' 2015 -- 16 Drake featuring Wizkid and Kyla `` One Dance '' 2016 † Pre-Hot 100 : `` Best Sellers in Stores '' and `` Most Played in Jukeboxes '' charts . † † Pre-Hot 100 : `` Most Played by Jockeys '' chart . † † † Pre-Hot 100 : `` Best Sellers in Stores '' chart . Source : Most weeks at number two ( without hitting number one ) Number of weeks Artist ( s ) Song Year ( s ) 10 Foreigner `` Waiting for a Girl Like You '' 1981 -- 82 Missy Elliott `` Work It '' 2002 -- 03 9 Donna Lewis `` I Love You Always Forever '' Shania Twain `` You 're Still the One '' 1998 8 Shai `` If I Ever Fall in Love '' 1992 -- 93 Deborah Cox `` Nobody 's Supposed to Be Here '' 1998 -- 99 Brian McKnight `` Back at One '' 1999 -- 2000 Mario Winans featuring Enya and P. Diddy `` I Do n't Wanna Know '' Ed Sheeran `` Thinking Out Loud '' 2015 Source : Most total weeks in the top ten Number of weeks Artist ( s ) Song Year ( s ) 33 Ed Sheeran `` Shape of You '' 2017 32 LeAnn Rimes `` How Do I Live '' 1997 -- 98 The Chainsmokers featuring Halsey `` Closer '' 2016 -- 17 31 Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars `` Uptown Funk '' 2014 -- 15 30 Santana featuring Rob Thomas `` Smooth '' 1999 -- 2000 29 LMFAO featuring Lauren Bennett and GoonRock `` Party Rock Anthem '' 2011 -- 12 28 Jewel `` Foolish Games '' / `` You Were Meant for Me '' 1997 -- 98 Bruno Mars `` That 's What I Like '' 2017 26 Savage Garden `` Truly Madly Deeply '' 1997 -- 98 25 Chubby Checker `` The Twist '' 1960 , 1962 Toni Braxton `` Un-Break My Heart '' 1996 -- 97 Timbaland featuring OneRepublic `` Apologize '' 2007 -- 08 OneRepublic `` Counting Stars '' 2013 -- 14 Meghan Trainor `` All About That Bass '' 2014 -- 15 Fetty Wap `` Trap Queen '' 2015 The total weeks displayed in this section are total weeks the song was charted inside the top 10 portion of the chart , instead of total weeks spent on the chart . Only songs that spent 25 weeks or more in the top 10 are considered for inclusion in this section . Source : Most total weeks on the Hot 100 87 weeks -- Imagine Dragons -- `` Radioactive '' ( 2014 ) 79 weeks -- Awolnation -- `` Sail '' ( 2014 ) 76 weeks -- Jason Mraz -- `` I 'm Yours '' ( 2009 ) 69 weeks -- LeAnn Rimes -- `` How Do I Live '' ( 1998 ) 68 weeks -- LMFAO featuring Lauren Bennett and GoonRock -- `` Party Rock Anthem '' ( 2012 ) , OneRepublic -- `` Counting Stars '' ( 2014 ) 65 weeks -- Jewel -- `` Foolish Games '' / `` You Were Meant for Me '' ( 1998 ) , Adele -- `` Rolling in the Deep '' ( 2012 ) 64 weeks -- Carrie Underwood -- `` Before He Cheats '' ( 2007 ) 62 weeks -- Lifehouse -- `` You and Me '' ( 2006 ) , The Lumineers -- `` Ho Hey '' ( 2013 ) The year displayed is the year the songs ended their respective chart runs . Number - one Debuts Michael Jackson -- `` You Are Not Alone '' ( September 2 , 1995 ) Mariah Carey -- `` Fantasy '' ( September 30 , 1995 ) Whitney Houston -- `` Exhale ( Shoop Shoop ) '' ( November 25 , 1995 ) Mariah Carey and Boyz II Men -- `` One Sweet Day '' ( December 2 , 1995 ) Puff Daddy and Faith Evans featuring 112 -- `` I 'll Be Missing You '' ( June 14 , 1997 ) Mariah Carey -- `` Honey '' ( September 13 , 1997 ) Elton John -- `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' / `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' ( October 11 , 1997 ) Celine Dion -- `` My Heart Will Go On '' ( February 28 , 1998 ) Aerosmith -- `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( September 5 , 1998 ) Lauryn Hill -- `` Doo Wop ( That Thing ) '' ( November 14 , 1998 ) Clay Aiken -- `` This Is the Night '' ( June 28 , 2003 ) Fantasia Barrino -- `` I Believe '' ( July 10 , 2004 ) Carrie Underwood -- `` Inside Your Heaven '' ( July 2 , 2005 ) Taylor Hicks -- `` Do I Make You Proud '' ( July 1 , 2006 ) Britney Spears -- `` 3 '' ( October 24 , 2009 ) Eminem -- `` Not Afraid '' ( May 22 , 2010 ) Kesha -- `` We R Who We R '' ( November 13 , 2010 ) Britney Spears -- `` Hold It Against Me '' ( January 29 , 2011 ) Lady Gaga -- `` Born This Way '' ( February 26 , 2011 ) Katy Perry -- `` Part of Me '' ( March 3 , 2012 ) Baauer -- `` Harlem Shake '' ( March 2 , 2013 ) Taylor Swift -- `` Shake It Off '' ( September 6 , 2014 ) Justin Bieber -- `` What Do You Mean ? '' ( September 19 , 2015 ) Adele -- `` Hello '' ( November 14 , 2015 ) Zayn Malik -- `` Pillowtalk '' ( February 20 , 2016 ) Justin Timberlake -- `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' ( May 28 , 2016 ) Ed Sheeran -- `` Shape of You '' ( January 28 , 2017 ) DJ Khaled featuring Justin Bieber , Quavo , Chance the Rapper and Lil Wayne -- `` I 'm the One '' ( May 20 , 2017 ) Since 2009 , at least one song or more debuted at number one per year . In 1995 , four songs debuted at number one ( a record amount ) . Source : Biggest jump to number one 97 -- 1 -- Kelly Clarkson -- `` My Life Would Suck Without You '' ( February 7 , 2009 ) 96 -- 1 -- Britney Spears -- `` Womanizer '' ( October 25 , 2008 ) 80 -- 1 -- T.I. featuring Rihanna -- `` Live Your Life '' ( October 18 , 2008 ) 78 -- 1 -- Eminem , Dr. Dre and 50 Cent -- `` Crack a Bottle '' ( February 21 , 2009 ) 77 -- 1 -- Taylor Swift -- `` Look What You Made Me Do '' ( September 16 , 2017 ) 72 -- 1 -- Taylor Swift -- `` We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together '' ( September 1 , 2012 ) 71 -- 1 -- T.I. -- `` Whatever You Like '' ( September 6 , 2008 ) 64 -- 1 -- Maroon 5 -- `` Makes Me Wonder '' ( May 12 , 2007 ) 60 -- 1 -- Rihanna featuring Drake -- `` What 's My Name ? '' ( November 20 , 2010 ) 58 -- 1 -- Flo Rida -- `` Right Round '' ( February 28 , 2009 ) Changes in when the eligibility of a single first begins , as well as more accurate digital download totals , have made abrupt chart jumps more commonplace . From 1955 to 2001 , under Billboard 's previous methodologies , only two singles ascended directly to # 1 from a previous position beneath the Top 20 : The Beatles ' `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' , which jumped from # 27 to the top slot in April 1964 , and Brandy and Monica 's `` The Boy Is Mine '' which jumped from # 23 to # 1 in June 1998 . Biggest single - Week upward movements 97 -- 1 ( 96 positions ) -- Kelly Clarkson -- `` My Life Would Suck Without You '' ( February 7 , 2009 ) 96 -- 1 ( 95 positions ) -- Britney Spears -- `` Womanizer '' ( October 25 , 2008 ) 94 -- 3 ( 91 positions ) -- Beyoncé and Shakira -- `` Beautiful Liar '' ( April 7 , 2007 ) 95 -- 7 ( 88 positions ) -- Akon featuring Eminem -- `` Smack That '' ( October 14 , 2006 ) 97 -- 9 ( 88 positions ) -- Drake featuring Nicki Minaj -- `` Make Me Proud '' ( November 5 , 2011 ) 96 -- 11 ( 85 positions ) -- Carrie Underwood -- `` Cowboy Casanova '' ( October 10 , 2009 ) 100 -- 15 ( 85 positions ) -- A.R. Rahman and Pussycat Dolls featuring Nicole Scherzinger -- `` Jai Ho ! ( You Are My Destiny ) '' ( March 14 , 2009 ) 85 -- 2 ( 83 positions ) -- Katy Perry -- `` Roar '' ( August 31 , 2013 ) 86 -- 4 ( 82 positions ) -- Vanessa Hudgens and Zac Efron -- `` Breaking Free '' ( February 11 , 2006 ) 93 -- 12 ( 81 positions ) -- Matchbox Twenty -- `` How Far We 've Come '' ( September 22 , 2007 ) 93 -- 12 ( 81 positions ) -- Kygo and Selena Gomez -- `` It Ai n't Me '' ( March 11 , 2017 ) 100 -- 19 ( 81 positions ) -- Lorde -- `` Green Light '' ( March 25 , 2017 ) Under Billboard 's previous methodologies , jumps of this magnitude were rare . One exception was Jeannie C. Riley 's `` Harper Valley PTA , '' which advanced 74 slots in August 1968 ; this upward acceleration went unmatched for 30 years , but has been surpassed over a dozen times since 2006 . Changes in when the eligibility of a single first begins , as well as more accurate digital download totals , have made abrupt chart jumps more commonplace . Longest climbs to number one 33rd week -- Los del Río -- `` Macarena ( Bayside Boys Mix ) '' ( 1995 -- 96 ) 31st week -- Lonestar -- `` Amazed '' ( 1999 -- 2000 ) 30th week -- John Legend -- `` All of Me '' ( 2013 -- 14 ) 27th week -- Creed -- `` With Arms Wide Open '' ( 2000 ) 26th week -- Vertical Horizon -- `` Everything You Want '' ( 2000 ) 25th week -- UB40 -- `` Red Red Wine '' ( 1988 ) 23rd week -- Patti Austin and James Ingram -- `` Baby , Come to Me '' ( 1983 ) , Sia featuring Sean Paul -- `` Cheap Thrills '' ( 2016 ) 22nd week -- Vangelis -- `` Chariots of Fire '' ( 1982 ) , Lady Gaga featuring Colby O'Donis -- `` Just Dance '' ( 2008 -- 09 ) 21st week -- Nick Gilder -- `` Hot Child in the City '' ( 1978 ) , Robert John -- `` Sad Eyes '' ( 1979 ) , Outkast -- `` The Way You Move '' ( 2003 -- 04 ) , Adele -- `` Set Fire to the Rain '' ( 2011 -- 12 ) Biggest drop from number one 1 -- 15 -- Billy Preston -- `` Nothing from Nothing '' ( October 26 , 1974 ) 1 -- 15 -- Dionne Warwicke and The Spinners -- `` Then Came You '' ( November 2 , 1974 ) 1 -- 12 -- Simon & Garfunkel -- `` The Sound of Silence '' ( January 29 , 1966 ) 1 -- 12 -- Barry White -- `` Ca n't Get Enough of Your Love , Babe '' ( September 28 , 1974 ) 1 -- 12 -- Andy Kim -- `` Rock Me Gently '' ( October 5 , 1974 ) 1 -- 12 -- Stevie Wonder -- `` You Have n't Done Nothin ' '' ( November 9 , 1974 ) 1 -- 12 -- Bachman -- Turner Overdrive -- `` You Ai n't Seen Nothing Yet '' ( November 16 , 1974 ) 1 -- 12 -- John Lennon and Plastic Ono Band -- `` Whatever Gets You thru the Night '' ( November 23 , 1974 ) 1 -- 11 -- Diana Ross -- `` Theme from Mahogany ( Do You Know Where You 're Going To ) '' ( January 31 , 1976 ) 1 -- 10 -- Phil Collins -- `` Two Hearts '' ( February 4 , 1989 ) Source : Biggest single - week downward movements 17 -- 96 ( 79 positions ) -- Javier Colon -- `` Stitch by Stitch '' ( July 23 , 2011 ) 21 -- 99 ( 78 positions ) -- Jordan Smith -- `` Somebody to Love '' ( January 2 , 2016 ) 16 -- 93 ( 77 positions ) -- 5 Seconds of Summer -- `` Amnesia '' ( July 26 , 2014 ) 17 -- 92 ( 75 positions ) -- Justin Bieber -- `` Die in Your Arms '' ( June 23 , 2012 ) 23 -- 96 ( 73 positions ) -- Colbie Caillat -- `` I Do '' ( March 5 , 2011 ) 21 -- 94 ( 73 positions ) -- Justin Bieber -- `` Never Let You Go '' ( March 27 , 2010 ) 21 -- 94 ( 73 positions ) -- Glee Cast -- `` Empire State of Mind '' ( October 16 , 2010 ) 16 -- 89 ( 73 positions ) -- Jonas Brothers -- `` Pushin ' Me Away '' ( August 9 , 2008 ) 13 -- 86 ( 73 positions ) -- Justin Timberlake and Matt Morris featuring Charlie Sexton -- `` Hallelujah '' ( February 20 , 2010 ) 20 -- 92 ( 72 positions ) -- The Beatles -- `` The Beatles Movie Medley '' ( June 5 , 1982 ) Source : Biggest drops off the Hot 100 From # 4 -- Prince and The Revolution -- `` Purple Rain '' † ( May 21 , 2016 ) From # 8 -- Prince -- `` When Doves Cry '' † ( May 21 , 2016 ) From # 9 -- Soko -- `` We Might Be Dead by Tomorrow '' ( April 5 , 2014 ) From # 11 -- Jonas Brothers -- `` A Little Bit Longer '' ( August 30 , 2008 ) , Taylor Swift -- `` Mean '' ( November 13 , 2010 ) , One Direction -- `` Diana '' ( December 14 , 2013 ) , Mariah Carey -- `` All I Want for Christmas is You '' ( January 16 , 2016 ) † † From # 12 -- Taylor Swift -- `` You Belong with Me '' * ( November 29 , 2008 ) , Lady Gaga -- `` Hair '' ( June 11 , 2011 ) , One Direction -- `` Midnight Memories '' ( December 14 , 2013 ) † -- `` Purple Rain '' and `` When Doves Cry '' reappeared on the Hot 100 for two weeks in 2016 , and the above reflects their re-entries only . When the songs originally charted in 1984 , their chart positions in their final week on the Hot 100 were well below the top 10 . † † -- A recurring holiday song charting during the Christmas season . * -- `` You Belong with Me '' later re-entered the Hot 100 as a single in 2009 to reach a peak of # 2 . The recurring song 's final week on the Hot 100 was in 2010 , when it was low as possible on the chart . Prior to 2008 , the biggest drop off the Hot 100 was `` Nights in White Satin '' by The Moody Blues , which ranked at # 17 in its final week on the chart in December 1972 . This high drop - off position was matched in January 1975 by `` Junior 's Farm '' by Paul McCartney and Wings . The record went unchallenged for more than three decades , but every title listed above achieved its drop - off after just four weeks or less on the Hot 100 . `` Nights in White Satin '' and `` Junior 's Farm '' dropped off after 18 and 12 weeks , respectively . Source : Number - one songs covered by different artists `` Go Away Little Girl '' -- Steve Lawrence ( 1963 ) and Donny Osmond ( 1971 ) `` The Loco - Motion '' -- Little Eva ( 1962 ) and Grand Funk ( 1974 ) `` Please Mr. Postman '' -- The Marvelettes ( 1961 ) and The Carpenters ( 1975 ) `` Venus '' -- Shocking Blue ( 1970 ) and Bananarama ( 1986 ) `` Lean on Me '' -- Bill Withers ( 1972 ) and Club Nouveau ( 1987 ) `` You Keep Me Hangin ' On '' -- The Supremes ( 1966 ) and Kim Wilde ( 1987 ) `` When a Man Loves a Woman '' -- Percy Sledge ( 1966 ) and Michael Bolton ( 1991 ) `` I 'll Be There '' -- The Jackson 5 ( 1970 ) and Mariah Carey ( 1992 ) `` Lady Marmalade '' -- Labelle ( 1975 ) and Christina Aguilera / Lil ' Kim / Mýa / Pink ( 2001 ) Source : Non-English language number - ones `` Nel Blu Dipinto Di Blu ( Volare ) '' -- Domenico Modugno ( Italian -- August 18 , 1958 for five non-consecutive weeks ) `` Sukiyaki '' -- Kyu Sakamoto ( Japanese -- June 15 , 1963 for three weeks ) `` Dominique '' -- The Singing Nun ( French -- December 7 , 1963 for four weeks ) `` Rock Me Amadeus '' -- Falco ( English / German -- March 29 , 1986 for three weeks ) `` La Bamba '' -- Los Lobos ( Spanish -- August 29 , 1987 for three weeks ) `` Macarena ( Bayside Boys Mix ) '' -- Los del Río ( English / Spanish -- August 3 , 1996 for fourteen weeks ) `` Despacito '' -- Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee featuring Justin Bieber ( English / Spanish -- May 27 , 2017 for sixteen weeks ) Instrumental number - ones `` The Happy Organ '' -- Dave `` Baby '' Cortez ( May 11 , 1959 for one week ) `` Sleep Walk '' -- Santo & Johnny ( September 21 , 1959 for two weeks ) `` Theme from A Summer Place '' -- Percy Faith ( February 22 , 1960 for nine weeks ) `` Wonderland by Night '' -- Bert Kaempfert ( January 9 , 1961 for three weeks ) `` Calcutta '' -- Lawrence Welk ( February 13 , 1961 for two weeks ) `` Stranger on the Shore '' -- Mr. Acker Bilk ( May 26 , 1962 for one week ) `` The Stripper '' -- David Rose ( July 7 , 1962 for one week ) `` Telstar '' -- The Tornados ( December 22 , 1962 for three weeks ) `` Love Is Blue '' -- Paul Mauriat ( February 10 , 1968 for five weeks ) `` Grazing in the Grass '' -- Hugh Masekela ( July 20 , 1968 for two weeks ) `` Love Theme from Romeo and Juliet '' -- Henry Mancini ( July 28 , 1969 for two weeks ) `` Frankenstein '' -- The Edgar Winter Group ( May 26 , 1973 for one week ) `` Love 's Theme '' -- Love Unlimited Orchestra ( February 9 , 1974 for one week ) `` TSOP ( The Sound of Philadelphia ) '' -- MFSB and The Three Degrees † ( April 20 , 1974 for two weeks ) `` Pick Up the Pieces '' -- Average White Band † ( February 22 , 1975 for one week ) `` The Hustle '' -- Van McCoy and the Soul City Symphony † ( July 26 , 1975 for one week ) `` Fly , Robin , Fly '' -- Silver Convention † ( November 29 , 1975 for three weeks ) `` Theme from S.W.A.T. '' -- Rhythm Heritage ( February 28 , 1976 for one week ) `` A Fifth of Beethoven '' -- Walter Murphy and the Big Apple Band ( October 9 , 1976 for one week ) `` Gonna Fly Now '' -- Bill Conti † ( July 2 , 1977 for one week ) `` Star Wars Theme / Cantina Band '' -- Meco ( October 1 , 1977 for two weeks ) `` Rise '' -- Herb Alpert ( October 20 , 1979 for two weeks ) `` Chariots of Fire '' -- Vangelis ( May 8 , 1982 for one week ) `` Miami Vice Theme '' -- Jan Hammer ( November 9 , 1985 for one week ) `` Harlem Shake '' -- Baauer † ( March 2 , 2013 for five weeks ) † -- Contains vocal part , but is considered an instrumental . See Instrumental # Borderline cases for more . Artist achievements Most number - one singles Number of singles Artist Biggest number - one 20 The Beatles `` Hey Jude '' 18 Elvis Presley † `` Do n't Be Cruel '' / `` Hound Dog '' Mariah Carey `` We Belong Together '' 14 Rihanna `` We Found Love '' 13 Michael Jackson `` Say Say Say '' ( duet with Paul McCartney ) 12 The Supremes `` Love Child '' Madonna `` Like a Virgin '' 11 Whitney Houston `` I Will Always Love You '' 10 Stevie Wonder `` Ebony and Ivory '' ( duet with Paul McCartney ) Janet Jackson `` That 's the Way Love Goes '' † Pre-Hot 100 charts and Hot 100 . The biggest number - one listed by each artist reflects its overall performance on the Hot 100 , as calculated by Billboard , and may not necessarily be the single which spent the most weeks at # 1 for the artist , such as Madonna 's `` Like a Virgin '' ( six weeks at # 1 , compared to seven for `` Take a Bow '' ) , Mariah Carey 's `` We Belong Together '' ( fourteen weeks at # 1 , compared to sixteen for her duet with Boyz II Men , `` One Sweet Day '' ) and Michael Jackson 's duet with Paul McCartney , `` Say Say Say '' ( six weeks at # 1 , compared to seven for both his solo singles `` Billie Jean '' and `` Black or White '' ) . Billboard now credits the dual # 1 Presley single `` Do n't Be Cruel '' / `` Hound Dog '' as a single chart entity . `` Do n't Be Cruel '' / `` Hound Dog '' spent 11 weeks at # 1 , `` Hound Dog '' for 6 weeks , `` Do n't Be Cruel '' for 5 weeks . Many chart statisticians however , such as Joel Whitburn still lists Presley as having 18 number ones . Source : Most cumulative weeks at number one Weeks at number one Artist 79 Elvis Presley † Mariah Carey 60 Rihanna 59 The Beatles 50 Boyz II Men 47 Usher 37 Michael Jackson 36 Beyoncé 34 Elton John 33 Janet Jackson Katy Perry † Pre-Hot 100 charts and Hot 100 . Presley is sometimes credited with an `` 80th week '' that occurred when `` All Shook Up '' spent a ninth week on top of the `` Most Played in Jukeboxes '' chart . Although Billboard 's chart statistician Joel Whitburn still counts this 80th week based on preexisting research , Billboard magazine itself has since revised its methodology and officially credits Presley with 79 weeks . Much of Presley 's total factors in pre-Hot 100 data . If counting from the August 1958 Hot 100 inception , Presley totaled 22 weeks at # 1 . Source : Most consecutive number - one singles Number of singles Artist First hit and date Final hit and date Streak - breaking song 7 Whitney Houston `` Saving All My Love for You '' ( October 26 , 1985 ) `` Where Do Broken Hearts Go '' ( April 23 , 1988 ) `` Love Will Save the Day '' ( # 9 -- August 27 , 1988 ) 6 The Beatles `` I Feel Fine '' ( December 26 , 1964 ) `` We Can Work It Out '' ( January 8 , 1966 ) `` Nowhere Man '' ( # 3 -- March 26 , 1966 ) Bee Gees `` How Deep Is Your Love '' ( December 24 , 1977 ) `` Love You Inside Out '' ( June 9 , 1979 ) `` He 's A Liar '' ( # 30 -- October 24 , 1981 ) 5 Elvis Presley `` A Big Hunk o ' Love '' ( August 10 , 1959 ) `` Surrender '' ( March 20 , 1961 ) `` I Feel So Bad '' ( # 5 -- May 1961 ) The Supremes `` Where Did Our Love Go '' ( August 22 , 1964 ) `` Back in My Arms Again '' ( June 12 , 1965 ) `` Nothing but Heartaches '' ( # 11 -- September 4 , 1965 ) Michael Jackson `` I Just Ca n't Stop Loving You '' ( with Siedah Garrett ) ( September 19 , 1987 ) `` Dirty Diana '' ( July 2 , 1988 ) `` Another Part of Me '' ( # 11 -- September 10 , 1988 ) Mariah Carey `` Vision of Love '' ( August 4 , 1990 ) `` Emotions '' ( October 12 , 1991 ) `` Ca n't Let Go '' ( # 2 -- January 25 , 1992 ) `` Fantasy '' ( September 30 , 1995 ) `` My All '' ( May 23 , 1998 ) `` When You Believe '' ( with Whitney Houston ) ( # 15 -- January 30 , 1999 ) Katy Perry `` California Gurls '' ( featuring Snoop Dogg ) ( June 19 , 2010 ) `` Last Friday Night ( T.G.I.F. ) '' ( August 17 , 2011 ) `` The One That Got Away '' ( # 3 -- January 7 , 2012 ) Houston 's `` Thinking About You '' is not counted as intrerupting the streak , as it never appeared on the Hot 100 , due to not being released to Pop radio . Likewise , Perry 's `` Not Like the Movies '' and `` Circle the Drain '' were only promotional singles , not radio singles . Sources : Most consecutive weeks simultaneously topping the Hot 100 and Billboard 200 Number of weeks Artist Year ( s ) charted Singles Albums 12 The Beatles 1964 `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' , `` She Loves You '' , `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' Meet the Beatles ! , The Beatles ' Second Album Whitney Houston 1992 -- 93 `` I Will Always Love You '' The Bodyguard : Original Soundtrack Album 7 Michael Jackson `` Billie Jean '' Thriller Drake 2016 `` One Dance '' ( featuring Wizkid and Kyla ) Views The Monkees 1966 -- 67 `` I 'm a Believer '' The Monkees , More of the Monkees Sources : Most consecutive years charting a number - one single Number of years Artist First number - one hit and week Final number - one hit and final week 11 Mariah Carey `` Vision of Love '' ( August 4 , 1990 ) `` Thank God I Found You '' ( February 19 , 2000 ) 7 Elvis Presley † `` Heartbreak Hotel '' ( March 17 , 1956 ) `` Good Luck Charm '' ( April 28 , 1962 ) The Beatles `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' ( February 1 , 1964 ) `` The Long and Winding Road '' ( June 20 , 1970 ) 6 The Supremes `` Where Did Our Love Go '' ( August 22 , 1964 ) `` Someday We 'll Be Together '' ( December 27 , 1969 ) Lionel Richie `` Endless Love '' ( August 15 , 1981 ) `` Say You , Say Me '' ( January 11 , 1986 ) † Pre-Hot 100 charts and Hot 100 . Source : Most number - one singles in a calendar year Number of singles Artist Year charted Singles 6 The Beatles 1964 `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' `` She Loves You '' `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' `` Love Me Do '' `` A Hard Day 's Night '' `` I Feel Fine '' 5 1965 `` I Feel Fine '' `` Eight Days a Week '' `` Ticket to Ride '' `` Help ! '' `` Yesterday '' Elvis Presley † 1956 `` Heartbreak Hotel '' `` I Want You , I Need You , I Love You '' `` Hound Dog '' / `` Do n't Be Cruel '' `` Love Me Tender '' 1957 `` Too Much '' `` All Shook Up '' `` ( Let Me Be Your ) Teddy Bear '' `` Jailhouse Rock '' The Supremes 1965 `` Come See About Me '' `` Stop ! In the Name of Love '' `` Back in My Arms Again '' `` I Hear a Symphony '' Jackson 5 1970 `` I Want You Back '' `` ABC '' `` The Love You Save '' `` I 'll Be There '' George Michael 1988 `` Faith '' `` Father Figure '' `` One More Try '' `` Monkey '' Usher `` Yeah ! '' ( featuring Lil Jon and Ludacris ) `` Burn '' `` Confessions Part II '' `` My Boo '' ( Duet with Alicia Keys ) Rihanna `` Rude Boy '' `` Love the Way You Lie '' ( Eminem featuring Rihanna ) `` What 's My Name ? '' ( featuring Drake ) `` Only Girl ( In the World ) '' † Pre-Hot 100 charts . Chart notes : If counting Presley 's dual hit song `` Do n't Be Cruel / Hound Dog '' separately then Elvis has 5 for 1956 . Some Presley songs included here charted # 1 on Cashbox , but not on the Billboard Top 100 , the precursor to the Billboard Hot 100 . Sources : Most top 10 singles Number of singles Artist 38 Madonna 36 Elvis Presley † 34 The Beatles 31 Rihanna 29 Michael Jackson 28 Stevie Wonder 27 Elton John Janet Jackson Mariah Carey 23 The Rolling Stones Whitney Houston Paul McCartney † Pre-Hot 100 charts and Hot 100 Source : Note : If Paul McCartney 's solo work and work with the Beatles were combined , he would top this list with 57 top ten hits Most consecutive weeks in the Top 10 Number of weeks Artist Years charted Singles 69 Katy Perry 2010 -- 11 `` California Gurls '' ( featuring Snoop Dogg ) `` Teenage Dream '' `` Firework '' `` E.T. '' ( featuring Kanye West ) `` Last Friday Night ( T.G.I.F. ) '' 61 The Chainsmokers 2016 -- 17 `` Do n't Let Me Down '' ( featuring Daya ) `` Closer '' ( featuring Halsey ) `` Paris '' `` Something Just Like This '' ( with Coldplay ) 51 Drake 2015 -- 16 `` Hotline Bling '' `` Work '' ( Rihanna featuring Drake ) `` Summer Sixteen '' `` One Dance '' ( featuring Wizkid and Kyla ) 48 Ace of Base 1993 -- 94 `` All That She Wants '' `` The Sign '' `` Do n't Turn Around '' 46 Rihanna 2010 -- 11 `` Love the Way You Lie '' ( Eminem featuring Rihanna ) `` Only Girl ( In the World ) '' `` What 's My Name ? '' ( featuring Drake ) `` S&M '' Source : Most top 40 singles 114 -- Elvis Presley ( Pre -- Hot 100 charts included ) 69 -- Lil Wayne 57 -- Elton John 56 -- Drake 52 - Taylor Swift 51 -- Glee Cast 50 -- The Beatles 49 -- Madonna 47 -- Rihanna 46 -- Stevie Wonder 45 -- Jay Z Source : Notes : Presley is credited by Billboard for having 80 Top 40 chart entries which still ranks him first . However , if including his career before the Hot 100 inception , Presley is credited with 114 Top 40 entries . Most Hot 100 entries 207 -- Glee Cast 157 -- Drake 149 -- Elvis Presley ( Pre-Hot 100 and Hot 100 included ) 136 -- Lil Wayne 96 -- Jay Z 91 -- James Brown 85 -- Chris Brown 81 -- Kanye West 80 -- Nicki Minaj 75 -- Ray Charles Source : Notes : Elvis Presley has charted 149 singles on Billboard if tracking his entire career which predates the 1958 Hot 100 . If tracking begins after the 1958 inception of the Hot 100 , Presley only has 108 . Most consecutive weeks on Hot 100 431 -- Drake 326 -- Lil Wayne 216 -- Rihanna 207 -- Nicki Minaj 161 -- Chris Brown 159 -- Jay - Z 152 -- Nelly 141 -- Kenny Chesney 139 -- Destiny 's Child 139 -- Taylor Swift 139 -- Katy Perry Source : Self - replacement at number one Elvis Presley -- `` Hound Dog '' / `` Do n't Be Cruel '' → `` Love Me Tender '' ( October 27 , 1956 ) ( `` Best Sellers in Stores '' and `` Most Played by Jockeys '' charts ) The Beatles † -- `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' → `` She Loves You '' ( March 21 , 1964 ) ; `` She Loves You '' → `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' ( April 4 , 1964 ) Boyz II Men -- `` I 'll Make Love to You '' → `` On Bended Knee '' ( December 3 , 1994 ) Puff Daddy -- `` I 'll Be Missing You '' ( Puff Daddy and Faith Evans featuring 112 ) → `` Mo Money Mo Problems '' ( The Notorious B.I.G. featuring Puff Daddy and Mase ) ( August 30 , 1997 ) Ja Rule -- `` Always on Time '' ( Ja Rule featuring Ashanti ) → `` Ai n't It Funny '' ( Jennifer Lopez featuring Ja Rule ) ( March 9 , 2002 ) Nelly -- `` Hot in Herre '' → `` Dilemma '' ( Nelly featuring Kelly Rowland ) ( August 17 , 2002 ) OutKast -- `` Hey Ya ! '' → `` The Way You Move '' ( OutKast featuring Sleepy Brown ) ( February 14 , 2004 ) Usher -- `` Yeah ! '' ( Usher featuring Lil Jon and Ludacris ) → `` Burn '' ( May 22 , 2004 ) ; `` Burn '' → `` Confessions Part II '' ( July 24 , 2004 ) T.I. -- `` Whatever You Like '' → `` Live Your Life '' ( T.I. featuring Rihanna ) ( October 18 , 2008 ) ; `` Whatever You Like '' → `` Live Your Life '' ( November 15 , 2008 ) The Black Eyed Peas -- `` Boom Boom Pow '' → `` I Gotta Feeling '' ( July 11 , 2009 ) Taylor Swift -- `` Shake It Off '' → `` Blank Space '' ( November 29 , 2014 ) The Weeknd -- `` Ca n't Feel My Face '' → `` The Hills '' ( October 3 , 2015 ) Justin Bieber -- `` Sorry '' → `` Love Yourself '' ( February 13 , 2016 ) ; `` I 'm the One '' ( DJ Khaled featuring Justin Bieber , Quavo , Chance the Rapper and Lil Wayne ) → `` Despacito '' ( Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee featuring Justin Bieber ) ( May 27 , 2017 ) † The Beatles are the only act in history to have three consecutive , self - replacing # 1s . Source : Simultaneously occupying the top two positions Elvis Presley : October 20 -- November 3 , 1956 ( Pre-Hot 100 charts ) `` Hound Dog '' / `` Do n't Be Cruel '' `` Love Me Tender '' ( `` Best Sellers in Stores '' and `` Most Played by Jockeys '' charts ) The Beatles : From February 22 , 1964 until April 25 , 1964 the Beatles held the top two positions , with various singles . In some of the weeks , the band held the top three or top four slots , the only act in chart history to do so . On April 4 , 1964 , The Beatles occupied the entire top five . `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' `` Twist and Shout '' `` She Loves You '' `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' `` Please Please Me '' Bee Gees : March 18 -- April 15 , 1978 `` Night Fever '' `` Stayin ' Alive '' Puff Daddy : August 9 -- 30 , 1997 `` I 'll Be Missing You '' ( Puff Daddy and Faith Evans featuring 112 ) `` Mo Money Mo Problems '' ( The Notorious B.I.G. featuring Puff Daddy and Mase ) Ja Rule : March 9 -- 23 , 2002 `` Ai n't It Funny '' ( Jennifer Lopez featuring Ja Rule ) `` Always on Time '' ( Ja Rule featuring Ashanti ) Ashanti : April 20 -- May 18 , 2002 `` Foolish '' `` What 's Luv ? '' ( Fat Joe featuring Ashanti ) Nelly : August 10 -- 31 , 2002 `` Hot in Herre '' `` Dilemma '' ( Nelly featuring Kelly Rowland , songs switched positions on August 17 , 2002 ) OutKast : December 20 , 2003 -- February 7 , 2004 `` Hey Ya ! '' `` The Way You Move '' ( OutKast featuring Sleepy Brown ) Usher : June 26 -- July 3 , 2004 ; July 17 , 2004 `` Burn '' `` Confessions Part II '' 50 Cent : April 16 -- 30 , 2005 `` Candy Shop '' ( 50 Cent featuring Olivia ) `` Hate It or Love It '' ( The Game featuring 50 Cent ) Mariah Carey : September 10 , 2005 `` We Belong Together '' `` Shake It Off '' Akon : December 2 , 2006 `` I Wanna Love You '' ( Akon featuring Snoop Dogg ) `` Smack That '' ( Akon featuring Eminem ) April 14 , 2007 `` Do n't Matter '' `` The Sweet Escape '' ( Gwen Stefani featuring Akon ) T.I. : October 18 , 2008 ; November 1 -- 29 , 2008 `` Live Your Life '' ( T.I. featuring Rihanna ) `` Whatever You Like '' ( songs switched positions several times ) Black Eyed Peas : June 27 -- July 18 , 2009 `` Boom Boom Pow '' `` I Gotta Feeling '' ( songs switched positions on July 11 , 2009 ) Pharrell Williams : June 29 -- July 27 , 2013 `` Blurred Lines '' ( Robin Thicke featuring T.I. and Pharrell ) `` Get Lucky '' ( Daft Punk featuring Pharrell Williams ) Iggy Azalea : June 7 -- July 5 , 2014 `` Fancy '' ( Iggy Azalea featuring Charli XCX ) `` Problem '' ( Ariana Grande featuring Iggy Azalea ) The Weeknd : September 26 , 2015 `` Ca n't Feel My Face '' `` The Hills '' Justin Bieber : February 6 -- 13 , 2016 `` Sorry '' `` Love Yourself '' ( songs switched positions on February 13 , 2016 ) July 1 -- 22 , 2017 `` Despacito '' ( Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee featuring Justin Bieber ) `` I 'm the One '' ( DJ Khaled featuring Justin Bieber , Quavo , Chance the Rapper , and Lil Wayne ) Simultaneously three or more singles in the top 10 The Beatles : February 29 -- May 2 , 1964 ( Note : The Beatles had as many as five in the top ten April 4 -- 11 , 1964 ) `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' `` She Loves You '' `` Please Please Me '' `` Twist and Shout '' `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' `` Do You Want to Know a Secret '' The Bee Gees : February 25 -- March 4 , 1978 `` How Deep Is Your Love '' `` Stayin ' Alive '' `` Night Fever '' Ashanti : March 30 -- April 6 , 2002 `` Always On Time '' ( Ja Rule featuring Ashanti ) `` What 's Luv ? '' ( Fat Joe featuring Ashanti ) `` Foolish '' 50 Cent : May 31 -- June 7 , 2003 `` In Da Club '' `` 21 Questions '' ( 50 Cent featuring Nate Dogg ) `` Magic Stick '' ( Lil ' Kim featuring 50 Cent ) February 19 -- April 30 , 2005 ; May 14 -- 21 , 2005 ( Note : 50 Cent had as many as four in the top ten April 2 -- 9 , 2005 ) `` Disco Inferno '' `` How We Do '' ( The Game featuring 50 Cent ) `` Candy Shop '' ( 50 Cent featuring Olivia ) `` Hate It or Love It '' ( The Game featuring 50 Cent ) `` Just a Lil Bit '' Usher : June 5 -- July 10 , 2004 `` Yeah ! '' ( Usher featuring Lil Jon & Ludacris ) `` Burn '' `` Confessions Part II '' Akon : May 5 , 2007 and May 19 , 2007 `` The Sweet Escape '' ( Gwen Stefani featuring Akon ) `` Do n't Matter '' `` I Tried '' ( Bone Thugs - n - Harmony featuring Akon ) T - Pain : November 3 -- December 29 , 2007 ( Note : All four titles below were in the top ten November 24 -- December 8 , 2007 ) `` Good Life '' ( Kanye West featuring T - Pain ) `` Cyclone '' ( Baby Bash featuring T - Pain ) `` Kiss Kiss '' ( Chris Brown featuring T - Pain ) `` Low '' ( Flo Rida featuring T - Pain ) Chris Brown : April 5 , 2008 and May 10 , 2008 ( Note : The first two titles below were in the top ten on both charts ) `` With You '' `` No Air '' ( Jordin Sparks & Chris Brown ) `` Shawty Get Loose '' ( Lil Mama featuring Chris Brown & T - Pain ) `` Forever '' Lil Wayne : September 27 , 2008 `` Got Money '' ( Lil Wayne featuring T - Pain ) `` Ca n't Believe It '' ( T - Pain featuring Lil Wayne ) `` Swagga Like Us '' ( Jay - Z & T.I. featuring Kanye West & Lil Wayne ) Adele : March 3 , 2012 `` Rolling in the Deep '' `` Someone Like You '' `` Set Fire to the Rain '' Iggy Azalea : August 30 , 2014 `` Fancy '' ( Iggy Azalea featuring Charli XCX ) `` Problem '' ( Ariana Grande featuring Iggy Azalea ) `` Black Widow '' ( Iggy Azalea featuring Rita Ora ) Ariana Grande : August 30 , 2014 `` Problem '' ( Ariana Grande featuring Iggy Azalea ) `` Bang Bang '' ( Jessie J , Ariana Grande & Nicki Minaj ) `` Break Free '' ( Ariana Grande featuring Zedd ) Justin Bieber : December 5 , 2015 -- February 6 , 2016 `` What Do You Mean ? '' `` Sorry '' `` Love Yourself '' The Chainsmokers : March 18 , 2017 `` Closer '' ( The Chainsmokers featuring Halsey ) `` Paris '' `` Something Just Like This '' ( The Chainsmokers and Coldplay ) Posthumous number - ones Otis Redding ( d . December 10 , 1967 ) -- `` ( Sittin ' On ) The Dock of the Bay '' ( March 16 , 1968 ) Janis Joplin ( d . October 4 , 1970 ) -- `` Me and Bobby McGee '' ( March 20 , 1971 ) Jim Croce ( d . September 20 , 1973 ) -- `` Time in a Bottle '' ( December 29 , 1973 ) John Lennon ( d . December 8 , 1980 ) -- `` ( Just Like ) Starting Over '' ( December 27 , 1980 ) The Notorious B.I.G. ( d . March 9 , 1997 ) -- `` Hypnotize '' ( May 3 , 1997 ) and `` Mo Money Mo Problems '' ( August 30 , 1997 ) Soulja Slim ( d . November 26 , 2003 ) -- `` Slow Motion '' ( Juvenile featuring Soulja Slim ) ( August 7 , 2004 ) Static Major ( d . February 25 , 2008 ) -- `` Lollipop '' ( Lil Wayne featuring Static Major ) ( May 3 , 2008 ) Source : Age records Louis Armstrong ( age 7004229240000000000 ♠ 62 years , 279 days ) is the oldest artist to top the Hot 100 . He set that record with `` Hello , Dolly ! '' on May 9 , 1964 . Cher ( age 7004192900000000000 ♠ 52 years , 297 days ) is the oldest female artist to top the Hot 100 . She set the record with `` Believe '' on March 13 , 1999 . The previous record holder was Grace Slick of Starship , who was 7004173230000000000 ♠ 47 years , 156 days old when their hit `` Nothing 's Gonna Stop Us Now '' began its two - week reign on April 4 , 1987 . Michael Jackson ( age 7003417300000000000 ♠ 11 years , 155 days ) is the youngest artist to top the Hot 100 . He achieved the record , as part of the Jackson 5 , with `` I Want You Back '' on January 31 , 1970 . Stevie Wonder ( age 7003483700000000000 ♠ 13 years , 89 days ) is the youngest solo artist to top the Hot 100 . He set the record with `` Fingertips Pt. 2 '' on August 10 , 1963 . Little Peggy March ( age 7003552800000000000 ♠ 15 years , 50 days ) is the youngest female artist to top the Hot 100 . The song which established this record for her was `` I Will Follow Him '' , which reached # 1 on April 27 , 1963 . Tony Bennett , at 7004311050000000000 ♠ 85 years , 59 days old , is the oldest living artist to chart . His song `` Body and Soul '' , a duet with Amy Winehouse , ranked at # 87 on October 1 , 2011 . French - born Jordy Lemoine ( age 7003198300000000000 ♠ 5 years , 156 days ) is the youngest artist to chart on the Hot 100 . He established the record when his song `` Dur dur d'être bébé ! ( It 's Tough to Be a Baby ) '' , where he is credited simply as Jordy , entered the chart on June 19 , 1993 . Gap Records The longest gap between # 1 hits on the Hot 100 for an artist is 7003912100000000000 ♠ 24 years , 355 days by Cher . Her single `` Believe '' hit # 1 on March 13 , 1999 , her first time on top since `` Dark Lady '' on March 23 , 1974 . Cher also holds the record gap between first and most recent # 1 on the Hot 100 over the longest period of time : 7004122850000000000 ♠ 33 years , 232 days . The first of three weeks at # 1 for `` I Got You Babe '' by Sonny & Cher was August 14 , 1965 . The last week at # 1 for Cher 's `` Believe '' was April 3 , 1999 . The record for the longest wait from an artist 's Hot 100 debut entry to its first # 1 belongs to Santana , with 30 years between the time he first cracked the Hot 100 with `` Jingo '' ( October 25 , 1969 ) and the first of 12 weeks at # 1 with `` Smooth , '' featuring Rob Thomas ( October 23 , 1999 ) . When the Tony Bennett and Amy Winehouse duet `` Body and Soul '' debuted at # 87 for the week of October 1 , 2011 , Bennett became the artist with the longest overall span of singles on the Hot 100 -- 7004194160000000000 ♠ 53 years , 58 days on account of his single `` Young and Warm and Wonderful '' which appeared at # 59 on the very first edition of the Hot 100 , dated August 4 , 1958 . Album achievements Most number - one singles from one album Number of Singles Artist Album Year 5 Michael Jackson Bad Katy Perry Teenage Dream Various artists Saturday Night Fever 1977 Whitney Houston Whitney George Michael Faith Paula Abdul Forever Your Girl 1988 Janet Jackson Janet Jackson 's Rhythm Nation 1814 1989 Mariah Carey Mariah Carey Usher Confessions Source : Saturday Night Fever generated number - one singles for two different artists : `` How Deep Is Your Love '' , `` Stayin ' Alive '' and `` Night Fever '' by the Bee Gees ; and `` If I Ca n't Have You '' by Yvonne Elliman . Katy Perry 's Teenage Dream : The Complete Confection was a reissue of the Teenage Dream album , and featured an additional single , `` Part Of Me '' , which peaked at Number One on the Billboard Hot 100 . This brings her actual total to six . However , this does not count since the single comes from a reissue of the album and not the original release . Most Top ten singles from one album Number of singles Artist Album Year 7 Michael Jackson Thriller 1982 Bruce Springsteen Born in the U.S.A. 1984 Janet Jackson Janet Jackson 's Rhythm Nation 1814 1989 6 Michael Jackson Bad George Michael Faith Janet Jackson Janet . Katy Perry Teenage Dream 5 Lionel Richie Ca n't Slow Down Janet Jackson Control 1986 Genesis Invisible Touch Madonna True Blue Huey Lewis and the News Fore ! Whitney Houston Whitney Paula Abdul Forever Your Girl 1988 Bobby Brown Do n't Be Cruel New Kids on the Block Hangin ' Tough Bon Jovi New Jersey Milli Vanilli Girl You Know It 's True 1989 Various artists † Waiting to Exhale 1995 Fergie The Dutchess 2006 The Black Eyed Peas The E.N.D. 2009 Taylor Swift 1989 2014 Source : † Waiting to Exhale generated top ten singles for five different artists : `` Exhale ( Shoop Shoop ) '' and `` Count on Me '' by Whitney Houston ( the latter with CeCe Winans ) , `` Not Gon ' Cry '' by Mary J. Blige , `` Sittin ' Up in My Room '' by Brandy , and `` Let It Flow '' by Toni Braxton . Other album achievements Janet Jackson 's Janet Jackson 's Rhythm Nation 1814 has the most top 5 singles , with 7 . Janet Jackson has the most albums with five or more Top 10 hits . Those albums are Control , Janet Jackson 's Rhythm Nation 1814 , and janet . Drake 's More Life places a record - breaking 22 entries to the Billboard Hot 100 at the same time , on the April 8 , 2017 chart , eclipsing his previous record of 18 from his album Views less than one year earlier , on May 21 , 2016 . NOTE : Numbers listed here are , per Billboard 's rules , over one release . Producer achievements Producers with the most number - one singles Number of singles Producer ( s ) Best known producing for Biggest number - one hit and date 23 George Martin The Beatles `` Hey Jude '' ( September 28 , 1968 ) 22 Max Martin Britney Spears , Katy Perry , Kelly Clarkson , Pink , Taylor Swift `` Dark Horse '' ( February 8 , 2014 ) 16 Steve Sholes † Elvis Presley `` Hound Dog / Do n't Be Cruel '' ( August 18 , 1956 ) Jimmy Jam , Terry Lewis Janet Jackson `` That 's the Way Love Goes '' ( May 15 , 1993 ) Dr. Luke Katy Perry , Kelly Clarkson , Kesha , Miley Cyrus `` Tik Tok '' ( January 2 , 2010 ) 14 Barry Gibb Bee Gees , Andy Gibb `` How Deep Is Your Love '' ( December 24 , 1977 ) Mariah Carey Herself `` We Belong Together '' ( June 4 , 2005 ) † Pre-Hot 100 charts and Hot 100 Source : Songwriter achievements Songwriters with the most number - one singles Number of singles Songwriter Best known writing for Biggest number - one hit and date 32 Paul McCartney The Beatles `` Hey Jude '' ( September 28 , 1968 ) 26 John Lennon 22 Max Martin Katy Perry , Britney Spears , Kelly Clarkson , Pink , Taylor Swift `` Dark Horse '' ( February 8 , 2014 ) 17 Mariah Carey Herself `` We Belong Together '' ( June 4 , 2005 ) 16 Barry Gibb Bee Gees , Andy Gibb `` How Deep Is Your Love '' ( December 24 , 1977 ) Dr. Luke Katy Perry , Kesha , Miley Cyrus `` Tik Tok '' ( January 2 , 2010 ) Source : Most number - one singles in a calendar year Number of singles Songwriter ( s ) Year Number - one hits ( in chronological order ) 7 John Lennon Paul McCartney 1964 The Beatles -- `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' † , `` She Loves You '' † , `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' † , `` Love Me Do '' Peter and Gordon -- `` A World Without Love '' The Beatles -- `` A Hard Day 's Night '' , `` I Feel Fine '' † † † Barry Gibb † † 1978 Bee Gees -- `` How Deep Is Your Love '' , `` Stayin ' Alive '' † Andy Gibb -- `` ( Love Is ) Thicker Than Water '' † Bee Gees -- `` Night Fever '' † Yvonne Elliman -- `` If I Ca n't Have You '' † Andy Gibb -- `` Shadow Dancing '' Frankie Valli -- `` Grease '' 5 Lamont Dozier Brian Holland Eddie Holland 1965 The Supremes -- `` Come See About Me '' , `` Stop ! In the Name of Love '' , `` Back in My Arms Again '' † Four Tops -- `` I Ca n't Help Myself ( Sugar Pie Honey Bunch ) '' † The Supremes -- `` I Hear a Symphony '' John Lennon † † † Paul McCartney † † † 1965 The Beatles -- `` I Feel Fine '' , `` Eight Days a Week '' , `` Ticket to Ride '' , `` Help ! '' , `` Yesterday '' † † † Robin Gibb Maurice Gibb 1978 Bee Gees -- `` How Deep Is Your Love '' , `` Stayin ' Alive '' , `` Night Fever '' † Yvonne Elliman -- `` If I Ca n't Have You '' † Andy Gibb -- `` Shadow Dancing '' † Chronologically sequential , replacing each other at # 1 † † Holds all - time record of writing the most consecutively charted ( self - replacing ) # 1 songs on the Hot 100 , with 4 . † † † Hold all - time record of writing the most consecutive # 1 A-side singles , with 6 . Record includes these five 1965 A-sides and `` We Can Work It Out '' , which hit # 1 in January 1966 . Source : Selected additional Hot 100 achievements The first # 1 song on the Hot 100 was `` Poor Little Fool '' by Ricky Nelson ( August 4 , 1958 ) . The # 1 song in the first week Billboard incorporated sales and airplay data from Nielsen SoundScan and Nielsen Broadcast Data Systems was `` Set Adrift on Memory Bliss '' by P.M. Dawn ( November 30 , 1991 ) . The # 1 song in the first week Billboard allowed songs without a commercial single release to chart on the Hot 100 was `` I 'm Your Angel '' by R. Kelly and Céline Dion ( December 5 , 1998 ) . Though the song was making its first appearance on the Hot 100 that week , Billboard did not consider it a debut at # 1 , since it appeared on unpublished test charts prior to the allowance of airplay - only songs on the main chart . `` I 'm Your Angel '' also entered the Hot 100 Singles Sales chart that week at # 1 , so it would have been ineligible to chart on the Hot 100 before then . The first `` airplay - only '' song to reach # 1 ( no points from a commercial single release ) was `` Try Again '' by Aaliyah ( June 17 , 2000 ) . Drake holds the record for the most entries in the Hot 100 during a one - week period , with 24 on the April 8 , 2017 chart . The Beatles had long held this record , occupying 14 positions on the Hot 100 dated April 11 , 1964 , a feat unmatched for nearly 51 years . On March 7 , 2015 , Drake tied the Beatles mark , and he equaled it again on October 17 that year . Justin Bieber then reset the record to 17 on December 5 , 2015 , before Drake reclaimed the record with 20 on May 21 , 2016 . Drake also holds the record for the most debuting entries on a Hot 100 chart by any artist , with 21 on April 8 , 2017 . Beyoncé is the record - holder among female artists for the most simultaneous entries in the Hot 100 , with 12 on the May 14 , 2016 chart . The Beatles are the only artists to simultaneously hold the top 2 spots on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart and Billboard 200 albums chart . They achieved this feat for nine consecutive weeks , from February 29 , 1964 , to April 25 , 1964 . For the first five weeks of that run , through March 28 , 1964 , `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' and `` She Loves You '' were the # 1 and # 2 singles ( which swapped positions during March 1964 ) , while Meet the Beatles ! and Introducing ... The Beatles held the top 2 spots on the albums charts . For the remaining weeks of the run , `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' and their cover of `` Twist and Shout '' were the # 1 and # 2 singles , while Meet the Beatles ! and Introducing ... The Beatles continued their reign as the top 2 albums . Barry Gibb , Robin Gibb , John Lennon , and Paul McCartney hold the record of writing all of the Top 3 singles for one week . The Gibbs co-wrote the top 3 singles for the week of March 18 , 1978 -- # 1 `` Night Fever '' and # 2 `` Stayin ' Alive '' for the Bee Gees , and # 3 `` Emotion '' for Samantha Sang . Lennon and McCartney co-wrote the top 3 singles for the week of March 14 , 1964 -- # 1 `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' , # 2 `` She Loves You '' , and # 3 `` Please Please Me '' , all for The Beatles . They continued this record the following week of March 21 , 1964 , when `` She Loves You '' switched places with `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' . The Black Eyed Peas hold the record for the longest uninterrupted time at # 1 on the Hot 100 , a total of 26 consecutive weeks from April to October 2009 . `` Boom Boom Pow '' spent the first 12 weeks on top , with `` I Gotta Feeling '' taking over for the remaining 14 weeks . Prior to August 2009 , Usher held this record , spending 19 consecutive weeks on top of the chart in 2004 with `` Yeah ! '' ( 12 weeks at # 1 ) and `` Burn '' ( first 7 of its 8 total weeks at # 1 ) . Taylor Swift holds the all - time record for most top ten debuts on the Hot 100 , with 14 . On December 4 , 2010 , Rihanna 's `` Only Girl ( In the World ) '' reached the top spot two weeks after `` What 's My Name ? '' , becoming the first time in Hot 100 history that an album 's debut single hit # 1 after the second single did . Ed Sheeran became the first artist to debut more than one song in the top 10 for the same week . On the chart dated January 28 , 2017 , `` Shape of You '' debuted at # 1 , while `` Castle on the Hill '' entered at # 6 . Drake is the only other artist to have achieved this feat , doing so on April 8 , 2017 . Drake holds the record for being on the Hot 100 for the most consecutive weeks . He placed at least one song , either in a lead or featured role , on every chart from his debut on May 23 , 2009 , to August 19 , 2017 , for a total of 431 weeks in a row . See also List of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements by decade List of number - one hits ( United States ) List of best - charting music artists in the U.S. List of artists who reached number one in the United States References Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Anniversary : Find Out The Top Songs Of All Time '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . October 10 , 2008 . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . This contains the heading of the article only , no charts . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 Chart : 50th Anniversary '' . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 55th Anniversary Central '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . August 2 , 2013 . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Greatest Hot 100 Songs & Artists of All Time : Chubby Checker 's ' The Twist ' & The Beatles Reign '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . November 12 , 2015 . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Greatest of All Time : Hot 100 Songs '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . November 12 , 2015 . 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Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` Zayn 's ' Pillowtalk ' Debuts at No. 1 on Hot 100 ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Trust , Gary ( May 16 , 2016 ) . `` Justin Timberlake Debuts at No. 1 on Hot 100 With ' Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Debuts Atop Hot 100 With ' Shape of You ' & in Top 10 With ' Castle on the Hill ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DJ Khaled 's All - Star ' I 'm the One ' Debuts at No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 No. 1 Debuts , a Guide '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . February 23 , 2012 . Retrieved February 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Silvio Pietroluongo ( Jan 28 , 2009 ) . `` Kelly Clarkson Breaks Record For Hot 100 Jump '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( October 8 , 2008 ) . `` T.I. Maintains No. 1 Album While Britney Spears Zooms to No. 1 on the Hot 100 '' . Billboard magazine . Retrieved October 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( October 8 , 2008 ) . `` T.I. 's ' Paper Trail ' Leads To No. 1 On The Billboard 200 '' . Billboard magazine . Retrieved October 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Pietroluongo , Silvio ( February 11 , 2009 ) . `` Eminem 's ' Bottle ' Breaks Digital Record '' . Billboard magazine . Retrieved February 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( September 5 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift 's ' Look What You Made Me Do ' Leaps to No. 1 on Hot 100 With Top Streaming & Sales Week of 2017 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( August 22 , 2012 ) . `` Taylor Swift Scores First - Ever No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100 With ' Never ' '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pietroluongo , Silvio ( August 27 , 2008 ) . `` T.I. 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Jump up ^ `` US Singles Top 100 ( January 16 , 2016 ) '' . January 5 , 2016 . Retrieved January 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` US Singles Top 100 ( November 29 , 2008 ) '' . Retrieved November 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` US Singles Top 100 ( June 11 , 2011 ) '' . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary . `` Chart Beat Chat '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved January 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Originals and Covers Both that hit Number One '' . Billboard . Retro Hits. 2000 . Retrieved December 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cover Me : Same Songs to Hit No. 1 By Two Different Artists '' . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hound Dog ( song ) # Elvis Presley 's version ( 1956 ) Jump up ^ Do n't Be Cruel Jump up ^ Lipshutz , Jason ( April 28 , 2014 ) . `` Top 40 Girl Group Songs Of All Time '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved February 28 , 2015 . 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Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bronson , Fred ( April 10 , 2008 ) . `` Chart Beat '' . Billboard magazine . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2013 . Retrieved April 10 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Bronson , Fred ( August 19 , 2011 ) . `` How Katy Perry 's Hot 100 Record Stacks - Up Against The Beatles , Elvis , Michael , Mariah & Whitney Summit '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived February 7 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The Bee Gees Biography The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum '' . Rockhall.com . Retrieved January 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Supremes Biography The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum '' . Rockhall.com . Retrieved January 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( August 17 , 2011 ) . `` Katy Perry Ties Michael Jackson 's Historic Hot 100 Record Summit '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 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Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran Tops Hot 100 , Katy Perry Debuts at No. 4 & Bruno Mars , Rihanna & The Weeknd All Hit Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Chainsmokers Hold Atop Hot 100 , Shawn Mendes Hits Top 10 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . August 29 , 2016 . Retrieved August 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Chainsmokers & Halsey Lead Hot 100 & Rihanna Returns to Top 10 , Fueled by VMAs Gains '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . September 6 , 2016 . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Drake & Rihanna 's ' Too Good ' Hits New Heights on Hot 100 '' . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran 's ' Shape of You ' Tops Hot 100 ; Drake Debuts Two in Top 10 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . March 27 , 2017 . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . 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Billboard . August 15 , 2017 . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( September 21 , 2015 ) . `` The Weeknd Replaces Himself Atop Hot 100 as ' The Hills ' Hits No. 1 '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( May 15 , 2017 ) . `` Luis Fonsi & Daddy Yankee 's ' Despacito , ' Featuring Justin Bieber , Hits No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( November 19 , 2014 ) . `` Taylor Swift Makes Hot 100 History With ' Blank Space ' '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved November 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard US Charts -- Beatles '' . Mybeatles.net . Retrieved January 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( June 17 , 2009 ) . `` Black Eyed Peas ' E.N.D. ' Up At No. 1 On Billboard 200 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved June 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ben - Yehuda , Ayala ( June 25 , 2009 ) . `` Drake Flies Twice Into Top 10 Of Billboard Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved June 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( June 19 , 2013 ) . `` Robin Thicke 's ' Blurred Lines ' Remains Atop Hot 100 Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( May 28 , 2014 ) . `` Iggy Azalea Tops Hot 100 With ' Fancy , ' Matches Beatles ' Historic Mark '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` Iggy Azalea Remains Atop Hot 100 With ' Fancy ' ; MAGIC ! , Calvin Harris Hit Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( June 10 , 2014 ) . `` Iggy Azalea Continues Record - Tying Run Atop Hot 100 ; Sam Smith Soars Into Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( June 18 , 2014 ) . `` Iggy Azalea 's ' Fancy ' No. 1 On Hot 100 For Fourth Week ; PSY Debuts In Top 30 '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( June 25 , 2014 ) . `` Iggy Azalea Leads Hot 100 For Fifth Week , Maroon 5 Debuts In Top 20 '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( September 14 , 2015 ) . `` The Weeknd Nos. 1 & 2 on Hot 100 With ' Ca n't Feel My Face ' & ' The Hills ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( January 25 , 2016 ) . `` Justin Bieber Nos. 1 & 2 on Hot 100 , The Chainsmokers Hit Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Despacito ' Dominates Hot 100 & Justin Bieber Has Week 's Three Top - Selling Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Despacito ' Tops Hot 100 for 7th Week & DJ Khaled 's ' Wild Thoughts , ' Featuring Rihanna & Bryson Tiller , Debuts at No. 4 '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( July 3 , 2017 ) . `` Luis Fonsi & Daddy Yankee Rule Hot 100 , Imagine Dragons Hit Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( July 10 , 2017 ) . `` Luis Fonsi & Daddy Yankee 's ' Despacito ' Tops Hot 100 for Ninth Week & Becomes Top Radio Song '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Justin Bieber , three simultaneous top 10s : Trust , Gary ( November 23 , 2015 ) . `` Adele Tops Hot 100 for Fourth Week ; Justin Bieber , Alessia Cara Hit Top 10 '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Trust , Gary ( November 30 , 2015 ) . `` Adele 's ' Hello ' Leads Hot 100 for Fifth Week '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 2 , 2015 . Trust , Gary ( December 7 , 2015 ) . `` Adele 's ' Hello ' Leads Hot 100 for Sixth Week , Selena Gomez Goes Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 7 , 2015 . Trust , Gary ( December 14 , 2015 ) . `` Adele Matches Her Longest Hot 100 Reign With Seventh Week at No. 1 for ' Hello ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 14 , 2015 . Trust , Gary ( December 21 , 2015 ) . `` Adele Scores Her Longest Hot 100 Reign With Eighth Week at No. 1 for ' Hello ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . Trust , Gary ( December 28 , 2015 ) . `` Adele 's ' Hello ' Leads Hot 100 for Ninth Week '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 28 , 2015 . Trust , Gary ( January 4 , 2016 ) . `` Adele 's ' Hello ' Tops Hot 100 for 10th Week as Twenty One Pilots Fly to Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 4 , 2016 . Trust , Gary ( January 11 , 2016 ) . `` Justin Bieber 's ' Sorry ' Dethrones Adele 's ' Hello ' Atop Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Trust , Gary ( January 19 , 2016 ) . `` Justin Bieber 's ' Sorry ' Leads Hot 100 , Selena Gomez Hits Top Five '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . Trust , Gary ( January 25 , 2016 ) . `` Justin Bieber Nos. 1 & 2 on Hot 100 , The Chainsmokers Hit Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` The Chainsmokers Match Beatles & Bee Gees With Three Songs in Hot 100 's Top 10 & Ed Sheeran Holds at No. 1 '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( August 20 , 2014 ) . `` Ariana Grande , Iggy Azalea Triple Up In Hot 100 's Top 10 , MAGIC ! Still No. 1 '' . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Radish , Robert of the ( February 17 , 2011 ) . `` Billboard Hot 100 Posthumous Number One Singles '' . Y ! Music . Retrieved March 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bronson , Fred ( January 11 , 2012 ) . `` Blue Ivy Carter , Jay - Z and Beyonce 's Daughter , Becomes Youngest Person Ever to Appear on a Billboard Chart '' . Billboard.biz . Retrieved October 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2009 ) . Top Pop Singles 12th Edition . Record Research . p. 515 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 180 - 2 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( September 21 , 2011 ) . `` Tony Bennett Oldest Living Artist Ever On Hot 100 '' . Chart Beat . Billboard.com . Retrieved April 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( May 31 , 2015 ) . `` Ask Billboard : Is Taylor Swift 's ' 1989 ' the Next ' Teenage Dream ' ? '' . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Katy Perry -- Chart history -- Billboard '' . Jump up ^ Anderson , Trevor ( October 28 , 2015 ) . `` Taylor Swift 's ' 1989 ' and Other Albums With Five Top 10 Hits ( or More ) '' . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Partridge , Kenneth ( September 18 , 2014 ) . `` Janet Jackson 's ' Rhythm Nation 1814 ' Revisited By Jimmy Jam & Terry Lewis : Track - by - Track Review '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift 's 1989 and Other Albums With Five Top 10 Hits or More -- Billboard '' . Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/7358100/drake-hot-100-record-20-simultaneous-hits-one-dance Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( February 14 , 2012 ) . `` Ask Billboard : Can Katy Perry Top Michael Jackson 's Hot 100 Record '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bronson , Fred ( August 2 , 2013 ) . `` Hot 100 55th Anniversary : The All - time Top 100 Songs '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved September 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Leight , Elias ( November 6 , 2014 ) . `` The Top 20 Billboard Hot 100 Hits of the 2010s '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved February 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bronson , Fred ( August 2 , 2013 ) . `` Hot 100 55th Anniversary : The All - time Top 100 Songs '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved September 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bronson , Fred ( July 7 , 2001 ) . `` ' Remind ' Gets Ushered Into No. 1 '' . Billboard . Random House Digital , Inc . Retrieved December 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Caulfield , Keith ( May 27 , 2015 ) . `` Max Martin scores 20th No. 1 on top 100 with Taylor Swift 's ' Bad Blood ' '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Caulfield , Keith ( August 11 , 2015 ) . `` The Weeknd 's ' Ca n't Feel My Face Gives Max Martin His 21st No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Remembering George Martin : ' Fifth Beatle ' Holds Record for Most No. 1s by a Producer on Billboard Hot 100 Chart '' . Jump up ^ Bronson , Fred ( August 2 , 2013 ) . `` Hot 100 55th Anniversary : The All - time Top 100 Songs '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved August 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bronson , Fred ( August 2 , 2013 ) . `` Hot 100 55th Anniversary : The All - time Top 100 Songs '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved September 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( April 1 , 2011 ) . `` Ask Billboard : Lady Gaga ' Born ' To Be at No. 1 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Brennan , Joseph . `` Gibb Songs version 2 '' . Retrieved December 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Luke * * * Top Songs as a Writer * * * Music VF , US & UK hit charts '' . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bronson , Fred ( December 5 , 1998 ) . Chart Beat . Billboard . p. 130 . Retrieved September 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hot 100 Singles Sales ( chart ) . Billboard . December 5 , 1998 . p. 125 . Retrieved September 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( February 27 , 2015 ) . `` Drake Ties the Beatles With 14 Simultaneous Hot 100 Hits '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved February 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Trust , Gary ( May 9 , 2016 ) . `` Drake Breaks Hot 100 Record With 20 Simultaneous Hits '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( November 23 , 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber Breaks the Beatles & Drake 's Record for Most Simultaneous Hot 100 Hits '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` All 12 of Beyoncé 's ' Lemonade ' Tracks Debut on Hot 100 '' . Billboard . May 2 , 2016 . Retrieved May 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( February 23 , 2012 ) . `` Historical Analysis : Adele Matches The Beatles , 50 Cent with Hot 100 , Billboard 200 Moves '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved December 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( January 14 , 2016 ) . `` Ask Billboard : How Historic Is Adele & Justin Bieber 's Current Chart Domination ? '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( April 14 , 2014 ) . `` This Week In Billboard Chart History : Black Eyed Peas Begin Record Six - Month Hot 100 Reign '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pietroluongo , Silvio ( August 19 , 2009 ) . `` Black Eyed Peas , Jason Mraz Streak To Hot 100 Records '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift Extends Her Lead As The Artist With The Most Top 10 Debuts With New Song '' . September 12 , 2017 . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pietroluongo , Silvio ( November 25 , 2010 ) . `` Rihanna 's ' Only Girl ' Rebounds to No. 1 on Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved November 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( November 25 , 2010 ) . `` '' Ed Sheeran Debuts Atop Hot 100 With ' Shape of You ' & in Top 10 With ' Castle on the Hill ' `` . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved November 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Trevor ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Drake Is n't on the Billboard Hot 100 for the First Time Since 2009 '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . Additional sources Fred Bronson 's Billboard Book of Number 1 Hits , 5th Edition ( ISBN 0 - 8230 - 7677 - 6 ) Christopher G. Feldman , The Billboard Book of No. 2 Singles ( ISBN 0 - 8230 - 7695 - 4 ) Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 -- 2008 ( ISBN 0 - 89820 - 180 - 2 ) Joel Whitburn Presents the Billboard Pop Charts , 1955 -- 1959 ( ISBN 0 - 89820 - 092 - X ) Joel Whitburn Presents the Billboard Hot 100 Charts : The Sixties ( ISBN 0 - 89820 - 074 - 1 ) Joel Whitburn Presents the Billboard Hot 100 Charts : The Seventies ( ISBN 0 - 89820 - 076 - 8 ) Joel Whitburn Presents the Billboard Hot 100 Charts : The Eighties ( ISBN 0 - 89820 - 079 - 2 ) Joel Whitburn Presents the Billboard Hot 100 Charts : The Nineties ( ISBN 0 - 89820 - 137 - 3 ) Joel Whitburn Presents the Billboard Hot 100 Charts : The 2000s ( ISBN 0 - 89820 - 182 - 9 ) Additional information obtained can be verified within Billboard 's online archive services and print editions of the magazine . ( hide ) Billboard charts Albums Billboard 200 Top Album Sales Top Catalog Albums Digital Albums Billboard Comprehensive Albums ( defunct ) R&B / Hip - Hop Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums Rap Albums Rock Rock Albums Alternative Albums Hard Rock Albums Folk Albums Country Top Country Albums Latin Top Latin Albums Regional Mexican Albums Latin Pop Albums Latin Rhythm Albums Tropical Albums Religious Christian Albums Other Heatseekers Albums Tastemaker Albums Dance / Electronic Albums Independent Albums Jazz Albums Reggae Albums Comedy Albums Kid Albums International Canadian Albums European Albums ( defunct ) Singles and tracks Hot 100 Radio Songs Digital Songs Digital Tracks Hot Singles Sales Streaming Songs On - Demand Songs Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles Pop Mainstream Top 40 Adult Contemporary Adult Top 40 Pop 100 ( defunct ) Top 40 Tracks ( defunct ) Dance / Electronic Dance Club Songs Hot Dance / Electronic Songs Dance / Mix Show Airplay Dance / Electronic Singles Sales ( defunct ) Dance / Electronic Digital Songs R&B / Hip - Hop Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs R&B / Hip - Hop Airplay Bubbling Under R&B / Hip - Hop Singles Hot Rap Songs Hot R&B Songs Mainstream R&B / Hip - Hop Adult R&B Songs Rhythmic Rock Hot Rock Songs Mainstream Rock Alternative Triple A Country Hot Country Songs Country Airplay Latin Hot Latin Songs Latin Pop Airplay Regional Mexican Airplay Tropical Airplay Latin Rhythm Airplay Religious Hot Christian Songs Other Heatseekers Songs Smooth Jazz Songs International Brasil Hot 100 Airplay Canadian Hot 100 Euro Digital Songs Japan Hot 100 Philippine Hot 100 Korea K - Pop Hot 100 ( defunct ) European Hot 100 ( defunct ) Türkiye Top 20 ( defunct ) Lists of number - one albums and singles Adult Contemporary Alternative Songs Billboard 200 Dance Club Songs Dance / Electronic Albums Dance / Mix Show Airplay Americana / Folk Albums Hot 100 Hot Country Songs Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs K - Pop Mainstream Rock Top Country Albums Year - End Lists of artists who reached number one US Canada Japan Dance Club Songs Dance / Mix Show Airplay Alternative Songs Mainstream Rock Adult Contemporary Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs Rhythmic Hot Country Songs Adult Top 40 Mainstream Top 40 Latin Songs Social 50 Artist 100 See also Billboard Radio Monitor ( defunct ) List of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements and milestones List of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements by decade Hot Country Songs achievements R&R ( defunct ) Billboard Japan Billboard Greece Billboard Türkiye Billboard Brasil Billboard En Español Billboard K - Town Timeline List of K - pop on the Billboard charts Albums Songs Billboard Philippines Billboard Twitter Real - Time Uncharted ( defunct ) Joel Whitburn Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_chart_achievements_and_milestones&oldid=801539609 '' Categories : Billboard charts Lists of record chart achievements Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from July 2017 Talk Views View source Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Italiano Kurdî Norsk Русский Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 20 September 2017 , at 08 : 34 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Billboard%20Hot%20100%20chart%20achievements%20and%20milestones
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is la rambla the same as las ramblas
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La Rambla can be considered a series of shorter streets , each differently named , hence the plural form Les Rambles ( the original Catalan form ; in Spanish it is Las Ramblas ) . The street is successively called :
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La Rambla , Barcelona
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la rambla, barcelona
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La Rambla ( Catalan pronunciation : ( ɫə ˈrambɫə ) ) is a street in central Barcelona , popular with tourists and locals alike . A tree - lined pedestrian mall , it stretches for 1.2 kilometres ( 0.75 mi ) connecting Plaça de Catalunya in the centre with the Christopher Columbus Monument at Port Vell . La Rambla forms the boundary between the quarters of Barri Gòtic , to the east , and El Raval , to the west .
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La Rambla can be crowded , especially during the height of the tourist season . Its popularity with tourists has affected the character of the street , with a move to pavement cafes and souvenir kiosks . It has also suffered from the attention of pickpockets and especially towards its southern end , sex workers . The Spanish poet Federico García Lorca once said that La Rambla was `` the only street in the world which I wish would never end . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Orientation 2 History 3 Sights 4 Culture 5 Transport 6 References 7 External links Orientation ( edit ) Map of La Rambla La Rambla can be considered a series of shorter streets , each differently named , hence the plural form Les Rambles ( the original Catalan form ; in Spanish it is Las Ramblas ) . The street is successively called : Rambla de Canaletes - the site of the Font de Canaletes fountain Rambla dels Estudis - the site of the former Jesuit University , whose only remainder is the Church of Bethlehem Rambla de Sant Josep ( or de les Flors ) - the site of an open - air flower market Rambla dels Caputxins - the site of a former Capuchin monastery , now dominated by the Liceu opera - house Rambla de Santa Mònica - named after the convent of St. Monica , now an arts centre . To the north of La Rambla lies Plaça de Catalunya , a large square in central Barcelona that is generally considered to be both its city centre and the place where the old city and the 19th century - built Eixample meet . To the east of La Rambla is the Barri Gòtic or Gothic Quarter , the centre of the old city of Barcelona . The Barri Gòtic retains a labyrinthine street plan , with small squares and streets , many of which connect onto the Rambla . One of the larger of these squares is the Plaça Reial , a lively 19th century square with tall palm trees and street lamps designed by Antoni Gaudí , which opens down a short entrance passage off the Rambla dels Caputxins . Further into the Barri Gòtic can be found the Cathedral of Santa Eulàlia and the Plaça Sant Jaume that houses the buildings of the Generalitat of Catalonia and Barcelona 's City Council . To the west of La Rambla is the rather different El Raval quarter . Outside the city 's earliest walls , this area was originally the site of various religious and medical institutions . Later factories grew up along with housing for the workers , whilst the proximity to the port led to the area becoming known for its nightlife and cabarets , as well as prostitution and crime . Today the area still retains a degree of ' edge ' , but it also home to several important buildings , including Gaudí 's Palau Güell , which is only a few steps down the Carrer Nou de la Rambla from the Rambla dels Caputxins . At the southern end of the Ramblas is the Christopher Columbus Monument and the Port Vell , the old port of Barcelona , now largely given over to pleasure craft . Near to the port end of the Rambla are the Royal Dockyards ( in Catalan , Drassanes ) , which house a maritime museum specifically devoted to naval history in the Mediterranean Extensions at either end of the Rambla also carry the name Rambla , but are not normally considered part of La Rambla itself . To the north , the Rambla de Catalunya extends into the Eixample district . To the south , construction of the Maremàgnum in the early 1990s resulted in a continuation of La Rambla on a wooden walkway into the harbour called the Rambla de Mar . History ( edit ) Barcelona around 1700 , showing La Rambla running down the centre flanked by the old city wall on its right . The course of La Rambla was originally a sewage - filled stream - bed , usually dry but an important drain for the heavy rainwater flowing from the Collserola hills during spring and autumn . ( Rambla , from the Arabic رمل `` sand '' , is Catalan for `` wadi '' ; the name of the city of Ramla in Israel is derived from the same origin ) . ) It separated the walled city on its north - east bank from the settlements of El Raval ( `` the suburb '' ) on its south - west . In the year 1377 , construction started on an extension of the city walls to include La Rambla and El Raval . In 1440 , the stream was diverted to run outside the new walls , and La Rambla gradually started turning into a street . Over the next few centuries , La Rambla became established as a centre of Barcelona city life , a long wide thoroughfare used for festivals , markets , and sports . Several large religious establishments were also built along the street during this period . These include the Jesuit Bethlehem monastery and college ( 1553 ) , of which just the later church remains ; the Carmelite St. Joseph 's monastery , on the site of the current Boqueria market ; and a Capuchin monastery at the lower end of the street . La Rambla in 1905 In 1703 , the first of the trees lining La Rambla were planted. They were 280 birch trees and later on those were replaced by elm trees . In 1832 some acacias were planted and the currently standing plane trees started to be the common tree from 1859 . Various conflicts over recent centuries took their toll on La Rambla 's religious buildings , most notably the St. James 's Night riots in 1835 when revolutionaries burned the monasteries and churches and massacred the monks and nuns ; and the Spanish Civil War in 1936 - 39 , when Barcelona came under the control of anarchists who again targeted religious buildings and personnel , as well as being damaged by artillery and air attacks on the area from pro-Franco forces . Until 2010 , the Rambla dels Estudis was the site of an open - air market for caged birds and other small pets . However animal protection laws made it difficult for the market to continue . After years of fighting the legislation , the market was forced to close down . On August 17 , 2017 , many people were struck by a van deliberately driven down the side walk on La Rambla in a terrorist attack , causing 15 deaths and at least 100 injuries . Sights ( edit ) Florist 's shop on La Rambla The tree - lined central promenade of La Rambla is crowded during the day and until late in the night . Its origins as a watercourse are reflected in the paving design , which appears to ripple like water . Along the promenade 's length are kiosks that sell newspapers and souvenirs , other kiosks selling flowers , street traders , performers , and pavement cafes and bars . Several notable sights are also located within the promenade , including a mosaic by Joan Miró and the Font de Canaletes , a famous fountain and popular meeting point . Strolling along the Rambla , one can see such historic buildings as the Palace of the Virreina and the famous Liceu Theatre ( Liceo in Spanish ) , in which operas and ballets are staged . The La Boqueria market opens off the Rambla and is one of the city 's foremost tourist landmarks , housing a very diverse selection of goods . One of the side streets , only a few metres long , leads to the Royal Square ( Plaça Reial ) , a plaza with palm trees and porticoed buildings containing many pubs and restaurants and in which stamp and coin collectors gather on the weekends . Culture ( edit ) Pavement mosaic by Joan Miró on la Rambla The Rambla is the location for several of Barcelona 's cultural establishments , including : the Gran Teatre del Liceu , or simply Liceu , is Barcelona 's renowned opera house , opened in 1847 . the Teatre Principal , is the oldest theatre in Barcelona , founded in 1568 , although rebuilt several times since . the Centre d'Art Santa Mònica is a public museum of contemporary art located on the Raval side of Rambla de Santa Mònica , with regular exhibitions of international artists . the Palau de la Virreina , a Baroque palace , hosts museum exhibitions and cultural events . In the Pla de l'Os can be found a pavement mosaic created in 1971 by the famed artist Joan Miró . Transport ( edit ) Pedestrian traffic and entrance to Liceu metro station The most obvious transport mode on La Rambla is its heavy flow of pedestrians , who largely use the wide central pedestrianised area . This is flanked by two narrow service roads , which in turn are flanked by narrow pedestrian walkways in front of the buildings . Despite its length , no vehicular traffic is permitted to cross the central pedestrian walkway . Line L3 of the Barcelona Metro runs beneath the length of La Rambla , with stations at : Catalunya , immediately adjacent to Plaça Catalunya , is a major interchange station served by several metro and suburban railway lines . Liceu , in front of the opera house Liceu , serves the central section of La Rambla . Drassanes is by the port next to Centre d'Art Santa Mònica . Three Barcelona Bus lines operate along the service roads flanking La Rambla during the day ( numbers 14 , 59 and 91 ) , whilst three different night time services also operate along La Rambla ( numbers N9 , N12 and N15 ) . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` La Rambla , Barcelona '' . a view on cities. van ermengem bvba . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guide to Barcelona Las Ramblas '' . www.barcelona-tourist-guide.com . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Lorca i Catalunya '' . Teatre Nacional de Catalunya . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Història - Raval '' ( in Catalan ) . Fundació Tot Raval . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ Michael Eaude ( 12 October 2011 ) . Catalonia - A Cultural History . Andrews UK Limited . p. 198 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 908493 - 25 - 5 . From the Plaça de Catalunya , the Ramblas follows a slightly zigzag line , the contour of the sewage - filled medieval stream it was , down to the Columbus column and the sea . Jump up ^ http://www.diccionari.cat/lexicx.jsp?GECART=0113564 Jump up ^ Eaude , Michael ( 2007 ) . Catalonia : A Cultural History . Signal Books . ISBN 9781904955320 . ^ Jump up to : `` Història de la Rambla : Cronologia '' ( in Catalan ) . Amics de la Rambla . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ Bauló , Pepi ( 2015 - 03 - 07 ) . `` The flower 's stalls in la Rambla : a blossoming tradition '' . Barcelonina . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Història de la Rambla : La nit que va canviar la Rambla '' ( in Catalan ) . Amics de la Rambla . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ Corrigan , Damian ( 2010 - 07 - 18 ) . `` Ramblas Bird Market Closes '' . About.com . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ Slawson , Nicola ( 2017 - 08 - 18 ) . `` Barcelona van attack : multiple deaths reported in Las Ramblas area - latest updates '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` La Rambla '' . Turisme de Barcelona . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Sue . Barcelona p. 343 . New Holland . Retrieved 22 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Plaça Reial '' . Turisme de Barcelona . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Gran Teatre del Liceu '' . Turisme de Barcelona . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Historia - Teatre Principal '' ( in Catalan ) . Barcelona Teatre Principal . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Arts Santa Mònica '' . Turisme de Barcelona . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` La Virreina Centre de la Imatge '' . Turisme de Barcelona . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` L3 '' ( in Catalan ) . trenscat.com . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Línia 14 - Poblenou / Bonanova '' . Transports Metropolitans de Barcelona . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Línia 59 - Pg . Marítim / R.M. Cristina '' . Transports Metropolitans de Barcelona . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Línia 91 - Rambla / La Bordeta '' . Transports Metropolitans de Barcelona . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Línia N12 '' . Àrea Metropolitana de Barcelona . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Línia N15 '' . Àrea Metropolitana de Barcelona . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Línia N9 '' . Àrea Metropolitana de Barcelona . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 29 . External links ( edit ) Route map : Google KML file ( edit help ) Display on Google Maps Template : Attached KML / La Rambla , Barcelona KML is from Wikidata Media related to La Rambla at Wikimedia Commons Amics de la Rambla - Association of La Rambla Districts and neighbourhoods of Barcelona Ciutat Vella La Barceloneta Gothic Quarter El Raval Sant Pere , Santa Caterina i la Ribera L'Eixample L'Antiga Esquerra de l'Eixample La Nova Esquerra de l'Eixample Dreta de l'Eixample Fort Pienc Sagrada Família Sant Antoni Sants - Montjuïc La Bordeta La Font de la Guatlla Hostafrancs La Marina de Port La Marina del Prat Vermell El Poble - sec Sants Sants - Badal Montjuïc Zona Franca -- Port Les Corts Les Corts La Maternitat i Sant Ramon Pedralbes Sarrià - Sant Gervasi El Putget i Farró Sarrià Sant Gervasi -- la Bonanova Sant Gervasi -- Galvany les Tres Torres Vallvidrera , el Tibidabo i les Planes Gràcia Vila de Gràcia Camp d'en Grassot i Gràcia Nova La Salut El Coll Vallcarca i els Penitents Horta - Guinardó El Baix Guinardó El Guinardó Can Baró El Carmel La Font d'en Fargues Horta La Clota Montbau Sant Genís dels Agudells La Teixonera Vall d'Hebron Nou Barris Can Peguera Canyelles Ciutat Meridiana La Guineueta Porta La Prosperitat Roquetes Torre Baró La Trinitat Nova El Turó de la Peira Vallbona Verdum Vilapicina i la Torre Llobeta Sant Andreu Baró de Viver Bon Pastor El Congrés i els Indians Navas Sant Andreu de Palomar La Sagrera Trinitat Vella Sant Martí El Besòs i el Maresme El Clot El Camp de l'Arpa del Clot Diagonal Mar i el Front Marítim del Poblenou El Parc i la Llacuna del Poblenou El Poblenou Provençals del Poblenou Sant Martí de Provençals La Verneda i la Pau La Vila Olímpica del Poblenou Barcelona landmarks Buildings and interesting places Ancient synagogue Arc de Triomf Arenas de Barcelona Avinguda Diagonal Barcelona Cathedral Barcelona Pavilion Barcelona Royal Shipyard Basilica of Our Lady of Mercy Basilica of Saint Joseph Oriol Basilica of Saints Justus and Pastor Basilica of the Immaculate Conception Bellesguard Casa Amatller Casa Batlló Casa Bonaventura Ferrer Casa Calvet Casa de les Punxes Casa Lleó Morera Casa Martí Casa Milà Casa Vicens Castle of the Three Dragons Columbus Monument Dona i Ocell Els Quatre Gats Estació de França Fabra Observatory Font de Canaletes Forum Building Fossar de les Moreres Habitat Sky Hospital de Sant Pau Hotel Arts Jonqueres Monastery La Boqueria La Monumental Magic Fountain of Montjuïc Mercat del Born Monastery of Pedralbes Montjuïc Castle Montjuïc Communications Tower National Library of Catalonia Old Hospital de la Santa Creu Palau de la Generalitat de Catalunya Palau del Parlament de Catalunya Palau Güell Palau Nacional Palau Reial de Pedralbes Palau Reial Major Palau Robert Poble Espanyol Port Olímpic Port Vell Sagrada Família Santa Maria del Mar Santa Maria del Pi Temple Expiatori del Sagrat Cor Torre de Collserola Torre Glòries Venetian Towers Virreina Palace World Trade Center Barcelona Streets and squares Avinguda Diagonal Gran Via de les Corts Catalanes La Rambla Passeig de Gràcia Plaça de Catalunya Plaça d'Espanya Plaça de Francesc Macià Plaça d'Ildefons Cerdà Plaça del Rei Plaça Reial Plaça Sant Jaume Rambla de Catalunya Museums Archaeology Museum of Catalonia Barcelona City History Museum Barcelona Museum of Contemporary Art CaixaForum Barcelona Can Framis Museum Centre d'Art Santa Mònica Centre de Cultura Contemporània de Barcelona CosmoCaixa Barcelona Davis Museum Fundació Antoni Tàpies Fundació Joan Miró Gabinet de les Arts Gràfiques Gaudi House Museum Jardí Botànic de Barcelona Maritime Museum Museu Barbier - Mueller d'Art Precolombí Museu de les Arts Decoratives Museu Frederic Marès Museu de la Música Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya Museu Picasso Museu Tèxtil i d'Indumentària Museu de la Xocolata Olympic and Sports Museum Joan Antoni Samaranch Perfume Museum Vil la Joana Sports Anella Olímpica Camp de Les Corts Camp Municipal Narcís Sala Camp Nou Estadi Olímpic Lluís Companys Mini Estadi Palau Blaugrana Palau dels Esports Palau Sant Jordi Sarrià Stadium Performing arts Coliseum Gran Teatre del Liceu L'Auditori Palau de la Música Catalana Teatre Grec Teatre Lliure Teatre Nacional de Catalunya Teatre Principal Parks Montjuïc Mossèn Costa i Llobera Gardens Oreneta Park Parc de la Ciutadella Parc de la Creueta del Coll Park Güell Parc Joan Miró Parc del Laberint d'Horta Zoos Aquarium Barcelona Barcelona Zoo Beaches Barceloneta Sant Sebastià Somorrostro Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_Rambla,_Barcelona&oldid=812360853 '' Categories : La Rambla , Barcelona Streets in Barcelona Shopping districts and streets in Catalonia Ciutat Vella Busking venues Tourist attractions in Barcelona Hidden categories : CS1 Catalan - language sources ( ca ) Articles using KML from Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 November 2017 , at 12 : 21 . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%20Rambla%2C%20Barcelona
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what is the population of san luis obispo
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San Luis Obispo ( / sæn ˌluːɪs əˈbɪspoʊ / ; Spanish for St. Louis , the Bishop ( of Toulouse ) ) , or SLO / ˈsloʊ / for short , is a city in the U.S. state of California , located roughly midway between Los Angeles and San Francisco on the Central Coast . The population was 45,119 at the 2010 census . The population of San Luis Obispo County was 269,637 in 2010 .
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45,119 at the 2010 census
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San Luis Obispo , California
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san luis obispo, california
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San Luis Obispo ( / sæn ˌluːɪs əˈbɪspoʊ / ; Spanish for St. Louis , the Bishop ( of Toulouse ) ) , or SLO / ˈsloʊ / for short , is a city in the U.S. state of California , located roughly midway between Los Angeles and San Francisco on the Central Coast . The population was 45,119 at the 2010 census . The population of San Luis Obispo County was 269,637 in 2010 .
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Founded in 1772 by Spanish Franciscan Junípero Serra , San Luis Obispo is one of California 's oldest communities . Serra 's original mission was named for the 13th Century saint and bishop Louis of Toulouse . The city , locally referred to as San Luis , SLO , or SLO Town ( as its county is also referred to as SLO ) is the county seat of San Luis Obispo County and is adjacent to California Polytechnic State University . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Native American 1.2 Mission period 1.3 Rancho and town 2 Geography 2.1 Climate 3 Demographics 3.1 2010 3.2 2000 4 Government 4.1 Local 4.1. 1 Fire department 4.1. 2 Notable ordinances 4.2 State and federal representation 5 Economy 5.1 Top employers 6 Education 7 Transportation 8 Culture 9 Notable people 9.1 Born or raised in San Luis Obispo 9.2 Lived in San Luis Obispo 9.3 Attended California Polytechnic State University 9.4 Notable bands 10 Notes and references 11 External links History ( edit ) Native American ( edit ) The earliest human inhabitants of the local area were the Chumash people . One of the earliest villages lies south of San Luis Obispo and reflects the landscape of the early Holocene when estuaries came farther inland . The Chumash people used marine resources of the inlets and bays along the Central Coast and inhabited a network of villages , including sites at Los Osos and Morro Creek . Mission period ( edit ) During the Spanish Empire expansion throughout the world , specifically in 1769 , Franciscan Junípero Serra received orders from Spain to bring the Catholic faith to the natives of Alta California ; the idea was to unify the empire under the same religion and language . Mission San Diego was the first Spanish mission founded in Alta California that same year . On September 7 -- 8 , 1769 , an expedition led by Gaspar de Portolá entered the San Luis Obispo area from coastal areas around today 's Pismo Beach . One of the expedition 's three diarists , padre Juan Crespí , recorded the name given to this area by the soldiers as Cañada de Los Osos ( `` cañada '' translates as `` valley '' or `` canyon '' ) . The party traveled north along San Luis Obispo Creek , turned west through Los Osos valley , and reached Morro Bay on September 9 . In 1770 , Portola established the Presidio of Monterey and Junípero Serra founded the second mission , San Carlos Borromeo , in Monterey . The mission was moved to Carmel the following year . As supplies dwindled in 1772 at the mission and presidio , the people faced starvation . Remembering the Valley of the Bears , Presidio of Monterey commander Pedro Fages ( a member of the Portolà expedition ) led a hunting expedition to bring back food . Over twenty - five mule loads of dried bear meat and seed were sent north to relieve the missionaries , soldiers , and neophytes ( baptized natives ) . The natives were impressed at the ease by which the Spaniards could take down the huge grizzlies with their weapons . Some of the bear meat was traded with the local people in exchange for edible seed . It was after this that Junípero Serra decided that La Cañada de Los Osos would be an ideal place for the fifth mission . The area had abundant supplies of food and water , the climate was also very mild , and the local Chumash were very friendly . With soldiers , muleteers , and pack animals carrying mission supplies , Junípero Serra set out from Carmel to reach the Valley of the Bears . On September 1 , 1772 , Junípero Serra celebrated the first Mass with a cross erected near San Luis Creek . The very next day , he departed for San Diego leaving Fr . José Cavaller , with the difficult task of building the mission . Fr . José Cavaller , five soldiers and two neophytes began building Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa , which would later become the town of San Luis Obispo . The first mission structures were built with whatever materials could be found nearby . Later , more permanent buildings were constructed with adobe walls , wood timber roof beams and tile roofs . The completed mission compound included : the church , the priests ' residence , the convento , storerooms , neophyte and visitor residences , soldiers ' barracks and other structures . The mission also had a grist mill , tannery , water supply system , land for farming and pastures for livestock . The whole community of priests , natives and soldiers needed to produce goods for their own livelihood . When the Mexican War of Independence from Spain broke out in 1810 , all California missions had to become virtually self - sufficient , receiving few funds or supplies from Spanish sources . Beginning soon after Mexico won her independence from Spain in 1821 , anti-Spanish feelings led to calls for expulsion of the Spanish Franciscans and secularization of the missions . Because the fledgling Mexican government had many more important problems to deal with than far - off California , actual secularization did n't happen until the mid-1830s . Rancho and town ( edit ) The city in 1876 After 1834 , the mission became an ordinary parish , and most of its huge land holdings were broken up into land grants called ranchos . The ranchos were given by Mexican land grant from 1837 -- 1846 , with the mission itself being granted in the final year . The central community , however , remained in the same location and formed the nucleus of today 's city of San Luis Obispo . After the Mexican -- American War annexed California to the United States , San Luis Obispo was the first town incorporated in the newly formed San Luis Obispo County . It remained the center of the county to the present . Early in the American period , the region was well known for lawlessness . It gained a reputation as `` Barrio del Tigre '' ( or Tiger - Town ) because of the endemic problem . Robberies and murders brought about several lynchings , culminating in a vigilance committee that killed a total of 7 men suspected of such misdeeds ( the most lethal in California history ) . Members of the committee remained influential members of the community for decades . The ranchos remained focused on cattle after the conquest of California . With the discovery of gold , the county experienced a major economic surge with the rising price of beef , with the highest prices coming in 1851 . The county remained focused on cattle until 1863 , when a drought left most ranchos devastated . Residents quickly turned to other venues , leading to the breaking up of many of the ranchos and a major change in the economic climate of the town , which focused less on cattle ranching and more on dairies , agriculture , and mined goods from then onward . San Luis Obispo once had a burgeoning Chinatown in the vicinity of Palm St. and Chorro Street . Laborers were brought from China by Ah Louis in order to construct the Pacific Coast Railway , roads connecting San Luis Obispo to Paso Robles and Paso Robles to Cambria , and also the 1884 to 1894 tunneling through Cuesta Ridge for the Southern Pacific Railroad . The town 's Chinatown revolved around Ah Louis Store and other Palm Street businesses owned and run by Chinese business people . Today , Mee Heng Low chop suey shop is all that remains of the culture , although a slightly Chinatown - themed commercial development has been planned . A display of some of the unearthed relics from this period can be seen on the first floor of the Palm Street parking garage , which was built over the location where Chinatown once stood . The San Luis Obispo Historical Society ( adjacent to the Mission ) also contains rotating historical exhibits . San Luis Obispo was also a popular stop on both U.S. Route 101 and California State Route 1 with the rise of car culture . Due to its popularity as a stop , it was the location of the first motel , the Milestone Mo - Tel . Among San Luis Obispo 's historical buildings is the former San Luis Obispo Carnegie Library , located at 696 Monterey Street . The San Luis Obispo Carnegie Library was built in 1905 with a grant of $10,000 from Andrew Carnegie , who funded the establishment of 142 California libraries in the early 1900s . The Romanesque style building was designed by architect W.H. Weeks of Watsonville , California and was built by contractor Joseph Maino of San Luis Obispo . As one of numerous California public buildings designed by W.H. Weeks , it shares features with Carnegie libraries in nearby Lompoc and Paso Robles . The San Luis Obispo Carnegie building served as the city library until 1955 , when a new public library was built at the corner of Palm and Morro Streets . It has been home to the San Luis Obispo County Historical Museum since 1956 . The Carnegie Library building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places . San Luis Obispo 's largest and oldest voluntary organization is the San Luis Obispo Chamber of Commerce , which also is the oldest and largest voluntary organization in San Luis Obispo County . Geography ( edit ) San Luis Obispo is located on U.S. Route 101 about 31 miles ( 50 km ) north of Santa Maria . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 12.93 square miles ( 33.5 km ) , of which , 12.78 square miles ( 33.1 km ) of it is land and 0.15 square miles ( 0.39 km ) of it ( 1.18 % ) is water . San Luis Obispo is on the West Coast of the United States and in the Central Coast of California . The Pacific Ocean is about 11 miles ( 18 km ) west of San Luis Obispo . The Santa Lucia Mountains lie just east of San Luis Obispo . These mountains are the headwaters for San Luis Obispo Creek , whose watershed encompasses 84 square miles ( 220 km ) surrounding the city and flows to the Pacific Ocean at Avila Beach . San Luis Obispo is a seismically active area ; there are a number of nearby faults including the San Andreas Fault . The Nine Sisters are a string of hills that partially run through San Luis Obispo . They are geologically noteworthy for being volcanic plugs . Six of the nine peaks are open to the public for recreation . 360 ° panorama of Cal Poly and San Luis Obispo , California taken from the top of Poly Canyon ; Cerro San Luis and Bishop Peak in the middle with Cal Poly below . Climate ( edit ) San Luis Obispo experiences a cool Mediterranean climate ( Köppen climate classification Csb ) . On average it has 50 days with measurable rain per year -- mostly during winter months . Summers are generally warm and sunny , often with morning fog from the Pacific coast . Winters are generally mild , though below freezing lows may be expected 4 nights per year . Temperatures do , however , vary widely at any time of the year , with 80 ° F ( 27 ° C ) readings in January and February not uncommon . Although heat extremes in the 110 's have been recorded , the maritime moderation is generally strong due to the proximity to the cool ocean waters . ( hide ) Climate data for San Luis Obispo ( 1981 -- 2010 normals , extremes 1927 -- present ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 90 ( 32 ) 89 ( 32 ) 92 ( 33 ) 104 ( 40 ) 102 ( 39 ) 108 ( 42 ) 111 ( 44 ) 107 ( 42 ) 114 ( 46 ) 109 ( 43 ) 98 ( 37 ) 92 ( 33 ) 114 ( 46 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 61.1 ( 16.2 ) 62.0 ( 16.7 ) 63.6 ( 17.6 ) 66.4 ( 19.1 ) 69.3 ( 20.7 ) 73.0 ( 22.8 ) 76.0 ( 24.4 ) 76.9 ( 24.9 ) 76.8 ( 24.9 ) 73.7 ( 23.2 ) 67.3 ( 19.6 ) 61.1 ( 16.2 ) 69.0 ( 20.6 ) Daily mean ° F ( ° C ) 52.3 ( 11.3 ) 53.4 ( 11.9 ) 54.7 ( 12.6 ) 56.7 ( 13.7 ) 59.3 ( 15.2 ) 62.6 ( 17 ) 65.2 ( 18.4 ) 65.9 ( 18.8 ) 65.5 ( 18.6 ) 62.6 ( 17 ) 57.2 ( 14 ) 52.1 ( 11.2 ) 59.0 ( 15 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 43.6 ( 6.4 ) 44.8 ( 7.1 ) 45.8 ( 7.7 ) 47.0 ( 8.3 ) 49.2 ( 9.6 ) 52.1 ( 11.2 ) 54.5 ( 12.5 ) 54.8 ( 12.7 ) 54.3 ( 12.4 ) 51.5 ( 10.8 ) 47.1 ( 8.4 ) 43.1 ( 6.2 ) 49.0 ( 9.4 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) 24 ( − 4 ) 21 ( − 6 ) 28 ( − 2 ) 29 ( − 2 ) 32 ( 0 ) 35 ( 2 ) 36 ( 2 ) 40 ( 4 ) 35 ( 2 ) 30 ( − 1 ) 23 ( − 5 ) 17 ( − 8 ) 17 ( − 8 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 4.95 ( 125.7 ) 5.12 ( 130 ) 3.97 ( 100.8 ) 1.39 ( 35.3 ) 0.47 ( 11.9 ) 0.10 ( 2.5 ) 0.02 ( 0.5 ) 0.04 ( 1 ) 0.26 ( 6.6 ) 0.93 ( 23.6 ) 2.16 ( 54.9 ) 3.71 ( 94.2 ) 23.12 ( 587.2 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) 8.8 9.7 9.1 4.4 0.6 0.4 0.3 1.2 3.0 4.9 7.7 52.3 Source : NOAA Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1880 2,243 -- 1890 2,995 33.5 % 1900 3,021 0.9 % 1910 5,157 70.7 % 1920 5,895 14.3 % 1930 8,276 40.4 % 1940 8,881 7.3 % 1950 14,180 59.7 % 1960 20,437 44.1 % 1970 28,036 37.2 % 1980 34,252 22.2 % 41,958 22.5 % 2000 44,174 5.3 % 45,119 2.1 % Est. 2016 47,536 5.4 % U.S. Decennial Census Cerro San Luis as seen from Bishop Peak . A montage of two photos taken in September 2006 and March 2007 . ( The differences between plant cover in the hot and the cold season are typical for the city 's Mediterranean climate . ) The 2010 United States Census reported that San Luis Obispo had a population of 45,119 . The population density was 3,489.4 people per square mile ( 1,347.3 / km2 ) . The racial makeup of San Luis Obispo was 38,117 ( 84.5 % ) White , 523 ( 1.2 % ) African American , 275 ( 0.6 % ) Native American , 2,350 ( 5.2 % ) Asian , 65 ( 0.1 % ) Pacific Islander , 1,973 ( 4.4 % ) from other races , and 1,816 ( 4.0 % ) from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6,626 persons ( 14.7 % ) . The Census reported that 43,937 people ( 97.4 % of the population ) lived in households , 967 ( 2.1 % ) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters , and 215 ( 0.5 % ) were institutionalized . There were 19,193 households , out of which 3,178 ( 16.6 % ) had children under the age of 18 living in them , 5,690 ( 29.6 % ) were opposite - sex married couples living together , 1,336 ( 7.0 % ) had a female householder with no husband present , 586 ( 3.1 % ) had a male householder with no wife present . There were 1,104 ( 5.8 % ) unmarried opposite - sex partnerships , and 124 ( 0.6 % ) same - sex married couples or partnerships . 6,213 households ( 32.4 % ) were made up of individuals and 1,957 ( 10.2 % ) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.29 . There were 7,612 families ( 39.7 % of all households ) ; the average family size was 2.81 . The population was spread out with 5,522 people ( 12.2 % ) under the age of 18 , 15,670 people ( 34.7 % ) aged 18 to 24 , 9,630 people ( 21.3 % ) aged 25 to 44 , 8,866 people ( 19.7 % ) aged 45 to 64 , and 5,431 people ( 12.0 % ) who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 26.5 years . For every 100 females there were 109.1 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 110.2 males . There were 20,553 housing units at an average density of 1,589.5 per square mile ( 613.7 / km2 ) , of which 7,547 ( 39.3 % ) were owner - occupied , and 11,646 ( 60.7 % ) were occupied by renters . The homeowner vacancy rate was 1.6 % ; the rental vacancy rate was 5.7 % . 17,225 people ( 38.2 % of the population ) lived in owner - occupied housing units and 26,712 people ( 59.2 % ) lived in rental housing units . 2000 ( edit ) As of the 2000 census , there are 44,750 people , 18,639 households , and 7,697 families residing in the city . The population density is 4,144.5 people per square mile ( 1,600.0 / km2 ) . There are 19,306 housing units at an average density of 1,811.3 per square mile ( 699.3 / km2 ) . The racial makeup of the city is 84.1 % White , 5.3 % Asian , 1.5 % African American , 0.7 % Native American , 0.1 % Pacific Islander , 4.8 % from other races , and 3.6 % from two or more races. 11.7 % of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race . There are 18,639 households out of which 17.7 % have children under the age of 18 living with them . 31.3 % are married couples living together , 7.2 % have a female householder with no husband present , and 58.7 % are non-families. 32.7 % of all households are made up of individuals and 9.5 % have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older . The average household size is 2.27 and the average family size is 2.86 . In the city , the population is spread out with 14.2 % under the age of 18 , 33.6 % from 18 to 24 , 23.7 % from 25 to 44 , 16.5 % from 45 to 64 , and 12.1 % who are 65 years of age or older . The median age is 26 years . For every 100 females there are 105.8 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there are 106.3 males . The median income for a household in the city is $31,926 , and the median income for a family is $56,319 . The median household income in San Luis Obispo County is $60,534 , and the median family income is $72,327 . Males have a median income of $41,915 versus $27,407 for females . The per capita income for the city is $20,386. 26.6 % of the population and 7.1 % of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population , 9.3 % of those under the age of 18 and 4.6 % of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line . Government ( edit ) Local ( edit ) San Luis Obispo is incorporated as a charter city . It is also the county seat of San Luis Obispo County . The city charter provides for a `` Council - Mayor - City Manager '' form of municipal government . The City Council has five members , a mayor who is elected to two year terms , with each mayor limited to serving no more than four consecutive terms , and four city council members who are elected to four year terms , with each council member limited to serving no more than two consecutive terms . Fire Department ( edit ) The fire department of San Luis Obispo was first organized in 1872 and now has 45 full - time firefighters and four fire stations ( as of 2007 ) . The SLO City Fire Stations are staffed with three - man ALS engine companies and a four - man ALS Truck company . Each apparatus has at least one paramedic on duty each day . The department responds to over 4,500 calls each year . The San Luis Obispo City Fire Department also maintains a bike medic program which is used at the Farmers ' Market and other special events throughout the city . Four members of the Fire Department are also on the San Luis Obispo SWAT Team as SWAT Medics and respond using Squad 1 ( an ALS equipped ambulance which also carries some light rescue gear and other specialty tools ) The front - line members of the department are represented by the San Luis Obispo City Firefighters ' IAFF Local 3523 . Notable ordinances ( edit ) In June 1990 City Councilman Jerry Reiss proposed a city ordinance to ban smoking in all indoor public areas . Following a failed effort by R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company to defeat the ordinance , the City Council voted 4 -- 1 in favor on June 19 , 1990 with only Mayor Ron Dunin dissenting . As a result , on August 2 , 1990 , San Luis Obispo became the first municipality in the world to ban smoking in all public buildings , including bars and restaurants . This statute has been a catalyst worldwide in anti-smoking legislation . In April , 2010 , San Luis Obispo strengthened its anti-smoking legislation , making smoking in public , excepting for certain conditions , a citable offense beginning on June 20 , 2010 . In 1982 , following public hearings , the City Council approved an ordinance forbidding the construction of `` drive - through '' businesses . In - N - Out Burger opened a restaurant in the nearby town of Atascadero because of the ban . In 2008 the City Council voted 3 -- 2 to keep the ban . In 1982 a city ordinance was passed that prohibited the sale of alcoholic beverages at any business selling gasoline , with the exception of one Mobil ( now Union 76 ) service station on South Higuera Street that was grandfathered in prior to the ordinance . The city council voted 3 -- 2 to abolish the ordinance in 2004 . In April 2010 , an `` unruly gathering '' ordinance passed with a vote of 4 -- 1 . This ordinance poses a fine of $700 for the hosts of gatherings with more than 20 people on private property which create a substantial disturbance in a significant amount of the neighborhood . Unlawful conduct includes excessive noise ; public drunkenness ; serving alcohol to minors ; fighting ; urinating in public ; crowds overflowing into yards , sidewalks , or streets ; or similar unlawful behaviors . State and federal representation ( edit ) In the California State Legislature , San Luis Obispo is in the 17th Senate District , represented by Democrat Bill Monning , and in the 35th Assembly District , represented by Republican Jordan Cunningham . In the United States House of Representatives , San Luis Obispo is in California 's 24th congressional district , represented by Democrat Salud Carbajal . Economy ( edit ) Six of San Luis Obispo County 's top ten employers , as shown below , fall in the classification of Services , four fall in Public Administration . Downtown San Luis Obispo is centered around the carefully restored Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa . The downtown area also has many eclectic shops and boutiques . New downtown shopping centers have been added in recent years . The Court Street Center and Downtown Center house stores that belong to nationwide chains . One of the primary draws of this area for students , visitors , and residents alike is the plethora of outdoor sports such as hiking , kayaking , surfing , windsurfing , skimboarding , diving , sailing , and kite boarding . Southwest of the town center , several large shopping centers have developed since 2003 . Takken 's Shoes is headquartered in San Luis Obispo . Ernie Ball 's Music Man factory is located in San Luis Obispo . Scenes from the 1990 film My Blue Heaven were filmed in commercial areas of San Luis Obispo . Scenes from the 2002 film Murder by Numbers were filmed in and around San Luis Obispo . Top employers ( edit ) According to the City 's 2009 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report , the top employers in the city are : # Employer # of Employees California Polytechnic State University 2,693 County of San Luis Obispo 2,570 California Men 's Colony 2,000 Pacific Gas and Electric ( Diablo Canyon ) 1,719 5 Cal Poly Corporation 1,641 6 Cuesta College 1,559 7 Tenet Healthcare 1,100 8 San Luis Coastal Unified School District 873 9 City of San Luis Obispo 583 10 Community Action Partnership of San Luis Obispo County 403 Education ( edit ) Cal Poly Performing Arts Center All public K -- 12 institutions in San Luis Obispo are operated by San Luis Coastal Unified School District , which contains six elementary schools , one middle school ( Laguna Middle School ) , and one high school , San Luis Obispo High School . The district also operates several schools outside of San Luis Obispo in nearby Avila Beach , Edna Valley , Morro Bay , and Los Osos . San Luis Obispo is home to California Polytechnic State University ( Cal Poly ) , a public university enrolling nearly 26,000 students . The school is just outside city limits and provides on - campus housing for nearly 6,000 freshmen and sophomores . The area is also served by Cuesta College , a community college a short driving distance away . Transportation ( edit ) U.S. Route 101 in San Luis Obispo One of San Luis Obispo 's Transit 's BRT buses . San Luis Ambulance Service , a restored 1925 Dodge . The city is home to San Luis Obispo County Regional Airport which offers private air service and non-stop commercial air service to San Francisco , Los Angeles , Seattle , Denver , and Phoenix . Amtrak provides daily rail transport service here as the northern terminus of the Pacific Surfliner line from San Diego , and as a stop on the Coast Starlight line . The Amtrak train goes north to Salinas , San Jose , Oakland , San Francisco ( via Emeryville , CA ) , Sacramento , Portland , and Seattle , and south to Los Angeles . Greyhound closed its doors in San Luis Obispo on March 12 , 2009 ; it still continues to service San Luis Obispo and currently uses a transit bus stop on Railroad Avenue . Public transit includes the citywide SLO Transit bus lines as well as the county - wide SLO Regional Transit system . Rideshare encourages the use of the local public transit , as well as carpooling and cycling . Riders for the SLO Transit system are now able to plan their trips using Google Transit . The SLO Car Free program provides an online one - stop - shop for all car - free vacationing needs from bus schedules and bike maps , to discounts on transportation , lodging , and attractions . U.S. Route 101 and California State Route 1 are the major north - south highways in San Luis Obispo , linking the city to the rest of the Central Coast region , San Francisco to the north , and Los Angeles to the south . Both enter the city from the south as a concurrency . As they head north , Highway 1 then splits towards the coast to Morro Bay , while Highway 101 stays more inland to Atascadero and Paso Robles . California State Route 227 provides an alternate route to Highway 101 from San Luis Obispo south to Arroyo Grande . Bicycling is increasing as a mode of transportation . The Bill Roalman ( Morro Street ) Bicycle Boulevard gives priority to bicycle traffic while a special bicycle traffic signal ( one of only a handful in the United States ) allows bicyclists their own phase in traffic flow . The SLO County Bicycle Coalition offers a free bicycle valet service during the weekly Farmers ' Market . In 2007 , the city was designated as a Bicycle Friendly Community at the Gold level by the League of American Bicyclists . The city provides parking in three multistory parking structures downtown . Street parking downtown is metered except on holidays . The city 's Racks with Plaques program has increased bike racks in the downtown area and has cut down on parking congestion . Culture ( edit ) The city of San Luis Obispo with Bishop Peak on the right and Cerro San Luis on the left . The Madonna Inn is a famous local landmark . Established by Alex Madonna in 1958 , the inn is famously eccentric . The Fremont Theater , a historic Art Deco theater from the 1940s , still plays first - run movies on the huge screen . Murals adorn the walls of the main theater while neon swirls light the ceiling . The Palm Theatre boasts solar heating and is home to the San Luis Obispo International Film Festival . Another destination is Bubblegum Alley . Since about 1960 , people have been sticking chewed gum on the walls of this alley . The doctor 's office on the corner of Santa Rosa and Pacific streets is one of very few commercial buildings designed by Frank Lloyd Wright . San Luis also has a Carnegie Library which is now home to the San Luis Obispo County Historical Museum . Lots of mystery surrounds the `` underground city '' , or the series of tunnels that exists beneath the city . One of the largest Mardi Gras parades west of the Mississippi was held in San Luis Obispo , but canceled in 2005 because of difficulties related to crowd control and alcohol consumption . A sculpture of a child and bear at the Mission in downtown San Luis Obispo . A fish was added after the photograph was taken . Cal Poly 's open house , Poly Royal , was held annually from 1933 to 1990 . It was canceled in 1945 due to war rationing . It began as a show - and - tell for students to display their projects . It traces its origins to the 1904 Farmer 's Institute and Picnic Basket . By the 1980s , as the college became `` the most popular ... university in the 19 - campus CSU system '' , Poly Royal began drawing over 100,000 people from throughout the state , including 126,000 people in 1985 . Concerts , parties , and other entertainment were added and it earned $3 -- 4 million in revenue for the city every year . Following a `` mini-riot '' in 1989 at an off - campus apartment during Poly Royal , the events in 1990 would cancel the event `` indefinitely . '' Two nights of rioting on April 28 -- 29 led to 127 arrests , over 100 injuries and 14 police injuries on top of `` several hundred thousand dollars ' '' worth of damage . A liquor store near campus , Campus Bottle , was destroyed by revelers demanding alcohol . The second night was much larger than the first as people were leaving a concert on campus and parties off - campus were broken up and revelers flooded the streets . Mayor Dunin called the events `` the worst experience in the history of San Luis Obispo . '' After a meeting between Mayor Dunin and University President Warren Baker the following Monday , Poly Royal was canceled from that point forward . The name Poly Royal returned in 2001 as `` Open House Presents Poly Royal '' , a scaled down version that was designed for students and parents . Another `` mini riot '' took place in the same neighborhood , across from Campus Bottle , in the early morning hours of March 7 , 2015 . Over 1,500 young adults converged on the area to celebrate `` St. Fratty 's Day . '' Several students climbed onto the roof of a garage and the building collapsed . San Luis Obispo has been home of several other events , including a stop on the way of the Olympic Flame Relay , the Tour of California bicycle race , Cinco de Mayo celebrations , an annual Mozart festival , held every July , and a long - standing Christmas Parade . In May , the Madonna Hotel hosts the annual California Festival of Beers , which includes beer tasting of over 200 craft beers . Another attraction is the development of Edna Valley into a well - known wine region . Just south of the city , people can spend an afternoon wine tasting several wineries in the area with a very short drive . The wine region extends north beyond Paso Robles ( 30 miles north ) and south to Santa Ynez ( 70 miles south ) . During summer months , local residents and visitors congregate in the Mission Plaza for a free outdoor concert every Friday evening . The event is called Concerts in the Plaza . Other noteworthy events include the San Luis Obispo International Film Festival , Festival Mosaic , and the Plein Air Festival . San Luis Obispo hosts a farmers ' market every Thursday night from 6 -- 9 p.m. on Higuera Street , between Osos and Nipomo Streets . During this weekly event , the street is closed to vehicle traffic while vendors sell food and goods and various visual and music artists perform for the crowds . Since June 2000 , the first Thursday of every month is The Bike Happening ( also known as Bike Nite ) in San Luis Obispo . People gather after the farmers ' market at the Mission Plaza with their bikes . The bikers then go around on multiple circuits on the main streets of downtown adhering to the traffic laws ( for the most part ) . The ride is considered a fun / social ride meant to encourage people to get back on their bikes and to have fun . Each Bike Happening has a theme and a large portion of the crowd is in some costume adherent to the theme . One of the cultural focal centers of San Luis Obispo is the Christopher Cohan Performing Arts Center built on the Cal Poly campus , which was constructed utilizing the donations of local businesses and individuals . The Performing Arts Center consists of multiple venues , including the original Spanos Theatre . The largest venue , Harmon Hall , seats 1,300 . Many high school and college programs are scheduled . Local artists perform plays , music and dance . The addition of the Performing Arts Center attracts many touring performances which are usually not found in communities of comparable size to San Luis Obispo . The summer of 2007 was the opening concert of the Forbes Pipe Organ , which was built elevated into a side wall of Harmon Hall and required the donation of a further $3 million for purchase and installation . Notable people ( edit ) Born or raised in San Luis Obispo ( edit ) Ed Brown professional football quarterback Kathie Browne , actress Vern Burke , football player Les Cain , Major League Baseball pitcher Heidi Cruz , wife of 2016 Republican presidential candidate Ted Cruz John Darnielle , musician ( The Mountain Goats ) Zac Efron , actor Chuck Estrada , former Major League Baseball pitcher Wolfgang Gartner , house music producer and DJ Spencer Howard , pitcher for the Philadelphia Phillies Robert Hunter , lyricist for the Grateful Dead Tim Kennedy , UFC fighter Greg Kumparak , editor of TechCrunch Jim Lonborg , Major League Baseball pitcher MAKJ , house music producer and DJ Miss Fame , drag queen and makeup artist Arron Oberholser , golfer Bud Ogden , basketball player Chris Pontius , daredevil entertainer ( Jackass ) Paul Rachubka , soccer player Loren Roberts , golfer Chris Seitz , soccer player Najahe Sherman , television news anchor and reporter Stephanie Brown Trafton , Olympic athlete Dean Treanor , manager of the Indianapolis Indians and former MILB pitcher . William H. Young , labor union leader Lived in San Luis Obispo ( edit ) Jon Anderson , musician ( Yes ) Chase McBride , singer , musician , and visual artist Ernie Ball , guitarist and entrepreneur John Barbata , musician Peter Buck , musician ( R.E.M. ) Ronnie Bucknum , racing driver Casey Candaele , former Major League Baseball player Ron Capps , NHRA race car driver Barry Curtis , professor of philosophy , former child actor Rich Ferguson , magician Allen Fox , tennis player and coach Blake Irving , businessman Jack Kerouac , writer Mike Krukow , former Major League Baseball pitcher and sportscaster Chuck Liddell , former UFC light - heavyweight champion mixed martial artist Scott Lighty , mixed martial artist Ah Louis , Chinese American pioneer and businessman Hannah Marks , actress Lee Michaels , musician Frances Margaret Milne , librarian , writer The Pendragons , magicians Gene Romero , motorcycle racer Jerry Scott , cartoonist G.D. Spradlin , actor John Sturges , film director Robin Ventura , baseball player Jason Von Flue , UFC and Ultimate Fighter season II veteran mixed martial artist Attended California Polytechnic State University ( edit ) For people who are associated with San Luis Obispo because they attended California Polytechnic State University , see List of California Polytechnic State University alumni . Notable bands ( edit ) Bloodmoon , progressive metal band Deeds of Flesh , death metal band Double Take , teen pop duo Fialta , indie pop band Lakes , indie rock band Little Wings , indie folk band Night Riots , alternative rock band The Revels , 1960s surf rock band Scissors for Lefty , indie rock band The Sentinals , 1960s surf band Sherwood , indie rock band Still Time , indie rock band Watashi Wa , pop rock band Weird Al Yankovic , comedy musician Notes and references ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` City Structure '' . City of San Luis Obispo . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2014 . Retrieved December 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` California Cities by Incorporation Date '' . California Association of Local Agency Formation Commissions . Archived from the original ( Word ) on November 3 , 2014 . Retrieved August 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mayor and City Council '' . slocity.org . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Statewide Database '' . UC Regents . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved Jun 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` San Luis Obispo '' . Geographic Names Information System . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved November 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` San Luis Obispo ( city ) QuickFacts '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved March 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` San Luis Obispo - definition of San Luis Obispo in English from the Oxford dictionary '' . OxfordDictionaries.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2010 Census Interactive Population Search : CA - San Luis Obispo city '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved July 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Megalithic Portal '' . Mwegalithic.co.uk . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ Bolton , Herbert E. ( 1927 ) . Fray Juan Crespi : Missionary Explorer on the Pacific Coast , 1769 - 1774 . HathiTrust Digital Library . pp. 184 -- 187 . Retrieved April 2014 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Angel , Myron ( 1886 ) . The History of San Luis Obispo County . CA : Thompson & West . pp. 294 -- 304 . ^ Jump up to : Daniel , Krieger ( 1988 ) . San Luis Obispo County : Looking Backward into the Middle Kingdom . Windsor Publications . pp. 34 -- 49 . Jump up ^ A list of vigilance committee victims for the whole of California history may be found in Ken Gonzales - Day , Lynching in the West , NC : Duke University Press , 2006 , 207 - 228 . Jump up ^ `` ' ' Five Views : An Ethnic History Site Survey ' ' '' . Nps.gov . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ Carnegie City Library Marker . Hmdb.org . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived October 16 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived January 2 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ National Register of Historical Places - CALIFORNIA ( CA ) , San Luis Obispo County . Nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ Brian B. Stark , Brett Wilkison ( 2002 - 01 - 01 ) . San Luis Obispo Creek Watershed Enhancement Plan ( PDF ) ( Report ) . The Land Conservancy of San Luis Obispo County . p. 93 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 20 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` The Nine Sisters of San Luis Obispo County '' . Sierra Club . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2009 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` NOWData - NOAA Online Weather Data '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved September 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CA San Luis Obispo Poly U '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved September 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Census of Population and Housing '' . Census.gov . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2015 . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2013 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` San Luis Obispo City Charter '' . City of San Luis Obispo . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` City Government : City Structure '' . City of San Luis Obispo . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` City of San Luis Obispo Fire Department '' . City of San Luis Obispo . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Letter to Nebraska Senators from San Luis Obispo Chamber of Commerce in favor of Smokefree Legislation '' . Tobacco.org . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ Corwin , Miles ( August 2 , 1990 ) . `` Smokers Snuffed : San Luis Obispo Will Implement Nation 's Toughest Tobacco Law Today '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ STRICT SMOKING BAN OK 'D , San Jose Mercury News , June 21 , 1990 Jump up ^ San Luis Obispo Smoking Ban Now in Effect Archived March 1 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ `` Atascadero City Council : Staff Report : Informational Background Report : Drive - Throughs : Overview of Zoning Issues and Impacts '' ( PDF ) . Atascadero.org . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ The Death of the Drive - Thru . QSR Magazine . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2012 . Retrieved February 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lynem , Julie ( February 18 , 2004 ) . `` San Luis Obispo , California , City Council Allows Gas Stations to Sell Beer , Wine '' . The Tribune ( San Luis Obispo ) . AllBusiness.com . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ Barba , Jessica . `` Unruly Gathering Ordinance Passes Without Protest '' . Mustang Daily . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tregenza , Ardith . `` Unruly Gathering Rules '' ( PDF ) . San Luis Obispo Police Department . Jump up ^ `` Statewide Database '' . UC Regents . Retrieved December 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` California 's 24th Congressional District - Representatives & District Map '' . Civic Impulse , LLC . Retrieved September 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` City of San Luis Obispo CAFR '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 28 , 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` SLCUSD : Our Schools '' . San Luis Coastal Unified School District ( `` SLCUSD '' ) . Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Archived March 23 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 5 ) Archived August 17 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` slochs.org '' . slochs.org . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ What Lies Beneath : The truth behind San Luis Obispo 's tunnels KSBY.com San Luis Obispo , Santa Maria , Santa Barbara , Paso Robles Archived February 15 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine ... KSBY.com . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ Poly Royal Archived September 27 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine ... Lib.calpoly.edu . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ Savage , David G. ( May 28 , 1985 ) . `` ' Cow Poly ' : Rural , Yes , but Country Club It 's Not '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ ( lib.calpoly.edu/universityarchives/history/polyroyal/index3.html `` Poly Royal '' ) . lib.calpoly.edu ( 2001 - 03 - 08 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ Corwin , Miles ; Stolberg , Sheryl ( April 29 , 1990 ) . `` Cal Poly Festival Revelers Rampage in San Luis Obispo : Riot : Cars , homes and businesses are vandalized by mobs . Tear gas and high - pressure water hoses are used by police '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Corwin , Miles ( April 30 , 1990 ) . `` Melees Might Be Ignoble End for Festivals : Riot : Civic leaders , Cal Poly officials and students will begin meeting to decide the future of the Poly Royal after a weekend of violence '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Corwin , Miles ( May 1 , 1990 ) . `` Cal Poly Ends Annual Fest ; Blames Rioting '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` STATE : Cal Poly Pulls Plug on Festivals '' . Los Angeles Times . April 30 , 1990 . Jump up ^ Poly Royal Riot 1990 '' Photos from the Vault . Sloblogs.thetribunenews.com . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` 8 people hurt in SLO roof collapse '' . Ksby.com. 2015 - 03 - 07 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Nine injured as garage roof collapses at San Luis Obispo block party '' . LA Times . 2015 - 03 - 08 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ Events San Luis Obispo , Ca Vacation Ideas , Hotel Packages , Things to Do . Sanluisobispovacations.com . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ Performing Arts Center . Pacslo.org . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ Off - Ramp ( 2011 - 07 - 02 ) . `` Mountain Goats ' John Darnielle on coming of age in LA sprawl Off - Ramp 89.3 KPCC '' . Scpr.org . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Zac Efron a rising star '' . sanluisobispo.com . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` San Luis Obispo 's Grateful Dead connection '' Sidetracked `` . thetribunenews.com . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Pontius of ' Jackass ' fame is a San Luis Obispo native '' . sanluisobispo.com . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Indians Field Staff : 2015 Field Staff '' . Milb.com . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Latest local news from San Luis Obispo , CA The Tribune '' . Sanluisobispo.com . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ http://www.sanluisobispo.com/news/business/article39431514.html Jump up ^ Off the road Cover Story New Times San Luis Obispo , CA . Newtimesslo.com ( 2009 - 04 - 29 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Elementary , New York Times Magazine , June 4 , 2006 '' . Nytimes.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` The San Luis Obispo Tribune '' . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to San Luis Obispo , California . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for San Luis Obispo , California . Official website A video of the history of Mission San Luis Obispo San Luis Obispo community wiki Visit San Luis Obispo County The San Luis Obispo City - County Public Library The Tribune , the largest daily newspaper serving all of San Luis Obispo County San Luis Obispo New Times , alternative weekly newspaper with 100,000 circulation founded in 1986 SLO Talk Radio , Internet based radio with local - centric programming available LIVE and on demand with shows that celebrate culture , commerce and community on the California Central Coast . The ROCK , an online newspaper covering news , events and local features Downtown SLO Association has information about concerts in the plaza and Farmers ' Market . San Luis Obispo Chamber of Commerce promotes member business and serves as the city 's contracted tourism promoter . Also runs the city 's Visitors Center , 895 Monterey St . San Luis Obispo Railroad Museum San Luis Obispo local weather San Luis Obispo : a history in architecture by Janet Penn Franks , 2004 Municipalities and communities of San Luis Obispo County , California , United States County seat : San Luis Obispo Cities Arroyo Grande Atascadero Grover Beach Morro Bay Paso Robles Pismo Beach San Luis Obispo CDPs Avila Beach Blacklake Callender Cambria Cayucos Creston Edna Garden Farms Lake Nacimiento Los Berros Los Osos Los Ranchos Nipomo Oak Shores Oceano San Miguel San Simeon Santa Margarita Shandon Templeton Whitley Gardens Woodlands Unincorporated communities Adelaida Asuncion Baywood - Los Osos Bee Rock Bern Bromela California Valley Cambria Pines Cholame Chorro Halcyon Harmony Huasna La Panza Pozo Ghost towns La Panza California Central Coast Counties Monterey San Benito San Luis Obispo Santa Barbara Santa Cruz Ventura Cities and towns 100k - 250k Oxnard Salinas Santa Maria Ventura Cities and towns 25k - 100k Atascadero Camarillo Goleta Hollister Lompoc Monterey Orcutt Paso Robles San Luis Obispo Santa Barbara Santa Cruz Seaside Soledad Watsonville Cities and towns 10k - 25k Arroyo Grande Capitola Carpinteria Greenfield Grover Beach Isla Vista King City Live Oak Los Osos Marina Montecito Morro Bay Nipomo Pacific Grove Port Hueneme Prunedale Scotts Valley Sub-regions Big Sur Channel Islands of California Monterey Bay Oxnard Plain Salinas Valley Santa Maria Valley Santa Ynez Valley Counties in italics sometimes included in the definition of the Central Coast California county seats Consolidated city - county San Francisco Municipalities Alturas Auburn Bakersfield Colusa Crescent City El Centro Eureka Fairfield Fresno Hanford Hollister Jackson Lakeport Los Angeles Madera Martinez Marysville Merced Modesto Napa Nevada City Oakland Oroville Placerville Red Bluff Redding Redwood City Riverside Sacramento Salinas San Bernardino San Diego San Jose San Luis Obispo San Rafael Santa Ana Santa Barbara Santa Cruz Santa Rosa Sonora Stockton Susanville Ukiah Ventura Visalia Willows Woodland Yreka Yuba City CDPs Bridgeport Downieville Independence Mariposa Markleeville Quincy San Andreas Weaverville State of California Sacramento ( capital ) Topics Culture Food Music `` Myth '' Sports Demographics Earthquakes Economy Education Environment Geography Climate Ecology Flora Fauna Government Districts Congressional delegations Healthcare History Law Landmarks State Historic Landmarks National Historic Landmarks National Natural Landmarks NRHP listings Politics Elections People Protected areas State parks State symbols Transportation Water Index of articles Regions Antelope Valley Big Sur California Coast Ranges Cascade Range Central California Central Coast Central Valley Channel Islands Coachella Valley Coastal California Conejo Valley Cucamonga Valley Death Valley East Bay ( SF Bay Area ) East County ( SD ) Eastern California Emerald Triangle Gold Country Great Basin Greater San Bernardino Inland Empire Klamath Basin Lake Tahoe Greater Los Angeles Los Angeles Basin Lost Coast Mojave Desert Mountain Empire North Bay ( SF ) North Coast North Coast ( SD ) Northern California Owens Valley Oxnard Plain Peninsular Ranges Pomona Valley Sacramento Valley Salinas Valley San Fernando Valley San Francisco Bay Area San Francisco Peninsula San Gabriel Valley San Joaquin Valley Santa Clara Valley Santa Clara River Valley Santa Clarita Valley Santa Ynez Valley Shasta Cascade Sierra Nevada Silicon Valley South Bay ( LA ) South Bay ( SD ) South Bay ( SF ) South Coast Southern Border Region Southern California Tech Coast Transverse Ranges Tri-Valley Victor Valley Wine Country Metro regions Metropolitan Fresno Los Angeles metropolitan area Greater Sacramento San Bernardino - 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what is holder's real name from the killing
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Charles Joel Nordström Kinnaman ( born 25 November 1979 ) is a Swedish - American actor , best known in Sweden for playing the lead role in the Swedish film Easy Money , a role that earned him a Guldbagge Award in the `` Best Actor '' category , and also for his roles as Frank Wagner in the Johan Falk film series and Governor Will Conway in the U.S. version of House of Cards . He starred as detective Stephen Holder on AMC 's The Killing , and played Alex Murphy in the 2014 RoboCop remake , and Rick Flag in the film adaptation of Suicide Squad ( 2016 ) , based on the DC Comics anti-hero team of the same name .
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Joel Kinnaman
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joel kinnaman
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Charles Joel Nordström Kinnaman ( born 25 November 1979 ) is a Swedish - American actor , best known in Sweden for playing the lead role in the Swedish film Easy Money , a role that earned him a Guldbagge Award in the `` Best Actor '' category , and also for his roles as Frank Wagner in the Johan Falk film series and Governor Will Conway in the U.S. version of House of Cards . He starred as detective Stephen Holder on AMC 's The Killing , and played Alex Murphy in the 2014 RoboCop remake , and Rick Flag in the film adaptation of Suicide Squad ( 2016 ) , based on the DC Comics anti-hero team of the same name .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 5 Awards and nominations 5.1 Film 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Kinnaman was born and raised in Stockholm . His mother , Bitte , a therapist , is a Swedish citizen . His father , Steve Kinnaman ( originally David Kinnaman ) , is an American who was drafted during the Vietnam War and deserted the military from his base in Bangkok . Kinnaman has both Swedish and American citizenship , because of his father 's American nationality . Kinnaman 's father , whose family was from the American Midwest , is of English , German , Irish , and Scottish descent , while Kinnaman 's mother is Ukrainian Jewish descent . He has five sisters , one of whom is actress Melinda Kinnaman ( his half - sister ) . During his childhood , Kinnaman learned two languages as he `` spoke English with my dad and Swedish with my mom . '' Kinnaman spent a year in Texas as a high school exchange student . Career ( edit ) Kinnaman at the 2016 San Diego Comic - Con to promote Suicide Squad He originally started his career as a child actor in 1990 , in the soap opera Storstad . His older sister was dating one of the show 's directors , and he asked Joel to try out for a role . After portraying Felix Lundström in 22 episodes , he stepped away from acting . Kinnaman restarted his acting career in 2002 , taking part in a thriller called The Invisible and enrolling in the Swedish Academic School of Drama in Malmö , where actors such as Michael Nyqvist have studied . He graduated in 2007 , and afterwards attracted the attention of Swedish media in a stage adaptation of Crime and Punishment . Kinnaman then went on to star in nine Swedish movies in 14 months . He made his breakthrough in the 2009 film I skuggan av värmen and his success continued with a role in six films of the Johan Falk film series . He was then cast in the film Easy Money ( released January 2010 ) , which brought him attention in Sweden and the rest of the world . Looking to expand his acting career , Kinnaman hired an agent in the United States , the same agent that represents Johnny Depp . It was announced in the spring of 2010 that he would be making his international film debut in the thriller The Darkest Hour , which began filming in Moscow in June 2010 and was released in December 2011 . Beginning in April 2011 , Kinnaman had a starring role as Detective Stephen Holder in the AMC television series The Killing . Kinnaman was one of the contenders for the lead roles in Thor ( 2011 ) and Mad Max : Fury Road ( 2015 ) . He told the newspaper Östran that he `` was really close to getting the lead role in Mad Max 4 . It was between me and two others , and the one who got the role was Tom Hardy . ( The director ) was very pleased ( with my performance ) -- but they needed someone who seemed older . '' Regarding Thor , he has stated that `` they wanted someone with a Scandinavian touch . There were only five candidates left in the end , but unfortunately I could n't fly over ( to the United States ) and do test shoots with Natalie Portman , because it would interfere with the filming of Easy Money . '' Although Kinnaman has said that he is eager to work and become recognized in America , he added that `` I absolutely do n't feel that I have to take any role that I can get just because it is the United States . I 'm looking for something interesting , I 'm still young in my artistry , and I must dare to do things even when there 's a risk for failure '' . Kinnaman reunited with Easy Money director Daniel Espinosa in his Hollywood debut , 2012 's Safe House . On 3 March 2012 , it was confirmed that Kinnaman would play the lead role of Alex James Murphy / Robocop in the 2014 remake of 1987 's RoboCop . The film was released in February 2014 . In 2015 , he appeared in the drama Knight of Cups and starred in the thrillers Run All Night and Child 44 . Kinnaman next played Rick Flag Jr. in the Warner Bros. and DC Comics adaptation of Suicide Squad ( 2016 ) , directed by David Ayer . In 2016 , Kinnaman also starred in the independent drama - thriller film Edge of Winter . He plays Elliot Baker , a father of two who takes his children on a shooting trip that goes horribly wrong . The film was released on demand on 27 July , and in select theatres on 12 August . Joel has also been cast as the main protagonist in Netflix 's Altered Carbon , an adaption to Richard K. Morgan 's hardboiled cyberpunk science fiction novel of the same name . Netflix has ordered a 10 - episode season one . Kinnaman will portray Takeshi Kovacs , a native of the planet Harlan 's World . Kovacs is of Japanese and Eastern - European descent , and was a teenage gang member before enlisting in the military . After leaving the Envoy Corps , an elite military force , Kovacs returned to criminal life and became a mercenary , and was eventually imprisoned , his cortical `` stack '' stored without a body for decades at a time as punishment before being paroled or hired out to work high - risk situations . Personal life ( edit ) In mid-2014 , Kinnaman began dating Swedish tattoo artist Cleo Wattenström . In April 2016 , Kinnaman revealed he and Wattenström are married . Filmography ( edit ) Film Year Title Role Notes 2002 Den osynlige Kalle 2003 Hannah med H Andreas 2005 Storm The Bartender 2005 Tjenare kungen Dickan 2006 Vinnarskallar Gurra 2007 Arn -- The Knight Templar Sverker Karlsson 2008 Arn -- The Kingdom at Road 's End Sverker Karlsson 2009 In Your Veins Erik 2009 183 dagar Byron 2009 Johan Falk - Gruppen för särskilda insatser Frank Wagner Nominated -- Guldbagge Award for the Best Supporting Actor 2009 Johan Falk - Vapenbröder Frank Wagner 2009 Johan Falk - National Target Frank Wagner 2009 Johan Falk - Leo Gaut Frank Wagner 2009 Johan Falk - Operation Näktergal Frank Wagner 2009 Johan Falk - De fredlösa Frank Wagner 2009 Simon & Malou Stefan Easy Money Johan `` JW '' Westlund Guldbagge Award for the Best Actor 2011 The Darkest Hour Skyler 2011 The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo Christer Malm 2012 Safe House Keller 2012 Lola Versus Luke 2012 Easy Money II : Hard to Kill Johan `` JW '' Westlund 2012 Johan Falk -- Spelets regler Frank Wagner 2012 Johan Falk -- De 107 patrioterna Frank Wagner 2012 Johan Falk -- Alla råns moder Frank Wagner 2012 Johan Falk -- Organizatsija Karayan Frank Wagner 2012 Johan Falk -- Barninfiltratören Frank Wagner 2013 Johan Falk -- Kodnamn Lisa Frank Wagner 2013 Easy Money III : Life Deluxe Johan `` JW '' Westlund 2014 RoboCop Alex Murphy / RoboCop 2015 Knight of Cups Errol 2015 Run All Night Mike Conlon 2015 Child 44 Wasilij Nikitin 2016 Suicide Squad Rick Flag 2016 Edge of Winter Elliot Baker Television Year Title Role Notes Storstad Felix Lundström Swedish TV series ; credited as Joel Nordström 2008 Andra Avenyn Gustav Swedish TV series 2011 -- 2014 The Killing Stephen Holder U.S. TV series Nominated -- Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor on Television 2016 -- present House of Cards Governor Will Conway Main Role 2018 Altered Carbon Takeshi Kovacs Upcoming series Awards and nominations ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Award Notes 2011 Guldbagge Awards Best Actor -- Easy Money 2012 Saturn Award Nominated -- Best Supporting Actor on Television -- The Killing References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Joel Kinnaman '' ( in Swedish ) . The Swedish Film Database ( Swedish Film Institute ) . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Rehlin , Gunnar ( 7 April 2010 ) . `` Joel Kinnaman klar för Hollywoodfilm '' . Helsingborgs Dagblad . Archived from the original on 17 July 2011 . Retrieved 18 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Hägred , Per ( 19 January 2010 ) . `` Joel Kinnaman : ' Min revisor är i chocktillstånd ' '' . Expressen . Retrieved 18 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' Suicide Squad ' Update : ' RoboCop 's Joel Kinnaman Cast as Rick Flagg '' . 13 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Rochlinfer , Margy ( 7 February 2014 ) . `` Emotions Churning Under Armor : Joel Kinnaman Jumps From ' The Killing ' to ' RoboCop ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Helen ( 6 February 2014 ) . `` Robocop Joel Kinnaman 's Mom Tried to Send Him to Therapy for Walking Like a Robot '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Yglesias , Matthew . `` Joel Kinnaman from The Killing : An Interview '' . Slate . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ Tweet Lina Wennersten 08 - 13 59 36 [email protected] . `` Kroppslig kamp Kultur SvD '' ( in Swedish ) . Svd.se . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ Eichel , Larry ( 9 December 1990 ) . `` Home Swede Home : Why Some Vietnam Dodgers Have n't Returned '' . The Seattle Times . David Kinnaman , as Steve was known for the first half of his life ... Jump up ^ Ventre , Michael ( 16 June 2011 ) . `` Killing actors all hiding secrets '' . Variety . Jump up ^ https://archive.is/20120913141051/www.thedaily.com/page/2012/04/02/040212-gossip-tv-joel-kinnaman-1-2 Jump up ^ `` Joel Kinnaman regerar i `` Arn '' - Film '' ( in Swedish ) . www.arbetarbladet.se . Archived from the original on 29 June 2012 . Retrieved 2 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` RoboCop 's Jewish ! '' . ^ Jump up to : Andersson , Jan - Olov ( 22 August 2009 ) . `` -- Jag fick sparka ihjäl Skarsgård '' . Aftonbladet . Retrieved 18 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Albiniak , Paige . `` In for the kill '' . New York Post . Jump up ^ `` -- Jag ville slå honom '' . aftonbladet.se . Retrieved 24 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Gradvall.se . `` Gradvall.se -- Artiklar Intervjuer Essäer 1979 - 2016 '' . gradvall.se . Retrieved 24 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Helmerson , Erik ( 11 January 2010 ) . `` Joel Kinnaman nära roll i Mad Max 4 '' . Östran . Archived from the original on 23 January 2010 . Retrieved 18 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Zac Efron to play drug smuggler in thriller '' . Reuters. 15 April 2010 . Retrieved 18 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Holmqvist , Emilia ( 22 March 2010 ) . `` Kinnaman ska få oss att springa '' . Aftonbladet . Retrieved 18 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( 14 April 2010 ) . `` AMC adds four actors to Killing pilot '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 18 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Vejvoda , Jim ( 16 March 2009 ) . `` Natalie Portman Joining Thor ? '' . IGN . Retrieved 18 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Vineyard , Jen . `` Joel Kinnaman Talks Easy Money , His Marty Scorsese - Style Relationship With Daniel Espinosa & The Future Of The Dragon Tattoo Films '' . IndieWire . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( 13 February 2015 ) . `` Joel Kinnaman eyed for Rick Flagg role in Suicide Squad '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` Edge of Winter actor Joel Kinnaman says ' toughest shoot ' was filming in a freezing Sudbury lake '' . The Hamilton Spectator. 23 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( 12 May 2016 ) . `` Joel Kinnaman to star in Netflix 's Altered Carbon series ; Miguel Sapochnik directs '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ `` Här myser Kinnaman med svenska Cleo , 22 '' . Aftonbladet. 9 August 2014 . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cleo Wattenström , Joel Kinnaman 's Wife : 5 Fast Facts You Need to Know '' . Heavy . 29 May 2017 . Retrieved 4 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Bacardi , Francesca ( April 26 , 2016 ) . `` Surprise ! Joel Kinnaman and Cleo Wattenström Are Married '' . Eonline.com . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gugliemi , Jodi ( April 26 , 2016 ) . `` Joel Kinnaman Reveals He Secretly Married Cleo Wattenström '' . People.com . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` De kan vinna en Guldbagge '' . Dagens Nyheter. 8 January 2010 . Retrieved 18 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( 29 February 2012 ) . `` Saturn Award Nominations Announced ; Hugo and Harry Potter Lead with 10 Nominations Each '' . Collider . Retrieved 22 March 2014 . External links ( edit ) Joel Kinnaman on IMDb Joel Kinnaman on Facebook Joel Kinnaman on Twitter Joel Kinnaman on Instagram ( hide ) Guldbagge Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role 1963 -- 1990 Keve Hjelm ( 1963 / 64 ) Jarl Kulle ( 1964 / 65 ) Thommy Berggren ( 1965 / 66 ) Per Oscarsson ( 1966 / 67 ) Halvar Björk ( 1967 / 68 ) Roland Hedlund ( 1968 / 69 ) Carl - Gustaf Lindstedt ( 1969 / 70 ) Eddie Axberg ( 1971 / 72 ) Gösta Ekman ( 1972 / 73 ) Allan Edwall ( 1973 / 74 ) Göran Stangertz ( 1974 / 75 ) Toivo Pawlo ( 1975 / 76 ) Håkan Serner ( 1976 / 77 ) Anders Lönnbro ( 1977 / 78 ) Anders Åberg ( 1978 / 79 ) Peter Lindgren ( 1979 / 80 ) Ingvar Hirdwall ( 1980 / 81 ) Stellan Skarsgård ( 1981 / 82 ) Jarl Kulle ( 1982 / 83 ) Sven Wollter ( 1984 ) Anton Glanzelius ( 1985 ) Erland Josephson ( 1986 ) Max von Sydow ( 1987 ) Tomas Bolme ( 1988 ) Stellan Skarsgård ( 1989 ) Börje Ahlstedt ( 1990 ) 1991 -- present Lasse Åberg ( 1991 ) Rolf Lassgård ( 1992 ) Sven Lindberg ( 1993 ) Sven - Bertil Taube ( 1994 ) Loa Falkman ( 1995 ) Max von Sydow ( 1996 ) Göran Stangertz ( 1997 ) Krister Henriksson ( 1998 ) Björn Kjellman ( 1999 ) Kjell Bergqvist ( 2000 ) Sven Wollter ( 2001 ) Michael Nyqvist ( 2002 ) Jonas Karlsson ( 2003 ) Robert Gustafsson ( 2004 ) Krister Henriksson ( 2005 ) Gustaf Skarsgård ( 2006 ) Michael Segerström ( 2007 ) Mikael Persbrandt ( 2008 ) Claes Ljungmark ( 2009 ) Joel Kinnaman ( 2010 ) Sven - Bertil Taube ( 2011 ) Johannes Brost ( 2012 ) Mikael Persbrandt ( 2013 ) Sverrir Gudnason ( 2014 ) Rolf Lassgård ( 2015 ) Anders Mossling ( 2016 ) VIAF : 207335285 ISNI : 0000 0001 4006 500X GND : 1021087246 SUDOC : 15556465X BNF : cb16613955q ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joel_Kinnaman&oldid=814615932 '' Categories : 1979 births 20th - century American male actors 20th - century Swedish male actors 21st - century American male actors 21st - century Swedish male actors Swedish emigrants to the United States American male film actors American male television actors American people of English descent American people of German descent American people of Irish descent American people of Scottish descent American people of Swedish - Jewish descent American people of Ukrainian - Jewish descent Best Actor Guldbagge Award winners Jewish American male actors Living people Male actors from Stockholm Swedish Jews Swedish male film actors Swedish male television actors Swedish people of American descent Swedish people of English descent Swedish people of German descent Swedish people of Irish descent Swedish people of Scottish descent Swedish people of Ukrainian descent Hidden categories : CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Use dmy dates from April 2011 Articles containing Swedish - language text Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Magyar მარგალური Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 December 2017 , at 22 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel%20Kinnaman
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how many rounds per minute does a musket fire
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This process was drilled into troops until they could complete the procedure upon hearing a single command of `` prime and load '' . No additional verbal orders were given until the musket was loaded , and the option was either to give the soldiers the command `` Make Ready '' , or to hold the musket for movement with the command of `` Shoulder your firelock '' . The main advantage of the British Army was that the infantry soldier trained at this procedure almost every day . A properly trained group of regular infantry soldiers was able to load and fire four rounds per minute . A crack infantry company could load and fire five rounds in a minute .
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Musket
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musket
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A musket is a muzzle - loaded , smoothbore long gun that appeared in early 16th century Europe , at first as a heavier variant of the arquebus , capable of penetrating heavy armor . By the mid-16th century , this type of musket went out of use as heavy armor declined , but as the matchlock became standard , the term musket continued as the name given for any long gun with a flintlock , and then its successors , all the way through the mid 1800s . This style of musket was retired in the 19th century when rifled muskets ( simply called rifles in modern terminology ) became common as a result of cartridged breech - loading firearms introduced by Casimir Lefaucheux in 1835 , the invention of the Minié ball by Claude - Étienne Minié in 1849 , and the first reliable repeating rifle produced by Volcanic Repeating Arms in 1854 . By the time repeating rifles became common , they were known as simply `` rifles '' , ending the era of the musket .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 1.1 Terminology 2 History 2.1 Europe 2.1. 1 Heavy arquebus 2.1. 2 Flintlock Musket 2.1. 3 Rifling 2.2 Asia 3 Operation 4 Tactics 4.1 Volley fire 4.2 Countermarch 4.3 Attack column 5 Replacement by the rifle 6 Outside Eurasia 7 Parts of a musket 8 Ammunition 9 Accessories 10 See also 11 References 12 Bibliography 13 External links Etymology ( edit ) According to the Etymology Dictionary , firearms were often named after animals , and the word musket derived from the French word mousquette , which is a male sparrowhawk . An alternative theory is that derives from the 16th century French mousquet , - ette , from the Italian moschetto , - etta , meaning the bolt of a crossbow . The Italian moschetto is a diminutive of mosca , a fly . Terminology ( edit ) The first recorded usage of the term `` musket '' or moschetto appeared in Europe in the year 1499 . Evidence of the musket as a type of firearm does not appear until 1521 when it was used to describe a heavy arquebus capable of penetrating heavy armor . This version of the musket fell out of use after the mid-16th century with the decline of heavy armor , however the term itself stuck around as a general descriptor for ' shoulder arms ' fireweapons into the 1800s . The differences between the arquebus and musket post-16th century are therefore not entirely clear , and the two have been used interchangeably on several occasions . History ( edit ) See also : Arquebus , History of gunpowder , and Timeline of the Gunpowder Age Heavy muskets , image produced 1664 . Europe ( edit ) Heavy arquebus ( edit ) The musket first came about as a variant of the matchlock arquebus , which was developed in Europe around 1475 . The arquebus was used in relatively high ratios in Hungary under king Matthias Corvinus ( r . 1458 -- 1490 ) . Every fourth soldier in the Black Army of Hungary had an arquebus , which was an unusually high ratio in its era . In response to firearms , thicker armor was produced , from 15 kg in the 15th century to 25 kg in the late 16th century . Armour that was 2 mm thick , required 2.9 times as much energy to penetrate armour that was 1 mm thick . In 1521 , the heavy arquebus known as the musket , was invented in Europe . During the siege of Parma in 1521 , many Spanish soldiers reportedly used an `` arquebus with rest , '' a weapon much larger and more powerful than the regular arquebus . However , at this point long - barreled , musket - caliber weapons had been in use as wall - defence weapons in Europe for almost a century . The musketeers were the first infantry to give up armour entirely . Musketeers began to take cover behind walls or in sunken lanes and sometimes acted as skirmishers to take advantage of their ranged weapons . In England , the musket barrel was cut down from 4 feet to 3 feet around 1630 . According to Sir John Smythe , muskets were first used around 1530 in Italy where they had been `` devised to encounter heavily armed opponents , and for the defence of towns and fortresses . '' Flintlock musket ( edit ) Flintlock mechanism The heavy musket went out of favor around the same time the snaphance flintlock was invented in Europe , in 1550 . After the arrival of the snaphance and then the `` true '' flintlock in the late 17th century , the arquebus died out as a term for firearms and flintlocks are not usually associated with arquebuses . The term `` musket '' itself however , stuck around as a general term for ' shoulder arms ' fireweapons into the 1800s . The differences between the arquebus and musket post-16th century are therefore not entirely clear , and the two have been used interchangeably on several occasions . The number of musketeers relative to pikemen increased partly because they were now more mobile than pikemen . An intermediate between the arquebus and the musket was the caliver , a standardized arquebus deriving from the English corruption of `` caliber '' , which appeared in Europe around 1567 - 9 . Rifling ( edit ) Projectiles in smoothbore firearms are quite loose in the barrel . The last contact with the barrel gives the ball a spin around an axis at right angles to the direction of flight . The aerodynamics result in the ball veering off in a random direction from the aiming point . The practice of rifling , putting grooves in the barrel of a weapon , causing the projectile to spin on the same axis as the line of flight , prevented this veering off from the aiming point . Initially rifles were used primarily as sporting weapons and had little presence in warfare . However , by 1611 rifles were already starting to see some use in warfare by Denmark . From around 1750 , rifles began to be used by skirmishers ( Frederick the Great raised a Jäger unit in 1744 from game - keepers and foresters , armed with rifles ) , but the very slow rate of fire of muzzle - loading rifles restricted their use until the invention of the Minié ball in 1849 , ending the smoothbore musket era . Rifled muskets of the mid-19th century , like the Springfield Model 1861 , were significantly more accurate , with the ability to hit a man sized target at a distance of 500 yards ( 460 m ) or more . The advantage of this extended range was demonstrated at the Battle of Four Lakes , where Springfield Model 1855 rifled muskets inflicted heavy casualties among the Indian warriors before they could get their smooth bore muskets into range . However , in the Italian War of 1859 , French forces were able to defeat the longer range of Austrian rifle muskets by aggressive skirmishing and rapid bayonet assaults during close quarters combat . Asia ( edit ) Early matchlocks as illustrated in the Baburnama ( 16th century ) Matchlock firearms were used in India by 1500 , in Đại Việt by 1516 , and in Southeast Asia by 1540 . The Portuguese may have introduced muskets to Sri Lanka during their conquest of the coastline and low lands in 1505 , as they regularly used short barreled matchlocks during combat . However , P.E.P. Deraniyagala points out that the Sinhalese term for gun , ' bondikula ' matches the Arabic term for gun , ' bunduk ' . Also , certain technical aspects of the early Sinhalese matchlock were similar to the matchlocks used in the Middle East , thus forming the generally accepted theory that the musket was not entirely new to the island by the time the Portuguese came . In any case , soon native Sri Lankan kingdoms , most notably the kingdom of Sitawaka and the Kandyan Kingdom , manufactured hundreds of Sinhalese muskets , with a unique bifurcated stock , longer barrel and smaller calibre , which made it more efficient in directing and using the energy of the gunpowder . These were mastered by native soldiers to the point where , according to the Portuguese chronicler , Queirós , they could `` fire at night to put out a match '' and `` by day at 60 paces would sever a knife with four or five bullets '' and `` send as many on the same spot in the target . '' Arquebuses were imported by the Ming Dynasty ( 1368 -- 1644 ) at an uncertain point , but the Ming only began fielding matchlocks in 1548 . The Chinese used the term `` bird - gun '' to refer to arquebuses and Turkish arquebuses may have reached China before Portuguese ones . In Zhao Shizhen 's book of 1598 AD , the Shenqipu , there were illustrations of Ottoman Turkish musketmen with detailed illustrations of their muskets , alongside European musketeers with detailed illustrations of their muskets . There was also illustration and description of how the Chinese had adopted the Ottoman kneeling position in firing while favoring European - made muskets . Despite initial reluctance , the Safavid Empire of Persia rapidly acquired the art of making and using handguns . A Venetian envoy , Vincenzo di Alessandri , in a report presented to the Council of Ten on 24 September 1572 , observed : They used for arms , swords , lances , arquebuses , which all the soldiers carry and use ; their arms are also superior and better tempered than those of any other nation . The barrels of the arquebuses are generally six spans long , and carry a ball little less than three ounces in weight . They use them with such facility that it does not hinder them drawing their bows nor handling their swords , keeping the latter hung at their saddle bows till occasion requires them . The arquebus is then put away behind the back so that one weapon does not impede the use of the other . Various antique Tanegashima . In Japan , arquebuses were introduced in 1543 by Portuguese merchantmen and by the 1560s were being mass - produced locally . Large Korean Jochong ( Matchlock Musket ) in Unhyeon Palace with Korean cannon Hongyipao ( Culverin ) . In Korea the Joseon dynasty underwent a devastating war with newly unified Japan that lasted from 1592 to 1598 . The shock of this encounter spurred the court to undergo a process of military strengthening . One of the core elements of military strengthening was to adopt the musket . According to reformers , `` In recent times in China they did not have muskets ; they first learned about them from the Wokou pirates in Zhejiang Province . Qi Jiguang trained troops in their use for several years until they ( muskets ) became one of the skills of the Chinese , who subsequently used them to defeat the Japanese . '' By 1607 Korean musketeers had been trained in the fashion which Qi Jiguang prescribed , and a drill manual had been produced based on the Chinese leader 's Jixiao Xinshu . Of the volley fire , the manual says that `` every musketeer squad should either divide into two musketeers per layer or one and deliver fire in five volleys or in ten . '' Another Korean manual produced in 1649 describes a similar process : `` When the enemy approaches to within a hundred paces , a signal gun is fired and a conch is blown , at which the soldiers stand . Then a gong is sounded , the conch stops blowing , and the heavenly swan ( a double - reed horn ) is sounded , at which the musketeers fire in concert , either all at once or in five volleys ( 齊 放 一次 盡 擧 或 分 五 擧 ) . '' This training method proved to be quite formidable in the 1619 Battle of Sarhu when 10,000 Korean musketeers managed to kill many Manchus before their allies surrendered . While Korea went on to lose both wars against the Manchu invasions of 1627 and 1636 , their musketeers were well respected by Manchu leaders . It was the first Qing emperor Hong Taiji who wrote : `` The Koreans are incapable on horseback but do not transgress the principles of the military arts . They excel at infantry fighting , especially in musketeer tactics . '' Afterwards , the Qing dynasty requested Joseon to aid in their border conflict with Russia . In 1654 , 370 Russians engaged a thousand - man Qing - Joseon force at the mouth of the Songhua River and were defeated by Joseon musketeers . In 1658 , 500 Russians engaged a 1400 string Qing - Joseon force and were defeated again by Joseon musketeers . Under the Three Branch System , similar to the Spanish Tercio , Joseon organized their army under firearm troops ( artillery and mueketeers ) , archers , and pikemen or swordsmen . The percentage of firearms in the Joseon army rose dramatically as a result of the shorter training period for firearms . In addition , the sulfur mines discovered in Jinsan reduced the expense of producing gunpowder . Under the reign of Sukjong of Joseon ( 1700 's ) , 76.4 % of the local standing army in Chungcheong were musketeers . Under the reign of King Yeongjo , Yoon Pil - Un , Commander of the Sua - chung , improved on firearms with the Chunbochong ( 천보총 ) , which had a larger range of fire than the existing ones . Its usage is thought to have been similar to the Afghanistan Jezail or American Kentucky Rifle . Operation ( edit ) An English Civil War manual of the New Model Army showing a part of the steps required to load and fire an earlier musket . The need to complete this difficult and potentially dangerous process as quickly as possible led to the creation of the military drill . In the 18th century , as typified by the English Brown Bess musket , loading and firing was done in the following way : Upon the command `` prime and load '' , the soldier would make a quarter turn to the right at the same time bringing the musket to the priming position . The pan would be open following the discharge of the previous shot , meaning that the frizzen would be tilted forward . If the musket was not being reloaded after a previous shot , the soldiers would be ordered to `` Open Pan '' . Upon the command `` handle cartridge '' , the soldier would draw a cartridge from the cartridge box worn on the soldier 's right hip or on a belt in front of the soldier 's belly . Cartridges consisted of a spherical lead ball wrapped in a paper cartridge which also held the gunpowder propellant . The end of the cartridge opposite from the ball would be sealed by a mere twist of the paper . The soldier then tore off the twisted end of the cartridge with the teeth and spat it out , and continued to hold the now open cartridge in his right hand . Upon the command `` prime '' , the soldier then pulled the hammer back to half - cock , and poured a small amount of powder from the cartridge into the priming pan . He then closed the frizzen so that the priming powder was trapped . Upon the command `` about '' , the butt of the musket was then lowered and moved to a position against the soldier 's left calf , and held so that the soldier could then access the muzzle of the musket barrel . The soldier then poured the rest of the powder from the cartridge down the muzzle . The cartridge was then reversed , and the end of the cartridge holding the musket ball was inserted into the muzzle , with the remaining paper shoved into the muzzle above the musket ball . This paper acted as wadding to stop the ball and powder from falling out if the muzzle was lowered . Upon the command `` draw ramrods '' , the soldier drew the ramrod from the musket . The ramrod was grasped and reversed when removed , and the large end was inserted about one inch into the muzzle . Upon the command `` ram down cartridge '' , the soldier then used the ramrod to firmly ram the wadding , bullet , and powder down to the breech of the barrel . The ramrod was then removed , reversed , and returned to half way in the musket by inserting it into the first and second ramrod pipes . The soldier 's hand then grasped the top of the ramrod . Upon the command `` return rammers '' , the soldier would quickly push the rammer the remaining amount to completely return it to its normal position . Once the ramrod was properly replaced , the soldier 's right arm would be held parallel to the ground at shoulder level , with the right fingertips touching the bayonet lug , and lightly pressing the musket to the soldier 's left shoulder . The soldier 's left hand still supported the musket . ( At no time did the soldier place the musket on the ground to load ) Upon the command `` Make Ready '' , the musket was brought straight up , perpendicular to the ground , with the left hand on the swell of the musket stock , the lock turned toward the soldier 's face , and the soldier 's right hand pulled the lock to full cock , and grasped the wrist of the musket . Upon the command `` present '' , the butt of the musket was brought to the soldier 's right shoulder , while at the same time the soldier lowered the muzzle to firing position , parallel to the ground , and sighting ( if the soldier had been trained to fire at `` marks '' ) along the barrel at the enemy . Upon the command of `` fire '' , the soldier pulled the trigger , and the musket ( hopefully ) fired . A full second was allowed to pass , and the musket was then quickly lowered to the loading position , butt against the soldier 's right hip , muzzle held off center to the left at about a forty - five degree angle , and the soldier would look down at his open pan to determine if the prime had been ignited . This process was drilled into troops until they could complete the procedure upon hearing a single command of `` prime and load '' . No additional verbal orders were given until the musket was loaded , and the option was either to give the soldiers the command `` Make Ready '' , or to hold the musket for movement with the command of `` Shoulder your firelock '' . The main advantage of the British Army was that the infantry soldier trained at this procedure almost every day . A properly trained group of regular infantry soldiers was able to load and fire four rounds per minute . A crack infantry company could load and fire five rounds in a minute . Tactics ( edit ) Volley fire ( edit ) Diagram of a 1594 Dutch musketry volley formation . Illustration of a 1639 Ming musketry volley formation . From Bi Maokang 畢懋康 , Jun qi tu shuo 軍 器 圖說 , ca . 1639 . The development of volley fire -- by the Ottomans , the Chinese , the Japanese , and the Dutch -- made muskets more feasible for widespread adoption by the military . The volley fire technique transformed soldiers carrying firearms into organized firing squads with each row of soldiers firing in turn and reloading in a systematic fashion . Volley fire was implemented with cannons as early as 1388 by Ming artillerists , but volley fire with matchlocks was not implemented until 1526 when the Ottoman Janissaries utilized it during the Battle of Mohács . The matchlock volley fire technique was next seen in mid 16th century China as pioneered by Qi Jiguang and in late 16th century Japan . Qi Jiguang elaborates on his volley fire technique in the Jixiao Xinshu : All the musketeers , when they get near the enemy are not allowed to fire early , and they 're not allowed to just fire everything off in one go , ( because ) whenever the enemy then approaches close , there wo n't be enough time to load the guns ( 銃 裝 不及 ) , and frequently this mismanagement costs the lives of many people . Thus , whenever the enemy gets to within a hundred paces ' distance , they ( the musketeers ) are to wait until they hear a blast on the bamboo flute , at which they deploy themselves in front of the troops , with each platoon ( 哨 ) putting in front one team ( 隊 ) . They ( the musketeer team members ) wait until they hear their own leader fire a shot , and only then are they allowed to give fire . Each time the trumpet gives a blast , they fire one time , spread out in battle array according to the drilling patterns . If the trumpet keeps blasting without stopping , then they are allowed to fire all together until their fire is exhausted , and it 's not necessary ( in this case ) to divide into layers . -- Jixiao Xinshu Countermarch ( edit ) In Europe the volley fire countermarch technique was illustrated by the Spanish captain Martín de Eguiluz in his Milicia , Discurso y Regla Militar written in 1586 and first published in Madrid in 1592 . His most significant contribution to early modern warfare rests on his detailed description of the countermarch which the Spanish derived from a maneuver described in De Re Militari conducted with javelins . This complex battlefield maneuver consisted of lining up three files of soldiers five ranks deep to shoot and then yield their place at the front to those who had been behind them and then to load again and continue in order to maintain a steady rate of fire . Most historians , including Geoffrey Parker , have ignored Eguiluz , and have erroneously attributed the invention of the countermarch to Maurice of Nassau , although the publication of the Milicia , Discurso y Regla Militar antedates Maurice 's first letter on the subject by two years . Nassau copied the maneuver and taught it to Dutch troops in the Eighty Years ' War . Eguiluz also stressed constant drills and training . The difficulty of reloading was diminished by making the musket ball much smaller than the internal diameter of the barrel to adjust for accumulated soot . As the interior of the barrel became dirty from soot from previously fired rounds , the musket ball from the next shot could still be easily rammed . In order to keep the ball in place once the weapon was loaded , it would be partially wrapped in a small piece of cloth . However , the smaller ball could move within the barrel as the musket was fired , decreasing the accuracy of musket fire ( it was complained that it took a man 's weight in lead musket balls to kill him ) . Attack column ( edit ) In the 19th century , a new tactic was devised by the French during the French Revolutionary Wars . This was the colonne d'attaque , or attack column , consisting of one regiment up to two brigades of infantry . Instead of advancing slowly all across the battlefield in line formations , the French infantry were brought forward in such columns , preceded by masses of skirmishers to cover and mask their advance . The column would then normally deploy into line right before engaging the enemy with either fire or bayonet . This allowed the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic infantry a much greater degree of mobility compared to their Ancien Régime opponents , and also allowed much closer cooperation of infantry with cavalry and artillery , which were free to move in between the infantry columns of the former rather than being trapped in between the linear formation of the latter . The ' colonne d'attaque ' was henceforth adopted by all European armies during and after the Napoleonic Wars . While some British historians , such as Sir Charles Oman , have postulated that it was the standard French tactic to charge enemy lines of infantry head on with their columns , relying on the morale effect of the huge column , and hence were often beaten off by the devastating firepower of the redcoats , more current research into the subject has revealed that such occasions were far from the norm , and that the French normally tried deploying into lines before combat as well . Replacement by the rifle ( edit ) Minié balls The musket had a smoothbore barrel and lacked rifling grooves in the barrel that spun the bullet , contributing to its accuracy . By modern standards , muskets are extremely inaccurate . Owing to this lack of accuracy , officers did not expect musketeers to aim at specific targets . Rather , their objective was to deliver massed fire into the enemy line . Although rifling as a practice preceded the musket , it was primarily secluded to specialist weapons and limited in number . The disadvantage of the early rifle for military use was its long reloading time and the tendency for powder fouling to accumulate in the rifling , making the piece more difficult to load with each shot . Eventually , the weapon could not be loaded until the bore was wiped clean . For this reason , smoothbore muskets remained the primary firearm of most armies until the mid-19th century . However , as early as 1611 , rifles were already seeing limited usage in some parts of Europe such as Denmark . The invention of the Minié ball in 1849 solved both major problems of muzzle - loading rifles . The Crimean War ( 1853 -- 1856 ) saw the first widespread use of the rifled musket for the common infantryman and by the time of the American Civil War ( 1860s ) most infantry were equipped with the rifled musket . These were far more accurate than smoothbore muskets and had a far longer range , while preserving the musket 's comparatively faster reloading rate . Their use led to a decline in the use of massed attacking formations , as these formations were too vulnerable to the accurate , long - range fire a rifle could produce . In particular , attacking troops were within range of the defenders for a longer period of time , and the defenders could also fire at them more quickly than before . As a result , while 18th century attackers would only be within range of the defenders ' weapons for the time it would take to fire a few shots , late 19th century attackers might suffer dozens of volleys before they drew close to the defenders , with correspondingly high casualty rates . However , the use of massed attacks on fortified positions did not vanish overnight , and as a result , major wars of the late 19th century and early 20th century tended to produce very high casualty figures . In the late 19th century , the rifle took another major step forward with the introduction of breech - loading rifles . These rifles also used brass cartridges . The brass cartridge had been introduced earlier ; however , it was not widely adopted for various reasons . In the U.S. Army , generals thought their soldiers would waste ammunition , so they kept muzzle - loading black powder rifles until after the American Civil War . The introduction of breech loaders meant that the rifling of a weapon was no longer damaged when it was loaded , and reloading was a much faster process . Shortly afterwards , magazine loading rifles were introduced , which further increased the weapons ' rate of fire . From this period ( c. 1870 ) on , the musket was obsolete in modern warfare . Outside eurasia ( edit ) During the Musket war period in New Zealand between 1805 and 1843 , at least 500 conflicts took place between various Maori groups - often using trade muskets in addition to traditional Maori weapons . The muskets were initially cheap Birmingham muskets designed for the use of coarse grain black powder . Maori favoured the shorter barrel versions . Some Maori groups took advantage of runaway sailors and escaped convicts to expand their understanding of muskets . Early missionaries - one of whom was a trained gunsmith - refused to help Maori repair muskets . Later , common practice was to enlarge the percussion hole and to hold progressively smaller lead balls between the fingers so that muskets could fire several shots without having to remove fouling . Likewise , Maori resorted to thumping the butt of the musket on the ground to settle the ball instead of using a ramrod . Maori favoured the use of the double barrel shot gun ( Tuparra - two barrel ) during fighting often using women to reload the weapons when fighting from a Pā ( fortified village or hillfort ) . They often resorted to using nails , stones or anything convenient as `` shot '' . From the 1850s Maori were able to obtain superior military style muskets with greater range . One of the authors was a Pakeha ( European ) who lived amongst Maori , spoke the language fluently , had a Maori wife and took part in many intertribal conflicts as a warrior . Parts of a musket ( edit ) The phrase `` lock , stock , and barrel '' refers to the three main parts of a musket . Trigger guards began appearing in 1575 . Bayonets were attached to muskets in several parts of the world from the late 16th to 17th centuries . Locks came in many different varieties . Early matchlock and wheel lock mechanisms were replaced by later flintlock mechanisms and finally percussion locks . In some parts of the world such as China and Japan , the flintlock mechanism never caught on and they continued using matchlocks until the 19th century when percussion locks were introduced . In the latter half of the 18th century several improvements were added to the musket . In 1750 a detent was added to prevent the sear from catching in the half - cock notch . A roller bearing was introduced in 1770 to reduce friction and increase sparks . In 1780 waterproof pans were added . Ammunition ( edit ) Iron ball mould The Minié ball , which despite its name was actually bullet shaped and not ball shaped , was developed in the 1840s . The Minié ball had an expanding skirt which was intended to be used with rifled barrels , leading to what was called the rifled musket , which came into widespread use in the mid-19th century . The Minié ball was small enough in diameter that it could be loaded as quickly as a round ball , even with a barrel that had been fouled with black powder residue after firing many shots , and the expanding skirt of the Minié ball meant that it would still form a tight fit with the barrel and impart a good spin into the round when fired . This gave the rifled musket an effective range of several hundred yards , which was a significant improvement over the smooth bore musket . For example , combat ranges of 300 yards were achievable using the rifled muskets of the American Civil War . Musketeers often used paper cartridges , which served a purpose similar to that of modern metallic cartridges in combining bullet and powder charge . A musket cartridge consisted of a pre-measured amount of black powder and ammunition such as a round ball , Nessler ball or Minié ball all wrapped up in paper . Cartridges would then be placed in a cartridge box , which would typically be worn on the musketeer 's belt during a battle . Unlike a modern cartridge , this paper cartridge was not simply loaded into the weapon and fired . Instead , the musketeer would tear open the paper ( usually with his teeth ) , pour some of the powder into the pan and the rest into the barrel , follow it with the ammunition ( and the paper as wadding if not using a Minié ball ) , then use the ramrod as normal to push it all into the barrel . While not as fast as loading a modern cartridge , this method did significantly speed up the loading process since the pre-measured charges meant that the musketeer did not have to carefully measure out the black powder with every shot . Accessories ( edit ) Some ramrods were equipped with threaded ends , allowing different attachments to be used . One of the more common attachments was a ball screw or ball puller , which was literally just a screw that could be screwed into the lead ball to remove it if it had become jammed in the barrel , similar to the way that a corkscrew is used to remove a wine cork . Another attachment was called a worm , which was used to clear debris from the barrel , such as paper wadding that had not been expelled . Some worm designs were sturdy enough that they could be used to remove stuck ammunition . The worm could also be used with a small piece of cloth for cleaning . A variation on the worm called the `` screw and wiper '' combined the typical design of a worm with a ball puller 's screw . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Muskets . Arquebus Musketoon Pike and shot Grenadier Line infantry Gun References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Arnold 2001 , p. 75 - 78 . ^ Jump up to : Adle 2003 , p. 475 . ^ Jump up to : Willbanks 2004 , p. 15 . ^ Jump up to : Willbanks 2004 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ `` Online Etymology Dictionary '' . Etymonline.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology , TF Hoad , Oxford University Press , 1986 ( ISBN 0 - 19 - 283098 - 8 ) p. 305 . ^ Jump up to : Phillips 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Needham 1986 , p. 428 . ^ Jump up to : Chase 2003 , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Petzal 2014 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Razso 1982 , p. 125 - 40 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 26 January 2011 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ Williams 2003 , p. 916 . Jump up ^ Williams 2003 , p. 936 . Jump up ^ Hall 1997 . Jump up ^ C.H. Firth 1972 4th ed . Cromwell 's Army p. 80 Jump up ^ Smythe , John ( 1590 ) . Certain Discourses . London . 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Technische Höchstleistungen ihrer Zeit '' , Technikgeschichte 44 ( 3 ) : 213 -- 237 ( 226 -- 228 ) Tran , Nhung Tuyet ( 2006 ) , Viêt Nam Borderless Histories , University of Wisconsin Press . Turnbull , Stephen ( 2003 ) , Fighting Ships Far East ( 2 : Japan and Korea Ad 612 - 1639 , Osprey Publishing , ISBN 1 - 84176 - 478 - 7 Urbanski , Tadeusz ( 1967 ) , Chemistry and Technology of Explosives , III , New York : Pergamon Press . Villalon , L.J. Andrew ( 2008 ) , The Hundred Years War ( part II ) : Different Vistas , Brill Academic Pub , ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 16821 - 3 Wagner , John A. ( 2006 ) , The Encyclopedia of the Hundred Years War , Westport & London : Greenwood Press , ISBN 0 - 313 - 32736 - X Watson , Peter ( 2006 ) , Ideas : A History of Thought and Invention , from Fire to Freud , Harper Perennial ( 2006 ) , ISBN 0 - 06 - 093564 - 2 Williams , Alan ( 2003 ) , A history of the metallurgy of armour in the middle ages and the early modern period , Brill Willbanks , James H. ( 2004 ) , Machine guns : an illustrated history of their impact , ABC - CLIO , Inc . Worman , Charles G. ( 2005 ) , Gunsmoke and Saddle Leather : Firearms in the nineteenth - century American West , UNM Press External links ( edit ) Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Musket . History of numerous Muskets Infantry Tactics During the Napoleonic wars -- Musketry The Arquebus and Matchlock Musket Page Musket , Bayonet and Sword ( hide ) Early firearms and thermal weapons History of the firearm History of gunpowder Timeline of the Gunpowder Age Firearms Arquebus Bajōzutsu Belton flintlock Blunderbuss ( Dragon ) Cookson repeater Doglock Fire lance Flintlock and flintlock mechanism Hand cannon Hand mortar Heilongjiang hand cannon Howdah pistol Huochong Huolongjing Jingal Kalthoff repeater Matchlock Miquelet lock Muzzleloader Nock gun Snap matchlock Snaphance Snaplock Tanegashima Tu Huo Qiang Wheellock Muskets Brown Bess Charleville musket Culverin Jazāyer Jezail Kabyle musket Model 1795 Musket Model 1816 Musket Model 1822 Musket Musket Model 1777 Musketoon Potzdam Musket 1723 Springfield Model 1812 Musket Springfield musket M1752 Musket Wall gun Early artillery Abus gun Artillery of France in the Middle Ages Basilisk Bâton à feu Bombard Breech - loading swivel gun Cetbang Chongtong Culverin Fauconneau Gunpowder artillery in the Middle Ages Gunpowder artillery in the Song dynasty Hongyipo Hu dun pao Korean cannon Lantaka Pierrier à boîte Pot - de-fer Ribauldequin Veuglaire Medieval superguns Dulle Griet Faule Grete Faule Mette Grose Bochse Mons Meg Pumhart von Steyr Early rockets and incendiaries Bo - hiya Congreve rocket Fire arrow Huo Che Greek fire Huolongjing Hwacha Mysorean rockets Singijeon Category : Early firearms Category : Early modern firearms Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Musket&oldid=833340418 '' Categories : Muskets Early firearms English Civil War weapons 18th - century weapons 19th - century weapons Victorian - era weapons Caseless firearms Muzzleloaders Heraldic charges Hidden categories : CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Use dmy dates from December 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Diné bizaad Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Қазақша Kurdî Latina Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語 48 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 March 2018 , at 23 : 52 . 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what does pt stand for in chrysler pt cruiser
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Internally at Chrysler during development , `` PT '' stood for `` Plymouth Truck '' , as it was intended to be a Plymouth model , and certified as a truck by NHTSA standards . The name stuck , but Chrysler never revealed what PT was supposed to mean .
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Chrysler PT Cruiser
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chrysler pt cruiser
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The Chrysler PT Cruiser is a front - engine , front - wheel drive , small family car / Compact MPV manufactured and marketed internationally by Chrysler in 5 - door hatchback ( 2000 -- 2010 ) and 2 - door convertible ( 2005 - 2008 ) body styles .
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The PT Cruiser is noted for its exterior design reminiscent of 1930s styling , executed by Bryan Nesbitt , and its interior design featuring a high - roof , high h - point seating , and flexible cargo and passenger configurations -- a multi-level cargo shelf as well as fold , tumble and removable rear seating . Originally conceived as a Plymouth model , the PT Cruiser was ultimately marketed as a Chrysler model , after retirement of the Plymouth brand . By the end of production in July 2010 , worldwide production had reached 1.35 million . Internally at Chrysler during development , `` PT '' stood for `` Plymouth Truck '' , as it was intended to be a Plymouth model , and certified as a truck by NHTSA standards . The name stuck , but Chrysler never revealed what PT was supposed to mean . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Design 3 Updates 4 Safety 5 Trim levels 6 PT Cruiser GT 7 Factory special editions 7.1 Flame package & Woodie package 7.2 Street Cruiser Route 66 Edition 7.3 Street Cruiser Pacific Coast Highway Edition 7.4 Street Cruiser Sunset Boulevard Edition 7.5 Dream Cruiser Series 5 7.6 PT Cruiser Sport 7.7 Couture Edition 8 Chrysler Panel Cruiser 9 References 10 External links Overview ( edit ) The PT Cruiser is a front - wheel drive 5 - passenger vehicle , classified as a truck in the US by the NHTSA for CAFE fuel economy calculations but as a car by most other metrics . Chrysler specifically designed the PT Cruiser to fit the NHTSA criteria for a light truck in order to bring the average fuel efficiency of the company 's truck fleet into compliance with CAFE standards . A turbocharged GT model was introduced for the 2003 model year . A convertible was introduced for the 2005 model year . The PT Cruiser was manufactured at Toluca Car Assembly in Toluca , Mexico . On March 8 , 2006 , DaimlerChrysler announced that it had built 1,000,000 PT Cruisers at the Toluca plant . The final PT Cruiser built rolled off the assembly line there on July 9 , 2010 . A Chrysler spokesperson said the last model was Stone White and was destined for a U.S. dealership . In all , a grand total of 1,050,281 PT Cruisers were sold in the United States . European Chrysler PT Cruiser The PT Cruiser was also assembled at the Eurostar Automobilwerk in Graz , Austria , for global markets ( outside North America ) in 2002 , using the production code PG . European PT Cruisers built in 2001 or from 2003 onwards were built in Mexico under the PT production code . The US version came standard with a 2.4 L four - cylinder gasoline engine . In addition to this standard model , a 2.2 L four - cylinder diesel engine built by Mercedes Benz was also available in Europe , Asia , and South Africa . A 2.0 L engine ( D4RE ) was also available outside the US . It produced 140 hp ( 100 kW ) SAE at 6500 rpm with 130 lb ⋅ ft ( 180 N ⋅ m ) of torque at 4800 rpm . In July 2000 , the PT Cruiser replaced the Neon in Japan as their small car offering . Chrysler sold over 10,000 PT Cruisers in Japan . Both the five door hatchback and the two door convertible , and the GT turbo engine package were sold in Japan in right hand drive configurations . Japanese versions were manufactured at the Austrian factory and were equipped very similar to European specifications . From 2002 until 2007 , the PT Cruiser was used in the city of Urayasu , Chiba Prefecture by the Maihama Resort Cab company to serve as a taxi in the vicinity of Tokyo Disneyland because of its fun , retro appearance . The PT Cruiser taxis augmented the Maihama Resort Line service to Tokyo Disneyland . Unfortunately , the PT Cruiser was n't built for the rigors of taxi service , and the fleet became expensive to maintain , with eventual retirement in 2007 . The PT Cruiser was offered in Japan until April 2010 , when it was replaced by the Dodge Caliber . In 2001 Car and Driver acknowledged the PT Cruiser on its Ten Best list and the PT Cruiser also won the North American Car of the Year . In 2013 , Top Gear named the PT Cruiser Convertible as the worst car of the last twenty years . Design ( edit ) The PT Cruiser was originally conceived as a Plymouth model , before Chrysler 's merger with Daimler - Benz . At the time , Chrysler had planned a new look for Plymouth , previewed by the Plymouth Prowler `` hot rod '' . Styling cues from the Prowler , particularly the grille , were used to create the Plymouth Pronto concept car in 1997 . The look was refined , and in 1998 , another Plymouth concept called the Pronto Cruizer directly previewed the styling of the PT Cruiser . The Pronto Cruizer was designed as a modern interpretation of the Chrysler Airflow with Dodge Neon components , but the final design used a separate platform . After the new DaimlerChrysler discontinued the Plymouth marque , the PT Cruiser launched as a Chrysler model . The PT Cruiser also resembles the 1997 Chrysler CCV prototype -- which would evolve into the styling of the PT Cruiser . Intended to evoke a 1930s look , the 2000 PT Cruiser grew out of a collaboration with Robert A. Lutz , who was an executive at Chrysler at the time , Dr. Clotaire Rapaille and Bryan Nesbitt , who went on to design the Chevrolet HHR . Updates ( edit ) Chrysler PT Cruiser convertible Chrysler PT Cruiser Classic hatchback ( Australia ) PT Cruiser models included the Classic Edition , Limited Edition , Touring Edition , `` Dream Cruiser '' , `` Street Cruiser '' , `` Pacific Coast Highway Edition '' and PT Cruiser GT . Non-GT Turbo ( 180 hp ) edition models ( introduced in 2004 ) were identified by a `` 2.4 L Turbo '' badge on the lower right hand corner of the rear lift-gate . The GT model ( introduced in 2003 ) has a `` 2.4 L Turbo High Output '' badge on the right hand corner of the lift-gate indicating the 215 - 230 hp engine version . The PT Cruiser was updated for 2006 to include scalloped headlights , a revised grille no longer extending below the `` bumper '' , new lower front fascia which eliminated the patented brake cooling ducts and available round fog lamps and redesigned taillights . Interior updates included a revised interior with an updated dash with an analog clock in the center stack . The audio system featured a line - in jack for MP3 players integrated into the dash . Features such as satellite radio , a premium sound system by Boston Acoustics with external amplifier and subwoofer , and U Connect hands - free Bluetooth for compatible cell phones also became available in 2006 . The standard audio system now included an A / M-F / M stereo with single - disc CD player and 3.5 - millimeter auxiliary audio input jack with six speakers , replacing a cassette player and four speakers . The turbocharged 2.4 L four - cylinder engine was available in 180 hp ( 130 kW ) or `` High - Output '' 230 hp ( 170 kW ) versions . A `` Mopar '' cruise control unit became available as an after market unit on 2007 models . Also in 2007 , Chrysler dealers were permitted to order vehicles with separate options ( un-bundled options from option packages ) such as anti-lock brakes and Side Impact Airbags . Sirius Satellite Radio also became an option that could be installed as a dealer option with a factory appearance ( i.e. roof mount satellite antenna ) . For 2010 , the last year of production for the PT Cruiser , there was only one trim level available : the PT Cruiser Classic . It included a 2.4 L Inline Four - Cylinder ( I4 ) engine producing 150 horsepower , a standard four - speed automatic transmission with overdrive , an AM / FM stereo with single - disc CD player , 3.5 - millimeter auxiliary audio input jack and six speakers , a rear - mounted spoiler , standard air conditioning , standard cruise control , standard tire pressure monitoring system ( TPMS ) , standard front and front and rear side SRS airbags , standard keyless entry with two remotes and panic alarm , standard ABS anti-lock brakes , standard sixteen - inch alloy wheels , and more . Optional features included leather seating surfaces , a power front driver 's bucket seat , an engine block heater , a power tilt - and - sliding sunroof , and heated dual front bucket seats . Pricing for the 2010 Chrysler PT Cruiser Classic , in MSRP , started at $18,275.00 . Exterior color options were Bright Silver Metallic , Brilliant Black Crystal Pearl Coat , Deep Water Blue Pearl Coat , Inferno Red Crystal Tinted Pearl Coat , Silver Steel Metallic , and Stone White Clear Coat . The only interior color option was Pastel Slate Gray . Safety ( edit ) In 2002 Euro NCAP gave the PT Cruiser a three ( out of five ) stars rating . The car received bad results in the frontal impact test ( 6 out of 16 possible points ) . The height of the seats and side airbags helped to attain a maximum score of 16 points in the side impact test . The low frontal scores are in part explained by the cushioning near the knees , designed to protect unbelted occupants , which is not a factor in the EU where passengers must wear seat belts . For 2008 , the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety gave the PT Cruiser the highest rating of Good overall for occupant protection in frontal crashes and the second lowest overall rating of Marginal for side crashes . It was the one small car to earn Marginal marks in both side and rear evaluations as well as the only small car to not offer electronic stability control . Trim levels ( edit ) 5 - door hatchback Base - Included 5 - speed manual transmission , A / M-F / M stereo with cassette player ( or single - disc CD player and auxiliary audio input jack for 2006 - 2009 models ) and 6 premium speakers , manual roll - up windows ( later standard power windows ) and manual door locks ( later standard power door locks ) , fifteen - inch ( 15 `` ) steel wheels with wheel covers , cloth seating surfaces , and folding rear seat . Limited - Added A / M-F / M stereo with cassette and CD players ( later six - disc CD / MP3 changer ) and Infinity ( later Boston Acoustics ) premium speakers with external amplifier , chromed alloy wheels , and leather - and - suede - trimmed seating surfaces with heated front seats to Touring . Touring - Added A / M-F / M stereo with single - disc CD player , power windows and door locks , and keyless entry to Base . Touring Signature Series - Added Boston Acoustics premium speakers with external amplifier , alloy wheels , and exterior color - keyed details to Touring . Special W.P. Chrysler Signature Series emblems on front fenders . Street Cruiser - Added body kit , special alloy wheels , and color - keyed exterior details . GT - Added high - performance 2.4 L Turbocharged Inline Four - Cylinder ( I4 ) engine , special alloy wheels , and body kit to Limited . GT Cruiser emblem on tailgate . Walter P. Chrysler Signature Series -- 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , and 2008 Limited Edition Platinum Series -- 2004 only Dream Cruiser Series -- 2002 - 2005 , 2009 only - Added two - tone paint scheme and special alloy wheels . Sport -- see below Classic -- 2010 only - Same features as Touring trim level with alloy wheels . Couture -- 2010 only - Added single exterior color option and two - toned leather - trimmed interior to Classic . 2 - door convertible ( same features as 5 - door hatchback models with power - retractable cloth convertible top ) base GT Touring Limited ( Australia ) PT Cruiser GT ( edit ) The PT Cruiser GT ( also known as the GT Cruiser ) is a high output turbocharged hot hatch variant of the PT Cruiser introduced as a 2003 model . Much like the Dodge Neon SRT - 4 sedan , the PT Cruiser GT uses the same 2.4 L turbocharged I4 engine . The engine is upgraded over the standard PT with improved cooling , oiling and forged internals . The PT Cruiser GT is much more powerful than the standard model and has the potential to make significantly more power with available and relatively simple performance upgrades . Upgrades such as MOPAR Stage 1 and supporting turbo components are common . Most performance parts from the Dodge Neon SRT - 4 are compatible with the PT Cruiser GT . 2003 Chrysler PT Cruiser GT , 2.4 L Turbo Performance 215 hp ( 160 kW ) @ 5000 rpm and 245 lb ⋅ ft ( 332 N ⋅ m ) @ 3600 rpm ( 2003 -- 2005 ) 230 hp ( 170 kW ) @ 5100 rpm and 245 lb ⋅ ft ( 332 N ⋅ m ) @ 2400 rpm ( 2006 + ) Top speed 125 mph ( 201 km / h ) ( Governor limited ) Standard features Autostick or 5 - Speed Getrag manual transmission 4 - wheel disc brakes with ABS and traction control Chromed 17 '' wheels with P205 / 50R17 tires Body - color monotone front fascia with larger , lower openings Body - color monotone rear fascia with larger exhaust opening Specially tuned suspension ( which also dropped the height 1 inch ) Performance - tuned exhaust system with a large diameter chrome exhaust tip Factory special editions ( edit ) 2010 Chrysler PT Cruiser Couture Edition Flame package & woodie package ( edit ) Factory Flame package - Optional flame - inspired decals that extended from the front fenders . Woodie package - Available only on 2002 - 4 models , simulated wood panels that extended down the side of the vehicle , and around the rear hatch . Street Cruiser Route 66 Edition ( edit ) Available in 2006 Route 66 Edition was finished in either Solar Yellow or Black . This version featured Solar Yellow brake calipers , body - color grille , solar - tinted sunscreen glass , liftgate mounted spoiler , 17 - inch all - season performance tires , four - wheel anti-lock brakes with low - speed traction control , speed control , and a sport suspension . Brightwork accents included chrome body - side moldings , a chrome exhaust tip and 17 - inch ( 432 mm ) , chrome - plated , and five - spoke Empire aluminum wheels . Exterior identification included a ' Street Cruiser ' badge with Solar Yellow accents on the liftgate and ' Route 66 ' badges on the front doors . A total of 1443 Route 66 models were produced in North America , with 142 of those equipped with 5 speed manual transmissions . Street Cruiser Pacific Coast Highway Edition ( edit ) Based on the 2007 Chrysler PT Cruiser Touring model , this version had Pacific Blue Pearl body , 4 - wheel disc anti-lock brakes , bright front door sill scuff pads , front bright accent ring cupholders , silver shift knob , chrome lock knobs , chrome bodyside molding , `` Street Cruiser '' badge , Pacific Coast Highway Edition badge , rear body - color spoiler , bright exhaust tip , leather steering wheel with bright spokes , sport suspension , supplemental side air bags , 6 - way power driver 's seat , Sirius satellite radio , 17x6 inch aluminum platinum clad wheels with 205 / 50R17XL 93H BSW all - season performance tires , and cloth seats with blue insert . Street Cruiser Sunset Boulevard Edition ( edit ) Street Cruiser Sunset Boulevard Edition version was based on 2008 PT Cruiser LX and was limited to 500 units . It included `` Sunset Crystal '' body accented with various chrome body - trim pieces , deep - tint glass , 16 - inch chrome wheels with all - season touring tires . Dream Cruiser Series 5 ( edit ) 2009 Dream Cruiser 5 The Dream Cruiser Series 5 production totaled 1,750 units for the US market during the 2009 model year . It included 4 - speed automatic transmission , pearl - white body ( however one was made in inferno red and one finished in bright silver ) with a black roof and spoiler , gray interior with leather and chrome trim , upper - and lower - billet aluminum cross-hatch pattern grilles , chromed door handles and body - side moldings , chromed stainless - steel exhaust tip ( on turbo ) , 17 in ( 432 mm ) SRT Design wheels with all - season performance tires , unique ' PT ' door badging , PT Dream Cruiser Series 5 tailgate badge , fog lamps and a Brilliant Black Crystal Pearl hoop spoiler . The vehicle was announced in conjunction with the 2008 Woodward Dream Cruise . PT Cruiser Sport ( edit ) Based on the Classic trim , the Sport version included roof mounted body color spoiler , 16 - inch alloy wheels , PT Cruiser Sport badge , and exclusive graphite metallic paint . The PT Cruiser Sport was available with a two - litre petrol engine . Couture Edition ( edit ) The Couture Edition featured a contrasting two - tone paint scheme : black above the beltline and silver metallic on the bottom section , with a red pinstripe dividing the two . The interior included Radar Red leather buckets ( dark gray leather optional ) with black piping , a red shifter knob and chrome appliques . Outside features included 16 - inch chrome - clad wheels with chromed bodyside moldings and accents . Production was limited to 500 . Chrysler Panel Cruiser ( edit ) The Chrysler Panel Cruiser was a design study that appeared at the 2000 Detroit Auto Show . Based on the PT Cruiser , it featured panels in place of the rear doors and a wooden floor in place of the rear seats . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Neil , Dan . `` Bob Lutz 's hits and misses at GM '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 31 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Phelan , Mark ( 29 June 2010 ) . `` Last PT Cruiser will roll off assembly line July 9 '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Vijayenthiran , Viknesh ( 12 July 2010 ) . `` Chrysler PT Cruiser Will Cruise No More '' . MotorAuthority . Retrieved 31 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Allpar News Archives , 1999 '' . Allpar com . 14 February 2000 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Top Gear '' . TopGear . Jump up ^ Patton , Phil ( 27 February 2009 ) . `` PT Cruiser : From Hero to Zero '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Euro NCAP Crash test '' . Euroncap.com . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` IIHS '' . IIHS . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 07 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ New crash tests of small cars , Insurance Institute for Highway Safety Jump up ^ Hardigree , Matt ( 2008 - 12 - 17 ) . `` IIHS : PT Cruiser Most Dangerous New Small Car In America '' . Jalopnik . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Chrysler PT Cruiser Turbo `` GT Cruiser '' -- 2002 to 2009 `` . ptcruizer.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chrysler Kicks Off Woodward Dream Cruise With Introduction of New 2009 Chrysler PT Dream Cruiser Series 5 '' ( Press release ) . Chrysler . 2008 - 08 - 12 . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Dream Cruise Gets Latest Chrysler PT Cruiser Special Edition Jump up ^ `` Chrysler PT Cruiser Sport Edition ( UK ) '' . Carpages . co . uk . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chrysler Panel Cruiser Concept '' . Car and Driver . January 2000 . Archived from the original on 9 August 2011 . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chrysler PT Cruiser . Chrysler.com - 2001 PT Cruiser homepage , through Internet Archive Chrysler PT Cruiser at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Official Chrysler UK Press Release Chrysler PT Cruiser at the Internet Movie Cars Database Chrysler Japan website ( in Japanese ) `` previous -- Chrysler car timeline , 1970 -- present Type 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 Subcompact Sunbeam Ypsilon Valiant Lancer Lancer Scorpion Horizon Compact Valiant Volare Avenger LeBaron PT Cruiser Delta Valiant Galant Galant Town & Country Town & Country ES / Shadow Neon Neon Mid-size 150 / Alpine LeBaron / Phantom ( 2 - dr ) Sebring ( 2 - dr ) Sebring ( 2 - dr ) Centura LeBaron conv . Sebring conv . Sebring conv . Sebring conv . 200 conv . 160 / 180 E-Class LeBaron GTS LeBaron ( 4 - dr ) Cirrus Sebring ( 4 - dr ) Sebring ( 4 - dr ) 200 ( 4 - dr ) 200 ( 4 - dr ) 2 - Litre Fifth Avenue Spirit Stratus Stratus LeBaron New Yorker Saratoga / Spirit Hunter GTS / Lancer Sigma Dynasty Full - size Newport Newport New Yorker Concorde Concorde 300 300 New Yorker New Yorker New Yorker Fifth Avenue New Yorker 300M Town & Country Imperial LHS LHS 300 Regal Regal Intrepid Intrepid VIP Chrysler Chrysler Chrysler Vision Valiant Valiant Valiant Valiant Valiant Valiant 383 Sports Laser Conquest Prowler Crossfire Daytona Viper Muscle car Valiant Charger Charger Crossover Pacifica SUV Aspen Minivan TEVan Voyager Voyager Voyager Voyager Grand Voyager Grand Voyager Town & Country Town & Country Town & Country Town & Country Town & Country Pacifica Limousine Executive Personal luxury Cordoba Hurst 300 300 Imperial Coupe utility Drifter GT TC Notes Vehicles are available only in Europe Vehicles are available only in Australia Vehicles are available only in Africa Vehicles are available only in North America outside US Vehicles are available only in UK and Ireland Vehicles are available as Chrysler only outside US , as Dodge or Plymouth inside US . Chrysler vehicles Current Cars 300 Vans Pacifica Historic and discontinued models Cars 150 160 180 2 - Litre 200 300 series Chrysler 300 300M Airflow Airstream Alpine Avenger Centura Charger Chrysler Cirrus Concorde Conquest Cordoba Crossfire Daytona Delta Drifter Dynasty E-Class ES Executive Fifth Avenue Galant Horizon Hunter Imperial Imperial Parade Phaeton Intrepid Lancer Laser LeBaron LHS Neon Newport New Yorker Phantom Plainsman Prowler PT Cruiser Regal Royal Royal ( Australia ) Saratoga Scorpion Sebring Shadow Sigma Spirit Stratus Sunbeam TC by Maserati Touring Town and Country Turbine Car Valiant Valiant Charger Valiant Galant Valiant Lancer Valiant Pacer Valiant Volare VIP Viper Vision Wayfarer Windsor Ypsilon Crossovers / SUVs Aspen Pacifica Vans Grand Voyager TEVan Town and Country Voyager Concept Cars 200C Airflite Akino Atlantic C - 200 California Cruiser CCV Chronos Citadel 700C Delta ecoVoyager Falcon Firepower Imperial Concept Java ME Four - Twelve Nassau Natrium Norseman Pacifica Concept Patriot Phaeton Pronto Cruizer Chrysler.com A division of FCA US LLC Commons List Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chrysler_PT_Cruiser&oldid=843091656 '' Categories : Chrysler vehicles Front - wheel - drive vehicles Compact cars Euro NCAP small MPVs Convertibles Hatchbacks Hot Hatch 2000s automobiles 2010s automobiles Retro - style automobiles Cars introduced in 2000 Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2011 Articles with Curlie links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 May 2018 , at 20 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysler%20PT%20Cruiser
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who is the female singer in all that remains
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In October 2015 , Sagan announced her amicable departure from All That Remains in order to pursue personal interests . She was replaced by Aaron `` Bubble '' Patrick , formerly of the band Bury Your Dead . She currently plays bass / backing vocals in Crossing Rubicon , and as of 2017 , is recording a brand new album with the band , who is also fronted by her husband , Scotty Anarchy .
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Aaron `` Bubble '' Patrick
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Jeanne Sagan
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jeanne sagan
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Jeanne Sagan is a musician from Springfield , Massachusetts . She is the bassist and backing vocalist for the heavy metal band Crossing Rubicon , but is best known as the former bassist and backing vocalist for the heavy metal - metalcore band All That Remains from 2006 to 2015 . Before joining All That Remains , she was bassist in the band The Acacia Strain in 2003 . In 2006 , she was asked to join All That Remains after bassist Matt Deis left the band . She originally worked merchandise tables for Prosthetic Records .
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As of November 2012 , Sagan plays a black cherry Spector Legend 4 Classic four - string bass with EMG 35DC active pickups , and Ampeg SVT bass amplifiers . She is a former Ibanez player , using both Soundgear 4 - strings and an ARTB100 four - string , the latter of which can be seen in the music video for the song `` Hold On '' from the album For We Are Many . She uses Orange amplifiers and Omega speaker cabinets . In October 2015 , Sagan announced her amicable departure from All That Remains in order to pursue personal interests . She was replaced by Aaron `` Bubble '' Patrick , formerly of the band Bury Your Dead . She currently plays bass / backing vocals in Crossing Rubicon , and as of 2017 , is recording a brand new album with the band , who is also fronted by her husband , Scotty Anarchy . Contents ( hide ) 1 Discography 1.1 Crossing Rubicon 1.2 Light is the Language 1.3 All That Remains 2 References 3 Gallery Discography ( edit ) Crossing Rubicon ( edit ) No Less Than Everything - ( 2016 ) Light is the Language ( edit ) The Void Falls Silent - ( 2001 ) All That Remains ( edit ) The Fall of Ideals - ( 2006 ) Overcome - ( 2008 ) For We Are Many - ( 2010 ) A War You Cannot Win - ( 2012 ) The Order of Things - ( 2015 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.facebook.com/allthatremains/posts/10153706544943885 Jump up ^ http://www.metal-archives.com/albums/Light_Is_the_Language/The_Void_Falls_Silent/234693 https://web.archive.org/web/20080417031905/http://www.ibanez.com/artists/ https://web.archive.org/web/20110707124430/http://ibanez.s3.amazonaws.com/Cms/Bulk/ibanez_SR.swf Gallery ( edit ) 93X Fest in Duluth , MN Performing with Phil Labonte Wikimedia Commons has media related to All That Remains . All That Remains Philip Labonte Mike Martin Oli Herbert Jason Costa Aaron Patrick Michael Bartlett Chris Bartlett Dan Egan Jeanne Sagan Matt Deis Shannon Lucas Studio albums Behind Silence and Solitude ( 2002 ) This Darkened Heart ( 2004 ) The Fall of Ideals ( 2006 ) Overcome ( 2008 ) For We Are Many ( 2010 ) A War You Cannot Win ( 2012 ) The Order of Things ( 2015 ) Madness ( 2017 ) Videos All That Remains : Live ( 2007 ) Singles This Darkened Heart Tattered On My Sleeve The Deepest Gray This Calling The Air That I Breathe Not Alone Chiron `` Two Weeks '' `` Forever in Your Hands '' Frozen Hold On `` The Last Time '' `` The Waiting One '' Down Through the Ages `` Stand Up '' You Ca n't Fill My Shadow `` Asking too Much '' `` What If I Was Nothing '' `` No Knock '' `` This Probably Wo n't End Well '' `` Tru - Kvlt - Metal '' For You Victory Lap Criticism and Self - Realization Madness Safe House Halo The Thunder Rolls Related articles Discography Killswitch Engage The Acacia Strain The Acacia Strain Vincent Bennett Devin Shidaker Kevin Boutot Griffin Landa Richard Gomez Daniel `` DL '' Laskiewisz Christopher Daniele Daniel Daponde Karrie Whitfield Jeanne Sagan Seth Coleman Ben Abert Mark Castillo David Sroka Mike Casavant Jack Strong Studio albums ... And Life Is Very Long ( 2002 ) 3750 ( 2004 ) The Dead Walk ( 2006 ) Continent ( 2008 ) Wormwood ( 2010 ) Death Is the Only Mortal ( 2012 ) Coma Witch ( 2014 ) Gravebloom ( 2017 ) Live albums The Most Known Unknown ( 2010 ) Related bands All That Remains Between the Buried and Me Bury Your Dead Emmure Impending Doom Record labels Prosthetic Rise Blood Has Been Shed Howard Jones Justin Foley John Lynch Corey Unger Studio albums I Dwell on Thoughts of You ( 1999 ) Novella of Uriel ( 2001 ) Spirals ( 2003 ) Related articles Killswitch Engage Portal : Biography Portal : Heavy metal Portal : Rock music MusicBrainz : 404e1ee1 - 7bac - 4b3b - 8565 - efcc51ac5ea6 This article about a United States bass guitarist is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jeanne_Sagan&oldid=811737886 '' Categories : 1979 births Living people Female bass guitarists Musicians from Springfield , Massachusetts American heavy metal bass guitarists Guitarists from Massachusetts American female guitarists American bass guitarist stubs Hidden categories : BLP articles lacking sources from July 2011 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Magyar 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 November 2017 , at 16 : 37 . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanne%20Sagan
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who won the case in mueller v. oregon
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In Justice David Josiah Brewer 's unanimous opinion , the Court upheld the Oregon regulation . The Court did not overrule Lochner , but instead distinguished it on the basis of `` the difference between the sexes '' . The child - bearing physiology and social role of women provided a strong state interest in reducing their working hours .
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Oregon
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Muller v. Oregon
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muller v. oregon
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Muller v. Oregon , 208 U.S. 412 ( 1908 ) , was a landmark decision by the United States Supreme Court . Women were provided by state mandate , lesser work - hours than allotted to men . The poised question was whether women 's liberty to negotiate a contract with an employer should be equal to a man 's . There was no such thing as sex discrimination in 1908 , because gender based discrimination had not been recognized until the case of Reed v. Reed , in 1971 ; here , the test was not under the equal protections clause , but a test based on the general police powers of the state to protect the welfare of women when it infringed on her fundamental right to negotiate contracts ; inequality was not a deciding factor because the sexes were inherently different in their particular conditions and had completely different functions ; usage of labor laws that were made to nurture women 's welfare and for the `` benefit of all '' people was decided to be not a violation of the contact clause within the U.S. constitution .
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The case describes women as having dependency upon men in a manner that such women needed their rights to be preserved by the state ; their `` rights '' were in effect , to have maternal gender roles , again however to the loss of some of their contractual liberties . The quotes for the decision follows : `` woman has always been dependent upon man . '' Id . at 421 . `` in the struggle for subsistence she is not an equal competitor with her brother . '' Id . at 422 . `` Though limitations upon personal and contractual rights may be removed by legislation , there is that in her disposition and habits of life which will operate against a full assertion of those rights . '' Id . `` her physical structure and a proper discharge of her maternal functions -- having in view not merely her own health , but the well - being of the race -- justify legislation to protect her from the greed as well as the passion of man . '' Id . `` The limitations which this statute places upon her contractual powers , upon her right to agree with her employer as to the time she shall labor , are not imposed solely for her benefit , but also largely for the benefit of all . '' Id . The ruling had important implications for protective labor legislation and was decided just three years after Lochner v. New York , 198 U.S. 45 ( 1905 ) , in which a New York law restricting the weekly working hours of bakers in the state was invalidated . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Judgment 3 Significance of the case 4 See also 5 Notes 6 Further reading 7 External links Background ( edit ) Curt Muller , the owner of a laundry business , was convicted of violating Oregon labor laws by making a female employee work more than ten hours in a single day . Muller was fined $10 . Muller appealed to the Oregon Supreme Court and then to the U.S. Supreme Court , both of which upheld the constitutionality of the labor law and affirmed his conviction . Judgment ( edit ) In Justice David Josiah Brewer 's unanimous opinion , the Court upheld the Oregon regulation . The Court did not overrule Lochner , but instead distinguished it on the basis of `` the difference between the sexes '' . The child - bearing physiology and social role of women provided a strong state interest in reducing their working hours . That woman 's physical structure and the performance of maternal functions place her at a disadvantage in the struggle for subsistence is obvious . This is especially true when the burdens of motherhood are upon her . Even when they are not , by abundant testimony of the medical fraternity continuance for a long time on her feet at work , repeating this from day to day , tends to injurious effects upon the body , and as healthy mothers are essential to vigorous offspring , the physical well - being of woman becomes an object of public interest and care in order to preserve the strength and vigor of the race. 208 U.S. at 412 . `` When the constitutionality of the Oregon ten - hour law for women was challenged , Florence Kelley committed The National Consumers League to it 's ( sic ) defense . As Kathryn Kish Sklar has explained , NCL 's research director , Josephine Goldmark , prepared a pathbreaking brief , of which only 2 pages consisted of traditional abstract legal reasoning , and over 100 pages offered sociological evidence . Her brother - in - law , the future Supreme Court Justice Louis D. Brandeis , argued the case in the U.S. Supreme Court . Goldmark and Brandeis 's innovation would come to be known as a `` Brandeis Brief , '' and many others would later be modeled on it . '' Goldmark and her team were able to assemble 98 out of the 118 pages of the brief , meaning much of the credit for the brief goes to her . Significance of the case ( edit ) Groups like the National Consumer League ( which included Florence Kelley and Josephine Goldmark as feminists ) and the state won shorter hours for women . However , many equal - rights feminists opposed the ruling , since it allowed laws based on stereotyped gender roles that restricted women 's rights and financial independence . While it provided protection from long hours to white women , it did not extend to women of color , food processors , agricultural workers , and women who worked in white - collar jobs . The government interest in public welfare outweighed the freedom of contract that is displayed in the 14th Amendment and the effects of Muller v. Oregon did not change until the New Deal days in the 1930s . It was also a watershed in the development of maternalist reforms . The ruling was criticized because it set a precedent to use sex differences , and in particular women 's child - bearing capacity , as a basis for separate legislation , supporting the idea that the family has priority over women 's rights as workers . `` Until the late 1930s , when the Fair Labor Standards Act created gender - neutral workplace protections , the Equal Rights Amendment championed by the NWP would have demolished the gains for women workers won in Muller . This dispute between feminists who valued protection and feminists who valued equality continued until the latter group gained the upper hand in the 1970s . '' See also ( edit ) Bunting v. Oregon Brandeis Brief List of United States Supreme Court cases , volume 208 Lochner v. New York , 198 U.S. 45 ( 1905 ) Adkins v. Children 's Hospital , 261 U.S. 525 ( 1923 ) West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish , 300 U.S. 379 ( 1937 ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution ) '' . Wikipedia . Jump up ^ Muller v. Oregon , 208 U.S. 412 , 423 ( 1908 ) Jump up ^ Id . at 422 ^ Jump up to : Baron , Ava ( 1981 ) . `` Protective Labor Legislation and the Cult of Domesticity '' . Journal of Family Issues . SAGE Publications . 2 ( 1 ) : 25 -- 38 . doi : 10.1177 / 0192513X8100200103 . Jump up ^ 415 Protecting Women Wage - Workers , Women 's America , Refocusing the Past . Jump up ^ Ginsburg , Ruth Bader . `` Lessons Learned from Louis D. Brandeis BrandeisNOW . '' BrandeisNOW . N.p. , 28 January 2016 . Web . 28 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Brandeis , L.D. ( 1907 ) . The Brandeis Brief . Retrieved January 27 , 2010 , from http://www.law.louisville.edu/library/collections/brandeis/node/235 Jump up ^ Woloch , N. ( 1996 ) . Muller v. Oregon : A Brief History with Documents . Boston : Bedford Books of St. Martin 's Press . Jump up ^ Barney , S.L. ( 1999 ) . `` Maternalism and the Promotion of Scientific Medicine during the Industrial Transformation of Appalachia , 1880 - 1930 . '' NWSA Journal , 11 ( 3 ) , 68 -- 92 . Jump up ^ Koven , S. , & Michel , S. ( 1993 ) . Mothers of a New World , Maternalist Politics and the Origins of Welfare States ( ) . Routledge . Jump up ^ `` Muller v. State of Oregon . '' Open Collections Program : Women Working , . N.p. , n.d. Web . 28 Sept. 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) Becker , Mary E. ( 1986 ) . `` From Muller v. Oregon to Fetal Vulnerability Policies '' . University of Chicago Law Review . The University of Chicago Law Review , Vol. 53 , No. 4 . 53 ( 4 ) : 1219 -- 1273 . doi : 10.2307 / 1599748 . JSTOR 1599748 . Bernstein , David E. ( 2011 ) . Rehabilitating Lochner : Defending Individual Rights against Progressive Reform . Chapter 4 . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 04353 - 3 Cushman , Clare ( 2001 ) . Supreme Court Decisions and Women 's Rights : Milestone to Equality . Washington , DC : Congressional Quarterly . pp. 17 -- 18 . ISBN 1 - 56802 - 614 - 5 . Woloch , Nancy ( 1996 ) . Muller v. Oregon : A Brief History with Documents . Boston : Bedford Books of St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 12816 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Muller v. Oregon Full text of the decision courtesy of Findlaw.com Muller vs. Oregon Women Working ( 1800 - 1930 ) Oyez Citation Laundry List of laundry topics Chemicals Biological detergent Bleach Fabric softener Laundry detergent Washing Combo washer dryer Dry cleaning Tunnel washer Wet cleaning Washboard Washing machine Drying Clothes dryer Clothes horse Clothes line Drying cabinet Hills Hoist Mangle Folding FoldiMate Laundroid Finishing Box mangle Clothes hanger Ironing Concepts Colour fastness Fulling Ironing Posting Shrinkage Stain Organizations Chinese Hand Laundry Alliance French laundries of California Laundry and Dry Cleaning International Union Laundry Workers Industrial Union Project Laundry List Worshipful Company of Launderers Culture Dhobi Housekeeping Industrial laundry Laundry symbol Accessories Clothespin Dispensing ball Hamper Laundry ball Washing paddle Law Barbier v. Connolly Kimball Laundry Co. v. United States Muller v. Oregon Pearson v. Chung Yick Wo v. Hopkins Places Baths and wash houses in Britain Dhobi Ghat Laundry room Lavoir Self - service laundry Tvättstuga Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muller_v._Oregon&oldid=817118730 '' Categories : 1908 in United States case law History of women 's rights in the United States Louis Brandeis Sexism United States labor case law United States substantive due process case law United States Supreme Court cases Laundry Working time Legal history of Oregon United States Supreme Court cases of the Fuller Court Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 26 December 2017 , at 07 : 24 . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muller%20v.%20Oregon
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where does the movie monster trucks take place
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Terravex Oil is in the midst of a fracking operation near a lake in North Dakota , overseen by CEO Reece Tenneson and geologist Jim Dowd . The operation releases three subterranean creatures and destroys the drilling rig . Two are captured by Terravex , but one of them escapes the site . Meanwhile , high school senior Tripp Coley is looking for something to do to escape the life of his family ; his parents are divorced , his mother Cindy is in a relationship with Rick the town 's sheriff , who fails to take him seriously , and has taken up a part - time job at a local junkyard , where he builds a pickup truck in hopes of being able to leave his town . One night , Tripp encounters the escaped creature in the junkyard and captures it , but the creature escapes before he can seek authorities .
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North Dakota
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Monster Trucks ( film )
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monster trucks ( film )
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Monster Trucks is a 2016 American comedy film produced by Paramount Animation , Nickelodeon Movies and Disruption Entertainment for Paramount Pictures . It was directed by Chris Wedge and written by Derek Connolly , from a story by Jonathan Aibel , Glenn Berger and Matthew Robinson . The film stars Lucas Till , Jane Levy , Amy Ryan , Rob Lowe , Danny Glover , Barry Pepper and Holt McCallany , and follows a high schooler who finds an escaped monster living in his truck .
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Principal photography of the film began on April 4 , 2014 , in Kamloops , British Columbia , Canada . It was released by Paramount Pictures in the United States on January 13 , 2017 , and received mixed reviews from critics . Monster Trucks grossed $64 million worldwide against its $125 million budget , leading it to labeled it as a box office bomb , losing the studio over $120 million . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release 4.1 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Terravex Oil is in the midst of a fracking operation near a lake in North Dakota , overseen by CEO Reece Tenneson and geologist Jim Dowd . The operation releases three subterranean creatures and destroys the drilling rig . Two are captured by Terravex , but one of them escapes the site . Meanwhile , high school senior Tripp Coley is looking for something to do to escape the life of his family ; his parents are divorced , his mother Cindy is in a relationship with Rick the town 's sheriff , who fails to take him seriously , and has taken up a part - time job at a local junkyard , where he builds a pickup truck in hopes of being able to leave his town . One night , Tripp encounters the escaped creature in the junkyard and captures it , but the creature escapes before he can seek authorities . The next day Tripp , along with classmate Meredith , finds the creature has a diet of oil and it takes shelter within the hood of his truck . He quickly befriends him , names him Creech , and promises to help him get home . Tripp modifies the truck to give Creech more control over the truck as a makeshift engine , and Meredith becomes quite impressed and surprised at Creech 's speed and talent . Meanwhile , Tenneson is still concerned about the incident at the drilling rig that exposed Creech , since similar experiments have revealed the other two creatures . He decides to protect the company 's image by drilling poison into a hole leading to the underwater tunnels , and by sending hired mercenary Burke to kill their captured creatures , to the objection of Jim , as he finds the monsters have significant intelligence and emotions . Tripp and Meredith go see Tripp 's father Wade to seek help . However , when Tripp goes to check on Wade , he realizes he sold him out to Burke , and Tripp and Meredith escape in the truck with Creech , but not before destroying Wade 's trailer . Tripp , Meredith and Creech are chased by Burke and his team and Rick . Tripp , Meredith and Creech manage to escape by jumping over a train , and camp at a hunting cabin owned by Meredith 's father near the lake , while Rick chastises Burke for attempting to follow them himself . When Creech gets the sense something bad will happen to the other creatures , he heads to the Terravex headquarters where the other creatures are being held captive . Tripp and Meredith follow Creech using Meredith 's cellphone , as Trip left his phone in the truck . When they arrive , they find Creech 's parents , but are attacked by Terravex workers . Creech arrives and is captured ; Tripp and Meredith are taken to Tenneson , and he tells them to forget about Creech and his parents and has Burke escort them out . Sympathetic to the creatures ' plight , Jim decides to help Tripp and Meredith rescue the creatures . With the help of Tripp 's junkyard boss , Mr. Weathers , they acquire two more trucks , one being a repossession from a rich teen who had failed to make payments , and another being the birthday present of his friend Sam Geldon , whose father owns a local car dealership . They modify the trucks for Creech 's parents to control similar to Creech in Tripp 's truck . Jim helps the group by stealing the Terravex truck on which the monsters , Creech 's parents , are loaded on . At the dealership , the creatures take control of the modified trucks and the group make their escape up the mountain leading to the tunnels . Terravex gives chase up the mountain and the group escape by using the trucks to jump over the edge of the mountain . On the way , Rick helps Tripp and the group escape from Burke . After realizing the poison has been inserted , Tripp gets into a head - on battle with Burke , who attempts to push him into the drilling hole , but ends when Tripp and Creech overturn Burke 's truck , destroying the poison machine and killing Burke when his truck is thrown into the equipment , only for Tripp to fall into the hole . Creech saves him from drowning before he and his parents depart back home and Terravex is exposed by the group for the experimentation that was harming the creatures ' habitat . Tenneson is arrested , Tripp and Rick develop on good terms and together build a new engine for the truck , and Tripp and Meredith begin a relationship . Cast ( edit ) Lucas Till as Tripp Coley , a high school senior . Jane Levy as Meredith , Tripp 's tutor and love interest . Amy Ryan as Cindy Coley , Tripp 's mother . Rob Lowe as Reece Tenneson , the film 's main antagonist . Danny Glover as Mr. Weathers , Tripp 's paraplegic boss . Barry Pepper as Rick , the local sheriff and Cindy 's new live - in boyfriend . Holt McCallany as Burke , Reece 's henchman and one of the film 's villains . Frank Whaley as Wade Coley , Tripp 's estranged father and Cindy 's ex-husband . Thomas Lennon as Dr. Jim Dowd , a scientist . Tucker Albrizzi as Sam Geldon , Tripp 's friend . Samara Weaving as Brianne Daniel Bacon as Technician Production ( edit ) On July 31 , 2013 , Paramount Animation announced that they were developing a new live - action / animated franchise , with an entry film titled Monster Trucks , and Jonathan Aibel and Glenn Berger set to write film 's script . Chris Wedge was set to direct the film , which was produced by Mary Parent , with an initial release date set for May 29 , 2015 . Production took place in Vancouver Film Studios in Vancouver , British Columbia . On February 19 , 2014 , Jane Levy and Lucas Till joined the cast of the film . On March 24 , Amy Ryan was cast in a role , and later that week , Holt McCallany joined the cast as a villain . On April 1 , Frank Whaley and Danny Glover joined the cast of the film . Later that month , Thomas Lennon joined as well , and on April 14 , Barry Pepper joined the cast . On April 24 , Tucker Albrizzi , who starred in Big Time Rush , joined the cast , with Rob Lowe added five days later . In December 2013 , it was announced that the film 's production would begin in early April 2014 in Vancouver , with filming wrapping up in mid-July , and the studio Vancouver Film Studios was booked for the production . Principal photography began on April 4 , 2014 , in Kamloops , British Columbia . Filming was spotted on May 13 , 2014 in downtown Chilliwack , Canada . Release ( edit ) The release date was shifted several times . It was initially set for May 29 , 2015 , but on January 26 , 2015 , the film was pushed back to December 25 , 2015 , a date first assigned for Mission : Impossible -- Rogue Nation . On May 5 , 2015 , the film was pushed back again , to March 18 , 2016 . On November 10 , 2015 , the film 's release date was pushed back again , to January 13 , 2017 . On September 21 , 2016 , The Hollywood Reporter stated Paramount would take a $115 million writedown on the film due to its expected poor performance at the box office . Home Media ( edit ) Monster Trucks was released on Digital HD on March 28 , 2017 and on Blu - ray and DVD on April 11 , 2017 . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) Monster Trucks grossed $33.4 million in the United States and Canada and $31.1 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $64.5 million . In North America , Monster Trucks was released alongside the openings of The Bye Bye Man and Sleepless , as well as the wide releases of Silence , Patriots Day and Live by Night , and was expected to gross $8 -- 10 million from 3,119 theaters in its opening weekend . It ended up making $11 million ( $14.2 million over the four - day MLK weekend ) , finishing 7th at the box office . Due to its $125 million budget , as well as additional amounts spent on promotion , the film was labeled a box office bomb . Deadline Hollywood calculated the film lost the studio $123.1 million , when factoring together all expenses and revenues . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 31 % based on 85 reviews and an average rating of 4.5 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Despite flashes of inspiration , the singularly high - concept Monster Trucks shows that it takes more than monsters and trucks to create a compelling feature film . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 41 out of 100 based on 23 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Monster Trucks ( 2D ) ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . September 14 , 2016 . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ David Lieberman ( September 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' Monster Trucks ' Drove Viacom 's $115 M Charge Even Before Its Release '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved September 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Monster Trucks ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Finke , Nikki ( 31 July 2013 ) . `` Paramount Animation Plans ' Monster Trucks ' Live Action - Toon Franchise : In Final Talks With Blue Sky 's Chris Wedge To Direct '' . deadline.com . Retrieved 24 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Faughnder , Ryan ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` 2017 's first big flop ? How Paramount 's ' Monster Trucks ' went awry '' . Latimes.com . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Box Office : Ben Affleck , Martin Scorsese , And ' Monster Trucks ' Flop Over MLK Weekend '' . Forbes.com . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lang , Brent ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Hidden Figures , ' ' Patriot 's Day ' in Tight Race , ' Monster Trucks , ' ' Live by Night ' Brace to Flop '' . Variety.com . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Paramount Wants Lucas Till & Jane Levy in ' Monster Trucks ' Toy Movie '' . firstshowing.net . February 19 , 2014 . Retrieved April 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Amy Ryan Gears Up For ' Monster Trucks ' ; Blake Jenner Creeps Into ' Crawlspace ; ' Pablo Larrain Helms ' Scarface ' '' . www.deadline.com . May 20 , 2014 . Retrieved March 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rob Lowe driving Monster Trucks '' . moviehole.net. April 29 , 2014 . Retrieved April 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Frank Whaley , Danny Glover Joining Lucas Till in ' Monster Trucks ' ( Exclusive ) '' . www.hollywoodreporter.com. 2014 - 05 - 20 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` Paramount 's ' Monster Trucks ' Adds Barry Pepper '' . Deadline Hollywood . April 15 , 2014 . Retrieved April 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Holt McCallany Revs Up Villainous Role In Paramount 's ' Monster Trucks ' '' . www.deadline.com . May 20 , 2015 . Retrieved March 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Thomas Lennon Straps In For Paramount 's ' Monster Trucks ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . April 10 , 2014 . Retrieved April 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chrissie Fit Cast In ' Pitch Perfect 2 ′ ; Shohreh Aghdashloo To Narrate ' Alam High School ' ; Tucker Albrizzi Joins ' Monster Trucks ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . April 24 , 2014 . Retrieved April 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Paramount Animation Looking to Tackle Monster Trucks '' . comingsoon.net. 1 August 2013 . Retrieved 24 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Big - budget ' Monster Trucks ' to roll into Vancouver in April '' . globalnews.ca. 29 December 2013 . Retrieved 24 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lucas Till - Lucas Till and Jane Levy to star in Monster Trucks '' . contactmusic. April 29 , 2014 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rob Lowe Joins ' Monster Trucks ' '' . April 29 , 2014 . Retrieved April 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Updated production office info for Chris Wedge 's MONSTER TRUCKS filming in Vancouver to begin early April '' . twitter.com . Retrieved 24 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` START : Big - Budget Live - Action Movie MONSTER TRUCKS Begins Filming '' . yvrshoots . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ Hellinger , Mike ( May 12 , 2014 ) . `` Chilliwack buzzing with film shoot downtown this week '' . starfm.com . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2014 . Retrieved May 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ J. Henderson , Paul ( 15 May 2014 ) . `` Downtown Chilliwack turns into Monster Trucks movie set '' . chilliwacktimes.com . Retrieved 20 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock . `` Paramount Shifts ' Mission : Impossible 5 ' Release Date to Summer 2015 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 26 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Dave McNary . `` Monster Trucks Release Date Pushed Back to 2016 '' . Variety . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( November 10 , 2015 ) . `` Paramount Sets ' SpongeBob 3 ' for 2019 , Delays ' Monster Trucks ' to 2017 '' . variety.com . Retrieved November 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ; Masters , Kim ( 21 September 2016 ) . `` ' Monster Trucks ' Leads Viacom to Take $115 M Write - Down '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 28 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Monster Trucks ( 2016 ) '' . DVDs Release Date . Retrieved 19 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Bill . `` Planet Earth II 4K official , plus Monster Trucks , Saturday Night Fever update & Star Wars : Ralph McQuarrie book deal '' . The Digital Bits . Retrieved 19 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Wahlberg 's ' Patriots Day ' and ' La La Land ' to battle ' Hidden Figures ' for box office win '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` ' Hidden Figures ' Stays Smart , But Why Are So Many Movies Bombing Over MLK Weekend ? '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` What Were The Biggest Bombs At The 2017 B.O. ? Deadline 's Most Valuable Blockbuster Tournament '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Monster Trucks ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Monster Trucks reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore . com . External links ( edit ) Official website Monster Trucks on IMDb Monster Trucks at Box Office Mojo Monster Trucks at Rotten Tomatoes Monster Trucks at Metacritic Films directed by Chris Wedge Bunny ( 1998 ) Ice Age ( 2002 ) Robots ( 2005 ) Epic ( 2013 ) Monster Trucks ( 2016 ) Nickelodeon Movies Feature films Animated The Rugrats Movie ( 1998 ) Rugrats in Paris : The Movie ( 2000 ) Jimmy Neutron : Boy Genius ( 2001 ) Hey Arnold ! : The Movie ( 2002 ) The Wild Thornberrys Movie ( 2002 ) Rugrats Go Wild ( 2003 ) The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie ( 2004 ) Barnyard ( 2006 ) Rango ( 2011 ) The Adventures of Tintin ( 2011 ) The SpongeBob Movie : Sponge Out of Water ( 2015 ) Wonder Park ( 2019 ) The SpongeBob Movie : It 's a Wonderful Sponge ( 2020 ) Live - action Harriet the Spy ( 1996 ) Good Burger ( 1997 ) Snow Day ( 2000 ) Clockstoppers ( 2002 ) Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events ( 2004 ) Mad Hot Ballroom ( 2005 ) Yours , Mine & Ours ( 2005 ) Nacho Libre ( 2006 ) Charlotte 's Web ( 2006 ) The Spiderwick Chronicles ( 2008 ) Angus , Thongs and Perfect Snogging ( 2008 ) Hotel for Dogs ( 2009 ) Imagine That ( 2009 ) The Last Airbender ( 2010 ) Fun Size ( 2012 ) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2014 ) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows ( 2016 ) Monster Trucks ( 2017 ) Film franchises Rugrats ( 1998 -- 2003 ) The Wild Thornberrys ( 2002 -- 03 ) SpongeBob SquarePants ( 2004 -- present ) The Adventures of Tintin ( 2011 , Sequels planned ) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2014 -- 16 ) Book Paramount Animation Feature films The SpongeBob Movie : Sponge Out of Water ( 2015 ) Monster Trucks ( 2016 ) Sherlock Gnomes ( 2018 ) Upcoming films Wonder Park ( 2019 ) Sonic the Hedgehog ( 2019 ) The SpongeBob Movie : It 's a Wonderful Sponge ( 2020 ) Monster on the Hill ( 2020 ) Luck ( 2021 ) Related animation studios Nickelodeon Movies Nickelodeon Animation Studio Nick Digital MTV Films MTV Animation Fleischer Studios Famous Studios Terrytoons Rainbow S.r.l. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monster_Trucks_(film)&oldid=846296855 '' Categories : 2016 films English - language films 2016 3D films 2016 computer - animated films 2010s action comedy films 2010s comedy science fiction films American films American action comedy films American comedy science fiction films American computer - animated films American science fiction action films Films directed by Chris Wedge Films scored by David Sardy Films set in North Dakota Films shot in British Columbia Films with live action and animation Paramount Animation films Nickelodeon Movies films Paramount Pictures animated films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 June 2018 , at 20 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monster%20Trucks%20%28film%29
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where was best years of our lives filmed
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The Best Years of Our Lives began filming on April 15 , 1946 at a variety of locations , including the Los Angeles County Arboretum and Botanic Garden , Ontario International Airport , Ontario , California , Raleigh Studios , Hollywood , and the Samuel Goldwyn / Warner Hollywood Studios . The Best Years of Our Lives is notable for cinematographer Gregg Toland 's use of deep focus photography , in which objects both close to and distant from the camera are in sharp focus . For the passage of Fred Derry 's reliving a combat mission while sitting in the remains of a former bomber , Wyler used `` zoom '' effects to simulate Derry 's subjective state .
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The Best Years of Our Lives
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the best years of our lives
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The Best Years of Our Lives ( aka Glory for Me and Home Again ) is a 1946 American drama film directed by William Wyler and starring Myrna Loy , Fredric March , Dana Andrews , Teresa Wright , Virginia Mayo , and Harold Russell . The film is about three United States servicemen readjusting to civilian life after coming home from World War II . Samuel Goldwyn was inspired to produce a film about veterans after reading an August 7 , 1944 , article in Time about the difficulties experienced by men returning to civilian life . Goldwyn hired former war correspondent MacKinlay Kantor to write a screenplay . His work was first published as a novella , Glory for Me , which Kantor wrote in blank verse . Robert E. Sherwood then adapted the novella as a screenplay .
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The Best Years of Our Lives won seven Academy Awards in 1946 , including Best Picture , Best Director ( William Wyler ) , Best Actor ( Fredric March ) , Best Supporting Actor ( Harold Russell ) , Best Film Editing ( Daniel Mandell ) , Best Adapted Screenplay ( Robert E. Sherwood ) , and Best Original Score ( Hugo Friedhofer ) . In addition to its critical success , the film quickly became a great commercial success upon release . It became the highest - grossing film and most attended film in both the United States and UK since the release of Gone with the Wind , selling approximately 55 million tickets in the United States which equaled a gross of $23,650,000 . It remains the sixth most - attended film of all time in the UK , with over 20 million tickets sold . The film had one of the highest viewing figures of all time , with ticket sales exceeding $20.4 million . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Popular response 4.3 Awards and honors 5 References 5.1 Notes 5.2 Citations 5.3 Bibliography 6 External links Plot ( edit ) After World War II , Fred Derry ( Dana Andrews ) , Homer Parrish ( Harold Russell ) , and Al Stephenson ( Fredric March ) meet while flying home to Boone City ( a fictional city patterned after Cincinnati , Ohio ) . Fred was a decorated Army Air Forces captain and bombardier in Europe . Homer lost both hands from burns suffered when his aircraft carrier was sunk , and now uses mechanical hook prostheses . Al served as an infantry platoon sergeant in the Pacific . All three have trouble adjusting to civilian life . Al has a comfortable home and a loving family : wife Milly ( Myrna Loy ) , adult daughter Peggy ( Teresa Wright , who was only thirteen years Loy 's junior ) , and college freshman son Rob ( Michael Hall , who is absent after the first one - third of the film ) . He returns to his old job as a bank loan officer . The bank president views his military experience as valuable in dealing with other returning servicemen . When Al approves a loan ( without collateral ) to a young Navy veteran , however , the president advises him against making a habit of it . Later , at a banquet held in his honor , a slightly inebriated Al expounds his belief that the bank ( and America ) must stand with the vets who risked everything to defend the country and give them every chance to rebuild their lives . Before the war , Fred had been an unskilled drugstore soda jerk . He wants something better , but the tight postwar job market forces him to return to his old job . Fred had met Marie ( Virginia Mayo ) while in flight training and married her shortly afterward , before shipping out less than a month later . She became a nightclub waitress while Fred was overseas . Marie makes it clear she does not enjoy being married to a lowly soda jerk . Homer was a football quarterback and became engaged to his next door neighbor , Wilma ( Cathy O'Donnell ) , before joining the Navy . Both Homer and his parents now have trouble dealing with his disability . He does not want to burden Wilma with his handicap so he eventually pushes her away , although she still wants to marry him . Peggy meets Fred while bringing her father home from a bar where the three men meet once again . They are attracted to each other . Peggy dislikes Marie , and informs her parents she intends to end Fred and Marie 's marriage , but they tell her that their own marriage overcame similar problems . Concerned , Al demands that Fred stop seeing his daughter . Fred agrees , but the friendship between the two men is strained . At the drugstore , an obnoxious customer , who claims that the war was fought against the wrong enemies , gets into a fight with Homer . Fred intervenes and knocks the man into a glass counter , costing him his job . Later , Fred encourages Homer to put his misgivings behind him and marry Wilma , offering to be his best man . One evening , Wilma visits Homer and tells him that her parents want her to leave Boone City for an extended period to try to forget him . Homer bluntly demonstrates to her how hard life with him would be . When Wilma is undaunted , Homer reconsiders . On arriving home , Fred discovers his wife with another veteran ( Steve Cochran ) . After complaining to Fred that she has `` given up the best years of my life , '' Marie tells him that she is getting a divorce . Fred decides to leave town , and gives his father his medals and citations . His father is unable to persuade Fred to stay . After Fred leaves , his father reads the citation for his Distinguished Flying Cross as composed by General Doolittle . At the airport , Fred books space on the first outbound aircraft , without regard for the destination . While waiting , he wanders into a vast aircraft boneyard . Inside the nose of a B - 17 , he relives the intense memories of combat . The boss of a work crew rouses him from his flashback . When the man says the aluminum from the aircraft is being salvaged to build housing , Fred persuades the boss to hire him . At the bride 's home , people have gathered for the wedding of Homer and Wilma . Fred , now divorced , is Homer 's best man . While the vows are exchanged Fred and Peggy glance across at one another . At the conclusion everyone gathers around the newlyweds . Still gazing over at Peggy , Fred walks across the room , takes her in his arms and kisses her . He asks if she understands how things will be for them , that it will be a hard struggle at first , and that it could take years before they can get a life established . All the while Peggy smiles fondly at Fred , and then kisses him again . Cast ( edit ) Myrna Loy as Milly Stephenson Fredric March as Platoon Sergeant Al Stephenson Dana Andrews as Captain Fred Derry Teresa Wright as Peggy Stephenson Virginia Mayo as Marie Derry Cathy O'Donnell as Wilma Cameron Hoagy Carmichael as Uncle Butch Engle Harold Russell as Petty Officer 2nd Class Homer Parrish Gladys George as Hortense Derry Roman Bohnen as Pat Derry Ray Collins as Mr. Milton Minna Gombell as Mrs. Parrish Walter Baldwin as Mr. Parrish Steve Cochran as Cliff Dorothy Adams as Mrs. Cameron Don Beddoe as Mr. Cameron Marlene Aames as Luella Parrish Charles Halton as Prew Ray Teal as Mr. Mollett Howland Chamberlain as Thorpe Dean White as Novak Erskine Sanford as Bullard Michael Hall as Rob Stephenson Victor Cutler as Woody Merrill Robert Karnes as Technical Sergeant Casting brought together established stars as well as character actors and relative unknowns . Famed drummer Gene Krupa was seen in archival footage , while Tennessee Ernie Ford , later a famous television star , appeared as an uncredited `` hillbilly singer '' ( in the first of his only three film appearances ) . Blake Edwards , later notable as a film producer and director , appeared fleetingly as an uncredited `` Corporal '' . Actress Judy Wyler was cast in her first role in her father 's production . Sean Penn 's father , Leo , played the uncredited part of the soldier working as the scheduling clerk at the beginning of the film . Production ( edit ) Director Wyler had flown combat missions over Europe in filming Memphis Belle ( 1944 ) and worked hard to get accurate depictions of the combat veterans he had encountered . Wyler changed the original casting that had featured a veteran suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder and sought out Harold Russell , a non-actor to take on the exacting role of Homer Parrish . For The Best Years of Our Lives , he asked the principal actors to purchase their own clothes , in order to connect with daily life and produce an authentic feeling . Other Wyler touches included constructing life - size sets , which went against the standard larger sets that were more suited to camera positions . The impact for the audience was immediate , as each scene played out in a realistic , natural way . The Best Years of Our Lives began filming on April 15 , 1946 at a variety of locations , including the Los Angeles County Arboretum and Botanic Garden , Ontario International Airport , Ontario , California , Raleigh Studios , Hollywood , and the Samuel Goldwyn / Warner Hollywood Studios . The Best Years of Our Lives is notable for cinematographer Gregg Toland 's use of deep focus photography , in which objects both close to and distant from the camera are in sharp focus . For the passage of Fred Derry 's reliving a combat mission while sitting in the remains of a former bomber , Wyler used `` zoom '' effects to simulate Derry 's subjective state . The `` Jackson High '' football stadium seen early in aerial footage of the bomber flying over the fictional Boone City , is Corcoran Stadium located at Xavier University in Cincinnati . A few seconds later Walnut Hills High School with its distinctive dome and football field can be seen along with the downtown Cincinnati skyline ( Carew Tower and PNC Tower ) in the background . After the war , the combat aircraft featured in the film were being destroyed and disassembled for reuse as scrap material . The scene of Derry 's walking among aircraft ruins was filmed at the Ontario Army Air Field in Ontario , California . The former training facility had been converted into a scrap yard , housing nearly 2,000 former combat aircraft in various states of disassembly and reclamation . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Upon its release , The Best Years of Our Lives received extremely positive reviews from critics . Shortly after its premiere at the Astor Theater , New York , Bosley Crowther , film critic for The New York Times , hailed the film as a masterpiece . He wrote , It is seldom that there comes a motion picture which can be wholly and enthusiastically endorsed not only as superlative entertainment but as food for quiet and humanizing thought ... In working out their solutions Mr. Sherwood and Mr. Wyler have achieved some of the most beautiful and inspiring demonstrations of human fortitude that we have had in films . '' He also said the ensemble casting gave the `` ' best ' performance in this best film this year from Hollywood . '' Several decades later , film critic David Thomson offered tempered praise : `` I would concede that Best Years is decent and humane ... acutely observed , despite being so meticulous a package . It would have taken uncommon genius and daring at that time to sneak a view of an untidy or unresolved America past Goldwyn or the public . '' The Best Years of Our Lives has a 98 % `` Fresh '' rating at Rotten Tomatoes , based on 37 reviews . Chicago Sun Times film critic Roger Ebert put the film on his `` Great Movies '' list in 2007 , calling it `` ... modern , lean , and honest . '' Popular response ( edit ) The Best Years of Our Lives was a massive commercial success , earning an estimated $11.5 million at the North American box office during its initial theatrical run . When box office prices are adjusted for inflation , it remains one of the top 100 grossing films in U.S. history . Among films released before 1950 , only Gone With the Wind , The Bells of St. Mary 's , The Big Parade and four Disney titles have done more total business , in part due to later re-releases . ( Reliable box office figures for certain early films such as Birth of a Nation and Charlie Chaplin 's comedies are unavailable . ) However , because of the distribution arrangement RKO had with Goldwyn , RKO recorded a loss of $660,000 on the film . Awards and honors ( edit ) 1947 Academy Awards The Best Years of Our Lives received nine Academy Awards . Fredric March won his second Best Actor award ( also having won in 1932 for Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ) . Despite his Oscar - nominated performance , Harold Russell was not a professional actor . As the Academy Board of Governors considered him a long shot to win , they gave him an honorary award `` for bringing hope and courage to his fellow veterans through his appearance . '' When Russell in fact won Best Supporting Actor , there was an enthusiastic response . He is the only actor to have received two Academy Awards for the same performance . He later sold his Best Supporting Actor award at auction for $60,500 , to pay his wife 's medical bills . Award Result Winner Best Motion Picture Won Samuel Goldwyn Productions ( Samuel Goldwyn , Producer ) Best Director Won William Wyler Best Actor Won Fredric March Best Writing ( Screenplay ) Won Robert E. Sherwood Best Supporting Actor Won Harold Russell Best Film Editing Won Daniel Mandell Best Music ( Score of a Dramatic or Comedy Picture ) Won Hugo Friedhofer Best Sound Recording Nominated Gordon E. Sawyer Winner was John P. Livadary -- The Jolson Story Honorary Award Won To Harold Russell Memorial Award Won Samuel Goldwyn Some posters say the film won nine Academy Awards due to the honorary award won by Harold Russell , and the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award won by Samuel Goldwyn , in addition to its seven awards for Best Picture , Best Director , Best Actor , Best Screenplay , Best Supporting Actor , Best Editing , and Best Music Score . 1947 Golden Globe Awards Won : Best Dramatic Motion Picture Won : Special Award for Best Non-Professional Acting -- Harold Russell 1947 Brussels World Film Festival Won : Best Actress Of The Year -- Myrna Loy 1948 BAFTA Awards Won : BAFTA Award for Best Film from any Source Other wins National Board of Review : NBR Award Best Director , William Wyler ; 1946 . New York Film Critics Circle Awards : NYFCC Award Best Director , William Wyler ; Best Film ; 1946 . Bodil Awards : Bodil ; Best American Film , William Wyler ; 1948 . Cinema Writers Circle Awards , Spain : CEC Award ; Best Foreign Film , USA ; 1948 . In 1989 , the National Film Registry selected it for preservation in the United States Library of Congress as `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant . '' American Film Institute included the film as # 37 in its 1998 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies , as # 11 in its 2006 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers , and as # 37 in its 2007 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) . References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ At the time the film was shot , Ford was unknown as a singer . He worked in San Bernardino as a radio announcer - disc jockey . Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Thomson 1993 , pp 490 -- 491 . Jump up ^ vhttps://archive.org/stream/variety165-1947-01#page/n85/mode/1up Jump up ^ `` ' Best Years of Our Lives ' ( 1946 ) . '' Box Office Mojo . Retrieved : February 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kantor , MacKinlay ( 1945 ) . Glory for Me . Coward - McCann . OCLC 773996 . Jump up ^ Easton , Carol ( 2014 ) . `` The Best Years '' . The Search for Sam Goldwyn . Carl Rollyson ( contributor ) . Univ . Press of Mississippi . ISBN 978 - 1 - 62674 - 132 - 4 . Andrews looked at the onionskin pages and asked , ' Mac , why did you write this in blank verse ? ' ' Dana ' , said Kantor with a wry smile , ' I ca n't afford to write in blank verse , because nobody buys anything written in blank verse . But when Sam asked me to write this story , he did n't tell me not to write it in blank verse ! ' ^ Jump up to : Orriss 1984 , p. 119 . ^ Jump up to : Levy , Emanuel ( April 4 , 2015 ) . `` Oscar History : Best Picture -- Best Years of Our Lives ( 1946 ) '' ( review ) . Emanuel Levy : Cinema 24 / 7 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` The 19th Academy Awards ( 1947 ) Nominees and Winners . '' oscars.org . Retrieved : November 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Domestic Total : Estimated tickets : ' The Best Years of Our Lives ' . '' Box Office Mojo . Retrieved : February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Box office : ' The Best Years of Our Lives ' . '' Box Office Mojo . Retrieved : February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BFI 'S Ultimate Film Chart . '' BFi.org.uk . Retrieved : July 27 , 2010 . Archived March 26 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 films . '' Channel 4 . Retrieved : October 25 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Orriss 1984 , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Kehr , Dave . `` ' The Best Years of Our Lives ' . '' The Chicago Reader . Retrieved : April 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Orriss 1984 , pp. 121 -- 122 . Jump up ^ `` Trivia : ' The Best Years of Our Lives ' . '' Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved : February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Crowther , Bosley . The Best Years of our Lives . The New York Times , November 22 , 1946 . Retrieved : April 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Thomson , 2002 , p. 949 . 4th Edition ; the first edition was published in 1975 . See Thomson , David ( 1975 ) . A Biographical Dictionary of the Cinema . London : Secker & Warburg . OCLC 1959828 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Best Years of Our Lives ' . '' Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved : July 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger . `` The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1946 ) . '' Chicago Sun Times , December 29 , 2007 . Retrieved : November 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Domestic Champs '' . Variety , January 6 , 1960 , p. 34 . Jump up ^ `` Top Grossers of 1947 '' , Variety , 7 January 1948 p 63 Jump up ^ `` All - time Films ( adjusted ) . '' Box Office Mojo . Retrieved : September 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Richard B. Jewell , Slow Fade to Black : The Decline of RKO Radio Pictures , Uni of California , 2016 Jump up ^ Bergan , Ronald . `` Obituary : Harold Russell ; Brave actor whose artificial hands helped him win two Oscars . '' The Guardian , February 6 , 2002 . Retrieved : June 12 , 2012 . Bibliography ( edit ) Dolan , Edward F. Jr . Hollywood Goes to War . London : Bison Books , 1985 . ISBN 0 - 86124 - 229 - 7 . Flood , Richard . `` Reel crank -- critic Manny Farber . '' Artforum , Volume 37 , Issue 1 , September 1998 . ISSN 0004 - 3532 . Hardwick , Jack and Ed Schnepf . `` A Viewer 's Guide to Aviation Movies '' , in The Making of the Great Aviation Films . General Aviation Series , Volume 2 , 1989 . Kinn , Gail and Jim Piazza . The Academy Awards : The Complete Unofficial History . New York : Black Dog & Leventhal , 2008 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57912 - 772 - 5 . Orriss , Bruce . When Hollywood Ruled the Skies : The Aviation Film Classics of World War II . Hawthorn , California : Aero Associates Inc. , 1984 . ISBN 0 - 9613088 - 0 - X ; OCLC 11709474 Thomson , David . Showman : The Life of David O. Selznick . London : Abacus , 1993 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 2339 - 8791 - 0 . Thomson , David . `` Wyler , William '' . The New Biographical Dictionary of Film . 4th Edition . London : Little , Brown , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 316 - 85905 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Best Years of Our Lives Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Best Years of Our Lives . The Best Years of Our Lives on IMDb The Best Years of Our Lives at the TCM Movie Database The Best Years of Our Lives at the American Film Institute Catalog The Best Years of Our Lives at AllMovie The Best Years of Our Lives at Rotten Tomatoes The Best Years of Our Lives detailed synopsis / analysis at Film Site by Tim Dirks The Best Years of Our Lives film article at Reel Classics . Includes MP3s The Best years of Our Lives Film in Focus Series The Best Years of Our Lives at the Golden Years web site Streaming audio The Best Years of Our Lives on Screen Guild Theater : November 24 , 1947 The Best Years of Our Lives on Screen Directors Playhouse : April 17 , 1949 Films directed by William Wyler Films Straight Shootin ' ( 1927 ) Anybody Here Seen Kelly ? ( 1928 ) The Shakedown ( 1929 ) Hell 's Heroes ( 1930 ) The Storm ( 1930 ) A House Divided ( 1931 ) Tom Brown of Culver ( 1932 ) Her First Mate ( 1933 ) Counsellor at Law ( 1933 ) Glamour ( 1934 ) The Good Fairy ( 1935 ) The Gay Deception ( 1935 ) These Three ( 1936 ) Dodsworth ( 1936 ) Come and Get It ( 1936 ) Dead End ( 1937 ) Jezebel ( 1938 ) Wuthering Heights ( 1939 ) The Westerner ( 1940 ) The Letter ( 1940 ) The Little Foxes ( 1941 ) Mrs. Miniver ( 1942 ) Memphis Belle : A Story of a Flying Fortress ( 1944 ) The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1946 ) Thunderbolt ( 1947 ) The Heiress ( 1949 ) Detective Story ( 1951 ) Carrie ( 1952 ) Roman Holiday ( 1953 ) The Desperate Hours ( 1955 ) Friendly Persuasion ( 1956 ) The Big Country ( 1958 ) Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) The Children 's Hour ( 1961 ) The Collector ( 1965 ) How to Steal a Million ( 1966 ) Funny Girl ( 1968 ) The Liberation of L.B. Jones ( 1970 ) Related Five Came Back ( 2017 documentary ) The films of Samuel Goldwyn 1920s Slave of Desire ( 1923 ) Potash and Perlmutter ( 1923 ) The Eternal City ( 1923 ) Cytherea ( 1924 ) In Hollywood with Potash and Perlmutter ( 1924 ) A Thief in Paradise ( 1925 ) His Supreme Moment ( 1925 ) The Dark Angel ( 1925 ) Stella Dallas ( 1925 ) The Winning of Barbara Worth ( 1926 ) Partners Again ( 1926 ) The Night of Love ( 1927 ) The Magic Flame ( 1927 ) The Devil Dancer ( 1927 ) Two Lovers ( 1928 ) The Awakening ( 1928 ) Condemned ( 1929 ) The Rescue ( 1929 ) This Is Heaven ( 1929 ) Bulldog Drummond ( 1929 ) 1930s Raffles ( 1930 ) Whoopee ! ( 1930 ) The Devil to Pay ! ( 1930 ) One Heavenly Night ( 1931 ) Street Scene ( 1931 ) Palmy Days ( 1931 ) The Unholy Garden ( 1931 ) Arrowsmith ( 1931 ) Tonight or Never ( 1931 ) The Greeks Had a Word for Them ( 1932 ) The Kid From Spain ( 1932 ) Cynara ( 1932 ) The Masquerader ( 1933 ) Roman Scandals ( 1933 ) We Live Again ( 1934 ) Nana ( 1934 ) Kid Millions ( 1934 ) The Dark Angel ( 1935 ) The Wedding Night ( 1935 ) Barbary Coast ( 1935 ) Splendor ( 1935 ) These Three ( 1936 ) Dodsworth ( 1936 ) Come and Get It ( 1936 ) Strike Me Pink ( 1936 ) Beloved Enemy ( 1936 ) Woman Chases Man ( 1937 ) Stella Dallas ( 1937 ) Dead End ( 1937 ) The Hurricane ( 1937 ) The Adventures of Marco Polo ( 1938 ) The Cowboy and the Lady ( 1938 ) The Goldwyn Follies ( 1938 ) They Shall Have Music ( 1939 ) Wuthering Heights ( 1939 ) The Real Glory ( 1939 ) 1940s The Westerner ( 1940 ) The Little Foxes ( 1941 ) Ball of Fire ( 1941 ) The Pride of the Yankees ( 1942 ) They Got Me Covered ( 1943 ) The North Star ( 1943 ) Up in Arms ( 1944 ) The Princess and the Pirate ( 1944 ) Wonder Man ( 1945 ) The Kid From Brooklyn ( 1946 ) The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1946 ) The Bishop 's Wife ( 1947 ) The Secret Life of Walter Mitty ( 1947 ) A Song Is Born ( 1948 ) Enchantment ( 1948 ) Roseanna McCoy ( 1949 ) My Foolish Heart ( 1949 ) 1950s Our Very Own ( 1950 ) Edge of Doom ( 1950 ) I Want You ( 1951 ) Hans Christian Andersen ( 1952 ) Guys and Dolls ( 1955 ) Porgy and Bess ( 1959 ) Academy Award for Best Picture 1927 / 28 -- 1950 Wings ( 1927 / 28 ) The Broadway Melody ( 1928 / 29 ) All Quiet on the Western Front ( 1929 / 30 ) Cimarron ( 1930 / 31 ) Grand Hotel ( 1931 / 32 ) Cavalcade ( 1932 / 33 ) It Happened One Night ( 1934 ) Mutiny on the Bounty ( 1935 ) The Great Ziegfeld ( 1936 ) The Life of Emile Zola ( 1937 ) You Ca n't Take It with You ( 1938 ) Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) Rebecca ( 1940 ) How Green Was My Valley ( 1941 ) Mrs. Miniver ( 1942 ) Casablanca ( 1943 ) Going My Way ( 1944 ) The Lost Weekend ( 1945 ) The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1946 ) Gentleman 's Agreement ( 1947 ) Hamlet ( 1948 ) All the King 's Men ( 1949 ) All About Eve ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1975 An American in Paris ( 1951 ) The Greatest Show on Earth ( 1952 ) From Here to Eternity ( 1953 ) On the Waterfront ( 1954 ) Marty ( 1955 ) Around the World in 80 Days ( 1956 ) The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) Gigi ( 1958 ) Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) The Apartment ( 1960 ) West Side Story ( 1961 ) Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) Tom Jones ( 1963 ) My Fair Lady ( 1964 ) The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) A Man for All Seasons ( 1966 ) In the Heat of the Night ( 1967 ) Oliver ! ( 1968 ) Midnight Cowboy ( 1969 ) Patton ( 1970 ) The French Connection ( 1971 ) The Godfather ( 1972 ) The Sting ( 1973 ) The Godfather Part II ( 1974 ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Rocky ( 1976 ) Annie Hall ( 1977 ) The Deer Hunter ( 1978 ) Kramer vs. Kramer ( 1979 ) Ordinary People ( 1980 ) Chariots of Fire ( 1981 ) Gandhi ( 1982 ) Terms of Endearment ( 1983 ) Amadeus ( 1984 ) Out of Africa ( 1985 ) Platoon ( 1986 ) The Last Emperor ( 1987 ) Rain Man ( 1988 ) Driving Miss Daisy ( 1989 ) Dances with Wolves ( 1990 ) The Silence of the Lambs ( 1991 ) Unforgiven ( 1992 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Braveheart ( 1995 ) The English Patient ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) American Beauty ( 1999 ) Gladiator ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present A Beautiful Mind ( 2001 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Million Dollar Baby ( 2004 ) Crash ( 2005 ) The Departed ( 2006 ) No Country for Old Men ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) The Hurt Locker ( 2009 ) The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Argo ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) Birdman or : ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) ( 2014 ) Spotlight ( 2015 ) Moonlight ( 2016 ) BAFTA Award for Best Film Best Film from Any Source 1947 -- 1967 The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1947 ) Hamlet ( 1948 ) Bicycle Thieves ( 1949 ) All About Eve ( 1950 ) La Ronde ( 1951 ) The Sound Barrier ( 1952 ) Forbidden Games ( 1953 ) The Wages of Fear ( 1954 ) Richard III ( 1955 ) Gervaise ( 1956 ) The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) Room at the Top ( 1958 ) Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) The Apartment ( 1960 ) Ballad of a Soldier ( 1961 ) The Hustler ( 1961 ) Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) Tom Jones ( 1963 ) Dr. Strangelove or : How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb ( 1964 ) My Fair Lady ( 1965 ) Who 's Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? ( 1966 ) A Man for All Seasons ( 1967 ) Best Film 1968 -- present The Graduate ( 1968 ) Midnight Cowboy ( 1969 ) Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid ( 1970 ) Sunday Bloody Sunday ( 1971 ) Cabaret ( 1972 ) Day for Night ( 1973 ) Lacombe , Lucien ( 1974 ) Alice Does n't Live Here Anymore ( 1975 ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1976 ) Annie Hall ( 1977 ) Julia ( 1978 ) Manhattan ( 1979 ) The Elephant Man ( 1980 ) Chariots of Fire ( 1981 ) Gandhi ( 1982 ) Educating Rita ( 1983 ) The Killing Fields ( 1984 ) The Purple Rose of Cairo ( 1985 ) A Room with a View ( 1986 ) Jean de Florette ( 1987 ) The Last Emperor ( 1988 ) Dead Poets Society ( 1989 ) Goodfellas ( 1990 ) The Commitments ( 1991 ) Howards End ( 1992 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) Four Weddings and a Funeral ( 1994 ) Sense and Sensibility ( 1995 ) The English Patient ( 1996 ) The Full Monty ( 1997 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) American Beauty ( 1999 ) Gladiator ( 2000 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Pianist ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) The Aviator ( 2004 ) Brokeback Mountain ( 2005 ) The Queen ( 2006 ) Atonement ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) The Hurt Locker ( 2009 ) The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Argo ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) Boyhood ( 2014 ) The Revenant ( 2015 ) La La Land ( 2016 ) VIAF : 316751789 GND : 7843149 - 9 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Best_Years_of_Our_Lives&oldid=813980218 '' Categories : 1946 films English - language films American films 1940s drama films 1940s war films American black - and - white films American drama films American war films American aviation films Best Drama Picture Golden Globe winners Best Film BAFTA Award winners Best Picture Academy Award winners Films about amputees Films based on American novels Films based on military novels Films directed by William Wyler Films featuring a Best Actor Academy Award - winning performance Films featuring a Best Supporting Actor Academy Award - winning performance Films whose director won the Best Directing Academy Award Films whose writer won the Best Adapted Screenplay Academy Award Films that won the Best Original Score Academy Award Films whose editor won the Best Film Editing Academy Award United States National Film Registry films World War II films RKO Pictures films Samuel Goldwyn Productions films Films based on works by MacKinlay Kantor Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from February 2016 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 December 2017 , at 07 : 06 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Best%20Years%20of%20Our%20Lives
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if a new kind of slug were found which has a system
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Movable type
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movable type
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Movable type ( US English ; moveable type in British English ) is the system and technology of printing and typography that uses movable components to reproduce the elements of a document ( usually individual letters or punctuation ) usually on the medium of paper .
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The world 's first movable type printing press technology for printing paper books was made of porcelain materials and was invented around AD 1040 in China during the Northern Song Dynasty by the inventor Bi Sheng ( 990 -- 1051 ) . Subsequently in 1377 , the world 's oldest extant movable metal print book , Jikji , was printed in Korea during the Goryeo dynasty . Because of this , the diffusion of both movable - type systems was , to some degree , limited to primarily East Asia , although various sporadic reports of movable type technology were brought back to Europe by Christian missionaries , traders and business people who were returning to Europe after having worked in China for several years and influenced the development of printing technology in Europe . Some of these medieval European accounts are still preserved in the library archives of the Vatican and Oxford University among many others . Around 1450 , Johannes Gutenberg introduced the metal movable - type printing press in Europe , along with innovations in casting the type based on a matrix and hand mould . The small number of alphabetic characters needed for European languages was an important factor . Gutenberg was the first to create his type pieces from an alloy of lead , tin , and antimony -- and these materials remained standard for 550 years . For alphabetic scripts , movable - type page setting was quicker than woodblock printing . The metal type pieces were more durable and the lettering was more uniform , leading to typography and fonts . The high quality and relatively low price of the Gutenberg Bible ( 1455 ) established the superiority of movable type in Europe and the use of printing presses spread rapidly . The printing press may be regarded as one of the key factors fostering the Renaissance and due to its effectiveness , its use spread around the globe . The 19th - century invention of hot metal typesetting and its successors caused movable type to decline in the 20th century . Contents ( hide ) 1 Precursors to movable type 1.1 Letter punch and coins 1.2 Seals and stamps 1.3 Woodblock printing 2 History 2.1 Ceramic movable type 2.2 Wooden movable type 2.3 Metal movable type in China 2.4 Metal movable type in Korea 2.5 Metal movable type in Europe 3 Type - founding 4 Typesetting 5 Metal type combined with other methods 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Precursors to movable type ( edit ) Letter punch and coins ( edit ) Movable type traces its origins to the punches used to make coins : the reverse face of a Tetradrachm Greek coin from Athens , 5th century BC , featuring various letters and the owl symbol of Athena . The technique of imprinting multiple copies of symbols or glyphs with a master type punch made of hard metal first developed around 3000 BC in ancient Sumer . These metal punch types can be seen as precursors of the letter punches adapted in later millennia to printing with movable metal type . Cylinder seals were used in Mesopotamia to create an impression on a surface by rolling the seal on wet clay . They were used to `` sign '' documents and mark objects as the owner 's property . Cylinder seals were a related form of early typography capable of printing small page designs in relief ( cameo ) on wax or clay -- a miniature forerunner of rotogravure printing used by wealthy individuals to seal and certify documents . By 650 BC the ancient Greeks were using larger diameter punches to imprint small page images onto coins and tokens . The designs of the artists who made the first coin punches were stylized with a degree of skill that could not be mistaken for common handiwork -- salient and very specific types designed to be reproduced ad infinitum . Unlike the first typefaces used to print books in the 13th century , coin types were neither combined nor printed with ink on paper , but `` published '' in metal -- a more durable medium -- and survived in substantial numbers . As the portable face of ruling authority , coins were a compact form of standardized knowledge issued in large editions , an early mass medium that stabilized trade and civilization throughout the Mediterranean world of antiquity . Seals and stamps ( edit ) Main articles : Mudbrick stamp , Cylinder seal , and Phaistos Disc Brick `` stamp mold '' for the King of Larsa , Sin - Iddinam . ( for Sun God , Utu , foundation deposit of temple ) A replica of the Phaistos Disc Seals and stamps may have been precursors to movable type . The uneven spacing of the impressions on brick stamps found in the Mesopotamian cities of Uruk and Larsa , dating from the 2nd millennium BC , has been conjectured by some archaeologists as evidence that the stamps were made using movable type . The enigmatic Minoan Phaistos Disc of 1800 -- 1600 BC has been considered by one scholar as an early example of a body of text being reproduced with reusable characters : it may have been produced by pressing pre-formed hieroglyphic `` seals '' into the soft clay . A few authors even view the disc as technically meeting all definitional criteria to represent an early incidence of movable - type printing . Recently it has been alleged by Jerome Eisenberg that the disk is a forgery . The Prüfening dedicatory inscription is medieval example of movable type stamps being used . Woodblock printing ( edit ) Main article : Woodblock printing The intricate frontispiece of the Diamond Sutra from Tang Dynasty China , an early woodblock - printed book , AD 868 ( British Museum ) Following the invention of paper in the 2nd century AD during the Chinese Han Dynasty , writing materials became more portable and economical than the bones , shells , bamboo slips , metal or stone tablets , silk , etc. previously used . Yet copying books by hand was still labour - consuming . Not until the Xiping Era ( 172 -- 178 AD ) , towards the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty did sealing print and monotype appear . It was soon used for printing designs on fabrics , and later for printing texts . Woodblock printing , invented by about the 8th century during the Tang Dynasty , worked as follows . First , the neat hand - copied script was stuck on a relatively thick and smooth board , with the front of the paper , which was so thin that it was nearly transparent , sticking to the board , and characters showing in reverse , but distinctly , so that every stroke could be easily recognized . Then carvers cut away the parts of the board that were not part of the character , so that the characters were cut in relief , completely differently from those cut intaglio . When printing , the bulging characters would have some ink spread on them and be covered by paper . With workers ' hands moving on the back of paper gently , characters would be printed on the paper . By the Song Dynasty , woodblock printing came to its heyday . Although woodblock printing played an influential role in spreading culture , there remained some apparent drawbacks . Firstly , carving the printing plate required considerable time , labour and materials ; secondly , it was not convenient to store these plates ; and finally , it was difficult to correct mistakes . With woodblock printing , one printing plate could be used for tens of hundreds of books , playing a magnificent role in spreading culture . Yet carving the plate was time and labour consuming . Huge books cost years of effort . The plates needed a lot of storage space , and were often damaged by deformation , worms and corrosion . If books had a small print run , and were not reprinted , the printing plates would become nothing but waste ; and worse , if a mistake was found , it was difficult to correct it without discarding the whole plate . History ( edit ) Further information : Letterpress printing and History of printing in East Asia Ceramic movable type ( edit ) Bi Sheng ( 毕 昇 / 畢昇 ) ( 990 -- 1051 ) developed the first known movable - type system for printing in China around 1040 AD during the Northern Song dynasty , using ceramic materials . As described by the Chinese scholar Shen Kuo ( 沈括 ) ( 1031 -- 1095 ) : When he wished to print , he took an iron frame and set it on the iron plate . In this he placed the types , set close together . When the frame was full , the whole made one solid block of type . He then placed it near the fire to warm it . When the paste ( at the back ) was slightly melted , he took a smooth board and pressed it over the surface , so that the block of type became as even as a whetstone . For each character there were several types , and for certain common characters there were twenty or more types each , in order to be prepared for the repetition of characters on the same page . When the characters were not in use he had them arranged with paper labels , one label for each rhyme - group , and kept them in wooden cases . If one were to print only two or three copies , this method would be neither simple nor easy . But for printing hundreds or thousands of copies , it was marvelously quick . As a rule he kept two forms going . While the impression was being made from the one form , the type was being put in place on the other . When the printing of the one form was finished , the other was then ready . In this way the two forms alternated and the printing was done with great rapidity . In 1193 , Zhou Bida , an officer of Southern Song Dynasty , made a set of clay movable - type method according to the method described by Shen Kuo in his Dream Pool Essays , and printed his book Notes of The Jade Hall ( 《 玉堂 雜記 》 ) . The claim that Bi Sheng 's clay types were `` fragile '' and `` not practical for large - scale printing '' and `` short lived '' was refuted by facts and experiments . Bao Shicheng ( 1775 -- 1885 ) wrote that baked clay moveable type was `` as hard and tough as horn '' ; experiments show that clay type , after being baked in an oven , becomes hard and difficult to break , such that it remains intact after being dropped from a height of two metres onto a marble floor . The length of clay movable types in China was 1 to 2 centimetres , not 2mm , thus hard as horn . There has been an ongoing debate regarding the success of ceramic printing technology as there have been no printed materials found with ceramic movable types . However , it is historically recorded to have been used as late as 1844 in China from the Song dynasty through the Qing dynasty . Wooden movable type ( edit ) Bi Sheng ( 990 -- 1051 ) also pioneered the use of wooden movable type around 1040 AD , as described by the Chinese scholar Shen Kuo ( 1031 -- 1095 ) . However , this technology was abandoned in favour of clay movable types due to the presence of wood grains and the unevenness of the wooden type after being soaked in ink . A revolving typecase for wooden type in China , from Wang Zhen 's book published in 1313 In 1298 , Wang Zhen ( 王 祯 / 王 禎 ) , a Yuan dynasty governmental official of Jingde County , Anhui Province , China , re-invented a method of making movable wooden types . He made more than 30,000 wooden movable types and printed 100 copies of Records of Jingde County ( 《 旌 德 縣志 》 ) , a book of more than 60,000 Chinese characters . Soon afterwards , he summarized his invention in his book A method of making moveable wooden types for printing books . Although the wooden type was more durable under the mechanical rigors of handling , repeated printing wore the character faces down , and the types could only be replaced by carving new pieces . This system was later enhanced by pressing wooden blocks into sand and casting metal types from the depression in copper , bronze , iron or tin . This new method overcame many of the shortcomings of woodblock printing . Rather than manually carving an individual block to print a single page , movable type printing allowed for the quick assembly of a page of text . Furthermore , these new , more compact type fonts could be reused and stored . The set of wafer - like metal stamp types could be assembled to form pages , inked , and page impressions taken from rubbings on cloth or paper . In 1322 , a Fenghua county officer Ma Chengde ( 馬 称 德 ) in Zhejiang , made 100,000 wooded movable types and printed the 43 - volume Daxue Yanyi ( 《 大學 衍 義 》 ) . Wooden movable types were used continually in China . Even as late as 1733 , a 2300 - volume Wuying Palace Collected Gems Edition ( 《 武英 殿 聚珍 版 叢書 》 ) was printed with 253,500 wooden movable types on order of the Yongzheng Emperor , and completed in one year . A number of books printed in Tangut script during the Western Xia ( 1038 -- 1227 ) period are known , of which the Auspicious Tantra of All - Reaching Union that was discovered in the ruins of Baisigou Square Pagoda in 1991 is believed to have been printed sometime during the reign of Emperor Renzong of Western Xia ( 1139 -- 1193 ) . It is considered by many Chinese experts to be the earliest extant example of a book printed using wooden movable type . The logistical problems of handling the several thousand logographs ( required for full literacy in Chinese language ) posed a particular difficulty . It was faster to carve one woodblock per page than to composit a page from so many different types . However , if one used movable type to produce multiple copies of the same document , the speed of printing would increase relatively . Metal movable type in China ( edit ) At least 13 material finds in China indicate the invention of bronze movable type printing in China no later than the 12th century , with the country producing large - scale bronze - plate - printed paper money and formal official documents issued by the Jin ( 1115 -- 1234 ) and Southern Song ( 1127 -- 1279 ) dynasties with embedded bronze metal types for anti-counterfeit markers . Such paper - money printing might date back to the 11th - century jiaozi of Northern Song ( 960 -- 1127 ) . Copperplate of 1215 -- 1216 5000 - cash Jin dynasty ( 1115 -- 1234 ) paper money with bronze movable type counterfeit markers The typical example of this kind of bronze movable type embedded copper - block printing is a printed `` check '' of the Jin Dynasty with two square holes for embedding two bronze movable - type characters , each selected from 1,000 different characters , such that each printed paper note has a different combination of markers . A copper - block printed note dated between 1215 -- 1216 in the collection of Luo Zhenyu 's Pictorial Paper Money of the Four Dynasties , 1914 , shows two special characters -- one called Ziliao , the other called Zihao -- for the purpose of preventing counterfeiting ; over the Ziliao there is a small character ( 輶 ) printed with movable copper type , while over the Zihao there is an empty square hole -- apparently the associated copper metal type was lost . Another sample of Song dynasty money of the same period in the collection of the Shanghai Museum has two empty square holes above Ziliao as well as Zihou , due to the loss of the two copper movable types . Song dynasty bronze block embedded with bronze metal movable type printed paper money was issued on a large scale and remained in circulation for a long time . The 1298 book Zao Huozi Yinshufa ( 《 造 活字 印 书法 》 / 《 造 活字 印 書法 》 ) by the Yuan dynasty ( 1271 -- 1368 ) official Wang Zhen mentions tin movable type , used probably since the Southern Song dynasty ( 1127 -- 1279 ) , but this was largely experimental . It was unsatisfactory due to its incompatibility with the inking process . During the Mongol Empire ( 1206 -- 1405 ) , printing using movable type spread from China to Central Asia . The Uyghurs of Central Asia used movable type , their script type adopted from the Mongol language , some with Chinese words printed between the pages -- strong evidence that the books were printed in China . A page from bronze movable - type book by Hua Sui , printed in 1490 During the Ming Dynasty ( 1368 -- 1644 ) , Hua Sui in 1490 used bronze type in printing books . In 1574 the massive 1000 - volume encyclopedia Imperial Readings of the Taiping Era ( 《 太平 御 览 》 / 《 太平 御覧 》 ) was printed with bronze movable type . In 1725 the Qing Dynasty government made 250,000 bronze movable - type characters and printed 64 sets of the encyclopedic Gujin Tushu Jicheng ( 《 古今 图书 集成 》 / 《 古今 圖書 集成 》 , Complete Collection of Illustrations and Writings from the Earliest to Current Times ) . Each set consisted of 5,040 volumes , making a total of 322,560 volumes printed using movable type . Metal movable type in Korea ( edit ) Korean movable type from 1377 used for the Jikji ; In 1234 the first books known to have been printed in metallic type set were published in Goryeo Dynasty Korea . They form a set of ritual books , Sangjeong Gogeum Yemun , compiled by Choe Yun - ui . While these books have not survived , the oldest book in the world printed in metallic movable types is Jikji , printed in Korea in 1377 . The Asian Reading Room of the Library of Congress in Washington , D.C. displays examples of this metal type . Commenting on the invention of metallic types by Koreans , French scholar Henri - Jean Martin described this as `` ( extremely similar ) to Gutenberg 's '' . The techniques for bronze casting , used at the time for making coins ( as well as bells and statues ) were adapted to making metal type . The Joseon dynasty scholar Seong Hyeon ( 성현 , 成 俔 , 1439 -- 1504 ) records the following description of the Korean font - casting process : At first , one cuts letters in beech wood . One fills a trough level with fine sandy ( clay ) of the reed - growing seashore . Wood - cut letters are pressed into the sand , then the impressions become negative and form letters ( moulds ) . At this step , placing one trough together with another , one pours the molten bronze down into an opening . The fluid flows in , filling these negative moulds , one by one becoming type . Lastly , one scrapes and files off the irregularities , and piles them up to be arranged . A potential solution to the linguistic and cultural bottleneck that held back movable type in Korea for 200 years appeared in the early 15th century -- a generation before Gutenberg would begin working on his own movable - type invention in Europe -- when Sejong the Great devised a simplified alphabet of 24 characters ( hangul ) for use by the common people , which could have made the typecasting and compositing process more feasible . But Korea 's cultural elite , `` appalled at the idea of losing hanja , the badge of their elitism '' , stifled the adoption of the new alphabet . A `` Confucian prohibition on the commercialization of printing '' also obstructed the proliferation of movable type , restricting the distribution of books produced using the new method to the government . The technique was restricted to use by the royal foundry for official state publications only , where the focus was on reprinting Chinese classics lost in 1126 when Korea 's libraries and palaces had perished in a conflict between dynasties . Scholarly debate and speculation has occurred as to whether Eastern movable type spread to Europe between the late 14th century and early 15th centuries . Metal movable type in Europe ( edit ) Main articles : History of Western typography and Spread of European movable type printing The Printing Revolution in the 15th century : Within several decades around 270 European towns took up movable type printing . European output of movable type printing from Gutenberg to 1800 Johannes Gutenberg of Mainz , Germany is acknowledged as the first to invent a metal movable - type printing system in Europe , the printing press . Gutenberg was a goldsmith familiar with techniques of cutting punches for making coins from moulds . Between 1436 and 1450 he developed hardware and techniques for casting letters from matrices using a device called the hand mould . Gutenberg 's key invention and contribution to movable - type printing in Europe , the hand mould , was the first practical means of making cheap copies of letterpunches in the vast quantities needed to print complete books , making the movable - type printing process a viable enterprise . Before Gutenberg , books were copied out by hand on scrolls and paper , or printed from hand - carved wooden blocks . It was extremely time - consuming ; even a small book could take months to complete , and because the carved letters or blocks were flimsy and the wood susceptible to ink the blocks had a limited lifespan . Gutenberg and his associates developed oil - based inks ideally suited to printing with a press on paper , and the first Latin typefaces . His method of casting type may have been different from the hand mould used in subsequent decades . Detailed analysis of the type used in his 42 - line Bible has revealed irregularities in some of the characters that can not be attributed to ink spread or type wear under the pressure of the press . Scholars conjecture that the type pieces may have been cast from a series of matrices made with a series of individual stroke punches , producing many different versions of the same glyph . Editing with movable metal -- cca. 1920 It has also been suggested that the method used by Gutenberg involved using a single punch to make a mould , but the mould was such that the process of taking the type out disturbed the casting , creating variants and anomalies , and that the punch - matrix system came into use possibly around the 1470s . This raises the possibility that the development of movable type in the West may have been progressive rather than a single innovation . Gutenberg 's movable - type printing system spread rapidly across Europe , from the single Mainz printing press in 1457 to 110 presses by 1480 , of which 50 were in Italy . Venice quickly became the center of typographic and printing activity . Significant were the contributions of Nicolas Jenson , Francesco Griffo , Aldus Manutius , and other printers of late 15th - century Europe . Type - founding ( edit ) A piece of cast metal type , Garamond style long s i ligature . See also : Sort . Type - founding as practiced in Europe and the west consists of three stages . Punchcutting If the glyph design includes enclosed spaces ( counters ) then a counterpunch is made . The counter shapes are transferred in relief ( cameo ) onto the end of a rectangular bar of mild steel using a specialized engraving tool called a graver . The finished counterpunch is hardened by heating and quenching ( tempering ) , or exposure to a cyanide solution ( case hardening ) . The counterpunch is then struck against the end of a similar rectangular steel bar -- the letterpunch -- to impress the counter shapes as recessed spaces ( intaglio ) . The outer profile of the glyph is completed by scraping away with a graver the material outside the counter spaces , leaving only the stroke or lines of the glyph . Progress toward the finished design is checked by successive smoke proofs ; temporary prints made from a thin coating of carbon deposited on the punch surface by a candle flame . The finished letter punch is finally hardened to withstand the rigors of reproduction by striking . One counterpunch and one letterpunch are produced for every letter or glyph making up a complete font . Matrix The letterpunch is used to strike a blank die of soft metal to make a negative letter mould , called a matrix . Casting The matrix is inserted into the bottom of a device called a hand mould . The mould is clamped shut and molten type metal alloy consisting mostly of lead and tin , with a small amount of antimony for hardening , is poured into a cavity from the top . Antimony has the rare property of expanding as it cools , giving the casting sharp edges . When the type metal has sufficiently cooled , the mould is unlocked and a rectangular block approximately 4 centimeters long , called a sort , is extracted . Excess casting on the end of the sort , called the tang , is later removed to make the sort the precise height required for printing , known as `` type height '' . The type - height was quite different in different countries . The Monotype Corporation Limited in London UK produced moulds in various heights : 0.918 inches ( 23.3 mm ) : United Kingdom , Canada , U.S. 0.928 inches ( 23.6 mm ) : France , Germany , Switzerland and most other European countries 0.933 inches ( 23.7 mm ) : Belgium height 0.9785 inches ( 24.85 mm ) : Dutch height A Dutch printers manual mentions a tiny difference between French and German Height : 62.027 points Didot = 23.30 millimetres ( 0.917 in ) = English height 62.666 points Didot = 23.55 millimetres ( 0.927 in ) = French height 62.685 points Didot = 23.56 millimetres ( 0.928 in ) = German height 66.047 points Didot = 24.85 millimetres ( 0.978 in ) = Dutch Height Tiny differences in type - height will cause quite bold images of characters . At the end of the 19th century there were only two typefoundries left in the Netherlands : Johan Enschedé & Zonen , at Haarlem , and Lettergieterij Amsterdam , voorheen Tetterode . They both had their own type - height : Enschedé : 65 23 / 24 points Didot , and Amsterdam : 66 1 / 24 points Didot . Enough difference to prevent a combined use of fonts of both typefoundries : Enschede would be to light , or otherwise the Amsterdam - font would print rather bold . A perfect way of binding clients . In 1905 the Dutch governmental `` Algemeene Landsdrukkerij '' , later : `` State - printery '' ( Staatsdrukkerij ) decided during a reorganisation to use a standard type - height of 63 points Didot . `` Staatdrukkerij - hoogte '' , actually Belgium - height , but this fact was not widely known . Typesetting ( edit ) A case of cast metal type pieces and typeset matter in a composing stick Main articles : Typesetting and Type case Modern , factory - produced movable type was available in the late 19th century . It was held in the printing shop in a job case , a drawer about 2 inches high , a yard wide , and about two feet deep , with many small compartments for the various letters and ligatures . The most popular and accepted of the job case designs in America was the California Job Case , which took its name from the Pacific coast location of the foundries that made the case popular . Traditionally , the capital letters were stored in a separate drawer or case that was located above the case that held the other letters ; this is why capital letters are called `` upper case '' characters while the non-capitals are `` lower case '' . Compartments also held spacers , which are blocks of blank type used to separate words and fill out a line of type , such as em and en quads ( quadrats , or spaces . A quadrat is a block of type whose face is lower than the printing letters so that it does not itself print . ) . An em space was the width of a capital letter `` M '' -- as wide as it was high -- while an en space referred to a space half the width of its height ( usually the dimensions for a capital `` N '' ) . Individual letters are assembled into words and lines of text with the aid of a composing stick , and the whole assembly is tightly bound together to make up a page image called a forme , where all letter faces are exactly the same height to form a flat surface of type . The forme is mounted on a printing press , a thin coating of viscous ink is applied and impressions made on paper under great pressure in the press . `` Sorts '' is the term given to special characters not freely available in the typical type case , such as the `` @ '' mark . Metal type combined with other methods ( edit ) Ceramic type from the collections of University of Reading . Sometimes it is erroneously stated that printing with metal type replaced the earlier methods . In the industrial era printing methods would be chosen to suit the purpose . For example , when printing large scale letters in posters etc. the metal type would have proved too heavy and economically unviable . Thus , large scale type was made as carved wood blocks as well as ceramics plates . Also in many cases where large scale text was required , it was simpler to hand the job to a sign painter than a printer . Images could be printed together with movable type if they were made as woodcuts or wood engravings as long as the blocks were made to the same type height . If intaglio methods , such as copper plates , were used for the images , then images and the text would have required separate print runs on different machines . See also ( edit ) History of printing in East Asia History of Western typography Letterpress printing Odhecaton -- the first sheet music printed with movable type Spread of European movable type printing Type foundry Typesetting References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Needham , Joseph ( 1994 ) . The Shorter Science and Civilisation in China , Volume 4 . Cambridge University Press . p. 14 . ISBN 9780521329958 . Bi Sheng ... who first devised , about 1045 , the art of printing with movable type Jump up ^ He , Zhou ( 1994 ) . `` Diffusion of Movable Type in China and Europe : Why Were There Two Fates ? '' . International Communication Gazette. 53 ( 3 ) : 153 -- 173 . doi : 10.1177 / 001654929405300301 . Jump up ^ Beckwith , Christopher I. ( 2009 ) . Empires of the Silk Road : A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present . Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 15034 - 5 . Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved November 27 , 2006 , from Encyclopædia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite DVD -- entry `` printing '' Jump up ^ Eisenstein , Elizabeth L. , The Printing Revolution in Early Modern Europe , Cambridge University Press , 1983 Jump up ^ Clair , Kate ; Busic - Snyder , Cynthia ( 2012 ) . A Typographic Workbook : A Primer to History , Techniques , and Artistry . John Wiley & Sons . p. 4 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 39988 - 0 . Jump up ^ Sass , Benjamin ; Marzahn , Joachim ( 2010 ) . Aramaic and Figural Stamp Impressions on Bricks of the Sixth Century B.C. from Babylon . Harrassowitz Verlag . pp. 11 , 20 , 160 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 447 - 06184 - 1 . `` the latter has cuneiform signs that look as if made with a movable type , and impressions from Assur display the same phenomenon Jump up ^ Herbert E. Brekle , `` Das typographische Prinzip '' , Gutenberg - Jahrbuch , Vol. 72 ( 1997 ) , pp. 58 -- 63 ( 60f . ) Jump up ^ Hogan , C. Michael ( 29 December 2007 ) . `` Knossos Fieldnotes '' . The Modern Antiquarian . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ Alberge , Dalya ( 2008 - 07 - 12 ) . `` Phaistos Disc declared as fake by scholar '' . Times Online . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Tsien , Tsuen - Hsuin ( 1985 ) . Paper and Printing . Needham , Joseph Science and Civilization in China . vol. 5 part 1 . Cambridge University Press . pp. 201 -- 217 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 08690 - 6 . ; also published in Taipei : Caves Books , Ltd. , 1986 . ^ Jump up to : Man , John ( 2002 ) . The Gutenberg Revolution : The story of a genius that changed the world . London : Headline Book Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7472 - 4504 - 5 . A detailed examination of Gutenberg 's life and invention , interwoven with the underlying social and religious upheaval of Medieval Europe on the eve of the Renaissance . ^ Jump up to : Xu Yinong , Moveable Type Books ( 徐憶農 《 活字 本 》 ) ISBN 7 - 80643 - 795 - 9 Jump up ^ Sohn , Pow - Key ( 1959 ) . `` Early Korean Printing '' . Journal of the American Oriental Society . 79 ( 2 ) : 96 -- 103 . doi : 10.2307 / 595851 . JSTOR 595851 . ^ Jump up to : Pan Jixing , A history of movable metal type printing technique in China 2001 Jump up ^ Shen Kuo . Dream Pool Essays . Jump up ^ Zhang Yuzhen ( 張玉珍 ) ( 2003 ) . `` 世界 上 現存 最早 的 木 活字 印本 -- 宁夏 贺兰山 方 塔 出土 西夏 文 佛經 《 吉祥 遍 至 口 和 本 讀 》 介紹 '' ( The world 's oldest extant book printed with wooden movable type ) . Library and Information ( 《 書 與 情报 》 ) ( 1 ) . ISSN 1003 - 6938 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Hou Jianmei ( 侯 健美 ) ; Tong Shuquan ( 童曙泉 ) ( 20 December 2004 ) . `` 《 大 夏 寻 踪 》 今 展 國博 '' ( ' In the Footsteps of the Great Xia ' now exhibiting at the National Museum ) . Beijing Daily ( 《 北京 日报 》 ) . Jump up ^ 韩国 剽窃 活字 印刷 发明 权 只是 第 一 步 Jump up ^ A History of Moveable Type Printing in China , by Pan Jixing , Professor of the Institute for History of Science , Academy of Science , Beijing , China , English Abstract , p. 273 . Jump up ^ Wang Zhen ( 1298 ) . Zao Huozi Yinshufa ( 《 造 活字 印 書法 》 ) . 近世 又 铸 锡 作 字 , 以 铁 条 贯 之 ( rendering : In the modern times , there 's melten Tin Movable type , and linked them with iron bar ) ^ Jump up to : Chinese Paper and Printing , A Cultural History , by Tsien , Tsuen - Hsuin ^ Jump up to : Thomas Christensen ( 2007 ) . `` Did East Asian Printing Traditions Influence the European Renaissance ? '' . Arts of Asia Magazine ( to appear ) . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ Sohn , Pow - Key ( Summer 1993 ) . `` Printing Since the 8th Century in Korea '' . Koreana. 7 ( 2 ) : 4 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Twyman , Michael ( 1998 ) . The British Library Guide to Printing : History and Techniques . London : The British Library . p. 21 . Jump up ^ World Treasures of the Library of Congress . Retrieved 26 December 2006 . Jump up ^ Briggs , Asa and Burke , Peter ( 2002 ) A Social History of the Media : from Gutenberg to the Internet , Polity , Cambridge , pp. 15 -- 23 , 61 -- 73 . ^ Jump up to : Burke ^ Jump up to : von Polenz , Peter ( 1991 ) . Deutsche Sprachgeschichte vom Spätmittelalter bis zur Gegenwart : I. Einführung , Grundbegriffe , Deutsch in der frühbürgerlichen Zeit ( in German ) . New York / Berlin : Walter de Gruyter GmbH . Jump up ^ Juan González de Mendoza ( 1585 ) . Historia de las cosas más notables , ritos y costumbres del gran reyno de la China ( in Spanish ) . Jump up ^ Thomas Franklin Carter , The Invention of Printing in China and its Spread Westward , The Ronald Press , NY 2nd ed. 1955 , pp. 176 -- 178 Jump up ^ `` Incunabula Short Title Catalogue '' . British Library . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Buringh , Eltjo ; van Zanden , Jan Luiten ( 2009 ) . `` Charting the ' Rise of the West ' : Manuscripts and Printed Books in Europe , A Long - Term Perspective from the Sixth through Eighteenth Centuries '' . The Journal of Economic History . 69 ( 2 ) : 409 -- 445 . JSTOR 40263962 p. 417 , table 2 . Jump up ^ Agüera y Arcas , Blaise ; Paul Needham ( November 2002 ) . `` Computational analytical bibliography '' . Proceedings Bibliopolis Conference The future history of the book . The Hague ( Netherlands ) : Koninklijke Bibliotheek . Jump up ^ `` What Did Gutenberg Invent ? -- Discovery '' . BBC / Open University . 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ Adams , James L. ( 1991 ) . Flying Buttresses , Entropy and O - Rings : the World of an Engineer . Harvard University Press . Jump up ^ `` Answers.com page on antimony '' . McGraw - Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology . McGraw - Hill . 2005 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ Blankenstein A.H.G. , Wetser Ad : Zetten , uitgebreide leerstof , deel 1 , p. 26 , Edecea , Hoorn , The Netherlands , 5th edition , ( ~ 1952 ) Jump up ^ P.J.W. Oly , de grondslag van het bedrijf der lettergieterij Amsterdam , formerly N. Tetterode , edition : Stichting Lettergieten 1983 , Westzaan , pag. 82 - 88 Jump up ^ National Amateur Press Association , Monthly Bundle Sample , Campane 194 , The California Typecase by Lewis A. Pryor ( Edited ) Jump up ^ Glossary of Typesetting Terms , by Richard Eckersley , Charles Ellerston , Richard Hendel , Page 18 Jump up ^ Meggs , Philip B. , Purvis , Alston W. `` Graphic Design and the Industrial Revolution '' History of Graphic Design . Hoboken , N.J : Wiley , 2006 . p. 139 . Further Reading ( edit ) Nesbitt , Alexander . The History and Technique of Lettering ( c ) 1957 , Dover Publications , Inc . ISBN 0 - 486 - 40281 - 9 , Library of Congress Catalogue Card Number : 57 - 13116 . The Dover edition is an abridged and corrected republication of the work originally published in 1950 by Prentice - Hall , Inc. under the title Lettering : The History and Technique of Lettering as Design . The classic manual of hand - press technology is Moxon , Joseph ( 1683 -- 84 ) . `` Mechanick Exercises on the Whole Art of Printing '' ( ed . Herbert Davies & Harry Carter . New York : Dover Publications , 1962 , reprint ed . ) . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Printing letters . International Printing Museum Web site Typography terminology Page Canons of page construction Column Even working Margin Page numbering Pagination Pull quote Recto and verso Paragraph Alignment Justification Leading River Sentence spacing Widows and orphans Character Typeface anatomy Counter Diacritics Dingbat Glyph Initial Kerning Letter - spacing Ligature Subscript and superscript Swash Text figures Tittle Capitalization ALL CAPS CamelCase Letter case Petite caps Small caps Visual distinction Italics Oblique Bold Color Underline Blackboard bold Blackletter Infɑnt Vertical aspects Ascender Baseline Cap height Descender Median Overshoot x-height Classifications Roman type Antiqua ( old style ) Didone ( modern ) Sans - serif Script Serif Slab serif Transitional Reverse - contrast Blackletter type Fraktur Rotunda Schwabacher Textualis Gaelic type Insular Uncial Specialist Record type Punctuation Dashes Hanging punctuation Hyphen - minus Hyphenation Prime mark Quotation mark Typesetting Calligraphy etaoin shrdlu Font computer monospaced Font catalog Letterpress Lorem ipsum Microtypography Movable type Pangram Phototypesetting Punchcutting Type color Type design Typeface Microprint list Typographic units Agate Cicero Em En Figure space Measure Paren space Pica Point traditional point - size names Thin space Digital typography Character encoding Font formats Hinting Rasterization Typesetting software Typographic features Web typography Related Intentionally blank page Style guide Type foundry Commons Portal Letterpress printing History of printing Printer Ways to make impressions Movable type Type casting Type metal Punchcutter Matrix Blocks and plates Stereotype Logographic printing Wood engraving Electrotype Zinc etching Typesetting Manual typesetting Type case Composing stick Sort Slug Strut Reglet Furniture Leading Quoin Chase Forme Hellbox Hot metal typesetting Linotype machine Monotype System Ludlow Typograph Intertype Machine Paige Compositor Printing press Parts of a press Platen Frisket Tympan Bed Inking Offset ink Ink ball Composition roller Types of presses Hand press Stanhope Columbian Albion Jobbing press Golding & Company Chandler & Price Colt 's Armory Cylinder press Rotary press Other equipment Folding machine Paper cutter Addressograph Related arts Typography Bookbinding Printmaking Papermaking NDL : 00565235 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movable_type&oldid=842633568 '' Categories : Book arts Chinese inventions Typography Relief printing History of printing Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2012 Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Esperanto فارسی 한국어 Italiano Magyar 日本 語 Русский தமிழ் Тоҷикӣ Winaray 吴语 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 May 2018 , at 17 : 38 ( UTC ) . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movable%20type
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an occurence at owl creek bridge twilight zone
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An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge ( Film )
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an occurrence at owl creek bridge ( film )
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La Rivière du hibou ( French , `` The Owl River '' ; English title : An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge ) is a 1962 French short film , almost without dialogue . It was based on the American short story `` An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge '' ( 1891 ) by American Civil War soldier , wit , and writer Ambrose Bierce . It was directed by Robert Enrico and produced by Marcel Ichac and Paul de Roubaix with music by Henri Lanoë . It won awards at the Cannes Film Festival and the Academy Awards . It was also screened on American television as episode 142 ( season 5 , episode 22 ) of The Twilight Zone on 28 February 1964 .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Twilight Zone airing 3 Awards 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) `` An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge '' The Twilight Zone episode Episode no . Season 5 Episode 22 Directed by Robert Enrico Written by Robert Enrico , based on a short story by Ambrose Bierce Original air date February 28 , 1964 Guest appearance ( s ) Roger Jacquet ( Peyton Farquhar ) Anne Cornaly ( Abby Farquhar ) Anker Larsen ( Union officer ) Stéphane Fey ( Union Captain ) Jean - François Zeller ( Union sergeant ) Pierre Danny ( Union soldier ) Louis Adelin ( Union soldier ) Episode chronology ← Previous `` Spur of the Moment '' Next → `` Queen of the Nile '' The Twilight Zone ( 1959 TV series ) ( season 5 ) List of The Twilight Zone episodes A handbill posted on a burnt tree , dated 1862 , announces that anyone interfering with bridges , railroads or tunnels will be summarily executed . A bearded Civil War era civilian prisoner , Peyton Farquhar , is readied for death by hanging from a rural railroad bridge ; Union troops carry out the preparations . The soundtrack contains only bird noises and brief military orders . As the rope is adjusted about Farquhar 's neck , a vision of his stately home , wife and children flashes before him . As Farquhar falls , the rope breaks , and he drops into the river . In an underwater sequence he frees himself from his bonds , kicks his boots free and swims downstream as soldiers fire volleys and single shots at him . Farquhar is swept through swift rapids and crawls ashore exhausted but laughing with relief . Glimpses of tree branches , clear sky and crawling insects are interrupted by a distant cannon shot which sends him running through an extensive forest , then along an eerily linear and orderly lane . Finally arriving at the gates of his home , he pushes his way through foliage . Farquhar reaches open lawn and runs toward his wife as she walks toward him , smiling and weeping . Just as the couple are about to fall into each other 's arms , Farquhar stiffens and his head snaps back . The scene cuts back to his body hanging from the bridge , his entire escape and reunion with his wife revealed to be an illusion experienced in the moment of the drop . Twilight Zone airing ( edit ) Two years after its production , the film was screened on American TV as part of the fantasy / science fiction show The Twilight Zone . Producer William Froug had seen the film and decided to buy the rights to broadcast it on American television . The transaction cost The Twilight Zone $25,000 , significantly less than the average of $65,000 they expended on producing their own episodes ; however , Froug 's purchase allowed for the film to be aired only twice ( the first airing was on February 28 , 1964 ) . Consequently , it is not included on The Twilight Zone 's syndication package ( although it is included on Image Entertainment 's DVD box set of the original series and on the DVD Treasures of the Twilight Zone ) . The episode 's introduction is notable for Rod Serling breaking the fourth wall even more than usual , as he explains how the film was shot overseas and later picked up to air as part of The Twilight Zone . The introduction by Rod Serling is as follows : `` Tonight , a presentation so special and unique that for the first time in the five years we 've been presenting The Twilight Zone , we 're offering a film shot in France by others . Winner of the Cannes Film Festival of 1962 , as well as other international awards , here is a haunting study of the incredible from the past master of the incredible , Ambrose Bierce . Here is the French production of `` An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge . '' '' Rod Serling even provided a closing narration for this adaptation : `` An occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge : in two forms , as it was dreamed ... and as it was lived and died . This is the stuff of fantasy , the thread of imagination ... the ingredients of the Twilight Zone . '' Marc Scott Zicree 's The Twilight Zone Companion incorrectly states the French film was purchased for $10,000 . This mistake has been reprinted in a number of books since the 1984 publication . The Twilight Zone : Unlocking the Door to a Television Classic by Martin Grams correctly verifies the purchase price as $20,000 plus $5,000 additional costs for re-editing . According to Zicree , `` An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge '' was the last episode of the classic Twilight Zone to be `` produced '' ( presumably referencing the re-editing and the addition of footage of Rod Serling , as production of the series was cancelled afterwards ) . It was not , however , the last episode of the series to be broadcast . Awards ( edit ) Won first prize for Best Short Subject at the 1962 Cannes Film Festival . Won the 1963 Academy Award for Live Action Short Film . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` New York Times : An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge '' . NY Times . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 23 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 22 . Zicree , Marc Scott ( 1982 ) . The Twilight Zone Companion . New York : Bantam . ISBN 0 - 553 - 01416 - 1 . Barrett , Gerald R. ( 1973 ) . From Fiction to Film : An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge . Encino , CA : Dickenson Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 822100 - 83 - 6 . DeVoe , Bill . ( 2008 ) . Trivia from The Twilight Zone . Albany , GA : Bear Manor Media . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59393 - 136 - 0 Grams , Martin . ( 2008 ) . The Twilight Zone : Unlocking the Door to a Television Classic . Churchville , MD : OTR Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9703310 - 9 - 0 External links ( edit ) An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge ( La rivière du hibou ) ( short film ) on IMDb An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge ( Twilight Zone episode ) on IMDb An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge , full film free at Liketelevision.com `` An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge '' at TV.com The Twilight Zone ( 1959 ) episodes Season 1 `` Where Is Everybody ? '' `` One for the Angels '' `` Mr. Denton on Doomsday '' `` The Sixteen - Millimeter Shrine '' `` Walking Distance '' `` Escape Clause '' `` The Lonely '' `` Time Enough at Last '' `` Perchance to Dream '' `` Judgment Night '' `` And When the Sky Was Opened '' `` What You Need '' `` The Four of Us Are Dying '' `` Third from the Sun '' `` I Shot an Arrow into the Air '' `` The Hitch - Hiker '' `` The Fever '' `` The Last Flight '' `` The Purple Testament '' `` Elegy '' `` Mirror Image '' `` The Monsters Are Due on Maple Street '' `` A World of Difference '' `` Long Live Walter Jameson '' `` People Are Alike All Over '' `` Execution '' `` The Big Tall Wish '' `` A Nice Place to Visit '' `` Nightmare as a Child '' `` A Stop at Willoughby '' `` The Chaser '' `` A Passage for Trumpet '' `` Mr. Bevis '' `` The After Hours '' `` The Mighty Casey '' `` A World of His Own '' Season 2 `` King Nine Will Not Return '' `` The Man in the Bottle '' `` Nervous Man in a Four Dollar Room '' `` A Thing About Machines '' `` The Howling Man '' `` The Eye of the Beholder '' `` Nick of Time '' `` The Lateness of the Hour '' `` The Trouble with Templeton '' `` A Most Unusual Camera '' `` The Night of the Meek '' `` Dust '' `` Back There '' `` The Whole Truth '' `` The Invaders '' `` A Penny for Your Thoughts '' `` Twenty Two '' `` The Odyssey of Flight 33 '' `` Mr. Dingle , the Strong '' `` Static '' `` The Prime Mover '' `` Long Distance Call '' `` A Hundred Yards Over the Rim '' `` The Rip Van Winkle Caper '' `` The Silence '' `` Shadow Play '' `` The Mind and the Matter '' `` Will the Real Martian Please Stand Up ? '' `` The Obsolete Man '' Season 3 `` Two '' `` The Arrival '' `` The Shelter '' `` The Passersby '' `` A Game of Pool '' `` The Mirror '' `` The Grave '' `` It 's a Good Life '' `` Deaths - Head Revisited '' `` The Midnight Sun '' `` Still Valley '' `` The Jungle '' `` Once Upon a Time '' `` Five Characters in Search of an Exit '' `` A Quality of Mercy '' `` Nothing in the Dark '' `` One More Pallbearer '' `` Dead Man 's Shoes '' `` The Hunt '' `` Showdown with Rance McGrew '' `` Kick the Can '' `` A Piano in the House '' `` The Last Rites of Jeff Myrtlebank '' `` To Serve Man '' `` The Fugitive '' `` Little Girl Lost '' `` Person or Persons Unknown '' `` The Little People '' `` Four O'Clock '' `` Hocus - Pocus and Frisby '' `` The Trade - Ins '' `` The Gift '' `` The Dummy '' `` Young Man 's Fancy '' `` I Sing the Body Electric '' `` Cavender Is Coming '' `` The Changing of the Guard '' Season 4 `` In His Image '' `` The Thirty - Fathom Grave '' `` Valley of the Shadow '' `` He 's Alive '' `` Mute '' `` Death Ship '' `` Jess - Belle '' `` Miniature '' `` Printer 's Devil '' `` No Time Like the Past '' `` The Parallel '' `` I Dream of Genie '' `` The New Exhibit '' `` Of Late I Think of Cliffordville '' `` The Incredible World of Horace Ford '' `` On Thursday We Leave for Home '' `` Passage on the Lady Anne '' `` The Bard '' Season 5 `` In Praise of Pip '' `` Steel '' `` Nightmare at 20,000 Feet '' `` A Kind of a Stopwatch '' `` The Last Night of a Jockey '' `` Living Doll '' `` The Old Man in the Cave '' `` Uncle Simon '' `` Probe 7 , Over and Out '' `` The 7th Is Made Up of Phantoms '' `` A Short Drink from a Certain Fountain '' `` Ninety Years Without Slumbering '' `` Ring - a-Ding Girl '' `` You Drive '' `` The Long Morrow '' `` The Self - Improvement of Salvadore Ross '' `` Number 12 Looks Just Like You '' `` Black Leather Jackets '' `` Night Call '' `` From Agnes -- With Love '' `` Spur of the Moment '' `` An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge '' `` Queen of the Nile '' `` What 's in the Box '' `` The Masks '' `` I Am the Night -- Color Me Black '' `` Sounds and Silences '' `` Caesar and Me '' `` The Jeopardy Room '' `` Stopover in a Quiet Town '' `` The Encounter '' `` Mr. Garrity and the Graves '' `` The Brain Center at Whipple 's '' `` Come Wander with Me '' `` The Fear '' `` The Bewitchin ' Pool '' Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film Short subject 1931 -- 1935 Comedy The Music Box ( 1932 ) So This Is Harris ! ( 1933 ) La Cucaracha ( 1934 ) How to Sleep ( 1935 ) Novelty Wrestling Swordfish ( 1932 ) Krakatoa ( 1933 ) City of Wax ( 1934 ) Wings Over Everest ( 1935 ) Short subject 1936 -- 1956 Color Give Me Liberty ( 1936 ) Penny Wisdom ( 1937 ) One - reel Bored of Education ( 1936 ) The Private Life of the Gannets ( 1937 ) That Mothers Might Live ( 1938 ) Busy Little Bears ( 1939 ) Quicker'n a Wink ( 1940 ) Of Pups and Puzzles ( 1941 ) Speaking of Animals and Their Families ( 1942 ) Amphibious Fighters ( 1943 ) Who 's Who in Animal Land ( 1944 ) Stairway to Light ( 1945 ) Facing Your Danger ( 1946 ) Goodbye , Miss Turlock ( 1947 ) Symphony of a City ( 1948 ) Aquatic House Party ( 1949 ) Grandad of Races ( 1950 ) World of Kids ( 1951 ) Light in the Window ( 1952 ) Overture to The Merry Wives of Windsor ( 1953 ) This Mechanical Age ( 1954 ) Survival City ( 1955 ) Crashing the Water Barrier ( 1956 ) Two - reel The Public Pays ( 1936 ) Torture Money ( 1937 ) Declaration of Independence ( 1938 ) Sons of Liberty ( 1939 ) Teddy , the Rough Rider ( 1940 ) Main Street on the March ! ( 1941 ) Beyond the Line of Duty ( 1942 ) Heavenly Music ( 1943 ) I Wo n't Play ( 1944 ) Star in the Night ( 1945 ) A Boy and His Dog ( 1946 ) Climbing the Matterhorn ( 1947 ) Seal Island ( 1948 ) Van Gogh ( 1949 ) In Beaver Valley ( 1950 ) Nature 's Half Acre ( 1951 ) Water Birds ( 1952 ) Bear Country ( 1953 ) A Time Out of War ( 1954 ) The Face of Lincoln ( 1955 ) The Bespoke Overcoat ( 1956 ) Short subject ( live action ) 1957 -- 1973 The Wetback Hound ( 1957 ) Grand Canyon ( 1958 ) The Golden Fish ( 1959 ) Day of the Painter ( 1960 ) Seawards the Great Ships ( 1961 ) Heureux Anniversaire ( 1962 ) An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge ( 1963 ) Casals Conducts : 1964 ( 1964 ) The Chicken ( 1965 ) Wild Wings ( 1966 ) A Place to Stand ( 1967 ) Robert Kennedy Remembered ( 1968 ) The Magic Machines ( 1969 ) The Resurrection of Broncho Billy ( 1970 ) Sentinels of Silence ( 1971 ) Norman Rockwell 's World ... An American Dream ( 1972 ) The Bolero ( 1973 ) Short film ( live action ) 1974 -- present One - Eyed Men Are Kings ( 1974 ) Angel and Big Joe ( 1975 ) In the Region of Ice ( 1976 ) I 'll Find a Way ( 1977 ) Teenage Father ( 1978 ) Board and Care ( 1979 ) The Dollar Bottom ( 1980 ) Violet ( 1981 ) A Shocking Accident ( 1982 ) Boys and Girls ( 1983 ) Up ( 1984 ) Molly 's Pilgrim ( 1985 ) Precious Images ( 1986 ) Ray 's Male Heterosexual Dance Hall ( 1987 ) The Appointments of Dennis Jennings ( 1988 ) Work Experience ( 1989 ) The Lunch Date ( 1990 ) Session Man ( 1991 ) Omnibus ( 1992 ) Schwarzfahrer ( 1993 ) Franz Kafka 's It 's a Wonderful Life / Trevor ( 1994 ) Lieberman in Love ( 1995 ) Dear Diary ( 1996 ) Visas and Virtue ( 1997 ) Election Night ( 1998 ) My Mother Dreams the Satan 's Disciples in New York ( 1999 ) Quiero ser ( I want to be ... ) ( 2000 ) The Accountant ( 2001 ) This Charming Man ( 2002 ) Two Soldiers ( 2003 ) Wasp ( 2004 ) Six Shooter ( 2005 ) West Bank Story ( 2006 ) Le Mozart des Pickpockets ( 2007 ) Toyland ( 2008 ) The New Tenants ( 2009 ) God of Love ( 2010 ) The Shore ( 2011 ) Curfew ( 2012 ) Helium ( 2013 ) The Phone Call ( 2014 ) Stutterer ( 2015 ) Sing ( 2016 ) The Silent Child ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=An_Occurrence_at_Owl_Creek_Bridge_(film)&oldid=835648907 '' Categories : 1962 films French films French short films English - language films French black - and - white films 1960s drama films 1964 American television episodes The Twilight Zone ( 1959 TV series ) episodes Live Action Short Film Academy Award winners Films about capital punishment Films directed by Robert Enrico American Civil War films Short Film Palme d'Or winners Films based on short fiction Hidden categories : Tv.com template using numeric id Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Português Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 23 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%20Occurrence%20at%20Owl%20Creek%20Bridge%20%28film%29
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who sings i got soul but i'm not a soldier
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`` All These Things That I 've Done '' is a song by American rock band The Killers . The song was released as the third single from the band 's debut studio album Hot Fuss ( 2004 ) . It was written by frontman Brandon Flowers and features gospel choir The Sweet Inspirations . It was released as the third single in 2004 in the United Kingdom and as the fourth single in the United States , peaking at # 74 on the Billboard Hot 100 and # 18 in the UK Singles Chart . The song features an extended refrain of `` I got soul , but I 'm not a soldier '' .
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American rock band The Killers
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All These Things That I 've Done
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all these things that i've done
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`` All These Things That I 've Done '' is a song by American rock band The Killers . The song was released as the third single from the band 's debut studio album Hot Fuss ( 2004 ) . It was written by frontman Brandon Flowers and features gospel choir The Sweet Inspirations . It was released as the third single in 2004 in the United Kingdom and as the fourth single in the United States , peaking at # 74 on the Billboard Hot 100 and # 18 in the UK Singles Chart . The song features an extended refrain of `` I got soul , but I 'm not a soldier '' .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Critical reception 2 Live 8 & Las Vegas performances 3 Music videos 4 In other media 5 Track listings 6 Charts and certifications 6.1 Charts 6.2 Certifications 7 Accolades 8 Awards 9 References 10 External links Critical reception ( edit ) The song was acclaimed by critics upon release . Bill Lamb of About.com gave the song 4 out of 5 stars , noting its strength as a pop - rock anthem . Jemma Volp - Fletcher gave the single a perfect score of 10 out of 10 , calling it `` staggering '' , while also complimenting frontman Flowers ' songwriting skills . musicOMH 's Sara McDonnell was also impressed , saying that it had `` ' classic song ' written all over it '' . The Daily Telegraph lists it among the `` 100 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . The song was nominated for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal at the 48th Grammy Awards , but lost to `` Sometimes You Ca n't Make It on Your Own '' by U2 . Live 8 & Las Vegas performances ( edit ) `` All These Things That I 've Done '' was the only song performed by The Killers at Live 8 . Robbie Williams incorporated the `` I got soul , but I 'm not a soldier '' refrain into his own performance . Coldplay and U2 followed suit and , at their separate concerts played in Las Vegas , with The Killers in the crowd , incorporated the line into their songs `` God Put a Smile upon Your Face '' and `` Beautiful Day '' , respectively . The Killers , Coldplay , Bono ( U2 ) , and Gary Barlow ( Take That ) performed the track together to support a special War Child concert following the BRIT Awards ( 2009 ) . Music videos ( edit ) `` All These Things That I 've Done '' , like `` Mr. Brightside '' , has two different music videos . The earlier version filmed in July 2004 , which features The Killers singing while walking down Brick Lane , in London accompanied by a crowd . The video also featured shots of the audience who attended The Killers concert at the London Astoria , on July 8 , 2004 . The later version , directed by Dutch photographer Anton Corbijn , was filmed in May 2005 in Las Vegas and features a surreal , dream - like sequence , where The Killers , dressed as cowboys , are attacked by scantly clad female warriors armed with boomerangs . The story in the video is told out of order , but can be put in its order by the numbers displayed in the video . The latter video was influenced by the films of Russ Meyer , particularly Faster , Pussycat ! Kill ! Kill ! , through the use of black - and - white photography and aggressive , large - breasted female characters . Some of its imagery is reminiscent of the works of cartoonist Robert Crumb . The band later made use of a similar cowboy theme during promotion of their second album , Sam 's Town , and its accompanying tour and music videos during 2006 and 2007 . In other media ( edit ) This Section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this Section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The song features repeatedly in sports montages and events . Nike used the song in a commercial for the 2008 Summer Olympics . It is played at the Bell Centre in Montreal before every Montreal Canadiens home game . It is also played before every Carolina Hurricanes home game at the RBC Center in Raleigh along with a video of ten years of their greatest moment , culminating in the 2006 Stanley Cup Finals win . The song was used at the end of the 2009 U.S. Open tennis tournament to show the tournament 's highlights . The song was also used in Almost Skateboards ' skate video , Almost : Round Three , for Daewon Song 's part . Comedian and musician Bill Bailey frequently pokes fun at the song 's refrain during his shows , providing his own version : `` I 've got ham , but I 'm not a hamster '' . According to Bailey himself , the band was aware of the parody , finding it quite amusing . It is played virtually in its entirety over the first segment of the first episode of the 2008 PBS documentary series Carrier . The song was featured in the closing credits of the 2005 film The Matador , as well as the 2007 movie Southland Tales as a crucial part of the storyline in which Pilot Abilene ( played by Justin Timberlake ) partially lip - synchs it while in a drug - induced hallucination . It was also mentioned in the graphic novel preceding the film , Southland Tales : The Prequel Saga . It also played over the opening of the pilot of the television series Jericho . The song is sung at a pivotal moment by characters in the graphic novel The White Donkey by Maximilian Uriarte , a story about Marines fighting in Iraq in 2007 - the irony being that the people singing were soldiers . Fellow Las Vegas band Panic ! At the Disco members Brendon Urie and Ryan Ross have famously slow danced to the song according to the December 2006 issue of Kerrang . Popular among alternative rock bands , the song has been covered live by numerous groups including : U2 , Coldplay , Imagine Dragons , Walk the Moon , Kris Allen ( American Idol Winner ) , Robbie Williams . Featured in the CBS Show Training Day ( TV series ) Track listings ( edit ) UK 7 '' `` All These Things That I 've Done '' ( Flowers ) `` Andy , You 're a Star '' ( Zane Lowe Radio 1 Session ) ( Flowers ) UK CD `` All These Things That I 've Done '' `` All These Things That I 've Done '' ( Radio Edit ) `` Why Do n't You Find Out for Yourself ? '' ( Zane Lowe Radio 1 Session ) ( Morrissey / Alain Whyte ) `` All These Things That I 've Done '' ( Video ) European CD `` All These Things That I 've Done '' ( Radio Edit ) `` All These Things That I 've Done '' Australian / European Maxi CD `` All These Things That I 've Done '' ( Radio Edit ) `` All These Things That I 've Done '' `` Mr. Brightside '' ( The Lindbergh Palace Club Remix ) ( Flowers / Keuning ) `` All These Things That I 've Done '' ( Video ) Charts and certifications ( edit ) Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2004 -- 09 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 42 Dutch Singles Chart 66 Irish Singles Chart 46 New Zealand Singles Chart 36 Polish Singles Chart 13 Swedish Singles Chart 35 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 18 US Billboard Hot 100 74 US Billboard Modern Rock Tracks 10 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 227,000 shipments figures based on certification alone Accolades ( edit ) Publication Country Accolade Year Rank XFM United Kingdom 100 Greatest Songs of the Decade 2009 22 Absolute Radio 100 Best Songs of the Decade 2009 9 NME 100 Greatest Tracks of the Decade 2009 95 150 Best Tracks of the Past 15 Years 2011 56 The Daily Telegraph 100 Greatest Songs of All Time 2009 65 2015 75 Pretty Much Amazing United States Favorite Songs of the Last Ten Years 14 Awards ( edit ) Year Ceremony Award Result 2006 Grammy Awards Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` All These Things That I 've Done - The Killers '' . Top40.about.com. 2012 - 04 - 10 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The Killers - All these things that I 've done - Single Review '' . Contactmusic.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The Killers - All These Things That I 've Done track reviews '' . musicOMH.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ McCormick , Neil ( March 12 , 2009 ) . `` 100 Greatest Songs of All Time : 75 - 51 '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ `` Music '' . Channel 4 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` U2 's Bono Joins Coldplay and The Killers For War Child Gig In The Capital '' . Uncut.co.uk. 2014 - 08 - 14 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Bill Bailey on the Graham Norton Show , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Kerrang December 9 2006 Issue '' . 9 December 2006 . Jump up ^ Matthias Muehlbradt , Andre Axver . `` U2 All These Things That I 've Done - U2 on tour '' . U2gigs.com . Jump up ^ Imagine Dragons - All These Things That I 've Done. 3GP . YouTube . 6 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` WATCH : Walk The Moon Covered The Killers Live '' . Radio 104.5 . Jump up ^ `` All These Things That I 've Done '' - Kris Allen 7 / 10 / 09 . YouTube . 11 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Robbie does a little cover of The Killers . YouTube . 3 September 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- The Killers -- All These Things That I 've Done '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` The Killers - All These Things That I 've Done '' . dutchcharts.nl . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Killers - All These Things That I 've Done '' . Jump up ^ `` Polish Singles Chart '' . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` The Killers - All These Things That I 've Done '' . swedishcharts.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Killers : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` The Killers - Chart history '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Killers - Chart history '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- The Killers -- All These Things That I 've Done '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter All These Things That I 've Done in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ White , Jack ( 7 July 2017 ) . `` The Killers ' Official Top 10 biggest singles revealed '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 12 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 30 - 21 '' . Xfm . Archived from the original on 2009 - 12 - 02 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Somebody Told Me by The Killers '' . Song of the Decade . Archived from the original on 2009 - 11 - 25 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Tracks of the Decade '' . Nme.Com . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` 150 Best Tracks of the Past 15 Years '' . Nme.Com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` 100 greatest songs of all time '' . Telegraph.co.uk. 3 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 100 greatest songs of all time '' . Telegraph.co.uk. 3 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Adam Offitzer ( 2009 - 12 - 11 ) . `` # 14 . The Killers - All These Things That I 've Done `` PMA '' . Pretty Much Amazing . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 23 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) The Killers Brandon Flowers Dave Keuning Mark Stoermer Ronnie Vannucci Jr . Studio albums Hot Fuss Sam 's Town Day & Age Battle Born Wonderful Wonderful Compilation albums Sawdust Direct Hits Do n't Waste Your Wishes Live albums Live from the Royal Albert Hall Extended plays ( Red ) Christmas EP Singles `` Mr. Brightside '' `` Somebody Told Me '' `` All These Things That I 've Done '' `` Smile Like You Mean It '' `` When You Were Young '' `` Bones '' `` Read My Mind '' `` For Reasons Unknown '' `` Shadowplay '' `` Tranquilize '' `` Human '' `` Spaceman '' `` The World We Live In '' `` A Dustland Fairytale '' `` Runaways '' `` Miss Atomic Bomb '' `` Here with Me '' `` Shot at the Night '' `` Just Another Girl '' `` The Man '' `` Run for Cover '' Other songs `` Jenny Was a Friend of Mine '' `` Glamorous Indie Rock & Roll '' `` Wonderful Wonderful '' `` Some Kind of Love '' Christmas songs `` A Great Big Sled '' ( 2006 ) `` Do n't Shoot Me Santa '' ( 2007 ) `` Joseph , Better You than Me '' ( 2008 ) `` ¡ Happy Birthday Guadalupe ! '' ( 2009 ) `` Boots '' ( 2010 ) `` The Cowboys ' Christmas Ball '' ( 2011 ) `` I Feel It in My Bones '' ( 2012 ) `` Christmas in L.A. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All%20These%20Things%20That%20I%2527ve%20Done
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when did the north and south korea war start
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The Korean War ( in South Korean Hangul : 한국 전쟁 ; Hanja : 韓國 戰爭 ; RR : Hanguk Jeonjaeng , `` Korean War '' ; in North Korean Chosŏn'gŭl : 조국 해방 전쟁 ; Hancha : 祖國 解放 戰爭 ; MR : Choguk haebang chǒnjaeng , `` Fatherland : Liberation War '' ; 25 June 1950 -- 27 July 1953 ) was a war between North Korea ( with the support of China and the Soviet Union ) and South Korea ( with the principal support of the United States ) . The war began on 25 June 1950 when North Korea invaded South Korea following a series of clashes along the border . The United Nations , with the United States as the principal force , came to the aid of South Korea . China came to the aid of North Korea , and the Soviet Union also gave some assistance to the North .
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on 25 June 1950
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Korean War
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korean war
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1950 -- 1953 war between North Korea and South Korea Korean War In South Korea : ( 한국 전쟁 , 6 25 전쟁 ) In North Korea : ( 조국 해방 전쟁 ) Part of the Cold War and the inter-Korean conflict Clockwise from top : A column of the U.S. 1st Marine Division 's infantry and armor moves through Chinese lines during their breakout from the Chosin Reservoir ; UN landing at Incheon harbor , starting point of the Battle of Incheon ; Korean refugees in front of a U.S. M26 Pershing tank ; U.S. Marines , led by First Lieutenant Baldomero Lopez , landing at Incheon ; F - 86 Sabre fighter aircraft Date 25 June 1950 -- 27 July 1953 ( 3 years , 1 month and 2 days ) Location Korean Peninsula , Yellow Sea , Sea of Japan , Korea Strait , China -- North Korea border Result Military stalemate North Korean invasion of South Korea repelled Subsequent U.S. - led United Nations invasion of North Korea repelled Subsequent Chinese invasion of South Korea repelled Korean Armistice Agreement signed in 1953 Korean conflict ongoing Territorial changes Korean Demilitarized Zone established North Korea gains city of Kaesong but loses a net total of 3,900 km ( 1,500 sq mi ) to South Korea Belligerents South Korea United Nations : United States United Kingdom Canada Turkey Australia Philippines New Zealand Thailand Ethiopia Greece France Colombia Belgium South Africa Netherlands Luxembourg Medical support ( show ) Denmark Italy West Germany India Israel Norway Sweden Other support ( show ) Taiwan Japan Cuba El Salvador Spain North Korea China Soviet Union Medical support ( show ) Bulgaria Czechoslovakia East Germany Hungary Poland Romania Other support ( show ) India Mongolia Commanders and leaders Syngman Rhee Chung Il - kwon Paik Sun - yup Shin Sung - mo Harry S. Truman Douglas MacArthur Matthew Ridgway Mark Wayne Clark Clement Attlee Winston Churchill Kim Il - sung Pak Hon - yong Choi Yong - kun Kim Chaek † Mao Zedong Peng Dehuai Chen Geng Deng Hua Joseph Stalin † Georgy Malenkov Lavrentiy Beria Vyacheslav Molotov Strength 602,902 326,863 14,198 8,123 5,453 2,282 1,496 1,385 1,290 1,271 1,263 1,185 1,068 900 826 819 170 120 105 100 72 70 44 Total : 972,334 Note : The figures vary by source ; peak unit strength varied during war . 1,350,000 266,600 26,000 Total : 1,642,600 Note : The figures vary by source ; peak unit strength varied during war . Casualties and losses Total : 178,405 dead and 32,925 missing Total wounded : 566,434 Details ( show ) South Korea : 137,899 dead 450,742 wounded 24,495 MIA 8,343 POW United States : 36,574 dead 103,284 wounded 7,926 MIA 4,714 POW United Kingdom : 1,109 dead 2,674 wounded 179 MIA 977 POW Turkey : 741 dead 2,068 wounded 163 MIA 244 POW Canada : 516 dead 1,042 wounded 1 MIA 33 POW Australia : 339 dead 1,216 wounded 43 MIA 26 POW France : 262 dead 1,008 wounded 7 MIA 12 POW Kingdom of Greece 192 dead 543 wounded 3 POW Colombia : 163 dead 448 wounded 28 POW Thailand : 129 dead 1,139 wounded 5 MIA Ethiopian Empire 121 dead 536 wounded Netherlands : 122 dead 645 wounded 3 MIA Belgium : 101 dead 478 Wounded 5 MIA 1 POW Philippines : 92 dead 299 wounded 97 MIA / POW South Africa 34 dead 9 POW New Zealand : 34 dead 299 wounded 1 MIA / POW Norway : 3 dead Luxembourg : 2 dead 13 wounded India : 1 dead Total : 398,000 -- 750,000 + dead and 145,000 + missing Total wounded : 686,500 -- 789,000 Details ( show ) North Korea : 215,000 -- 350,000 dead 303,000 wounded 120,000 MIA or POW China : ( Chinese sources ) : 183,108 dead 383,500 wounded 450,000 hospitalized 25,621 missing ( Those who defected or were captured were included in missing ) 7,110 captured 14,190 defected ( U.S. estimates ) : 400,000 + dead 486,000 wounded Soviet Union : 299 dead 335 planes lost Total civilians killed / wounded : 2.5 million ( est . ) South Korea : 990,968 killed / wounded 373,599 killed 229,625 wounded 387,744 abducted / missing North Korea : 1,550,000 killed / wounded ( est . ) Korean War North Korean Offensive Pokpoong Chuncheon 1st Seoul Gorangpo Kaesong - Munsan Korea Strait Ongjin Uijeongbu Suwon Airfield Air Campaign Andong Chumonchin Chan Osan Pyongtaek Chonan Chochiwon Taejon Sangju Yongdong Hwanggan Hadong Notch Pusan Perimeter Masan P'ohang - Dong Taegu 1st Naktong Bulge Bowling Alley Battle Mountain Kyongju Haman Nam River Ka - San Tabu - Dong Yongsan 2nd Naktong Bulge UN Command Counteroffensive Haeju Inchon 2nd Seoul Hill 282 12 October 1950 Sariwon Pyongyang Yongju Kujin Chongju Chinese Intervention Onjong Unsan Pakchon Ch'ongch'on River Wawon Chosin Reservoir Task Force Faith 3rd Seoul Uijeongbu Chaegunghyon 1st and 2nd Wonju Thunderbolt Twin Tunnels Hoengsong Chipyong - Ni 3rd Wonju Chuam - Ni Wonsan Killer Ripper ( 4th Battle of Seoul ) Maehwa - San Courageous Tomahawk Rugged Dauntless Spring Offensive Imjin River Yultong Kapyong Soyang River Air operations MiG Alley Sunchon Strangle Sui - ho Dam Stalemate Bloody Ridge Minden Punchbowl Heartbreak Ridge Han River Commando 1st Maryang San Haktang - ni Polecharge 2nd Maryang San Sunchon Hill Eerie Sui - Ho Dam Old Baldy Blaze White Horse Triangle Hill 1st Hook 2nd Hook Chatkol Outpost Vegas Pork Chop Hill 3rd Hook Outpost Harry Kumsong Samichon River Korean Armistice Agreement Panmunjom Declaration The Korean War ( in South Korean Hangul : 한국 전쟁 ; Hanja : 韓國 戰爭 ; RR : Hanguk Jeonjaeng , `` Korean War '' ; in North Korean Chosŏn'gŭl : 조국 해방 전쟁 ; Hancha : 祖國 解放 戰爭 ; MR : Choguk haebang chǒnjaeng , `` Fatherland : Liberation War '' ; 25 June 1950 -- 27 July 1953 ) was a war between North Korea ( with the support of China and the Soviet Union ) and South Korea ( with the principal support of the United States ) . The war began on 25 June 1950 when North Korea invaded South Korea following a series of clashes along the border . The United Nations , with the United States as the principal force , came to the aid of South Korea . China came to the aid of North Korea , and the Soviet Union also gave some assistance to the North . As a product of the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States , Korea was split into two regions with separate governments . Both claimed to be the legitimate government of all of Korea , and neither accepted the border as permanent . The conflict escalated into open warfare when North Korean forces -- supported by the Soviet Union and China -- moved into the south on 25 June 1950 . The United Nations Security Council authorized the formation and dispatch of UN forces to Korea to repel what was recognized as a North Korean invasion . Twenty - one countries of the United Nations eventually contributed to the UN force , with the United States providing around 90 % of the military personnel . After the first two months of war , South Korean and U.S. forces rapidly dispatched to Korea were on the point of defeat , forced back to a small area in the south known as the Pusan Perimeter . In September 1950 , an amphibious UN counter-offensive was launched at Incheon , and cut off many North Korean troops . Those who escaped envelopment and capture were forced back north . UN forces rapidly approached the Yalu River -- the border with China -- but in October 1950 , mass Chinese forces crossed the Yalu and entered the war . The surprise Chinese intervention triggered a retreat of UN forces which continued until mid-1951 . After these reversals of fortune , which saw Seoul change hands four times , the last two years of fighting became a war of attrition , with the front line close to the 38th parallel . The war in the air , however , was never a stalemate . North Korea was subject to a massive bombing campaign . Jet fighters confronted each other in air - to - air combat for the first time in history , and Soviet pilots covertly flew in defense of their communist allies . The fighting ended on 27 July 1953 , when an armistice was signed . The agreement created the Korean Demilitarized Zone to separate North and South Korea , and allowed the return of prisoners . However , no peace treaty has been signed , and according to some sources the two Koreas are technically still at war , engaged in a frozen conflict . In April 2018 , the leaders of North and South Korea met at the demilitarized zone and agreed to sign a treaty by the end of the year to formally end the Korean War . As a war undeclared by all participants , the conflict helped bring the term `` police action '' into common use . It also led to the permanent alteration of the balance of power within the United Nations , where Resolution 377 -- passed in 1950 to allow a bypassing of the Security Council if that body could not reach an agreement -- led to the General Assembly displacing the Security Council as the primary organ of the UN . Contents ( hide ) 1 Names 2 Background 2.1 Imperial Japanese rule ( 1910 -- 1945 ) 2.2 Soviet -- Japanese War ( 1945 ) 2.3 Korea divided ( 1945 -- 1949 ) 2.4 Chinese Civil War ( 1945 -- 1949 ) 2.5 Prelude to war ( 1950 ) 2.6 Comparison of forces 3 Course of the war 3.1 Factors in U.S. intervention 3.2 United Nations Security Council Resolutions 3.3 United Nations ' response ( July -- August 1950 ) 3.4 The drive south and Pusan ( July -- September 1950 ) 3.5 Battle of Inchon ( September 1950 ) 3.6 UN forces cross partition line ( September -- October 1950 ) 3.7 China intervenes ( October -- December 1950 ) 3.8 Fighting around the 38th parallel ( January -- June 1951 ) 3.9 Stalemate ( July 1951 -- July 1953 ) 3.10 Armistice ( July 1953 -- November 1954 ) 3.11 Division of Korea ( 1954 -- present ) 4 Characteristics 4.1 Casualties 4.2 U.S. unpreparedness for war 4.3 Armored warfare 4.4 Naval warfare 4.5 Aerial warfare 4.6 Bombing of North Korea 4.7 U.S. threat of atomic warfare 4.8 War crimes 4.8. 1 Civilian deaths and massacres 4.8. 2 Prisoners of war 4.8. 2.1 Chinese POWs 4.8. 2.2 UN Command POWs 4.8. 3 Starvation 4.9 Recreation 5 Aftermath 6 See also 7 Footnotes 8 Citations 9 References 10 External links 10.1 Historical 10.2 Media 10.3 Organizations 10.4 Memorials Names Korean War South Korean name Hangul 한국 전쟁 show Transcriptions Revised Romanization Hanguk Jeonjaeng McCune -- Reischauer Han'guk Chŏnjaeng North Korean name Chosŏn'gŭl 조선 전쟁 show Transcriptions Revised Romanization Joseon Jeonjaeng McCune -- Reischauer Chosŏn Chŏnjaeng In South Korea , the war is usually referred to as `` 625 '' or the `` 6 -- 2 -- 5 Upheaval '' ( 6.25 동란 ( 動亂 ) , yook - i-o dongnan ) , reflecting the date of its commencement on 25 June . In North Korea , the war is officially referred to as the `` Fatherland Liberation War '' ( Choguk haebang chǒnjaeng ) or alternatively the `` Chosǒn ( Korean ) War '' ( 조선 전쟁 , Chosǒn chǒnjaeng ) . In China , the war is officially called the `` War to Resist America and Aid Korea '' ( simplified Chinese : 抗美援朝 战争 ; traditional Chinese : 抗美援朝 戰爭 ; pinyin : Kàngměi Yuáncháo Zhànzhēng ) , although the term `` Chaoxian ( Korean ) War '' ( simplified Chinese : 朝鲜 战争 ; traditional Chinese : 朝鮮 戰爭 ; pinyin : Cháoxiǎn Zhànzhēng ) is also used in unofficial contexts , along with the term `` Han ( Korean ) War '' ( simplified Chinese : 韩 战 ; traditional Chinese : 韓 戰 ; pinyin : Hán Zhàn ) more commonly used in regions such as Hong Kong and Macau . In the U.S. , the war was initially described by President Harry S. Truman as a `` police action '' as the United States never formally declared war on its opponents and the operation was conducted under the auspices of the United Nations . It has been referred to in the English - speaking world as `` The Forgotten War '' or `` The Unknown War '' because of the lack of public attention it received both during and after the war , and in relation to the global scale of World War II , which preceded it , and the subsequent angst of the Vietnam War , which succeeded it . Background Imperial Japanese rule ( 1910 -- 1945 ) Main article : Korea under Japanese rule Imperial Japan destroyed the influence of China over Korea in the First Sino - Japanese War ( 1894 -- 95 ) , ushering in the short - lived Korean Empire . A decade later , after defeating Imperial Russia in the Russo - Japanese War ( 1904 -- 05 ) , Japan made Korea its protectorate with the Eulsa Treaty in 1905 , then annexed it with the Japan -- Korea Annexation Treaty in 1910 . Many Korean nationalists fled the country . A Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea was founded in 1919 in Nationalist China . It failed to achieve international recognition , failed to unite nationalist groups , and had a fractious relationship with its U.S. - based founding president , Syngman Rhee . From 1919 to 1925 and beyond , Korean communists led internal and external warfare against the Japanese . In China , the Nationalist National Revolutionary Army and the communist People 's Liberation Army helped organize Korean refugees against the Japanese military , which had also occupied parts of China . The Nationalist - backed Koreans , led by Yi Pom - Sok , fought in the Burma Campaign ( December 1941 -- August 1945 ) . The communists , led by Kim Il - sung among others , fought the Japanese in Korea and Manchuria . At the Cairo Conference in November 1943 , China , the United Kingdom , and the United States all decided that `` in due course Korea shall become free and independent '' . Soviet -- Japanese War ( 1945 ) Main article : Soviet -- Japanese War At the Tehran Conference in November 1943 and the Yalta Conference in February 1945 , the Soviet Union promised to join its allies in the Pacific War within three months of the victory in Europe . Accordingly , it declared war on Japan on 9 August 1945 , three days after the USA dropped the bomb on Hiroshima . By 10 August , the Red Army had begun to occupy the northern part of the Korean peninsula . On the night of 10 August in Washington , U.S. colonels Dean Rusk and Charles H. Bonesteel III were tasked with dividing the Korean Peninsula into Soviet and U.S. occupation zones and proposed the 38th parallel . This was incorporated into the U.S. General Order No. 1 which responded to the Japanese surrender on 15 August . Explaining the choice of the 38th parallel , Rusk observed , `` even though it was further north than could be realistically reached by U.S. forces , in the event of Soviet disagreement ... we felt it important to include the capital of Korea in the area of responsibility of American troops '' . He noted that he was `` faced with the scarcity of US forces immediately available , and time and space factors , which would make it difficult to reach very far north , before Soviet troops could enter the area '' . As Rusk 's comments indicate , the U.S. doubted whether the Soviet government would agree to this . Stalin , however , maintained his wartime policy of co-operation , and on 16 August the Red Army halted at the 38th parallel for three weeks to await the arrival of U.S. forces in the south . Korea divided ( 1945 -- 1949 ) See also : Division of Korea On 8 September 1945 , U.S. Lieutenant General John R. Hodge arrived in Incheon to accept the Japanese surrender south of the 38th parallel . Appointed as military governor , Hodge directly controlled South Korea as head of the United States Army Military Government in Korea ( USAMGIK 1945 -- 48 ) . He attempted to establish control by restoring Japanese colonial administrators to power , but in the face of Korean protests quickly reversed this decision . The USAMGIK refused to recognize the provisional government of the short - lived People 's Republic of Korea ( PRK ) due to its suspected Communist sympathies . In December 1945 , Korea was administered by a U.S. - Soviet Union Joint Commission , as agreed at the Moscow Conference , with the aim of granting independence after a five - year trusteeship . The idea was not popular among Koreans and riots broke out . To contain them , the USAMGIK banned strikes on 8 December 1945 and outlawed the PRK Revolutionary Government and the PRK People 's Committees on 12 December 1945 . Following further large - scale civilian unrest , the USAMGIK declared martial law . Citing the inability of the Joint Commission to make progress , the U.S. government decided to hold an election under United Nations auspices with the aim of creating an independent Korea . The Soviet authorities and the Korean Communists refused to co-operate on the grounds it would not be fair , and many South Korean politicians boycotted it . A general election was held in the South on 10 May 1948 . North Korea held parliamentary elections three months later on 25 August . The resultant South Korean government promulgated a national political constitution on 17 July 1948 , and elected Syngman Rhee as president on 20 July 1948 . The Republic of Korea ( South Korea ) was established on 15 August 1948 . In the Soviet Korean Zone of Occupation , the Soviet Union established a communist government led by Kim Il - sung . The Soviet Union withdrew as agreed from Korea in 1948 , and U.S. troops withdrew in 1949 . Chinese Civil War ( 1945 -- 1949 ) Main article : Chinese Civil War With the end of the war with Japan , the Chinese Civil War resumed in earnest between the Communists and Nationalists . While the Communists were struggling for supremacy in Manchuria , they were supported by the North Korean government with matériel and manpower . According to Chinese sources , the North Koreans donated 2,000 railway cars worth of supplies while thousands of Koreans served in the Chinese People 's Liberation Army ( PLA ) during the war . North Korea also provided the Chinese Communists in Manchuria with a safe refuge for non-combatants and communications with the rest of China . The North Korean contributions to the Chinese Communist victory were not forgotten after the creation of the People 's Republic of China in 1949 . As a token of gratitude , between 50,000 and 70,000 Korean veterans that served in the PLA were sent back along with their weapons , and they later played a significant role in the initial invasion of South Korea . China promised to support the North Koreans in the event of a war against South Korea . After the formation of the People 's Republic of China in 1949 , the Chinese government named the Western nations , led by the United States , as the biggest threat to its national security . Basing this judgment on China 's century of humiliation beginning in the early 19th century , U.S. support for the Nationalists during the Chinese Civil War , and the ideological struggles between revolutionaries and reactionaries , the Chinese leadership believed that China would become a critical battleground in the United States ' crusade against Communism . As a countermeasure and to elevate China 's standing among the worldwide Communist movements , the Chinese leadership adopted a foreign policy that actively promoted Communist revolutions throughout territories on China 's periphery . Prelude to War ( 1950 ) By 1949 , South Korean forces had reduced the active number of communist guerrillas in the South from 5,000 to 1,000 . However , Kim Il - sung believed that the guerrillas weakened the South Korean military and that a North Korean invasion would be welcomed by much of the South Korean population . Kim began seeking Stalin 's support for an invasion in March 1949 , traveling to Moscow to attempt to persuade him . Serious border clashes between South and North occurred on 4 August 1949 , when thousands of North Korean troops attacked South Korean troops occupying territory north of the 38th parallel . The 2nd and 18th infantry regiments of ROKA repulsed initial attacks in Kuksa - bong ( above the 38th parallel ) and Ch'ungmu , and at the end of the clashes ROKA troops were `` completely routed '' . Stalin initially did not think the time was right for a war in Korea . Chinese Communist forces were still embroiled in the Chinese Civil War , while U.S. forces remained stationed in South Korea . By spring 1950 , he believed that the strategic situation had changed : Mao 's Communist forces had secured final victory in China , U.S. forces had withdrawn from Korea , and the Soviets detonated their first nuclear bomb , breaking the U.S. atomic monopoly . As the U.S. had not directly intervened to stop the communist victory in China , Stalin calculated that they would be even less willing to fight in Korea , which had much less strategic significance . The Soviets had also cracked the codes used by the U.S. to communicate with their embassy in Moscow , and reading these dispatches convinced Stalin that Korea did not have the importance to the US that would warrant a nuclear confrontation . Stalin began a more aggressive strategy in Asia based on these developments , including promising economic and military aid to China through the Sino - Soviet Treaty of Friendship , Alliance , and Mutual Assistance . In April 1950 , Stalin gave Kim permission to invade the South under the condition that Mao would agree to send reinforcements if needed . Stalin made it clear that Soviet forces would not openly engage in combat , to avoid a direct war with the United States . Kim met with Mao in May 1950 . Mao was concerned the U.S. would intervene but agreed to support the North Korean invasion . China desperately needed the economic and military aid promised by the Soviets . However , Mao sent more ethnic Korean PLA veterans to Korea and promised to move an army closer to the Korean border . Once Mao 's commitment was secured , preparations for war accelerated . Soviet generals with extensive combat experience from the Second World War were sent to North Korea as the Soviet Advisory Group . These generals completed the plans for the attack by May . The original plans called for a skirmish to be initiated in the Ongjin Peninsula on the west coast of Korea . The North Koreans would then launch a counterattack that would capture Seoul and encircle and destroy the South Korean army . The final stage would involve destroying South Korean government remnants , capturing the rest of South Korea , including the ports . On 7 June 1950 , Kim Il - sung called for a Korea - wide election on 5 -- 8 August 1950 and a consultative conference in Haeju on 15 -- 17 June 1950 . On 11 June , the North sent three diplomats to the South as a peace overture that Rhee rejected outright . On 21 June , Kim Il - Sung revised his war plan to involve a general attack across the 38th parallel , rather than a limited operation in the Ongjin peninsula . Kim was concerned that South Korean agents learned about the plans and South Korean forces were strengthening their defenses . Stalin agreed to this change of plan . While these preparations were underway in the North , there were frequent clashes along the 38th parallel , especially at Kaesong and Ongjin , many initiated by the South . The Republic of Korea Army ( ROK Army ) was being trained by the U.S. Korean Military Advisory Group ( KMAG ) . On the eve of war , KMAG 's commander General William Lynn Roberts voiced utmost confidence in the ROK Army and boasted that any North Korean invasion would merely provide `` target practice '' . For his part , Syngman Rhee repeatedly expressed his desire to conquer the North , including when U.S. diplomat John Foster Dulles visited Korea on 18 June . Although some South Korean and U.S. intelligence officers predicted an attack from the North , similar predictions were made before and nothing happened . The Central Intelligence Agency noted the southward movement by the Korean People 's Army ( KPA ) , but assessed this as a `` defensive measure '' and concluded an invasion was `` unlikely '' . On 23 June , UN observers inspected the border and did not detect that war was imminent . Comparison of forces Throughout 1949 and 1950 , the Soviets continued arming North Korea . After the Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War , ethnic Korean units in the Chinese People 's Liberation Army ( PLA ) were released to North Korea . The combat veterans from China , the tanks , artillery and aircraft supplied by the Soviets , and rigorous training increased North Korea 's military superiority over the South , armed by the US military with mostly small arms and given no heavy weaponry such as tanks . According to the first official census in 1949 the population of North Korea numbered 9,620,000 , and by mid-1950 North Korean forces numbered between 150,000 and 200,000 troops , organized into 10 infantry divisions , one tank division , and one air force division , with 210 fighter planes and 280 tanks , who captured scheduled objectives and territory , among them Kaesong , Chuncheon , Uijeongbu , and Ongjin . Their forces included 274 T - 34 - 85 tanks , 200 artillery pieces , 110 attack bombers , and some 150 Yak fighter planes , and 35 reconnaissance aircraft . In addition to the invasion force , the North KPA had 114 fighters , 78 bombers , 105 T - 34 - 85 tanks , and some 30,000 soldiers stationed in reserve in North Korea . Although each navy consisted of only several small warships , the North and South Korean navies fought in the war as sea - borne artillery for their armies . In contrast , the Republic of Korea population totaled 20,188,641 , and its army was unprepared and ill - equipped . As of 25 June 1950 the ROK Army had 98,000 soldiers ( 65,000 combat , 33,000 support ) , no tanks ( they had been requested from the U.S. military , but requests were denied ) , and a 22 - piece air force comprising 12 liaison - type and 10 AT6 advanced - trainer airplanes . Large U.S. garrisons and air forces were in Japan , but only 200 -- 300 American troops were in Korea . Course of the War Territory often changed hands early in the war , until the front stabilized . North Korean , Chinese , and Soviet forces South Korean , U.S. , Commonwealth , and United Nations forces Hundreds of thousands of South Koreans fled south in mid-1950 after the North Korean army invaded . At dawn on Sunday , 25 June 1950 , the Korean People 's Army crossed the 38th parallel behind artillery fire . The KPA justified its assault with the claim that ROK troops attacked first and that the KPA were aiming to arrest and execute the `` bandit traitor Syngman Rhee '' . Fighting began on the strategic Ongjin peninsula in the west . There were initial South Korean claims that they captured the city of Haeju , and this sequence of events has led some scholars to argue that the South Koreans fired first . Whoever fired the first shots in Ongjin , within an hour , North Korean forces attacked all along the 38th parallel . The North Koreans had a combined arms force including tanks supported by heavy artillery . The South Koreans had no tanks , anti-tank weapons or heavy artillery to stop such an attack . In addition , South Koreans committed their forces in a piecemeal fashion and these were routed in a few days . On 27 June , Rhee evacuated from Seoul with some of the government . On 28 June , at 2 am , the South Korean Army blew up the Hangang Bridge across the Han River in an attempt to stop the North Korean army . The bridge was detonated while 4,000 refugees were crossing it and hundreds were killed . Destroying the bridge also trapped many South Korean military units north of the Han River . In spite of such desperate measures , Seoul fell that same day . A number of South Korean National Assemblymen remained in Seoul when it fell , and forty - eight subsequently pledged allegiance to the North . On 28 June , Rhee ordered the massacre of suspected political opponents in his own country . In five days , the South Korean forces , which had 95,000 men on 25 June , was down to less than 22,000 men . In early July , when U.S. forces arrived , what was left of the South Korean forces were placed under U.S. operational command of the United Nations Command . Factors in U.S. intervention The Truman administration was unprepared for the invasion . Korea was not included in the strategic Asian Defense Perimeter outlined by Secretary of State Dean Acheson . Truman himself was at his home in Independence , Missouri . Military strategists were more concerned with the security of Europe against the Soviet Union than East Asia . At the same time , the administration was worried that a war in Korea could quickly widen into another world war should the Chinese or Soviets decide to get involved . One facet of the changing attitude toward Korea and whether to get involved was Japan . Especially after the fall of China to the Communists , U.S. experts on East Asia saw Japan as the critical counterweight to the Soviet Union and China in the region . While there was no United States policy dealing with South Korea directly as a national interest , its proximity to Japan increased the importance of South Korea . Said Kim : `` The recognition that the security of Japan required a non-hostile Korea led directly to President Truman 's decision to intervene ... The essential point ... is that the American response to the North Korean attack stemmed from considerations of U.S. policy toward Japan . '' Another major consideration was the possible Soviet reaction in the event that the U.S. intervened . The Truman administration was fearful that a war in Korea was a diversionary assault that would escalate to a general war in Europe once the United States committed in Korea . At the same time , `` ( t ) here was no suggestion from anyone that the United Nations or the United States could back away from ( the conflict ) '' . Yugoslavia -- a possible Soviet target because of the Tito - Stalin Split -- was vital to the defense of Italy and Greece , and the country was first on the list of the National Security Council 's post-North Korea invasion list of `` chief danger spots '' . Truman believed if aggression went unchecked , a chain reaction would be initiated that would marginalize the United Nations and encourage Communist aggression elsewhere . The UN Security Council approved the use of force to help the South Koreans and the U.S. immediately began using what air and naval forces that were in the area to that end . The Truman administration still refrained from committing on the ground because some advisers believed the North Koreans could be stopped by air and naval power alone . The Truman administration was still uncertain if the attack was a ploy by the Soviet Union or just a test of U.S. resolve . The decision to commit ground troops became viable when a communiqué was received on 27 June indicating the Soviet Union would not move against U.S. forces in Korea . The Truman administration now believed it could intervene in Korea without undermining its commitments elsewhere . United Nations Security Council resolutions Further information : List of United Nations Security Council resolutions concerning North Korea On 25 June 1950 , the United Nations Security Council unanimously condemned the North Korean invasion of the Republic of Korea , with UN Security Council Resolution 82 . The Soviet Union , a veto - wielding power , had boycotted the Council meetings since January 1950 , protesting that the Taiwanese `` Republic of China '' and not the mainland `` People 's Republic of China '' held a permanent seat in the UN Security Council . After debating the matter , the Security Council , on 27 June 1950 , published Resolution 83 recommending member states provide military assistance to the Republic of Korea . On 27 June President Truman ordered U.S. air and sea forces to help the South Korean regime . On 4 July the Soviet Deputy Foreign Minister accused the United States of starting armed intervention on behalf of South Korea . The Soviet Union challenged the legitimacy of the war for several reasons . The ROK Army intelligence upon which Resolution 83 was based came from U.S. Intelligence ; North Korea was not invited as a sitting temporary member of the UN , which violated UN Charter Article 32 ; and the fighting was beyond the UN Charter 's scope , because the initial north - south border fighting was classed as a civil war . Because the Soviet Union was boycotting the Security Council at the time , legal scholars posited that deciding upon an action of this type required the unanimous vote of all the five permanent members including the Soviet Union . Within days of the invasion , masses of ROK Army soldiers -- of dubious loyalty to the Syngman Rhee regime -- were retreating southwards or defecting en masse to the northern side , the KPA . United Nations ' response ( July -- August 1950 ) A U.S. howitzer position near the Kum River , 15 July As soon as word of the attack was received , U.S. Secretary of State Dean Acheson informed President Truman that the North Koreans had invaded South Korea . Truman and Acheson discussed a U.S. invasion response and agreed that the United States was obligated to act , paralleling the North Korean invasion with Adolf Hitler 's aggressions in the 1930s , with the conclusion being that the mistake of appeasement must not be repeated . Several U.S. industries were mobilized to supply materials , labor , capital , production facilities , and other services necessary to support the military objectives of the Korean War . However , President Truman later acknowledged that he believed fighting the invasion was essential to the U.S. goal of the global containment of communism as outlined in the National Security Council Report 68 ( NSC 68 ) ( declassified in 1975 ) : Communism was acting in Korea , just as Hitler , Mussolini and the Japanese had ten , fifteen , and twenty years earlier . I felt certain that if South Korea was allowed to fall , Communist leaders would be emboldened to override nations closer to our own shores . If the Communists were permitted to force their way into the Republic of Korea without opposition from the free world , no small nation would have the courage to resist threat and aggression by stronger Communist neighbors . In August 1950 , the President and the Secretary of State obtained the consent of Congress to appropriate $12 billion for military action in Korea . Because of the extensive defense cuts and the emphasis placed on building a nuclear bomber force , none of the services were in a position to make a robust response with conventional military strength . General Omar Bradley , Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , was faced with re-organizing and deploying a U.S. military force that was a shadow of its World War II counterpart . Acting on Secretary of State Acheson 's recommendation , President Truman ordered General MacArthur to transfer matériel to the South Korean military while giving air cover to the evacuation of U.S. nationals . The President disagreed with advisers who recommended unilateral U.S. bombing of the North Korean forces , and ordered the U.S. Seventh Fleet to protect the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) , whose government asked to fight in Korea . The United States denied ROC 's request for combat , lest it provoke a communist Chinese retaliation . Because the United States had sent the Seventh Fleet to `` neutralize '' the Taiwan Strait , Chinese premier Zhou Enlai criticized both the UN and U.S. initiatives as `` armed aggression on Chinese territory '' . The drive South and Pusan ( July -- September 1950 ) G.I. comforting a grieving infantryman Crew of an M - 24 tank along the Nakdong River front , August 1950 The Battle of Osan , the first significant U.S. engagement of the Korean War , involved the 540 - soldier Task Force Smith , which was a small forward element of the 24th Infantry Division which had been flown in from Japan . On 5 July 1950 , Task Force Smith attacked the North Koreans at Osan but without weapons capable of destroying the North Koreans ' tanks . They were unsuccessful ; the result was 180 dead , wounded , or taken prisoner . The KPA progressed southwards , pushing back the U.S. force at Pyongtaek , Chonan , and Chochiwon , forcing the 24th Division 's retreat to Taejeon , which the KPA captured in the Battle of Taejon ; the 24th Division suffered 3,602 dead and wounded and 2,962 captured , including its commander , Major General William F. Dean . By August , the KPA steadily pushed back the ROK Army and the Eighth United States Army southwards . The impact of the Truman administration 's defense budget cutbacks were now keenly felt , as U.S. troops fought a series of costly rearguard actions . Lacking sufficient anti-tank weapons , artillery or armor , they were driven down the Korean peninsula . During their advance , the KPA purged the Republic of Korea 's intelligentsia by killing civil servants and intellectuals . On 20 August , General MacArthur warned North Korean leader Kim Il - sung he was responsible for the KPA 's atrocities . By September , UN forces were hemmed into a small corner of southeast Korea , near Pusan . This 140 - mile perimeter enclosed about 10 % of Korea , in a line partially defined by the Nakdong River . Although Kim 's early successes led him to predict he would end the war by the end of August , Chinese leaders were more pessimistic . To counter a possible U.S. deployment , Zhou Enlai secured a Soviet commitment to have the Soviet Union support Chinese forces with air cover , and deployed 260,000 soldiers along the Korean border , under the command of Gao Gang . Zhou commanded Chai Chengwen to conduct a topographical survey of Korea , and directed Lei Yingfu , Zhou 's military advisor in Korea , to analyze the military situation in Korea . Lei concluded that MacArthur would most likely attempt a landing at Incheon . After conferring with Mao that this would be MacArthur 's most likely strategy , Zhou briefed Soviet and North Korean advisers of Lei 's findings , and issued orders to Chinese army commanders deployed on the Korean border to prepare for U.S. naval activity in the Korea Strait . In the resulting Battle of Pusan Perimeter ( August -- September 1950 ) , the U.S. Army withstood KPA attacks meant to capture the city at the Naktong Bulge , P'ohang - dong , and Taegu . The United States Air Force ( USAF ) interrupted KPA logistics with 40 daily ground support sorties that destroyed 32 bridges , halting most daytime road and rail traffic . KPA forces were forced to hide in tunnels by day and move only at night . To deny matériel to the KPA , the USAF destroyed logistics depots , petroleum refineries , and harbors , while the U.S. Navy air forces attacked transport hubs . Consequently , the over-extended KPA could not be supplied throughout the south . On 27 August , 67th Fighter Squadron aircraft mistakenly attacked facilities in Chinese territory and the Soviet Union called the UN Security Council 's attention to China 's complaint about the incident . The U.S. proposed that a commission of India and Sweden determine what the U.S. should pay in compensation but the Soviets vetoed the U.S. proposal . Meanwhile , U.S. garrisons in Japan continually dispatched soldiers and matériel to reinforce defenders in the Pusan Perimeter . Tank battalions deployed to Korea directly from the U.S. mainland from the port of San Francisco to the port of Pusan , the largest Korean port . By late August , the Pusan Perimeter had some 500 medium tanks battle - ready . In early September 1950 , ROK Army and UN Command forces outnumbered the KPA 180,000 to 100,000 soldiers . Battle of Inchon ( September 1950 ) Main article : Battle of Inchon General Douglas MacArthur , UN Command CiC ( seated ) , observes the naval shelling of Incheon from USS Mount McKinley , 15 September 1950 Combat in the streets of Seoul Against the rested and re-armed Pusan Perimeter defenders and their reinforcements , the KPA were undermanned and poorly supplied ; unlike the UN Command , they lacked naval and air support . To relieve the Pusan Perimeter , General MacArthur recommended an amphibious landing at Incheon , near Seoul and well over 160 km ( 100 mi ) behind the KPA lines . On 6 July , he ordered Major General Hobart R. Gay , commander of the 1st Cavalry Division , to plan the division 's amphibious landing at Incheon ; on 12 -- 14 July , the 1st Cavalry Division embarked from Yokohama , Japan , to reinforce the 24th Infantry Division inside the Pusan Perimeter . Soon after the war began , General MacArthur began planning a landing at Incheon , but the Pentagon opposed him . When authorized , he activated a combined U.S. Army and Marine Corps , and ROK Army force . The X Corps , led by Major General Edward Almond , consisted of 40,000 men of the 1st Marine Division , the 7th Infantry Division and around 8,600 ROK Army soldiers . By 15 September , the amphibious assault force faced few KPA defenders at Incheon : military intelligence , psychological warfare , guerrilla reconnaissance , and protracted bombardment facilitated a relatively light battle . However , the bombardment destroyed most of the city of Incheon . After the Incheon landing , the 1st Cavalry Division began its northward advance from the Pusan Perimeter . `` Task Force Lynch '' ( after Lieutenant Colonel James H. Lynch ) , 3rd Battalion , 7th Cavalry Regiment , and two 70th Tank Battalion units ( Charlie Company and the Intelligence -- Reconnaissance Platoon ) effected the `` Pusan Perimeter Breakout '' through 171.2 km ( 106.4 mi ) of enemy territory to join the 7th Infantry Division at Osan . The X Corps rapidly defeated the KPA defenders around Seoul , thus threatening to trap the main KPA force in Southern Korea . On 18 September , Stalin dispatched General H.M. Zakharov to Korea to advise Kim Il - sung to halt his offensive around the Pusan perimeter and to redeploy his forces to defend Seoul . Chinese commanders were not briefed on North Korean troop numbers or operational plans . As the overall commander of Chinese forces , Zhou Enlai suggested that the North Koreans should attempt to eliminate the enemy forces at Incheon only if they had reserves of at least 100,000 men ; otherwise , he advised the North Koreans to withdraw their forces north . On 25 September , Seoul was recaptured by South Korean forces . U.S. air raids caused heavy damage to the KPA , destroying most of its tanks and much of its artillery . North Korean troops in the south , instead of effectively withdrawing north , rapidly disintegrated , leaving Pyongyang vulnerable . During the general retreat only 25,000 to 30,000 North Korean soldiers managed to reach the KPA lines . On 27 September , Stalin convened an emergency session of the Politburo , in which he condemned the incompetence of the KPA command and held Soviet military advisers responsible for the defeat . UN forces cross partition line ( September -- October 1950 ) Main article : UN Offensive , 1950 On 27 September , MacArthur received the top secret National Security Council Memorandum 81 / 1 from Truman reminding him that operations north of the 38th parallel were authorized only if `` at the time of such operation there was no entry into North Korea by major Soviet or Chinese Communist forces , no announcements of intended entry , nor a threat to counter our operations militarily '' . On 29 September MacArthur restored the government of the Republic of Korea under Syngman Rhee . On 30 September , Defense Secretary George Marshall sent an eyes - only message to MacArthur : `` We want you to feel unhampered tactically and strategically to proceed north of the 38th parallel . '' During October , the ROK police executed people who were suspected to be sympathetic to North Korea , and similar massacres were carried out until early 1951 . U.S. Air Force attacking railroads south of Wonsan on the eastern coast of North Korea On 30 September , Zhou Enlai warned the United States that China was prepared to intervene in Korea if the United States crossed the 38th parallel . Zhou attempted to advise North Korean commanders on how to conduct a general withdrawal by using the same tactics which allowed Chinese communist forces to successfully escape Chiang Kai - shek 's Encirclement Campaigns in the 1930s , but by some accounts North Korean commanders did not use these tactics effectively . Historian Bruce Cumings argues , however , the KPA 's rapid withdrawal was strategic , with troops melting into the mountains from where they could launch guerrilla raids on the UN forces spread out on the coasts . By 1 October 1950 , the UN Command repelled the KPA northwards past the 38th parallel ; the ROK Army crossed after them , into North Korea . MacArthur made a statement demanding the KPA 's unconditional surrender . Six days later , on 7 October , with UN authorization , the UN Command forces followed the ROK forces northwards . The X Corps landed at Wonsan ( in southeastern North Korea ) and Riwon ( in northeastern North Korea ) , already captured by ROK forces . The Eighth U.S. Army and the ROK Army drove up western Korea and captured Pyongyang city , the North Korean capital , on 19 October 1950 . The 187th Airborne Regimental Combat Team made their first of two combat jumps during the Korean War on 20 October 1950 at Sunchon and Sukchon . The missions of the 187th were to cut the road north going to China , preventing North Korean leaders from escaping from Pyongyang ; and to rescue U.S. prisoners of war . At month 's end , UN forces held 135,000 KPA prisoners of war . As they neared the Sino - Korean border , the UN forces in the west were divided from those in the east by 50 -- 100 miles of mountainous terrain . Taking advantage of the UN Command 's strategic momentum against the communists , General MacArthur believed it necessary to extend the Korean War into China to destroy depots supplying the North Korean war effort . President Truman disagreed , and ordered caution at the Sino - Korean border . China intervenes ( October -- December 1950 ) Chinese forces cross the Yalu River . On 20 August 1950 , Premier Zhou Enlai informed the UN that `` Korea is China 's neighbor ... The Chinese people can not but be concerned about a solution of the Korean question '' . Thus , through neutral - country diplomats , China warned that in safeguarding Chinese national security , they would intervene against the UN Command in Korea . President Truman interpreted the communication as `` a bald attempt to blackmail the UN '' , and dismissed it . On 1 October 1950 , the day that UN troops crossed the 38th parallel , the Soviet ambassador forwarded a telegram from Stalin to Mao and Zhou requesting that China send five to six divisions into Korea , and Kim Il - sung sent frantic appeals to Mao for Chinese military intervention . At the same time , Stalin made it clear that Soviet forces themselves would not directly intervene . Three commanders of PVA during the Korean War . From left to right : Chen Geng ( 1952 ) , Peng Dehuai ( 1950 -- 1952 ) and Deng Hua ( 1952 -- 1953 ) In a series of emergency meetings that lasted from 2 to 5 October , Chinese leaders debated whether to send Chinese troops into Korea . There was considerable resistance among many leaders , including senior military leaders , to confronting the U.S. in Korea . Mao strongly supported intervention , and Zhou was one of the few Chinese leaders who firmly supported him . After Lin Biao politely refused Mao 's offer to command Chinese forces in Korea ( citing his upcoming medical treatment ) , Mao decided that Peng Dehuai would be the commander of the Chinese forces in Korea after Peng agreed to support Mao 's position . Mao then asked Peng to speak in favor of intervention to the rest of the Chinese leaders . After Peng made the case that if U.S. troops conquered Korea and reached the Yalu they might cross it and invade China the Politburo agreed to intervene in Korea . On 4 August 1950 , with a planned invasion of Taiwan aborted due to the heavy U.S. naval presence , Mao Zedong reported to the Politburo that he would intervene in Korea when the People 's Liberation Army 's ( PLA ) Taiwan invasion force was reorganized into the PLA North East Frontier Force . On 8 October 1950 , Mao Zedong redesignated the PLA North East Frontier Force as the Chinese People 's Volunteer Army ( PVA ) . To enlist Stalin 's support , Zhou and a Chinese delegation arrived in Moscow on 10 October , at which point they flew to Stalin 's home at the Black Sea . There they conferred with the top Soviet leadership which included Joseph Stalin as well as Vyacheslav Molotov , Lavrentiy Beria and Georgi Malenkov . Stalin initially agreed to send military equipment and ammunition , but warned Zhou that the Soviet Union 's air force would need two or three months to prepare any operations . In a subsequent meeting , Stalin told Zhou that he would only provide China with equipment on a credit basis , and that the Soviet air force would only operate over Chinese airspace , and only after an undisclosed period of time . Stalin did not agree to send either military equipment or air support until March 1951 . Mao did not find Soviet air support especially useful , as the fighting was going to take place on the south side of the Yalu . Soviet shipments of matériel , when they did arrive , were limited to small quantities of trucks , grenades , machine guns , and the like . Immediately on his return to Beijing on 18 October 1950 , Zhou met with Mao Zedong , Peng Dehuai , and Gao Gang , and the group ordered two hundred thousand Chinese troops to enter North Korea , which they did on 25 October . UN aerial reconnaissance had difficulty sighting PVA units in daytime , because their march and bivouac discipline minimized aerial detection . The PVA marched `` dark - to - dark '' ( 19 : 00 -- 03 : 00 ) , and aerial camouflage ( concealing soldiers , pack animals , and equipment ) was deployed by 05 : 30 . Meanwhile , daylight advance parties scouted for the next bivouac site . During daylight activity or marching , soldiers were to remain motionless if an aircraft appeared , until it flew away ; PVA officers were under order to shoot security violators . Such battlefield discipline allowed a three - division army to march the 460 km ( 286 mi ) from An - tung , Manchuria , to the combat zone in some 19 days . Another division night - marched a circuitous mountain route , averaging 29 km ( 18 mi ) daily for 18 days . Meanwhile , on 15 October 1950 , President Truman and General MacArthur met at Wake Island in the mid-Pacific Ocean . This meeting was much publicized because of the General 's discourteous refusal to meet the President on the continental United States . To President Truman , MacArthur speculated there was little risk of Chinese intervention in Korea , and that the PRC 's opportunity for aiding the KPA had lapsed . He believed the PRC had some 300,000 soldiers in Manchuria , and some 100,000 -- 125,000 soldiers at the Yalu River . He further concluded that , although half of those forces might cross south , `` if the Chinese tried to get down to Pyongyang , there would be the greatest slaughter '' without air force protection . Soldiers from the U.S. 2nd Infantry Division in action near the Ch'ongch'on River , 20 November 1950 After secretly crossing the Yalu River on 19 October , the PVA 13th Army Group launched the First Phase Offensive on 25 October , attacking the advancing UN forces near the Sino - Korean border . This military decision made solely by China changed the attitude of the Soviet Union . Twelve days after Chinese troops entered the war , Stalin allowed the Soviet Air Force to provide air cover , and supported more aid to China . After inflicting heavy losses on the ROK II Corps at the Battle of Onjong , the first confrontation between Chinese and U.S. military occurred on 1 November 1950 ; deep in North Korea , thousands of soldiers from the PVA 39th Army encircled and attacked the U.S. 8th Cavalry Regiment with three - prong assaults -- from the north , northwest , and west -- and overran the defensive position flanks in the Battle of Unsan . The surprise assault resulted in the UN forces retreating back to the Ch'ongch'on River , while the Chinese unexpectedly disappeared into mountain hideouts following victory . It is unclear why the Chinese did not press the attack and follow up their victory . The UN Command , however , were unconvinced that the Chinese had openly intervened because of the sudden Chinese withdrawal . On 24 November , the Home - by - Christmas Offensive was launched with the U.S. Eighth Army advancing in northwest Korea , while the US X Corps attacked along the Korean east coast . But the PVA were waiting in ambush with their Second Phase Offensive which they executed at two sectors : the Eastern one at the Chosin Reservoir and the Western sector at Ch'ongch'on River . After consulting with Stalin , on 13 November , Mao appointed Zhou Enlai the overall commander and coordinator of the war effort , with Peng as field commander . On 25 November at the Korean western front , the PVA 13th Army Group attacked and overran the ROK II Corps at the Battle of the Ch'ongch'on River , and then inflicted heavy losses on the US 2nd Infantry Division on the UN forces ' right flank . The UN Command retreated ; the U.S. Eighth Army 's retreat ( the longest in US Army history ) was made possible because of the Turkish Brigade 's successful , but very costly , rear - guard delaying action near Kunuri that slowed the PVA attack for two days ( 27 -- 29 November ) . By 30 November , the PVA 13th Army Group managed to expel the U.S. Eighth Army from northwest Korea . Retreating from the north faster than they had counter-invaded , the Eighth Army crossed the 38th parallel border in mid December . UN morale hit rock bottom when Lieutenant General Walton Walker , commander of the U.S. Eighth Army , was killed on 23 December 1950 in an automobile accident . A column of the US 1st Marine Division move through Chinese lines during their breakout from the Chosin Reservoir . Map of the UN retreat in the wake of Chinese intervention Concurrent to the Battle of the Ch'ongch'on River was the Battle of Chosin Reservoir which the PVA 9th Army Group initiated on 27 November . Here the UNC forces fared comparatively better : like the Eighth Army the surprise attack forced X Corps to also retreat from northeast Korea but were in the process able to breakout from the attempted encirclement by the PVA and execute a successful tactical withdrawal . X Corps managed to establish a defensive perimeter at the port city of Hungnam on 11 December and were able to evacuate by 24 December in order to reinforce the badly depleted U.S. Eighth Army to the south . During the Hungnam evacuation , about 193 shiploads of UN Command forces and matériel ( approximately 105,000 soldiers , 98,000 civilians , 17,500 vehicles , and 350,000 tons of supplies ) were evacuated to Pusan . The SS Meredith Victory was noted for evacuating 14,000 refugees , the largest rescue operation by a single ship , even though it was designed to hold 12 passengers . Before escaping , the UN Command forces razed most of Hungnam city , especially the port facilities ; and on 16 December 1950 , President Truman declared a national emergency with Presidential Proclamation No. 2914 , 3 C.F.R. 99 ( 1953 ) , which remained in force until 14 September 1978 . The next day ( 17 December 1950 ) Kim Il - sung was deprived of the right of command of KPA by China . China justified its entry into the war as a response to `` American aggression in the guise of the UN '' . Later , the Chinese claimed that U.S. bombers had violated PRC national airspace on three separate occasions and attacked Chinese targets before China intervened . Fighting around the 38th parallel ( January -- June 1951 ) With Lieutenant General Matthew Ridgway assuming the command of the U.S. Eighth Army on 26 December , the PVA and the KPA launched their Third Phase Offensive ( also known as the `` Chinese New Year 's Offensive '' ) on New Year 's Eve of 1950 . Utilizing night attacks in which UN Command fighting positions were encircled and then assaulted by numerically superior troops who had the element of surprise , the attacks were accompanied by loud trumpets and gongs , which fulfilled the double purpose of facilitating tactical communication and mentally disorienting the enemy . UN forces initially had no familiarity with this tactic , and as a result some soldiers panicked , abandoning their weapons and retreating to the south . The Chinese New Year 's Offensive overwhelmed UN forces , allowing the PVA and KPA to conquer Seoul for the second time on 4 January 1951 . B - 26 Invaders bomb logistics depots in Wonsan , North Korea , 1951 These setbacks prompted General MacArthur to consider using nuclear weapons against the Chinese or North Korean interiors , with the intention that radioactive fallout zones would interrupt the Chinese supply chains . However , upon the arrival of the charismatic General Ridgway , the esprit de corps of the bloodied Eighth Army immediately began to revive . UN forces retreated to Suwon in the west , Wonju in the center , and the territory north of Samcheok in the east , where the battlefront stabilized and held . The PVA had outrun its logistics capability and thus were unable to press on beyond Seoul as food , ammunition , and matériel were carried nightly , on foot and bicycle , from the border at the Yalu River to the three battle lines . In late January , upon finding that the PVA had abandoned their battle lines , General Ridgway ordered a reconnaissance - in - force , which became Operation Roundup ( 5 February 1951 ) . A full - scale X Corps advance proceeded , which fully exploited the UN Command 's air superiority , concluding with the UN reaching the Han River and recapturing Wonju . Following the failure of ceasefire negotiations in January , the United Nations General Assembly passed Resolution 498 on 1 February , condemning PRC as an aggressor , and called upon its forces to withdraw from Korea . In early February , the South Korean 11th Division ran the operation to destroy the guerrillas and their sympathizer citizens in Southern Korea . During the operation , the division and police conducted the Geochang massacre and Sancheong - Hamyang massacre . In mid-February , the PVA counterattacked with the Fourth Phase Offensive and achieved initial victory at Hoengseong . But the offensive was soon blunted by the IX Corps positions at Chipyong - ni in the center . The U.S. 2nd Infantry `` Warrior '' Division 's 23rd Regimental Combat Team and the French Battalion fought a short but desperate battle that broke the attack 's momentum . The battle is sometimes known as the `` Gettysburg of the Korean War '' . 5,600 South Korean , U.S. , and French troops were surrounded on all sides by 25,000 Chinese . United Nations forces had previously retreated in the face of large Communist forces instead of getting cut off , but this time they stood and fought , and won . U.S. Marines move out over rugged mountain terrain while closing with North Korean forces . In the last two weeks of February 1951 , Operation Roundup was followed by Operation Killer , carried out by the revitalized Eighth Army . It was a full - scale , battlefront - length attack staged for maximum exploitation of firepower to kill as many KPA and PVA troops as possible . Operation Killer concluded with I Corps re-occupying the territory south of the Han River , and IX Corps capturing Hoengseong . On 7 March 1951 , the Eighth Army attacked with Operation Ripper , expelling the PVA and the KPA from Seoul on 14 March 1951 . This was the city 's fourth conquest in a year 's time , leaving it a ruin ; the 1.5 million pre-war population was down to 200,000 , and people were suffering from severe food shortages . On 1 March 1951 , Mao sent a cable to Stalin , in which he emphasized the difficulties faced by Chinese forces and the need for air cover , especially over supply lines . Apparently impressed by the Chinese war effort , Stalin agreed to supply two air force divisions , three anti-aircraft divisions , and six thousand trucks . PVA troops in Korea continued to suffer severe logistical problems throughout the war . In late April Peng Dehuai sent his deputy , Hong Xuezhi , to brief Zhou Enlai in Beijing . What Chinese soldiers feared , Hong said , was not the enemy , but having no food , bullets , or trucks to transport them to the rear when they were wounded . Zhou attempted to respond to the PVA 's logistical concerns by increasing Chinese production and improving supply methods , but these efforts were never sufficient . At the same time , large - scale air defense training programs were carried out , and the Chinese Air Force began participating in the war from September 1951 onward . On 11 April 1951 , Commander - in - Chief Truman relieved the controversial General MacArthur , the Supreme Commander in Korea . There were several reasons for the dismissal . MacArthur crossed the 38th parallel in the mistaken belief that the Chinese would not enter the war , leading to major allied losses . He believed that whether to use nuclear weapons should be his decision , not the president 's . MacArthur threatened to destroy China unless it surrendered . While MacArthur felt total victory was the only honorable outcome , Truman was more pessimistic about his chances once involved in a land war in Asia , and felt a truce and orderly withdrawal from Korea could be a valid solution . MacArthur was the subject of congressional hearings in May and June 1951 , which determined that he had defied the orders of the president and thus had violated the U.S. Constitution . A popular criticism of MacArthur was that he never spent a night in Korea , and directed the war from the safety of Tokyo . MacArthur was relieved primarily due to his determination to expand the war into China , which other officials believed would needlessly escalate a limited war and consume too many already overstretched resources . Despite MacArthur 's claims that he was restricted to fighting a limited war when China was fighting all - out , congressional testimony revealed China was using restraint as much as the U.S. was , as they were not using air power against front - line troops , communication lines , ports , naval air forces , or staging bases in Japan , which had been crucial to the survival of UN forces in Korea . Simply fighting on the peninsula had already tied down significant portions of U.S. airpower ; as Air Force chief of staff Hoyt Vandenberg said , 80 -- 85 % the tactical capacity , one - fourth of the strategic portion , and 20 % of air defense forces of the United States were engaged in a single country . There was also fear that crossing into China would provoke the Soviet Union into entering the war ; General Omar Bradley testified that there were 35 Russian divisions totaling some 500,000 troops in the Far East , which if sent into action with the approximately 85 Russian submarines in the vicinity of Korea , could overwhelm U.S. forces and cut supply lines , as well as potentially assist China in taking over territory in Southeast Asia . British UN troops advance alongside a Centurion tank , March 1951 General Ridgway was appointed Supreme Commander , Korea ; he regrouped the UN forces for successful counterattacks , while General James Van Fleet assumed command of the U.S. Eighth Army . Further attacks slowly depleted the PVA and KPA forces ; Operations Courageous ( 23 -- 28 March 1951 ) and Tomahawk ( 23 March 1951 ) were a joint ground and airborne infilltration meant to trap Chinese forces between Kaesong and Seoul . UN forces advanced to `` Line Kansas '' , north of the 38th parallel . The 187th Airborne Regimental Combat Team 's ( `` Rakkasans '' ) second of two combat jumps was on Easter Sunday , 1951 , at Munsan - ni , South Korea , codenamed Operation Tomahawk . The mission was to get behind Chinese forces and block their movement north . The 60th Indian Parachute Field Ambulance provided the medical cover for the operations , dropping an ADS and a surgical team and treating over 400 battle casualties apart from the civilian casualties that formed the core of their objective as the unit was on a humanitarian mission . The Chinese counterattacked in April 1951 , with the Fifth Phase Offensive , also known as the Chinese Spring Offensive , with three field armies ( approximately 700,000 men ) . The offensive 's first thrust fell upon I Corps , which fiercely resisted in the Battle of the Imjin River ( 22 -- 25 April 1951 ) and the Battle of Kapyong ( 22 -- 25 April 1951 ) , blunting the impetus of the offensive , which was halted at the `` No - name Line '' north of Seoul . On 15 May 1951 , the Chinese commenced the second impulse of the Spring Offensive and attacked the ROK Army and the U.S. X Corps in the east at the Soyang River . After initial success , they were halted by 20 May . At month 's end , the U.S. Eighth Army counterattacked and regained `` Line Kansas '' , just north of the 38th parallel . The UN 's `` Line Kansas '' halt and subsequent offensive action stand - down began the stalemate that lasted until the armistice of 1953 . Stalemate ( July 1951 -- July 1953 ) U.S. M46 Patton tanks , painted with tiger heads thought to demoralize Chinese forces For the remainder of the Korean War the UN Command and the PVA fought , but exchanged little territory ; the stalemate held . Large - scale bombing of North Korea continued , and protracted armistice negotiations began 10 July 1951 at Kaesong . On the Chinese side , Zhou Enlai directed peace talks , and Li Kenong and Qiao Guanghua headed the negotiation team . Combat continued while the belligerents negotiated ; the UN Command forces ' goal was to recapture all of South Korea and to avoid losing territory . The PVA and the KPA attempted similar operations , and later effected military and psychological operations in order to test the UN Command 's resolve to continue the war . The principal battles of the stalemate include the Battle of Bloody Ridge ( 18 August -- 15 September 1951 ) , the Battle of the Punchbowl ( 31 August - 21 September 1951 ) , the Battle of Heartbreak Ridge ( 13 September -- 15 October 1951 ) , the Battle of Old Baldy ( 26 June -- 4 August 1952 ) , the Battle of White Horse ( 6 -- 15 October 1952 ) , the Battle of Triangle Hill ( 14 October -- 25 November 1952 ) , the Battle of Hill Eerie ( 21 March -- 21 June 1952 ) , the sieges of Outpost Harry ( 10 -- 18 June 1953 ) , the Battle of the Hook ( 28 -- 29 May 1953 ) , the Battle of Pork Chop Hill ( 23 March -- 16 July 1953 ) , and the Battle of Kumsong ( 13 -- 27 July 1953 ) . Chinese troops suffered from deficient military equipment , serious logistical problems , overextended communication and supply lines , and the constant threat of UN bombers . All of these factors generally led to a rate of Chinese casualties that was far greater than the casualties suffered by UN troops . The situation became so serious that , in November 1951 , Zhou Enlai called a conference in Shenyang to discuss the PVA 's logistical problems . At the meeting it was decided to accelerate the construction of railways and airfields in the area , to increase the number of trucks available to the army , and to improve air defense by any means possible . These commitments did little to directly address the problems confronting PVA troops . New Zealand artillery crew in action , 1952 In the months after the Shenyang conference Peng Dehuai went to Beijing several times to brief Mao and Zhou about the heavy casualties suffered by Chinese troops and the increasing difficulty of keeping the front lines supplied with basic necessities . Peng was convinced that the war would be protracted , and that neither side would be able to achieve victory in the near future . On 24 February 1952 , the Military Commission , presided over by Zhou , discussed the PVA 's logistical problems with members of various government agencies involved in the war effort . After the government representatives emphasized their inability to meet the demands of the war , Peng , in an angry outburst , shouted : `` You have this and that problem ... You should go to the front and see with your own eyes what food and clothing the soldiers have ! Not to speak of the casualties ! For what are they giving their lives ? We have no aircraft . We have only a few guns . Transports are not protected . More and more soldiers are dying of starvation . Ca n't you overcome some of your difficulties ? '' The atmosphere became so tense that Zhou was forced to adjourn the conference . Zhou subsequently called a series of meetings , where it was agreed that the PVA would be divided into three groups , to be dispatched to Korea in shifts ; to accelerate the training of Chinese pilots ; to provide more anti-aircraft guns to the front lines ; to purchase more military equipment and ammunition from the Soviet Union ; to provide the army with more food and clothing ; and , to transfer the responsibility of logistics to the central government . Armistice ( July 1953 -- November 1954 ) Men from the Royal Australian Regiment , June 1953 The on - again , off - again armistice negotiations continued for two years , first at Kaesong , on the border between North and South Korea , and then at the neighboring village of Panmunjom . A major , problematic negotiation point was prisoner of war ( POW ) repatriation . The PVA , KPA , and UN Command could not agree on a system of repatriation because many PVA and KPA soldiers refused to be repatriated back to the north , which was unacceptable to the Chinese and North Koreans . In the final armistice agreement , signed on 27 July 1953 , a Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission , under the chairman Indian General K.S. Thimayya , was set up to handle the matter . In 1952 , the United States elected a new president , and on 29 November 1952 , the president - elect , Dwight D. Eisenhower , went to Korea to learn what might end the Korean War . With the United Nations ' acceptance of India 's proposed Korean War armistice , the KPA , the PVA , and the UN Command ceased fire with the battle line approximately at the 38th parallel . Upon agreeing to the armistice , the belligerents established the Korean Demilitarized Zone ( DMZ ) , which has since been patrolled by the KPA and ROKA , United States , and Joint UN Commands . The Demilitarized Zone runs northeast of the 38th parallel ; to the south , it travels west . The old Korean capital city of Kaesong , site of the armistice negotiations , originally was in pre-war South Korea , but now is part of North Korea . The United Nations Command , supported by the United States , the North Korean People 's Army , and the Chinese People 's Volunteers , signed the Armistice Agreement on 27 July 1953 to end the fighting . The Armistice also called upon the governments of South Korea , North Korea , China and the United States to participate in continued peace talks . The war is considered to have ended at this point , even though there was no peace treaty . North Korea nevertheless claims that it won the Korean War . After the war , Operation Glory was conducted from July to November 1954 , to allow combatant countries to exchange their dead . The remains of 4,167 U.S. Army and U.S. Marine Corps dead were exchanged for 13,528 KPA and PVA dead , and 546 civilians dead in UN prisoner - of - war camps were delivered to the South Korean government . After Operation Glory , 416 Korean War unknown soldiers were buried in the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific ( The Punchbowl ) , on the island of Oahu , Hawaii . Defense Prisoner of War / Missing Personnel Office ( DPMO ) records indicate that the PRC and the DPRK transmitted 1,394 names , of which 858 were correct . From 4,167 containers of returned remains , forensic examination identified 4,219 individuals . Of these , 2,944 were identified as from the U.S. , and all but 416 were identified by name . From 1996 to 2006 , the DPRK recovered 220 remains near the Sino - Korean border . Division of Korea ( 1954 -- present ) See also : Korean Demilitarized Zone Delegates sign the Korean Armistice Agreement in P'anmunjŏm . The Korean Armistice Agreement provided for monitoring by an international commission . Since 1953 , the Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission ( NNSC ) , composed of members from the Swiss and Swedish Armed Forces , has been stationed near the DMZ . In April 1975 , South Vietnam 's capital was captured by the North Vietnamese army . Encouraged by the success of Communist revolution in Indochina , Kim Il - sung saw it as an opportunity to invade the South . Kim visited China in April of that year , and met with Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai to ask for military aid . Despite Pyongyang 's expectations , however , Beijing refused to help North Korea for another war in Korea . A U.S. Army officer confers with South Korean soldiers at Observation Post ( OP ) Ouellette , viewing northward , in April 2008 . The DMZ as seen from the north , 2005 Since the armistice , there have been numerous incursions and acts of aggression by North Korea . In 1976 , the axe murder incident was widely publicized . Since 1974 , four incursion tunnels leading to Seoul have been uncovered . In 2010 , a North Korean submarine torpedoed and sank the South Korean corvette ROKS Cheonan , resulting in the deaths of 46 sailors . Again in 2010 , North Korea fired artillery shells on Yeonpyeong island , killing two military personnel and two civilians . After a new wave of UN sanctions , on 11 March 2013 , North Korea claimed that the armistice had become invalid . On 13 March 2013 , North Korea confirmed it ended the 1953 Armistice and declared North Korea `` is not restrained by the North - South declaration on non-aggression '' . On 30 March 2013 , North Korea stated that it entered a `` state of war '' with South Korea and declared that `` The long - standing situation of the Korean peninsula being neither at peace nor at war is finally over '' . Speaking on 4 April 2013 , the U.S. Secretary of Defense , Chuck Hagel , informed the press that Pyongyang `` formally informed '' the Pentagon that it `` ratified '' the potential use of a nuclear weapon against South Korea , Japan and the United States of America , including Guam and Hawaii . Hagel also stated the United States would deploy the Terminal High Altitude Area Defense anti-ballistic missile system to Guam , because of a credible and realistic nuclear threat from North Korea . In 2016 , it was revealed that North Korea approached the United States about conducting formal peace talks to formally end the war . While the White House agreed to secret peace talks , the plan was rejected due to North Korea 's refusal to discuss nuclear disarmament as part of the terms of the treaty . On 27 April 2018 , it was announced that North Korea and South Korea agreed to talks to end the ongoing 65 year conflict . They committed themselves to the complete denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula . However , on 15 May 2018 , North Korea cancelled a high - level meeting due to military drills South Korea and the US conducted . Characteristics Korean War memorials are found in every UN Command Korean War participant country ; this one is in Pretoria , South Africa . Casualties According to the data from the U.S. Department of Defense , the United States suffered 33,686 battle deaths , along with 2,830 non-battle deaths , during the Korean War . U.S. battle deaths were 8,516 up to their first engagement with the Chinese on 1 November 1950 . South Korea reported some 373,599 civilian and 137,899 military deaths . Western sources estimate the PVA suffered about 400,000 killed and 486,000 wounded , while the KPA suffered 215,000 killed and 303,000 wounded . Data from official Chinese sources , on the other hand , reported that the Chinese PVA had suffered 114,000 battle deaths , 34,000 non-battle deaths , 340,000 wounded , 7,600 missing and during the war . 7,110 Chinese POWs were repatriated to China . Chinese sources also reported that North Korea had suffered 290,000 casualties , 90,000 captured and a large number of civilian deaths . CNN reported , citing Encyclopædia Britannica that North Korean civilian casualties were 600,000 , while South Korean civilian casualties reached one million . The Chinese and North Koreans estimated that about 390,000 soldiers from the United States , 660,000 soldiers from South Korea and 29,000 other UN soldiers were `` eliminated '' from the battlefield . Recent scholarship puts the full battle death toll on all sides at just over 1.2 million . U.S. unpreparedness for War In a postwar analysis of the unpreparedness of U.S. Army forces deployed to Korea during the summer and fall of 1950 , Army Major General Floyd L. Parks stated that `` Many who never lived to tell the tale had to fight the full range of ground warfare from offensive to delaying action , unit by unit , man by man ... ( T ) hat we were able to snatch victory from the jaws of defeat ... does not relieve us from the blame of having placed our own flesh and blood in such a predicament . '' By 1950 , U.S. Secretary of Defense Louis A. Johnson had established a policy of faithfully following President Truman 's defense economization plans , and had aggressively attempted to implement it even in the face of steadily increasing external threats . He consequently received much of the blame for the initial setbacks in Korea and the widespread reports of ill - equipped and inadequately trained U.S. military forces in the war 's early stages . As an initial response to the invasion , Truman called for a naval blockade of North Korea , and was shocked to learn that such a blockade could be imposed only `` on paper '' , since the U.S. Navy no longer had the warships with which to carry out his request . Army officials , desperate for weaponry , recovered Sherman tanks from World War II Pacific battlefields and reconditioned them for shipment to Korea . Army Ordnance officials at Fort Knox pulled down M26 Pershing tanks from display pedestals around Fort Knox in order to equip the third company of the Army 's hastily formed 70th Tank Battalion . Without adequate numbers of tactical fighter - bomber aircraft , the Air Force took F - 51 ( P - 51 ) propeller - driven aircraft out of storage or from existing Air National Guard squadrons , and rushed them into front - line service . A shortage of spare parts and qualified maintenance personnel resulted in improvised repairs and overhauls . A Navy helicopter pilot aboard an active duty warship recalled fixing damaged rotor blades with masking tape in the absence of spares . Army Reserve and Army National Guard infantry soldiers and new inductees called to duty to fill out understrength infantry divisions found themselves short of nearly everything needed to repel the North Korean forces : artillery , ammunition , heavy tanks , ground - support aircraft , even effective anti-tank weapons such as the M20 3.5 - inch ( 89 mm ) Super Bazooka . Some Army combat units sent to Korea were supplied with worn out , ' red - lined ' M - 1 rifles or carbines in immediate need of ordnance depot overhaul or repair . Only the Marine Corps , whose commanders had stored and maintained their World War II surplus inventories of equipment and weapons , proved ready for deployment , though they still were woefully under - strength , as well as in need of suitable landing craft to practice amphibious operations ( Johnson had transferred most of the remaining craft to the Navy and reserved them for use in training Army units ) . Due to public criticism of his handling of the Korean War , Truman decided to ask for Johnson 's resignation . On 19 September 1950 , Johnson resigned as Secretary of Defense , and the president quickly replaced him with General of the Army George C. Marshall . Armored warfare The initial assault by North Korean KPA forces was aided by the use of Soviet T - 34 - 85 tanks . A North Korean tank corps equipped with about 120 T - 34s spearheaded the invasion . These drove against a ROK Army with few anti-tank weapons adequate to deal with the Soviet T - 34s . Additional Soviet armor was added as the offensive progressed . The North Korean tanks had a good deal of early successes against South Korean infantry , elements of the 24th Infantry Division , and the United States built M24 Chaffee light tanks that they encountered . Interdiction by ground attack aircraft was the only means of slowing the advancing Korean armor . The tide turned in favour of the United Nations forces in August 1950 when the North Koreans suffered major tank losses during a series of battles in which the UN forces brought heavier equipment to bear , including M4A3 Sherman medium tanks backed by U.S. M26 heavy tanks , along with British Centurion , Churchill , and Cromwell tanks . The U.S. landings at Inchon on 15 September cut off the North Korean supply lines , causing their armored forces and infantry to run out of fuel , ammunition , and other supplies . As a result , the North Koreans had to retreat , and many of the T - 34s and heavy weapons had to be abandoned . By the time the North Koreans withdrew from the South , a total of 239 T - 34s and 74 SU - 76s were lost . After November 1950 , North Korean armor was rarely encountered . Following the initial assault by the north , the Korean War saw limited use of tanks and featured no large - scale tank battles . The mountainous , forested terrain , especially in the Eastern Central Zone , was poor tank country , limiting their mobility . Through the last two years of the war in Korea , UN tanks served largely as infantry support and mobile artillery pieces . Naval warfare Naval engagements of the Korean War ( 1950 -- 1953 ) and post-armistice incidents Pre Armistice Korea Strait Chumonchin Chan Haeju Inchon Operation Wonsan Operation Tailboard Wonsan Operation Fireball Buzz Saw Operation Kickoff USS Walke Incident Han River Post Armistice Gangneung Incident ( 1996 ) Sokcho Incident ( 1998 ) Yeosu ( 1998 ) Maritime border incidents First Yeonpyeong ( 1999 ) Second Yeonpyeong ( 2002 ) Daecheong ( 2009 ) Cheonan sinking ( 2010 ) Further information : List of US Navy ships sunk or damaged in action during the Korean conflict To disrupt North Korean communications , USS Missouri fires a salvo from its 16 - inch guns at shore targets near Chongjin , North Korea , 21 October 1950 Because neither Korea had a significant navy , the Korean War featured few naval battles . A skirmish between North Korea and the UN Command occurred on 2 July 1950 ; the U.S. Navy cruiser USS Juneau , the Royal Navy cruiser HMS Jamaica , and the frigate HMS Black Swan fought four North Korean torpedo boats and two mortar gunboats , and sank them . USS Juneau later sank several ammunition ships that had been present . The last sea battle of the Korean War occurred at Inchon , days before the Battle of Inchon ; the ROK ship PC - 703 sank a North Korean mine layer in the Battle of Haeju Island , near Inchon . Three other supply ships were sunk by PC - 703 two days later in the Yellow Sea . Thereafter , vessels from the UN nations held undisputed control of the sea about Korea . The gun ships were used in shore bombardment , while the aircraft carriers provided air support to the ground forces . During most of the war , the UN navies patrolled the west and east coasts of North Korea , sinking supply and ammunition ships and denying the North Koreans the ability to resupply from the sea . Aside from very occasional gunfire from North Korean shore batteries , the main threat to United States and UN navy ships was from magnetic mine s . During the war , five U.S. Navy ships were lost to mines : two minesweepers , two minesweeper escorts , and one ocean tug . Mines and gunfire from North Korean coastal artillery damaged another 87 U.S. warships , resulting in slight to moderate damage . Aerial warfare Further information : MiG Alley , USAF Units and Aircraft of the Korean War , and Korean People 's Air Force The Korean War was the first war in which jet aircraft played the central role in air combat . Once - formidable fighters such as the P - 51 Mustang , F4U Corsair , and Hawker Sea Fury -- all piston - engined , propeller - driven , and designed during World War II -- relinquished their air - superiority roles to a new generation of faster , jet - powered fighters arriving in the theater . For the initial months of the war , the P - 80 Shooting Star , F9F Panther , Gloster Meteor and other jets under the UN flag dominated North Korea 's prop - driven air force of Soviet Yakovlev Yak - 9 and Lavochkin La - 9s . A B - 29 Superfortress bomber dropping its bombs The Chinese intervention in late October 1950 bolstered the Korean People 's Air Force ( KPAF ) of North Korea with the MiG - 15 , one of the world 's most advanced jet fighters . The heavily armed MiGs were faster than first - generation UN jets and so could reach and destroy U.S. B - 29 Superfortress bomber flights despite their fighter escorts . With increasing B - 29 losses , the Air Force was forced to switch from a daylight bombing campaign to a safer but less accurate nighttime bombing of targets . The USAF countered the MiG - 15 by sending over three squadrons of its most capable fighter , the F - 86 Sabre . These arrived in December 1950 . The MiG was designed as a bomber interceptor . It had a very high service ceiling -- 15,000 m ( 50,000 ft ) and carried very heavy weaponry : one 37 mm cannon and two 23 mm cannons . The F - 86 had a ceiling of 13,000 m ( 42,000 ft ) and were armed with six . 50 caliber ( 12.7 mm ) machine guns , which were range adjusted by radar gunsights . If coming in at higher altitude the advantage of engaging or not went to the MiG . Once in a level flight dogfight , both swept - wing designs attained comparable maximum speeds of around 1,100 km / h ( 660 mph ) . The MiG climbed faster , but the Sabre turned and dived better . In summer and autumn 1951 , the outnumbered Sabres of the USAF 's 4th Fighter Interceptor Wing -- only 44 at one point -- continued seeking battle in MiG Alley , where the Yalu River marks the Chinese border , against Chinese and North Korean air forces capable of deploying some 500 aircraft . Following Colonel Harrison Thyng 's communication with the Pentagon , the 51st Fighter - Interceptor Wing finally reinforced the beleaguered 4th Wing in December 1951 ; for the next year - and - a-half stretch of the war , aerial warfare continued . A US Navy Sikorsky HO4S flying near USS Sicily Unlike the Vietnam War , in which the Soviet Union only officially sent `` advisers '' , in the Korean aerial war Soviet forces participated via the 64th Fighter Aviation Corps . Fearful of confronting the United States directly , the Soviet Union denied involvement of their personnel in anything other than an advisory role , but air combat quickly resulted in Soviet pilots dropping their code signals and speaking over the wireless in Russian . This known direct Soviet participation was a casus belli that the UN Command deliberately overlooked , lest the war for the Korean peninsula expand to include the Soviet Union , and potentially escalate into atomic warfare . After the war , and to the present day , the USAF reports an F - 86 Sabre kill ratio in excess of 10 : 1 , with 792 MiG - 15s and 108 other aircraft shot down by Sabres , and 78 Sabres lost to enemy fire . The Soviet Air Force reported some 1,100 air - to - air victories and 335 MiG combat losses , while China 's People 's Liberation Army Air Force ( PLAAF ) reported 231 combat losses , mostly MiG - 15s , and 168 other aircraft lost . The KPAF reported no data , but the UN Command estimates some 200 KPAF aircraft lost in the war 's first stage , and 70 additional aircraft after the Chinese intervention . The USAF disputes Soviet and Chinese claims of 650 and 211 downed F - 86s , respectively . However , one source claims that the U.S. Air Force has more recently cited 224 losses ( c. 100 to air combat ) out of 674 F - 86s deployed to Korea . The Korean War marked a major milestone not only for fixed - wing aircraft , but also for rotorcraft , featuring the first large - scale deployment of helicopters for medical evacuation ( medevac ) . In 1944 -- 1945 , during the Second World War , the YR - 4 helicopter saw limited ambulance duty , but in Korea , where rough terrain trumped the jeep as a speedy medevac vehicle , helicopters like the Sikorsky H - 19 helped reduce fatal casualties to a dramatic degree when combined with complementary medical innovations such as Mobile Army Surgical Hospitals . The limitations of jet aircraft for close air support highlighted the helicopter 's potential in the role , leading to development of the AH - 1 Cobra and other helicopter gunships used in the Vietnam War ( 1965 -- 75 ) . Bombing of North Korea Main article : Bombing of North Korea 1950 - 1953 Pyongyang in May 1951 The initial bombing attack on North Korea was approved on the fourth day of the war , 29 June 1950 , by General Douglas MacArthur immediately upon request by the commanding general of the Far East Air Forces , George E. Stratemeyer . Major bombing began in late July . On 12 August 1950 , the U.S. Air Force dropped 625 tons of bombs on North Korea ; two weeks later , the daily tonnage increased to some 800 tons . From June through October , official U.S. policy was to pursue precision bombing aimed at communication centers ( railroad stations , marshaling yards , main yards , and railways ) and industrial facilities deemed vital to war making capacity . The policy was the result of debates after World War II , in which U.S. policy rejected the mass civilian bombings that had been conducted in the later stages of World War II as unproductive and immoral . In early July , General Emmett `` Rosie '' O'Donnell requested permission to burn five North Korean cities . He proposed that MacArthur announce that the UN would employ the firebombing methods that `` brought Japan to its knees . '' The announcement would warn the leaders of North Korea `` to get women and children and other noncombatants the hell out . '' According to O'Donnell , MacArthur responded , `` No , Rosy , I 'm not prepared to go that far yet . My instructions are very explicit ; however , I want you to know that I have no compunction whatever to your bombing bona fide military objectives , with high explosives , in those five industrial centers . If you miss your target and kill people or destroy other parts of the city , I accept that as a part of war . '' In September 1950 , MacArthur said in his public report the United Nations , `` The problem of avoiding the killing of innocent civilians and damages to the civilian economy is continually present and given my personal attention . '' In October 1950 , FEAF commander General Stratemeyer requested permission to attack the city of Sinuiju , a provincial capital with an estimated population of 60,000 , `` over the widest area of the city , without warning , by burning and high explosive . '' MacArthur 's headquarters responded the following day : `` The general policy enunciated from Washington negates such an attack unless the military situation clearly requires it . Under present circumstances this is not the case . '' Following the intervention of the Chinese in November , General MacArthur ordered increased bombing on North Korea which included incendiary attacks against the country 's arsenals and communications centers and especially against the `` Korean end '' of all the bridges across the Yalu River . As with the aerial bombing campaigns over Germany and Japan in World War II , the nominal objective of the U.S. Air Force was to destroy North Korea 's war infrastructure and shatter the country 's morale . On 3 November 1950 , General Stratemeyer forwarded to MacArthur the request of Fifth Air Force commander General Earle E. Partridge for clearance to `` burn Sinuiju . '' As he had done previously in July and October , MacArthur again denied the request , explaining that he planned to use the town 's facilities after seizing it . However , at the same meeting , MacArthur agreed for the first time to a firebombing campaign , agreeing to Stratemeyer 's request to burn the city of Kanggye and several other towns : `` Burn it if you so desire . Not only that , Strat , but burn and destroy as a lesson any other of those towns that you consider of military value to the enemy . '' The same evening , MacArthur 's chief of staff told Stratemeyer that the firebombing of Sinuiju had also been approved . In his diary , Stratemeyer summarized the instructions as follows : `` Every installation , facility , and village in North Korea now becomes a military and tactical target . '' Stratemeyer sent orders to the Fifth Air Force and Bomber Command to `` destroy every means of communications and every installation , factory , city , and village . '' On 5 November 1950 , General Stratemeyer gave the following order to the commanding general of the Fifth Air Force : `` Aircraft under Fifth Air Force control will destroy all other targets including all buildings capable of affording shelter . '' The same day , twenty - two B - 29s attacked Kanggye , destroying 75 % of the city . After MacArthur was removed as Supreme Commander in Korea in April 1951 , his successors continued this policy and ultimately extended it to all of North Korea . The U.S. dropped a total of 635,000 tons of bombs , including 32,557 tons of napalm , on Korea , more than during the whole Pacific campaign of World War II . A USAF Douglas B - 26B Invader of the 452nd Bombardment Wing bombing a target in North Korea , 29 May 1951 Almost every substantial building in North Korea was destroyed as a result . The war 's highest - ranking U.S. POW , U.S. Major General William F. Dean , reported that the majority of North Korean cities and villages he saw were either rubble or snow - covered wasteland . North Korean factories , schools , hospitals , and government offices were forced to move underground , and air defenses were `` non-existent . '' In November 1950 , the North Korean leadership instructed their population to build dugouts and mud huts and to dig underground tunnels , in order to solve the acute housing problem . U.S. Air Force General Curtis LeMay commented , `` we went over there and fought the war and eventually burned down every town in North Korea anyway , some way or another , and some in South Korea , too . '' Pyongyang , which saw 75 percent of its area destroyed , was so devastated that bombing was halted as there were no longer any worthy targets . On 28 November , Bomber Command reported on the campaign 's progress : 95 percent of Manpojin was destroyed , along with 90 percent of Hoeryong , Namsi and Koindong , 85 percent of Chosan , 75 percent of both Sakchu and Huichon , and 20 percent of Uiju . According to USAF damage assessments , `` eighteen of twenty - two major cities in North Korea had been at least half obliterated . '' By the end of the campaign , US bombers had difficulty in finding targets and were reduced to bombing footbridges or jettisoning their bombs into the sea . As well as conventional bombing , the Communist side claimed that the U.S. used biological weapons . These claims have been disputed ; Conrad Crane asserts that while the U.S. worked towards developing chemical and biological weapons , the U.S. military `` possessed neither the ability , nor the will '' , to use them in combat . U.S. threat of atomic warfare Mark 4 bomb , seen on display , transferred to the 9th Bombardment Wing , Heavy On 5 November 1950 , the Joint Chiefs of Staff ( JCS ) issued orders for the retaliatory atomic bombing of Manchurian PRC military bases , if either their armies crossed into Korea or if PRC or KPA bombers attacked Korea from there . The President ordered the transfer of nine Mark 4 nuclear bombs `` to the Air Force 's Ninth Bomb Group , the designated carrier of the weapons ... ( and ) signed an order to use them against Chinese and Korean targets '' , which he never transmitted . Many U.S. officials viewed the deployment of nuclear - capable ( but not nuclear - armed ) B - 29 bombers to Britain as helping to resolve the Berlin Blockade of 1948 -- 1949 . Truman and Eisenhower both had military experience and viewed nuclear weapons as potentially usable components of their military . During Truman 's first meeting to discuss the war on 25 June 1950 , he ordered plans be prepared for attacking Soviet forces if they entered the war . By July , Truman approved another B - 29 deployment to Britain , this time with bombs ( but without their cores ) , to remind the Soviets of U.S. offensive ability . Deployment of a similar fleet to Guam was leaked to The New York Times . As United Nations forces retreated to Pusan , and the CIA reported that mainland China was building up forces for a possible invasion of Taiwan , the Pentagon believed that Congress and the public would demand using nuclear weapons if the situation in Korea required them . As Chinese forces pushed back the United States forces from the Yalu River , Truman stated during a 30 November 1950 press conference that using nuclear weapons was `` always ( under ) active consideration '' , with control under the local military commander . The Indian ambassador , K. Madhava Panikkar , reports `` that Truman announced he was thinking of using the atom bomb in Korea . But the Chinese seemed unmoved by this threat ... The PRC 's propaganda against the U.S. was stepped up . The `` Aid Korea to resist America '' campaign was made the slogan for increased production , greater national integration , and more rigid control over anti-national activities . One could not help feeling that Truman 's threat came in useful to the leaders of the Revolution , to enable them to keep up the tempo of their activities . '' After his statement caused concern in Europe , Truman met on 4 December 1950 with UK prime minister and Commonwealth spokesman Clement Attlee , French Premier René Pleven , and Foreign Minister Robert Schuman to discuss their worries about atomic warfare and its likely continental expansion . The United States ' forgoing atomic warfare was not because of `` a disinclination by the Soviet Union and People 's Republic of China to escalate '' the Korean War , but because UN allies -- notably from the UK , the Commonwealth , and France -- were concerned about a geopolitical imbalance rendering NATO defenseless while the United States fought China , who then might persuade the Soviet Union to conquer Western Europe . The Joint Chiefs of Staff advised Truman to tell Attlee that the United States would use nuclear weapons only if necessary to protect an evacuation of UN troops , or to prevent a `` major military disaster '' . On 6 December 1950 , after the Chinese intervention repelled the UN Command armies from northern North Korea , General J. Lawton Collins ( Army Chief of Staff ) , General MacArthur , Admiral C. Turner Joy , General George E. Stratemeyer , and staff officers Major General Doyle Hickey , Major General Charles A. Willoughby , and Major General Edwin K. Wright met in Tokyo to plan strategy countering the Chinese intervention ; they considered three potential atomic warfare scenarios encompassing the next weeks and months of warfare . In the first scenario : If the PVA continued attacking in full and the UN Command was forbidden to blockade and bomb China , and without ROC reinforcements , and without an increase in U.S. forces until April 1951 ( four National Guard divisions were due to arrive ) , then atomic bombs might be used in North Korea . In the second scenario : If the PVA continued full attacks and the UN Command blockaded China and had effective aerial reconnaissance and bombing of the Chinese interior , and the ROC soldiers were maximally exploited , and tactical atomic bombing was to hand , then the UN forces could hold positions deep in North Korea . In the third scenario : if China agreed to not cross the 38th parallel border , General MacArthur recommended UN acceptance of an armistice disallowing PVA and KPA troops south of the parallel , and requiring PVA and KPA guerrillas to withdraw northwards . The U.S. Eighth Army would remain to protect the Seoul -- Incheon area , while X Corps would retreat to Pusan . A UN commission should supervise implementation of the armistice . Both the Pentagon and the State Department were cautious about using nuclear weapons because of the risk of general war with China and the diplomatic ramifications . Truman and his senior advisors agreed , and never seriously considered using them in early December 1950 despite the poor military situation in Korea . In 1951 , the U.S. escalated closest to atomic warfare in Korea . Because China deployed new armies to the Sino - Korean frontier , pit crews at the Kadena Air Base , Okinawa , assembled atomic bombs for Korean warfare , `` lacking only the essential pit nuclear cores '' . In October 1951 , the United States effected Operation Hudson Harbor to establish a nuclear weapons capability . USAF B - 29 bombers practised individual bombing runs from Okinawa to North Korea ( using dummy nuclear or conventional bombs ) , coordinated from Yokota Air Base in east - central Japan . Hudson Harbor tested `` actual functioning of all activities which would be involved in an atomic strike , including weapons assembly and testing , leading , ground control of bomb aiming '' . The bombing run data indicated that atomic bombs would be tactically ineffective against massed infantry , because the `` timely identification of large masses of enemy troops was extremely rare . '' Ridgway was authorized to use nuclear weapons if a major air attack originated from outside Korea . An envoy was sent to Hong Kong to deliver a warning to China . The message likely caused Chinese leaders to be more cautious about potential U.S. use of nuclear weapons , but whether they learned about the B - 29 deployment is unclear and the failure of the two major Chinese offensives that month likely was what caused them to shift to a defensive strategy in Korea . The B - 29s returned to the United States in June . Despite the greater destructive power deploying atomic weapons would bring to the war , their effects on determining the war 's outcome would have likely been minimal . Tactically , given the dispersed nature of Chinese and North Korean forces , the relatively primitive infrastructure for staging and logistics centers , and the small number of bombs available ( most would have been conserved for use against the Soviets ) , atomic attacks would have limited effects against the ability of China to mobilize and move forces . Strategically , attacking Chinese cities to destroy civilian industry and infrastructure would cause the immediate dispersion of the leadership away from such areas and give propaganda value for the communists to galvanize the support of Chinese civilians . Since the Soviets were not expected to intervene with their few primitive atomic weapons on China or North Korea 's behalf if the U.S. used theirs first , factors such as little operational value and the lowering of the `` threshold '' for using atomic weapons against non-nuclear states in future conflicts played more of a role in not employing them than the threat of a possible nuclear exchange . When Eisenhower succeeded Truman in early 1953 he was similarly cautious about using nuclear weapons in Korea , including for diplomatic purposes to encourage progress in ongoing truce discussions . The administration prepared contingency plans to use them against China , but like Truman , the new president feared doing so would result in Soviet attacks on Japan . The war ended as it began , without U.S. nuclear weapons deployed near battle . War crimes Civilian deaths and massacres Further information : Bodo League massacre , Seoul National University Hospital massacre , No Gun Ri Massacre , Sinchon Massacre , Ganghwa massacre , Sancheong - Hamyang massacre , and Geochang massacre South Korean soldiers walk among the bodies of political prisoners executed near Daejon , July 1950 Civilians killed during a night battle near Yongsan , August 1950 There were numerous atrocities and massacres of civilians throughout the Korean war committed by both the North and South Koreans . Many started on the first days of the war . South Korean President Syngman Rhee ordered the Bodo League massacre on 28 June , beginning killings of more than 100,000 suspected leftist sympathizers and their families by South Korean officials and right - wing groups . During the massacre , the British protested to their allies and saved some citizens . In occupied areas , North Korean Army political officers purged South Korean society of its intelligentsia by executing every educated person -- academic , governmental , religious -- who might lead resistance against the North ; the purges continued during the NPA retreat . When the North Koreans retreated north in September 1950 , they abducted tens of thousands of South Korean men . The reasons are not clear , but the intention might have been to acquire skilled professionals to the North . In addition to conventional military operations , North Korean soldiers fought the UN forces by infiltrating guerrillas among refugees . These soldiers disguised as refugees would approach UN forces asking for food and help , then open fire and attack . U.S. troops acted under a `` shoot - first - ask - questions - later '' policy against any civilian refugee approaching U.S. battlefield positions , a policy that led U.S. soldiers to kill an estimated 400 civilians at No Gun Ri ( 26 -- 29 July 1950 ) in central Korea because they believed some of the refugees to be North Korean soldiers in disguise . The South Korean Truth and Reconciliation Commission defended this policy as a `` military necessity '' . Beginning in 2005 , the South Korean Truth and Reconciliation Commission has investigated numerous atrocities committed by the Japanese colonial government , North Korean military , U.S. military , and the authoritarian South Korean government . It has investigated atrocities before , during and after the Korean War . The Commission verified over 14,000 civilians were killed in the Jeju uprising ( 1948 -- 49 ) that involved South Korean military and paramilitary units against pro-North Korean guerrillas . Although most of the fighting subsided by 1949 , it continued until 1950 . The Commission estimates 86 % of the civilians were killed by South Korean forces . The Americans on the island documented the events , but never intervened . Prisoners of War See also : Korean War POWs detained in North Korea , Hill 303 massacre , and List of American and British defectors in the Korean War A US Marine guards North Korean prisoners of war aboard an American warship in 1951 . Chinese POWs At Geoje prison camp on Geoje Island , Chinese POWs experienced anti-communist lecturing and missionary work from secret agents from the U.S. and Taiwan in No. 71 , 72 and 86 camps . Pro-Communist POWs experienced torture , cutting off of limbs , or were executed in public . Being forced to write confession letters and receiving tattoos of an anti-Communism slogan and Flag of the Republic of China were also commonly seen , in case any wanted to go back to mainland China . Pro-Communist POWs who could not endure the torture formed an underground group to fight the pro-Nationalist POWs secretly by assassination which led to the Geoje Uprising . The rebellion captured Francis Dodd , and was cracked down by the 187th Infantry Regiment . In the end , 14,235 Chinese POWs went to Nationalist China ( Taiwan ) and less than 6,000 POWs went back to mainland China . Those who went to Taiwan are called `` righteous men '' and experienced brainwashing again and were sent to the army or were arrested ; while the survivors who went back to mainland China were welcomed as a `` hero '' first , but experienced anti-brainwashing , strict interrogation , and house arrest eventually , after the tattoos were discovered . After 1988 , the Taiwanese government allowed POWs to go back to mainland China , and helped remove anti-communist tattoos ; while the mainland Chinese government started to accept old POWs to return from Taiwan . UN Command POWs During the first days of the war North Korean soldiers committed the Seoul National University Hospital massacre . The United States reported that North Korea mistreated prisoners of war : soldiers were beaten , starved , put to forced labor , marched to death , and summarily executed . The KPA killed POWs at the battles for Hill 312 , Hill 303 , the Pusan Perimeter , and Daejeon ; these massacres were discovered afterwards by the UN forces . Later , a U.S. Congress war crimes investigation , the United States Senate Subcommittee on Korean War Atrocities of the Permanent Subcommittee of the Investigations of the Committee on Government Operations , reported that `` two - thirds of all American prisoners of war in Korea died as a result of war crimes '' . Although the Chinese rarely executed prisoners like their North Korean counterparts , mass starvation and diseases swept through the Chinese - run POW camps during the winter of 1950 -- 51 . About 43 percent of U.S. POWs died during this period . The Chinese defended their actions by stating that all Chinese soldiers during this period were suffering mass starvation and diseases due to logistical difficulties . The UN POWs said that most of the Chinese camps were located near the easily supplied Sino - Korean border , and that the Chinese withheld food to force the prisoners to accept the communism indoctrination programs . According to Chinese reports , over a thousand U.S. POWs died by the end of June 1951 , while a dozen British POWs died , and all Turkish POW survived . According to Hastings , wounded U.S. POWs died for lack of medical attention and were fed a diet of corn and millet `` devoid of vegetables , almost barren of proteins , minerals , or vitamins '' with only 1 / 3 the calories of their usual diet . Especially in early 1951 , thousands of prisoners lost the will to live and `` declined to eat the mess of sorghum and rice they were provided . '' Two Hill 303 survivors after being rescued by US units , 17 August 1950 The unpreparedness of U.S. POWs to resist heavy communist indoctrination during the Korean War led to the Code of the United States Fighting Force which governs how U.S. military personnel in combat should act when they must `` evade capture , resist while a prisoner or escape from the enemy '' . North Korea may have detained up to 50,000 South Korean POWs after the ceasefire . Over 88,000 South Korean soldiers were missing and the Communists ' claimed they captured 70,000 South Koreans . However , when ceasefire negotiations began in 1951 , the Communists reported they held only 8,000 South Koreans . The UN Command protested the discrepancies and alleged that the Communists were forcing South Korean POWs to join the KPA . The Communist side denied such allegations . They claimed their POW rosters were small because many POWs were killed in UN air raids and that they had released ROK soldiers at the front . They insisted only volunteers were allowed to serve in the KPA . By early 1952 , UN negotiators gave up trying to get back the missing South Koreans . The POW exchange proceeded without access to South Korean POWs not on the Communist rosters . North Korea continued to claim that any South Korean POW who stayed in the North did so voluntarily . However , since 1994 , South Korean POWs have been escaping North Korea on their own after decades of captivity . As of 2010 , the South Korean Ministry of Unification reported that 79 ROK POWs escaped the North . The South Korean government estimates 500 South Korean POWs continue to be detained in North Korea . The escaped POWs have testified about their treatment and written memoirs about their lives in North Korea . They report they were not told about the POW exchange procedures , and were assigned to work in mines in the remote northeastern regions near the Chinese and Russian border . Declassified Soviet Foreign Ministry documents corroborate such testimony . In 1997 , the Geoje POW Camp in South Korea was turned into a memorial . Starvation See also : National Defense Corps Incident In December 1950 , National Defense Corps was founded ; the soldiers were 406,000 drafted citizens . In the winter of 1951 , 50,000 to 90,000 South Korean National Defense Corps soldiers starved to death while marching southward under the Chinese offensive when their commanding officers embezzled funds earmarked for their food . This event is called the National Defense Corps Incident . There is no evidence that Syngman Rhee was personally involved in or benefited from the corruption . Recreation Further information : United Service Organizations Bob Hope entertained X Corps in Korea on 26 October 1950 . In 1950 , Secretary of Defense George C. Marshall and Secretary of the Navy Francis P. Matthews called on the USO which was disbanded by 1947 to provide support for U.S. servicemen . By the end of the war , more than 113,000 USO volunteers from the U.S. were working at home front and abroad . Many stars came to Korea to give their performances . Throughout the Korean War , UN Comfort Stations were operated by South Korean officials for UN soldiers . Aftermath Main article : Aftermath of the Korean War The Korean Peninsula at night , shown in a 2012 composite photograph from NASA Postwar recovery was different in the two Koreas . South Korea stagnated in the first postwar decade . In 1953 , South Korea and the United States signed a Mutual Defense Treaty . In 1960 , the April Revolution occurred and students joined an anti-Syngman Rhee demonstration ; 142 were killed by police ; in consequence Syngman Rhee resigned and left for exile in the United States . Park Chung - hee 's May 16 coup enabled social stability . In the 1960s , prostitution and related services represented 25 percent of South Korean GNP . From 1965 to 1973 , South Korea dispatched troops to Vietnam and received $235,560,000 in allowance and military procurement from the United States . GNP increased fivefold during the Vietnam War . South Korea industrialized and modernized . Contemporary North Korea remains underdeveloped . South Korea had one of the world 's fastest - growing economies from the early 1960s to the late 1990s . In 1957 South Korea had a lower per capita GDP than Ghana , and by 2010 it was ranked thirteenth in the world ( Ghana was 86th ) . Following extensive USAF bombing , North Korea `` had been virtually destroyed as an industrial society . '' After the armistice , Kim Il - Sung requested Soviet economic and industrial assistance . In September 1953 , the Soviet government agreed to `` cancel or postpone repayment for all ... outstanding debts '' , and promised to grant North Korea one billion rubles in monetary aid , industrial equipment and consumer goods . Eastern European members of the Soviet Bloc also contributed with `` logistical support , technical aid , ( and ) medical supplies . '' China canceled North Korea 's war debts , provided 800 million yuan , promised trade cooperation , and sent in thousands of troops to rebuild damaged infrastructure . Postwar , about 100,000 North Koreans were executed in purges . According to Rummel , forced labor and concentration camps were responsible for over one million deaths in North Korea from 1945 to 1987 ; others have estimated 400,000 deaths in concentration camps alone . Estimates based on the most recent North Korean census suggest that 240,000 to 420,000 people died as a result of the 1990s North Korean famine and that there were 600,000 to 850,000 unnatural deaths in North Korea from 1993 to 2008 . A study by South Korean anthropologists of North Korean children who had defected to China found that 18 - year - old males were 13 centimetres ( 5 in ) shorter than South Koreans their age because of malnutrition . South Korean anti-Americanism after the war was fueled by the presence and behavior of U.S. military personnel ( USFK ) and U.S. support for the authoritarian regime , a fact still evident during the country 's democratic transition in the 1980s . However , anti-Americanism has declined significantly in South Korea in recent years , from 46 % favorable in 2003 to 74 % favorable in 2011 , making South Korea one of the most pro-U.S. countries in the world . In addition , a large number of mixed - race `` G.I. babies '' ( offspring of U.S. and other UN soldiers and Korean women ) were filling up the country 's orphanages . Because Korean traditional society places significant weight on paternal family ties , bloodlines , and purity of race , children of mixed race or those without fathers are not easily accepted in South Korean society . International adoption of Korean children began in 1954 . The U.S. Immigration Act of 1952 legalized the naturalization of non-blacks and non-whites as U.S. citizens , and made possible the entry of military spouses and children from South Korea after the Korean War . With the passage of the Immigration Act of 1965 , which substantially changed U.S. immigration policy toward non-Europeans , Koreans became one of the fastest - growing Asian groups in the United States . Mao Zedong 's decision to take on the United States in the Korean War was a direct attempt to confront what the Communist bloc viewed as the strongest anti-Communist power in the world , undertaken at a time when the Chinese Communist regime was still consolidating its own power after winning the Chinese Civil War . Mao supported intervention not to save North Korea , but because he believed that a military conflict with the United States was inevitable after the United States entered the Korean War , and to appease the Soviet Union to secure military dispensation and achieve Mao 's goal of making China a major world military power . Mao was equally ambitious in improving his own prestige inside the communist international community by demonstrating that his Marxist concerns were international . In his later years Mao believed that Stalin only gained a positive opinion of him after China 's entrance into the Korean War . Inside mainland China , the war improved the long - term prestige of Mao , Zhou , and Peng , allowing the Chinese Communist Party to increase its legitimacy while weakening anti-Communist dissent . North Koreans touring the Museum of American War Atrocities in 2009 The Chinese government have encouraged the point of view that the war was initiated by the United States and South Korea , though ComIntern documents have shown that Mao sought approval from Joseph Stalin to enter the war . In Chinese media , the Chinese war effort is considered as an example of China 's engaging the strongest power in the world with an under - equipped army , forcing it to retreat , and fighting it to a military stalemate . These successes were contrasted with China 's historical humiliations by Japan and by Western powers over the previous hundred years , highlighting the abilities of the People 's Liberation Army and the Chinese Communist Party . The most significant negative long - term consequence of the war for China was that it led the United States to guarantee the safety of Chiang Kai - shek 's regime in Taiwan , effectively ensuring that Taiwan would remain outside of PRC control through the present day . Mao had also discovered the usefulness of large - scale mass movements in the war while implementing them among most of his ruling measures over PRC . Finally , anti-U.S. sentiments , which were already a significant factor during the Chinese Civil War , was ingrained into Chinese culture during the Communist propaganda campaigns of the Korean War . The Korean War affected other participant combatants . Turkey , for example , entered NATO in 1952 , and the foundation was laid for bilateral diplomatic and trade relations with South Korea . See also Korea portal North Korea portal South Korea portal War portal Cold War portal 1950s portal 1st Commonwealth Division Australia in the Korean War Canada in the Korean War Historical revisionism ( negationism ) # North Korea and the Korean War Joint Advisory Commission , Korea Korean conflict Korean DMZ Conflict ( 1966 -- 1969 ) Korean reunification Korean War in popular culture List of books about the Korean War List of Korean War weapons List of Korean War Medal of Honor recipients List of military equipment used in the Korean War List of wars and anthropogenic disasters by death toll New Zealand in the Korean War North Korea in the Korean War Operation Big Switch Operation Little Switch Operation Moolah Partisans in Korean War , Partisan Movement Philippine Expeditionary Forces to Korea Pyongyang Sally UNCMAC -- the UN Command Military Armistice Commission operating from 1953 to the present UNCURK -- the 1951 UN Commission for the Unification and Rehabilitation of Korea UNTCOK -- the 1950 United Nations Temporary Commission on Korea M * A * S * H -- TV series MASH -- film War memorials : United Nations Memorial Cemetery , Busan , Republic of Korea Korean War Veterans Memorial , Washington , D.C. Philadelphia Korean War Memorial National War Memorial ( New Zealand ) Korean War Memorial Wall , Brampton , Ontario War Memorial of Korea Yongsan - dong , Yongsan - gu , Seoul , South Korea Footnotes ^ Jump up to : On 9 July 1951 troop constituents were : US : 70.4 % , ROK : 23.3 % other UNC : 6.3 % Jump up ^ End of physical conflict and signing of an armistice . De jure , North and South Korea are still at war . Jump up ^ As per armistice agreement of 1953 , the opposing sides had to `` insure a complete cessation of hostilities and of all acts of armed force in Korea until a final peaceful settlement is achieved '' . Jump up ^ See 50 U.S.C. S 1601 : `` All powers and authorities possessed by the President , any other officer or employee of the Federal Government , or any executive agency ... as a result of the existence of any declaration of national emergency in effect on 14 September 1976 are terminated two years from 14 September 1976 . '' ; Jolley v. INS , 441 F. 2d 1245 , 1255 n. 17 ( 5th Cir. 1971 ) . Citations Jump up ^ Kim , Heesu ( 1996 ) . Anglo - American Relations and the Attempts to Settle the Korean Question 1953 -- 1960 ( PDF ) ( Thesis ) . London School of Economics and Political Science . p. 213 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 10 April 2017 . Retrieved 9 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Young , Sam Ma ( 2010 ) . `` Israel 's Role in the UN during the Korean War '' ( PDF ) . Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs . 4 ( 3 ) : 81 -- 89 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 24 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Post-War Warriors : Japanese Combatants in the Korean War '' . Jump up ^ Edles , Laura Desfor ( 1998 ) . Symbol and Ritual in the New Spain : the transition to democracy after Franco . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . p. 32 . ISBN 0521628857 . Jump up ^ `` Českoslovenští lékaři stáli v korejské válce na straně KLDR . Jejich mise stále vyvolává otazníky '' ( in Czech ) . Czech Radio . 11 April 2013 . Archived from the original on 2 October 2016 . Retrieved 25 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Edwards , Paul M. ( 2006 ) . Korean War Almanac . Almanacs of American wars . New York : Infobase Publishing . p. 528 . ISBN 978 - 0816074679 . Archived from the original on 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Kocsis , Piroska ( 2005 ) . `` Magyar orvosok Koreában ( 1950 -- 1957 ) '' ( Hungarian physicians in Korea ( 1950 -- 1957 ) ) . ArchivNet : XX . századi történeti források ( in Hungarian ) . Budapest : Magyar Országos Levéltár . Archived from the original on 10 May 2017 . Retrieved 22 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Romania 's `` Fraternal Support '' to North Korea during the Korean War , 1950 -- 1953 `` . Wilson Centre . Archived from the original on 21 February 2013 . Retrieved 24 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Stueck 1995 , p. 196 . Jump up ^ Millett , Allan Reed , ed. ( 2001 ) . The Korean War , Volume 3 . Korea Institute of Military History . U of Nebraska Press . p. 541 . ISBN 978 - 0803277960 . Archived from the original on 4 July 2017 . Retrieved 18 September 2015 . India could not be considered neutral . Jump up ^ Birtle , Andrew J. ( 2000 ) . The Korean War : Years of Stalemate . U.S. Army Center of Military History . p. 34 . Archived from the original on 14 December 2007 . Retrieved 14 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Millett , Allan Reed , ed. ( 2001 ) . The Korean War , Volume 3 . Korea Institute of Military History . U of Nebraska Press . p. 692 . ISBN 978 - 0803277960 . Archived from the original on 9 May 2013 . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . Total Strength 602,902 troops Jump up ^ Tim Kane ( 27 October 2004 ) . `` Global U.S. Troop Deployment , 1950 -- 2003 '' . Reports . The Heritage Foundation . Archived from the original on 28 January 2013 . Retrieved 15 February 2013 . Ashley Rowland ( 22 October 2008 ) . `` U.S. to keep troop levels the same in South Korea '' . Stars and Stripes . Archived from the original on 12 May 2013 . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . Colonel Tommy R. Mize , United States Army ( 12 March 2012 ) . `` U.S. Troops Stationed in South Korea , Anachronistic ? '' . United States Army War College . Defense Technical Information Center . Archived from the original on 8 April 2013 . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . Louis H. Zanardi ; Barbara A. Schmitt ; Peter Konjevich ; M. Elizabeth Guran ; Susan E. Cohen ; Judith A. McCloskey ( August 1991 ) . `` Military Presence : U.S. Personnel in the Pacific Theater '' ( PDF ) . Reports to Congressional Requesters . United States General Accounting Office . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 15 June 2013 . Retrieved 15 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : USFK Public Affairs Office . `` USFK United Nations Command '' . United States Forces Korea . United States Department of Defense . Archived from the original on 11 July 2016 . Retrieved 29 July 2016 . Republic of Korea -- 590,911 Colombia -- 1,068 United States -- 302,483 Belgium -- 900 United Kingdom -- 14,198 South Africa -- 826 Canada -- 6,146 The Netherlands -- 819 Turkey -- 5,453 Luxembourg -- 44 Australia -- 2,282 Philippines -- 1,496 New Zealand -- 1,385 Thailand -- 1,204 Ethiopia -- 1,271 Greece -- 1,263 France -- 1,119 Jump up ^ Rottman , Gordon L. ( 2002 ) . Korean War Order of Battle : United States , United Nations , and Communist Ground , Naval , and Air Forces , 1950 -- 1953 . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 126 . ISBN 978 - 0275978358 . Archived from the original on 9 May 2013 . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . A peak strength of 14,198 British troops was reached in 1952 , with over 40,000 total serving in Korea . `` UK - Korea Relations '' . British Embassy Pyongyang . Foreign and Commonwealth Office . 9 February 2012 . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . When war came to Korea in June 1950 , Britain was second only to the United States in the contribution it made to the UN effort in Korea . 87,000 British troops took part in the Korean conflict , and over 1,000 British servicemen lost their lives Jack D. Walker . `` A Brief Account of the Korean War '' . Information . Korean War Veterans Association . Retrieved 17 February 2013 . Other countries to furnish combat units , with their peak strength , were : Australia ( 2,282 ) , Belgium / Luxembourg ( 944 ) , Canada ( 6,146 ) , Colombia ( 1,068 ) , Ethiopia ( 1,271 ) , France ( 1,119 ) , Greece ( 1,263 ) , Netherlands ( 819 ) , New Zealand ( 1,389 ) , Philippines ( 1,496 ) , Republic of South Africa ( 826 ) , Thailand ( 1,294 ) , Turkey ( 5,455 ) , and the United Kingdom ( Great Britain 14,198 ) . Jump up ^ `` Land of the Morning Calm : Canadians in Korea 1950 -- 1953 '' . Veterans Affairs Canada . Government of Canada . 7 January 2013 . Archived from the original on 23 March 2013 . Retrieved 22 February 2013 . Peak Canadian Army strength in Korea was 8,123 all ranks . ^ Jump up to : `` Casualties of Korean War '' ( in Korean ) . Ministry of National Defense of Republic of Korea . Archived from the original on 20 January 2013 . Retrieved 14 February 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Edwards , Paul M. ( 2006 ) . Korean War Almanac . Almanacs of American wars . Infobase Publishing . p. 517 . ISBN 978 - 0816074679 . Archived from the original on 9 May 2013 . Retrieved 22 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Zhang 1995 , p. 257 . Jump up ^ Shrader , Charles R. ( 1995 ) . Communist Logistics in the Korean War . Issue 160 of Contributions in Military Studies . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 90 . ISBN 978 - 0313295096 . Archived from the original on 9 May 2013 . Retrieved 17 February 2013 . NKPA strength peaked in October 1952 at 266,600 men in eighteen divisions and six independent brigades . Jump up ^ Kolb , Richard K. ( 1999 ) . `` In Korea we whipped the Russian Air Force '' . VFW Magazine . Veterans of Foreign Wars . 86 ( 11 ) . Archived from the original on 10 May 2013 . Retrieved 17 February 2013 . Soviet involvement in the Korean War was on a large scale . During the war , 72,000 Soviet troops ( among them 5,000 pilots ) served along the Yalu River in Manchuria . At least 12 air divisions rotated through . A peak strength of 26,000 men was reached in 1952 . ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. Military Casualties -- Korean War Casualty Summary '' . Defense Casualty Analysis System . United States Department of Defense . 5 February 2013 . Archived from the original on 22 February 2013 . Retrieved 6 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Summary Statistics '' . Defense POW / Missing Personnel Office . United States Department of Defense . 24 January 2013 . Archived from the original on 25 February 2013 . Retrieved 6 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Records of American Prisoners of War During the Korean War , created , 1950 -- 1953 , documenting the period 1950 -- 1953 '' . Access to Archival Databases . National Archives and Records Administration . Archived from the original on 1 November 2013 . Retrieved 6 February 2013 . This series has records for 4,714 U.S. military officers and soldiers who were prisoners of war ( POWs ) during the Korean War and therefore considered casualties . ^ Jump up to : Office of the Defence Attaché ( 30 September 2010 ) . `` Korean war '' . British Embassy Seoul . Foreign and Commonwealth Office . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Korean War WebQuest '' . Veterans Affairs Canada . Government of Canada . 11 October 2011 . Archived from the original on 30 January 2013 . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . In Brampton , Ontario , there is a 60 - metre long `` Memorial Wall '' of polished granite , containing individual bronze plaques which commemorate the 516 Canadian soldiers who died during the Korean War . `` Canada Remembers the Korean War '' . Veterans Affairs Canada . Government of Canada . 1 March 2013 . Archived from the original on 6 October 2012 . Retrieved 27 May 2013 . The names of 516 Canadians who died in service during the conflict are inscribed in the Korean War Book of Remembrance located in the Peace Tower in Ottawa . Jump up ^ Aiysha Abdullah ; Kirk Fachnie ( 6 December 2010 ) . `` Korean War veterans talk of `` forgotten war '' `` . Canadian Army . Government of Canada . Archived from the original on 23 May 2013 . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . Canada lost 516 military personnel during the Korean War and 1,042 more were wounded . `` Canadians in the Korean War '' . kvacanada.com . Korean Veterans Association of Canada Inc . Archived from the original on 11 May 2013 . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . Canada 's casualties totalled 1,558 including 516 who died . `` 2013 declared year of Korean war veteran '' . MSN News . The Canadian Press . 8 January 2013 . Archived from the original on 2 November 2013 . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . The 1,558 Canadian casualties in the three - year conflict included 516 people who died . Jump up ^ Ted Barris ( 1 July 2003 ) . `` Canadians in Korea '' . legionmagazine.com . Royal Canadian Legion . Archived from the original on 20 July 2013 . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . Not one of the 33 Canadian PoWs imprisoned in North Korea signed the petitions . Jump up ^ Australian War Memorial Korea MIA Archived 28 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 17 March 2012 ^ Jump up to : Sandler , Stanley , ed. ( 2002 ) . Ground Warfare : H -- Q. Volume 2 of Ground Warfare : An International Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . p. 160 . ISBN 978 - 1576073445 . Archived from the original on 9 May 2013 . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . Philippines : KIA 92 ; WIA 299 ; MIA / POW 97 New Zealand : KIA 34 ; WIA 299 ; MIA / POW 1 Jump up ^ `` Two War Reporters Killed '' . The Times . London . 14 August 1950 . ISSN 0140 - 0460 . ^ Jump up to : Rummel , Rudolph J. ( 1997 ) . `` Chapter 10 , Statistics of North Korean Democide Estimates , Calculations , And Sources '' . Statistics of Democide : Genocide and Murder Since 1900 . ISBN 978 - 3825840105 . Archived from the original on 22 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Hickey , Michael . `` The Korean War : An Overview '' . Archived from the original on 5 February 2009 . Retrieved 31 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Li , Xiaobing ( 2007 ) . A History of the Modern Chinese Army . Lexington , KY : University Press of Kentucky . p. 111 . ISBN 978 - 0813124384 . Jump up ^ `` 180,000 Chinese soldiers killed in Korean War , says Chinese general '' Archived 3 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine ... China Daily , 28 June 2010 . State Council Information Office , Chinese government , Beijing . `` According to statistics compiled by the army 's medical departments and hospitals , 114,084 servicemen were killed in military action or accidents , and 25,621 soldiers had gone missing . The other about 70,000 casualties died from wounds , illness and other causes , he said . To date , civil affairs departments have registered 183,108 war martyrs , Xu said . '' Jump up ^ Krivošeev , Grigorij F. ( 1997 ) . Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century . London : Greenhill . ISBN 1853672807 . ^ Jump up to : `` US State Department statement regarding ' Korea : Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission ' and the Armistice Agreement ' which ended the Korean War ' '' . FAS . Archived from the original on 27 April 2011 . Retrieved 4 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` North Korea enters ' state of war ' with South '' . BBC News . 30 March 2013 . Archived from the original on 30 March 2013 . Retrieved 30 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Text of the Korean War Armistice Agreement '' . FindLaw. 27 July 1953 . Archived from the original on 6 July 2008 . Retrieved 26 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Millett ( PHD ) , Allan . `` Korean War '' . britannica.com . Archived from the original on 24 April 2016 . Retrieved 21 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Korean War '' . History.com . History Channel . Archived from the original on 20 April 2016 . Retrieved 21 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Cumings 2005 , pp. 247 -- 53 . ^ Jump up to : Stueck 2002 , p. 71 . ^ Jump up to : Devine , Robert A. ; Breen , T.H. ; Frederickson , George M. ; Williams , R. Hal ; Gross , Adriela J. ; Brands , H.W. ( 2007 ) . America Past and Present. II : Since 1865 ( 8th ed . ) . Pearson Longman . pp. 819 -- 21 . ISBN 0321446615 . Jump up ^ United Nations Security Council Resolution 83 Jump up ^ United Nations Security Council Resolution 82 Jump up ^ Derek W. Bowett , United Nations Forces : A Legal Study of United Nations Practice , Stevens , London , 1964 , pp. 29 -- 60 Jump up ^ Pembroke , Michael ( 2018 ) . Korea : Where the American Century Began . Hardie Grant Books . p. 141 . Jump up ^ He , Kai ; Feng , Huiyun ( 2013 ) . 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( 2002 ) , Rethinking the Korean War : A New Diplomatic and Strategic History , Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press , ISBN 0691118477 Weathersby , Kathryn ( 1993 ) , Soviet Aims in Korea and the Origins of the Korean War , 1945 -- 50 : New Evidence From the Russian Archives , Cold War International History Project : Working Paper No. 8 Weathersby , Kathryn ( 2002 ) , `` Should We Fear This ? '' Stalin and the Danger of War with America , Cold War International History Project : Working Paper No. 39 Werrell , Kenneth P. ( 2005 ) . Sabres Over MiG Alley . Annapolis , MD : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 978 - 1591149330 . Zaloga , Steven J. , Jim Kinnear , Andrey Aksenov & Aleksandr Koshchavtsev ( 1997 ) . Soviet Tanks in Combat 1941 -- 45 : The T - 28 , T - 34 , T - 34 - 85 , and T - 44 Medium Tanks , Hong Kong : Concord Publication . ISBN 9623616155 Zhang , Shu Guang ( 1995 ) , Mao 's Military Romanticism : China and the Korean War , 1950 -- 1953 , Lawrence , KS : University Press of Kansas , ISBN 0700607234 External links Find more aboutKorean Warat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Historical Anniversary of the Korean War Armistice : Truman on Acheson 's Crucial Role in Going to War Shapell Manuscript Foundation Korean War resources , Dwight D. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean%20War
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wine from central italy made using sangiovese grapes
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Sangiovese ( / ˌsændʒioʊˈveɪzi , - dʒ iə - , - dʒ oʊ - , - ˈveɪzeɪ , ˈviːz , - ˈviːs / ; Italian : ( sandʒoˈveːze ) ) is a red Italian wine grape variety that derives its name from the Latin sanguis Jovis , `` the blood of Jupiter '' . Though it is the grape of most of central Italy from Romagna down to Lazio , Campania and Sicily , outside Italy it is most famous as the only component of Brunello di Montalcino and Rosso di Montalcino and the main component of the blend Chianti , Carmignano , Vino Nobile di Montepulciano and Morellino di Scansano , although it can also be used to make varietal wines such as Sangiovese di Romagna and the modern `` Super Tuscan '' wines like Tignanello .
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Sangiovese
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sangiovese
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Sangiovese ( / ˌsændʒioʊˈveɪzi , - dʒ iə - , - dʒ oʊ - , - ˈveɪzeɪ , ˈviːz , - ˈviːs / ; Italian : ( sandʒoˈveːze ) ) is a red Italian wine grape variety that derives its name from the Latin sanguis Jovis , `` the blood of Jupiter '' . Though it is the grape of most of central Italy from Romagna down to Lazio , Campania and Sicily , outside Italy it is most famous as the only component of Brunello di Montalcino and Rosso di Montalcino and the main component of the blend Chianti , Carmignano , Vino Nobile di Montepulciano and Morellino di Scansano , although it can also be used to make varietal wines such as Sangiovese di Romagna and the modern `` Super Tuscan '' wines like Tignanello .
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Sangiovese was already well known by the 16th century . Recent DNA profiling by José Vouillamoz of the Istituto Agrario di San Michele all'Adige suggests that Sangiovese 's ancestors are Ciliegiolo and Calabrese Montenuovo . The former is well known as an ancient variety in Tuscany , the latter is an almost - extinct relic from the Calabria , the toe of Italy . At least fourteen Sangiovese clones exist , of which Brunello is one of the best regarded . An attempt to classify the clones into Sangiovese grosso ( including Brunello ) and Sangiovese piccolo families has gained little evidential support . Young Sangiovese has fresh fruity flavours of strawberry and a little spiciness , but it readily takes on oaky , even tarry , flavours when aged in barrels . While not as aromatic as other red wine varieties such as Pinot noir , Cabernet Sauvignon , and Syrah , Sangiovese often has a flavour profile of sour red cherries with earthy aromas and tea leaf notes . Wines made from Sangiovese usually have medium - plus tannins and high acidity . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Parentage 1.1. 1 Relationship with Ciliegiolo 1.2 Clones and offspring 2 Viticulture 3 Winemaking 4 Wine regions 4.1 Italy 4.1. 1 Tuscany 4.1. 2 Outside of Tuscany 4.2 Other Old World wine regions 4.3 United States and Canada 4.4 Other New World regions 5 Wines 6 With food 7 Synonyms 8 See also 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) The translation of Sangiovese 's name sanguis Jovis , `` the blood of Jove '' , led to theories that the grape 's origins dated from Roman times . Early theories on the origin of Sangiovese dated the grape to the time of Roman winemaking . It was even postulated that the grape was first cultivated in Tuscany by the Etruscans from wild Vitis vinifera vines . The literal translation of the grape 's name , the `` blood of Jove '' , refers to the Roman god Jupiter . According to legend , the name was coined by monks from the commune of Santarcangelo di Romagna in what is now the province of Rimini in the Emilia - Romagna region of east - central Italy . The first documented mention of Sangiovese was in the 1590 writings of Giovanvettorio Soderini ( also known under the pen name of Ciriegiulo ) . Identifying the grape as `` Sangiogheto '' Soderini notes that in Tuscany the grape makes very good wine but if the winemaker is not careful , it risks turning into vinegar . While there is no conclusive proof that Sangiogheto is Sangiovese , most wine historians generally consider this to be the first historical mention of the grape . Regardless , it would not be until the 18th century that Sangiovese would gain widespread attention throughout Tuscany , being with Malvasia and Trebbiano the most widely planted grapes in the region . In 1738 , Cosimo Trinci described wines made from Sangiovese as excellent when blended with other varieties but hard and acidic when made as a wine by itself . In 1883 , the Italian writer Giovanni Cosimo Villifranchi echoed a similar description about the quality of Sangiovese being dependent on the grapes with which it was blended . The winemaker and politician , Bettino Ricasoli formulated one of the early recipes for Chianti when he blended his Sangiovese with a sizable amount of Canaiolo . In the wines of Chianti , Brunello di Montalcino and Vino Nobile di Montepulciano , Sangiovese would experience a period of popularity in the late 19th and early 20th century . In the 1970s , Tuscan winemakers began a period of innovation by introducing modern oak treatments and blending the grape with non-Italian varietals such as Cabernet Sauvignon in the creation of wines that were given the collective marketing sobriquet `` Super Tuscans '' . Parentage ( edit ) Sangiovese leaf from Red Willow Vineyard in Washington State . In 2004 , DNA profiling done by researchers at San Michele All'Adige revealed the grape to be the product of a crossing between Ciliegiolo and Calabrese Montenuovo . While Ciliegiolo has a long history tied to the Tuscan region , Calabrese Montenuovo ( which is not related to the grape commonly known as Calabrese , or Nero d'Avola ) has its origins in southern Italy , where it probably originated in the Calabria region before moving its way up to Campania . This essentially means that the genetic heritage of Sangiovese is half Tuscan and half southern Italian . Where the crossing between Ciliegiolo and Calabrese Montenuovo occurred is not known with some believing the cross happened in Tuscany while other ampelographers suggesting it may have happened in southern Italy . Evidence for this latter theory is the proliferation of seedless mutations of Sangiovese , known under various synonyms , throughout various regions of southern Italy including Campania , Corinto nero which is grown on the island of Lipari just north of Sicily and Tuccanese from the Puglia region in the heel of the Italian boot . In Campania , among the many seedless mutations of Sangiovese still growing in the region are Nerello from the commune of Savelli , Nerello Campotu from the commune of Motta San Giovanni , Puttanella from Mandatoriccio and Vigna del Conte . Relationship with Ciliegiolo ( edit ) While the parentage of Ciliegiolo and Calabrese Montenuovo for Sangiovese was established based on 50 genetic markers and is generally accepted by ampelographers , some wine texts publish contradictory information that Ciliegiolo is an offspring ( rather than parent ) of Sangiovese . This belief is based on a 2007 study of 38 genetic markers stating that suggested that Ciliegiolo was the product of Sangiovese crossing with an obscure Portuguese wine grape , Muscat Rouge de Madère , that was once grown on the island of Madeira as well as the Douro and Lisboa wine regions of Portugal . In addition to support of fewer genetic markers , this alternative theory is disputed by geneticists such as José Vouillamoz and Masters of Wine like Jancis Robinson because Muscat Rouge de Madère has no history of ever being cultivated in Italy ( where it could have crossed with Sangiovese ) . Furthermore , while many grapes with lineage involving members of the Muscat family of grapes tend to have pronounced `` grapey '' flavours characteristic of Muscat grapes , Ciliegiolo exhibits none of those flavour profiles which makes it unlikely to be an offspring of Muscat Rouge de Madère . Clones and offspring ( edit ) Early ampelographical research into Sangiovese begun in 1906 with the work of Girolamo Molon . Molon discovered that the Italian grape known as `` Sangiovese '' was actually several `` varieties '' of clones which he broadly classified as Sangiovese Grosso and Sangiovese Piccolo . The Sangiovese Grosso family included the clones growing in the Brunello region as well as the clones known as Prugnolo Gentile and Sangiovese di Lamole that was grown in the Greve in Chianti region . The Sangiovese Grosso , according to Molon , produced the highest quality wine , while the varieties in the Sangiovese Piccolo family , which included the majority of clones , produced wine of a lesser degree of quality . In the late 20th century , research by the Italian government and Chianti Classico Consorizo discovered that some of the best producing clones , from a wine quality perspective , came from the Emilia - Romagna region where they are today being propagated under the names R24 and T19 . Another Italian study published in 2008 using DNA typing showed a close genetic relationship between Sangiovese on the one hand and ten other Italian grape varieties on the other hand : Foglia Tonda , Frappato , Gaglioppo , Mantonicone , Morellino del Casentino , Morellino del Valdarno , Nerello Mascalese , Tuccanese di Turi , Susumaniello , and Vernaccia Nera del Valdarno . It is possible , and even likely , that Sangiovese is one of the parents of each of these grape varieties . Since these grape varieties are spread over different parts of Italy ( Apulia , Calabria , Sicily and Tuscany ) , this confirmed by genetic methods that Sangiovese is a key variety in the pedigree of red Italian grape varieties . DNA analysis in 2001 also suggests a strong genetic relationship between Sangiovese and Aleatico , a grape variety predominantly growing in Puglia , though the exact nature of this relationship has yet to be determined . Viticulture ( edit ) Sangiovese grapes in the Montalcino region of Tuscany . Sangiovese vineyards in the Val d'Orcia , Monte Amiata in the background . Sangiovese has shown itself to be adaptable to many different types of vineyard soils but seems to thrive in soils with a high concentration of limestone , having the potential to produce elegant wines with forceful aromas . In the Chianti Classico region , Sangiovese thrives on the highly friable shale - clay soil known as galestro . In the Montalcino region , where there is a high proportion of limestone - based alberese soils alternating with deposits of galestro . The lesser zones of the generic Chianti appellation are predominantly clay , which often produce as high quality of wine as alberese and galestro do . The grape requires a long growing season , as it buds early and is slow to ripen . The grape requires sufficient warmth to ripen fully , but too much warmth and its flavours can become diluted . Harvests in Italy have traditionally begun after September 29 , with modern harvest often taking place in mid-late October . A longer growing season gives the grapes time to develop richness and potential body . However , in cool vintages this can result in the grapes having high levels of acidity and harsh , unripened tannins . In regions ( like some areas of Tuscany ) that are prone to rainfall in October , there is a risk for rot due to the Sangiovese grape 's thin skin . In other areas , such as the dry conditions of the Columbia Valley AVA of Washington State , the grape has good resistance to drought conditions and often requires little irrigation . For the best quality , yields need to be kept in check as the vine is notably vigorous and prone to overproduction . In Chianti , most quality conscious producers limit their yields to 3 pounds ( 1.5 kg ) of fruit per vine . Wine made from high - yielding vines tend to produce wines with light color , high acidity , and less alcohol , which are likely to oxidize ( `` brown '' ) prematurely due to a lower concentration of tannins and anthocyanins ( anti-oxidants ) . Fully developed grapes are typically 19 mm long x 17 mm wide , with an average weight of 3 grams . Soils with low fertility are ideal and help control some of the vigor of the vine . Planting vines in high densities in order to curb vigor may have the adverse effect of increasing foliage and limiting the amount of direct sunlight that can reach the ripening grapes . Advances in understanding the quality and characteristics of the different clones of Sangiovese has led to the identification and propagation of superior clones . While high - yielding clones have been favored in the past , more attention is being paid to matching the clone to the vineyard site and controlling the vine 's vigor . Winemaking ( edit ) To add color and fruit to the wine , some winemakers will blend their Sangiovese with Cabernet Sauvignon ( pictured ) . The high acidity and light body characteristics of the Sangiovese grape can present a problem for winemaking . The grape also lacks some of the color - creating phenolic compounds known as acylated anthocyanins . Modern winemakers have devised many techniques trying to find ways to add body and texture to Sangiovese -- ranging from using grapes that come from extremely low yielding vines , to adjusting the temperature and length of fermentation and employing extensive oak treatment . One historical technique is the blending of other grape varieties with Sangiovese , in order to complement its attractive qualities and fill in the gaps of some of its weaker points . The Sangiovese - based wines of Chianti have a long tradition of liberally employed blending partners -- such as Canaiolo , Ciliegiolo , Mammolo , Colorino and even the white wine grapes like Trebbiano and Malvasia . Since the late 20th century , Bordeaux grapes , most notably Cabernet Sauvignon , have been a favored blending partner though in many Italian DOC / G there is often a restriction on the amount of other varietals that can be blended with Sangiovese : at Chianti the limit for Cabernet is 15 % . Other techniques used to improve the quality of Sangiovese include extending the maceration period from 7 -- 12 days to 3 -- 4 weeks to give the must more time to leach vital phenols out of the grape skins . Transferring the wine during fermentation into new oak barrels for malolactic fermentation gives greater polymerization of the tannins and contributes to a softer , rounder mouthfeel . Additionally , Sangiovese has shown itself to be a `` sponge '' for soaking up sweet vanilla and other oak compounds from the barrel . For aging the wine , some modern producers will utilize new French oak barrels but there is a tradition of using large , used oak botti barrels that hold five to six hectoliters of wine . Some traditional producers still use the old chestnut barrels in their cellars . Wine regions ( edit ) Sangiovese wine . A glass of Chianti made primarily from Sangiovese . While Sangiovese plantings are found worldwide , the grape 's homeland is central Italy . From there the grape was taken to North and South America by Italian immigrants . It first achieved some popularity in Argentina where in the Mendoza region it produced wines that had few similarities to its Tuscan counterparts . In California the grape found a sudden surge of popularity in the late 1980s with the `` Cal - Ital '' movement of winemakers seeking red wine alternatives to the standard French varietals of Cabernet Sauvignon , Merlot and Pinot noir . While there was over 100,000 hectares ( 250,000 acres ) of Sangiovese planted in Italy in 1990 , plantings of the grape began to decline . However , at the turn of the 21st century , Italy was still the leading source for Sangiovese , with 69,790 hectares ( 172,500 acres ) planted in 2000 , primarily in the Tuscany , Emilia - Romagna , Sicily , Abruzzo and Marche regions. Argentina was next with 6,928 acres ( 2,804 ha ) , followed by Romania with 1,700 hectares ( 4,200 acres ) , the Corsica region in France with 1,663 hectares ( 4,110 acres ) , California with 1,371 hectares ( 3,390 acres ) and Australia with 440 hectares ( 1,100 acres ) . Italy ( edit ) In Italy , Sangiovese is the most widely planted red grape variety . It is an officially recommended variety in 53 provinces and an authorized planting in an additional 13 . It accounts for approximately 10 % of all vineyard plantings in Italy with more than 100,000 hectares ( 250,000 acres ) planted to one of the many clonal variation of the grape . Throughout Italy it is known under a variety of names including Brunello , Morellino , Nielluccio and Prugnolo Gentile . It is the main grape used in the popular red wines of Tuscany , where it is the solitary grape of Brunello di Montalcino and the primary component of the wines of Chianti , Vino Nobile di Montepulciano and many `` Super Tuscans '' . Outside of Tuscany , it is found throughout central Italy where it places an important role in the Denominazione di Origine Controllata e Garantita ( DOCG ) wines of Montefalco Sagrantino secco and Torgiano Rosso Riserva in Umbria , Conero in Marche and the Denominazione di Origine Controllata ( DOC ) wines of Lazio and Rosso Piceno in Marche . Significant Sangiovese plantings can also be found outside of central Italy in Lombardia , Emilia - Romagna , Valpolicella and as far south as Campania and Sicily . The intense fruit and deep color of Cabernet was shown to be well suited for blending with Sangiovese but banned in many Italian DOCs . In the 1970s , the rise of `` Super Tuscans '' - wines that eschew DOC regulation in favor of the lower classification of vino da tavola - increased the demand for more flexibility in the DOC laws . While the first DOC to be permitted to blend Cabernet Sauvignon with Sangiovese was approved for Carmignano in 1975 , most of Tuscany 's premier wine regions were not permitted to blend Cabernet Sauvignon with Sangiovese till the late 20th century . Tuscany ( edit ) A glass of Brunello di Montalcino . From the early to mid-20th century , the quality of Chianti was in low regard . DOC regulation that stipulate the relatively bland Trebbiano and Malvasia grapes needed to account for at least 10 % of the finished blend , with consequent higher acidity and diluted flavours . Some wineries trucked in full bodied and jammy red wines from Sicily and Puglia to add color and alcohol to the blend -- an illegal practice that did little to improve the quality of Chianti . From the 1970s through the 1980s , a revolution of sorts spread through Tuscany as the quality of the Sangiovese grape was rediscovered . Winemakers became more ambitious and willing to step outside DOC regulations to make 100 % varietal Sangiovese or a `` Super Tuscan '' blend with Bordeaux varietals like Cabernet and Merlot . Today there is a broad range of style of Chianti reflecting the Sangiovese influence and winemaker 's touch . Traditional Sangiovese emphasize herbal and bitter cherry notes , while more modern , Bordeaux - influenced wines have more plum and mulberry fruit with vanilla oak and spice . Stylistic and terroir based differences also emerge among the various sub-zones of the Chianti region . The ideal vineyard locations are found on south and southwest - facing slopes at altitudes between 490 -- 1,800 ft ( 150 -- 550 m ) . In general , Sangiovese has a more difficult time fully ripening in the Chianti region than it does in the Montalcino and Maremma regions to the south . This is due to cooler nighttime temperatures and high propensity for rainfall in September and October that can affect harvest time . In the mid-19th century , a local farmer named Clemente Santi isolated certain plantings of Sangiovese vines in order to produce a 100 % varietal wine that could be aged for a considerable period of time . In 1888 , his grandson Ferruccio Biondi - Santi - a veteran soldier who fought under Giuseppe Garibaldi during the Risorgimento - released the first `` modern version '' of Brunello di Montalcino , which was aged for over a decade in large wood barrels . By the mid-20th century , this 100 % varietal Sangiovese was eagerly being sought out by critics and wine drinkers alike . The Montalcino region seems to have ideal conditions for ripening Sangiovese with the potential for full ripeness achievable even on north - facing slopes . These slopes tend to produce lighter and more elegant wines that then those made from vineyards on south and southwest facing slopes . In the late 20th and early 21st century , the Maremma region located in the southwest corner of Tuscany has seen vast expansion and a surge of investment from outside the region . The area is reliably warm with a shorter growing season . Sangiovese grown in the Maremma is capable of developing broad character but does have the potential of developing too much alcohol and not enough aroma compounds . Outside of Tuscany ( edit ) Sangiovese can be made in a variety of styles , including the dessert wine Vin Santo . Sangiovese is considered the `` workhorse '' grape of central Italy , producing everything from everyday drinking to premium wines in a variety of styles - from red still wines , to rosato to sweet passito , semi-sparkling frizzante and the dessert wine Vin Santo . In northern Italy , the grape is a minor variety with it having difficulties ripening north of Emilia - Romagna . In the south , it is mainly used as a blending partner with the region 's local grapes such as Primitivo , Montepulciano and Nero d'Avola . In the Romagna region of Emilia - Romagna , the same grape is called Sangiovese di Romagna and is widely planted in all the Romagna region east of Bologna . Like its neighboring Tuscan brother , Sangiovese di Romagna has shown itself to spring off a variety of clones that can produce a wide range of quality -- from very poor to very fine . Viticulturists have worked with Romagna vines to produce new clonal varieties of high quality ( most notably the clones R24 & T19 ) . Sangiovese di Romagna adapts to different soil types , producing richer , more full bodied and tannic wines in the central provinces of Forlì and Ravenna and lighter , fruitier wines in the western and eastern extremes of the regions near the border with Bologna and Marche . The grape seems to produce the highest quality wine in the sandstone and clay rich hills south of the Via Emilia near the Apennines which is covered by much of the Sangiovese di Romagna DOC zone . The higher summer time temperatures of this area gives more opportunity for Sangiovese to sufficiently ripen . The Sangiovese di Romagna DOC zone includes over 17,500 acres ( 7,100 ha ) of Sangiovese that produces on average 3.4 million U.S. gallons ( 130,000 hl ) of wine a year . Other old World wine regions ( edit ) In France , while some producers in the Languedoc are now experimenting with the variety , Sangiovese has a long history on the island of Corsica where it is known as Nielluccio . The grape was likely brought to the island sometime between 14th and 18th century when it was ruled by the Republic of Genoa . Here it is often blended with Sciaccarello and is a permitted grape in several Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée ( AOC ) s , most notable in Patrimonio , where it is used for both red and rosé wine production . In 2008 , there were 1,319 hectares ( 3,260 acres ) of Sangiovese / Nielluccio on Corsica . In Greece , producers in the northeastern wine region of Drama in East Macedonia and Thrace are experimenting with oak - aged `` Super Tuscan '' style blends of Sangiovese and Cabernet Sauvignon . Additional plantings of Sangiovese can be found in Israel , Malta , Turkey and Switzerland . United States and Canada ( edit ) Sangiovese grapes ripening during the period of veraison in Amador County , California . Italian immigrants brought Sangiovese to California in the late 19th century , possibly at the Segheshio Family 's `` Chianti Station , '' near Geyserville . But it was never considered very important until the success of the Super Tuscans in the 1980s spurred new interest in the grape . In 1991 , there were nearly 200 acres ( 81 ha ) planted with Sangiovese . By 2003 , that number rose to nearly 3,000 acres ( 1,200 ha ) with plantings across the state , most notably in Napa Valley , Sonoma county , San Luis Obispo , Santa Barbara and the Sierra Foothills . However , in recent years plantings of the variety have declined to 1,950 acres ( 790 ha ) by 2010 . Early results in the late 20th century , were not very promising for California winemakers . Poor site and clonal selection had the grape planted in vineyards that gave it too much exposure to the sun , producing wines that had little in common with the wines of Tuscany . The Antinori family , which once owned Atlas Peak Vineyards located in the Atlas Peak AVA in the foothills of Napa Valley found that the greater intensity of sunlight in California may have been one possible factor for the poorer quality . Today the style of these Californian Sangiovese tend to be more fruit - driven than their Tuscan counterparts with some floral notes . Recent years have focused on improving vineyard site and clonal selection as well as giving the vines time to age and develop in quality . A California Sangiovese from Amador County in the Sierra Foothills . In Washington State , one of the first commercial plantings of Sangiovese was at Red Willow Vineyard in the Yakima Valley AVA . Today , winemakers are seeking out locations that can highlight the varietal character of Sangiovese . These young plantings in areas such as Walla Walla , Naches Heights AVA and Yakima Valley have so far produced wines with a spicy and tart cherry flavours , anise , red currants , and tobacco leaf notes . Like in California , plantings of Sangiovese in Washington have declined in recent years to 185 acres ( 75 ha ) in 2011 . Other areas in the United States with sizable plantings of Sangiovese include the Rogue Valley and Umpqua AVA in Oregon , the Monticello in Virginia , the Sonoita AVA with 45 acres planted in Arizona , and Texas Hill Country in Texas . In Canada , there are less than 10 acres ( 4.0 ha ) of Sangiovese planted , mostly in Ontario where some producers in Niagara - on - the - Lake are experimenting with ice wine versions of the grape . A small amount of the grape can also be found in British Columbia . Other new World regions ( edit ) A `` Super Tuscan - style '' Sangiovese blend from Washington State . Italian immigrants introduced the Sangiovese vine to Argentina in the late 19th and early 20th century . Early site and clonal selection was less than ideal and , like California and Australia , recent endeavors have focused on finding the best clones to use and the right vineyard locations . The grape is not widely planted in Argentina and the focus is mostly on the export market . In 2008 there were 2,319 hectares ( 5,730 acres ) of Sangiovese planted , most of it in the Mendoza wine region with other isolated plantings in La Rioja and San Juan . Across the Andes range , Chilean winemakers have been experimenting with plantings with 124 hectares ( 310 acres ) in 2008 . Brazil reported 25 hectares ( 62 acres ) of Sangiovese in 2007 . The growing Mexican wine industry has also recently begun planting the vine . Sangiovese is becoming increasingly popular as a red wine grape in Australia , having been introduced by the CSIRO in the late 1960s . For many years , this single clone ( H6V9 ) imported from the University of California - Davis , was the only available clone for Australian winemakers . The first large scale commercial planting of the grape was in the 1980s when Penfolds expanded their Kalimna vineyard in the Barossa Valley . As the availability of clones expanded ( currently 10 available commercially as of 2011 ) , so did plantings of Sangiovese with 517 hectares ( 1,280 acres ) in 2008 . As in California , Australian winemakers have begun seeking out the best vineyard location for the grape and being more selective in which clones are planted . Some regions that have shown promise for the grape include the Karridale and Margaret River areas of Western Australia ; Langhorne Creek , Strathalbyn and Port Lincoln in South Australia ; Canberra and Young in New South Wales ; Stanthorpe in Queensland and the western edge of the Great Dividing Range in Victoria . In New Zealand , the first varietal version of Sangiovese was released in 1998 and today there are 6 hectares ( 15 acres ) of the grape planted , mostly on the North Island around Auckland . A small amount of Sangiovese is grown in South Africa with 63 hectares ( 160 acres ) reported in 2008 , mostly in the Stellenbosch and Darling regions . About 10 wineries make Sangiovese Wines ( edit ) A Rosso di Montalcino made from 100 % Sangiovese in the Brunello di Montalcino region . Wines made from Sangiovese tend to exhibit the grape 's naturally high acidity as well as moderate to high tannin content and light color . Blending can have a pronounced effect on enhancing or tempering the wine 's quality . The dominant nature of Cabernet can sometimes have a disproportionate influence on the wine , even overwhelming Sangiovese character with black cherry , black currant , mulberry and plum fruit . Even percentages as low as 4 to 5 % of Cabernet Sauvignon can overwhelm the Sangiovese if the fruit quality is not high . As the wine ages , some of these Cabernet dominant flavours can soften and reveal more Sangiovese character . Different regions will impart varietal character on the wine with Tuscan Sangiovese having a distinctive bitter - sweet component of cherry , violets and tea . In their youth , Tuscan Sangiovese can have tomato - savoriness to it that enhances its herbal component . Californian examples tend to have more bright , red fruit flavours with some Zinfandel - like spice or darker fruits depending on the proportion of Cabernet blended in . Argentine examples showing a hybrid between the Tuscan and California Sangiovese with juicy red fruit wines that end on a bitter cherry note . Sangiovese based wines have the potential to age but the vast majority of Sangiovese wines are intended to be consumed relatively early in their lives . The wines with the longest aging potential are the Super Tuscans and Brunello di Montalcino wines that can age for upwards of 20 years in ideal vintages . These premium examples may need 5 to 10 years to develop before they drink well . The potentially lighter Vino Nobile di Montepulciano , Carmignano and Rosso di Montalcino tend to open earlier ( around 5 years of age ) but have a shorter life span of 8 to 10 years . The aging potential of Chianti is highly variable , depending on the producer , vintage and sub-zone of the Chianti region it is produced in . Basic Chianti is meant to be consumed within 3 to 4 years after vintage while top examples of Chianti Classico Riserva can last for upwards of 15 years . New World Sangiovese has so far , shown a relatively short window of drinkability with most examples best consumed with 3 to 4 years after harvest with some basic examples of Argentine Sangiovese having the potential to only improve for a year after bottling . With food ( edit ) Sangiovese 's high acidity and moderate alcohol makes it a very food - friendly wine when it comes to food and wine pairings . One of the classic pairings in Italian cuisine is tomato - based pasta and pizza sauces with a Sangiovese - based Chianti . Varietal Sangiovese or those with a smaller proportion of the powerful , full - bodied Cabernet blended in , can accentuate the flavours of relatively bland dishes like meatloaf and roast chicken . Herb seasoning such as basil , thyme and sage play off the herbal notes of the grapes . Sangiovese that has been subject to more aggressive oak treatment pairs well with grilled and smoked food . If Cabernet , Merlot or Syrah plays a dominant role , the food pairing option should treat the Sangiovese blend as one of those fuller - bodied reds and pair with heavier dishes such as steak and thick soups like ribollita and puréed bean soup . Synonyms ( edit ) Over the years , Sangiovese has been known under a variety of synonyms , many of which have come to be associated with a particular clone of the grape variety . Among the synonyms recognized for the grape include : Brunelletto ( in the Grosseto region of Tuscany ) , Brunello , Brunello Di Montalcino , Cacchiano ( in Tuscany ) , Calabrese ( in Tuscany ) , Cardisco , Chiantino ( in Tuscany ) , Cordisio , Corinto nero ( on the island of Lipari in Sicily ) , Dolcetto Precoce , Guarnacciola ( in the Benevento region of Campania ) , Ingannacane , Lambrusco Mendoza ( in Tuscany ) , Maglioppa , Montepulciano , Morellino , Morellone , Negrello ( in Calabria ) , Negretta , Nerello ( in Sicily ) , Nerello Campotu ( in Calabria ) , Nerino , Niella ( in Corsica ) , Nielluccia , Nielluccio ( in Corsica ) , Pigniuolo Rosso , Pignolo , Plant Romain , Primaticcio , Prugnolo , Prugnolo Dolce ( in Tuscany ) , Prugnolo Di Montepulciano , Prugnolo Gentile , Prugnolo Gentile Di Montepulciano , Puttanella ( in Calabria ) , Riminese , Rosso di Montalcino , San Gioveto , San Zoveto ( in Tuscany ) , Sancivetro , Sangineto , Sangiogheto ( in Tuscany ) , Sangiovese Dal Cannello Lungo , Sangiovese Di Lamole , Sangiovese Di Romagna , Sangiovese Dolce , Sangiovese Gentile , Sangiovese Grosso , Sangiovese Nostrano , Sangiovese Piccolo , Sangiovese Toscano , Sangioveto ( in Tuscany ) , Sangioveto Dell'Elba , Sangioveto Dolce , Sangioveto Grosso , Sangioveto Montanino , Sanvincetro , Sanzoveto , Tabernello , Tignolo , Tipsa , Toustain ( in Algeria ) , Tuccanese ( in Puglia ) , Uva Abruzzi , Uva Tosca , Uvetta , Uva brunella , Uva Canina , Vigna del Conte ( in Calabria ) and Vigna Maggio ( in Tuscany ) . See also ( edit ) International variety History of Chianti List of Italian grape varieties References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Sangiovese - definition of Sangiovese in English from the Oxford dictionary '' . OxfordDictionaries.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Sangiovese '' . Merriam - Webster Dictionary . Jump up ^ Robinson , J ( 1986 ) . Vines , Grapes & Wines . Mitchell Beazley . pp. 150 -- 152 . ISBN 1 - 85732 - 999 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , J ( ed ) ( 2006 ) . The Oxford Companion to Wine ( 3 ed . ) . Oxford University Press . pp. 606 -- 607 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 860990 - 6 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Robinson , J. `` Italian grape mysteries unraveled '' . jancisrobinson.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Sangiovese '' . Wine Pros . ^ Jump up to : J. Robinson , J. Harding and J. Vouillamoz Wine Grapes - A complete guide to 1,368 vine varieties , including their origins and flavours pgs 942 - 946 Allen Lane 2012 ISBN 978 - 1 - 846 - 14446 - 2 Jump up ^ Wine & Spirits Education Trust `` Wine and Spirits : Understanding Wine Quality '' pgs 6 - 9 , Second Revised Edition ( 2012 ) , London , ISBN 9781905819157 Jump up ^ ' Sangiovese ' and ' Garganega ' are two key varieties of the Italian grapevine assortment evolution , M. Crespan , A. Calò , S. Giannetto , A. Sparacio , P. Storchi and A. Costacurta , Vitis 47 ( 2 ) , 97 -- 104 ( 2008 ) ^ Jump up to : Oz Clarke Encyclopedia of Grapes pg 209 - 216 Harcourt Books 2001 ISBN 0 - 15 - 100714 - 4 ^ Jump up to : Maul , E. ; Eibach , R. ( 1999 - 06 - 00 ) . `` Vitis International Variety Catalogue '' . Information and Coordination Centre for Biological Diversity ( IBV ) of the Federal Agency for Agriculture and Food ( BLE ) , Deichmanns Aue 29 , 53179 Bonn , Germany . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 27 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 16 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Italian Wine Journeys : Chianti '' . IntoWine.com . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ M. Ewing - Mulligan & E. McCarthy Italian Wines for Dummies pg 159 - 161 Hungry Minds 2001 ISBN 0 - 7645 - 5355 - 0 Jump up ^ H. Johnson Vintage : The Story of Wine pg 423 Simon and Schuster 1989 ISBN 0 - 671 - 68702 - 6 Jump up ^ P. Gregutt `` Washington Wines and Wineries : The Essential Guide '' pg 74 University of California Press 2007 ISBN 0 - 520 - 24869 - 4 Jump up ^ Appellation America `` Sangiovese '' Accessed : January 4th , 2009 Jump up ^ `` ARIZONA VINEYARD SURVEY - 2013 '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : State Library of South Australia Archived 2007 - 08 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ van Zyl , P , ed. ( 2009 ) . Platter 's South African Wines 2009 . Newsome McDowall . p. 26 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9584506 - 7 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : E. Goldstein `` Perfect Pairings '' pg 176 - 180 University of California Press 2006 ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 24377 - 4 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sangiovese . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangiovese
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names of the lions at the new york library
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New York Public Library
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new york public library
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Coordinates : 40 ° 45 ′ 10 '' N 73 ° 58 ′ 54 '' W / 40.75270 ° N 73.98180 ° W / 40.75270 ; - 73.98180
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New York Public Library The New York Public Library Main Branch in Bryant Park , Manhattan Established 1895 Location New York City Branches 87 Collection Size 53,000,000 books and other items Access and use Population served 3,500,000 ( Manhattan , The Bronx and Staten Island ) Other information Budget $245,000,000 Director Anthony Marx , President and CEO William P. Kelly , Andrew W. Mellon Director of the Research Libraries Staff 3,150 Website www.nypl.org The New York Public Library ( NYPL ) is a public library system in New York City . With nearly 53 million items , the New York Public Library is the second largest public library in the United States ( behind the Library of Congress ) , and fourth largest in the world . It is a private , non-governmental , independently managed , nonprofit corporation operating with both private and public financing . The library has branches in the boroughs of Manhattan , The Bronx , and Staten Island , and affiliations with academic and professional libraries in the metropolitan area of New York State . The City of New York 's other two boroughs , Brooklyn and Queens , are served by the Brooklyn Public Library and the Queens Library , respectively . The branch libraries are open to the general public and consist of circulating libraries . The New York Public Library also has four research libraries which are also open to the general public . The library , officially chartered as The New York Public Library , Astor , Lenox and Tilden Foundations , was developed in the 19th century , founded from an amalgamation of grass - roots libraries , and social libraries of bibliophiles and the wealthy , aided by the philanthropy of the wealthiest Americans of their age . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Founding 1.2 Collection development 1.3 Branch libraries 1.3. 1 Main branch building 1.3. 2 Other research branches 1.4 Recent history 1.5 BookOps 1.6 Controversies 2 Branch libraries 3 Services 3.1 ASK NYPL 3.2 Website and digital holdings 3.2. 1 One NYPL 3.3 Community Outreach 4 Governance 5 In popular culture 6 Other New York City library systems 7 See also 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 External links History ( edit ) Founding ( edit ) The New York Public Library main building during late stage construction in 1908 , the lion statues not yet installed at the entrance At the behest of Joseph Cogswell , John Jacob Astor placed a codicil in his will to bequeath $400,000 ( equivalent of $11.1 million in 2016 ) for the creation of a public library . After Astor 's death in 1848 , the resulting board of trustees executed the will 's conditions and constructed the Astor Library in 1854 in the East Village . The library created was a free reference library ; its books were not permitted to circulate . By 1872 , the Astor Library was described in a New York Times editorial as a `` major reference and research resource '' , but , `` Popular it certainly is not , and , so greatly is it lacking in the essentials of a public library , that its stores might almost as well be under lock and key , for any access the masses of the people can get thereto '' . An act of the New York State Legislature incorporated the Lenox Library in 1870 . The library was built on Fifth Avenue , between 70th and 71th Streets , in 1877 . Bibliophile and philanthropist James Lenox donated a vast collection of his Americana , art works , manuscripts , and rare books , including the first Gutenberg Bible in the New World . At its inception , the library charged admission and did not permit physical access to any literary items . Lenox copy of the Gutenberg Bible in the New York Public Library Former Governor of New York and presidential candidate Samuel J. Tilden believed that a library with citywide reach was required , and upon his death in 1886 , he bequeathed the bulk of his fortune -- about $2.4 million ( equivalent of $64 million in 2016 ) -- to `` establish and maintain a free library and reading room in the city of New York '' . This money would sit untouched in a trust for several years , until John Bigelow , a New York attorney , and Andrew Haswell Green , both trustees of the Tilden fortune , came up with an idea to merge two of the city 's largest libraries . Both the Astor and Lenox libraries were struggling financially . Although New York City already had numerous libraries in the 19th century , almost all of them were privately funded and many charged admission or usage fees . Bigelow , the most prominent supporter of the plan to merge the libraries found support in Lewis Cass Ledyard , a member of the Tilden Board , as well as John Cadwalader , on the Astor board . Eventually , John Stewart Kennedy , president of the Lenox board came to support the plan as well . On May 23 , 1895 , Bigelow , Cadwalader , and George L. Rives agreed to create `` The New York Public Library , Astor , Lenox and Tilden Foundations '' . The plan was hailed as an example of private philanthropy for the public good . On December 11 , John Shaw Billings was named as the library 's first director . The newly established library consolidated with the grass - roots New York Free Circulating Library in February 1901.In March , Andrew Carnegie tentatively agreed to donate $5.2 million ( equivalent of $150 million in 2016 ) to construct sixty - five branch libraries in the city , with the requirement that they be operated and maintained by the City of New York . The Brooklyn and Queens public library systems , which predated the consolidation of New York City , eschewed the grants offered to them and did not join the NYPL system ; they believed that they would not get treatment equal to the Manhattan and the Bronx counterparts . Later in 1901 , Carnegie formally signed a contract with the City of New York to transfer his donation to the city in order to enable it to justify purchasing the land for building the branch libraries . The NYPL Board of trustees hired consultants for the planning , and accepted their recommendation that a limited number of architectural firms be hired to build the Carnegie libraries : this would ensure uniformity of appearance and minimize cost . The trustees hired McKim , Mead & White , Carrère and Hastings , and Walter Cook to design all the branch libraries . Cross-view of classical details in the entrance portico Collection Development ( edit ) The notable New York author Washington Irving was a close friend of Astor for decades and had helped the philanthropist design the Astor Library . Irving served as President of the library 's Board of Trustees from 1848 until his death in 1859 , shaping the library 's collecting policies with his strong sensibility regarding European intellectual life . Subsequently , the library hired nationally prominent experts to guide its collections policies ; they reported directly to directors John Shaw Billings ( who also developed the National Library of Medicine ) , Edwin H. Anderson , Harry Miller Lydenberg , Franklin F. Hopper , Ralph A. Beals , and Edward Freehafer ( 1954 -- 70 ) . They emphasized expertise , objectivity , and a very broad worldwide range of knowledge in acquiring , preserving , organizing , and making available to the general population nearly 12 million books and 26.5 million additional items . The directors in turn reported to an elite board of trustees , chiefly elderly , well - educated , philanthropic , predominantly Protestant , upper - class white men with commanding positions in American society . They saw their role as protecting the library 's autonomy from politicians as well as bestowing upon it status , resources , and prudent care . Representative of many major board decisions was the purchase in 1931 of the private library of Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich ( 1847 -- 1909 ) , uncle of the last tsar . This was one of the largest acquisitions of Russian books and photographic materials ; at the time , the Soviet government had a policy of selling its cultural collections abroad for gold . The military drew extensively from the library 's map and book collections in the world wars , including hiring its staff . For example , the Map Division 's chief Walter Ristow was appointed as head of the geography section of the War Department 's New York Office of Military Intelligence from 1942 to 1945 . Ristow and his staff discovered , copied , and loaned thousands of strategic , rare or unique maps to war agencies in need of information not available through other sources . Branch libraries ( edit ) Main branch building ( edit ) Patience and Fortitude , the `` Library Lion '' statues , in the snowstorm of December 1948 Main article : New York Public Library Main Branch The organizers of the New York Public Library , wanting an imposing main branch , chose a central site available at the two - block section of Fifth Avenue between 40th and 42nd Streets . It was occupied by the defunct Croton Reservoir . Dr. John Shaw Billings , the first director of the library , created an initial design which became the basis of the new building ( now known as the Schwarzman Building ) on Fifth Avenue . Billings 's plan called for a huge reading room on top of seven floors of bookstacks , combined with a system that was designed to get books into the hands of library users as fast as possible . Following a competition among the city 's most prominent architects , Carrère and Hastings was selected to design and construct the building . The cornerstone was laid in May 1902 , and the building 's completion was expected to be in three years . In 1910 , 75 miles ( 121 km ) of shelves were installed , and it took a year to move and install the books that were in the Astor and Lenox libraries . The Library 's historical seal ; designed by sculptist Victor David Brenner in 1909 , best known as the designer of the Lincoln penny . Though rarely used , the seated personification of wisdom appears on plaques at several branches . On May 23 , 1911 , the main branch of the New York Public Library was officially opened in a ceremony presided over by President William Howard Taft . After a dedication ceremony , attended by 50,000 people , the library was open to the general public that day . The library had cost $9 million to build and its collection consisted of more than 1,000,000 volumes . The library structure was a Beaux - Arts design and was the largest marble structure up to that time in the United States . The two stone lions guarding the entrance were sculpted by E.C. Potter and carved by the Piccirilli Brothers . Its main reading room was contemporaneously the largest of its kind in the world at 77 feet ( 23.5 m ) wide by 295 feet ( 89.9 m ) long , with 50 feet ( 15.2 m ) high ceilings . It is lined with thousands of reference books on open shelves along the floor level and along the balcony . The building was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1965 . Over the decades , the library system added branch libraries , and the research collection expanded . By the 1970s , it was clear the collection eventually would outgrow the existing Fifth Avenue structure . In the 1980s the central research library added more than 125,000 square feet ( 11,600 m ) of space and literally miles of bookshelf space to make room for future acquisitions . This expansion required a major construction project in which Bryant Park , directly west of the library , was closed to the public and excavated . The new library facilities were built below ground level and the park was restored above it . In the three decades before 2007 , the building 's interior was gradually renovated . On December 20 , 2007 , the library announced it would undertake a three - year , $50 million renovation of the building exterior , which has suffered damage from weathering and pollution . The renovation was completed on time , and on February 2 , 2011 the refurbished facade was unveiled . The restoration design was overseen by Wiss , Janney , Elstner Associates , Inc. , whose previous projects include the Metropolitan Museum of Art 's limestone facades and the American Museum of Natural History , made of granite . These renovations were underwritten by a $100 - million gift from philanthropist Stephen A. Schwarzman , whose name was to be inscribed at the bottom of the columns framing the building 's entrances . Today the main reading room is equipped with computers with access to library collections and the Internet , and docking facilities for laptops . A Fellows program makes reserved rooms available for writers and scholars , selected annually , and many have accomplished important research and writing at the library . Other research branches ( edit ) Science , Industry and Business library In the 1990s , the New York Public Library decided to relocate that portion of the research collection devoted to science , technology , and business to a new location . The library purchased and adapted the former B. Altman department store on 34th Street . In 1995 , the 100th anniversary of the founding of the library , the $100 million Science , Industry and Business Library ( SIBL ) , designed by Gwathmey Siegel & Associates of Manhattan , opened to the public . Upon the creation of the SIBL , the central research library on 42nd Street was renamed the Humanities and Social Sciences Library . Today there are four research libraries that comprise the NYPL 's research library system ; together they hold approximately 44,000,000 items . Total item holdings , including the collections of the Branch Libraries , are 50.6 million . The Humanities and Social Sciences Library on 42nd Street is still the heart of the NYPL 's research library system . The SIBL , with approximately 2 million volumes and 60,000 periodicals , is the nation 's largest public library devoted solely to science and business . The NYPL 's two other research libraries are the Schomburg Center for Research and Black Culture , located at 135th Street and Lenox Avenue in Harlem , and the New York Public Library for the Performing Arts , located at Lincoln Center . In addition to their reference collections , the Library for the Performing Arts and the SIBL also have circulating components that are administered as ordinary branch libraries . Recent History ( edit ) Recto of a 16th - century music manuscript found in the front pastedown of Drexel 4180 , a manuscript in the Music Division of the New York Public Library The New York Public Library was not created by government statute . From its earliest days , the library was formed from a partnership of city government with private philanthropy . As of 2010 , the research libraries in the system are largely funded with private money , and the branch or circulating libraries are financed primarily with city government funds . Until 2009 , the research and branch libraries operated almost entirely as separate systems , but that year various operations were merged . By early 2010 , the NYPL staff had been reduced by about 16 percent , in part through the consolidations . In 2010 , as part of the consolidation program , the NYPL moved various back - office operations to a new Library Services Center building in Long Island City . A former warehouse was renovated for this purpose for $50 million . In the basement , a new , $2.3 million book sorter uses bar codes on library items to sort them for delivery to 132 branch libraries . At two - thirds the length of a football field , the machine is the largest of its kind in the world , according to library officials . Books located in one branch and requested from another go through the sorter , which use has cut the previous waiting time by at least a day . Together with 14 library employees , the machine can sort 7,500 items an hour ( or 125 a minute ) . On the first floor of the Library Services Center is an ordering and cataloging office ; on the second , the digital imaging department ( formerly at the Main Branch building ) and the manuscripts and archives division , where the air is kept cooler ; on the third , the Barbara Goldsmith Preservation Division , with a staff of 10 ( as of 2010 ) but designed for as many as 30 employees . The NYPL maintains a force of NYC special patrolmen , who provide security and protection to various libraries , and NYPL special investigators , who oversee security operations at the library facilities . These officials have on - duty arrest authority granted by the New York Penal Law . Some library branches contract for security guards . BookOps ( edit ) In February 2013 , the New York and Brooklyn public libraries announced that they would merge their technical services departments . The new department is called BookOps . The proposed merger anticipates a savings of $2 million for the Brooklyn Public Library and $1.5 million for the New York Public Library . Although not currently part of the merger , it is expected that the Queens Library will eventually share some resources with the other city libraries . As of 2011 , circulation in the New York Public Library systems and Brooklyn Public Library systems has increased by 59 % . Located in Long Island City , BookOps was created as a way to save money while improving patrons service . The services of BookOps include the Selection Team which `` acquires , describes , prepares , and delivers new items for the circulating collections of Brooklyn Public Library ( BPL ) and New York Public Library , and for the general collections of NYPL 's research libraries . '' Under the Selection Team are the Acquisitions Department , the Cataloging Department , The Collections Processing Unit , and the Logistics Department . Before this facility opened , all the aforementioned departments were housed in different locations with no accountability between them , and items sometimes taking up to two weeks to reach their intended destination . BookOps now has all departments in one building and in 2015 sorted almost eight million items . The building has numerous rooms , including a room dedicated to caring for damaged books . Controversies ( edit ) The consolidations and changes in collections have promoted continuing debate and controversy since 2004 when David Ferriero was named the Andrew W. Mellon Director and Chief Executive of the Research Libraries . NYPL had engaged consultants Booz Allen Hamilton to survey the institution , and Ferriero endorsed the survey 's report as a big step `` in the process of reinventing the library '' . The consolidation program has resulted in the elimination of subjects such as the Asian and Middle East Division ( formerly named Oriental Division ) , as well as the Slavic and Baltic Division . A number of innovations in recent years have been criticized . In 2004 NYPL announced participation in the Google Books Library Project . By agreement between Google and major international libraries , selected collections of public domain books would be scanned in their entirety and made available online for free to the public . The negotiations between the two partners called for each to project guesses about ways that libraries are likely to expand in the future . According to the terms of the agreement , the data can not be crawled or harvested by any other search engine ; no downloading or redistribution is allowed . The partners and a wider community of research libraries can share the content . The sale of the separately endowed former Donnell Library in midtown provoked controversy . The elimination of Donnell was a result of the dissolution of children 's , young adult and foreign language collections . The Donnell Media Center was also dismantled , the bulk of its collection relocated at the New York Public Library for the Performing Arts as the Reserve Film and Video Collection , with parts of its collection redistributed . The site was redeveloped for a luxury hotel . Several veteran librarians have retired , and the number of age - level specialists in the boroughs have been cut back . Rose Main Reading Room Branch libraries ( edit ) The Epiphany branch , on East 23rd Street in Manhattan See also : List of New York Public Library Branches The New York Public Library system maintains commitment as a public lending library through its branch libraries in The Bronx , Manhattan and Staten Island , including the Mid-Manhattan Library , the Andrew Heiskell Braille and Talking Book Library , the circulating collections of the Science , Industry and Business Library , and the circulating collections of the Library for the Performing Arts . The branch libraries comprise the third - largest library in the United States . These circulating libraries offer a wide range of collections , programs , and services , including the renowned Picture Collection at Mid-Manhattan Library and the Media Center , redistributed from Donnell . The system has 39 libraries in Manhattan , 35 in the Bronx , and 13 in Staten Island . The newest is the 53rd Street Branch Library , located in Manhattan , which opened on June 26 , 2016 . As of 2016 , the New York Public Library consisted of four research centers and 88 neighborhood branch libraries in the three boroughs served . All libraries in the NYPL system may be used free of charge by all visitors . As of 2010 , the research collections contain 44,507,623 items ( books , videotapes , maps , etc . ) . The Branch Libraries contain 8,438,775 items . Together the collections total nearly 53 million items , a number surpassed only by the Library of Congress and the British Library . Taken as a whole , the three library systems in the city have 209 branches with 63 million items in their collections . Services ( edit ) Ask NYPL ( edit ) Christmas tree in the main entrance to the NYPL at Astor Hall Telephone Reference , known as ASK NYPL , answers 100,000 questions per year , by phone and online , as well as in The New York Times . Website and Digital holdings ( edit ) The Library website provides access to the library 's catalogs , online collections and subscription databases . It also has information about the library 's free events , exhibitions , computer classes and English as a Second Language ( ESL ) classes . The two online catalogs , LEO ( which searches the circulating collections ) and CATNYP ( which searches the research collections ) allow users to search the library 's holdings of books , journals and other materials . The LEO system allows cardholders to request books from any branch and have them delivered to any branch . The NYPL gives cardholders free access from home to thousands of current and historical magazines , newspapers , journals and reference books in subscription databases , including EBSCOhost , which contains full text of major magazines ; full text of the New York Times ( 1995 -- present ) , Gale 's Ready Reference Shelf which includes the Encyclopedia of Associations and periodical indexes , Books in Print ; and Ulrich 's Periodicals Directory . The New York Public Library also links to outside resources , such as the Bureau of Labor Statistics ' Occupational Outlook Handbook , and the CIA 's World Factbook . Databases are available for children , teenagers , and adults of all ages . The NYPL Digital Collections ( formerly named Digital Gallery ) is a database of over 700,000 images digitized from the library 's collections . The Digital Collections was named one of Time Magazine 's 50 Coolest Websites of 2005 and Best Research Site of 2006 by an international panel of museum professionals . Other databases available only from within the library include Nature , IEEE and Wiley science journals , Wall Street Journal archives , and Factiva . Overall , the digital holdings for the Library consist of more than a petabyte of data as of 2015 . One NYPL ( edit ) In 2006 , the library adopted a new strategy that merged branch and research libraries into `` One NYPL '' . The organizational change developed a unified online catalog for all the collections , and one card to that could be used at both branch and research libraries . The 2009 website and online - catalog transition had some initial difficulties , but ultimately the catalogues were integrated . Community outreach ( edit ) The New York Public Library offers many services to its patrons . Some of these services include services for immigrants . New York City is known for having a welcoming environment when its comes to people of diverse backgrounds . The library offers free work and life skills classes . These are offered in conjunction with volunteers and partnerships at the library . In addition , the library offers non-English speakers materials and coaching for them to acclimate to the U.S. For these non-English speakers , the library offers free ESOL classes . Governance ( edit ) The NYPL , like all public libraries in New York , is granted a charter from the Board of Regents of the University of the State of New York and is registered with the New York State Education Department . The basic powers and duties of all library boards of trustees are defined in the Education Law and are subject to Part 90 of Title 8 of the New York Codes , Rules and Regulations . The NYPL 's charter , as restated and granted in 1975 , gives the name of the corporation as The New York Public Library , Astor , Lenox and Tilden Foundations . The library is governed by a board of trustees , composed of between 25 -- 42 trustees of several classes who collectively choose their own successors , including ex officio the New York City Mayor , New York City Council Speaker and New York City Comptroller . In popular Culture ( edit ) The historian David McCullough has described the New York Public Library as one of the five most important libraries in the United States ; the others are the Library of Congress , the Boston Public Library , and the university libraries of Harvard and Yale . The New York Public Library has been referenced numerous times in popular culture . The library has appeared as a setting , and topic multiple times in film , poetry , music , television , and music . Other New York City Library systems ( edit ) The New York Public Library , serving Manhattan , the Bronx , and Staten Island , is one of three separate and independent public library systems in New York City . The other two library systems are the Brooklyn Public Library and the Queens Library . According to the 2006 Mayor 's Management Report , New York City 's three public library systems had a total library circulation of 35 million : the NYPL and BPL ( with 143 branches combined ) had a circulation of 15 million , and the Queens system had a circulation of 20 million through its 62 branch libraries . Altogether the three library systems hosted 37 million visitors in 2006 . Other libraries in New York City , some of which can be used by the public , are listed in the Directory of Special Libraries and Information Centers . See also ( edit ) New York City portal Education in New York City Google Books Library Project List of museums and cultural institutions in New York City Benjamin Miller Collection NYPL Collection of Postage Stamps Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Division of Art , Prints and Photographs List of New York Public Library Branches References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` New York Public Library General Fact Sheet '' ( PDF ) . Nypl.org . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` President and Leadership '' . Nypl.org . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ Burke , Pat ( July 2 , 2015 ) . `` CTO Takes the New York Public Library Digital '' . CIO Insight . Quinstreet Enterprise . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ The New York Public Library , Astor , Lenox and Tilden Foundations . Financial Statements and Supplemental Schedules , June 2016 , page 8 . Jump up ^ Lydenberg 1916a , pp. 556 -- 563 Jump up ^ Lydenberg 1916a , pp. 563 -- 573 Jump up ^ Lydenberg 1916a , pp. 573 -- 574 ^ Jump up to : `` History of the New York Public Library '' . nypl.org . Retrieved June 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Editorial : Free Public Libraries '' . The New York Times . January 14 , 1872 . Retrieved May 19 , 2011 . 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American Library History : a comprehensive guide to the literature . Santa Barbara : ABC - CLIO , Inc . ISBN 0 - 87436 - 142 - 7 Glynn , Tom , Reading Publics : New York City 's Public Libraries , 1754 - 1911 ( Fordham University Press , 2015 ) . xii , 447 pp . Harris , Michael H. and Davis , Donald G. Jr. ( 1978 ) . American Library History : a bibliography . Austin : University of Texas ISBN 0 - 292 - 70332 - 5 Lydenberg , Harry Miller ( 1916a ) . `` History of the New York Public Library : Part I '' . Bulletin of the New York Public Library . 20 : 555 -- 619 . Lydenberg , Harry Miller ( 1916b ) . `` History of the New York Public Library : Part III '' . Bulletin of the New York Public Library . 20 : 685 -- 734 . Lydenburg , Harry Miller ( 1923 ) . History of the New York Public Library , Astor , Lenox and Tilden Foundations . The New York Public Library . Myers , Andrew B . The Worlds of Washington Irving : 1783 -- 1859 ( 1974 ) Reed , Henry Hope . The New York Public Library : Its Architecture and Decoration ( 1986 ) Reed , Henry Hope ( 2011 ) . The New York Public Library : The Architecture and Decoration of the Stephen A. Schwarzman Building . 500 Fifth Avenue , New York , NY : W.W. Norton and Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 07810 - 7 . Sherman , Scott ( 2015 ) . Patience and fortitude : power , real estate , and the fight to save a public library , Brooklyn ; London : Melville House , ISBN 978 - 1 - 61219 - 429 - 5 Van Slyck , Abigail A. ( 1995 ) . Free to All : Carnegie Libraries & American Culture , 1890 -- 1920 . Chicago : IL : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 85031 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to New York Public Library . Wikipedia Cultural Embassy for New York Public Library Official website ( Mobile ) `` New York Public Library collected news and commentary '' . The New York Times . Teachinghistory.org review of NYPL website American Shores Texts on Wikisource : Lydenberg , H.M. ( 1905 ) . `` New York Public Library '' . New International Encyclopedia . `` New York Public Library '' . The New Student 's Reference Work . 1914 . `` New York Public Library '' . Encyclopedia Americana. 1920 . `` New York Public Library '' . Collier 's New Encyclopedia . 1921 . 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where is reserve bank of india head office
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The RBI has four zonal offices at Chennai , Delhi , Kolkata and Mumbai . It has 19 regional offices and 11 sub-offices . Regional offices are located in Ahmedabad , Bangalore , Bhopal , Bhubaneswar , Chandigarh , Chennai , Delhi , Guwahati , Hyderabad , Jaipur , Jammu , Kanpur , Kochi , Kolkata , Lucknow , Mumbai , Nagpur , Patna and Thiruvananthapuram and sub-offices are located in Agartala , Aizawal , Dehradun , Gangtok , Imphal , Panaji , Raipur , Ranchi , Shillong , Shimla and Srinagar .
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Reserve Bank of India
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reserve bank of india
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The Reserve Bank of India ( RBI ) is India 's central banking institution , which controls the monetary policy of the Indian rupee . It commenced its operations on 1 April 1935 during the British Rule in accordance with the provisions of the Reserve Bank of India Act , 1934 . The original share capital was divided into shares of 100 each fully paid , which were initially owned entirely by private shareholders . Following India 's independence on 15 August 1947 , the RBI was nationalised on 1 January 1949 .
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The RBI plays an important part in the Development Strategy of the Government of India . It is a member bank of the Asian Clearing Union . The general superintendence and direction of the RBI is entrusted with the 21 - member Central Board of Directors : the Governor , 4 Deputy Governors , 2 Finance Ministry representatives , 10 government - nominated directors to represent important elements of India 's economy , and 4 directors to represent local boards headquartered at Mumbai , Kolkata , Chennai and New Delhi . Each of these local boards consists of 5 members who represent regional interests , the interests of co-operative and indigenous banks . A Central Bank is an independent apex monetary authority which regulates banks and provides important financial services like storing of foreign exchange reserves , control of inflation , monetary policy report . A Central Bank is known by different names in different countries . The functions of a Central Bank vary from country to country and are autonomous or quasi-autonomous body and perform or through another agency vital monetary functions in the country . A central bank is a vital financial apex institution of an economy and the key objects of central banks may differ from country to country still they perform activitie s and functions with the goal of maintaining economic stability and growth of an economy . The bank is also active in promoting financial inclusion policy and is a leading member of the Alliance for Financial Inclusion ( AFI ) . The bank is often referred to by the name Mint Street . RBI is also known as banker 's bank . Contents ( hide ) 1 Preamble 2 History 2.1 1935 -- 1950 2.2 1950 -- 1960 2.3 1960 -- 1969 2.4 1969 -- 1985 2.5 1985 -- 1991 2.6 1991 -- 2000 the new century 2.7 Since 2000 3 Structure 4 Branches and support bodies 5 Main functions 5.1 Financial Supervision 5.2 Regulator and supervisor of the financial system 5.3 Managing of exchange control 5.4 Issue of currency and other Functions 6 Detection of fake currency 6.1 Developmental role 6.2 Related functions 6.3 Demonetisation 7 Policy rates and reserve ratios 7.1 Repo rate 7.2 Reverse Repo Rate ( RRR ) 7.3 Statutory liquidity ratio ( SLR ) 8 Publications 9 Further reading 10 References 11 External links Preamble ( edit ) The Preamble of the Reserve Bank of India describes the basic functions of the Reserve Bank as : `` to regulate the issue of Bank notes and keeping of reserves with a view to securing monetary stability in India and generally to operate the currency and credit system of the country to its advantage ; to have a modern monetary policy framework to meet the challenge of an increasingly complex economy , to maintain price stability while keeping in mind the objective of growth . '' History ( edit ) 1935 -- 1950 ( edit ) Reserve Bank of India - 10 Rupees ( 1938 ) , first year of banknote issue . The Reserve Bank of India was founded on 1 April 1935 to respond to economic troubles after the First World War . The Reserve Bank of India was conceptualized based on the guidelines presented by the Central Legislative Assembly which passed these guidelines as the RBI Act 1934 . RBI was conceptualized as per the guidelines , working style and outlook presented by Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar in his book titled `` The Problem of the Rupee -- Its origin and its solution '' and presented to the Hilton Young Commission . The bank was set up based on the recommendations of the 1926 Royal Commission on Indian Currency and Finance , also known as the Hilton -- Young Commission . The original choice for the seal of RBI was The East India Company Double Mohur , with the sketch of the Lion and Palm Tree . However , it was decided to replace the lion with the tiger , the national animal of India . The Preamble of the RBI describes its basic functions to regulate the issue of bank notes , keep reserves to secure monetary stability in India , and generally to operate the currency and credit system in the best interests of the country . The Central Office of the RBI was established in Calcutta ( now Kolkata ) but was moved to Bombay ( now Mumbai ) in 1937 . The RBI also acted as Burma 's ( now Myanmar ) central bank until April 1947 ( except during the years of Japanese occupation ( 1942 -- 45 ) ) , even though Burma seceded from the Indian Union in 1937 . After the Partition of India in 1947 , the bank served as the central bank for Pakistan until June 1948 when the State Bank of Pakistan commenced operations . Though set up as a shareholders ' bank , the RBI has been fully owned by the Government of India since its nationalization in 1949. RBI has monopoly of note issue . 1950 -- 1960 ( edit ) In the 1950s , the Indian government , under its first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru , developed a centrally planned economic policy that focused on the agricultural sector . The administration nationalized commercial banks and established , based on the Banking Companies Act of 1949 ( later called the Banking Regulation Act ) , a central bank regulation as part of the RBI . Furthermore , the central bank was ordered to support economic plan with loans . 1960 -- 1969 ( edit ) As a result of bank crashes , the RBI was requested to establish and monitor a deposit insurance system . Meant to restore the trust in the national bank system , it was initialized on 7 December 1961 . The Indian government founded funds to promote the economy , and used the slogan `` Developing Banking '' . The government of India restructured the national bank market and nationalized a lot of institutes . As a result , the RBI had to play the central part in controlling and supporting this public banking sector . 1969 -- 1985 ( edit ) In 1969 , Indira Gandhi - headed government nationalized 14 major commercial banks . Upon Gandhi 's return to India in 1980 a further 6 banks were nationalized . The regulation of the economy and especially the financial sector was reinforced by the Government of India in the 1970s and 1980s . The central bank became the central player and increased its policies a lot for a lot of tasks like interests , reserve ratio and visible deposits . These measures aimed at better economic development and had a huge effect on the company policy of the institutes . The banks lent money in selected sectors , like agri - business and small trade companies . The branch was forced to establish two new offices in the country for every newly established office in a town . The oil crises in 1973 resulted in increasing inflation , and the RBI restricted monetary policy to reduce the effects . 1985 -- 1991 ( edit ) A lot of committees analysed the Indian economy between 1985 and 1991 . Their results had an effect on the RBI . The Board for Industrial and Financial Reconstruction , the Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research and the Security & Exchange Board of India investigated the national economy as a whole , and the security and exchange board proposed better methods for more effective markets and the protection of investor interests . The Indian financial market was a leading example for so - called `` financial repression '' ( Mackinnon and Shaw ) . The Discount and Finance House of India began its operations in the monetary market in April 1988 ; the National Housing Bank , founded in July 1988 , was forced to invest in the property market and a new financial law improved the versatility of direct deposit by more security measures and liberalisation . 1991 -- 2000 the new century ( edit ) The national economy contracted in July 1991 as the Indian rupee was devalued . The currency lost 18 % relative to the US dollar , and the Narsimham Committee advised restructuring the financial sector by a temporal reduced reserve ratio as well as the statutory liquidity ratio . New guidelines were published in 1993 to establish a private banking sector . This turning point was meant to reinforce the market and was often called neo-liberal . The central bank deregulated bank interests and some sectors of the financial market like the trust and property markets . This first phase was a success and the central government forced a diversity liberalisation to diversify owner structures in 1998 . The National Stock Exchange of India took the trade on in June 1994 and the RBI allowed nationalized banks in July to interact with the capital market to reinforce their capital base . The central bank founded a subsidiary company -- the Bharatiya Reserve Bank Note Mudran Private Limited -- on 3 February 1995 to produce banknotes . Since 2000 ( edit ) The Foreign Exchange Management Act from 1999 came into force in June 2000 . It should improve the item in 2004 -- 2005 ( National Electronic Fund Transfer ) . The Security Printing & Minting Corporation of India Ltd. , a merger of nine institutions , was founded in 2006 and produces banknotes and coins . The national economy 's growth rate came down to 5.8 % in the last quarter of 2008 -- 2009 and the central bank promotes the economic development . Structure ( edit ) RBI runs a monetary museum in Mumbai The Central Board of Directors is the main committee of the Central Bank . The Government of India appoints the directors for a 4 - year term . The Board consists of a Governor , and not more than 4 Deputy Governors , 4 Directors to represent the regional boards , 2 from the Ministry of Finance and 10 other directors from various fields . RBI wants to create a post of Chief Operating Officer ( COO ) and re-allocate work between the five of them ( 4 Deputy Governor and COO ) . The bank is headed by the Governor and the post is currently held by economist Urjit Patel . There are 4 Deputy Governors BP Kanungo , SS Mundra , NS Vishwanathan and Viral Acharya . Two of the four Deputy Governors are traditionally from RBI ranks and are selected from the Bank 's Executive Directors . One is nominated from among the Chairpersons of public sector banks and the other is an economist . An Indian Administrative Service officer can also be appointed as Deputy Governor of RBI and later as the Governor of RBI as with the case of Y . Venugopal Reddy . Other persons forming part of the central board of directors of the RBI are Dr. Nachiket Mor , YC Deveshwar , Prof Damodar Acharya , Ajay Tyagi and Anjuly Duggal . Branches and support bodies ( edit ) RBI Headquarters in Mumbai The RBI has four zonal offices at Chennai , Delhi , Kolkata and Mumbai . It has 19 regional offices and 11 sub-offices . Regional offices are located in Ahmedabad , Bangalore , Bhopal , Bhubaneswar , Chandigarh , Chennai , Delhi , Guwahati , Hyderabad , Jaipur , Jammu , Kanpur , Kochi , Kolkata , Lucknow , Mumbai , Nagpur , Patna and Thiruvananthapuram and sub-offices are located in Agartala , Aizawal , Dehradun , Gangtok , Imphal , Panaji , Raipur , Ranchi , Shillong , Shimla and Srinagar . The RBI has four regional representations : North in New Delhi , South in Chennai , East in Kolkata and West in Mumbai . The representations are formed by five members , appointed for four years by the central government and with the advice of the Central Board of Directors serve as a forum for regional banks and to deal with delegated tasks from the Central Board . It has two training colleges for its officers , viz . Reserve Bank Staff College , Chennai and College of Agricultural Banking , Pune . There are three autonomous institutions run by RBI namely National Institute of Bank Management ( NIBM ) , Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research ( IGIDR ) , Institute for Development and Research in Banking Technology ( IDRBT ) . There are also four Zonal Training Centres at Mumbai , Chennai , Kolkata and New Delhi . The Board of Financial Supervision ( BFS ) , formed in November 1994 , serves as a CCBD committee to control the financial institutions . It has four members , appointed for two years , and takes measures to strength the role of statutory auditors in the financial sector , external monitoring and internal controlling systems . The Tarapore committee was set up by the Reserve Bank of India under the chairmanship of former RBI deputy governor S.S. Tarapore to `` lay the road map '' to capital account convertibility . The five - member committee recommended a three - year time frame for complete convertibility by 1999 -- 2000 . Main functions ( edit ) Main article : Reserve Bank Of India : Working and Functions Reserve Bank of India regional office , Delhi entrance with the Yakshini sculpture depicting `` Prosperity through agriculture '' . The RBI Regional Office in Delhi . The regional office of RBI ( right ) in front of GPO ( left ) at Dalhousie Square , Kolkata . Financial Supervision ( edit ) The primary objective of BFS is to undertake consolidated supervision of the financial sector comprising commercial banks , financial institutions and non-banking finance companies . The Board is constituted by co-opting four Directors from the Central Board as members for a term of two years and is chaired by the Governor . The Deputy Governors of the Reserve Bank are ex-officio members . One Deputy Governor , usually , the Deputy Governor in charge of banking regulation and supervision , is nominated as the Vice-Chairman of the Board . The Board is required to meet normally once every month . It considers inspection reports and other supervisory issues placed before it by the supervisory departments . BFS through the Audit Sub-Committee also aims at upgrading the quality of the statutory audit and internal audit functions in banks and financial institutions . The audit sub-committee includes Deputy Governor as the chairman and two Directors of the Central Board as members . The BFS oversees the functioning of Department of Banking Supervision ( DBS ) , Department of Non-Banking Supervision ( DNBS ) and Financial Institutions Division ( FID ) and gives directions on the regulatory and supervisory issues . Regulator and supervisor of the financial system ( edit ) The institution is also the regulator and supervisor of the financial system and prescribes broad parameters of banking operations within which the country 's banking and financial system functions . Its objectives are to maintain public confidence in the system , protect depositors ' interest and provide cost - effective banking services to the public . The Banking Ombudsman Scheme has been formulated by the Reserve Bank of India ( RBI ) for effective addressing of complaints by bank customers . The RBI controls the monetary supply , monitors economic indicators like the gross domestic product and has to decide the design of the rupee banknotes as well as coins . Managing of exchange control ( edit ) The central bank manages to reach different goals of the Foreign Exchange Management Act , 1999 . Objective : to facilitate external trade and payment and promote orderly development and maintenance of foreign exchange market in India Issue of currency and other functions ( edit ) The bank issues and exchanges currency notes and coins and destroys the same when they are not fit for circulation . The objectives are to issue bank notes and give public adequate supply of the same , to maintain the currency and credit system of the country to utilize it in its best advantage , and to maintain the reserves . RBI maintains the economic structure of the country so that it can achieve the objective of price stability as well as economic development because both objectives are diverse in themselves . For printing of notes , the Security Printing and Minting Corporation of India Limited ( SPMCIL ) , a wholly owned company of the Government of India , has set up printing presses at Nashik , Maharashtra and Dewas , Madhya Pradesh . The Bharatiya Reserve Bank Note Mudran Private Limited ( BRBNMPL ) , also has set up printing presses in Mysore in Karnataka and Salboni in West Bengal . In all , there are four printing presses . And for the minting of coins , SPMCIL has four mints at Mumbai , Noida ( UP ) , Kolkata and Hyderabad for coin production . Commercial banks create credit . It is the duty of the RBI to control the credit through the CRR , bank rate and open market operations . As banker 's bank , the RBI facilitates the clearing of cheques between the commercial banks and helps the inter-bank transfer of funds . It can grant financial accommodation to schedule banks . It acts as the lender of the last resort by providing emergency advances to the banks . It supervises the functioning of the commercial banks and takes action against it if the need arises . The RBI also advices the banks on various matters for example Corporate Social Responsibility . Detection of fake currency ( edit ) In order to curb the fake currency menace , RBI has launched a website to raise awareness among masses about fake notes in the market . www.paisaboltahai.rbi.org.in provides information about identifying fake currency . On 22 January 2014 ; RBI gave a press release stating that after 31 March 2014 , it will completely withdraw from circulation all banknotes issued prior to 2005 . From 1 April 2014 , the public will be required to approach banks for exchanging these notes . Banks will provide exchange facility for these notes until further communication . The Reserve Bank has also clarified that the notes issued before 2005 will continue to be legal tender . This would mean that banks are required to exchange the notes for their customers as well as for non-customers . From 1 July 2014 , however , to exchange more than 15 pieces of ` 500 and ` 1000 notes , non-customers will have to furnish proof of identity and residence as well as show aadhar to the bank branch in which she / he wants to exchange the notes . This move from the Reserve Bank is expected to unearth black money held in cash . As the new currency notes have added security features , they would help in curbing the menace of fake currency . Developmental role ( edit ) The central bank has to perform a wide range of promotional functions to support national objectives and industries . The RBI faces a lot of inter-sectoral and local inflation - related problems . Some of these problems are results of the dominant part of the public sector . Related functions ( edit ) The RBI is also a banker to the government and performs merchant banking function for the central and the state governments . It also acts as their banker . The National Housing Bank ( NHB ) was established in 1988 to promote private real estate acquisition . The institution maintains banking accounts of all scheduled banks , too . RBI on 7 August 2012 said that Indian banking system is resilient enough to face the stress caused by the drought - like situation because of poor monsoon this year . Demonetisation ( edit ) On 8 November 2016 , the Government of India announced the demonetisation of all ₹ 500 ( US $7.80 ) and ₹ 1,000 ( US $16 ) banknotes of the Mahatma Gandhi Series on the recommendation of the Reserve Bank of India ( RBI ) . The government claimed that the action would curtail the shadow economy and crack down on the use of illicit and counterfeit cash to fund illegal activity and terrorism . Policy rates and Reserve ratios ( edit ) Policy Rates , Reserve Ratios , Lending and Deposit Rates as of 14 October 2017 Bank Rate 6.25 % Repo Rate 6.0 % Reverse Repo Rate 5.75 % Cash Reserve Ratio ( CRR ) 4 % Statutory Liquidity Ratio ( SLR ) 19.5 % Base Rate 9.25 % -- 9.65 % Savings Deposit Rate 4 % Term Deposit Rate for > 1 year 6.50 % -- 7.00 % Repo rate ( edit ) Repo ( Repurchase ) rate also known as the benchmark interest rate is the rate at which the RBI lends money to the banks for a short - term . When the repo rate increases , borrowing from RBI becomes more expensive . If RBI wants to make it more expensive for the banks to borrow money , it increases the repo rate similarly , if it wants to make it cheaper for banks to borrow money it reduces the repo rate . If the repo rate is increased , banks ca n't carry out their business at a profit whereas the very opposite happens when the repo rate is cut down . Generally , repo rates are cut down whenever the country needs to progress in banking and economy . Currently , the new RBI Governor Sri Urjit Patel has cut the previous Repo rate to 6.00 % for facilitation of India 's economy . Reverse repo rate ( rrr ) ( edit ) Reverse Repo rate is the short term borrowing rate at which RBI borrows money from banks . The Reserve bank uses this tool when it feels there is too much money floating in the banking system . An increase in the reverse repo rate means that the banks will get a higher rate of interest from RBI . As a result , banks prefer to lend their money to RBI which is always safe instead of lending it others ( people , companies etc . ) which is always risky . Repo Rate signifies the rate at which liquidity is injected into the banking system by RBI , whereas Reverse Repo rate signifies the rate at which the central bank absorbs liquidity from the banks . Currently , Reverse Repo Rate is pegged to be 0.25 % below Repo Rate . Statutory liquidity ratio ( slr ) ( edit ) Apart from the CRR , banks are required to maintain liquid assets in the form of gold , cash and approved securities . Higher liquidity ratio forces commercial banks to maintain a larger proportion of their resources in liquid form and thus reduces their capacity to grant loans and advances , thus it is an anti-inflationary impact . A higher liquidity ratio diverts thebank funds from loans and advances to investment in government and approved securities . In well - developed economies , central banks use open market operations -- buying and selling of eligible securities by the central bank in the money market -- to influence the volume of cash reserves with commercial banks and thus influence the volume of loans and advances they can make to the commercial and industrial sectors . In the open money market , government securities are traded at market - related rates of interest . The RBI is resorting more to open market operations in the more recent years . Generally , RBI uses Minimum margins for lending against specific securities . Ceiling on the amounts of credit for certain purposes . The discriminatory rate of interest charged on certain types of advances . Direct credit controls in India are of three types : Part of the interest rate structure , i.e. , on small savings and provident funds , are administratively set . Banks are mandatory required to keep 20.00 % of their NDTL ( Net Demand and Time Liabilities ) in the form of liquid assets . Banks are required to lend to the priority sectors to the extent of 40 % of their advances . Publications ( edit ) A report titled `` Trend and Progress of Banking In India '' is published annually , as required by the Banking Regulation Act of 1949 . The report sums up trends and developments throughout the financial sector . Starting in April 2014 , the Reserve Bank of India publishes bi-monthly policy updates . Further reading ( edit ) S.L.N. Simha . History of the Reserve Bank of India , Volume 1 : 1935 -- 1951 . RBI. 1970 . ISBN 81 - 7596 - 247 - X . ( 2005 reprint PDF ) G. Balachandran . The Reserve Bank of India , 1951 -- 1967 . Oxford University Press . 1998 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 564468 - 9 . ( PDF ) A. Vasudevan et al . The Reserve Bank of India , Volume 3 : 1967 -- 1981 . RBI. 2005 . ISBN 81 - 7596 - 299 - 2 . ( PDF ) Cecil Kisch : Review `` The Monetary Policy of the Reserve Bank of India '' by K.N. Raj . In : The Economic Journal . Vol. 59 , No. 235 ( Sep. , 1949 ) , pp. 436 -- 438 . Findlay G. Shirras : The Reserve Bank of India . In The Economic Journal . Vol. 44 , No. 174 ( Jun. , 1934 ) , pp. 258 -- 274 . Narenda Jadhav , Partha Ray , Dhritidyuti Bose , Indranil Sen Gupta : The Reserve Bank of India 's Balance Sheet : Analytics and Dynamics of Evolution , November 2004 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Urjit Patel takes over as RBI governor '' . The Hindu . 22 September 2016 . Retrieved 15 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RBI '' . BS Reporter . Jump up ^ Reserve Bank of India . Rbi.org.in ( 2005 - 02 - 07 ) . Retrieved on 2014 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ Reserve Bank of India -- India 's Central Bank . Rbi.org.in . Jump up ^ `` Reserve Bank of India -- India 's Central Bank '' . rbi.org.in . Jump up ^ `` Reserve Bank of India Act , 1934 '' ( PDF ) . p. 115 . Retrieved 6 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` RESERVE BANK OF INDIA ACT , 1934 ( As modified up to 27 February 2009 ) '' ( PDF ) . Reserve Bank of India ( RBI ) . Retrieved 20 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` RBI History - Reserve Bank of India Nationalisation Newspaper Clipping '' . Jump up ^ Kolekar , Yogesh Prasad ( 6 August 2015 ) . `` Central Bank -- A Vital Organization of an Economy '' -- via papers.ssrn.com . Jump up ^ Srinivas , Yanamandra ( 2014 - 12 - 01 ) . `` Minsky , Monetary Policy and Mint Street : Challenges for the Art of Monetary Policymaking in Emerging Economies '' . Levy Economics Institute Working Paper Collection . Social Science Research Network . SSRN 2532526 . Jump up ^ Cecil Kisch : Review `` The Monetary Policy of Reserve Bank of India '' by Rohit . In : The Economic Journal . Vol. 59 , No. 235 ( Sep. , 1949 ) , PP. 436 -- 438 , p. 436 . It began according to the guidelines laid down by Dr. BR Ambedkar . Jump up ^ Mukherjee , Pranab , Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Memorial Lecture 2014 on vision of India in 21st century , as envisaged by Dr. Ambedkar , pib.nic.in ^ Jump up to : `` Reserve Bank of India : Platinum Jubilee ( PDF ) '' . RBI.org.in. 2010 . Retrieved on 15 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Kolekar , Yogesh Prasad , The Reserve Bank of India and its functions , legalservicesindia.com Jump up ^ `` History '' . RBI. 1935 - 04 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Beth Anne Wilson und Geoffrey N. Keim : India and Global Economy in Business Economics , January 2006 , S. 29 . ^ Jump up to : Narenda Jadhav , Partha Ray , Dhritidyuti Bose , Indranil Sen Gupta : The Reserve Bank of India 's Balance Sheet : Analytics and Dynamics of Evolution , November 2004 , S ... 16 . Jump up ^ Ananya Mukherjee Reed : Corporate Governance Reforms in India in Journal of Business Ethics , Volume 37 , Number 3 / May , 2002 , p. 253 . Jump up ^ Sunil Kumar , Rachita Gulati : Did efficiency of Indian public sector banks converge with banking reforms ? in Int Rev Econ ( 2009 ) 56 : 47 -- 84 , p. 47 - 48 . Jump up ^ Panicos O. Demetriades , Kul B. Luintel : Financial Development , Economic Growth and Banking Sector Controls : Evidence from India . in The Economic Journal . Vol. 106 , No. 435 ( March 1996 ) , pp. 359 -- 374 , p. 360 . Jump up ^ Alpana Killawala : `` History of The Reserve Bank of India -- Summary '' , Reserve Bank of India Press Release , 18.03. 2006 ( RBI ) Jump up ^ Narenda Jadhav , Partha Ray , Dhritidyuti Bose , Indranil Sen Gupta : The Reserve Bank of India 's Balance Sheet : Analytics and Dynamics of Evolution , November 2004 , S. 40 . Jump up ^ Sunil Kumar , Rachita Gulati : Did efficiency of Indian public sector banks converge with banking reforms ? in Int Rev Econ ( 2009 ) 56 : 47 -- 84 , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Chronology of Events , Developing the Markets : Seeds of Liberalization - 1985 to 1991 ( RBI ) Jump up ^ Amal Kanti Ray : India 's Social Development in a Decade of Reforms : 1990 -- 91 / 1999 -- 2000 in Social Indicators Research , Volume 87 , Number 3 / July , 2008 , p. 410 . Jump up ^ Ananya Mukherjee Reed : Corporate Governance Reform Journal of Business Ethics , Volume 37 , Number 3 / May , 2002 , p. 257 . Jump up ^ Raghbendra Jha , Ibotombi S. Longjam : Structure of financial savings during Indian economic reforms in Empirical Economics ( 2006 ) 31 : 861 -- 869 , p. 862 . Jump up ^ Sunil Kumar , Rachita Gulati : Did efficiency of Indian public sector banks converge with banking reforms ? in Int Rev Econ ( 2009 ) 56 : 47 -- 84 , p. 49 , Jump up ^ Chronology of Events , Crisis and Reforms - 1991 to 2000 ( RBI ) Jump up ^ `` RBI History -- Spanning 7 Decades of Public Service '' . Rbidocs.rbi.org.in. 1935 - 04 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Security Printing &Minting Corporation of India , About Us ( SPMCIL ) Jump up ^ Second Quarter Review of Monetary Policy for the Year 2009 -- 10 , Punkt 15. , ( RBI ) Jump up ^ Macroeconomic and Monetary Developments -- Second Quarter Review 2009 -- 10 , S. 94 , ( RBI ) Jump up ^ Reserve Bank of India -- India 's Central Bank . Rbi.org.in . Retrieved on 2014 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` RBI proposes COO post in rank of Deputy Governor '' . intoday.in . Jump up ^ `` RBI Proposes COO Post in Rank of Deputy Governor '' . ndtv.com . Jump up ^ India , Press Trust of ( 2017 - 03 - 10 ) . `` BP Kanungo appointed RBI deputy governor '' . Business Standard India . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` NS Vishwanathan appointed as Deputy Governor of RBI '' . indianexpress.com . Retrieved 28 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Reserve Bank of India '' . Rbi.org.in . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Reserve Bank of India -- Press Releases '' . rbi.org.in . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` About us , Organisation and Functions '' . RBI . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` RBI institutions '' . Jump up ^ `` History of Reserve Bank '' . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ RBI , Frequently Asked Questions , Currency Matters ( RBI ) Jump up ^ RBI , Right To Information Doc , Pg 29 / 30 Jump up ^ `` Reserve Bank of India -- India 's Central Bank '' . rbi.org.in . Jump up ^ `` RBI launches website to explain detection of fake currency '' . Times of India . 8 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Reserve Bank of India '' . rbi.org.in . Jump up ^ Samarjit Das , Kaushik Bhattacharya : Price convergence across regions in India in Empirical Economics ( 2008 ) 34 : 299 -- 313 , S. 312 . Jump up ^ Alpana Sivam , Sadasivam Karuppannan : Role of state and market in housing delivery for low - income groups in India in Journal of Housing and the Built Environment 17 : 69 -- 88 , 2002 , S. 85 . Jump up ^ `` Indian banks can weather impact of drought : RBI '' . August 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Withdrawal of Legal Tender Status for ₹ 500 and ₹ 1000 Notes : RBI Notice ( Revised ) '' . Reserve Bank of India . 8 November 2016 . Retrieved 8 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Here is what PM Modi said about the new Rs 500 , Rs 2000 notes and black money '' . India Today . 8 November 2016 . Retrieved 9 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Notes out of circulation '' . The Times of India . 8 November 2016 . Jump up ^ C.R.L. Narasimhan ( 2 December 2013 ) . `` NPA reduction , a key issue '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 2 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Maintaining the status quo '' . 2 April 2014 . Retrieved 6 April 2014 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserve%20Bank%20of%20India
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what is the person who does an autopsy
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An autopsy ( post-mortem examination , obduction , necropsy , or autopsia cadaverum ) is a highly specialized surgical procedure that consists of a thorough examination of a corpse by dissection to determine the cause and manner of death or to evaluate any disease or injury that may be present for research or educational purposes . ( The term `` necropsy '' is generally reserved for non-human animals ; see below ) . It is usually performed by a specialized medical doctor called a pathologist . In most cases , a medical examiner or coroner can determine cause of death and only a small portion of deaths require an autopsy .
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pathologist
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Autopsy
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autopsy
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An autopsy ( post-mortem examination , obduction , necropsy , or autopsia cadaverum ) is a highly specialized surgical procedure that consists of a thorough examination of a corpse by dissection to determine the cause and manner of death or to evaluate any disease or injury that may be present for research or educational purposes . ( The term `` necropsy '' is generally reserved for non-human animals ; see below ) . It is usually performed by a specialized medical doctor called a pathologist . In most cases , a medical examiner or coroner can determine cause of death and only a small portion of deaths require an autopsy .
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Autopsies are performed for either legal or medical purposes . For example , a forensic autopsy is carried out when the cause of death may be a criminal matter , while a clinical or academic autopsy is performed to find the medical cause of death and is used in cases of unknown or uncertain death , or for research purposes . Autopsies can be further classified into cases where external examination suffices , and those where the body is dissected and internal examination is conducted . Permission from next of kin may be required for internal autopsy in some cases . Once an internal autopsy is complete the body is reconstituted by sewing it back together . Contents 1 Etymology of the word ' Autopsy ' 2 Purpose 3 Types 3.1 Forensic autopsy 3.1. 1 United States 3.1. 2 England and Wales 3.1. 3 Other jurisdictions 3.2 Clinical autopsy 4 Prevalence 5 Process 5.1 External examination 5.2 Internal examination 5.3 Reconstitution of the body 6 History 7 Other animals ( necropsy ) 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Etymology of the word ' autopsy ' ( edit ) The term `` autopsy '' derives from the Ancient Greek αὐτοψία autopsia , `` to see for oneself '' , derived from αὐτός ( autos , `` oneself '' ) and ὄψις ( opsis , `` sight , view '' ) . The word `` autopsy '' has been used since around the 17th century , it refers to the examination of inside the dead human body to discover diseases and cause of death . Purpose ( edit ) The principal aims of an autopsy is to determine the cause of death , the state of health of the person before he or she died , and whether any medical diagnosis and treatment before death was appropriate . In most Western countries the number of autopsies performed in hospitals has been decreasing every year since 1955 . Critics , including pathologist and former JAMA editor George D. Lundberg , have charged that the reduction in autopsies is negatively affecting the care delivered in hospitals , because when mistakes result in death , they are often not investigated and lessons therefore remain unlearned . When a person has given permission in advance of their death , autopsies may also be carried out for the purposes of teaching or medical research . An autopsy is frequently performed in cases of sudden death , where a doctor is not able to write a death certificate , or when death is believed to result from an unnatural cause . These examinations are performed under a legal authority ( Medical Examiner or Coroner or Procurator Fiscal ) and do not require the consent of relatives of the deceased . The most extreme example is the examination of murder victims , especially when medical examiners are looking for signs of death or the murder method , such as bullet wounds and exit points , signs of strangulation , or traces of poison . Some religions including Judaism and Islam usually discourage the performing of autopsies on their adherents . Organizations such as ZAKA in Israel and Misaskim in the United States generally guide families how to ensure that an unnecessary autopsy is not made . Autopsies are used in clinical medicine to identify medical error , or a previously unnoticed condition that may endanger the living , such as infectious diseases or exposure to hazardous materials . A study that focused on myocardial infarction ( heart attack ) as a cause of death found significant errors of omission and commission , i.e. a sizable number cases ascribed to myocardial infarctions ( MIs ) were not MIs and a significant number of non-MIs were actually MIs . A systematic review of studies of the autopsy calculated that in about 25 % of autopsies a major diagnostic error will be revealed . However , this rate has decreased over time and the study projects that in a contemporary US institution , 8.4 % to 24.4 % of autopsies will detect major diagnostic errors . A large meta - analysis suggested that approximately one - third of death certificates are incorrect and that half of the autopsies performed produced findings that were not suspected before the person died . Also , it is thought that over one fifth of unexpected findings can only be diagnosed histologically , i.e. , by biopsy or autopsy , and that approximately one quarter of unexpected findings , or 5 % of all findings , are major and can similarly only be diagnosed from tissue . One study found that ( out of 694 diagnoses ) `` Autopsies revealed 171 missed diagnoses , including 21 cancers , 12 strokes , 11 myocardial infarctions , 10 pulmonary emboli , and 9 endocarditis , among others '' . Focusing on intubated patients , one study found `` abdominal pathologic conditions -- abscesses , bowel perforations , or infarction -- were as frequent as pulmonary emboli as a cause of class I errors . While patients with abdominal pathologic conditions generally complained of abdominal pain , results of examination of the abdomen were considered unremarkable in most patients , and the symptom was not pursued '' . Types ( edit ) There are four main types of autopsies : Medico - Legal Autopsy or Forensic or coroner 's autopsies seek to find the cause and manner of death and to identify the decedent . They are generally performed , as prescribed by applicable law , in cases of violent , suspicious or sudden deaths , deaths without medical assistance or during surgical procedures . Clinical or Pathological autopsies are performed to diagnose a particular disease or for research purposes . They aim to determine , clarify , or confirm medical diagnoses that remained unknown or unclear prior to the patient 's death . Anatomical or academic autopsies are performed by students of anatomy for study purpose only . Virtual or medical imaging autopsies are performed utilizing imaging technology only , primarily magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ) and computed tomography ( CT ) . Forensic autopsy ( edit ) Autopsy room of the Charité Berlin A forensic autopsy is used to determine the cause and manner of death . Forensic science involves the application of the sciences to answer questions of interest to the legal system . Medical examiners attempt to determine the time of death , the exact cause of death , and what , if anything , preceded the death , such as a struggle . A forensic autopsy may include obtaining biological specimens from the deceased for toxicological testing , including stomach contents . Toxicology tests may reveal the presence of one or more chemical `` poisons '' ( all chemicals , in sufficient quantities , can be classified as a poison ) and their quantity . Because post-mortem deterioration of the body , together with the gravitational pooling of bodily fluids , will necessarily alter the bodily environment , toxicology tests may overestimate , rather than underestimate , the quantity of the suspected chemical . Following an in - depth examination of all the evidence , a medical examiner or coroner will assign one of the manners of death provided for in the fact - finder 's jurisdiction and will detail the evidence on the mechanism of the death . United States ( edit ) In most United States jurisdictions , each death is categorized as taking place in one of five `` manners of death '' : Natural Accident , including both a ) deaths resulting from a risk that is either reasonable or neither deliberately assumed nor intentionally created by another person and b ) deaths resulting from deliberate assumption of unreasonable risk . ( Contrast the definition of `` accident '' used in England and Wales ) Homicide Suicide Undetermined Most states require the state medical examiner to complete an autopsy report , and many mandate that the autopsy be videotaped . England and Wales ( edit ) Although England and Wales use the `` accident '' designation , in those jurisdictions the term applies to deaths resulting from a risk that is either a ) reasonable ( whether assumed deliberately or not ) or b ) neither i ) voluntarily assumed nor ii ) intentionally created by another party . For deaths resulting from deliberate assumption of unreasonable risk , England and Wales use the category `` misadventure . '' Other jurisdictions ( edit ) Some jurisdictions place deaths in absentia , such as deaths at sea and missing persons declared dead in a court of law , in the `` Undetermined '' category on the grounds that due to the fact - finder 's lack of ability to examine the body , the examiner has no personal knowledge of the manner of ( assumed ) death ; others classify such deaths in an additional category `` Other , '' reserving `` Undetermined '' for deaths in which the fact - finder has access to the body , but the information provided by the body and examination of it is insufficient to provide sufficient grounds for a determination . Clinical autopsy ( edit ) Pathologist performing a human dissection of the abdominal and thoracic organs in an autopsy room . Clinical autopsies serve two major purposes . They are performed to gain more insight into pathological processes and determine what factors contributed to a patient 's death . Autopsies are also performed to ensure the standard of care at hospitals . Autopsies can yield insight into how patient deaths can be prevented in the future . Within the United Kingdom , clinical autopsies can be carried out only with the consent of the family of the deceased person , as opposed to a medico - legal autopsy instructed by a Coroner ( England & Wales ) or Procurator Fiscal ( Scotland ) to which the family can not object . Over time , autopsies have not only been able to determine the cause of death , but also lead to discoveries of various diseases such as fetal alcohol syndrome , Legionnaire 's disease , and even viral hepatitis . Prevalence ( edit ) In 2004 in England and Wales , there were 514,000 deaths of which 225,500 were referred to the coroner . Of those , 115,800 ( 22.5 % of all deaths ) resulted in post-mortem examinations and there were 28,300 inquests , 570 with a jury . The rate of consented ( hospital ) autopsy in the UK and worldwide has declined rapidly over the past 50 years . In the UK in 2013 only 0.7 % of inpatient adult deaths were followed by consented autopsy . In the United States , autopsy rates fell from 17 % in 1980 to 14 % in 1985 and 11.5 % in 1989 , although the figures vary notably from county to county . Process ( edit ) Cadaver dissection table . Similar to those used in medical or forensic autopsies . The body is received at a medical examiner 's office , municipal mortuary , or hospital in a body bag or evidence sheet . A new body bag is used for each body to ensure that only evidence from that body is contained within the bag . Evidence sheets are an alternative way to transport the body . An evidence sheet is a sterile sheet that covers the body when it is moved . If it is believed there may be any significant evidence on the hands , for example , gunshot residue or skin under the fingernails , a separate paper sack is put around each hand and taped shut around the wrist . There are two parts to the physical examination of the body : the external and internal examination . Toxicology , biochemical tests or genetic testing / molecular autopsy often supplement these and frequently assist the pathologist in assigning the cause or causes of death . External examination ( edit ) At many institutions the person responsible for handling , cleaning , and moving the body is called a diener , the German word for servant . In the UK this role is performed by an Anatomical Pathology Technician ( APT ) , who will also assist the pathologist in eviscerating the body and reconstruction after the autopsy . After the body is received , it is first photographed . The examiner then notes the kind of clothes and their position on the body before they are removed . Next , any evidence such as residue , flakes of paint or other material is collected from the external surfaces of the body . Ultraviolet light may also be used to search body surfaces for any evidence not easily visible to the naked eye . Samples of hair , nails and the like are taken , and the body may also be radiographically imaged . Once the external evidence is collected , the body is removed from the bag , undressed , and any wounds present are examined . The body is then cleaned , weighed , and measured in preparation for the internal examination . The scale used to weigh the body is often designed to accommodate the cart that the body is transported on ; its weight is then deducted from the total weight shown to give the weight of the body . If not already within an autopsy room at the city , county or state morgue , the body is transported to one and placed on a table . A general description of the body as regards ethnic group , sex , age , hair colour and length , eye colour and other distinguishing features ( birthmarks , old scar tissue , moles , tattoos , etc . ) is then made . A voice recorder or a standard examination form is normally used to record this information . In some countries , e.g. , Scotland , France , Germany , and Canada , an autopsy may comprise an external examination only . This concept is sometimes termed a `` view and grant '' . The principle behind this is that the medical records , history of the deceased and circumstances of death have all indicated as to the cause and manner of death without the need for an internal examination . Internal examination ( edit ) If not already in place , a plastic or rubber brick called a `` head block '' is placed under the shoulders of the deceased , hyperflexing the neck making the spine arch backward while stretching and pushing the chest upward to make it easier to incise . This gives the APT , or pathologist , maximum exposure to the trunk . After this is done , the internal examination begins . The internal examination consists of inspecting the internal organs of the body by dissection for evidence of trauma or other indications of the cause of death . For the internal examination there are a number of different approaches available : a large and deep Y - shaped incision can be made starting at the top of each shoulder and running down the front of the chest , meeting at the lower point of the sternum ( breastbone ) . a curved incision made from the tips of each shoulder , in a semi-circular line across the chest / decolletage , to approximately the level of the second rib , curving back up to the opposite shoulder . a single vertical incision is made from the sternal notch at the base of the neck . a U-shaped incision is made at the tip of both shoulders , down along the side of the chest to the bottom of the rib cage , following along it . This is typically used on women and during chest - only autopsies . There is no need for any incision to be made , which will be visible after completion of the examination when the deceased is dressed in a shroud . In all of the above cases the incision then extends all the way down to the pubic bone ( making a deviation to either side of the navel ) and avoiding , where possible ; transsecting any scars which may be present . Bleeding from the cuts is minimal , or non-existent , because the pull of gravity is producing the only blood pressure at this point , related directly to the complete lack of cardiac functionality . However , in certain cases there is anecdotal evidence that bleeding can be quite profuse , especially in cases of drowning . At this point , shears are used to open the chest cavity . It is also possible to utilise a simple scalpel blade . The prosector uses the tool to cut through the ribs on the costal cartilage , to allow the sternum to be removed ; this is done so that the heart and lungs can be seen in situ and that the heart , in particular the pericardial sac is not damaged or disturbed from opening . A PM 40 knife is used to remove the sternum from the soft tissue which attaches it to the mediastinum . Now the lungs and the heart are exposed . The sternum is set aside and will be eventually replaced at the end of the autopsy . At this stage the organs are exposed . Usually , the organs are removed in a systematic fashion . Making a decision as to what order the organs are to be removed will depend highly on the case in question . Organs can be removed in several ways : The first is the en masse technique of Letulle whereby all the organs are removed as one large mass . The second is the en bloc method of Ghon . The most popular in the UK is a modified version of this method , which is divided into four groups of organs . Although these are the two predominant evisceration techniques , in the UK variations on these are widespread . One method is described here : The pericardial sac is opened to view the heart . Blood for chemical analysis may be removed from the inferior vena cava or the pulmonary veins . Before removing the heart , the pulmonary artery is opened in order to search for a blood clot . The heart can then be removed by cutting the inferior vena cava , the pulmonary veins , the aorta and pulmonary artery , and the superior vena cava . This method leaves the aortic arch intact , which will make things easier for the embalmer . The left lung is then easily accessible and can be removed by cutting the bronchus , artery , and vein at the hilum . The right lung can then be similarly removed . The abdominal organs can be removed one by one after first examining their relationships and vessels . Most pathologists , however , prefer the organs to be removed all in one `` block '' . Using dissection of the fascia , blunt dissection ; using the fingers or hands and traction ; the organs are dissected out in one piece for further inspection and sampling . During autopsies of infants , this method is used almost all of the time . The various organs are examined , weighed and tissue samples in the form of slices are taken . Even major blood vessels are cut open and inspected at this stage . Next the stomach and intestinal contents are examined and weighed . This could be useful to find the cause and time of death , due to the natural passage of food through the bowel during digestion . The more area empty , the longer the deceased had gone without a meal before death . A brain autopsy demonstrating signs of meningitis . The forceps ( center ) are retracting the dura mater ( white ) . Underneath the dura mater are the leptomeninges , which appear to be edematous and have multiple small hemorrhagic foci . The body block that was used earlier to elevate the chest cavity is now used to elevate the head . To examine the brain , an incision is made from behind one ear , over the crown of the head , to a point behind the other ear . When the autopsy is completed , the incision can be neatly sewn up and is not noticed when the head is resting on a pillow in an open casket funeral . The scalp is pulled away from the skull in two flaps with the front flap going over the face and the rear flap over the back of the neck . The skull is then cut with a circular ( or semicircular ) bladed reciprocating saw to create a `` cap '' that can be pulled off , exposing the brain . The brain is then observed in situ . Then the brain 's connection to the cranial nerves and spinal cord are severed , and the brain is lifted out of the skull for further examination . If the brain needs to be preserved before being inspected , it is contained in a large container of formalin ( 15 percent solution of formaldehyde gas in buffered water ) for at least two , but preferably four weeks . This not only preserves the brain , but also makes it firmer , allowing easier handling without corrupting the tissue . Reconstitution of the body ( edit ) An important component of the autopsy is the reconstitution of the body such that it can be viewed , if desired , by relatives of the deceased following the procedure . After the examination , the body has an open and empty thoracic cavity with chest flaps open on both sides , the top of the skull is missing , and the skull flaps are pulled over the face and neck . It is unusual to examine the face , arms , hands or legs internally . In the UK , following the Human Tissue Act 2004 all organs and tissue must be returned to the body unless permission is given by the family to retain any tissue for further investigation . Normally the internal body cavity is lined with cotton , wool , or a similar material , and the organs are then placed into a plastic bag to prevent leakage and are returned to the body cavity . The chest flaps are then closed and sewn back together and the skull cap is sewed back in place . Then the body may be wrapped in a shroud , and it is common for relatives to not be able to tell the procedure has been done when the body is viewed in a funeral parlor after embalming . History ( edit ) See also : History of dissection Autopsy ( 1890 ) by Enrique Simonet . Dissection , 19th century US . Around 3000 BC ancient Egyptians were one of the first civilizations to practice the removal and examination of the internal organs of humans in the religious practice of mummification . Autopsies that opened the body to determine the cause of death were attested at least in the early third millennium BC , although they were opposed in many ancient societies where it was believed that the outward disfigurement of dead persons prevented them from entering the afterlife ( as with the Egyptians , who removed the organs through tiny slits in the body ) . Notable Greek autopsists were Galen ( AD 129 - c. 200 / 216 ) , Erasistratus and Herophilus of Chalcedon , who lived in 3rd century BC Alexandria , but in general , autopsies were rare in ancient Greece . In 44 BC , Julius Caesar was the subject of an official autopsy after his murder by rival senators , the physician 's report noting that the second stab wound Caesar received was the fatal one . Julius Caesar had been stabbed a total of 23 times . By around 150 BC , ancient Roman legal practice had established clear parameters for autopsies . The dissection of human remains for medical or scientific reasons continued to be practiced irregularly after the Romans , for instance by the Arab physicians Avenzoar and Ibn al - Nafis . In Europe they were done with enough regularity to become skilled , as early as 1200 , and successful efforts to preserve the body , by filling the veins with wax and metals . Until the 20th century , it was thought that the modern autopsy process derived from the anatomists of the Renaissance . Giovanni Battista Morgagni ( 1682 -- 1771 ) , celebrated as the father of anatomical pathology , wrote the first exhaustive work on pathology , De Sedibus et Causis Morborum per Anatomen Indagatis ( The Seats and Causes of Diseases Investigated by Anatomy , 1769 ) . In the mid-1800s , Carl von Rokitansky and colleagues at the Second Vienna Medical School began to undertake dissections as a means to improve diagnostic medicine . In 1543 Andreas Vesalius conducted a public dissection of the body of a former criminal . He asserted and articulated the bones , this became the worlds oldest surviving anatomical preparation . It is still displayed at the Anatomical museum at the University of Basel . The 19th - century medical researcher Rudolf Virchow , in response to a lack of standardization of autopsy procedures , established and published specific autopsy protocols ( one such protocol still bears his name ) . He also developed the concept of pathological processes . Other animals ( necropsy ) ( edit ) A field post-mortem exam of a ewe . Post-mortem examination , or necropsy , is far more common in veterinary medicine than in human medicine . For many species that exhibit few external symptoms ( sheep ) , or that are not suited to detailed clinical examination ( poultry , cage birds , zoo animals ) , it is a common method used by veterinary physicians to come to a diagnosis . A necropsy is mostly used like an autopsy to determine cause of death . The entire body is examined at the gross visual level , and samples are collected for additional analyses . See also ( edit ) Body identification Forensic anthropology Forensic facial reconstruction Forensic identification Murder book Virtopsy Vivisection References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Rothenberg , Kelly ( 2008 ) . `` The Autopsy Through History '' . In Ayn Embar - seddon , Allan D. Pass . Forensic Science . Salem Press . p. 100 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58765 - 423 - 7 . Jump up ^ Clark MJ ( 2005 ) . `` Historical Keyword `` autopsy '' `` . Lancet . 366 ( 9499 ) : 1767 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 05 ) 67715 - X . Jump up ^ Elizabeth C Burton , Kim A Collins . Religions and the Autopsy , EMedicine . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ Michael Tsokos , `` Die Klaviatur des Todes '' , Knaur , Munich , 2013 , pp. 179 - 189 Jump up ^ Ravakhah K ( 2006 ) . `` Death certificates are not reliable : revivification of the autopsy '' . South . Med. J. 99 ( 7 ) : 728 -- 33 . doi : 10.1097 / 01. smj. 0000224337.77074. 57 . PMID 16866055 . Jump up ^ Shojania KG , Burton EC , McDonald KM , Goldman L ( 2003 ) . `` Changes in rates of autopsy - detected diagnostic errors over time : a systematic review '' . JAMA. 289 ( 21 ) : 2849 -- 56 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 289.21. 2849 . PMID 12783916 . Jump up ^ Roulson J , Benbow EW , Hasleton PS ( 2005 ) . `` Discrepancies between clinical and autopsy diagnosis and the value of post mortem histology ; a meta - analysis and review '' . Histopathology. 47 ( 6 ) : 551 -- 9 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2559.2005. 02243. x . PMID 16324191 . Jump up ^ Combes A , Mokhtari M , Couvelard A , Trouillet JL , Baudot J , Hénin D , Gibert C , Chastre J ( 2004 ) . `` Clinical and autopsy diagnoses in the intensive care unit : a prospective study '' . Arch . Intern . Med. 164 ( 4 ) : 389 -- 92 . doi : 10.1001 / archinte. 164.4. 389 . PMID 14980989 . Jump up ^ Papadakis MA , Mangione CM , Lee KK , Kristof M ( 1991 ) . `` Treatable abdominal pathologic conditions and unsuspected malignant neoplasms at autopsy in veterans who received mechanical ventilation '' . JAMA. 265 ( 7 ) : 885 -- 7 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 265.7. 885 . PMID 1992186 . ^ Jump up to : Strasser , Russell S. ( 2008 ) . `` Autopsies '' . In Ayn Embar - seddon , Allan D. Pass . Forensic Science . Salem Press . p. 95 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58765 - 423 - 7 . Jump up ^ Roberts IS , Benamore RE , Benbow EW , Lee SH , Harris JN , Jackson A , Mallett S , Patankar T , Peebles C , Roobottom C , Traill ZC ( 2012 ) . `` Post-mortem imaging as an alternative to autopsy in the diagnosis of adult deaths : A validation study '' . The Lancet . 379 ( 9811 ) : 136 -- 142 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 11 ) 61483 - 9 . PMC 3262166 . PMID 22112684 . Jump up ^ Mahoney Criminal Defense Group Jump up ^ Society , New England Anti-Vivisection . `` In Research Alternatives to Animals in Science '' . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ UK Department for Constitutional Affairs ( 2006 ) , Coroners Service Reform Briefing Note , p. 6 Jump up ^ Turnbull A.J. ; Osborn M. ; Nicholas N. ( June 2015 ) . `` Hospital Autopsy : endangered or extinct ? '' . ClinPath. 68 ( 8 ) : 601 -- 4 . doi : 10.1136 / jclinpath - 2014 - 202700 . PMC 4518760 . PMID 26076965 . ^ Jump up to : Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( 1988 ) , Current Trends Autopsy Frequency -- United States , 1980 -- 1985 , Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report , 37 ( 12 ) ; 191 - 4 Jump up ^ Pollock DA , O'Neil JM , Parrish RG , Combs DL , Annest JL ( 1993 ) . `` Temporal and geographic trends in the autopsy frequency of blunt and penetrating trauma deaths in the United States '' . JAMA : the Journal of the American Medical Association . 269 ( 12 ) : 1525 -- 31 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 1993.03500120063027 . PMID 8445815 . Jump up ^ `` Products - Data Briefs - Number 67 - August 2011 '' . www.cdc.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ St Andrew 's House ( 18 July 2007 ) . `` Inspectorate of Prosecution in Scotland - Death Cases : A Thematic Report on Liaison in Death Cases with Particular Reference to Organ Retention '' . Scottish Government . Jump up ^ `` Medicine '' . Archived from the original on 9 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Schafer , Elizabeth D. ( 2008 ) . `` Ancient science and forensics '' . In Ayn Embar - seddon , Allan D. Pass . Forensic Science . Salem Press . p. 43 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58765 - 423 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Pappas , Stephanie ( 5 March 2013 ) . `` Grotesque Mummy Head Reveals Advanced Medieval Science '' . Live Science . Retrieved 7 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Bryant , Clifton . Handbook of Death and Dying . California : Sage Publications , Inc , 2003 . Print . ISBN 0 - 7619 - 2514 - 7 Jump up ^ Battista Morgagni -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia Jump up ^ `` The Fabric of the human body '' . stanford.edu . Retrieved 6 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Necropsy University Animal Care '' . uac.arizona.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 06 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Autopsies . Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Autopsy . Autopsy -- a detailed description by a pathologist complete with cartoon figures . The Virtual Autopsy -- a site from the University of Leicester where one examines the patient , looks at the ( medical ) history and gets a try at the diagnosis . How Stuff Works -- Autopsies Autopsy of a Murder -- An interactive exploration of a murder scene and the science involved in a criminalistic investigation : autopsy and laboratory expertise . Produced by the Montreal Science Centre for its namesake exhibition . Pathology Principles of pathology Disease Infection Neoplasia Cause Pathogenesis Hemodynamics Ischemia Inflammation Cell damage Wound healing Cellular adaptation Atrophy Hypertrophy Hyperplasia Dysplasia Metaplasia Squamous Glandular Cell death Necrosis Coagulative necrosis Liquefactive necrosis Gangrenous necrosis Caseous necrosis Fat necrosis Fibrinoid necrosis Programmed cell death Apoptosis Pyknosis Karyorrhexis Karyolysis Accumulations pigment Hemosiderin Lipochrome / Lipofuscin Melanin Steatosis Anatomical pathology Surgical pathology Cytopathology Autopsy Molecular pathology Forensic pathology Oral and maxillofacial pathology Gross examination Histopathology Immunohistochemistry Electron microscopy Immunofluorescence Fluorescence in situ hybridization Clinical pathology Clinical chemistry Hematopathology Transfusion medicine Medical microbiology Diagnostic immunology Immunopathology Enzyme assay Mass spectrometry Chromatography Flow cytometry Blood bank Microbiological culture Serology Death Outline In medicine Cell death Necrosis Avascular necrosis Coagulative necrosis Liquefactive necrosis Gangrenous necrosis Caseous necrosis Fat necrosis Fibrinoid necrosis Temporal lobe necrosis Programmed cell death AICD Anoikis Apoptosis Autophagy Intrinsic apoptosis Necroptosis Paraptosis Parthanatos Phenoptosis Pseudoapoptosis Pyroptosis Autolysis Autoschizis Eschar Immunogenic cell death Ischemic cell death Pyknosis Karyorrhexis Karyolysis Mitotic catastrophe Suicide gene Abortion Accidental death Autopsy Brain death Brainstem death Clinical death DOA Death by natural causes Death rattle Dysthanasia End - 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theoretic death Last rites Martyr Megadeath Museum of Death Necronym Necrophilia Necrophobia The Order of the Good Death Predation Sacrifice human animal Spiritual death Suicide Assisted suicide Thanatosensitivity Undead Voodoo death Portal WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autopsy&oldid=856751594 '' Categories : Medical aspects of death Anatomical pathology Forensic techniques Forensic pathology Hidden categories : All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from March 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Walon ייִדיש 中文 53 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2018 , at 09 : 18 ( UTC ) . 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Local government in the United states
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local government in the united states
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House of Representatives Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Congressional districts United States Senate President Mike Pence ( R ) President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) Executive ( show ) President of the United States Donald Trump ( R ) Vice President of the United States Mike Pence ( R ) Cabinet Federal agencies Executive Office Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice John Roberts Kennedy Thomas Ginsburg Breyer Alito Sotomayor Kagan Gorsuch Courts of Appeals District Courts ( list ) Other tribunals Elections ( show ) Presidential elections Midterm elections Off - year elections Political parties ( show ) Democratic Republican Third parties Federalism ( show ) State Government Governors Legislatures ( List ) State courts Local government Other countries Atlas Local government in the United States refers to governmental jurisdictions below the level of the state . Most states have at least two tiers of local government : counties and municipalities . In some states , counties are divided into townships . There are several different types of jurisdictions at the municipal level , including the city , town , borough , and village . The types and nature of these municipal entities varies from state to state . Many rural areas and even some suburban areas of many states have no municipal government below the county level . In other places consolidated city - county jurisdictions exist , in which city and county functions are managed by a single municipal government . In places like New England , towns are the primary unit of local government and counties have no governmental function but exist in a purely perfunctory capacity ( e.g. for census data ) . In addition to general - purpose local governments , there may be local or regional special - purpose local governments , such as school districts and districts for fire protection , sanitary sewer service , public transportation , public libraries , or water resource management . Such special purpose districts often encompass areas in multiple municipalities . According to the US Census Bureau 's data collected in 2012 , there were 89,004 local government units in the United States . This data shows a decline from 89,476 units since the last census of local governments performed in 2007 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Types 2.1 County governments 2.2 Town or township governments 2.3 Municipal governments 2.4 Special - purpose local governments 2.4. 1 School districts 2.4. 2 Special districts 3 Councils or associations of governments 4 Dillon 's Rule 5 Governing bodies 6 Indian reservations 7 Census of local government 8 Examples in individual states 8.1 Alaska 8.2 California 8.3 District of Columbia 8.4 Georgia 8.5 Hawaii 8.6 Louisiana 8.7 Maryland 8.8 North Carolina 8.9 Pennsylvania 8.10 Texas 8.11 Virginia 8.12 Other states 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links History ( edit ) When North America was settled by Europeans from the 17th century onward , there was initially little control from governments back in Europe . Many settlements began as shareholder or stockholder business enterprises , and while the king of Britain had technical sovereignty , in most instances `` full governmental authority was vested in the company itself . '' Settlers had to fend for themselves ; compact towns sprung up based as legal corporations in what has been described as `` pure democracy '' : `` The people , owing to the necessity of guarding against the Indians and wild animals , and to their desire to attend the same church , settled in small , compact communities , or townships , which they called towns . The town was a legal corporation , was the political unit , and was represented in the General Court . It was a democracy of the purest type . Several times a year the adult males met in town meeting to discuss public questions , to lay taxes , to make local laws , and to elect officers . The chief officers were the `` selectmen , '' from three to nine in number , who should have the general management of the public business ; the town clerk , treasurer , constables , assessors , and overseers of the poor . To this day the town government continues in a large measure in some parts of New England. -- -- historian Henry William Elson writing in 1904 . '' Propertied men voted ; in no colonies was there universal suffrage . The founding of the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1629 by a group of Puritans led by John Winthrop came with the understanding that the enterprise was to be `` based in the new world rather than in London . '' Small towns in Massachusetts were compared to city - states in a somewhat oligarchic form , but an oligarchy based on `` perceived virtue '' rather than wealth or birth . The notion of self - government became accepted in the colonies , although it was n't totally free from challenges ; in the 1670s , the Lords of Trade and Plantations ( a royal committee regulating mercantile trade in the colonies ) tried to annul the Massachusetts Bay charter , but by 1691 , the New England colonies had reinstalled their previous governments . Voting was established as a precedent early on ; in fact , one of the first things that Jamestown settlers did was conduct an election . Typically , voters were white males described as `` property owners '' aged twenty - one and older , but sometimes the restrictions were greater , and in practice , persons able to participate in elections were few . Women were prevented from voting ( although there were a few exceptions ) and African - Americans were excluded . The colonists never thought of themselves as subservient but rather as having a loose association with authorities in London . Representative government sprung up spontaneously in various colonies , and during the colonial years , it was recognized and ratified by later charters . But the colonial assemblies passed few bills and did not conduct much business , but dealt with a narrow range of issues , and legislative sessions lasted weeks ( occasionally longer ) , and most legislators could not afford to neglect work for extended periods ; so wealthier people tended to predominate in local legislatures . Office holders tended to serve from a sense of duty and prestige , and not for financial benefit . `` Campaigning by candidates was different from today 's . There were no mass media or advertising . Candidates talked with voters in person , walking a line between undue familiarity and aloofness . Prospective officeholders were expected to be at the polls on election day and made a point to greet all voters . Failure to appear or to be civil to all could be disastrous . In some areas , candidates offered voters food and drink , evenhandedly giving `` treats '' to opponents as well as supporters. -- -- Ed Crews . '' Rules and orders for the regulation of the corporation when met in Common Council , Philadelphia , circa 1800 -- 1809 Taxes were generally based on real estate since it was fixed in place , plainly visible , and its value was generally well known , and revenue could be allocated to the government unit where the property was located . After the American Revolution , the electorate chose the governing councils in almost every American municipality , and state governments began issuing municipal charters . During the 19th century , many municipalities were granted charters by the state governments and became technically municipal corporations . Townships and county governments and city councils shared much of the responsibility for decision - making which varied from state to state . As the United States grew in size and complexity , decision - making authority for issues such as business regulation , taxation , environmental regulation moved to state governments and the national government , while local governments retained control over such matters as zoning issues , property taxes , and public parks . The concept of `` zoning '' originated in the U.S. during the 1920s , according to one source , in which state law gave certain townships or other local governing bodies authority to decide how land was used ; a typical zoning ordinance has a map of a parcel of land attached with a statement specifying how that land can be used , how buildings can be laid out , and so forth . Zoning legitimacy was upheld by the Supreme Court in its Euclid v. Ambler decision . Types ( edit ) The Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution makes local government a matter of state rather than federal law , with special cases for territories and the District of Columbia . As a result , the states have adopted a wide variety of systems of local government . The United States Census Bureau conducts the Census of Governments every five years to compile statistics on government organization , public employment , and government finances . The categories of local government established in this Census of Governments is a convenient basis for understanding local government in the United States . The categories are as follows : County Governments Town or Township Governments Municipal Governments Special - Purpose Local Governments County governments ( edit ) Main article : County ( United States ) County governments are organized local governments authorized in state constitutions and statutes . Counties and county - equivalents form the first - tier administrative division of the states . All the states are divided into counties or county - equivalents for administrative purposes , although not all counties or county - equivalents have an organized county government . County government has been eliminated throughout Connecticut and Rhode Island , as well as in parts of Massachusetts . The Unorganized Borough in Alaska also does not operate under a county level government . Additionally , a number of independent cities and consolidated city - counties operate under municipal governments that serve the functions of both city and county . In areas lacking a county government , services are provided either by lower level townships or municipalities , or the state . Town or township governments ( edit ) Main article : Civil township Town or township governments are organized local governments authorized in the state constitutions and statutes of 20 Northeastern and Midwestern states , established to provide general government for a defined area , generally based on the geographic subdivision of a county . Depending on state law and local circumstance , a township may or may not be incorporated , and the degree of authority over local government services may vary greatly . Towns in the six New England states and townships in New Jersey and Pennsylvania are included in this category by the Census Bureau , despite the fact that they are legally municipal corporations , since their structure has no necessary relation to concentration of population , which is typical of municipalities elsewhere in the United States . In particular , towns in New England have considerably more power than most townships elsewhere and often function as legally equivalent to cities , typically exercising the full range of powers that are divided between counties , townships , and cities in other states . An additional dimension that distinguishes township governments from municipalities is the historical circumstance surrounding their formation . For example , towns in New England are also defined by a tradition of local government presided over by town meetings -- assemblies open to all voters to express their opinions on public policy . The term `` town '' is also used for a local level of government in New York and Wisconsin . The terms `` town '' and `` township '' are used interchangeably in Minnesota . Municipal governments ( edit ) Main articles : Municipality , City , Town , Village ( United States ) , and Borough ( United States ) Municipal governments are organized local governments authorized in state constitutions and statutes , established to provide general government for a defined area , generally corresponding to a population center rather than one of a set of areas into which a county is divided . The category includes those governments designated as cities , boroughs ( except in Alaska ) , towns ( except in Minnesota and Wisconsin ) , and villages . This concept corresponds roughly to the `` incorporated places '' that are recognized in Census Bureau reporting of population and housing statistics , although the Census Bureau excludes New England towns from their statistics for this category , and the count of municipal governments excludes places that are governmentally inactive . Municipalities range in size from the very small ( e.g. , the village of Monowi , Nebraska , with only 1 resident ) , to the very large ( e.g. , New York City , with about 8.5 million people ) , and this is reflected in the range of types of municipal governments that exist in different areas . In most states , county and municipal governments exist side - by - side . There are exceptions to this , however . In some states , a city can , either by separating from its county or counties or by merging with one or more counties , become independent of any separately functioning county government and function both as a county and as a city . Depending on the state , such a city is known as either an independent city or a consolidated city - county . Such a jurisdiction constitutes a county - equivalent and is analogous to a unitary authority in other countries . In Connecticut , Rhode Island , and parts of Massachusetts , counties exist only to designate boundaries for such state - level functions as park districts or judicial offices ( Massachusetts ) . Municipal governments are usually administratively divided into several departments , depending on the size of the city . Special - purpose local governments ( edit ) School districts ( edit ) Main article : School district School districts are organized local entities providing public elementary and secondary education which , under state law , have sufficient administrative and fiscal autonomy to qualify as separate governments . The category excludes dependent public school systems of county , municipal , township , or state governments ( e.g. , school divisions ) . Special districts ( edit ) Main article : Special district ( United States ) Special districts are all organized local entities other than the four categories listed above , authorized by state law to provide designated functions as established in the district 's charter or other founding document , and with sufficient administrative and fiscal autonomy to qualify as separate governments ; known by a variety of titles , including districts , authorities , boards , commissions , etc. , as specified in the enabling state legislation . A special district may serve areas of multiple states if established by an interstate compact . Special districts are widely popular , have enjoyed `` phenomenal growth '' and `` nearly tripled in number '' from 1957 to 2007 . Councils or associations of governments ( edit ) Main article : Council of governments It is common for residents of major U.S. metropolitan areas to live under six or more layers of special districts as well as a town or city , and a county or township . In turn , a typical metro area often consists of several counties , several dozen towns or cities , and a hundred ( or more ) special districts . In one state , California , the fragmentation problem became so bad that in 1963 the California Legislature created Local Agency Formation Commissions in 57 of the state 's 58 counties ; that is , government agencies to supervise the orderly formation and development of other government agencies . One effect of all this complexity is that victims of government negligence occasionally sue the wrong entity and do not realize their error until the statute of limitations has run against them . Because efforts at direct consolidation have proven futile , U.S. local government entities often form `` councils of governments '' , `` metropolitan regional councils '' , or `` associations of governments '' . These organizations serve as regional planning agencies and as forums for debating issues of regional importance , but are generally powerless relative to their individual members . Since the late 1990s , `` a movement , frequently called ' New Regionalism ' , accepts the futility of seeking consolidated regional governments and aims instead for regional structures that do not supplant local governments . '' Dillon 's rule ( edit ) Unlike the relationship of federalism that exists between the U.S. government and the states ( in which power is shared ) , municipal governments have no power except what is granted to them by their states . This legal doctrine , called Dillon 's Rule , was established by Judge John Forrest Dillon in 1872 and upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court in Hunter v. Pittsburgh , 207 U.S. 161 ( 1907 ) , which upheld the power of Pennsylvania to consolidate the city of Allegheny into the city of Pittsburgh , despite the wishes of the majority of Allegheny residents . In effect , state governments can place whatever restrictions they choose on their municipalities ( including merging municipalities , controlling them directly , or abolishing them outright ) , as long as such rules do n't violate the state 's constitution . However , Dillon 's Rule does not apply in all states of the United States , because some state constitutions provide specific rights for municipalities and counties . State constitutions which allow counties or municipalities to enact ordinances without the legislature 's permission are said to provide home rule authority . New Jersey , for example , provides for home rule . A state which is both a home rule state and a Dillon 's Rule state applies Dillon 's Rule to matters or governmental units not accounted for in the constitutional amendment or statutes which grant home rule . Governing bodies ( edit ) The nature of both county and municipal government varies not only between states , but also between different counties and municipalities within them . Local voters are generally free to choose the basic framework of government from a selection established by state law . In most cases both counties and municipalities have a governing council , governing in conjunction with a mayor or president . Alternatively , the institution may be of the council -- manager government form , run by a city manager under direction of the city council . In the past the municipal commission was also common . The ICMA has classified local governments into five common forms : mayor -- council , council -- manager , commission , town meeting , and representative town meeting . In addition to elections for a council or mayor , elections are often also held for positions such as local judges , the sheriff , prosecutors , and other offices . Indian reservations ( edit ) While their territory nominally falls within the boundaries of individual states , Indian reservations actually function outside of state control . The reservation is usually controlled by an elected tribal council which provides local services . Census of local government ( edit ) A census of all local governments in the country is performed every 5 years by the United States Census Bureau , in accordance with 13 USC 161 . Governments in the United States ( not including insular areas ) Type Number Federal State and Federal District 51 County 3,034 Municipal ( city , town , village ... ) * 19,429 Township ( in some states called Town ) * * 16,504 School district 13,506 Special purpose ( utility , fire , police , library , etc . ) 35,052 Total 87,576 ) * note : Municipalities are any incorporated places , such as cities , towns , villages , boroughs , etc . ) * * note : New England towns and towns in New York and Wisconsin are classified as civil townships for census purposes . Examples in individual states ( edit ) The following sections provide details of the operation of local government in a selection of states , by way of example of the variety that exists across the country . Alaska ( edit ) Main article : Administrative divisions of Alaska Alaska calls its county equivalents `` boroughs '' , functioning similar to counties in the Lower 48 ; however , unlike any other state , not all of Alaska is subdivided into county - equivalent boroughs . Owing to the state 's low population density , most of the land is contained in what the state terms the Unorganized Borough which , as the name implies , has no intermediate borough government of its own , but is administered directly by the state government . Many of Alaska 's boroughs are consolidated city - borough governments ; other cities exist both within organized boroughs and the Unorganized Borough . California ( edit ) Main article : Local government in California California has several different and overlapping forms of local government . Cities , counties , and the one consolidated city - county can make ordinances ( local laws ) , including the establishment and enforcement of civil and criminal penalties . A city council meeting in Fullerton , California The entire state is subdivided into 58 counties ( e.g. , Los Angeles County ) . The only type of municipal entity is the city ( e.g. , Los Angeles ) , although cities may either operate under `` general law '' or a custom - drafted charter . California has never had villages , never really used townships ( they were for surveying and judicial purposes only ) , and allows cities to call themselves `` towns '' if they wish , but the name `` town '' is purely cosmetic with no legal effect . As a result , California has several towns with large populations in the tens of thousands and several cities that are home to only a few hundred people . California cities are granted broad plenary powers under the California Constitution to assert jurisdiction over just about anything , and they can not be abolished or merged without the consent of a majority of their inhabitants . For example , Los Angeles runs its own water and power utilities and its own elevator inspection department , while practically all other cities rely upon private utilities and the state elevator inspectors . San Francisco is unique in that it is the only consolidated city - county in the state . The city of Lakewood pioneered the Lakewood Plan , a contract under which a city reimburses a county for performing services which are more efficiently performed on a countywide basis . Such contracts have become very popular throughout California and many other states , as they enable city governments to concentrate on particular local concerns like zoning . A city which contracts out most of its services , particularly law enforcement , is known as a contract city . There are also thousands of `` special districts '' , which are areas with a defined territory in which a specific service is provided , such as schools or fire stations . These entities lack plenary power to enact laws , but do have the power to promulgate administrative regulations that often carry the force of law within land directly controlled by such districts . Many special districts , particularly those created to provide public transportation or education , have their own police departments ( e.g. Bay Area Rapid Transit District / BART Police and Los Angeles Unified School District / Los Angeles School Police Department ) . District of Columbia ( edit ) Main article : District of Columbia home rule The District of Columbia is unique within the United States in that it is under the direct authority of the U.S. Congress , rather than forming part of any state . Actual government has been delegated under the District of Columbia Home Rule Act to a city council which effectively also has the powers given to county or state governments in other areas . Under the act , the Council of the District of Columbia has the power to write laws , as a state 's legislature would , moving the bill to the mayor to sign into law . Following this , the United States Congress has the power to overturn the law . Georgia ( edit ) The state of Georgia is divided into 159 counties ( the largest number of any state other than Texas ) , each of which has had home rule since at least 1980 . This means that Georgia 's counties not only act as units of state government , but also in much the same way as municipalities . All municipalities are classed as a `` city '' , regardless of population size . For an area to be incorporated as a city , special legislation has to be passed by the General Assembly ( state legislature ) ; typically the legislation requires a referendum amongst local voters to approve incorporation , to be passed by a simple majority . This most recently happened in 2005 and 2006 in several communities near Atlanta . Sandy Springs , a city of 85,000 bordering the north side of Atlanta , incorporated in December 2005 . One year later , Johns Creek ( 62,000 ) and Milton ( 20,000 ) incorporated , which meant that the entirety of north Fulton County was now municipalized . The General Assembly also approved a plan that would potentially establish two new cities in the remaining unincorporated portions of Fulton County south of Atlanta : South Fulton and Chattahoochee Hills . Chattahoochee Hills voted to incorporate in December 2007 ; South Fulton voted against incorporation , and is the only remaining unincorporated portion of Fulton County . City charters may be revoked either by the legislature or by a simple majority referendum of the city 's residents ; the latter last happened in 2004 , in Lithia Springs . Revocation by the legislature last occurred in 1995 , when dozens of cities were eliminated en masse for not having active governments , or even for not offering at least three municipal services required of all cities . New cities may not incorporate land less than 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) from an existing city without approval from the General Assembly . The body approved all of the recent and upcoming creations of new cities in Fulton County . Four areas have a `` consolidated city - county '' government : Columbus , since 1971 ; Athens , since 1991 ; Augusta , since 1996 ; and Macon , which was approved by voters in 2012 . Hawaii ( edit ) Hawaii is the only U.S. state that has no incorporated municipalities . Instead it has four counties and the `` consolidated city - county '' of Honolulu . All communities are considered to be census - designated places , with the exact boundaries being decided upon by co-operative agreement between the Governor 's office and the U.S. Census Bureau . Kalawao County is the second smallest county in the United States , and is often considered part of Maui County . Louisiana ( edit ) In Louisiana , counties are called parishes ; likewise , the county seat is known as the parish seat . The difference in nomenclature does not reflect a fundamental difference in the nature of government , but is rather a reflection of the state 's unique status as a former French and Spanish colony ( although a small number of other states once had parishes too ) . Maryland ( edit ) Maryland has 23 counties . The State Constitution charters the City of Baltimore as an independent city , which is the functional equivalent of a county , and is separate from any county -- e.g. , there is also a Baltimore County , but its county seat is in Towson , not in the City of Baltimore . Other than Baltimore , all cities are the same , and there is no difference between a municipality called a city or a town . Cities and towns are chartered by the legislature . North Carolina ( edit ) Main article : North Carolina Councils of Government North Carolina has 100 counties , the seventh highest number in the country , The North Carolina Councils of Government ( or the Regional Councils of Government ) are voluntary associations of county and municipal governments , established by the North Carolina General Assembly in 1972 that serve as an avenue for local governments across North Carolina to discuss issues that are particular to their region . In banding together at the regional level , the voice of one community becomes the voice of many , thus providing a better opportunity for those issues to be addressed . Today the majority of citizens and local governments in North Carolina are represented by regional councils , making them an increasingly important facet of local government operations . Today North Carolina calls itself home to 16 regional councils of government . Regional councils in North Carolina are committed to working together . In 2010 the seventeen regional councils existing at that time signed an inter-regional cooperative agreement that established a policy to enhance their value by sharing member resources and capacity to deliver services to the state of North Carolina . This agreement also endorses regional councils , to carry out activities in regions outside their boundaries with consent when those services are to benefit the region and the state . Regional boundaries correspond to county borders , with each council being made up of both county and municipal governments . Although the number of regional councils in North Carolina has decreased over the years , the number of citizens served by the councils continues to rise . As of 2007 , it is reported that the number of local governments served by regional councils in North Carolina has increased by 16 % since 1994 . Throughout this same time period the number of citizens served by regional councils has increased by 35 % or approximately 2.3 million . This equates to 92 % of local governments and 97 % of all North Carolina citizens being represented by regional councils as of July 1 , 2007 . Pennsylvania ( edit ) Main article : Local government in Pennsylvania Pennsylvania has 67 counties . With the exception of Philadelphia and Allegheny County , counties are governed by three to seven county commissioners who are elected every four years ; the district attorney , county treasurer , sheriff , and certain classes of judge ( `` judges of election '' ) are also elected separately . Philadelphia has been a consolidated city - county since 1854 and has had a consolidated city - county government since 1952 . Allegheny County has had a council / chief executive government since 2001 , while still retaining its townships , boroughs and cities . Each county is divided into municipal corporations , which can be one of four types : cities , boroughs , townships , and incorporated towns . The Commonwealth does not contain any unincorporated land that is not served by a local government . However , the US Postal Service has given names to places within townships that are not incorporated separately . For instance King of Prussia is a census - designated place , having no local government of its own . It is rather contained within Upper Merion Township , governed by Upper Merion 's supervisors , and considered to be a part of the township . Townships are divided into two classes , depending on their population size and density . Townships of the `` First Class '' have a board made up of five to fifteen commissioners who are elected either at - large or for a particular ward to four - year terms , while those of the `` Second Class '' have a board of three to five supervisors who are elected at - large to six - year terms . Some townships have adopted a home rule charter which allows them to choose their form of government . One example is Upper Darby Township , in Delaware County , which has chosen to have a `` mayor - council '' system similar to that of a borough . Boroughs in Pennsylvania are governed by a `` mayor - council '' system in which the mayor has only a few powers ( usually that of overseeing the municipal police department , if the borough has one ) , while the borough council has very broad appointment and oversight . The council president , who is elected by the majority party every two years , is equivalent to the leader of a council in the United Kingdom ; his or her powers operate within boundaries set by the state constitution and the borough 's charter . A small minority of the boroughs have dropped the mayor - council system in favor of the council - manager system , in which the council appoints a borough manager to oversee the day - to - day operations of the borough . As in the case of townships , a number of boroughs have adopted home rule charters ; one example is State College , which retains the mayor - council system that it had as a borough . Bloomsburg is the Commonwealth 's only incorporated town ; McCandless Township in Allegheny County calls itself a town , but it officially remains a township with a home rule charter . Cities in Pennsylvania are divided into four classes : Class 1 , Class 2 , Class 2A , and Class 3 . Class 3 cities , which are the smallest , have either a mayor - council system or a council - manager system like that of a borough , although the mayor or city manager has more oversight and duties compared to their borough counterparts . Pittsburgh and Scranton are the state 's only Class 2 and Class 2A cities respectively , and have mayors with some veto power , but are otherwise still governed mostly by their city councils . Philadelphia is the Commonwealth 's only Class 1 city . It has a government similar to that of the Commonwealth itself , with a mayor with strong appointment and veto powers and a 17 - member city council that has both law - making and confirmation powers . Certain types of legislation that can be passed by the city government require state legislation before coming into force . Unlike the other cities in Pennsylvania , the Philadelphia city government also has oversight of county government , and as such controls the budget for the district attorney , sheriff , and other county offices that have been retained from the county 's one - time separate existence ; these offices are elected for separately than those for the city government proper . Texas ( edit ) Main article : Administrative divisions of Texas Texas has 254 counties , the most of any state . Each county is governed by a five - member Commissioners Court , which consists of a county judge ( elected at - large ) and four commissioners ( elected from single - member precincts ) . The county judge has no veto authority over the decisions of the court ; s / he has one vote along with the other commissioners . In smaller counties , the county judge also performs judicial functions , while in larger counties his / her role is limited to the court . Elections are held on a partisan basis . Counties have no home rule authority ; their authority is strictly limited by the State . They operate in areas which are considered `` unincorporated '' ( those parts not within the territory of a city ; Texas does not have townships ) unless the city has contracted with the county for essential services . In plain English , Texas counties merely exist to deliver specific types of services at the local level as prescribed by state law , but can not enact or enforce local ordinances . As one textbook produced for use in Texas schools has openly acknowledged , Texas counties are prone to inefficient operations and are vulnerable to corruption , for several reasons . First , most of them do not have a merit system but operate on a spoils system , so that many county employees obtain their positions through loyalty to a particular political party and commissioner rather than whether they actually have the skills and experience appropriate to their positions . Second , most counties have not centralized purchasing into a single procurement department which would be able to seek quantity discounts and carefully scrutinize bids and contract awards for unusual patterns . Third , in 90 percent of Texas counties , each commissioner is individually responsible for planning and executing their own road construction and maintenance program for their own precinct , which results in poor coordination and duplicate construction machinery . Cities may be either general law or home rule . Once a city reaches 5,000 in population , it may submit a ballot petition to create a `` city charter '' and operate under home rule status ( they will maintain that status even if the population falls under 5,000 ) and may choose its own form of government ( weak or strong mayor - council , commission , council - manager ) . Cities under general law status have only those powers authorized by the State . Annexation policies are highly dependent on whether the city is general law ( annexation can only occur with the consent of the landowners ) or home rule ( no consent is required , but if the city fails to provide essential services , the landowners can petition for de-annexation ) , and city boundaries can cross county ones . The city council can be elected either at - large or from single - member districts . Ballots are on a nonpartisan basis ( though , generally , the political affiliation of the candidates is commonly known ) . With the exception of the Stafford Municipal School District , all 1,000 + school districts in Texas are `` independent '' school districts . State law requires seven trustees , which can be elected either at - large or from single - member districts . Ballots are non-partisan . The Texas Education Agency has state authority to order consolidation of school districts , generally for repeated failing performance , as was the case with the Wilmer - Hutchins Independent School District . In addition , state law allows the creation of special districts , such as hospital districts or water supply districts . Texas does not provide for independent cities nor for consolidated city - county governments . However , local governments are free to enter into `` interlocal agreements '' with other ones , primarily for efficiency purposes . ( A common example is for cities and school districts in a county to contract with the county for property tax collection ; thus , each resident receives only one property bill . ) Virginia ( edit ) Main article : Administrative divisions of Virginia Virginia is divided into 95 counties and 38 cities . All cities are independent cities , which mean that they are separate from , and independent of , any county they may be near or within . Cities in Virginia thus are the equivalent of counties , as they have no higher local government intervening between them and the state government . The equivalent in Virginia to what would normally be an incorporated city in any other state , e.g. a municipality subordinate to a county , is a town . For example , there is a County of Fairfax as well as a totally independent City of Fairfax , which technically is not part of Fairfax County even though the City of Fairfax is the county seat of Fairfax County . Within Fairfax County , however , is the incorporated town of Vienna , which is part of Fairfax County . Similar names do not necessarily reflect relationships ; Franklin County is far from the city of Franklin , while Charles City is an unincorporated community in Charles City County , and there is no city of Charles . Other states ( edit ) Local government in Connecticut Administrative divisions of Massachusetts Local government in New Hampshire Local government in New Jersey Local government in New Mexico Administrative divisions of New York Administrative divisions of Wisconsin See also ( edit ) Home rule Urban politics in the United States References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` HISTORY OF BRITISH COLONIAL AMERICA '' . History World . 2010 - 06 - 16 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 16 . In 1629 a Puritan group secures from the king a charter to trade with America , as the Massachusetts Bay Company . Led by John Winthrop , a fleet of eleven vessels sets sail for Massachusetts in 1630 . The ships carry 700 settlers , 240 cows and 60 horses . Winthrop also has on board the royal charter of the company . The enterprise is to be based in the new world rather than in London . This device is used to justify a claim later passionately maintained by the new colony - that it is an independent political entity , entirely responsible for its own affairs . In 1630 Winthrop selects Boston as the site of the first settlement , and two years later the town is formally declared to be the capital of the colony . ^ Jump up to : U.S. Census Bureau . 2012 Census of Governments ^ Jump up to : `` Emergence of Colonial Government '' . United States History . 2010 - 06 - 16 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 16 . In all phases of colonial development , a striking feature was the lack of controlling influence by the English government . All colonies except Georgia emerged as companies of shareholders , or as feudal proprietorships stemming from charters granted by the Crown . The fact that the king had transferred his immediate sovereignty over the New World settlements to stock companies and proprietors did not , of course , mean that the colonists in America were necessarily free of outside control . Under the terms of the Virginia Company charter , for example , full governmental authority was vested in the company itself . Nevertheless , the crown expected that the company would be resident in England . Inhabitants of Virginia , then , would have no more voice in their government than if the king himself had retained absolute rule . Jump up ^ Henry William Elson ( 1904 ) . `` Colonial Government '' . MacMillan Company . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 16 . In methods of local government the colonies were much less uniform than in the general government . As stated in our account of Massachusetts , the old parish of England became the town in New England ... Jump up ^ Henry William Elson ( 1904 ) . `` Colonial Government '' . MacMillan Company . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 16 . In no colony was universal suffrage to be found . ^ Jump up to : `` Emergence of Colonial Government '' . United States History . 2010 - 06 - 16 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 16 . For their part , the colonies had never thought of themselves as subservient . Rather , they considered themselves chiefly as commonwealths or states , much like England itself , having only a loose association with the authorities in London . In one way or another , exclusive rule from the outside withered away . ^ Jump up to : Ed Crews ( Spring 2007 ) . `` Voting in Early America '' . history.org . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 16 . Among the first things the Jamestown voyagers did when they set up English America 's first permanent settlement was conduct an election . Nearly as soon as they landed -- April 26 , 1607 , by their calendar -- the commanders of the 105 colonists unsealed a box containing a secret list of seven men picked in England to be the colony 's council and from among whom the councilors were to pick a president . Jump up ^ Henry William Elson ( 1904 ) . `` Colonial Government '' . MacMillan Company . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 16 . The system of representative government was allowed , but not required , by the early charters . But after it had sprung up spontaneously in various colonies , it was recognized and ratified by the later charters , as in those of Connecticut and Rhode Island , and the second charter of Massachusetts , though it was not mentioned in the New York grant . The franchise came to be restricted by some property qualifications in all the colonies , in most by their own act , as by Virginia in 1670 , or by charter , as in Massachusetts , 1691 . Jump up ^ Glenn W. Fisher ( 2010 - 02 - 01 ) . `` History of Property Taxes in the United States '' . EH.net ( Economic History Association ) . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 16 . The property tax , especially the real estate tax , was ideally suited to such a situation . Real estate had a fixed location , it was visible , and its value was generally well known . Revenue could easily be allocated to the governmental unit in which the property was located . ^ Jump up to : `` Political Dictionary : local government '' . answers.com. 2010 - 06 - 16 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 16 . Both county governments and towns were significant , sharing responsibility for local rule . In the middle colonies and in Maryland and Virginia as well , the colonial governors granted municipal charters to the most prominent communities , endowing them with the powers and privileges of a municipal corporation . Although in some of these municipalities the governing council was elected ... By the 1790s the electorate chose the governing council in every American municipality . Moreover , the state legislatures succeeded to the sovereign prerogative of the royal governors and thenceforth granted municipal charters . During the nineteenth century , thousands of communities became municipal corporations . Irritated by the many petitions for incorporation burdening each legislative session , nineteenth - century state legislatures enacted general municipal incorporation laws that permitted communities to incorporate simply by petitioning the county authorities . ^ Jump up to : `` Getting a Grip on Zoning Regulations '' . useful-community-development.org. 2010 - 06 - 16 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 16 . Zoning is a concept that originated in the United States in the 1920s . State law often gives certain townships , municipal governments , county governments , or groups of governments acting together the power to zone . Jump up ^ Osborne M. Reynolds , Jr. , Local Government Law , 3rd ed . ( St. Paul : West , 2009 ) , 30 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , 24 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , 31 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , 31 - 32 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , 33 . Jump up ^ Spencer v. Merced County Office of Education , 59 Cal . App . 4th 1429 ( 1997 ) . Jump up ^ Reynolds , 53 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , 55 . Jump up ^ Adrian , Charles R. and Fine , Michael R. ( 1991 ) State and Local Politics Lyceum Books / Nelson Hall Publishers , Chicago , page 83 , ISBN 0 - 8304 - 1285 - 9 Jump up ^ Allen , J. Michael , III and Hinds , Jamison W. ( 2001 ) `` Alabama Constitutional Reform '' . Alabama Law Review 53 : pp. 1 - 30 , pages 7 - 8 Jump up ^ `` The provisions of this Constitution and of any law concerning municipal corporations formed for local government , or concerning counties , shall be liberally construed in their favor . The powers of counties and such municipal corporations shall include not only those granted in express terms but also those of necessary or fair implication , or incident to the powers expressly conferred , or essential thereto , and not inconsistent with or prohibited by this Constitution or by law . '' Constitution of the State of New Jersey Archived 2009 - 06 - 30 at the Wayback Machine. , Article IV , Section VII ( 11 ) . Jump up ^ ICMA ^ Jump up to : Charldean Newell , David Forrest Prindle , and James W. Riddlesperger , Jr. , Texas Politics , 11th ed . ( Boston : Cengage Learning , 2011 ) , 376 - 381 . Further reading ( edit ) Jon C. Teaford ( 2009 ) . `` Local Government '' . In Michael Kazin . Princeton Encyclopedia of American Political History . Princeton University Press . pp. 488 ? -- 491 . ISBN 1 - 4008 - 3356 - 6 . Check list of books and pamphlets on municipal government . Chicago Public Library . 1911 . External links ( edit ) National Association of Counties National League of Cities National Association of Towns and Townships International City / County Management Association ( ICMA ) U.S. Census Bureau page for local government American Public Works Association National Association of County Engineers National Association of Development Organizations National Center for Small Communities Municipal Research & Services Center of Washington ( MRSC ) U.S. Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations . 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what number and types of chromosomes are found in a somatic cell in an animal with
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somatic cell
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A somatic cell ( from the Greek σῶμα sôma , meaning `` body '' ) or vegetal cell is any biological cell forming the body of an organism ; that is , in a multicellular organism , any cell other than a gamete , germ cell , gametocyte or undifferentiated stem cell .
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In contrast , gametes are cells that fuse during sexual reproduction , germ cells are cells that give rise to gametes , and stem cells are cells that can divide through mitosis and differentiate into diverse specialized cell types . For example , in mammals , somatic cells make up all the internal organs , skin , bones , blood and connective tissue , while mammalian germ cells give rise to spermatozoa and ova which fuse during fertilization to produce a cell called a zygote , which divides and differentiates into the cells of an embryo . There are approximately 220 types of somatic cells in the human body . Theoretically , these cells are not germ cells ( the source of gametes ) ; they never transmit to their descendants the mutations they have undergone . However , in sponges , non-differentiated somatic cells form the germ line and , in Cnidaria , differentiated somatic cells are the source of the germline . The word `` somatic '' is derived from the Greek word sōma , meaning `` body '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Evolution 2 Genetics and chromosome content 3 Cloning 4 Modifications 5 See also 6 References Evolution ( edit ) As multicellularity evolved many times , sterile somatic cells did too . The evolution of an immortal germline producing specialized somatic cells involved the emergence of mortality , and can be viewed in its simplest version in volvocine algae . Those species with a separation between sterile somatic cells and a germ line are called Weismannists . However , Weismannist development is relatively rare ( e.g. , vertebrates , arthropods , Volvox ) , as a great number of species have the capacity for somatic embryogenesis ( e.g. , land plants , most algae , many invertebrates ) . Genetics and chromosome content ( edit ) Like all cells , somatic cells contain DNA arranged in chromosomes . If a somatic cell contains chromosomes arranged in pairs , it is called diploid and the organism is called a diploid organism . ( The gametes of diploid organisms contain only single unpaired chromosomes and are called haploid . ) Each pair of chromosomes comprises one chromosome inherited from the father and one inherited from the mother . For example , in humans , somatic cells contain 46 chromosomes organized into 23 pairs . By contrast , gametes of diploid organisms contain only half as many chromosomes . In humans , this is 23 unpaired chromosomes . When two gametes ( i.e. a spermatozoon and an ovum ) meet during conception , they fuse together , creating a zygote . Due to the fusion of the two gametes , a human zygote contains 46 chromosomes ( i.e. 23 pairs ) . However , a large number of species have the chromosomes in their somatic cells arranged in fours ( `` tetraploid '' ) or even sixes ( `` hexaploid '' ) . Thus , they can have diploid or even triploid germline cells . An example of this is the modern cultivated species of wheat , Triticum aestivum L. , a hexaploid species whose somatic cells contain six copies of every chromatid . The frequency of spontaneous mutations is significantly lower in advanced male germ cells than in somatic cell types from the same individual . Female germ cells also show a mutation frequency that is lower than that in corresponding somatic cells and similar to that in male germ cells . These findings appear to reflect employment of more effective mechanisms to limit the initial occurrence of spontaneous mutations in germ cells than in somatic cells . Such mechanisms likely include elevated levels of DNA repair enzymes that ameliorate most potentially mutagenic DNA damages . Cloning ( edit ) In recent years , the technique of cloning whole organisms has been developed in mammals , allowing almost identical genetic clones of an animal to be produced . One method of doing this is called `` somatic cell nuclear transfer '' and involves removing the nucleus from a somatic cell , usually a skin cell . This nucleus contains all of the genetic information needed to produce the organism it was removed from . This nucleus is then injected into an ovum of the same species which has had its own genetic material removed . The ovum now no longer needs to be fertilized , because it contains the correct amount of genetic material ( a diploid number of chromosomes ) . In theory , the ovum can be implanted into the uterus of a same - species animal and allowed to develop . The resulting animal will be a nearly genetically identical clone to the animal from which the nucleus was taken . The only difference is caused by any mitochondrial DNA that is retained in the ovum , which is different from the cell that donated the nucleus . In practice , this technique has so far been problematic , although there have been a few high - profile successes , such as Dolly the Sheep and , more recently , Snuppy , the first cloned dog . Somatic cells have also been collected in the practice of cryoconservation of animal genetic resources as a means of conserving animal genetic material , including to clone livestock . Modifications ( edit ) Development of biotechnology has allowed for the genetic manipulation of somatic cells . This biotechnology deals with some ethical controversy in human genetic engineering . See also ( edit ) Somatic cell count List of biological development disorders References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Campbell , Neil A. ; Reece , Jane B. ; Urry , Lisa A. ; Cain , Michael L. ; Wasserman , Steven A. ; Minorsky , Peter V. ; Jackson , Robert B. ( 2009 ) . Biology ( 9th ed . ) . p. 229 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8053 - 6844 - 4 . Jump up ^ Hallmann A ( 2011 ) . `` Evolution of reproductive development in the volvocine algae '' . Sex . Plant Reprod. 24 : 97 -- 112 . doi : 10.1007 / s00497 - 010 - 0158 - 4 . PMC 3098969 . PMID 21174128 . Jump up ^ Ridley M ( 2004 ) Evolution , 3rd edition . Blackwell Publishing , p. 29 - 297 . Jump up ^ Niklas , K.J. ( 2014 ) The evolutionary - developmental origins of multicellularity . Jump up ^ Walter CA , Intano GW , McCarrey JR , McMahan CA , Walter RB ( 1998 ) . `` Mutation frequency declines during spermatogenesis in young mice but increases in old mice '' . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95 ( 17 ) : 10015 -- 9 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 95.17. 10015 . PMC 21453 . PMID 9707592 . ^ Jump up to : Murphey P , McLean DJ , McMahan CA , Walter CA , McCarrey JR ( 2013 ) . `` Enhanced genetic integrity in mouse germ cells '' . Biol. Reprod. 88 ( 1 ) : 6 . doi : 10.1095 / biolreprod. 112.103481 . PMC 4434944 . PMID 23153565 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Somatic_cell&oldid=845495155 '' Categories : Cloning Cells Developmental biology Genetics Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 June 2018 , at 04 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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which part of kerela is affected by floods
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2018 Kerala floods
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2018 kerala floods
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Kerala Flood 2018 Date July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 ) -- August 2018 Location Kerala , India Cause Low pressure Heavy rain Large discharge from dams Landslide Deaths 483 dead , 15 went missing Property damage ₹ 19,500 crore ( US $3 billion ) ( estimated ) Website www.keralarescue.in Death toll by date Date Death toll People in relief camps Aug 9 23 8,000 Aug 10 29 53,501 Aug 11 33 60,622 Aug 13 39 N / A Aug 15 47 N / A Aug 16 105 150,000 Aug 17 114 314,391 Aug 18 195 887,000 Aug 19 220 724,649 Aug 20 252 1,028,073 -- -- -- Aug 30 483 N / A Monsoon rainfall that affected India from August 13 to 20 , 2018 Red alert issued by India Meteorological Department ( earlier in August ) Beginning on 15 August 2018 , severe floods affected the south Indian state of Kerala , due to unusually high rainfall during the monsoon season . It was the worst flooding in Kerala in nearly a century . Over 483 people died , and 15 are missing . At least a million people were evacuated , mainly from Chengannur , Pandanad , Edanad , Aranmula , Kozhencherry , Ayiroor , Ranni , Pandalam , Kuttanad , Aluva , and Chalakudy , N. Paravur , Chendamangalam , Eloor and few places in Vypin Island . All 14 districts of the state were placed on red alert . According to the Kerala government , one - sixth of the total population of Kerala had been directly affected by the floods and related incidents . The Indian government had declared it a Level 3 Calamity , or `` calamity of a severe nature '' . It is the worst flood in Kerala after the great flood of 99 that happened in 1924 . Thirty - five out of the fifty - four dams within the state were opened for the first time in history . All five overflow gates of the Idukki Dam were opened at the same time , for the first time in 26 years . Heavy rains in Wayanad and Idukki have caused severe landslides and have left the hilly districts isolated . The situation was regularly monitored by the Prime Minister , and the National Crisis Management Committee coordinated the rescue and relief operations . Contents 1 Their causes 2 Impact 3 Rescue 3.1 Animals 4 Relief and monetary aid 4.1 Government , NGOs and NPOs 4.2 Housing Projects for Flood victims by NGOs 4.3 Corporate and Individuals 5 Response 5.1 International 6 Rainfall data 6.1 Rainfall departures 6.2 Cumulative rainfall by district 7 Immediate drought after flood 8 References 9 External links Their causes ( edit ) Kerala received heavy monsoon rainfall , which was about 256 % more than the usual rain fall in Kerala , on the mid-evening of August 8 , resulting in dams filling to capacity ; in the first 24 hours of rainfall the state received 310 mm ( 12 in ) of rain . Almost all dams had been opened since the water level had risen close to overflow level due to heavy rainfall , flooding local low - lying areas . For the first time in the state 's history , 35 of its 54 dams had been opened . The Government of Kerala argued in the Supreme Court that the sudden release of water from the Mullaperiyar Dam by the Tamil Nadu government was one of the reasons for the devastating flood in Kerala . The Tamil Nadu government rejected the argument , saying that Kerala suffered the deluge due to the discharge of excess water from 80 reservoirs across Kerala , spurred by heavy rains from within the state ; It also argued that the flood surplus from the Idukki dam is mainly due to the flows generated from its own independent catchment due to unprecedented heavy rainfall , while the discharge from Mullaperiyar dam was significantly less . Though it is difficult to attribute any single event to climate change , its possible role in causing the heavy rainfall event over Kerala can not be ruled out . Impact ( edit ) Kerala before ( Above ) and after ( Below ) the floods , released by NASA . The images are false - color , which makes flood water appear dark blue and vegetation bright green . Play media The flooded Mullassery Canal , Angamaly , Kerala , India A state official told AFP that 370 people have died , while The Economic Times has reported that 33,000 people have been rescued . The Kerala State Disaster Management Authority has placed the state in a red alert as a result of the intense flooding . A number of water treatment plants were forced to cease pumping water , resulting in poor access to clean water , especially in northern districts of the state . Over 3,274 relief camps have been opened at various locations to accommodate the flood victims . It is estimated that 1,247,496 people have found shelter in such camps . The flooding has affected hundreds of villages , destroyed an estimated 10,000 km ( 6,200 mi ) of roads and thousands of homes have been damaged or destroyed . The Government cancelled Onam celebrations , whose allocated funds have been reallocated to relief efforts . On August 12 , Cochin International Airport , India 's fourth busiest in terms of international traffic , and the busiest in the state suspended all operations until 29 August , following runway flooding . Many schools throughout the state have been closed , and tourists have been dissuaded or banned from some districts due to safety concerns . Kochi Metro was closed briefly on August 16 , and has since begun offering free service to aid those affected by the flooding . Due to heavy rain and rising water levels the southern railway has suspended train services on the Thiruvananthapuram - Kottayam - Ernakulam and Ernakulam - Shoranur - Palakkad sections . A flooded home as on 16 August 2018 ( left ) , A street flooded in Kerala ( center ) and Aerial view as seen on 16 August 2018 ( right ) Rescue ( edit ) Southern Naval Command initiates Operation Madad in Kerala on 16 August 2018 Padivattom disaster relief camp on 17 August 2018 Odisha fire personnel leaving from Bhubaneswar for rescue operations in Kerala Being instructed by the Cabinet Secretary , senior officers of Defence Services , NDRF , NDMA and secretaries of Civilian Ministries conducted meetings with Kerala Chief Secretary . Following the decisions taken during these meetings , the Centre launched massive rescue and relief operations . In one of the largest rescue operations , 40 helicopters , 31 aircraft , 182 teams for rescue , 18 medical teams of defense forces , 58 teams of NDRF and 7 companies of Central Armed Police Forces were pressed into service along with over 500 boats and necessary rescue equipments . The fishermen from across Kerala were engaged in the flood rescue missions . According to the government 's estimate , a total of 4,537 from the fishermen community participated in the rescue operation with 669 fishing boats . They managed to rescue more than 65,000 people from various districts . Pinarayi Vijayan honoured the fishermen and the Fisheries Minister J. Mercykutty Amma said that the government will provide financial aid to repair the fishing boats which were partially damaged in the rescue operations while new ones will be provided for those boats which were completely destroyed . According to estimates , seven boats were completely destroyed , while 452 were partially destroyed . Animals ( edit ) Sally Varma of Humane Society International arranged for animals to be rescued and transported to special shelters that housed affected animals . Social media has been used to highlight the rescue of multiple animals - dogs , cats , goats , cows , cattle , ducks and snakes , with animal feed and medicine transported to affected areas . A worker with the Humane Society International spoke out against the tethering and leaving of pets that occurred . `` That became a problem . So many tethered animals just drowned . These animals are natural swimmers , and it is better to keep them free so they can swim to higher ground . '' According to government records more than 8,000 cattle , calves and buffaloes , 3,297 goats , and 47 dogs have died due to the flooding . The District Collector of Malappuram , and its Chief of Police have instructed the police force to save any animal that they encounter during rescue operations . Relief and monetary aid ( edit ) Government , ngos and npos ( edit ) The Government of Kerala started a donation website for flood victims . As of 30 August 2018 , ₹ 1,206.7 crore ( US $170 million ) was collected from the public including organisations , corporate firms and famous personalities . The Prime Minister of India , Narendra Modi announced a sum of ₹ 500 crore ( US $70 million ) as interim relief for Kerala on 18 August 2018 . This is in addition to ₹ 562.45 crore ( US $78 million ) already made available in SDRF of the State and ₹ 100 crore ( US $14 million ) announced on 12 August 2018 by the Home Minister . The central government also said in its press release that this ₹ 600 crore ( US $84 million ) is only the advance assistance and that additional funds will be released by the NDRF when an inter-ministerial team visits again and assesses the damage . The central government , in one of the largest rescue operations , deployed 40 helicopters , 31 aircraft , 500 boats , 182 rescue teams and 18 medical teams of defence forces , 58 teams of NDRF and 7 companies of Central Armed Police Forces . Together they saved over 60,000 human lives . European Union announced an assistance of ₹ 1.53 crore ( US $210,000 ) in aid funding to the Indian Red Cross Society for providing relief to flood - affected people in Kerala . The Governments of Qatar , Pakistan , Maldives and Thailand extended condolences and offered humanitarian assistance and monetary aid . Mata Amritanandamayi Math donated ₹ 10 crore ( US $1.4 million ) to the Kerala Chief Minister 's Distress Relief Fund , in addition to providing relief materials and helping in rescue operations . People 's Foundation , an NGO based in Calicut , had served with 37,000 volunteers for rescue and hygiene operations . Their volunteers had cleaned 11,139 houses and conducted 494 relief camps for flood victims . They also committed to build 500 houses which having the cost of ₹ 30 crore ( US $4.2 million ) A fundraising campaign started on Facebook by charitable organisations Knanaya Catholic Yuvajanavedhi of Chicago and Care and Share along with a person named Arun Simon Nellamattom and others raised and donated US $1.6 million to Kerala Chief Minister 's Distress Relief Fund . IsraAid , an Israeli NGO sent relief workers to distribute supplies and assess needs for clean water , sanitation , and psychological care . Many Members of Parliament , Members of State Legislative Assemblies and Councils , civil servants and government employees across the country have also donated their one month 's salary and / or allowances towards Kerala Chief Minister 's Distress Relief Fund . Chief Ministers of almost all the states and Union Territories have pledged monetary aid from their respective state funds in addition to dispatch of various relief materials such as potable water , blankets , packed food , rice , water - purifying machines , daily - use and healthcare products . Monetary contributions are listed below : State / Union Territory Amounts Refs Andhra Pradesh ₹ 10 crore ( US $1.4 million ) Arunachal Pradesh ₹ 3 crore ( US $420,000 ) Assam ₹ 3 crore ( US $420,000 ) Bihar ₹ 10 crore ( US $1.4 million ) Chhattisgarh ₹ 3 crore ( US $420,000 ) Delhi ₹ 10 crore ( US $1.4 million ) Goa ₹ 5 crore ( US $700,000 ) Gujarat ₹ 10 crore ( US $1.4 million ) Haryana ₹ 10 crore ( US $1.4 million ) Himachal Pradesh ₹ 5 crore ( US $700,000 ) Jharkhand ₹ 5 crore ( US $700,000 ) Karnataka ₹ 10 crore ( US $1.4 million ) Madhya Pradesh ₹ 10 crore ( US $1.4 million ) Maharashtra ₹ 20 crore ( US $2.8 million ) Manipur ₹ 2 crore ( US $280,000 ) Meghalaya ₹ 1 crore ( US $140,000 ) Mizoram ₹ 2 crore ( US $280,000 ) Nagaland ₹ 1 crore ( US $140,000 ) Odisha ₹ 10 crore ( US $1.4 million ) Puducherry ₹ 1 crore ( US $140,000 ) Punjab ₹ 5 crore ( US $700,000 ) Rajasthan ₹ 10 crore ( US $1.4 million ) Tamil Nadu ₹ 10 crore ( US $1.4 million ) Telangana ₹ 25 crore ( US $3.5 million ) Tripura ₹ 1 crore ( US $140,000 ) Uttar Pradesh ₹ 15 crore ( US $2.1 million ) Uttarakhand ₹ 5 crore ( US $700,000 ) West Bengal ₹ 10 crore ( US $1.4 million ) Total ₹ 212 crore ( US $30 million ) Housing Projects for Flood victims by NGOs ( edit ) Name of Organization Number of House Refs Act On 300 Peoples Fondation 500 Muslim Jamaath 1000 Joy Alukkas 250 Muthoot Group 200 Co operative department 1500 Total 3750 Corporate and individuals ( edit ) Google , Facebook and e-commerce websites Amazon , Flipkart , BigBasket , Airtel Payments Bank , Paytm and Google Pay have also provided an option for donation for relief efforts on their respective platforms . Major oil companies of India such as BPCL , HPCL , IOCL and others have collectively donated ₹ 25 crore ( US $3.5 million ) to the Kerala Chief Minister 's Distress Relief Fund , in addition to providing relief materials and helping in rescue operations . Reliance Foundation chairperson Nita Ambani has announced a donation of ₹ 21 crore ( US $2.9 million ) to the Kerala Chief Minister 's Distress Relief Fund , besides relief materials worth around ₹ 50 crore ( US $7.0 million ) . Adani Foundation the CSR , sustainability and community outreach arm of the Adani Group , has committed to provide ₹ 1 crore ( US $140,000 ) for immediate relief and another ₹ 1 crore ( US $140,000 ) is earmarked for rehabilitation and resettlement . Star India , its parent company 21st Century Fox and their employees have collectively donated ₹ 5 crore ( US $700,000 ) . Canara Bank , a leading nationalized public sector bank , donated ₹ 5.01 crore ( US $700,000 ) towards Kerala Chief Minister 's Disaster Relief Fund . Besides this , 10000 kg of rice packets were also donated under CSR . Bollywood actor Sushant Singh Rajput has donated ₹ 1 crore ( US $140,000 ) to the Kerala Chief Minister 's relief fund on behalf of an Instagram fan . He also sent his team for relief activity in Kerala . Vidya Balan , Siddharth Roy Kapoor , Shah Rukh Khan , Amitabh Bachchan , Abhishek Bachchan , Alia Bhatt , Siddharth Suryanarayan , Rishi Kapoor , Vidhu Vinod Chopra , Akshay Kumar , Suriya and Resul Pookutty are others from film industry to have contributed to Kerala Chief Minister 's relief fund . KP Hussain , chairman of Fathima Healthcare Group , has donated ₹ 1 crore ( US $140,000 ) to the Kerala Chief Minister 's relief fund , and another ₹ 4 crore ( US $560,000 ) for medical relief aid . Doctor , entrepreneur and philanthropist Dr. Shamsheer Vayalil will donate ₹ 50 crore ( US $7.0 million ) for the relief of flood victims by setting up a project to fight housing , education and healthcare issues . UAE - based Indian businesses have donated ₹ 18.85 crore ( US $2.6 million ) so far to Khalifa Bin Zayed Al Nahyan Foundation 's relief fund . Among those to donate were Indian businessmen Yusuff Ali M.A. , chairman and managing director of LuLu Group International , and Dr. B.R. Shetty , founder and chairman of NMC Health . Bombay High Court directed Galpha Laboratories to deposit a sum of ₹ 1.5 crore ( US $210,000 ) towards the Kerala Chief Minister 's Fund after losing trademark infringement case filed by Glenmark Pharmaceuticals . The court initially said that Galpha Laboratories would have to pay the sum to Glenmark Pharmaceuticals . However , Glenmark Pharmaceuticals requested the court to direct Galpha Laboratories to deposit the sum in an NGO . Following this , the court directed that the money is to be deposited in the Kerala Chief Minister 's Fund . Indian cricket team captain , Virat Kohli , dedicated his team 's test win over England at Trent Bridge to the flood victims of Kerala . The Indian team is planning to donate match fees for Kerala flood victims . Chipsan Aviation provided 3 helicopters for rescue & Relief operations . CHD Group , a Mangalore - headquartered public health organization led by Dr. Edmond Fernandes , MD has been working tirelessly in championing the needs of tribal communities , adivasis and other backward areas in optimizing their healthcare post disaster . Response ( edit ) India 's Prime Minister Narendra Modi being received by the Governor of Kerala P. Sathasivam and the Chief Minister of Kerala , Pinarayi Vijayan , on his arrival , in Kochi , to survey the flood - affected areas , on 18 August 2018 . At a press conference on 11 August , Chief Secretary Tom Jose said , `` Things are well under control . The government is on top of the situation . '' Prime Minister Narendra Modi conducted an aerial survey and offered federal support to Kerala . Chief Minister Pinarayi Vijayan described the floods as `` something that has never happened before in the history of Kerala '' and placed some of the blame on neighbouring Tamil Nadu for releasing excess water from the State - operated Mullaperiyar dam , which worsened the situation . International ( edit ) The United States embassy urged its citizens to avoid traveling to the affected areas . The UAE embassy in India issues warning for its citizens regarding the flood . The embassy also said that the weather agencies in India have given warnings regarding heavy rainfall in the southern state of Kerala . The President of UAE His Highness Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan has instructed the formation of a national emergency committee to provide relief assistance to people affected by flash floods in the Indian state of Kerala . Imran Khan , the newly elected Prime minister of Pakistan expressed his grief at the loss of lives in Kerala floods , and he said his country is ready to provide any humanitarian assistance if needed . There was a controversy regarding an alleged offer of US $100 million from the Government of the UAE . Ministry of External Affairs of India clarified that they received no such offer for financial help from any country . The UAE Ambassador to India also declared that , officially , there was no announcement on donation to the State of Kerala . Rainfall data ( edit ) Rainfall departures ( edit ) Week by week departures from normal ( % ) ( date indicates the end of the week ) 50 100 150 200 250 300 6 / 6 6 / 13 6 / 20 6 / 27 7 / 4 7 / 11 7 / 18 7 / 25 8 / 1 8 / 8 8 / 15 8 / 22 8 / 29 9 / 5 Cumulative rainfall by district ( edit ) 1 June 2018 -- 22 August 2018 Percentage increase in rainfall compared to normal . ( 1 June 2018 -- 17 August 2018 ) District Rainfall ( mm ) Normal ( mm ) % increase Alappuzha 1648.1 1309.5 29 % Ernakulam 2305.9 1606.0 48 % Idukki 3211.1 1749.1 94 % Kannur 2450.9 2234.9 10 % Kasaragod 2549.94 2489.1 12 % Kollam 1427.3 985.4 56 % Kottayam 2137.6 1452.6 50 % Kozhikode 2796.4 2156.5 30 % Malappuram 2529.8 1687.3 52 % Palakkad 2135.0 1254.2 75 % Pathanamthitta 1762.7 1287.5 44 % Thiruvananthapuram 920.8 643.0 45 % Thrissur 1894.5 1738.2 16 % Wayanad 2676.8 2167.2 26 % Kerala 2226.4 1620.0 41 % Immediate drought after flood ( edit ) A few days after receiving one of the highest rainfall in a century , Kerala came under the threat of severe drought . Water level in wells , ponds and rivers have recorded lowest levels and some wells even collapsed . The water level in wells , especially in high ranges of Idukki district has come down by 20 feet in just a matter of 15 days . Chief minister Pinarayi Vijayan has directed the State council for Science , Technology & Environment to carry out studies on the phenomenon after floods across the state and suggest possible solutions to the problem . A.B. Anita , executive director , Centre for Water Resources Development Management ( CWRDM ) , an autonomous research institution under the State government , said heavy run - off of the top soil in the upland areas and the siltation in the rivers were the reasons for the falling water level . The top soil in the hills and upland areas had been removed in the flash floods to a depth of up to two metres in many places . As the top soil was shaved off , it ruined the hills ' capacity to sponge in rainwater , she said . Ms. Anita cited ecological destruction caused by deforestation , harmful land use in the upland areas and sand mining in the streams and rivers as having contributed to the top soil run - off and siltation . This was exacerbated by the impact of climate change at the macro level . Echoing her views , experts at the National Institute of Technology , Calicut , ( NIT - C ) said it was usual for the water level in the rivers and domestic wells to fall after fluvial floods . `` Normally , a river flows through the sand of its own bearing till the mouth . However , this time the discharge has been full , taking the sand and the rocks in the youth - stage along with the floods . `` So the water level in the rivers comes down . And when the river water level is reduced , the groundwater table also does not get replenished since the rivers and groundwater table are connected , '' said K. Saseendran , geologist and professor at the NIT - C . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 483 Dead , 14 Missing In Kerala Floods : Pinarayi Vijayan '' . Archived from the original on 1 September 2018 . Retrieved 2 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kerala floods : Insurers expect ₹ 500 crore hit from claims '' . News18 . 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Retrieved 29 August 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` India 's ' biggest ' pet rescue operation in Kerala floods '' . BBC News . 23 August 2018 . Archived from the original on 24 August 2018 . Retrieved 23 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kerala floods : Animal rescue helpline flooded with calls '' . India Today . Archived from the original on 21 August 2018 . Retrieved 23 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Chief Minister 's Distress Relief Fund '' . Archived from the original on 23 February 2016 . Retrieved 19 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( title ) '' . Archived from the original on 24 August 2018 . Retrieved 24 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` PMO India 's Official Tweet '' . 18 August 2018 . Retrieved 22 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Central assistance to flood affected Kerala '' . Press Information Bureau . Archived from the original on 1 September 2018 . Retrieved 1 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` MoHA , India - Central assistance to flood affected Kerala '' . Press Information Bureau . Archived from the original on 24 August 2018 . Retrieved 24 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Will release more funds to Kerala after fresh assessment of damages : Center '' . Times of India . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` EU Gives 190,000 Euros To Indian Red Cross For Kerala Flood Relief '' . Jump up ^ `` European Union to help in Kerala flood relief through Red Cross '' . Jump up ^ `` EU announces Euro 1.9 lakh to Indian Red Cross Society for Kerala flood relief '' . Indian Express . Archived from the original on 25 August 2018 . Retrieved 24 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` PM of Qatar tweets for support '' . Retrieved 24 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` PM of Pakistan tweets for support '' . Retrieved 24 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Maldives to contribute towards Kerala flood relief '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 24 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mata Amritanandamayi Math donates Rs 10 crore to CM 's Relief Fund '' . The New Indian Express . 30 August 2018 . Archived from the original on 31 August 2018 . Retrieved 31 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` People 's foundation serviced with 37000 volunteer & builds 500 houses , having the cost of 30Cr '' . Jump up ^ `` Kerala Flood Relief Fund from USA through Facebook Campaign '' . Jump up ^ `` Handing over check to CM '' . Jump up ^ `` IsraAID sends team to help flood victims in southern India '' . Archived from the original on 26 August 2018 . Retrieved 2 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` IsraAid comes to the rescue after horrific floods strike Kerala , India '' . Archived from the original on 27 August 2018 . Retrieved 2 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` DMK MLAs and MPs will donated their salary to Kerala flood relief '' . Archived from the original on 22 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Vice President Donates one month salary to Kerala flood relief '' . Jump up ^ `` AAP MLAs and MPs donate their one month salary to Kerala flood relief fund '' . Archived from the original on 23 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Chandrababu Naidu , CM - AP on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ `` Pema Khandu , CM - AR on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ `` CMO Assam on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ `` Nitish Kumar , CM - BR on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ `` Raman Singh , CM - CG on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ `` Arvind Kejriwal , CM - DL on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ `` CMO Goa on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ `` CMO Gujarat on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ `` M.L. Khattar , CM - HR on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ `` CMO Himachal Pradesh on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ `` Raghubar Das , CM - JH on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ `` Karnataka gives Rs 10 crore aid , to send doctors to rain - ravaged Kerala '' . The New Indian Express . 11 August 2018 . Archived from the original on 30 August 2018 . Retrieved 30 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` CMO Madhya Pradhesh on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ `` CMO Maharashtra on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ `` N. Biren Singh , CM - MN on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ `` Meghalaya set to donate Rs 1 crore for Kerala Flood Relief '' . shillongnews.in. 22 August 2018 . Archived from the original on 2 September 2018 . Retrieved 30 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` CMO Mizoram on Twitter , Retweeted by INCMizoram 's Verified Twitter account '' . Jump up ^ `` Ram Madhav , Spokesperson BJP on Twitter , Retweeted by CM Neiphiu Rio 's Verified Twitter account '' . Jump up ^ `` CMO Odisha on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ `` CMO Puducherry on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ `` Capt . Amarinder Singh , CM - PB on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ `` CMO Rajasthan on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ `` E. Palaniswami , CM - TN on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ `` CMO Telangana on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ `` Biplab Kr . Deb , CM - TR on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ `` CMO Uttar Pradesh on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ `` T.S. Rawat , CM - UK on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ `` Mamata Banerjee , CM - WB on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ `` പ്രളയബാധിത പ്രദേശങ്ങളെക്കുറിച്ച് റിപ്പോര്ട്ട് തയ്യാറാക്കും ; ജില്ലാ കളക്ടര് '' . Information and Public Relations Department , Govt. of Kerala ( in Malayalam ) . Retrieved 22 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Flood Relief Rehabilitation Project distribution '' . People 's Foundation . Retrieved 22 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jamaath plans 1,000 houses for flood victims '' . The Hindu . 8 September 2018 . Retrieved 22 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Joyalukkas group to construct 250 houses for Kerala flood victims - Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 22 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` പ്രളയത്തില് വീട് നഷ്ടപ്പെട്ട 200 കുടുംബങ്ങള്ക്ക് മുത്തൂറ്റ് ഗ്രൂപ്പിന്റെ വീട് '' . News Time Network ( in Malayalam ) . Retrieved 22 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` പ്രളയത്തിൽ വീട് നഷ്ടപ്പെട്ട 1500 കുടുംബങ്ങൾക്ക് സഹകരണ വകുപ്പ് വീടുവച്ച് നൽകുമെന്ന് മുഖ്യമന്ത്രി '' . Malayalam Web Dunia ( in Malayalam ) . Retrieved 22 September 2018 . Jump up ^ Report , Web . `` CMDRF -- Government of Kerala , India '' . Archived from the original on 19 August 2018 . Retrieved 19 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` HPCL 's status on Twitter '' . Retrieved 23 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` IOCL 's status on Twitter '' . Retrieved 23 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` BPCL 's status on Twitter '' . Retrieved 23 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Reliance Foundation , Bajaj donate for Kerala floods '' . freepressjournal.in . Archived from the original on 22 August 2018 . Retrieved 22 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Adani Group 's announcement on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved 24 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Adani Foundation commits INR 50 crore to Kerala Chief Minister 's Distress Relief Fund '' . Adani 's Website . Archived from the original on 25 August 2018 . Retrieved 24 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Star India increases donation to Rs 5 cr '' . Business Standard . Archived from the original on 21 August 2018 . Retrieved 22 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Star India ups its contribution to Rs 5 crores donation for the Kerala Flood Relief efforts '' . Star India 's Website . Archived from the original on 25 August 2018 . Retrieved 24 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Star India 's announcement on Twitter '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Canara Bank , donates Rs. 5.01 Cr towards Kerala Chief Minister 's Disaster Relief Fund '' . 24x7newsworld.com . Retrieved 23 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kerala Floods : Sushant Singh Rajput Donates Rs 1 Crore On Behalf Of A Fan . Details Here '' . NDTV.com . Archived from the original on 23 August 2018 . Retrieved 23 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sushant Singh Rajput donates Rs 1 crore as aid for Kerala on behalf of a fan . Read details '' . Hindustan Times . 22 August 2018 . Archived from the original on 23 August 2018 . Retrieved 23 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sushant Singh Rajput does his bit for Kerala , contributes Rs 1 cr after fan 's Instagram request '' . The Economic Times . 21 August 2018 . Archived from the original on 23 August 2018 . Retrieved 23 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kerala floods : On behalf of a fan , MS Dhoni actor Sushant Singh Rajput donates Rs 1 crore to flood victims '' . Archived from the original on 23 August 2018 . Retrieved 23 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` केरल बाढ़ पीड़ितों के लिए इस एक्टर ने दिए 1 करोड़ , इस वजह से लिया फैसला '' . livehindustan.com ( in Hindi ) . Archived from the original on 23 August 2018 . Retrieved 23 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Hungama , Bollywood ( 23 August 2018 ) . `` After donating Rs. 1 crore for Kerala Flood Relief , Sushant Singh Rajput sends a team of volunteers to ground zero ! - Bollywood Hungama '' . Bollywood Hungama . Archived from the original on 23 August 2018 . Retrieved 23 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` CMO Kerala thanks Bollywood on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ `` Actor Siddharth donates to Kerala CMDRF '' . Jump up ^ `` UAE - based Indian - origin tycoons pledge ₹ 12.5 crore ( US $1.7 million ) for Kerala flood victims '' . timesofindia . Retrieved 20 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UAE Offers RS 700 Crore In Aid , NRI Billionaire To Donate Rs 50 Crore '' . Headlines Today . Archived from the original on 21 August 2018 . Retrieved 21 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UAE - based Indian businessmen donate $2.7 m for Kerala flood victims '' . arabianbusiness.com . Archived from the original on 19 August 2018 . Retrieved 22 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bombay HC orders errant firm to give Rs. 1.5 cr. to Kerala flood relief '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 31 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Virat Kohli dedicates test win over England to Kerala flood victims '' . Archived from the original on 23 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Indian cricket team planning to give match fee to Kerala flood relief fund '' . Jump up ^ `` Heavy flooding puts Kerala in crisis '' . The Hindu . 11 August 2018 . Retrieved 16 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Flood toll in India 's tourist hotspot Kerala jumps to 67 '' . Channel NewsAsia. 16 August 2018 . Archived from the original on 15 August 2018 . Retrieved 16 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Report , Web . `` Kerala floods : UAE embassy in India issues warning '' . www.khaleejtimes.com . Archived from the original on 16 August 2018 . Retrieved 16 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UAE leaders order formation of emergency committee to provide aid to Kerala '' . 18 August 2018 . Archived from the original on 21 August 2018 . Retrieved 20 August 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Customized Rainfall Information System ( CRIS ) '' . hydro.imd.gov.in . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Customized Rainfall Information System ( CRIS ) '' ( PDF ) . Hydromet Division , India Meteorological Department , Ministry Of Earth Sciences . Jump up ^ `` After Floods Now Drought ? High - Temperature Increases Fear Of Drought In Parts Of Kerala '' . 15 September 2018 . Retrieved 17 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rivers , wells dry up in flood - hit Kerala , govt orders study '' . 15 September 2018 . Retrieved 17 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` After massive floods , Kerala now faces the possibility of a partial drought '' . 15 September 2018 . Retrieved 17 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` After devastating floods , water level in Kerala rivers fall '' . 15 September 2018 . Retrieved 17 September 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2018 Kerala floods . Official Rescue and Information Website Kerala CMDRF Donation Portal Disasters in India in 2018 ( 2018 ) January 4 Mamoon Manzil fire January 13 Pawan Hans Dauphin crash January 26 Kolhapur bus accident May 2 -- 3 2018 Indian dust storms June 28 2018 UY Aviation King Air C90 crash August 2018 Kerala flood September 4 2018 Kolkata bridge collapse Incidents resulting in at least 50 deaths shown in italics Deadliest incident shown in Bold smallcaps Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Kerala_floods&oldid=866453502 '' Categories : 2018 disasters in India 2018 floods August 2018 events in India Disasters in Kerala Floods in India Hidden categories : CS1 Malayalam - language sources ( ml ) CS1 Hindi - language sources ( hi ) Articles with short description Use dmy dates from August 2017 Use Indian English from September 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from September 2018 Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia മലയാളം मराठी ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย اردو 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 12 : 44 ( UTC ) . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%20Kerala%20floods
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who made thomas the tank engine theme song
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Thomas & Friends
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thomas & friends
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Thomas & Friends ( originally known as Thomas The Tank Engine & Friends or Thomas the Tank Engine ; also known as Thomas & Friends : Big World ! Big Adventures ! in the twenty - second season ) is a British children 's television series . In the United Kingdom , it had its first broadcast on the ITV network in Great Britain in 1984 . In the United States , it had its first broadcast on Shining Time Station in 1989 . It is based on The Railway Series of books by the Reverend Wilbert Awdry and his son , Christopher Awdry .
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These books follow the adventures of a group of anthropomorphised locomotives and road vehicles who live on the fictional Island of Sodor . The books were based on stories Wilbert told to entertain his son , Christopher , during his recovery from measles . Many of the stories from the first four series are based on events from Awdry 's personal experience . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Precursors 1.2 Thomas the Tank Engine & Friends and its success 1.3 Thomas & Friends and its recent developments 2 Cast 3 List of productions 3.1 Television series 3.2 Films , specials , and miniseries 3.3 Home video history 4 Production 4.1 Characters 4.2 Storytelling 4.3 Models 4.4 Face movements 4.5 Music 4.6 Head writer 5 Broadcast 5.1 Other Dubs 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 6.2 Internet popularity 7 References 8 External links 8.1 Official websites 8.2 Other sites History ( edit ) Precursors ( edit ) Before the airing of the first episode of Thomas & Friends in 1984 , previous attempts had been made to adapt Awdry 's stories for television , but not all attempts were successful . The first was in 1953 , when the editor of the Railway Series books , Eric Marriott , was approached by the BBC , who wished to use live - action model trains to re-create two stories from Awdry 's first book , The Three Railway Engines . The engines were portrayed by 00 gauge Hornby Dublo models and driven on authentic sets in the style of the original illustrations . The first episode , based on `` The Sad Story of Henry '' , was broadcast live on the evening of Sunday 14 June 1953 from Lime Grove Studios . The live broadcast did not fare well . Reportedly , a failure to switch the points caused the model of Henry to derail and viewers of the live broadcast witnessed a human hand , said to be the one of a crew member , picking him up and placing him back on the rails . Models moved jerkily , and all effects and music had to be superimposed . By 23 June , news of the broadcast hit the front pages of the Daily Telegraph and the Daily Mail . Awdry himself branded the episode as `` unprofessional '' , and the point - switching debacle as an `` elementary mistake '' . As a result , the second episode scheduled for 28 June 1953 was put on hold , and then later cancelled . After the `` Sad Story of Henry '' fiasco , the BBC did attempt to rescue the project by offering to give Awdry and the Railway Series publishers greater creative control over the production of the episodes , but the publishers declined the offer , preferring to focus on publishing new books for the series . Nearly twenty years later , the BBC incorporated Awdry 's stories once again . Fourteen years before Thomas and Friends was aired , Ted Ray , sitting in a stationmaster 's office , read out five Railway Series books between 20 September to 2 October 1970 on the popular television story - telling show Jackanory . Thomas the Tank Engine & Friends and its Success ( edit ) In 1979 , British television producer Britt Allcroft was producing a documentary on the Bluebell Railway , a heritage railway in Sussex which actually featured in the Railway Series book Stepney the Bluebell Engine . As part of her research before filming , Allcroft read some books in The Railway Series and was highly entertained and impressed with the stories which Awdry had written , later remarking that `` there was something in the stories that I felt I could develop that would connect with children . I saw a strong emotional content that would carry with little children 's experiences with life . '' Allcroft worked to convince Awdry that she could , with funding , convert the stories into a successful television show . Her efforts were successful , and she purchased the television rights from the publishers of The Railway Series at a cost of what was then £ 50,000 ( $74,000 in U.S. dollars at the time ) . Allcroft still had to work to raise the money to finance production and , despite showing a keen interest , wanted a level of creative control which she did not want to forego . In the end , after several years of searching and having to place a second mortgage on her home , Allcroft raised sufficient funding from her local bank manager . By 1981 , Allcroft had secured the finances to produce the show , she started to assemble the crew , including producer and director David Mitton , also the founder of Clearwater Features Ltd. ; crew member Steve Asquith ; American - born producer Robert D. Cardona ; and the selected team of composers and songwriters Mike O'Donnell and Junior Campbell . The series started production in 1984 by Allcroft 's production company , The Britt Allcroft Company ; Clearwater Features Ltd . ( Mitton and Cardona 's company ) ; and the ITV company Central Independent Television . The series was originally shot and produced with live action models at the Clearwater in house studio in Battersea , a suburb of London , for Series 1 . It later relocated to Shepperton Studios , Middlesex , southwest of London for subsequent series . The use of moving models was seen at the time of the series ' conception as an effective method of animating the stories . Locomotives and other vehicles were operated by radio control , while humans and animals were static figures . Stop - motion was occasionally employed for instances in which a human or animal character would move . Hand - drawn animation was used in Series 3 to create bees ( as seen on James Goes Buzz Buzz ) . The first series ( 1984 ) used stories from the first eight books , along with one specially written by the Rev. W. Awdry , Thomas 's Christmas Party . The second series ( 1986 ) used stories from Book No. 9 ( Edward the Blue Engine ) to Book No. 30 ( More About Thomas the Tank Engine ) . This book was unusual , as it was written specifically by Christopher Awdry to be adapted by the show . At that time , it was a contractual obligation that the series could only adapt stories that appeared in print . The series also used a story from a Thomas Annual , `` Thomas and Trevor '' , and a specially written stand - alone story , Thomas and the Missing Christmas Tree . The second series was actually a 27 - episode series , as a single ( unaired ) episode ( `` The Missing Coach '' ) was in the process of being filmed , but despite being filmed it was never shown because Allcroft decided it was too confusing for young viewers . The production team went on to use `` Thomas , Percy and the Coal '' instead . In between production of the second and third series , the production team were focused in producing two other television series : Tugs , which ran for one series in 1989 for Television South ( TVS ) ; and the American television series Shining Time Station , which repackaged Thomas & Friends for the American television market from 1989 to 1996 . Just before production of series three , Clearwater closed on 31 December 1990 , with The Britt Allcroft Company becoming the sole producer . Series three was broadcast in 1992 for Thames Television . It was made at a cost of £ 1.3 million ( approximately $9.3. million in U.S. dollars at the time ) . The series was a combination of episodes derived from The Railway Series , stories in the Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends magazine ( written by the series ' current head writer , Andrew Brenner ) , and a couple of original stories by Allcroft and Mitton . One of the primary reasons for diverging from the original books was that many of the stories not yet used featured large numbers of new characters , which would be expensive to produce . Another reason was that the producers wanted more stories about Thomas , the nominal main character . Awdry worried that the new stories would be unrealistic ( see Henry the Green Engine for more details ) . Robert D. Cardona left as producer , while Britt Allcroft joined David Mitton as co-producer . Angus Wright took over as executive producer . Series four was first released directly to video between 1994 - 1995 before it 's broadcast debut on Cartoon Network . The producers planned to introduce some new female characters , including motor car Caroline , Nancy , and The Refreshment Lady . Some commentators took this as a response to accusations of sexism levelled against the series two years earlier . In reality , these were not `` new '' characters , but creations of Awdry from the original Railway Series books . Series four was almost entirely based on The Railway Series . The narrow gauge engines were introduced , and were the focus of a number of episodes . Only one original story ( `` Rusty to the Rescue '' , written by Allcroft and Mitton ) was used , but this took certain elements of plot and dialogue from Stepney the `` Bluebell '' Engine . The fifth series ( 1998 ) was also first released directly to video before its TV airings on Cartoon Network , was a radical shift , as all episodes were written by Allcroft and Mitton with no further stories being adapted from the `` Railway Series '' . This series saw the introduction of new characters , such as Cranky , The Horrid Lorries and Old Slow Coach . It also focused on more dramatic and edgy plot - lines , with more severe accidents , than in the earlier seasons . After series 5 , Angus Wright stepped down as executive producer . It was also the final season broadcast on Cartoon Network , as Nickelodeon UK would eventually acquire the broadcast rights to the show for it to air on their newly created Nick Jr. channel in 1999 . CN continued to air older seasons until their broadcast rights fully expired in 2001 . Thomas and the Magic Railroad was released in July 2000 in the UK , Canada and the US . It featured new characters created by Allcroft , along with characters from the show that introduced Thomas to the U.S. , Shining Time Station . Despite high production values and the popularity of the show , the film was criticised by British reviewers who were unfamiliar with Shining Time Station . The movie was well received by young children on both sides of the Atlantic , but made only $19.7 million at the box office , against a cost of $19 million to produce . The film was broadcast on BBC1 on 1 January 2004 and again on 29 December 2008 . Thomas & Friends and its recent developments ( edit ) The Britt Allcroft Company ( which changed its name to Gullane Entertainment in 2001 ) was purchased by HiT Entertainment in September 2003 , a company specialising in children 's entertainment . The sixth and seventh series continued to introduce action - packed storylines and new characters , and saw the introduction of a writing staff . The sixth series in 2002 was notable for its attempt to create a spin - off based on the successful `` Bob the Builder '' series . Two episodes introduced a group of construction machine characters known as `` The Pack '' . The spin - off did n't materialise for some time . Eventually , in 2006 , thirteen episodes were released straight to DVD as a collection called On Site with Thomas . It was the first season broadcast on ITV since Season 3 . The fact that older sets were used and the episodes were shot on 35mm camera ( as opposed to the digital camera used at the time of the episodes ' release ) suggest it was filmed some time before Series 8 . In Series 7 ( 2003 ) the programme title was officially shortened to Thomas & Friends , this name having been used on merchandise and video covers for three years previously . Phil Fehrle replaced Allcroft and Mitton as producer , though Mitton remained as the director . Executive producer Angus Wright was replaced by Peter Urie and Allcroft as executive producers for Series 6 . In 2003 , Allcroft stepped down as executive producer , making Urie the sole executive producer for Gullane Entertainment , and Jocelyn Stevenson was the executive producer for HiT Entertainment . The eighth series ( 2004 ) was the first released directly to VHS and DVD as four episodes in the US and six in the UK were released before airing on television on Nick Jr. in the UK and PBS in the US . It introduced a number of significant changes to the show . Many of the original founding team involved in the original show since 1984 left the production , notably Britt Allcroft , director and writer David Mitton , and original composers Mike O'Donnell and Junior Campbell . The latter two had been embroiled in a protracted legal dispute with HiT before their departure . Steve Asquith , who was part of the original production team since 1984 , took over as director , while Simon Spencer replaced Phil Fehrle as producer . A new theme song and incidental music were composed by Ed Welch and Robert Hartshorne , respectively . Episode runtime was increased to seven minutes . The series was produced using digital video camera , creating a somewhat different look for the show . Other changes included the additions of CGI educational sequences and transitions between stories . Executive producer Peter Urie also left , while Jocelyn Stevenson remained in her role as executive producer . Sam Barlow became the story executive , while Abi Grant and Paul Larson served as script editors . This series saw the adoption of a centralised cast , including Thomas the Tank Engine , Edward , Henry , Gordon , James , Percy , Toby and Emily . HiT Entertainment was itself then acquired by Apax Partners , a private equity company , in March 2005 . A straight - to - video film , Calling All Engines ! , was released shortly before Series 9 in 2005 . While featuring characters from Thomas and the Magic Railroad , it was not a direct sequel . It proved successful , which resulted in more direct - to - video specials being produced . Series 9 ( 2005 ) and 10 ( 2006 ) saw the expansion of the supporting cast with new and old characters . From Series 9 the narrator would call out the episodes ' names and from Series 11 the theme song was sung starting with the sound of a train whistle . Series 10 aired with twenty - eight episodes rather than the twenty - six of previous years . The eleventh series ( 2007 ) was filmed in high definition format . Twenty episodes aired in the original broadcast , while six were released directed to DVD as Engines and Escapades . Jocelyn Stevenson had stepped down as executive producer after Series 10 , with Christopher Skala taking her place as executive producer for Series 11 . Sharon Miller became the script editor from Series 9 to 11 . Series 12 ( 2008 ) saw the introduction of CGI effects ( provided by HiT Entertainment 's subsidiary Hot Animation ) , with the intent of producing the show entirely in CGI the following year . The traditional models and sets were still used , but with computer animated faces superimposed on the models to allow for changing facial expressions . Humans and animals were fully computer animated to allow for walking movement . Only twenty episodes were broadcast ( the U.S. broadcast featured six additional episodes from Engines and Escapades ) . Sharon Miller became the head writer , starting with Series 12 . HiT announced multiple changes to the show beginning in 2009 . One new aspect was the introduction of live - action host segments to Thomas ' home video releases . The host took the form of a character who worked on The Fat Controller 's ( Sir Topham Hatt 's ) railway , who would instruct viewers in craft projects . For the final 2 DVDs released for Season 12 in 2009 , the host was named Mr. Arkwright , played by Robert Slate . In 2010 , beginning with the DVD Splish splash splosh , the host was named Mr. Perkins , played by Ben Forster , and has remained host until Forster died in 2017 after a battle with cancer . For budgetary reasons , the other major changes were a move to production in CGI , rather than using physical models , and the addition of a voice cast to support the established narrator . The DVD feature , Hero of the Rails , was the first Thomas & Friends production to show these changes , and Series 13 was the first television series in the new format . The CGI animation for the series was provided by Nitrogen Studios of Vancouver . In September 2010 , Apax was preparing to sell off HiT Entertainment and its franchises , including Thomas -- regarded as the single most valuable asset -- in order to help clear HiT 's debts , and in February 2012 , sold the company , along with the Thomas properties , to `` US toy giant '' , Mattel . During production of Series 16 ( 2012 ) , Sharon Miller stepped down as head writer , and Andrew Brenner , who had written some Thomas stories in the third series , assumed the role after serving as script editor for `` Blue Mountain Mystery '' . Additionally , Sam Barlow stepped down as story executive after the sixteenth series , and the production of the CGI animation was moved from Nitrogen Studios ( of Vancouver ) to Arc Productions ( of Toronto ) . King of the Railway and Series 17 , both released during 2013 , serve as the first special and series developed by the new animation and production team respectively . 2014 saw Tale of the Brave and Series 18 , the second special and series animated by Arc , respectively . 2015 saw The Adventure Begins , a special coinciding with the 70th anniversary of the franchise , and Sodor 's Legend of the Lost Treasure ; Series 19 began airing that same year . 2016 saw some changes ; longtime composers Robert and Peter Hartshorne , father and son team , left the series and Chris Renshaw and Oliver Davis took over . 2016 also saw Thomas & Friends : The Great Race and Series 20 began airing the same year . Series 20 was the last series of the show to air on PBS Kids ; when Series 21 began airing in 2017 , the American broadcast of the show was moved to Nick Jr. , ending a period of almost 30 years of Thomas & Friends on American public television , 2017 also saw Journey Beyond Sodor . Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of Thomas & Friends voice actors Originally , narrating was used as the only voice in the series until 2008 . Britt Allcroft thought it essential to convey the episode as a story that would be read from a book at home . Individual voice - over actors were given to both the UK and US dubs of the Series , following the switch to full CGI animation in 2009 . List of Productions ( edit ) Television series ( edit ) Main article : List of Thomas & Friends episodes Series Year Episodes DVD release date ( R2 ) DVD release date ( R4 ) 1984 26 31 January 2005 2 May 2006 1986 18 April 2005 13 April 2006 1991 -- 92 23 January 2006 6 July 2006 1994 -- 95 24 July 2006 8 September 2006 5 1998 5 February 2007 8 September 2006 6 2002 2 July 2007 5 January 2009 7 2003 14 January 2008 4 June 2009 8 28 July 2008 4 June 2009 9 2005 19 January 2009 2 March 2010 10 2006 28 17 May 2010 2 June 2010 11 2007 26 26 July 2010 2 June 2011 12 2008 20 21 February 2011 1 March 2012 13 2009 13 February 2012 14 22 July 2013 15 2011 7 July 2014 16 2012 25 May 2015 17 2013 -- 14 26 18 July 2016 18 2014 -- 15 19 June 2017 19 2015 -- 17 2 July 2018 20 2016 -- 17 28 21 2017 18 22 2018 TBA Films , specials , and miniseries ( edit ) Main article : Thomas & Friends ( franchise ) § Direct - to - video specials Home video history ( edit ) Main article : Thomas and Friends video releases Over the history of the programme , the TV episodes and specials have been released for home viewing in a variety of compilations , formats and languages , by a variety of publishing houses . Production ( edit ) Characters ( edit ) Further information : List of Thomas & Friends railway engines , List of Thomas & Friends narrow - gauge engines , Arlesdale Railway , List of Thomas & Friends rolling stock , List of Thomas & Friends non-rail vehicles , List of people and animals from Thomas & Friends , and Thomas the Tank Engine film characters Storytelling ( edit ) Up until series 13 , narration and dialogue were performed by a single storyteller . Models ( edit ) The original live action models were filmed on an extensive model railway layout built at the studios . The models were built to the 1 : 32 scale , known in model railway circles as `` Gauge 1 '' . The locomotives used chassis made by Märklin with specially made bodies . Along with the moving - eye and eyelid mechanisms and clay faces , these bodies also included smoke generators . Coaches and trucks were made using Tenmille kits . Later models were constructed entirely from scratch . Some of the models from the sister television series Tugs were reused in later episodes of the series . From Series 5 to 12 , some larger - scale models were used for the narrow gauge characters , to more easily fit the complex mechanisms into them while retaining a sufficient level of detail . In Series 6 , the characters known as `` the Pack '' ( construction machines ) were also constructed on a large scale , and larger models of Thomas and Percy were made to interact with them . In the ninth series , another larger Thomas model was built to the same scale as the narrow gauge engines to provide greater possibilities for interaction . It was joined by a large version of James in the tenth series . In 2009 , some of these models were put on display in a special exhibit at Drayton Manor Theme Park 's Thomas Land . Nitrogen Studios , who provided the animation for the series from series 12 to 16 , also has some of the original models on display . Sadly , the original model of the charactor ' Duck ' was broken while on display . Face movements ( edit ) At the show 's conception in 1984 , live action model animation would not deliver lip sync , but show co-creator Britt Allcroft and model director David Mitton did not see this as an inhibition . About 20 years later however , with advancement in technology , the show saw the introduction of CGI by HIT Entertainment 's subsidiary HOT Animation . At first this was used to generate smoke and other effects , but later , HIT ( the current owners of Thomas ) announced its intent to introduce a fully CGI series in 2009 . With Series 12 , CGI by Nitrogen Studios was used to animate characters ' faces and to make people and animals mobile within the stories . The following series ( the show 's 13th ) saw a transition to full CGI animation . Music ( edit ) Mike O'Donnell and Junior Campbell composed the show 's original main title theme , incidental music and songs , which were used for series 1 -- 7 comprising 182 episodes between 1984 and 2003 . The instruments for Seasons 1 - 2 was the Roland Jupiter 6 and instrumentals for seasons 3 - 7 was the E-mu Proteus sound module . In 2004 , Robert Hartshorne took O'Donnell and Campbell 's place as composer , while Ed Welch became the show 's songwriter from Series 8 to The Great Discovery , and Welch left after The Great Discovery . Hartshorne took his place as songwriter from Series 12 and onwards . From Day of the Diesels / 2011 - 2016 , Robert 's son Peter Hartshorne helped him with the music . In 2016 the Hartshornes left the series and Chris Renshaw and Oliver Davis took their places . Head writer ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Since series 12 , there has been a head writer for the series . Prior to the introduction of a head writer , the script editor performed similar duties . Sharon Miller served as head writer from series 12 -- 16 and stepped down after series 16 and was replaced by Andrew Brenner , who had written many `` Thomas '' stories for various magazines as well as his own original stories , several of which were later adapted for television episodes for Series 3 and Series 5 , for which he had remained uncredited . Brenner had been a writer of several other children 's animated series , such as Angelina Ballerina , Tractor Tom , Fireman Sam , The Amazing Adrenalini Brothers , Spot , Poppy Cat , and Binka , as well as being the creator of Caribou Kitchen , and Humf and writer for several magazines featuring children 's characters such as The Real Ghostbusters , Fireman Sam , Scooby - Doo , Tom and Jerry , and Thomas 's sister series Tugs and has written scripts and took over as head writer for Thomas for King of the Railway and onwards . Sharon Miller has also been the voice director since the second CGI animated film Misty Island Rescue , and continues to work on the series in this capacity . Script editors Abi Grant ( series 6 ) Jan Page ( series 7 ) Abi Grant and Paul Larson ( series 8 ) Sharon Miller ( series 9 - 11 ) Becky Evans ( series 16 , last few episodes ) Head writer Sharon Miller ( series 12 -- 16 ) Andrew Brenner ( series 17 -- present ) Broadcast ( edit ) In the United Kingdom , Thomas & Friends was originally broadcast back and forth between ITV and Cartoon Network until 2006 . In the United States , the series had first appeared only as sequences on Shining Time Station during the program 's run from 1989 to 1995 on PBS . The sequences of the series later aired in 1996 on Mr. Conductor 's Thomas Tales . The series aired as Storytime with Thomas on Fox Family ( now Freeform ) from 1999 to 2001 . When Thomas & Friends premiered as a stand - alone program on PBS Kids , it was first distributed from 2004 to 2007 by Connecticut Public Television , and then by WNET from 2008 to 2017 . The rights to broadcast the series through PBS expired in December 2017 , thus ending a period of almost 30 years of programming related to Thomas & Friends on American public television . Now it airs on Nick Jr. and Nickelodeon . The program airs in Australia on ABC Kids and on FOUR in New Zealand . In Canada , it plays on TVO , Family Jr. , Knowledge Kids , and MBC 3 and Spacetoon in the Middle East . Other dubs ( edit ) Language Title Broadcast Channel Notes Country Flag Brazilian Portuguese Thomas e Seus Amigos Discovery Kids ( Brazil ) The series in Brazil is known as Thomas e Seus Amigos , and is dubbed in Brazilian Portuguese , with the roll call and the theme song , and show 's title dubbed , too . It even has an official YouTube channel known as Thomas e Seus Amigos . The 2010 film `` Day of the Diesels '' is dubbed , as well , and known in Brazil as `` O Dia dos Trens a Diesel '' , literally translating to `` The Day of Diesel Trains '' . The roll call lyrics were also dubbed , according to the pre-recorded YouTube version of the roll call , which was posted by Thomas e Seus Amigos ' official YouTube channel . Brazil Azerbaijani Thomas və Dostlari ANS TV The series in Azerbaijan is known as Thomas və Dostlari , and is dubbed with audio in Azerbaijani , but the screen words ( like the logo ) is n't dubbed / written in Azerbaijani . However , the roll call and theme song was dubbed in Azerbaijani , just without the lyrics . Azerbaijan European Portuguese Thomas e os Seus Amigos Canal Panda RTP2 ZigZag The series in Portugal is known as Thomas e os Seus Amigos , and is dubbed with audio and roll call lyrics , also the logo being dubbed / written in European Portuguese . It airs daily on Canal Panda in Portugal , and is watched in Portuguese ( PT ) among many viewers . Portugal Castilian Spanish Thomas y Sus Amigos RTVES / Clan The series in Spain , ( similar to Latin America ) , is known as Thomas y Sus Amigos , and is dubbed with audio and roll call lyrics , also the logo being written in Castilian Spanish as `` Thomas y Sus Amigos '' . It airs daily on RTVES Clan in Spain , and is watched in Spanish ( ES ) among many viewers , mostly a younger audience ( like all forms of the series ) . Spain Catalan En Thomas i els Seus Amics The series in Catalonia , Spain is known as En Thomas i els Seus Amics , and is dubbed with audio in Catalan , but is not known to have a written logo / and / or roll call lyrics . It is also watched among lots of young viewers ( preschoolers ) . Catalonia Romanian Thomas şi Prietenii Săi Minimax TV The series in Romania is known as Thomas şi Prietenii Săi , or Locomotiva Thomas şi Prietenii Săi , and is dubbed with audio in Romanian , but like most versions , is not known to have written roll call lyrics / and / or logotype . It 's watched daily on MInimax TV in Romania by young audiences . Romania Hebrew תומס הקטר תומס הקטר וחברים Hop ! Channel Israeli Educational Television The series in Israel is known as תומס הקטר and תומס הקטר וחברים , and is dubbed with audio in Hebrew . YouTube now has 2 episodes from the Hebrew dub of the fifteenth season of the series . It also had all the episodes from the Hebrew dub of the seventeenth season of the series . Israel Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Common Sense Media rated the show a 4 out of 5 stars stating `` Parents can be assured that this series has educational aspects as well as behavioral modeling . The Thomas the Tank Engine stories were conceived by a young British boy early in the 20th century , who would listen to the trains as they chuffed through the countryside . The stories he told his son -- who has consequently passed them on to his own son -- have been documented in books and toy train models . Since the series was introduced to television viewers in the 1980s , Thomas & Friends has seen a healthy fan base sprout worldwide . '' Internet popularity ( edit ) In the 2010s , Thomas & Friends became the subject of several internet memes , and was even the centerpiece of an article for The New Yorker , which explored supposedly totalitarian subtexts present in the show . References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ `` Universal Studios Home Entertainment HIT Entertainment And Universal Studios Home Entertainment Enter Into Distribution Pact For Thomas & Friends ® , Angelina Ballerina ® , Barney & Friends ® , Bob The Builder ® And HIT 's Greater Preschool Portfolio In North America '' ( Press release ) . CNW Group . 1 May 2014 . Retrieved 5 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The TV Series -- A History of Thomas on Screen '' . Sodor Island . Archived from the original on 17 February 2014 . Retrieved 17 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Mallory , Michael ; Whitlock , Natalie . `` Thomas the Tank Engine and TV '' . Ultimate Guide to Thomas the Tank Engine . TLC . Archived from the original on 17 February 2014 . Retrieved 17 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Clark , Rhodri ( 19 May 2005 ) . `` Still Building Steam at 60 '' . The Journal . Newcastle - upon - Tyne : Trinity Mirror . Retrieved 17 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Storytellers '' . Sodor Island . Archived from the original on 17 February 2014 . Retrieved 17 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bluebell Railway -- FAQ '' . Bluebell Railway . Archived from the original on 19 February 2014 . Retrieved 19 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas the £ 1billion Tank Engine '' . Daily Mirror. 23 January 2010 . Retrieved 19 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Thomas & Friends ( Television prodyction ) . 60 Minutes . 1995 . Event occurs at 2 : 50 . Retrieved 19 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bfi Film & Tv Database Thomas The Tank Engine And Friends '' . Ftvdb.bfi.org.uk . Retrieved 5 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Case for the Missing Coach '' . Retrieved 28 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Who Drove Thomas To Success ? '' . sodor-island.net . Retrieved 17 June 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Sibley , Brian ( 1995 ) . The Thomas the Tank Engine Man . Heinemann . p. 318 . ISBN 0 - 434 - 96909 - 5 . Jump up ^ Sibley , p320 Jump up ^ Sibley , p309 Jump up ^ `` Thomas and the Magic Railroad ( 2000 ) - Box Office Mojo '' . Retrieved 31 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FE Investegate Gullane Ent. PLC Announcements Gullane Ent. PLC : Offer by HIT Entertainment '' . Investegate.co.uk . Retrieved 5 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` HIT TAKES OVER GULLANE . News Broadcast '' . Broadcastnow.co.uk. 5 September 2002 . Retrieved 5 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Barbara Dohmann QC '' . Blackstone Chambers . Archived from the original on 23 September 2015 . Retrieved 1 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Hickman '' . Blackstone Chambers . 31 March 2009 . Archived from the original on 23 September 2015 . Retrieved 1 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Apax buys Hit for £ 490m News Broadcast '' . Broadcastnow.co.uk. 21 March 2005 . Retrieved 5 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pierce Brosnan Announced As New Narrator For Thomas & Friends '' . ( Press Release ) . HIT Entertainment . 19 July 2007 . Retrieved 29 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas & Friends and Bob the Builder Move to CGI Animation in 2009 Broadcast Season '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 1 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bob the Builder owner prepares for a disposal '' . Business-sale.com . Retrieved 1 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` '' Thomas the Tank Engine sale steaming ahead `` , Daily Mail Online , 19 September 2010 '' . Daily Mail . 19 September 2010 . Retrieved 5 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas The Tank Engine ' For Sale Cheap '' . Deadline London . 20 September 2010 . Retrieved 5 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Barbie maker Mattel to buy Thomas the Tank Engine owner '' . BBC Online . BBC News . 24 October 2011 . Archived from the original on 13 February 2014 . Retrieved 13 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Arc Productions Comes On Board As Animation Studio For HIT Entertainment 's Thomas & Friends '' . Hit Entertainment . 6 February 2012 . Archived from the original on 13 February 2014 . Retrieved 13 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Classic Adventures of Thomas & Friends : The Complete First Series DVD : Amazon.co.uk : Ringo Starr , David Mitton , Britt Allcroft , Robert D. Cardona : Film & TV '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Classic Adventures Of Thomas & Friends , The -- Series 1 ( Handle Case ) '' . Ezydvd.com.au . Archived from the original on 3 July 2013 . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas & Friends : Classic Collection -- Series 2 DVD : Amazon.co.uk : Thomas and Friends : Film & TV '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Classic Adventures Of Thomas & Friends , The -- Series 2 ( Handle Case ) '' . Ezydvd.com.au . Archived from the original on 3 July 2013 . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends : Classic Collection -- Series 3 DVD : Amazon.co.uk : Thomas and Friends : Film & TV '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Classic Adventures Of Thomas & Friends , The -- Series 3 ( Handle Case ) '' . Ezydvd.com.au . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Classic Adventures of Thomas & Friends -- The Complete Fourth Series DVD : Amazon.co.uk : Michael Angelis , David Mitton , Britt Allcroft : Film & TV '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Classic Adventures Of Thomas & Friends , The -- Series 4 ( Handle Case ) '' . Ezydvd.com.au . Archived from the original on 3 July 2013 . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Classic Adventures of Thomas & Friends -- The Complete Fifth Series DVD : Amazon.co.uk : Michael Angelis , David Mitton , Britt Allcroft : Film & TV '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Classic Adventures Of Thomas & Friends , The -- Series 5 ( Handle Case ) '' . Ezydvd.com.au . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends : Classic Collection -- Series 6 DVD : Amazon.co.uk : Thomas and Friends : Film & TV '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Classic Adventures Of Thomas & Friends , The -- Series 6 ( Handle Case ) '' . Ezydvd.com.au . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas & Friends -- Classic Collection : Series 7 DVD : Amazon.co.uk : Thomas the Tank Engine : Film & TV '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Classic Adventures Of Thomas & Friends , The -- Series 7 ( Handle Case ) '' . Ezydvd.com.au . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas And Friends -- Classic Collection -- Series 8 DVD : Amazon.co.uk : Thomas and Friends : Film & TV '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Classic Adventures Of Thomas & Friends , The -- Series 8 ( Handle Case ) '' . Ezydvd.com.au . Archived from the original on 3 July 2013 . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas & Friends -- Classic Collection -- Series 9 DVD : Amazon.co.uk : Michael Angelis , Steve Asquith , Simon Spencer : Film & TV '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Classic Adventures Of Thomas & Friends , The -- Series 9 ( Handle Case ) '' . Ezydvd.com.au . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas And Friends -- Classic Collection -- Complete Series 10 DVD : Amazon.co.uk : Michael Angelis , Steve Asquith , Simon Spencer , Sharon Miller , Abi Grant , Paul Larson , Marc Seal , Wayne Jackman , Simon Nicholson , James Mason : Film & TV '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Classic Adventures of Thomas & Friends , The -- Series 10 ( Handle Case ) '' . Ezydvd.com.au . Archived from the original on 3 July 2013 . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas And Friends -- Classic Collection -- Series 11 DVD : Amazon.co.uk : Michael Angelis , Steve Asquith , Simon Spencer : Film & TV '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Classic Adventures of Thomas & Friends , The -- Series 11 ( Handle Case ) '' . Ezydvd.com.au . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas and Friends -- Classic Collection -- Series 12 DVD 2011 : Amazon.co.uk : Michael Angelis , Steve Asquith , Simon Spencer , Sharon Miller , Mark Robertson , Andrew Viner , Abi Grant , Paul Larson , Wayne Jackman , Anna Starkey : Film & TV '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas & Friends : Series 12 '' . Ezydvd.com.au. 22 April 2013 . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas & Friends -- The Complete Series 13 ( DVD ) : Amazon.co.uk : Michael Angelis , Ben Small , Teresa Gallagher , Keith Wickham , Matt Wilkinson , Togo Igawa , Kerry Shale , Jules de Jongh , Greg Tiernan , Nicole Stinn , Sharon Miller , Mark Robertson , Allan Plenderleith , David Richard Fox , Miranda Larson , Robyn Charteris , Louise Kramskoy , Alan Hescott : Film & TV '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas & Friends : The Complete Series 14 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 5 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas & Friends : The Complete 16th Series ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 26 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas & Friends : The Complete Series 17 '' . 18 July 2016 . Retrieved 31 January 2017 -- via Amazon . Jump up ^ `` Thomas & Friends : Complete Series 18 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 27 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas Land exhibit '' . Thomaslanduk.co.uk . Archived from the original on 24 September 2011 . Retrieved 1 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Mallory , Michael ( 6 November 2006 ) . `` How Thomas the Tank Engine Works '' . Entertainment.howstuffworks.com . Retrieved 1 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hit reveals new look for Bob and Thomas '' . ( Press Release ) . Licensing.biz. 9 June 2008 . Retrieved 9 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Celebrate the holidays with Thomas & Friends ! New on Nick starting tomorrow , Friday 12 / 15 ! '' . Thomas and Friends Facebook page . Hit Entertainment . Jump up ^ `` Thomas e Seus Amigos '' . YouTube . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas & Friends - TV Review '' . Retrieved 31 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 22 Funniest Things The Internet Has Ever Done With Thomas The Tank Engine '' . smosh . Retrieved 24 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Repressive Authoritarian Soul of Thomas the Tank Engine '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved 24 October 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Thomas and Friends . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Thomas and Friends Official websites ( edit ) Official website Awdry Family Site Other sites ( edit ) Thomas and Friends at TV.com Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends on IMDb hide The Railway Series and Thomas & Friends Engines Thomas Edward Henry Gordon James Percy Toby Duck Donald and Douglas Oliver Emily Bill and Ben Diesel Mavis Salty Harvey Diesel 10 Narrow - gauge engines Skarloey Rheneas Sir Handel Peter Sam Rusty Duncan Duke Minimum - gauge engines Mike Bert Rex Other characters The Fat Controller Annie and Clarabel Bertie Harold Terence Trevor Characters in The Railway Series Railways North Western Skarloey Culdee Fell Arlesdale Mid Sodor Sodor & Mainland The Other Railway Places The Island of Sodor Locations in Thomas and Friends The Railway Series books by the Rev. W. Awdry List of Railway Series books Major characters Minor characters Authors Rev. W.V. Awdry ( creator ) Christopher Awdry Illustrators C. Reginald Dalby John T. Kenney Peter and Gunvor Edwards Clive Spong Thomas & Friends , the television show Characters Railway engines Narrow - gauge engines Arlesdale engines Rolling stock Non-rail vehicles People and animals Film characters Television series 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Television episodes Emily 's New Coaches Films and specials Thomas and the Magic Railroad ( 2000 ) Calling All Engines ! ( 2005 ) The Great Discovery ( 2008 ) Hero of the Rails ( 2009 ) Misty Island Rescue ( 2010 ) Day of the Diesels ( 2011 ) Blue Mountain Mystery ( 2012 ) King of the Railway ( 2013 ) Tale of the Brave ( 2014 ) The Adventure Begins ( 2015 ) Sodor 's Legend of the Lost Treasure ( 2015 ) The Great Race ( 2016 ) Journey Beyond Sodor ( 2017 ) Production List of Thomas & Friends voice actors Merchandise Annuals My Thomas Story Library Wooden Railway Thomas the Tank Engine pictureback books Experiences Day out with Thomas Thomas Land at Drayton Manor Related Shining Time Station Nick Jr. original programming Current Peppa Pig ( since 2004 ) PAW Patrol ( since 2013 ) Blaze and the Monster Machines ( since 2014 ) Little Charmers ( since 2015 ) Shimmer and Shine ( since 2015 ) Miffy 's Adventures Big and Small ( since 2015 ) Rusty Rivets ( since 2016 ) Nella the Princess Knight ( since 2017 ) Sunny Day ( since 2017 ) Top Wing ( since 2017 ) Thomas & Friends ( since 2017 ) Former 1980s debuts Eureeka 's Castle ( 1989 -- 1995 ) 1990s debuts Nick Jr . Rocks ( 1991 ) Gullah Gullah Island ( 1994 -- 1998 ) Allegra 's Window ( 1994 -- 1996 ) Little Bear ( 1995 -- 2003 ) Blue 's Clues ( 1996 -- 2006 ) Teletubbies ( 1997 -- 2001 ; 2015 -- 2016 ) Franklin ( 1997 -- 2004 ) Maisy ( 1998 -- 2001 ) 64 Zoo Lane ( 1999 -- 2013 ) Phred on Your Head Show ( 1999 -- 2002 ) Nanalan ' ( 1999 -- 2006 ) Little Bill ( 1999 -- 2004 ) 2000s debuts Dora the Explorer ( 2000 -- 2014 ) Maggie and the Ferocious Beast ( 2000 -- 2002 ) Tiny Planets ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Oswald ( 2001 -- 2003 ) The URL with Phred Show ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Play with Me Sesame ( 2002 -- 2007 ) Max & Ruby ( 2002 -- 2016 ) Miffy and Friends ( 2003 -- 2007 ) Moose and Zee ( 2003 -- 2012 ) Oobi ( 2003 -- 2005 ) Connie the Cow ( 2003 -- 2007 ) Whoopi 's Littleburg ( 2004 ) Blue 's Room ( 2004 -- 2007 ) LazyTown ( 2004 -- 2008 ) Miss Spider 's Sunny Patch Friends ( 2004 -- 2008 ) The Backyardigans ( 2004 -- 2010 ) Cooking for Kids with Luis ( 2004 -- 2005 ) Pocoyo ( 2005 -- 2010 ) Pinky Dinky Doo ( 2005 -- 2009 ) Go , Diego , Go ! ( 2005 -- 2011 ) Jack 's Big Music Show ( 2005 -- 2008 ) Wonder Pets ! ( 2006 -- 2013 ) Wow ! Wow ! Wubbzy ! ( 2006 -- 2010 ) The Upside Down Show ( 2006 -- 2007 ) Yo Gabba Gabba ! ( 2007 -- 2015 ) Ni Hao , Kai - Lan ( 2007 -- 2011 ) Toot & Puddle ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Olivia ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Ben & Holly 's Little Kingdom ( 2009 -- 2013 ) The Fresh Beat Band ( 2009 -- 2013 ) 2010s debuts Team Umizoomi ( 2010 -- 2015 ) Dino Dan ( 2010 -- 2017 ) Bubble Guppies ( 2011 -- 2016 ) Franklin and Friends ( 2011 -- 2013 ) Mike the Knight ( 2011 -- 2017 ) Mia and Me ( 2011 - 2016 ) Tickety Toc ( 2012 -- 2015 ) Peter Rabbit ( 2012 -- 2016 ) Lalaloopsy ( 2013 -- 2015 ) Julius Jr. ( 2013 -- 2015 ) Wallykazam ! ( 2014 -- 2017 ) Zack & Quack ( 2014 -- 2017 ) Dora and Friends : Into the City ! ( 2014 -- 2017 ) Hey Duggee ( 2014 -- 2018 ) Nick Jr . Puppies ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Fresh Beat Band of Spies ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Mutt & Stuff ( 2015 -- 2017 ) Upcoming Rainbow Rangers ( 2018 ) Butterbean 's Café ( 2018 ) Abby Hatcher , Fuzzly Catcher ( 2018 ) Blue 's Clues ( Reboot ) ( 2018 ) The Swashbuckling Adventures of Capitán Calavera ( 2019 ) Fashion Ally ( 2019 ) See also Nick Jr. ( block ) Nickelodeon on CBS Nickelodeon Book Nickelodeon portal PBS Kids original programming Current Sesame Street ( since 1969 , second run since 2016 ) Arthur ( since 1996 ) Cyberchase ( since 2002 ) Bob the Builder ( since 2005 ) The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That ! ( since 2010 ) Wild Kratts ( since 2011 ) Daniel Tiger 's Neighborhood ( since 2012 ) Peg + Cat ( since 2013 ) Odd Squad ( since 2014 ) Nature Cat ( since 2015 ) Ready Jet Go ! ( since 2016 ) Splash and Bubbles ( since 2016 ) Pinkalicious & Peterrific ( since 2018 ) Former 1960s -- 1980s debuts Mister Rogers ' Neighborhood ( 1968 -- 2001 ) The Electric Company ( 1971 -- 1977 ) Zoom ( 1972 -- 1978 ) 3 - 2 - 1 Contact ( 1980 -- 1988 ) Powerhouse ( 1982 -- 1983 ) Reading Rainbow ( 1983 -- 2006 ) Newton 's Apple ( 1983 -- 1999 ) Kidsongs ( 1985 -- 1998 ) Square One Television ( 1987 -- 1992 ) Gerbert ( 1988 -- 1991 ) Shining Time Station ( 1989 -- 1995 ) Long Ago and Far Away ( 1989 -- 1993 ) Thomas & Friends ( 1989 -- 2017 ) 1990s debuts Where in the World Is Carmen Sandiego ? ( 1991 -- 1995 ) The Big Comfy Couch ( 1992 -- 2006 ) Barney & Friends ( 1992 -- 2009 ) Lamb Chop 's Play Along ( 1992 -- 1997 ) Ghostwriter ( 1992 -- 95 ) Kino 's Storytime ( 1992 -- 97 ) Tots TV ( 1993 -- 1998 ) Theodore Tugboat ( 1993 -- 2001 ) Bill Nye the Science Guy ( 1993 -- 1998 ) The Adventures of Dudley the Dragon ( 1993 -- 1999 ) Katie and Orbie ( 1994 -- 2002 ) The Magic School Bus ( 1994 -- 1997 ) Globe Trekker ( 1994 -- 2010 ) The Huggabug Club ( 1995 -- 2000 ) The Puzzle Place ( 1995 -- 1998 ) Wimzie 's House ( 1995 -- 1996 ) Wishbone ( 1995 -- 2001 ) Groundling Marsh ( 1995 -- 1997 ) Kratts ' Creatures ( 1996 ) Where in Time Is Carmen Sandiego ? ( 1996 -- 1997 ) Adventures from the Book of Virtues ( 1996 -- 2000 ) In the Mix ( 1996 -- 2012 ) Teletubbies ( 1997 -- 2001 ) Caillou ( 1997 -- 2010 ) The Charlie Horse Music Pizza ( 1998 -- 1999 ) Noddy ( 1998 -- 2000 ) Jay Jay the Jet Plane ( 1998 -- 2005 ) Elmo 's World ( 1998 -- 2009 ) Zoom ( 1999 -- 2005 ) Zoboomafoo ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Redwall ( 1999 -- 2002 ) Dragon Tales ( 1999 -- 2005 ) 2000s debuts Between the Lions ( 2000 -- 2010 ) The Dooley and Pals Show ( 2000 -- 2003 ) Clifford the Big Red Dog ( 2000 -- 2003 ) Corduroy ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Elliot Moose ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Marvin the Tap - Dancing Horse ( 2000 -- 2002 ) George Shrinks ( 2000 -- 2004 ) Seven Little Monsters ( 2000 -- 2004 ) Timothy Goes to School ( 2000 -- 01 ) Anne of Green Gables ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Sagwa , the Chinese Siamese Cat ( 2001 -- 2002 ) DragonflyTV ( 2002 -- 2008 ) Angelina Ballerina ( 2002 -- 2006 ) Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 -- 2003 ) Make Way for Noddy ( 2002 -- 2007 ) The Berenstain Bears ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Boohbah ( 2003 -- 2006 ) Jakers ! The Adventures of Piggley Winks ( 2003 -- 2007 ) Clifford 's Puppy Days ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Franny 's Feet ( 2004 -- 2011 ) Curiosity Quest ( 2004 -- 2015 ) Peep and the Big Wide World ( 2004 -- 2011 ) Maya & Miguel ( 2004 -- 2007 ) Postcards from Buster ( 2004 -- 2012 ) It 's a Big Big World ( 2005 -- 2010 ) Danger Rangers ( 2005 -- 2006 ) The Zula Patrol ( 2005 -- 2008 ) Signing Time ! ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Wunderkind Little Amadeus ( 2006 ) Fetch ! with Ruff Ruffman ( 2006 -- 2010 ) Curious George ( 2006 -- 2015 ) SeeMore 's Playhouse ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Design Squad ( 2007 -- 2011 ) WordGirl ( 2007 -- 2015 ) WordWorld ( 2007 -- 2011 ) Super Why ! ( 2007 -- 2016 ) Mama Mirabelle 's Home Movies ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Animalia ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Biz Kid $ ( 2008 -- 2017 ) Betsy 's Kindergarten Adventures ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Sid the Science Kid ( 2008 -- 2013 ) Martha Speaks ( 2008 -- 2014 ) Lomax , the Hound of Music ( 2008 ) The Electric Company ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Angelina Ballerina : The Next Steps ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Dinosaur Train ( 2009 -- 2017 ) 2010s debuts SciGirls ( 2010 - 2018 ) Mack & Moxy ( 2016 ) Upcoming Let 's Go Luna ! ( Fall 2018 ) Molly of Denali ( Summer 2019 ) See also PBS network shows Educational television PBS Kids Bookworm Bunch PBS Kids Go ! PBS Kids Preschool Block MusicBrainz : cd153bb1 - c5b1 - 4c08 - a00a - d7f5959decd6 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_%26_Friends&oldid=846608092 '' Categories : 1980s British animated television series 1980s British children 's television series 1984 British television programme debuts 1990s British animated television series 1990s British children 's television series 2000s British animated television series 2000s British children 's television series 2010s British animated television series 2010s British children 's television series Australian Broadcasting Corporation shows British animated television programmes featuring anthropomorphic characters British children 's animated television programmes Channel 5 ( UK ) television programmes Children 's adventure television series Children 's comedy television series Children 's fantasy television series Computer - animated television series English - language television programs Family Channel shows Fox Family shows Fuji Television shows George Carlin ITV children 's television programmes Nick Jr. shows PBS Kids shows PBS network shows Preschool education television series Rail transport in fiction Ringo Starr Television programs based on children 's books Television series by Mattel Creations Television series by WNET Television series revived after cancellation Thomas & Friends Trains in fiction Treehouse TV shows TV5 ( Philippines ) shows TVOntario shows Hidden categories : Use British English from May 2017 Pages using infobox television with editor parameter All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from April 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Articles needing additional references from April 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018 Use dmy dates from February 2016 Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Ænglisc བོད ་ ཡིག Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Dolnoserbski Español فارسی Føroyskt Français Gàidhlig 한국어 Hausa Hawaiʻi Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Latina Magyar Malti Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 35 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 20 : 20 ( UTC ) . 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how are you gonna keep them down on the farm lyrics
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How Ya Gonna Keep ' em Down on the Farm ( after They 've Seen Paree ) ?
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how ya gonna keep'em down on the farm ( after they've seen paree )?
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`` How Ya Gonna Keep ' em Down on the Farm ( After They 've Seen Paree ? ) '' is a World War I song that rose to popularity after the war had ended . The lyrics highlight concern that American soldiers from rural environments would not want to return to farm life after experiencing the European city life and culture of Paris during World War I .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Performances and recordings 2 Composition 3 References 3.1 Bibliography 4 External links Performances and recordings ( edit ) The song was first introduced to vaudeville by Sophie Tucker . Eddie Cantor also added it to his stage set . In 1919 , an early jazz band , Jim Europe 's 369th Infantry Band frequently performed this song in 1919 after arriving back in New York . They recorded a version for Pathé Records and it became a hit for that year . Also , Nora Bayes and Billy Murray recorded it for Columbia that same year . Bayes ' version reached number two on the US song charts in March 1919 . Victor released its recording , featuring the singer Arthur Fields , on February 27 , 1919 . Like many World War I songs , it was sung by soldiers in World War II . Andrew Bird included a more melancholy cover version in his 2007 EP Soldier On . In The Lego Movie ( 2014 ) , the song is briefly sung in Judy Garland 's voice by the character Metalbeard ( using a sample from the 1942 film For Me and My Gal ) . Composition ( edit ) The song features music by Walter Donaldson and words by Joe Young and Sam M. Lewis . It was published in 1919 by Waterson , Berlin & Snyder Co in New York . The team of Donaldson , Young and Lewis , wrote another topical song commenting on soldiers returning from the war that was released by Victor the day before `` How Ya Gonna Keep Em Down on the Farm . '' `` Do n't Cry Frenchy , Do n't Cry '' was released by Victor on February 26 , 1919 . It featured the singers Charles Hart and Elliott Shaw . The song is in the public domain . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Holsinger , M. Paul , `` How Ya Gonna Keep ' Em Down on the Farm ? '' ( Song ) , War and American Popular Culture : A Historical Encyclopedia . Edited by M Paul Holsinger , Westport , CT : Greenwood Press , 1999 , ISBN 0313299080 , p. 207 . Jump up ^ Hagedorn , Ann . Savage Peace : Hope and Fear in America , 1919 . New York : Simon & Schuster , 2007 , ISBN 9780743243711 , p. 99 - 101 . ^ Jump up to : Top Songs of 1919 Music VF , US & UK hits charts . Musicvf.com . Retrieved on 2014 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ http://www.78discography.com/vic18500.html retrieved February 16 , 2015 Jump up ^ True , William , and Deryck Tufts True . The Cow Spoke French : The Story of Sgt . William True , American Paratrooper in World War II . Bennington , Vt : Merriam Press , 2002 , ISBN 1576382966 , p. 255 . Jump up ^ Donaldson , Wallter ( 1919 ) . How ' Ya Gonna Keep ' em Down on the Farm ( After They 've Seen Paree ? ) . New York , NY : Waterson , Berlin & Snyder . OCLC 20267380 . Jump up ^ https://www.loc.gov/jukebox/recordings/detail/id/7000/ retrieved February 16 , 2015 Jump up ^ http://www.78discography.com/vic18500.html retrieved 2 / 16 / 2915 Bibliography ( edit ) Hagedorn , Ann . Savage Peace : Hope and Fear in America , 1919 . New York : Simon & Schuster , 2007 . ISBN 9780743243711 Holsinger , M. Paul , `` How Ya Gonna Keep ' Em Down on the Farm ? '' ( Song ) in War and American Popular Culture : A Historical Encyclopedia . Edited by M Paul Holsinger , Westport , CT : Greenwood Press , 1999 . ISBN 0313299080 True , William , and Deryck Tufts True . The Cow Spoke French : The Story of Sgt . William True , American Paratrooper in World War II . Bennington , Vt : Merriam Press , 2002 . ISBN 1576382966 External links ( edit ) Listen to an MP3 of the song and see the sheet music at the Illinois Digital Arcihve How ' ya gon na keep ' em down on the farm : ( after they 've seen Paree ? ) Sheet Music at the Library of Congress Discography of American Historical Recordings Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=How_Ya_Gonna_Keep_%27em_Down_on_the_Farm_(After_They%27ve_Seen_Paree)%3F&oldid=839160383 '' Categories : Songs of World War I 1919 songs Nora Bayes songs Billy Murray ( singer ) songs Songs with music by Walter Donaldson Songs with lyrics by Joe Young ( lyricist ) Songs with lyrics by Sam M. Lewis Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 1 May 2018 , at 17 : 25 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How%20Ya%20Gonna%20Keep%20%2527em%20Down%20on%20the%20Farm%20%28After%20They%2527ve%20Seen%20Paree%29%253F
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who is the author of bud not buddy
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Bud , Not Buddy Front cover of Bud , Not Buddy . Author Christopher Paul Curtis Country United States Language English Genre Adult humor , Multicultural fiction , Historical fiction Publisher Delacorte Books for Adult Readers Publication date 1999 Media type Print ( hardback & paperback ) Pages 245 pages ISBN 0 - 385 - 32306 - 9 OCLC 40744296 LC Class PZ7. C94137 Bu 1999
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Christopher Paul Curtis
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Bud , Not Buddy
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bud, not buddy
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Bud , Not Buddy is a children 's novel written by Christopher Paul Curtis , published in 1999 . The book received the 2000 Newbery Medal for excellence in American children 's literature . Christopher Paul Curtis was also recognized with the 2000 Coretta Scott King Award , an award given to outstanding African - American authors . Bud , Not Buddy was also recognized with the William Allen White Children 's Book Award for grades 6 - 8 .
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Bud Caldwell is a ten - year - old orphan , living in Flint , Michigan , in 1936 . Since the death of his mother four years earlier , Bud has been living in an orphanage and had short stints in several foster homes . The few items he has left of his mother include a blanket , a bag of rocks , a photograph of his mother as a child , and flyers that show Herman E. Calloway and his jazz band , the Dusky Devastators of the Depression . Plot ( edit ) The story opens with Bud being placed with a new foster family , the Amoses . Bud soon meets Todd Amos , their 12 - year - old son , who teases him mercilessly and calls him Buddy . After a fight with Todd , Bud is forced to spend the night in the garden shed . In the shed , he mistakes a hornet nest for a vampire bat and hits the nest with a rake . This upsets the hornets and Bud gets stung . During his adrenaline rush , he breaks through the window of the shed . After escaping the shed , Bud takes revenge on Todd by making him wet his bed by putting Todd 's hand in warm water . He escapes and sleeps under a Christmas tree for the night . His friend Bugs wakes him up so they can go to the West . Bud runs away with Bugs . They try to hop on a train , but Bud fails to make it and is left behind . Bud starts walking to go to Grand Rapids , Michigan . On the way , he meets Lefty Lewis , who gives him a ride in his car to Grand Rapids to find his father , as he calls him , Herman E. Calloway . He stays with Lefty for a short while , then leaves to find his father . Bud later discovers that Herman E. Calloway is his grandfather when he meets the band . The band treats Bud with kindness , but Herman treats Bud with great animosity . Bud delivers the news that Bud 's mom , Angela , is dead . This brings great grief to Herman . The story ends with Bud receiving a horn from the band , and Bud thinks he will have a bright future . It also ends with Bud finding out that the dead girl 's room that he sleeps in was his mother 's room . Stage adaptation ( edit ) Bud , Not Buddy was adapted for the stage by Reginald Andre Jackson for Black History Month , in Fremont , California . The production premiered in 2006 at the Langston Hughes Cultural Arts Center . It has been produced several times , including at the Children 's Theatre Company in Minneapolis , Main Street Theatre in Houston , the University of Michigan - Flint and Children 's Theatre of Charlotte Jackson 's adaptation was published by Dramatic Publishing in 2009 . It won the Distinguished Play Award ( Adaptation ) from The American Alliance for Theatre and Education in 2010 . Children 's literature portal Awards Preceded by Holes Newbery Medal recipient 2000 Succeeded by A Year Down Yonder Preceded by Heaven Coretta Scott King Author Award 2000 Succeeded by Miracle 's Boys Preceded by Holes Winner of the William Allen White Children 's Book Award Grades 6 -- 8 2002 Succeeded by Dovey Coe References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Newbery Medal and Honor Books , 1922 - Present , American Library Association , retrieved 2012 - 11 - 14 Jump up ^ Coretta Scott King Book Award Complete List of Recipients -- by Year Archived November 11 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , American Library Association , retrieved 2012 - 11 - 14 Jump up ^ `` Winner 2001 - 2002 - William Allen White Children 's Book Awards Emporia State University '' . www.emporia.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` Reginald Andre Jackson '' . freeholdtheatre.org . Seattle : Freehold Theatre . Retrieved March 31 , 2016 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bud,_Not_Buddy&oldid=820343885 '' Categories : 1999 American novels American young adult novels Newbery Medal - winning works Novels by Christopher Paul Curtis Novels set in Michigan Great Depression novels 1936 in fiction Novels about orphans American novels adapted into plays Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk About Wikipedia Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 14 January 2018 , at 06 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bud%2C%20Not%20Buddy
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the first major institutions of constitutional democracy in japan were set up under the
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Constitution of Japan
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constitution of japan
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The Constitution of Japan ( Shinjitai : 日本 国 憲法 Kyūjitai : 日本 國 憲法 , Nihon - Koku Kenpō ) is the fundamental law of Japan . It was enacted on May 3 , 1947 , as a new constitution for a post-war Japan .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Outline 2 Historical origins 2.1 Meiji Constitution 2.2 The Potsdam Declaration 2.3 Drafting process 2.4 Adoption 2.5 Early proposals for amendment 3 Provisions 3.1 Edict 3.2 Preamble 3.3 The Emperor ( Articles 1 -- 8 ) 3.4 Renunciation of war ( Article 9 ) 3.5 Individual rights ( Articles 10 -- 40 ) 3.6 Organs of government ( Articles 41 -- 95 ) 3.7 Amendments ( Article 96 ) 3.8 Other provisions ( Articles 97 -- 103 ) 4 Amendments and revisions 4.1 Amendment Drafts by the LDP 4.1. 1 2005 Draft 4.1. 2 2012 Draft 5 Controversy 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Outline ( edit ) The constitution provides for a parliamentary system of government and guarantees certain fundamental rights . Under its terms , the Emperor of Japan is `` the symbol of the State and of the unity of the people '' and exercises a purely ceremonial role without the possession of sovereignty . The constitution , also known as the `` Post-war Constitution '' ( 戦後 憲法 , Sengo - Kenpō ) or the `` Peace Constitution '' ( 平和 憲法 , Heiwa - Kenpō ) , is best known for its Article 9 , by which Japan renounces its right to wage war ; and to a lesser extent , the provision for de jure popular sovereignty in conjunction with the monarchy . The constitution was drawn up under the Allied occupation that followed World War II and was intended to replace Japan 's previous militaristic and system of quasi-absolute monarchy with a form of liberal democracy . No amendment has been made to it since its adoption . Historical origins ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Meiji constitution ( edit ) `` Emperor 's words '' The Meiji Constitution was the fundamental law of the Empire of Japan , propagated during the reign of Emperor Meiji ( r . 1867 -- 1912 ) . It provided for a form of mixed constitutional and absolute monarchy , based on the Prussian and British models . In theory , the Emperor of Japan was the supreme ruler , and the cabinet , whose prime minister was elected by a privy council , were his followers ; in practice , the Emperor was head of state but the Prime Minister was the actual head of government . Under the Meiji Constitution , the prime minister and his cabinet were not necessarily chosen from the elected members of the Diet . Pursuing the regular amending procedure of the `` Meiji Constitution '' , it was entirely revised to become the `` Post-war Constitution '' on 3 November 1946 . The Post-war Constitution has been in force since 3 May 1947 . The Potsdam Declaration ( edit ) On 26 July 1945 , Allied leaders Winston Churchill , Harry S. Truman , and Chiang Kai - shek issued the Potsdam Declaration , which demanded Japan 's unconditional surrender . This declaration also defined the major goals of the post-surrender Allied occupation : `` The Japanese government shall remove all obstacles to the revival and strengthening of democratic tendencies among the Japanese people . Freedom of speech , of religion , and of thought , as well as respect for the fundamental human rights shall be established '' ( Section 10 ) . In addition , the document stated : `` The occupying forces of the Allies shall be withdrawn from Japan as soon as these objectives have been accomplished and there has been established in accordance with the freely expressed will of the Japanese people a peacefully inclined and responsible government '' ( Section 12 ) . The Allies sought not merely punishment or reparations from a militaristic foe , but fundamental changes in the nature of its political system . In the words of political scientist Robert E. Ward : `` The occupation was perhaps the single most exhaustively planned operation of massive and externally directed political change in world history . '' Drafting process ( edit ) The constitution of Japan was largely drafted by US lawyers in the occupation authority . This image is of a secret memo written by members of the authority on the subject of the new constitution . The wording of the Potsdam Declaration -- `` The Japanese Government shall remove all obstacles ... '' -- and the initial post-surrender measures taken by Douglas MacArthur , the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers ( SCAP ) , suggest that neither he nor his superiors in Washington intended to impose a new political system on Japan unilaterally . Instead , they wished to encourage Japan 's new leaders to initiate democratic reforms on their own . But by early 1946 , MacArthur 's staff and Japanese officials were at odds over the most fundamental issue , the writing of a new Constitution . Emperor Hirohito , Prime Minister Kijūrō Shidehara and most of the cabinet members were extremely reluctant to take the drastic step of replacing the 1889 Meiji Constitution with a more liberal document . In late 1945 , Shidehara appointed Jōji Matsumoto , state minister without portfolio , head of a blue - ribbon committee of Constitutional scholars to suggest revisions . The Matsumoto Commission 's recommendations ( ja : 松本 試案 ) , made public in February 1946 , were quite conservative ( described by one Japanese scholar in the late 1980s as `` no more than a touching - up of the Meiji Constitution '' ) . MacArthur rejected them outright and ordered his staff to draft a completely new document . An additional reason for this was that on 24 January 1946 , Prime Minister Shidehara had suggested to MacArthur that the new Constitution should contain an article renouncing war . Much of the drafting was done by two senior army officers with law degrees : Milo Rowell and Courtney Whitney , although others chosen by MacArthur had a large say in the document . The articles about equality between men and women were written by Beate Sirota . Although the document 's authors were non-Japanese , they took into account the Meiji Constitution , the demands of Japanese lawyers , the opinions of pacifist political leaders such as Shidehara and Shigeru Yoshida , and especially the draft presented by the Constitution Research Association ( Kenpō Kenkyū - kai ) under the chairmanship of Suzuki Yasuzō ( ja : 鈴木 安蔵 ) ( 1904 -- 1983 ) , which had been translated into English in its entirety already by the end of December 1945 . MacArthur gave the authors less than a week to complete the draft , which was presented to surprised Japanese officials on 13 February 1946 . On 6 March 1946 , the government publicly disclosed an outline of the pending Constitution . On 10 April , elections were held for the House of Representatives of the Ninetieth Imperial Diet , which would consider the proposed Constitution . The election law having been changed , this was the first general election in Japan in which women were permitted to vote . The MacArthur draft , which proposed a unicameral legislature , was changed at the insistence of the Japanese to allow a bicameral one , with both houses being elected . In most other important respects , the government adopted the ideas embodied in the 13 February document in its own draft proposal of 6 March . These included the constitution 's most distinctive features : the symbolic role of the Emperor , the prominence of guarantees of civil and human rights , and the renunciation of war . In 1946 , criticism of or reference to SCAP 's role in drafting the constitution could be made subject to Civil Censorship Detachment ( CCD ) censorship ( as was any reference to censorship itself ) . Until late 1947 , CCD exerted pre-publication censorship over about 70 daily newspapers , all books and magazines and many other publications . Adoption ( edit ) The Preamble to the Constitution The Imperial Signature ( upper right ) and Seal It was decided that in adopting the new document the Meiji Constitution would not be violated , but rather legal continuity would be maintained . Thus the 1946 Constitution was adopted as an amendment to the Meiji Constitution in accordance with the provisions of Article 73 of that document . Under Article 73 the new constitution was formally submitted to the Imperial Diet by the Emperor , through an imperial rescript issued on 20 June . The draft constitution was submitted and deliberated upon as the Bill for Revision of the Imperial Constitution . The old constitution required that the bill receive the support of a two - thirds majority in both houses of the Diet to become law . After both chambers had made amendments the House of Peers approved the document on 6 October ; the House of Representatives adopted it in the same form the following day , with only five members voting against , and became law when it received the Emperor 's assent on 3 November 1946 . Under its own terms the constitution came into effect on 3 May 1947 . A government organisation , the Kenpō Fukyū Kai ( `` Constitution Popularisation Society '' ) , was established to promote the acceptance of the new constitution among the populace . Early proposals for amendment ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The new constitution would not have been written the way it was had MacArthur and his staff allowed Japanese politicians and constitutional experts to resolve the issue as they wished . The document 's foreign origins have , understandably , been a focus of controversy since Japan recovered its sovereignty in 1952 . Yet in late 1945 and 1946 , there was much public discussion on constitutional reform , and the MacArthur draft was apparently greatly influenced by the ideas of certain Japanese liberals . The MacArthur draft did not attempt to impose a United States - style presidential or federal system . Instead , the proposed constitution conformed to the British model of parliamentary government , which was seen by the liberals as the most viable alternative to the European absolutism of the Meiji Constitution . After 1952 conservatives and nationalists attempted to revise the constitution to make it more `` Japanese '' , but these attempts were frustrated for a number of reasons . One was the extreme difficulty of amending it . Amendments require approval by two - thirds of the members of both houses of the National Diet before they can be presented to the people in a referendum ( Article 96 ) . Also , opposition parties , occupying more than one - third of the Diet seats , were firm supporters of the constitutional status quo . Even for members of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party ( LDP ) , the constitution was advantageous . They had been able to fashion a policy - making process congenial to their interests within its framework . Yasuhiro Nakasone , a strong advocate of constitutional revision during much of his political career , for example , downplayed the issue while serving as prime minister between 1982 and 1987 . Provisions ( edit ) The constitution has a length of approximately 5,000 words and consists of a preamble and 103 articles grouped into eleven chapters . These are : I . The Emperor ( Articles 1 -- 8 ) II . Renunciation of War ( Article 9 ) III . Rights and Duties of the People ( Articles 10 -- 40 ) IV . The Diet ( Articles 41 -- 64 ) V . The Cabinet ( Articles 65 -- 75 ) VI . Judiciary ( Articles 76 -- 82 ) VII . Finance ( Articles 83 -- 91 ) VIII . Local Self -- Government ( Articles 92 -- 95 ) IX . Amendments ( Article 96 ) X . Supreme Law ( Articles 97 -- 99 ) XI . Supplementary Provisions ( Articles 100 -- 103 ) Edict ( edit ) The constitution starts with an imperial edict made by the Emperor . It contains the Emperor 's Privy Seal and signature , and is countersigned by the Prime Minister and other Ministers of State as required by the previous constitution of the Empire of Japan . The edict states : `` I rejoice that the foundation for the construction of a new Japan has been laid according to the will of the Japanese people , and hereby sanction and promulgate the amendments of the Imperial Japanese Constitution effected following the consultation with the Privy Council and the decision of the Imperial Diet made in accordance with Article 73 of the said Constitution . '' Preamble ( edit ) The constitution contains a firm declaration of the principle of popular sovereignty in the preamble . This is proclaimed in the name of the `` Japanese people '' and declares that `` sovereign power resides with the people '' and that : `` Government is a sacred trust of the people , the authority for which is derived from the people , the powers of which are exercised by the representatives of the people , and the benefits of which are enjoyed by the people . '' Part of the purpose of this language is to refute the previous constitutional theory that sovereignty resided in the Emperor . The constitution asserts that the Emperor is merely a symbol of the state , and that he derives `` his position from the will of the people with whom resides sovereign power '' ( Article 1 ) . The text of the constitution also asserts the liberal doctrine of fundamental human rights . In particular Article 97 states that : `` the fundamental human rights by this constitution guaranteed to the people of Japan are fruits of the age - old struggle of man to be free ; they have survived the many exacting tests for durability and are conferred upon this and future generations in trust , to be held for all time inviolate . '' The Emperor ( Articles 1 -- 8 ) ( edit ) Main article : Emperor of Japan Under the constitution , the Emperor is `` the symbol of the State and of the unity of the people '' . The Emperor carries out most functions of a head of state , formally appointing the Prime Minister and Chief Justice of the Supreme Court , convoking the National Diet and dissolving the House of Representatives , under the advice of the Cabinet , and also promulgating statutes and treaties and exercising other enumerated functions . In contrast with the Meiji Constitution , the Emperor 's role is almost entirely ceremonial , and he does not have powers related to government . Unlike other constitutional monarchies , he is not even the nominal chief executive or even the nominal commander - in - chief of the Japan Self - Defense Forces ( JSDF ) . The constitution explicitly limits the Emperor 's role to matters of state delineated in the constitution . The constitution also states that these duties can be delegated by the Emperor as provided for by law . Succession to the Chrysanthemum Throne is regulated by the Imperial Household Law and is managed by a ten - member body called the Imperial Household Council . The budget for the maintenance of the Imperial House is managed by resolution of the Diet . Renunciation of war ( Article 9 ) ( edit ) Main article : Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution Under Article 9 , the `` Japanese people forever renounce war as a sovereign right of the nation and the threat or use of force as means of settling international disputes '' . To this end the article provides that `` land , sea , and air forces , as well as other war potential , will never be maintained '' . The necessity and practical extent of Article 9 has been debated in Japan since its enactment , particularly following the establishment of the Japan Self - Defence Forces ( JSDF ) , a de facto post-war Japanese military force that substitute for the pre-war Armed Forces , since 1 July 1954 . Various political groups have called for either revising or abolishing the restrictions of Article 9 to permit collective defence efforts and strengthen Japan 's military capabilities . Individual rights ( Articles 10 -- 40 ) ( edit ) See also : Human rights in Japan `` The rights and duties of the people '' are featured prominently in the post-war constitution . Thirty - one of its 103 articles are devoted to describing them in detail , reflecting the commitment to `` respect for the fundamental human rights '' of the Potsdam Declaration . Although the Meiji Constitution had a section devoted to the `` rights and duties of subjects '' which guaranteed `` liberty of speech , writing , publication , public meetings , and associations '' , these rights were granted `` within the limits of law '' . Freedom of religious belief was allowed `` insofar as it does not interfere with the duties of subjects '' ( all Japanese were required to acknowledge the Emperor 's divinity , and those , such as Christians , who refused to do so out of religious conviction were accused of lèse - majesté ) . Such freedoms are delineated in the post-war constitution without qualification . Individual rights under the Japanese constitution are rooted in Article 13 where the constitution asserts the right of the people `` to be respected as individuals '' and , subject to `` the public welfare '' , to `` life , liberty , and the pursuit of happiness '' . This article 's core notion is jinkaku , which represents `` the elements of character and personality that come together to define each person as an individual '' , and which represents the aspects of each individual 's life that the government is obligated to respect in the exercise of its power . Article 13 has been used as the basis to establish constitutional rights to privacy , self - determination and the control of an individual 's own image , rights which are not explicitly stated in the constitution . Subsequent provisions provide for : Equality before the law : The constitution guarantees equality before the law and outlaws discrimination against Japanese citizens based on `` political , economic or social relations '' or `` race , creed , sex , social status or family origin '' ( Article 14 ) . The right to vote can not be denied on the grounds of `` race , creed , sex , social status , family origin , education , property or income '' ( Article 44 ) . Equality between the sexes is explicitly guaranteed in relation to marriage ( Article 24 ) and childhood education ( Article 26 ) . Prohibition of peerage : Article 14 forbids the state from recognising peerage . Honours may be conferred but they must not be hereditary or grant special privileges . Democratic elections : Article 15 provides that `` the people have the inalienable right to choose their public officials and to dismiss them '' . It guarantees universal adult ( in Japan , persons age 20 and older ) suffrage and the secret ballot . Prohibition of slavery : Guaranteed by Article 18 . Involuntary servitude is permitted only as punishment for a crime . Separation of Religion and State : The state is prohibited from granting privileges or political authority to a religion , or conducting religious education ( Article 20 ) . Freedom of assembly , association , speech , and secrecy of communications : All guaranteed without qualification by Article 21 , which forbids censorship . Workers ' rights : Work is declared both a right and obligation by Article 27 which also states that `` standards for wages , hours , rest and other working conditions shall be fixed by law '' and that children shall not be exploited . Workers have the right to participate in a trade union ( Article 28 ) . Right to property : Guaranteed subject to the `` public welfare '' . The state may take property for public use if it pays just compensation ( Article 29 ) . The state also has the right to levy taxes ( Article 30 ) . Right to due process : Article 31 provides that no one may be punished `` except according to procedure established by law '' . Article 32 , which provides that `` No person shall be denied the right of access to the courts '' , originally drafted to recognize criminal due process rights , is now understood as source of due process rights for civil and administrative law cases . Protection against unlawful detention : Article 33 provides that no one may be apprehended without an arrest warrant , save where caught in flagrante delicto . Article 34 guarantees habeas corpus , right to counsel , and right to be informed of charges . Article 40 enshrines the right to sue the state for wrongful detention . Right to a fair trial : Article 37 guarantees the right to a public trial before an impartial tribunal with counsel for one 's defence and compulsory access to witnesses . Protection against self - incrimination : Article 38 provides that no one may be compelled to testify against themselves , that confessions obtained under duress are not admissible and that no one may be convicted solely on the basis of their own confession . Other guarantees : Right to petition government ( Article 16 ) Right to sue the state ( Article 17 ) Freedom of thought and conscience ( Article 19 ) Freedom of expression ( Article 19 ) Freedom of religion ( Article 20 ) Rights to change residence , choose employment , move abroad and relinquish nationality ( Article 22 ) Academic freedom ( Article 23 ) Prohibition of forced marriage ( Article 24 ) Compulsory education ( Article 26 ) Protection against entries , search and seizures ( Article 35 ) Prohibition of torture and cruel punishments ( Article 36 ) Prohibition of ex post facto laws ( Article 39 ) Prohibition of double jeopardy ( Article 39 ) Under Japanese case law , constitutional human rights apply to corporations to the extent possible given their corporate nature . Constitutional human rights also apply to foreign nationals to the extent that such rights are not by their nature only applicable to citizens ( for example , foreigners have no right to enter Japan under Article 22 and no right to vote under Article 15 , and their other political rights may be restricted to the extent that they interfere with the state 's decision making ) . Organs of government ( Articles 41 -- 95 ) ( edit ) Politics under the Post-war Constitution Main article : Government of Japan The constitution establishes a parliamentary system of government in which legislative authority is vested in a bicameral National Diet . Although a bicameral Diet existed under the existing constitution , the new constitution abolished the upper House of Peers , which consisted of members of the nobility ( similar to the British House of Lords ) . The new constitution provides that both chambers be directly elected , with a lower House of Representatives and an upper House of Councillors . The House of Representatives has the sole ability to pass a vote of no confidence in the Cabinet , can override the House of Councillors ' veto on any bill , and has priority in determining the national budget , approving treaties and nominating the prime minister when the two houses disagree . Executive authority is vested in a cabinet headed by the Prime Minister . The prime minister and a majority of the cabinet members must be members of the Diet , and have the right and obligation to attend sessions of the Diet . The Cabinet may also advise the Emperor to dissolve the House of Representatives and call for a general election to be held . The judiciary consists of several lower courts headed by a Supreme Court . The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court is nominated by the Cabinet and appointed by the Emperor , while other justices are nominated and appointed by the Cabinet and attested by the Emperor . Lower court judges are nominated by the Supreme Court , appointed by the Cabinet and attested by the Emperor . All courts have the power of judicial review and may interpret the constitution to overrule statutes and other government acts , but only in the event that such interpretation is relevant to an actual dispute . The constitution also provides a framework for local government , requiring that local entities have elected heads and assemblies , and providing that government acts applicable to particular local areas must be approved by the residents of those areas . These provisions formed the framework of the Local Autonomy Law of 1947 , which established the modern system of prefectures , municipalities and other local government entities . Amendments ( Article 96 ) ( edit ) Main article : Article 96 of the Japanese Constitution Under Article 96 , amendments to the constitution `` shall be initiated by the Diet , through a concurring vote of two - thirds or more of all the members of each House and shall thereupon be submitted to the people for ratification , which shall require the affirmative vote of a majority of all votes cast thereon , at a special referendum or at such election as the Diet shall specify '' . The constitution has not been amended since its implementation in 1947 , although there have been movements led by the Liberal Democratic Party to make various amendments to it . Other provisions ( Articles 97 -- 103 ) ( edit ) Article 97 provides for the inviolability of fundamental human rights . Article 98 provides that the constitution takes precedence over any `` law , ordinance , imperial rescript or other act of government '' that offends against its provisions , and that `` the treaties concluded by Japan and established laws of nations shall be faithfully observed '' . In most nations it is for the legislature to determine to what extent , if at all , treaties concluded by the state will be reflected in its domestic law ; under Article 98 , however , international law and the treaties Japan has ratified automatically form a part of domestic law . Article 99 binds the Emperor and public officials to observe the constitution . The final four articles set forth a six - month transitional period between adoption and implementation of the Constitution . This transitional period took place from November 3 , 1946 to May 3 , 1947 . Pursuant to Article 100 , the first House of Councillors election was held during this period in April 1947 , and pursuant to Article 102 , half of the elected Councillors were given three - year terms . A general election was also held during this period , as a result of which several former House of Peers members moved to the House of Representatives . Article 103 provided that public officials currently in office would not be removed as a direct result of the adoption or implementation of the new Constitution . Amendments and revisions ( edit ) The Constitution has not been amended since its enactment in 1947 . Article 96 provides that amendments can be made to the Constitution if approved by super majority of two - thirds of both houses of the Diet , and by simple majority in a referendum . The Emperor promulgates the successful amendment in the name of the people , and can not veto it . Some commentators have suggested that the Constitution 's American authors favoured the difficulty of the amendment process from a desire that the fundamentals of the regime they had imposed would be resistant to change . Among the Japanese themselves , any change to the document and to the post-war settlement it embodies is highly controversial . From the 1960s to the 1980s , Constitutional revision was rarely debated . In the 1990s , right - leaning and conservative voices broke some taboos , for example , when the newspaper Yomiuri Shimbun published a suggestion for Constitutional revision in 1994 . This period saw a number of right - leaning groups pushing aggressively for Constitutional revision and a significant number of organizations and individuals speaking out against revision and in support of `` the peace Constitution '' . The debate has been highly polarised . The most controversial issues are proposed changes to Article 9 -- the `` peace article '' -- and provisions relating to the role of the Emperor . Progressive , left , centre - left and peace movement - related individuals and organizations , as well as the opposition parties , labor and youth groups advocate keeping or strengthening the existing Constitution in these areas , while right - leaning , nationalist and conservative groups and individuals advocate changes to increase the prestige of the Emperor ( though not granting him political powers ) and to allow a more aggressive stance of the JSDF by turning it officially into a military . Others areas of the Constitution and connected laws discussed for potential revision related to the status of women , the education system and the system of public corporations ( including social welfare , non-profit and religious organizations as well as foundations ) , and structural reform of the election process , e.g. to allow for direct election of the prime minister . Numerous grassroots groups , associations , NGOs , think tanks , scholars , and politicians speak out on either side of the issue . Amendment drafts by the LDP ( edit ) The Liberal Democratic Party ( LDP ) , one of the most influential political parties in Japan that has been in majority in the Diet for the most of the time since its 1955 establishment , adopts several party platforms every of which lists `` revision of the current constitution '' as a political motive . One of the earliest platforms , `` The Duties of the Party '' in 1955 , points out as follows : Although democracy and liberalism emphasized under the control of the Allied occupation should be respected and upheld as a new principle for Japan , the initial objective of the occupying forces of the Allies was mainly to demoralize the State ; therefore , many of the reforms implemented by the forces including those of the constitution , education and other governmental systems have been unjustly suppressing the notion of the State and patriotism of the people and excessively disuniting the national sovereignty . In recent years the LDP has committed itself more to constitutional revision , following its victory in the September 2005 general election of the representatives . Currently , the party has released two versions of amendment drafts , each in 2005 and 2012 . 2005 draft ( edit ) In August 2005 , the then Japanese Prime Minister , Jun'ichirō Koizumi , proposed an amendment to the constitution to increase Japan 's Defence Forces ' roles in international affairs . A draft of the proposed constitution was released by the LDP on 22 November 2005 as part of the fiftieth anniversary of the party 's founding . The proposed changes included : New wording for the Preamble . First paragraph of Article 9 , renouncing war , is retained . The second paragraph , forbidding the maintenance of `` land , sea , and air forces , as well as other war potential '' is replaced by an Article 9 - 2 which permits a `` defence force '' , under control of the Prime Minister , to defend the nation and which may participate in international activities . This new section uses the term `` 軍 '' ( gun , `` army '' or `` military '' ) , which has been avoided in the current constitution . It also adds an Article 76 about military courts ; members of the JSDF are currently tried as civilians by civilian courts . Modified wording in Article 13 , regarding respect for individual rights . Changes in Article 20 , which gives the state limited permission within `` the scope of socially acceptable protocol '' for `` ethno - cultural practices '' . Changes Article 89 to permit corresponding state funding of religious institutions . Changes to Articles 92 and 95 , concerning local self - government and relations between local and national governments . Changes to Article 96 , reducing the vote requirement for constitutional amendments in the Diet from two thirds to a simple majority . A national referendum would still be required . This draft prompted debate , with strong opposition coming even from non-governmental organisations of other countries , as well as established and newly formed grassroots Japanese organisations , such as Save Article 9 . Per the current constitution , a proposal for constitutional changes must be passed by a two - thirds vote in the Diet , then be put to a national referendum . However , there was in 2005 no legislation in place for such a referendum . Koizumi 's successor Shinzō Abe vowed to push aggressively for Constitutional revision . A major step toward this was getting legislation passed to allow for a national referendum in April 2007 . By that time there was little public support for changing the Constitution , with a survey showing 34.5 % of Japanese not wanting any changes , 44.5 % wanting no changes to Article 9 , and 54.6 % supporting the current interpretation on self - defense . On the 60th anniversary of the Constitution , on 3 May 2007 , thousands took to the streets in support of Article 9 . The Chief Cabinet secretary and other top government officials interpreted the survey to mean that the public wanted a pacifist Constitution that renounces war , and may need to be better informed about the details of the revision debate . The legislation passed by parliament specifies that a referendum on Constitutional reform could take place at the earliest in 2010 , and would need approval from a majority of voters . 2012 draft ( edit ) On 27 April 2012 , the LDP drafted a new version of amendment with an explanatory booklet for general readers . The booklet states that the spirit of the amendment is to `` make the Constitution more suitable for Japan '' by `` drastically revising the translationese wording and the provisions based on the theory of natural human rights currently adopted in the Constitution '' . The proposed changes includes : Preamble : In the LDP draft , the Preamble declares that Japan is reigned by the Emperor and adopts the popular sovereignty and trias politica principles . The current Preamble refers to the government as a trust of the people ( implying the `` natural rights codified into the constitution by the social contract '' model ) and ensures people `` the right to live in peace , free from fear and want '' , but both mentions are deleted in the LDP draft . Emperor : Overall , the LDP draft adopts a wording that sounds as though the Emperor has greater power than under the current Constitution . The draft defines him as `` the head of the State '' ( Article 1 ) . Compared to the current Constitution , he is exempted from `` the obligation to respect and uphold this Constitution '' ( Article 102 ) . The draft defines Nisshōki as the national flag and Kimigayo the national anthem ( Article 3 ) . Human rights : The LDP draft , as the accompanying booklet states , revises many of the human right provisions currently adopted in the Constitution . The booklet describes the reason of these changes as : `` Human rights should have ground on the State 's history , culture and tradition '' and `` Several of the current Constitutional provisions are based on the Western - European theory of natural human rights ; such provisions therefore require to be changed . '' The draft lists every instance of the basic rights as something that is entitled by the State -- as opposed to something that human beings inherently possess -- as seen in the draft provisions of `` new human rights '' ( see below ) . The current Constitution has the phrase `` public welfare '' in four articles ( Articles 12 , 13 , 22 and 29 ) and states that any human right is subject to restriction when it `` interferes with the public welfare '' . The majority of legal professionals argue that the spirit of such restriction against rights based on `` public welfare '' is to protect other people 's rights from infringement . In the LDP draft , every instance of the phrase `` public welfare '' is replaced with a new phrase : `` public interest and public order '' . The booklet describes the reason for this change as `` to enable the State to restrict human rights for the sake of purposes other than protecting people 's rights from infringement '' , but it remains unclear under what conditions the State can restrict human rights . It also explains that what `` public order '' means is `` order of society '' and its intention is not to prohibit the people from making an objection to the government , but it explains nothing about `` public interest '' . Provisions regarding the people 's rights modified or added in the LDP draft include : ( Individualism ) : The LDP draft replaces the word `` individuals '' with `` persons '' ( Article 13 ) . This change reflects the draft authors ' view that `` excessive individualism '' is an ethically unacceptable thought . Human rights and the supremacy of the constitution : The current constitution has Article 97 at the beginning of the `` Supreme Law '' chapter , which stipulates that the constitution guarantees the basic human rights to the people . The current , prevalent interpretation of Article 97 is that this article describes the essential reason why this constitution is the supreme law , which is the fact that the constitution 's spirit is to guarantee human rights . In the LDP draft , this article is deleted and the booklet does not explain any reason for the deletion . Freedom of assembly , association , speech and all other forms of expression : The LDP draft adds a new paragraph on Article 21 , which enables the State to prohibit the people from performing expressions `` for the purpose of interfering with public interest and public order '' . The LDP explain that this change makes it easy for the State to take countermeasures against criminal organizations like Aum Shinrikyo . Right to property : The LDP draft adds a new paragraph stating that the State shall define intellectual property rights `` for the sake of promotion of the people 's intellectual creativity '' ( Article 29 ) . Workers ' rights : Workers have the right to participate in a labour union , but currently there is a dispute on whether public officials should be entitled to this right . The LDP draft add a new paragraph to make it clear that public officials shall not enjoy this right or part thereof ( Article 28 ) . Freedom from torture and cruel punishments : Under the current constitution , torture and cruel punishments are `` absolutely forbidden '' , but the LDP draft deletes the word `` absolutely '' ( Article 36 ) . The reason for this change is not presented in the booklet . `` New human rights '' : The LDP draft adds four provisions regarding the concept collectively called `` new human rights '' : protection of privacy ( Article 19 - 2 ) , accountability of the State ( Article 21 - 2 ) , environmental protection ( Article 25 - 2 ) , and rights of crime victims ( Article 25 - 4 ) . However , the draft only requires the State to make a good faith effort to meet the stated goals and does not entitle the people to these `` rights '' , as the booklet points out . Obligations of the people : The LDP draft can be characterized by its obligation clauses imposed on the people . The current constitution lists three obligations : to work ( Article 27 ) , to pay taxes as provided for by law ( Article 30 ) , and to have all boys and girls under their protection receive ordinary education as provided for by law ( Article 26 ) . The LDP draft adds six more : The people must respect the national anthem and flag ( Article 3 ) . The people must be conscious of the fact that there are responsibilities and obligations in compensation for freedom and rights ( Article 12 ) . The people must comply with the public interest and public order ( Article 12 ) . The people must help one another among the members of a household ( Article 24 ) . The people must obey commands from the State or the subordinate offices thereof in a state of emergency ( Article 99 ) . The people must uphold the constitution ( Article 102 ) . Additionally , although defence of the national territory ( Article 9 - 3 ) and environmental protection ( Article 25 - 2 ) are literally listed under the LDP draft as obligations of the State , these provisions let the State call for the `` cooperation with the people '' to meet the goals provided , effectively functioning as obligation clauses on the people 's side . Equality : The current constitution guarantees equality to citizens , prohibiting any discrimination based on `` race , creed , sex , social status or family origin '' . The LDP draft adds `` handicaps '' ( Articles 14 and 44 ) between `` sex '' and `` social status '' , improving the equality under the law . On the other hand , the sentence `` No privilege shall accompany any award of honor , decoration or any distinction '' in the current paragraph ( 2 ) of Article 14 is deleted in the LDP draft , which means that the State shall be allowed to grant `` privilege '' as part of national awards . The reason for this change is not presented in the booklet . National security : The LDP draft deletes the current provision declaring that armed forces and other war potential shall never be maintained , and adds new Articles 9 - 2 and 9 - 3 stating that the `` National Defense Force '' shall be set up and the Prime Minister shall be its commander - in - chief . According to the paragraph ( 3 ) of the new Article 9 - 2 , the National Defense Force not only can defend the territory from a foreign attack and can participate in international peacekeeping operations , but also can operate to either maintain domestic public order or to protect individual rights . State of emergency : The LDP draft grants the Prime Minister the authority to declare a `` state of emergency '' in a national emergency including foreign invasions , domestic rebellions and natural disasters ( Article 98 ) . When in a state of emergency , the Cabinet can enact orders that have the effect of the laws passed by the ( National Diet ) ( Article 99 ) . Relaxation of separation of religion and the State : The LDP draft deletes the current clause that prohibits the State from granting `` political authority '' to a religious organization , and enables the State to perform religious acts itself within the scope of `` social protocol or ethno - cultural practices '' ( Article 20 ) . Political control over the courts : Unlike the current constitution , which guarantees that the Supreme Court judges shall not be dismissed unless the `` review '' procedure stipulated by the constitution , the LDP draft enables the Diet to define this review procedure through a Diet - enacted law , not the constitution ( Article 79 ) . The draft also states that salary of a judge -- of both the Supreme Court and inferior courts -- could be decreased in the same manner as any other kinds of public officials ( Articles 79 and 80 ) by the subordinate offices of the State ( namely , the National Personnel Authority ) . Further amendments : The LDP draft states that a simple majority in the two Houses shall be adequate for a motion for constitutional amendment ( Article 96 ) . An actual amendment shall still require a national referendum , but a simple majority in `` the number of valid votes actually cast '' , as opposed to `` the number of a qualified voters '' or `` the number of votes '' , shall enact the amendment ( Article 96 ) . Controversy ( edit ) On 15 August 2016 , during his campaign rally speech for Hillary Clinton , U.S. Vice President Joe Biden remarked that America had written Japan 's Constitution following World War II . These comments were seen as insensitive and arrogant by a column in Japan 's Asahi newspaper . On 7 December 2016 , a CNN article stated that the Japanese constitution was `` imposed by the United States after World War II '' . See also ( edit ) Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany Constitution of Italy Constitution Memorial Day Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ito , Masami , `` Constitution again faces calls for revision to meet reality '' , Japan Times , 1 May 2012 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ John Dower , Embracing Defeat , 1999 , pp. 374 , 375 , 383 , 384 . Jump up ^ Dower , John W. ( 1999 ) . Embracing defeat : Japan in the wake of World War II ( 1st ed . ) . New York : W.W. Norton & Co / New Press . pp. 365 -- 367 . ISBN 0393046869 . Jump up ^ `` Beate Gordon , a drafter of Japan 's Constitution , dies at 89 '' . The Mainichi. 1 January 2013 . Archived from the original on 18 February 2013 . Retrieved 1 January 2013 . Jump up ^ John Dower , Embracing Defeat , p. 411 : `` categories of deletions and suppressions '' in CCD 's key log in June 1946 . Jump up ^ Dower , p. 407 Jump up ^ `` Publication and Work of the Constitution Popularization Society '' . Birth of the Constitution of Japan . National Diet Library of Japan . Retrieved 24 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of Japan '' . Retrieved 8 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 日本 国 憲法 '' . National Archives of Japan . Retrieved 8 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Mark A. Levin , Essential Commodities and Racial Justice : Using Constitutional Protection of Japan 's Indigenous Ainu People to Inform Understandings of the United States and Japan ( 2001 ) . New York University of International Law and Politics , Vol. 33 ( 2001 ) , pp. 484 , 488 . Available at SSRN : http://ssrn.com/abstract=1635451 . Jump up ^ Mark A. Levin , Civil Justice and the Constitution : Limits on Instrumental Judicial Administration in Japan . Pacific Rim Law & Policy Journal , Volume 20 , No. 2 , March 2011 . Available at SSRN : http://ssrn.com/abstract=1653992 ; Eiji Sasada , Saibankan Seido ( The Court System ) ( Yuhikaku 1997 ) at 86 . ^ Jump up to : `` Japanese Studies : Constitutional Revision Research Project '' . Reischauer Institute of Japanese Studies , Harvard University . 2007 . Archived from the original on 18 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Citizens ' Groups / NGOs '' . Reischauer Institute of Japanese Studies , Harvard University . 2007 . Archived from the original on 21 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Political Parties '' . Reischauer Institute of Japanese Studies , Harvard University . 2010 . Archived from the original on 21 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Labor Groups '' . Reischauer Institute of Japanese Studies , Harvard University . 2007 . Archived from the original on 6 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Constitutional revision research project : Web archives '' . Reischauer Institute of Japanese Studies , Harvard University . 2007 . Archived from the original on 9 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Response to Abe 's drive : Support falls for amending Constitution '' . The Japan Times . 17 April 2007 . Archived from the original on 13 August 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Japan approves Constitution steps '' . BBC News . 14 May 2007 . Retrieved 30 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Support falls for amending Constitution The Japan Times Online Jump up ^ Nihon - koku Kenpou Kaisei Souan , http://www.jimin.jp/policy/policy_topics/pdf/seisaku-109.pdf Jump up ^ Nihon - koku Kenpou Kaisei Souan Q & A , http://www.jimin.jp/policy/pamphlet/pdf/kenpou_qa.pdf Jump up ^ Nihon - koku Kenpou Kaisei Souan Q & A , p. 3 . Jump up ^ For example , the paragraph ( 4 ) of Article 6 of the LDP draft requires that the Emperor should obtain the shingen ( `` advice '' , especially one given from a subordinate to his superior ) from the Cabinet , as opposed to the jogen to shōnin ( `` advice and approval '' ) as stipulated in the current Constitution , for his all acts in matters of the State . The booklet explains that the reason for this change is because the phrase jogen to shōnin sounds `` offensive to the Emperor '' ( Nihon - koku Kenpou Kaisei Souan Q & A , p. 8 ) . Jump up ^ The LDP explains that the reason of this change is because the Emperor was formerly defined as `` the head of the Empire '' in the Article 4 of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan ( Nihon - koku Kenpou Kaisei Souan Q & A , p. 7 ) . ^ Jump up to : Nihon - koku Kenpou Kaisei Souan Q & A , p. 14 . Jump up ^ For example , Ashibe , Nobuyoshi , Kenpou , fifth edition , edited by Takahashi , Kazuyuki , Tokyo : Iwanami Shoten ( 2011 ) , pp. 100 - 101 . Jump up ^ Nihon - koku Kenpou Kaisei Souan Q & A , pp. 14 -- 15 . Jump up ^ For example , one of the draft authors ( Shibayama Masahiko , http://blogos.com/article/38240/ ) discusses that `` the current constitution is unable to conduct measures promptly against domestic situations including excessive individualism '' . Jump up ^ Ashibe - Takahashi ( 2011 ) , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Nihon - koku Kenpou Kaisei Souan Q & A , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Ashibe - Takahashi ( 2011 ) , pp. 118 -- 124 . Jump up ^ Nihon - koku Kenpou Kaisei Souan Q & A , p. 15 . Jump up ^ `` Biden 's remark on Japan Constitution raises eyebrows '' . Associated Press . 18 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Resurgent Japan military ' can stand toe to toe with anybody '' . CNN . 7 December 2016 . References ( edit ) The Constitution of Japan Project 2004 . Rethinking the Constitution : An Anthology of Japanese Opinion . Trans . by F. Uleman . Kawasaki , Japan : Japan Research Inc. , 2008 . ISBN 1 - 4196 - 4165 - 4 . Kishimoto , Koichi . Politics in Modern Japan . Tokyo : Japan Echo , 1988 . ISBN 4 - 915226 - 01 - 8 . Pages 7 -- 21 . Matsui , Shigenori . The Constitution of Japan : A Contextual Analysis . Oxford : Hart Publishing , 2011 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84113 - 792 - 6 . Hook , edited by Glenn D. ( 2005 ) . Contested governance in Japan : sites and issues . London : RoutledgeCurzon . ISBN 0415364981 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Moore , Ray A. ; Robinson , Donald L. ( 2004 ) . Partners for democracy : crafting the new Japanese state under MacArthur . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0195171764 . `` Special Issue Constitutional Law in Japan and the United Kingdom '' . King 's Law Journal . 2 ( 2 ) . 2015 . This article incorporates public domain material from the Library of Congress Country Studies website http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/ . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Constitution of Japan Wikimedia Commons has media related to Constitution of Japan . Full text of Constitution from the Cabinet Constitution of Japan at Project Gutenberg The Constitution of Japan public domain audiobook at LibriVox Birth of the Constitution of Japan Teruki Tsunemoto , Trends in Japanese Constitutional Law Cases : Important Judicial Decisions for 2004 , trans . Daryl Takeno , Asian - Pacific Law & Policy Journal Teruki Tsunemoto , Trends in Japanese Constitutional Law Cases : Important Legal Precedents for 2005 , trans . John Donovan , Yuko Funaki , and Jennifer Shimada , Asian - Pacific Law & Policy Journal Teruki Tsunemoto , Trends in Japanese Constitutional Law Cases : Important Legal Precedents for 2006 , trans . Asami Miyazawa and Angela Thompson , Asian - Pacific Law & Policy Journal Teruki Tsunemoto , Trends in Japanese Constitutional Law Cases : Important Legal Precedents for 2007 , trans . Mark A. Levin and Jesse Smith , Asian - Pacific Law & Policy Journal Library of Congress Country Study on Japan Beate Sirota Gordon ( Blog about Beate Sirota Gordon and the documentary film `` The Gift from Beate '' ) ( 1 ) of the Reischauer Institute of Japanese Studies at Harvard University 新 憲法 草案 ( PDF ) . Liberal Democratic Party 's Center to Promote Enactment of a New Constitution website ( in Japanese ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 7 February 2006 . Retrieved February 3 , 2006 . Shin Kenpou Sou - an , Draft New Constitution . As released by the Liberal Democratic Party on 22 November 2005 . 新 憲法 制定 推進 本部 . Liberal Democratic Party website ( in Japanese ) . Archived from the original on 10 January 2006 . Retrieved 3 February 2006 . Web page of the Shin Kenpou Seitei Suishin Honbu , Center to Promote Enactment of a New Constitution , of the Liberal Democratic Party . 日本 国 憲法 改正 草案 ( PDF ) . Liberal Democratic Party ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved 27 December 2012 . Nihon - koku Kenpou Kaisei Souan , Amendment Draft of the Constitution of Japan . As released by the Liberal Democratic Party on 27 April 2012 . 日本 国 憲法 改正 草案 Q&A ( PDF ) . Liberal Democratic Party ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved 27 December 2012 . Nihon - koku Kenpou Kaisei Souan Q & A. As released by the Liberal Democratic Party in October 2012 . ( hide ) Constitutions of Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Japan&oldid=824021719 '' Categories : Government of Japan Politics of Post-war Japan 1947 in law Cold War treaties Constitutions of Japan 1947 documents Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from July 2016 All articles needing additional references EngvarB from July 2017 Use dmy dates from July 2017 Articles containing Japanese - language text Articles needing additional references from May 2011 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from April 2009 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2013 Articles needing additional references from August 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2017 CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Library of Congress Country Studies Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with LibriVox links CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Azərbaycanca Буряад Català Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 February 2018 , at 21 : 19 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution%20of%20Japan
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why is the calvaria major in danger of extinction
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Sideroxylon grandiflorum
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sideroxylon grandiflorum
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Sideroxylon grandiflorum , known as tambalacoque or dodo tree , is a long - lived tree in the family Sapotaceae , endemic to Mauritius . It is valued for its timber .
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The Sideroxylon grandiflorum fruit is analogous to the peach . They are both termed drupes because both have a hard endocarp , or pit , surrounding the seed , with the endocarp naturally splitting along a fracture line during germination . Preserved seeds . In 1973 , it was thought that this species was dying out . There were supposedly only 13 specimens left , all estimated to be about 300 years old . The true age could not be determined because tambalacoque has no growth rings . Stanley Temple hypothesized that the dodo , which became extinct in the 17th century , ate tambalacoque fruits , and only by passing through the digestive tract of the dodo could the seeds germinate . Temple ( 1977 ) force - fed seventeen tambalacoque fruits to wild turkeys . Seven of the fruits were crushed by the bird 's gizzard . The remaining ten were either regurgitated or passed with the bird 's feces . Temple planted the remaining ten fruits and three germinated . Temple did not try to germinate any seeds from control fruits not fed to turkeys so the effect of feeding fruits to turkeys was unclear . Reports made on tambalacoque seed germination by Hill ( 1941 ) and King ( 1946 ) found the seeds germinated without abrading . Temple 's hypothesis that the tree required the dodo has been contested . Others have suggested the decline of the tree was exaggerated , or that other extinct animals may also have been distributing the seeds , such as tortoises , fruit bats or the broad - billed parrot . Wendy Strahm and Anthony Cheke , two experts in Mascarene ecology , claim that while a rare tree , it has germinated since the demise of the dodo and numbers a few hundred , not 13 . The difference in numbers is because young trees are not distinct in appearance and may easily be confused with similar species . The decline of the tree may possibly be due to introduction of domestic pigs and crab - eating macaques and competition with introduced plants . Catling ( 2001 ) in a summary cites Owadally and Temple ( 1979 ) , and Witmer ( 1991 ) . Hershey ( 2004 ) reviewed the flaws in Temple 's dodo - tambalacoque hypothesis . In 2004 , Botanical Society of America 's Plant Science Bulletin disputed Dr. Temple 's research as flawed which published evidence as to why the dodo 's extinction did not directly cause the increasing disappearance of young trees including suggestion that tortoises would have been more likely to disperse the seeds than dodo hence discrediting Temple 's view as to the dodo and the tree 's sole survival relationship . This dodo tree is highly valued for its wood in Mauritius , which has led some foresters to scrape the pits by hand to make them sprout and grow . See also ( edit ) Sideroxylon majus , a species native to Réunion , that has been confounded with Sideroxylon grandiflorum ( particularly under its synonym Calvaria major ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Plant List '' . Jump up ^ Herhey , David R ( 2004 ) . `` The Widespread Misconception that the Tambalacoque or Calvaria Tree Absolutely Required the Dodo Bird for its Seeds to Germinate '' . Plant Science Bulletin . 50 ( 4 ) . ISSN 0032 - 0919 . Jump up ^ Ellis , Richard ( 2004 ) . No Turning Back : The Life and Death of Animal Species . New York : Harper Perennial . p. 164 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 055804 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Catling , P.M. ( 2001 ) : Extinction and the importance of history and dependence in conservation . Biodiversity 2 ( 3 ) : 2 - 13 pdf Helfferich , C. ( 1990 ) : The Turkey and the Tambalacoque Tree Hershey , D.R. ( 2004 ) : The widespread misconception that the tambalacoque absolutely required the dodo for its seeds to germinate . Plant Science Bulletin 50 : 105 - 108 . Hill , A.W. ( 1941 ) : The genus Calvaria , with an account of the stony endocarp and germination of the seed , and description of the new species . Annals of Botany 5 ( 4 ) : 587 - 606 . PDF fulltext ( requires user account ) King , H.C. ( 1946 ) : Interim Report on Indigenous Species in Mauritius. Port Louis , Mauritius : Government Printer . Owadally , A.W. & Temple , Stanley A. ( 1979 ) : The dodo and the tambalacoque tree . Science 203 ( 4387 ) : 1363 - 1364 . Quammen , David ( 1996 ) : The Song of the Dodo : Island Biogeography in an Age of Extinction . Touchstone , New York . ISBN 0 - 684 - 82712 - 3 Temple , Stanley A. ( 1977 ) : Plant - animal mutualism : coevolution with Dodo leads to near extinction of plant . Science 197 ( 4306 ) : 885 - 886 . HTML abstract Witmer , M.C. & Cheke , A.S. ( 1991 ) : The dodo and the tambalacoque tree : an obligate mutualism reconsidered . Oikos 61 ( 1 ) : 133 - 137 . HTML abstract Taxon identifiers Wd : Q1027556 EoL : 1150162 GBIF : 2887061 IPNI : 789673 - 1 NCBI : 407068 Plant List : kew - 191933 Tropicos : 50093826 WCSP : 191933 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sideroxylon_grandiflorum&oldid=831924396 '' Categories : Sideroxylon Endemic flora of Mauritius Trees of Africa Hidden categories : Articles with ' species ' microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2010 Talk About Wikipedia Wikispecies Беларуская Cebuano Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Latviešu മലയാളം Português Русский Српски / srpski Svenska Tiếng Việt Winaray 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 March 2018 , at 21 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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where is most water in the body found
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Most of animal body water is contained in various body fluids . These include intracellular fluid ; extracellular fluid ; plasma ; interstitial fluid ; and transcellular fluid . Water is also contained inside organs , in gastrointestinal , cerebrospinal , peritoneal , and ocular fluids . Adipose tissue contains about 10 % of water , while muscle tissue contains about 75 % .
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various body fluids
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Body water
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body water
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In physiology , body water is the water content of an animal body that is contained in the tissues , the blood , the bones and elsewhere . The percentages of body water contained in various fluid compartments add up to total body water ( TBW ) . This water makes up a significant fraction of the human body , both by weight and by volume . Ensuring the right amount of body water is part of fluid balance , an aspect of homeostasis .
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Contents 1 Location 2 Measurement 2.1 Dilution and equilibration 2.2 Bioelectrical impedance analysis 3 Calculation 4 Functions 5 Changes 5.1 Loss of water 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Location ( edit ) By weight , the average human adult male is approximately 60 % water and the average adult female is approximately 50 % . There can be considerable variation in body water percentage based on a number of factors like age , health , weight , and sex . In a large study of adults of all ages and both sexes , the adult human body averaged ~ 65 % water . However , this varied substantially by age , sex , and adiposity ( amount of fat in body composition ) . The figure for water fraction by weight in this sample was found to be 58 ± 8 % water for males and 48 ± 6 % for females . The body water constitutes as much as 73 % of the body weight of a newborn infant , whereas some obese people are as little as 45 % water by weight . This is due to how fat tissue does not retain water as well as lean tissue . These statistical averages will vary with factors such as type of population , age of people sampled , number of people sampled , and methodology . So there is not , and can not be , a figure that is exactly the same for all people , for this or any other physiological measure . Most of animal body water is contained in various body fluids . These include intracellular fluid ; extracellular fluid ; plasma ; interstitial fluid ; and transcellular fluid . Water is also contained inside organs , in gastrointestinal , cerebrospinal , peritoneal , and ocular fluids . Adipose tissue contains about 10 % of water , while muscle tissue contains about 75 % . In Netter 's Atlas of Human Physiology , body water is broken down into the following compartments : Intracellular fluid ( 2 / 3 of body water ) is fluid contained within cells . In a 72 - kg body containing 40 litres of fluid , about 25 litres is intracellular , which amounts to 62.5 % . Jackson 's texts states 70 % of body fluid is intracellular . Extracellular fluid ( 1 / 3 of body water ) is fluid contained in areas outside of cells . For a 40 - litre body , about 15 litres is extracellular , which amounts to 37.5 % . Plasma ( 1 / 5 of extracellular fluid ) . Of this 15 litres of extracellular fluid , plasma volume averages 3 litres , or 20 % . Interstitial fluid ( 4 / 5 of extracellular fluid ) Transcellular fluid ( a.k.a. `` third space , '' normally ignored in calculations ) contained inside organs , such as the gastrointestinal , cerebrospinal , peritoneal , and ocular fluids . Measurement ( edit ) Dilution and equilibration ( edit ) Total body water can be determined using Flowing afterglow mass spectrometry measurement of deuterium abundance in breath samples from individuals . A known dose of deuterated water ( Heavy water , D O ) is ingested and allowed to equilibrate within the body water . The FA - MS instrument then measures the deuterium - to - hydrogen ( D : H ) ratio in the exhaled breath water vapour . The total body water is then accurately measured from the increase in breath deuterium content in relation to the volume of D O ingested . Different substances can be used to measure different fluid compartments : total body water : tritiated water or heavy water . extracellular fluid : inulin blood plasma : Evans blue Intracellular fluid may then be estimated by subtracting extracellular fluid from total body water . Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis ( edit ) Another method of determining total body water percentage ( TBW % ) is via Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis ( BIA ) . In the traditional BIA method , a person lies on a cot and spot electrodes are placed on the hands and bare feet . Electrolyte gel is applied first , and then a weak current of frequency 50kHz is introduced . This AC waveform allows the creation of a current inside the body via the very capacitive skin without causing a DC flow or burns , and limited in the ~ 20mA range current for safety . BIA has emerged as a promising technique because of its simplicity , low cost , high reproducibility and noninvasiveness . BIA prediction equations can be either generalized or population - specific , allowing this method to be potentially very accurate . Selecting the appropriate equation is important to determining the quality of the results . For clinical purposes , scientists are developing a multi-frequency BIA method that may further improve the method 's ability to predict a person 's hydration level . New segmental BIA equipment that uses more electrodes may lead to more precise measurements of specific parts of the body . Calculation ( edit ) In humans , total body water can be estimated based on the premorbid ( or ideal ) body weight and correction factor . T B W = w e i g h t ∗ C ( \ displaystyle TBW = weight * C ) . C is a coefficient for the expected percentage of weight made up of free water . For adult , non-elderly males , C = 0.6 . For adult elderly males , malnourished males , or females , C = 0.5 . For adult elderly or malnourished females C = 0.45 . A total body water deficit ( TBWD ) can then be approximated by the following formula : T B W D = T B W ∗ ( 1 − ( N a ) t / ( N a ) m ) ( \ displaystyle TBWD = TBW * ( 1 - ( Na ) t / ( Na ) m ) ) Where ( Na ) t = target sodium concentration ( usually 140 mEq / L ) , and ( Na ) m = measured sodium concentration . The resultant value is the approximate volume of free water required to correct a hypernatremic state . In practice , the value rarely approximates the actual amount of free water required to correct a deficit due to insensible losses , urinary output , and differences in water distribution among patients . Functions ( edit ) Water in the animal body performs a number of functions : as a solvent for transportation of nutrients ; as a medium for excretion ; a means for heat control ; as a lubricant for joints ; and for shock absorption . Changes ( edit ) The usual way of adding water to a body is by drinking . Water also enters the body with foods , especially those rich in water , such as plants , raw meat , and fish . The amount of this water that is retained in animals is affected by several factors . Water amounts vary with the age of the animal . The older the vertebrate animal , the higher its relative bone mass and the lower its body water content . In diseased states , where body water is affected , the fluid compartment or compartments that have changed can give clues to the nature of the problem , or problems . Body water is regulated by hormones , including anti-diuretic hormone , aldosterone and atrial natriuretic peptide . Loss of water ( edit ) Main articles : Volume contraction and Dehydration Volume contraction is a decrease in body fluid volume , with or without a concomitant loss of osmolytes . The loss of the body water component of body fluid is specifically termed dehydration . Sodium loss approximately correlates with fluid loss from extracellular fluid , since sodium has a much higher concentration in extracelluliar fluid ( ECF ) than intracellular fluid ( ICF ) . In contrast , K has a much higher concentration in ICF than ECF , and therefore its loss rather correlates with fluid loss from ICF , since K loss from ECF causes the K in ICF to diffuse out of the cells , dragging water with it by osmosis . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The water in you '' . Howard Perlman . December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Total body water volumes for adult males and females estimated from simple anthropometric measurements '' ( PDF ) . 33 ( 1 ) . The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition . January 1980 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Guyton , Arthur C. ( 1976 ) . Textbook of Medical Physiology ( 5th ed . ) . Philadelphia : W.B. Saunders . pp. 284 , 424 . ISBN 0 - 7216 - 4393 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : John T. Hansen ; Bruce M. Koeppen ( 2002 ) . Netter 's Atlas of Human Physiology . Teterboro , N.J : Icon Learning Systems . ISBN 1 - 929007 - 01 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : `` FCS Animal Production L2 '' . google.com . Jump up ^ `` Nutrient Requirements of Nonhuman Primates : '' . google.com . ^ Jump up to : Guyton , Arthur C. ( 1976 ) . Textbook of Medical Physiology ( 5th ed . ) . Philadelphia : W.B. Saunders . p. 275 . ISBN 0 - 7216 - 4393 - 0 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Sheila ( 1985 ) . Anatomy & Physiology for Nurses . Nurses ' Aids Series ( 9th ed . ) . London : Bailliere Tindall . ISBN 0 - 7020 - 0737 - 4 . Jump up ^ Physiology : 7 / 7ch02 / 7ch02p13 - Essentials of Human Physiology Jump up ^ `` US Patent 4719922 , Stimulator Apparatus - this website has ended '' . patentstorm.us . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ Lee. , Goldman , ; I. , Schafer , Andrew ; Fayette. , Cecil , Russell La ( 2012 - 01 - 01 ) . Goldman 's Cecil medicine . Elsevier / Saunders . ISBN 9781437716047 . OCLC 779501249 . Jump up ^ MedicineNet > Definition of Dehydration Retrieved on July 2 , 2009 Further reading ( edit ) Fluid , Electrolyte , and Acid - Base Disorders in Small Animal Practice Essentials of Animal Physiology The Encyclopedia of Farm Animal Nutrition Animal Osmoregulation Animal Nutrition Science External links ( edit ) Animals portal Body + water at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) Body + fluid + compartments at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) Physiology of the kidneys and acid - base physiology Renal function Secretion clearance Pharmacokinetics Clearance of medications Urine flow rate Reabsorption Solvent drag sodium chloride urea glucose oligopeptides protein Renal function Glomerular filtration rate Creatinine clearance Renal clearance ratio Urea reduction ratio Kt / V Standardized Kt / V Measures of dialysis Hemodialysis product PAH clearance ( Effective renal plasma flow Extraction ratio ) Filtration Renal blood flow Ultrafiltration Countercurrent exchange Filtration fraction Hormones Antidiuretic hormone Aldosterone Atrial natriuretic peptide Renin Erythropoietin Calcitriol Prostaglandins Acid - base balance Fluid balance Darrow Yannet diagram Body water : Intracellular fluid / Cytosol Extracellular fluid ( Interstitial fluid Plasma Transcellular fluid ) Base excess Davenport diagram Anion gap Arterial blood gas Winters ' formula Buffering Bicarbonate buffer system Respiratory compensation Renal compensation Other Fractional sodium excretion BUN - to - creatinine ratio Tubuloglomerular feedback Natriuresis Urine Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Body_water&oldid=856792267 '' Categories : Body water Human body Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Français 한국어 Português Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2018 , at 15 : 26 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body%20water
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who supported brazil’s independence after portugal was invaded by france
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Independence of Brazil
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independence of brazil
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Independence of Brazil Declaration of Brazil 's independence by Prince Pedro on 7 September 1822 . His Guard of Honor greets him in support while some discard blue and white armbands that represented loyalty to Portugal Date 7 September 1822 Location São Paulo , Brazil Participants Prince Pedro Archduchess Leopoldina José Bonifácio de Andrada Outcome Independence of the Kingdom of Brazil from the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves and subsequent formation of the Empire of Brazil The Independence of Brazil comprised a series of political and military events that occurred in 1821 -- 1824 , most of which involved disputes between Brazil and Portugal regarding the call for independence presented by the Brazilian Empire . It is celebrated on 7 September , the anniversary of the date in 1822 that prince regent Dom Pedro declared Brazil 's independence from Portugal . Formal recognition came with a treaty signed by both Brazil and Portugal in late 1825 . Contents 1 Background 2 Path to independence 2.1 Portuguese Cortes 2.2 Avilez rebellion 2.3 From united kingdom to independent empire 3 War of Independence 3.1 In Pernambuco 3.2 In Piauí and Maranhão 3.3 In Grão - Pará 3.4 In Bahia 3.5 In Cisplatina 4 Peace treaty and aftermath 5 See also 6 Further reading 7 Footnotes 8 References 9 External links Background ( edit ) Landing of Pedro Álvares Cabral in Brazil , 1500 . The land now called Brazil was claimed by Portugal in April 1500 , on the arrival of the Portuguese fleet commanded by Pedro Álvares Cabral . The Portuguese encountered Indigenous nations divided into several tribes , most of whom shared the same Tupi - Guaraní language family , and shared and disputed the territory . Though the first settlement was founded in 1532 , colonization was effectively started in 1534 when King John III divided the territory into fifteen hereditary captaincies . This arrangement proved problematic , however , and in 1549 the king assigned a Governor - General to administer the entire colony . The Portuguese assimilated some of the native tribes while others slowly disappeared in long wars or by European diseases to which they had no immunity ... By the mid-16th century , sugar had become Brazil 's most important export due to the increasing international demand for sugar . To profit from the situation , by 1700 over 963,000 African slaves had been brought across the Atlantic to work in Brazil . More Africans were brought to Brazil up until that date than to all the other places in the Americas combined . Departure of the Portuguese royal family to Brazil on 29 November 1807 . Acclamation ceremony of King John VI of the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , 6 February 1818 . Through wars against the French , the Portuguese slowly expanded their territory to the southeast , taking Rio de Janeiro in 1567 , and to the northwest , taking São Luís in 1615 . They sent military expeditions to the Amazon rainforest and conquered English and Dutch strongholds , founding villages and forts from 1669 . In 1680 they reached the far south and founded Sacramento on the bank of the Rio de la Plata , in the Banda Oriental region ( present - day Uruguay ) . At the end of the 17th century , sugar exports started to decline but beginning in the 1690s , the discovery of gold by explorers in the region that would later be called Minas Gerais ( General Mines ) in current Mato Grosso , Goiás and the state of Minas Gerais , saved the colony from imminent collapse . From all over Brazil , as well as from Portugal , thousands of immigrants came to the mines . The Spanish tried to prevent Portuguese expansion into the territory that belonged to them according to the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas , and succeeded in conquering the Banda Oriental in 1777 . However , this was in vain as the Treaty of San Ildefonso , signed in the same year , confirmed Portuguese sovereignty over all lands proceeding from its territorial expansion , thus creating most of the current Brazilian border . During the invasion of Portugal ( 1807 ) , the Portuguese royal family fled to Brazil , establishing Rio de Janeiro as the de facto capital of Portugal . This had the side effect of creating within Brazil many of the institutions required to exist as an independent state ; most importantly , it freed Brazil to trade with other nations at will . After Napoleon 's army was finally defeated in 1815 , in order to maintain the capital in Brazil and allay Brazilian fears of being returned to colonial status , King John VI of Portugal raised the de jure status of Brazil to an equal , integral part of a United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil , and the Algarves , rather than a mere colony , a status which it enjoyed for the next seven years . Path to independence ( edit ) Portuguese Cortes ( edit ) The Portuguese Cortes In 1820 the Constitutionalist Revolution erupted in Portugal . The movement initiated by the liberal constitutionalists resulted in the meeting of the Cortes ( or Constituent Assembly ) , that would have to create the kingdom 's first constitution . The Cortes at the same time demanded the return of King Dom John VI , who had been living in Brazil since 1808 , who elevated Brazil to a kingdom as part of the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves in 1815 and who nominated his son and heir prince Dom Pedro as regent , to govern Brazil in his place on 7 March 1821 . The king left for Europe on 26 April , while Dom Pedro remained in Brazil governing it with the aid of the ministers of the Kingdom ( Interior ) and Foreign Affairs , of War , of Navy and of Finance . The Portuguese military officers headquartered in Brazil were completely sympathetic to the Constitutionalist movement in Portugal . The main leader of the Portuguese officers , General Jorge de Avilez Zuzarte de Sousa Tavares forced the prince to dismiss and banish from the country the ministers of Kingdom and Finance . Both were loyal allies of Pedro , who had become a pawn in the hands of the military . The humiliation suffered by the prince , who swore he would never yield to the pressure of the military again , would have a decisive influence on his abdication ten years later . Meanwhile , on 30 September 1821 , the Cortes approved a decree that subordinated the governments of the Brazilian provinces directly to Portugal . Prince Pedro became for all purposes only the governor of the Rio de Janeiro Province . Other decrees that came after ordered his return to Europe and also extinguished the judicial courts created by João VI in 1808 . Dissatisfaction over the Cortes measures among most residents in Brazil ( both Brazilian - born and Portuguese - born ) rose to a point that it soon became publicly known . Two groups that opposed the Cortes ' actions to gradually undermine the Brazilian sovereignty appeared : Liberals led by Joaquim Gonçalves Ledo ( which had the support of the Freemasons ) and the Bonifacians led by José Bonifácio de Andrada . Both factions had nothing in common in their goals for Brazil , with the sole exception of their desire to keep the country united with Portugal as a sovereign monarchy . Avilez rebellion ( edit ) Prince Pedro ( right ) orders Portuguese officer Jorge Avilez ( left ) to return to Portugal after his failed rebellion on February 8 , 1822 . José Bonifácio ( in civilian clothes ) can be seen next to the prince . The Portuguese deputies of the Cortes showed no respect towards the prince and openly mocked him . And so the loyalty that Pedro had shown towards the Cortes gradually shifted to the Brazilian cause . His wife , princess Leopoldina of Habsburg , favoured the Brazilian side and encouraged him to remain in the country while the Liberals and Bonifacians made open representations . Pedro 's reply came on 9 January 1822 , who , according to newspapers , spoke : `` As it is for the good of all and for the nation 's general happiness , I am ready : Tell the people that I will stay '' . After Pedro 's decision to defy the Cortes , around 2,000 men led by Jorge Avilez rioted before concentrating on mount Castelo , which was soon surrounded by 10,000 armed Brazilians , led by the Royal Police Guard . Dom Pedro then `` dismissed '' the Portuguese commanding general and ordered him to remove his soldiers across the bay to Niterói , where they would await transport to Portugal . Jose Bonifácio was nominated minister of Kingdom and Foreign Affairs on 18 January 1822 . Bonifácio soon established a fatherlike relationship with Pedro , who began to consider the experienced statesman his greatest ally . Gonçalves Ledo and the liberals tried to minimize the close relationship between Bonifácio and Pedro offering to the prince the title of Perpetual Defender of Brazil . For the liberals , the meeting of a Constituent Assembly for Brazil was necessary , while the Bonifacians preferred that Pedro grant the constitution himself to avoid the possibility of similar anarchy to the one that occurred during the first years of the French Revolution . The prince acquiesced to the liberals ' desires and signed a decree on 3 June 1822 calling for the election of the deputies that would gather in the Constituent and Legislative General Assembly in Brazil . From United Kingdom to independent Empire ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Prince Pedro is surrounded by a cheering crowd in São Paulo after giving the news of the Brazilian independence on 7 September 1822 . Pedro departed to São Paulo Province to secure the province 's loyalty to the Brazilian cause . He reached its capital on 25 August and remained there until 5 September . While on his way back to Rio de Janeiro on 7 September he received mail from José Bonifácio and his wife , Leopoldina . The letter told him that the Cortes had annulled all acts from the Bonifácio cabinet , removed Pedro 's remaining powers and ordered him to return to Portugal . It was clear that independence was the only option left . Pedro turned to his companions that included his Guard of Honor and spoke : `` Friends , the Portuguese Cortes want to enslave and pursue us . From today on our relations are broken . No ties can unite us anymore '' and continued after he pulled out his blue - white armband that symbolized Portugal : `` Armbands off , soldiers . Hail to the independence , to freedom and to the separation of Brazil from Portugal ! '' He unsheathed his sword affirming that `` For my blood , my honor , my God , I swear to give Brazil freedom , '' and later cried out : `` Brazilians , Independence or death ! '' . This event is remembered as `` Cry of Ipiranga '' . Returning to the city of São Paulo on the night of 7 September 1822 , Pedro and his companions announced the news of Brazilian independence from Portugal . The Prince was received with great popular celebration and was called not only `` King of Brazil '' but also `` Emperor of Brazil '' . Pedro returned to Rio de Janeiro on 14 September and in the following days the liberals had spread pamphlets ( written by Joaquim Gonçalves Ledo ) that suggested the idea that the Prince should be acclaimed Constitutional Emperor . On 17 September the President of the Municipal Chamber of Rio de Janeiro , Josė Clemente Pereira , sent to the other Chambers of the country the news that the Acclamation would occur in the anniversary of Pedro on 12 October . Coronation of Emperor Pedro I on December 1 , 1822 . The official separation would only occur on 22 September 1822 in a letter written by Pedro to João VI . In it , Pedro still calls himself Prince Regent and his father is considered the King of the independent Brazil . On 12 October 1822 , in the Field of Santana ( later known as Field of the Acclamation ) Prince Pedro was acclaimed Dom Pedro I , Constitutional Emperor and Perpetual Defender of Brazil . It was at the same time the beginning of Pedro 's reign and also of the Empire of Brazil . However , the Emperor made it clear that although he accepted the emperorship , if João VI returned to Brazil he would step down from the throne in favor of his father . The reason for the imperial title was that the title of king would symbolically mean a continuation of the Portuguese dynastic tradition and perhaps of the feared absolutism , while the title of emperor derived from popular acclamation as in Ancient Rome or at least reigning through popular sanction as in the case of Napoleon . On 1 December 1822 , Pedro I was crowned and consecrated . War of independence ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : War of Independence of Brazil The Brazilian Army entering Salvador after the surrender of the Portuguese forces in 1823 . But in spite of these fine words , the new flag and the Acclamation of Pedro as Constitutional Emperor , the authority of the new regime only extended to Rio de Janeiro , São Paulo and the adjacent provinces . The rest of Brazil remained firmly under the control of Portuguese juntas and garrisons . It would take a war to put the whole of Brazil under Pedro 's control . The fighting began with skirmishes between rival militias in 1822 and lasted until January 1824 , when the last Portuguese garrisons and naval units surrendered or left the country . Meanwhile the Imperial government had to create a regular Army and Navy . Forced enlistment was widespread , extending to foreign immigrants , and Brazil made use of slaves in militias , as well as freeing slaves to enlist them in army and navy . The campaigns on land and sea covered the vast territories of Bahia , Montevideo and Cisplatina , Grão - Pará . Maranhão , Pernambuco , Ceará and Piauí . By 1822 , Brazilian forces were firmly in control of Rio de Janeiro and the central area of Brazil . Loyal militias began insurrections in the aforementioned territories , but strong , and regularly reinforced Portuguese garrisons in the port cities of Salvador , Montevideo , São Luís and Belém continued to dominate the adjacent areas and to pose the threat of a reconquest that the irregular Brazilian militias and guerrilla forces , which were loosely besieging them by land supported by newly created units of the Brazilian army , would be unable to prevent . For the Brazilians , the answer to this stalemate was to seize control of the sea . Fortunately , 11 former Portuguese warships , great and small , had fallen into Brazilian hands in Rio de Janeiro and these formed the basis of a new navy . The problem was manpower . The crews of these ships were largely Portuguese who were openly mutinous , and although many Portuguese naval officers had declared allegiance to Brazil their loyalty could not be relied on . The Brazilian Government solved the problem by recruiting 50 officers and 500 seamen in secret in London and Liverpool , many of them veterans of the Napoleonic Wars , and appointed the Thomas Cochrane as commander - in - chief . On 1 April 1823 , a Brazilian squadron 6 of ships sailed for Bahia . After an initial disappointing engagement with a superior Portuguese fleet , Cochrane blockaded Salvador . Deprived now of supplies and reinforcements by sea and besieged by the Brazilian army on land , on 2 July the Portuguese forces abandoned Bahia in a convoy of 90 ships . Leaving the frigate ' Niteroi ' under Captain John Taylor to harry them to the coasts of Europe , Cochrane then sailed north to San Luis . There he tricked the Portuguese garrison into evacuating Maranhão by pretending that a huge Brazilian fleet and army were over the horizon . He then sent Captain John Pascoe Grenfell to play the same trick on the Portuguese in Belem do Para at the mouth of the Amazon . By November 1823 , the whole of the north of Brazil was under Brazilian control , and the following month , the demoralized Portuguese also evacuated Montevideo and the Cisplatine Province . By 1824 , Brazil was free of all enemy troops and was ' de facto ' independent . There are still today no reliable statistics related to the numbers of , for example , the total of the war casualties . However based upon historical registration and contemporary reports of some battles of this war as well as upon the admitted numbers in similar fights that happened in these times around the globe , and considering how long the Brazilian independence war lasted ( 22 months ) , estimates of all killed in action on both sides are placed from around 5,700 to 6,200 . In Pernambuco ( edit ) Siege of Recife In Piauí and Maranhão ( edit ) Battle of Jenipapo Siege of Caxias In Grão - Pará ( edit ) Siege of Belém In Bahia ( edit ) Battle of Pirajá Battle of Itaparica Battle of 4 May Siege of Salvador In Cisplatina ( edit ) Siege of Montevideo ( 1823 ) Peace treaty and aftermath ( edit ) The last Portuguese soldiers left Brazil in 1824 . A peace treaty recognizing Brazil 's independence was drafted in summer 1825 , and signed by Brazil and Portugal that autumn . See also ( edit ) Brazil portal Brazilian Empire Colonial Brazil Cry of Ipiranga History of Brazil Independence Day ( Brazil ) Further reading ( edit ) Gomes , Laurentino , 1822 Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ See the tables here Archived 2013 - 10 - 27 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Lustosa , p. 97 Jump up ^ Armitage . p. 36 Jump up ^ Lustosa , p. 106 Jump up ^ Armitage . p. 38 Jump up ^ Lustosa , pp. 109 -- 10 Jump up ^ Armitage . p. 41 Jump up ^ Lustosa , p. 112 Jump up ^ Lustosa , pp. 113 -- 14 Jump up ^ Lustosa , p. 114 ^ Jump up to : Lustosa , p. 117 Jump up ^ Armitage . pp. 43 -- 44 ^ Jump up to : Lustosa , p. 119 Jump up ^ Armitage . pp. 48 -- 51 Jump up ^ Diégues , p. 70 Jump up ^ Lustosa , p. 120 Jump up ^ Lustosa , pp. 121 -- 22 Jump up ^ Lustosa , pp. 123 - 24 Jump up ^ Lustosa , pp. 132 -- 34 Jump up ^ Lustosa , p. 135 Jump up ^ Lustosa , p. 138 Jump up ^ Lustosa , p. 139 ^ Jump up to : Lustosa , p. 143 ^ Jump up to : Armitage . p. 61 Jump up ^ Lustosa , p. 145 Jump up ^ Lustosa , pp. 150 -- 53 ^ Jump up to : Vianna , p. 408 Jump up ^ Lima ( 1997 ) , p. 398 Jump up ^ Lustosa , p. 153 Jump up ^ Lima ( 1997 ) , p. 379 Jump up ^ Vianna , p. 413 Jump up ^ Vianna , pp. 417 -- 18 Jump up ^ Lima ( 1997 ) , p. 404 Jump up ^ Lima ( 1997 ) , p. 339 Jump up ^ Barman ( 1999 ) , p. 4 ; `` Some weeks later he was acclaimed emperor as Pedro I of Brazil . In the terminology of the period , the word ' empire ' signifying a monarchy of unusually large size and resources ( as in the case of Russia ) , and this designation avoided D. Pedro 's usurping the title of ' king ' from his father , João VI . '' Jump up ^ Vianna , p. 418 Jump up ^ Brian Vale ' Independence or Death : British Sailors and Brazilian Independence ' IB Tauris , 1995 Jump up ^ Brian Vale ' The Audacious Admiral Cochrane ; The True Life of a Naval Legend ' , Conway , 2004 Jump up ^ Vale Jump up ^ ( in Portuguese ) Laurentino Gomes 1822 Nova Fronteira , Brasil 2010 ISBN 85 - 209 - 2409 - 3 Chapter 10 , p. 163 References ( edit ) Armitage , John . História do Brasil . Belo Horizonte : Itatiaia , 1981 . ( in Portuguese ) Barman , Roderick J. Citizen Emperor : Pedro II and the Making of Brazil , 1825 -- 1891 . Stanford : Stanford University Press , 1999 . ( in English ) Diégues , Fernando . A revolução brasílica . Rio de Janeiro : Objetiva , 2004 . ( in Portuguese ) Dolhnikoff , Miriam . Pacto imperial : origens do federalismo no Brasil do século XIX . São Paulo : Globo , 2005 . ( in Portuguese ) Gomes , Laurentino. 1822 . Nova Fronteira , 2010 . ISBN 85 - 209 - 2409 - 3 ( in Portuguese ) Holanda , Sérgio Buarque de . O Brasil Monárquico : o processo de emancipação. 4 . ed . São Paulo : Difusão Européia do Livro , 1976 . ( in Portuguese ) Lima , Manuel de Oliveira . O movimento da independência. 6 . ed . Rio de Janeiro : Topbooks , 1997 . ( in Portuguese ) Lustosa , Isabel . D. Pedro I. São Paulo : Companhia das Letras , 2007 . ( in Portuguese ) Vainfas , Ronaldo . Dicionário do Brasil Imperial . Rio de Janeiro : Objetiva , 2002 . ( in Portuguese ) Vianna , Hélio . História do Brasil : período colonial , monarquia e república. 15 . ed . São Paulo : Melhoramentos , 1994 . ( in Portuguese ) External links ( edit ) Media related to Independence of Brazil at Wikimedia Commons Brazil History Timeline of Brazilian history Indigenous peoples Portuguese Colony ( 1500 -- 1815 ) United Kingdom ( 1815 -- 1822 ) Empire ( 1822 -- 1889 ) Old Republic ( 1889 -- 1930 ) Vargas Era ( 1930 -- 1946 ) Second Republic ( 1946 -- 1964 ) Military rule ( 1964 -- 1985 ) New Republic ( post 1985 ) Geography Amazon basin Climate Coastline Conservation Environment Environmental issues Extreme points Islands Largest cities Mountains Pantanal Protected areas Regions Rivers Water resources Wildlife Politics Administrative divisions Constitution Elections Foreign relations Government Human rights Legal system Law Law enforcement Military National Congress Political parties President Economy Agriculture Car industry Central Bank Economic history Energy Exports Industry Mining Real ( currency ) Science and technology Stock index Telecommunications Tourism Transport Society Corruption Crime Demographics Education Health Immigration Income inequality Languages People Religion Social issues States by HDI Unemployment Water supply and sanitation Welfare Youth Culture Arts Animation Carnaval Cinema Comics Cuisine Literature Malandragem Music Newspapers Painting Public holidays Sculpture Science fiction Sports Television Outline Index Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Independence_of_Brazil&oldid=844991338 '' Categories : 1820s conflicts Empire of Brazil Military history of Brazil Latin American wars of independence 1822 in Brazil Separatism in Brazil Separatism in Portugal Wars involving Brazil Wars involving Portugal Wars of independence Brazil -- Portugal relations 1822 in international relations Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with Portuguese - language external links Use dmy dates from February 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles needing additional references from June 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Беларуская Català Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Mirandés 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Tiếng Việt 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 June 2018 , at 15 : 46 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence%20of%20Brazil
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how many season of breakout kings are there
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On May 17 , 2012 , A&E canceled Breakout Kings after two seasons ; executive producer Matt Olmstead choosing to move on to another series .
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two
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List of Breakout Kings episodes
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list of breakout kings episodes
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Breakout Kings is an American crime drama television series that premiered on the A&E Network on March 6 , 2011 . Breakout Kings was created by Nick Santora and Matt Olmstead , who previously worked together on Prison Break . It premiered as the most - watched original drama series in A&E 's history among adults 25 -- 54 and adults 18 -- 49 , delivering 1.6 million adults 25 -- 54 and 1.5 million adults 18 -- 49 . The series was picked up for a second season on July 6 , 2011 . The season finale of the second season aired on April 29 , 2012 at 9 p.m. ET / PT featured two hours of back - to - back episodes `` Freakshow '' and `` Served Cold '' instead of the usual one - hour episode at 10 p.m. Executive producer and creator Nick Santora once opined , `` Our DVR + 7 day numbers are really strong . A lot of people are watching the show ; a lot of them just do n't watch it on the night it premieres . ''
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On May 17 , 2012 , A&E canceled Breakout Kings after two seasons ; executive producer Matt Olmstead choosing to move on to another series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2011 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2012 ) 3 References 4 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired Season premiere Season finale 13 March 6 , 2011 May 30 , 2011 10 March 4 , 2012 April 29 , 2012 Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2011 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' Gavin Hood Matt Olmstead & Nick Santora March 6 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 06 ) 1WAF79 2.80 When convicted murderer August Tillman ( Jason Cerbone ) escapes from prison , U.S. Marshal Charlie Duchamp ( Laz Alonso ) enlists the help of former U.S. Marshal Ray Zancanelli ( Domenick Lombardozzi ) to help recapture Tillman . They take an unorthodox approach to fugitive apprehension by forming a special task force composed of the four most elusive fugitives Ray has ever captured . Convicts Fritz Gunderson ( Brock Johnson ) , Shea Daniels ( Malcolm Goodwin ) , Dr. Lloyd Lowery ( Jimmi Simpson ) , and Philomena Rotchliffer ( Nicole Steinwedell ) agree to assist in the case in exchange for time off their sentences . Julianne Simms ( Brooke Nevin ) also joins the team as an analyst . Tillman , who conducted a bank robbery prior to his conviction , begins to hunt down the members involved in the robbery in an effort to get the money . Gunderson attempts to make an escape by stealing a knife and is sent back to prison . The team suspects an inside job at the bank and are correct in identifying a teller . His daughter is taken hostage until Tillman gets his money . However the team stops him at the Canada / U.S. border , preventing any harm to the teller and his daughter . `` Collected '' Adam Arkin Nick Santora March 13 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 13 ) 1WAF11 2.38 Philly 's failure to inform the authorities that she had over a million dollars in a bank account gets her sent back to Muncy Correctional Facility . Taking her place is Erica Reed ( Serinda Swan ) , but Charlie will not tell the others why she was chosen to be on the team . While investigating , Lloyd hits a nerve with Erica by realizing that she had lost custody of her daughter due to her incarceration , and she attacks him and is kept off of the investigation . The team tracks Xavier Price ( Jamie McShane ) , a man convicted of reckless homicide . Two leads send the team to two abandoned properties . The first has recently burnt down and in the second they find a woman who has been kept there for months . Price has been collecting women and has murdered the first and was unable to reach the second . The team , in a race against time manages to track down Price and the final woman . Price cornered attempts to kill himself in a house fire but is rescued by Ray . Later , Charlie reveals to Ray that Erica is the daughter of a bounty hunter who taught her everything , and when he was tortured and murdered by gang members he helped bring in , she hunted them down and hid the bodies so efficiently that she could only be convicted of weapons charges . Ray , feeling sorry for how he treated her earlier , gives her a photo of her daughter that was contained in her file , and reinstates her place on the team . `` The Bag Man '' Sanford Bookstaver Nick Santora March 20 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 20 ) 1WAF08 2.03 Theodore `` T - Bag '' Bagwell ( Robert Knepper ) uses the opportunity while being transferred for a new prosthetic to escape . Bagwell makes it to Indiana , killing one man with multiple stabs wounds in a slow drawn out death , and killing another at a quarry with the use of a rock crusher . The team finds out that the two men were accused of inappropriate contact with a patient suffering from dementia and cancer , as well as stealing her jewelery during their employment at a nursing home . The patient was Bagwell 's mother and the murders were in retaliation for their misdeeds . Bagwell travels to the hospital to see his mother before she dies ; where he is caught but allowed to see his mother before being sent back to prison . This episode serves as a crossover with Prison Break , which Olmstead and Santora worked on previously . `` Out of the Mouths of Babes '' Michael Waxman Kimberly Mercado & Nick Santora March 27 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 27 ) 1WAF03 2.11 Joseph Ramsey ( Derek Phillips ) , a convicted pedophile , escapes and is seemingly out to exact revenge on Tess Samuels ( Jennifer Ross ) , his first victim who had accused him of abuse . Ramsey 's attempt to make contact with Tess fails and narrowly escapes in the process . A credit card transaction leads them team to believe Ramsey is fleeing to Canada . Lloyd is forced to stay behind because of an injury sustained during the chase and Julianne is left to supervise him . However Lloyd comes to realize that Ramsey was a victim of moral panic and the real abuser was Tess 's father . Lloyd and Julianne manage to have a talk with Tess , giving her the courage to come forward and clear Ramsey 's name . 5 5 `` Queen of Hearts '' Jonathan Glassner Matt Olmstead April 3 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 03 ) 1WAF02 1.85 Lilah Tompkins ( Christina Cole ) , threatens a guard 's son , allowing her to escape . Tompkins is found to be a manipulative narcissist who uses various men to get her what she wants , all of whom believe she loves them . Lloyd can not predict her actions because of her disorder , but Erica manages to manipulate one of the men to give her Tompkins ' cell phone number . However the lead is short lived after the team is too late in stopping Tompkins from taking her son with her . Predicting that Tompkins will continue to abuse her relationships with men they track her down to a trailer park . With her plans unraveling she is now mentally unstable and attempts to kill her son and commit suicide as a last resort but is stopped by Ray . Frank Grillo , who appears in the episode as Agent Stoltz , previously recurred in the first season of Prison Break as Nick Savrinn . 6 6 `` Like Father , Like Son '' Billy Gierhart Dan Dratch April 10 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 10 ) 1WAF05 1.78 The upcoming 10 - year anniversary of an anti-government extremist 's execution , sees Christian Beaumont ( Zack Ward ) escape and plan a series of attacks , to honor his fallen idol . Using the resources of an extremist group , Beaumont begins his attacks with the bombing of a postal office and hacks the Marshal 's network to gain personal information . Charlie 's wife is targeted with a parcel bomb but escapes with minor injuries . The team tracks the hacker which leads them to Beaumont 's personal bunker . As they enter , Ray steps on a tripwire and Beaumont pins them inside with gunfire . Shea and Erica fend off Beaumont , while Charlie and Lloyd delay the explosion long enough for the team to escape safely . Plans taken from the bunker show that Beaumont is planning to destroy the building of the Fish and Wildlife Service after his mother was fired shortly after his incarceration . Beaumont delivers the van filled with fertilizer to destroy the building but is caught and the bomb is defused . 7 7 `` Fun with Chemistry '' Gloria Muzio Michael Gilvary April 17 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 17 ) 1WAF06 1.67 Mars O'Connell ( Rodney Eastman ) escapes prison by using a hostage , Starla Roland ( Scout Taylor - Compton ) , during visiting hours . However it becomes clear that the two are in a relationship and they become a modern - day Bonnie and Clyde . As the couple travel south they kill four people including a police officer . Lloyd believes that Roland will eventually turn on O'Connell as she is the submissive and her conscience will tell her the killings are wrong . As the trail runs cold , Ray visits O'Connell's cellmate who had given him information on how to evade the authorities . O'Connell and Roland have broken away from their M.O. of stealing cars and running and have now settled into a suburb residence taking a family hostage . After the capture of Roland at department store , Lloyd realizes that she is the dominant one and she will not give up the location of O'Connell . Ray devises a trap where he lets Roland take him hostage and leads him back O'Connell . The team tracks Ray 's phone and arrives to capture the couple and save the hostages . 8 8 `` Steaks '' Phil Abraham Dan Dratch April 24 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 24 ) 1WAF09 1.99 A coupon for a steak dinner prompts a competition between Lloyd , Shea and Erica to see who can perform at their best in the latest case . After Carl McCann ( Matthew John Armstrong ) poisons an inmate , he and Oliver Day ( Jonathan Keltz ) escape by substituting themselves for the corpse in the coffin . The two convicts work together to retrieve $100,000 that Day 's former cell mate , Kellen Stackhouse ( Andrew Jackson ) , had mentioned having . The team discovers a book coded with messages that McCann and Day had used to communicate , and Lloyd goes to work deciphering the information . After McCann and Day kill two more people , the team tracks them to a small town , where they get into a shootout with Ray and Charlie . McCann and Day both get away after Charlie collapses with a heart problem and is shot in the leg . Julianne gets a location on McCann and Day after Lloyd finishes decoding the book . Day lied to McCann about the money in order to get him to help in the escape ; Day 's real objective is to find Stackhouse , who sexually abused him in prison , and get revenge . A tense standoff leads to both convicts being captured , after which Erica wins the steak dinner . However , she tears up the coupon , saying that she is a vegetarian and that she only participated to keep Shea and Lloyd from winning . 9 9 `` One for the Money '' Jean de Segonzac Benjamin Klang & Mary Trahan May 1 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 01 ) 1WAF04 1.47 Andre Brennan ( Richard Burgi ) , the leader of a ring of international jewelry thieves escapes and plans his biggest job before disappearing for good . Shea has a visit from his girlfriend Vanessa ( Tattiawna Jones ) , but Charlie denies him a conjugal visit . The team look at various women who had visited Brennan while he was incarcerated . Kate Lavin ( Josie Davis ) convinces the team that she is not associated with Brennan anymore , but her lies are soon revealed and coded communications are found at her residence . These communications lead the team to a hotel where Brennan has murdered one of his colleagues and escapes after being spotted by Ray . Shea suggests bringing in another of Brennan 's visitors , Heather Storrow ( Helena Mattsson ) . She denies any involvement with Brennan but Ray , who is unconvinced , plants a tracker on her . Brennan completes his heist and meets with Storrow , who had lied about her involvement . The tracker planted on Storrow gives away their location and both are arrested . Even though Shea took advantage of Julianne to have an intimate encounter with Vanessa , for which Julianne later tells him off , Shea later tells Vanessa that he needs to follow the rules if he ever wants to see her again , before leaving a small diamond from the jewelry store in her hand . 10 10 `` Paid in Full '' Mel Damski Michael Gilvary & Benjamin Klang May 8 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 08 ) 1WAF10 1.33 The Breakout Kings are assigned to track down notorious hitman Virgil Downing ( Mark Pellegrino ) , who has taken one last contract to gain funds before he disappears . The convicts are distracted by their suspicions that Ray is not a U.S. Marshal , and begin to wonder whether their sentences are being reduced . Downing assassinates two people , but the team are unable to find a connection , until Laird Lapinski ( Daniel Lucifora ) is killed . The team connect the murders to the alleged rape of Genevieve Krause ( Marcella Lentz - Pope ) whose father Cliff ( W. Earl Brown ) works at the prison Downing escaped from . Cliff helped Downing escape and used Genevieve 's college fund to pay for the assassinations of four men responsible for the alleged rape of Genevieve . When Ray is confronted about his status as a Marshall , he reveals his conviction for stealing money from a crime scene . When pressed about his attitude towards the convicts , Ray points out their crimes , revealing that Lloyd was selling fake prescriptions to college students , one of whom died in an overdose . After the death of two more people , one of which was collateral , there remains one last target . The team manages to save Genevieve 's ex-boyfriend before Downing can get to him , and at headquarters Lloyd states his deep regret for the overdose and Charlie reveals his congenital heart defect to the cons . 11 11 `` Off the Beaten Path '' Billy Gierhart Kimberly Mercado & Mary Trahan May 15 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 15 ) 1WAF07 1.76 Bennett Ballester ( Robin Wilcock ) , a psychiatric patient , kills one of the aides whilst on a field trip and escapes . Ballester is revealed to have murdered a newscaster he was obsessed with and was institutionalized after his attorney managed to show he is mentally unstable . Meanwhile , Charlie is distracted by the suspicions that one of the convicts stole his grandfather 's watch . A visit to the psychiatric center yields only one lead : `` Meow Time '' . Jules discovers that it refers to children 's television host Debbie Myers ( Paula Garcés ) , whom Ballester has already found and abducted to the Adirondacks because he believes she loves him . Erica begins to have flashbacks of one of the murders she committed at the Adirondacks , and worries that they will find one of the bodies . Jules , with the help of Shea , gains access to Ballester 's diary , which Lloyd is left behind to decipher whilst the team heads to the Adirondacks . Charlie decides to bring back Fritz Gunderson to help track down Ballester , because of his vast knowledge of the area . However Gunderson is not needed after Erica admits she knows the area as well . The team splits up with Erica going with Ray and Charlie with Shea . After Ray gets pinned in a bear trap , he allows Erica to go on ahead to where she saves Debbie , but Ballester takes her hostage next . Charlie arrives and is forced to kill Bennett , who threatened to kill Erica . Back at the office , Ray finds Charlie 's watch in the bathroom , and Charlie remembers taking it off earlier , and he apologizes to the convicts . 12 12 `` There Are Rules '' Gavin Hood Nick Santora May 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 22 ) 1WAF01 1.34 A truck breaks through the wall of Attica Correctional Facility , and five inmates -- Ponzi scheme millionaire Ronald Barnes ( Jeff Seymour ) , gang member Chester Rhodes ( Avery Kidd Waddell ) , car thief Carlos Zepeda ( Lombardo Boyar ) , forger Tran Jun ( Jeff Ong ) , and drug smuggler Sandy Clemente ( Dean Chekvala ) -- escape with a prison guard as a hostage . U.S. Marshals Chief Director Richard Wendell ( Gregg Henry ) approaches Charlie , telling him that he is going to be investigating the task force and decide whether or not anyone should be removed . The team realizes that each of the escapees has a role ; Barnes provides the funds , with Rhodes as his bodyguard , Zepeda provides transport , Jun the fake passports , and Clemente the routes out of the country . When they discover the body of the prison guard , they also find an extra set of clothes . Shea is sent undercover to Attica to find the sixth intended escapee , but complications arise as his cover is almost blown . The team captures Zepeda , Jun and Clemente with relative ease , making Lloyd believe they are just decoys . Shea informs Ray he has found the sixth escapee but has no more information and requests extraction . Ray is unable to comply and orders Shea to continue his work . Barnes ' returns to his former residence with Rhodes to retrieve several thousand dollars from a hidden compartment . Shea manages to get the sixth escapee to reveal what he knows and finds out the escapees intend to take a boat out of the country . Shea informs Ray of this , and the team track a boat that belongs to one of Barnes ' associates . Barnes heads to the wharf by himself after he betrays Rhodes shortly after gaining the keys to the boat . Ray and Charlie arrive at the boat first only to find it empty . Barnes takes Lloyd hostage , but Ray tricks Barnes into trading the boat for the money , and using a flare gun manages to disarm and capture him . At the office , Director Wendell states he wants Ray off the task force , but Charlie puts his own career on the line to keep the team together . 13 13 `` Where in the World Is Carmen Vega '' Guy Ferland Matt Olmstead & Michael Gilvary May 30 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 30 ) 1WAF12 2.01 Convicted drug smuggler Carmen Vega ( Lauren Vélez ) is allowed to attend the funeral of her eldest son , Sebastian . As she pays her respects , she pulls a gun out of the casket , shoots her guards , and escapes with her younger son Cesar ( Manny Montana ) and several gang members . Shea tells the others that he used to do `` business '' with Carmen , who is the head of a local drug cartel . Because of this Shea is given control of the case . However shortly after , he receives a call from his girlfriend Vanessa , who is being held hostage by Carmen 's men and who will be killed unless Carmen is allowed to escape . As they work the case , Shea uses his contacts to help getting Vanessa freed without telling the others . Carmen , who had ordered her son killed , begins to groom Cesar to be her successor , and kills drug kingpin `` Flow - Flow '' ( Brooks Darnell ) . Shea 's contacts go into hiding and with little choice he brings in an informant named `` The Mayor '' ( Eugene Clark ) , revealing the name of Sebastian 's father , Jose Rodriguez ( Tim Sell ) . Shea is also forced to reveal to the other convicts that Vanessa has been kidnapped . Upon leaving the office `` The Mayor '' and the U.S. Marshals are killed by Carmen 's gang members , making it appear that Shea is a mole as Senior Director Mike Colburn ( Derek Webster ) takes over the investigation . When Jose Rodriguez has been murdered and Carmen narrowly escapes and Shea is without his phone , they determine that Colburn is the mole . Charlie and Shea confront Colburn , but before he can give them information , Colburn kills himself . Shea leads the task force to Carmen 's hideout , from where she is already gone and where they find Cesar , several enforcers , and the body of a nautical supply salesman . They eventually track Carmen down to a dock where a boat is headed for Colombia and find her in a shipping container . Before she is taken away , she calls out to Erica and Lloyd . During her interrogation with Shea , she disowns her son , and Cesar agrees to tell them where Vanessa is being held . Erica debates on running , taking Lloyd with her , but Julianne tells them that the Marshals will protect them and their families , and she does not want to help hunt them down should they run away . At a pizzeria later , Shea and Vanessa are reunited , and Charlie notifies Erica and Lloyd that their families are going to be taken into Witness Protection for a few weeks while the Marshals run risk assessment after Senior Director Colburn 's actions . Julianne proposes a toast , and everyone enjoys themselves before the cons head back to Maybelle . Season 2 ( 2012 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 14 `` An Unjust Death '' Bill Gierhart Matt Olmstead & Nick Santora March 4 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 04 ) 2WAF01 2.12 A serial killer named Damien Fontleroy ( Jason Behr ) whom Lloyd helped put away escapes from prison . The program is put in jeopardy when Charlie is offered a promotion by Chief Inspector Craig Renner ( Mark Rolston ) . Damien 's former partner , Brent Howson ( Nate Mooney ) who was interviewed earlier by the team also escaped from prison . Brent meets Damien and tells him that Lloyd is working with the Marshals . They kidnap a girl , Becky as per their M.O. Meanwhile , Charlie tells Ray that Craig wants an answer from him today . Ray tells Charlie to do what 's best for him and his family , but Charlie tells Ray that he 's decided to turn down the promotion . Ray nods , a hint of a smile on his face . In the process of rescuing Becky and capturing Damien , Charlie gets shot and Damien escapes . Ray , and the rest of the team run up to Charlie , panicked . Lloyd presses his sweater into Charlie 's wound . Erica , covering her mouth in shock , stands nearby . Shea kneels next to Charlie , holding his hand . But it 's too late . Charlie slips away , leaving his crew standing over him in complete and utter disbelief . After offering his condolences , Craig informs the team that Charlie had two requirements for accepting the promotion , had he done so . The first was that the original taskforce remain intact . The second was for Ray to be reinstated as a Marshal . Craig hands Ray an envelope . Ray pours out the contents and discovers his badge and a letter of reinstatement . Craig tells the cons that they have to head back to Maybelle as the case has been reassigned to another team . The cons and Ray are not happy with this news . After Craig leaves , Ray tells the team that no matter how angry they are , he refuses to dishonor Charlie by going rogue . But he assures them that they will cross paths with Damien again , and when they do , they 're taking him down . 15 `` Round Two '' Tim Hunter Mick Betancourt March 11 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 11 ) 2WAF02 1.70 Victor Mannion ( Channon Roe ) and Brody Ardell ( James Harvey Ward ) , two vicious criminals escape prison via an underground tunnel . Ray recruits Lloyd to do grief counseling since they refused to speak to a prison counselor at Maybelle . None of the cons are thrilled . The team find themselves cooperating with FBI agents Maruca ( Daneen Tyler ) and Rooney ( Damon Lipari ) after learning one of the gang members is actually an undercover agent . When it starts to look like the undercover agent may have been turned , the team discovers that Brody 's wife and son have been kidnapped by Victor 's men . The team saves them and tracks Victor to an airfield and capture him . Back at the warehouse , Ray asks Lloyd if he talked to everybody . Lloyd says yes , but admits that nobody talked back . Erica accuses him of being pretty critical considering he did n't have to talk to anyone . Lloyd responds that he did n't talk to anyone because no one asked him to . The team takes a moment and realizes it 's true . No one thought to ask Lloyd if he wanted to talk . Julianne recovers first , and asks him how he 's dealing with Charlie 's death . He reveals that he feels guilty . He thinks that , had he done his job properly ten years ago , Damien would be locked up tight and Charlie would still be alive . Shea steps up and tells the team that they should n't be mourning Charlie , but celebrating him . Erica has an idea , so she heads down to Pete 's office , gets a bottle of booze and some glasses . Back in the bullpen , the Kings lift their glasses as Shea says a few words . `` To Charlie , a good man gone too soon . '' As the cons get back into their uniforms , Ray heads into his new office and opens a drawer . Inside is a picture of Charlie - his academy picture , young with the world at his feet . Ray sets the picture on the desk . He walks outside , grabs the bottle of whisky , and pours another shot . He walks out of the office , leaving the full shot glass next to the photo of Charlie . 16 `` Double Down '' Clark Johnson Michael Gilvary March 18 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 18 ) 2WAF03 1.59 Travis Muncey ( Nicholas D'Agosto ) , actor and stool pigeon , escapes from prison . The team captures him only to discover that Travis is the key to capturing Bob Dixon ( Dominic Keating ) , one of the most powerful and violent arms trafficker in the world . Meanwhile , Erica has a no strings attached romantic encounter with neighbor Pete Gillies ( Ian Bohen ) . Things get serious when Julianne is kidnapped by the Malko brothers ( Stelio Savante ) , a local gang , who are involved with Dixon , but the team rescue her and finally capture Bob Dixon . After which at the warehouse , Lloyd follows Julianne to the coffee nook and asks her about someone named Greg Margolis . He admits that , when she was kidnapped and he was working at her computer , he noticed several tabs open in her browser with information about the child killer . Julianne shakes her head . Lloyd realizes she 's not ready to discuss it , and backs off . But she returns to the bathroom where Lloyd is rinsing the blood off his face . Julianne opens up and tells that she 's falling to pieces and there 's nothing she can do it about it . Lloyd tells her that he can help if she lets him . Unsure , Julianne just stands there . Ray , in the next room , yells for Lloyd to hurry it up . Lloyd leaves Julianne alone in the bathroom . 17 `` Cruz Control '' Bobby Roth Mick Betancourt & Jennifer Corbett March 25 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 25 ) 2WAF04 1.27 Benny Cruz ( Kevin Alejandro ) , a member of a gang called the Royals escapes from prison . Julianne visits Lloyd at Maybelle and opens up about Gary Margolis . The team after arriving at the warehouse learns that Cruz has lung cancer and has only two or three months to live . Then meet Roberto Menchaca ( Roberto Sanchez ) , Cruz 's uncle and a member of the Royals gang . The team later learn that Cruz killed Thomas Kelly , a lawyer and Martin Mitchell , a sex offender . In the meantime at the bullpen , Lloyd quietly tells Julianne that Margolis ' parole hearing is coming up and he thinks it 'd be good for her to write a letter to the parole board . Not only would it reduce Margolis ' chances of getting out , but it 'd be therapeutic for her . To Lloyd 's surprise , she quickly agrees to do it . From a meeting with Cruz 's hospice counselor , the sketches in Cruz 's cell which were of Archangel Michael , the captain of God 's army , sent to rid the world of darkness and the bible left near the body of Mitchell , Lloyd concludes that Cruz is trying to kill his way into Heaven . The team tries to narrow him down when he comes to kill his uncle . Lloyd tries to speak to him by phone to calm him down , while Ray uses the opportunity and shoots him . Cruz falls to the ground dead . The cons wait for the transpo van back at the office . Lloyd approaches Shea and Erica asking if they thought it was right that Ray killed Cruz , but they walk away , avoiding the conversation entirely - mostly because they are n't too sure themselves . Julianne walks up to Lloyd and hands him a large , sealed manila envelope with her letter to Margolis ' parole board inside . Lloyd walks into the Ray 's office and hands him the envelope to pass along to the parole board . He confronts Ray about shooting Cruz . He tells him that , when they came on this task force , they were told that their job is to chase and catch , not question and judge . This strikes a nerve with Ray . Lloyd insists that he could have gotten Cruz out alive . Ray tells him that they 'll never know and walks out of the office leaving Lloyd alone and , still , a little shocked 18 5 `` Self Help '' Bryan Spicer Jameal Turner & Nick Santora April 1 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 01 ) 2WAF05 1.44 Ronnie Marcum ( Omari Hardwick ) , an up - and - coming self - help guru is jailed for violating various provisions of federal labor law . He escapes from prison , with five months remaining of his ten - month sentence , after an inmate Arturo attacks him . In the bullpen , Ray goes through his mail and finds a postcard . His face falls as he reads it . The elevator opens and Lloyd , Erica , and Shea file in . Ray quickly stuffs the postcard in his pocket and begins to brief them on their new runner . Lloyd asks Julianne how she 's feeling , since today is Greg Margolis ' parole hearing . She forces a weak smile , and nods her head , assuring Lloyd that she 's fine , but nervous . The team visit the Marcum Institute in Jamaica , Queens where Lena , the office manager does not cooperate after Lloyd yells that the whole program is nothing more than a pyramid scheme after he watches a video loop in the TV where one of Ronnie 's students talks about how his life turned around thanks to the program . Ken Reily ( Michael Reilly Burke ) , the man from the video loop at the Marcum Institute encounters Ronnie walking towards him and asks for a ride . Erica and Lloyd learn from Arturo that Ronnie was attacked since he talked ill about his daughter and realize that Ronnie wanted to get hit . The team later learn that Mo Blakely , one of Ronnie 's previous employees was murdered by Ronnie . At the crime scene , they learn he was searching for something . Lloyd trains Shea to disguise as one of Ronnie 's employees to get information from Ronnie 's accountant . In the meantime , neighbor Pete comes to meet Erica . Ray yells at her to keep her prison blues off the floor . Pete stands there , stunned as Erica lies and tells him that she was in prison for mortgage fraud . Pete replies that half of the people he does business with should be in prison , so he understands . Benjamin Funger , Ronnie 's accountant tells Shea that Ronnie fired , two more employees Curtis Ridgeway and Gerald Pike along with Mo Blakely . The team comes to know that Ronnie with the help of Ken Reily has killed Gerald Pike and kidnapped Naomi , Curtis Ridgeway 's niece to blackmail him . At the office , the phone rings and Ray answers and then tells Lloyd and Erica that Gary Margolis ' parole was denied , and , based on how he performed at the hearing , he is n't ever getting out . For a moment , Julianne and Lloyd high - five each other , and after that they get a hit on Curtis ' phone . Using which , they locate the place but find Naomi alive but Curtis and Ken murdered . Julianne flips through Ken 's camera , looking at the hundreds of photos he had of his kids . Ray , nearly defeated , tells the team that it was like they were chasing a ghost . Lloyd pauses with a massive realization . Ronnie was a ghost on purpose ! He left behind no fingerprints , and even went so far as to kidnap Ken so no one would see him driving . Why ? Because he 's breaking back in . Julianne perks up , telling the team that she might have found something . The team rushes through the prison hallway to the mailroom . They turn a corner and burst into the room to find Ronnie , working at his mail station . Ronnie apologizes to the warden , telling him that he was hiding out because he was afraid Arturo would attack him again . Ray approaches Ronnie with a cell phone . He holds it up and plays back the incriminating evidence Ronnie was trying to get rid of . In the video , a 17 - year - old Ronnie brags about how he killed another kid , Chris Lodi . Ronnie is shocked and confused . Ray explains that when Ronnie chased after Naomi , Ken made a copy of the tape on his phone . Ray handcuffs the con and arrests him . Back at the office , Ray , hanging up the phone , tells the team that since they did n't actually pin Ronnie for breaking out of the prison , they ca n't get their months off . The cons , not happy with this news , take it a little easier when Ray tells them to put their civies back on because they have the night off and do n't have to go back to Maybelle until the next morning . Lloyd tells Julianne they 're going to celebrate . At the bar , she thanks him for caring so much , leans in , kisses him on the lips , and walks off to the bar . Lloyd is speechless , dumbfounded , gobsmacked . A small smile crosses his face . Meanwhile , Shea peruses the business section of a library . He self - consciously plucks a couple of basic business and marketing books from the shelf . In Pete 's office , Erica and Pete are having a little post-romantic dinner make - out session . Ray , back in his office , pours himself a glass of whisky , and pulls out the postcard he was looking at before . On the back , it reads : `` MISS YOU . LOVE , DAMIEN . '' Ray lays the postcard on top of his office table , which is covered with photos and documents related to Damien . It 's Ray 's war room . He has not given up on finding the man who killed Charlie . 19 6 `` I Smell Emmy '' Clark Johnson Michael Gilvary & Mary Trahan April 8 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 08 ) 2WAF06 1.61 A female prison volunteer Claire Lyons ( Ever Carradine ) is attacked by a rough female inmate Emmy Sharp ( Camille Guaty ) . On the way to the court hearing that is a result of that attack , the inmate takes ill at a very precise time . The transport is forced to turn into a rest stop , where the inmate escapes . When the inmate shows up at the home of the volunteer and kills her husband it appears tragic , until it 's learned the volunteer and inmate had been working together . The team are in hot pursuit of this `` Thelma and Louise - like '' duo as they make a run for it . In the meantime , Lloyd gets a postcard from Damien Fontleroy ( Jason Behr ) who was responsible for the death of Charlie Duchamp . While Lloyd cracks the code from the postcards , the rest of the team search for Emmy & Claire . They encounter the body of Claire at a hotel , finding out that Emmy is trying to escape with another partner . They are caught . The latest kidnapped victim of Damien is also rescued alive . Finally , the Lloyd and the team realize since Damien 's teammate Brent who acts as his audience is dead , Damien has made Lloyd as his new audience . Not satisfied with the other team 's efforts , the Breakout Kings begin to work again on finding Damien . 20 7 `` Ai n't Love ( 50 ) Grand ? '' Guy Ferland John Tinker April 15 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 15 ) 2WAF07 1.39 An inmate Rodney Cain ( Josh Zuckerman ) escapes from prison to see his college sweetheart Lorraine Hamilton ( Ellen Woglom ) . Rodney was convicted for the murder of Lorraine 's stepfather . He escapes due to the letters he received from Lorraine while in prison . Lloyd on advice from Shea ignores Julianne to take his relationship with her to the next step . After meeting Lorraine , Rodney realizes that it was all written by her mom Candice Hamilton ( Jessica Tuck ) . Rodney also learns that it was her who made him kill the stepfather by lying that he molested Lorraine . The team tracks and in the process learns about this too . Then they find Candice 's body who was actually killed by Lorraine herself by accident . Finally the team captures him . Lloyd , realizing Shea 's advice was a disaster , follows Julianne into the coffee nook . After a surprisingly eloquent , yet thoroughly Lloyd - like explanation , he declares his love for her , but tells her that his admission does not require a response . Instead , he leaves her with the option of placing a pencil on his desk if she feels even the slightest bit the same about him . Lloyd , back at his desk , waits anxiously to see what Julianne will do . He gets up , but before he can head to the bathroom to change , Julianne emerges from the coffee nook and walks up to his desk . She places a pen in front of him and walks away . Lloyd stares at the pen in disbelief wondering what it means . Is it a sign ? Does she love him ? He sits back down , examining the pen , totally confused , but hopeful . 21 8 `` SEALd Fate '' Mel Damski Mick Betancourt & Jennifer Corbett April 22 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 22 ) 2WAF08 1.34 Jonah Whitman ( Dash Mihok ) , convicted for 10 years for nearly killing somebody in a bar fight , escapes . Whitman was a former Navy SEAL who worked at Alastor , a paramilitary organization . Meanwhile , Julianne explains to Lloyd that he 's important to her , but only as a friend . This upsets Lloyd . Ray shows Lloyd a new postcard from Damien ( Jason Behr ) . Whitman kills Chase Lansing , an employee of Alastor and takes away his head , which he uses to gain access to Alastor in order to access their computer files while Erica , Shea , and Ray are there interviewing Alastor 's Executive Director , Kendra Park ( Kelly Hu ) , and the Chief of Security , Richard Drake . Meanwhile , Pete Gillies ( Ian Bohen ) , the neighbor , asks Erica if she could track down his cousin , Tommy Fitzgerald . She tells him that cons are n't allowed to access the Marshals ' database ; however , later , Erica returns and explains to him that it means a lot to her that he trusts her , and hands him a piece of paper with Tommy Fitzgerald 's address on it . Lloyd tries his best to stay focused on the postcard in spite of his feelings for Julianne . He traces the clues from the postcard to a book at the NYU library , but it proves to be a trap where he is then kidnapped by Damien . Damien forces Lloyd to be the audience for his brutal killing of a NYU girl student he kidnapped . The team finds another ex-SEAL Lawrence and learns that he , Whitman and two others were sent on a mission to Yemen for Alastor which was supposed to kill insurgents in a house . Afterwards the team learned the insurgents had been innocent people who were going to vote against a proposed gas line . Alastor tried to cover their tracks killing the other two members of the team , when Lawrence found out he faked his own death as protection . Although , the team finally capture Whitman when he breaks into Director Park 's home , he is taken away by the CIA and Alastor officials . Inspector Bergman arrives at the bullpen to report that a search of Tommy Fitzgerald was run from a computer in their office and that Tommy is now in a coma after being severely beaten . Erica goes downstairs to Pete 's office and finds that it has been cleared out . Lloyd , who was rescued from the scene of the student 's murder , tells Ray that he quits the team . 22 9 `` Freakshow '' Michael Waxman Story by : Mary Trahan & Jameal Turner Teleplay by : Michael Gilvary April 29 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 29 ) 2WAF09 1.33 A prisoner Max ( Michael Filipowich ) , is a professional escape artist . He agrees to do an interview with a reporter and uses it to escape . Erica and Shea are already at the office when Ray goes to get Lloyd . Lloyd still does n't want to go work with the marshal 's and Ray is trying to convince him to come back . Ray sits him down and calls Lloyd 's mother . Lloyd gives in . Just as they arrive at the office , the NYPD are there asking about Pete Gillies . Erica goes to Pete 's office and Shea follows . She confesses to him and he tells her to clean the mess up . As Lloyd begins to study Max , Damien Fontleroy calls . He ignores it and Ray picks up the phone . This upsets Damien . Max kills a shopkeeper to get a change of clothes and hitches a ride with some guy . Lloyd , Erica , Shea , and Ray head to a carnival held at the same place where the circus Max worked was located to get information on Max . They arrest a clown who tells them who Max 's real parents were . They figure Max is going to kill his father , Tiny Tony . Before they leave , Erica is contacted by Pete and she tells him to disappear . He gives her a number to reach him . When they arrive , they find out that Tony is already dead . Max kills the guy that he was getting a ride from and takes his truck . Julianne finds Max and tells Ray that he is heading somewhere else . Lloyd puts it together and figures out that he is going to kill his half - brother Kurt Peebles ( Mark Povinelli ) . At this moment Damien calls again , and again Ray answers . This angers Damien . The team head to Kurt 's home and find the local police everywhere . They pretty much have alerted Max that they are on to him . Kurt refuses to leave . The local police order porter potty 's and Ray goes to yell at the chief . Erica uses this moment to go to the local payphone and call Pete . He tells her he is going to turn himself in and implicate her as well . Max uses the porter potty 's to get in and kill Kurt . Ray figures that out but is too late . However , since Erica is at the local store instead of with Ray , she spots Max running . She hops into the truck and apprehends him . Upon their arrival at the office , Damien calls the office line . Lloyd has Julianne put it on speaker and he finally talks to him . Damien has taken another girl and drops the hint that he is watching them . They figure out he is on the roof of the building next to theirs . Once they get up there , they find out who he has taken . Damien has taken Ray 's daughter . 23 10 `` Served Cold '' Michael Waxman Story by : Mary Trahan & Jameal Turner Teleplay by : Michael Gilvary April 29 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 29 ) 2WAF10 1.33 Damien leaves a piece of paper for Lloyd in her I.D. Ray decides to not hand Max over because if he does , his team has to go back to prison . So Erica and Shea hide the convict . This is when she tells Shea about Pete 's plans . Lloyd decodes the message into a phone number . They call Damien and tells them that Lloyd has to follow the treasure hunt to save Ray 's daughter . The first step is to visit the man who Julianne lost her virginity to . She tells them that it was Billy McBride ( Gabe Begneaud ) . Outside his home , Shea stays behind with Max in the car . As Erica is getting out , he lifts her cellphone and sends Pete a text . They go into Billy 's home and find the next clue . This takes them to Marisol Duchamp 's home , Charlie 's widowed wife . Erica takes her out of the home upon Lloyd request . He tells Ray where the next clue is . Ray is forced to dig into Charlie 's urn . They get the next clue and Max tries to escape again . Erica grabs him and they continue to drag him to where ever they go . Once back at the office , Shea sneaks out and meets Pete outside . Pete thought he was meeting Erica . Shea beats Pete up and tells him that he is to confess to everything . If he mentions Erica , he will find out how far his reach is . When he walks back in , he hands Erica her phone back . Julianne continues to try to track Damien but is unable to . Lloyd decodes the clue and is forced to go to its location . He is brought face to face with the parents of the young girl he had killed by accident . Ray gets a letter from them with the next location . They arrive at a trash dump and find a bag waiting for them . When they open it they find a hankie inside . Damien calls them and tells them that it is to wipe the prints off the gun that Lloyd is to use to kill Max . At the office , Ray is losing it . Lloyd pulls him aside and tells him that this whole game is about driving him crazy . Damien wants Lloyd to break down and land up in a straitjacket . Lloyd agrees to kill Max . They receive the call from Damien telling them where to kill Max . Ray and Lloyd head out with Max as the NYPD show up . They tell the others that Pete confessed to doing everything himself . Lloyd gets to the location and points the gun at Max . Damien calls him and starts to taunt him . Ray tells Julianne that Damien is watching from one of the nearby buildings and there is only five . She starts setting off fire alarms one by one . When they hear it through the phone just as Damien is about to hang up , they know what building he is in . Erica and Shea get there and start the chase . Shea chases him up to the roof . Ray and Lloyd catch Damien up there . Ray gets the location of his daughter by hanging Damien off the roof : she 's on the roof of the Kings building and Julianne rescues her alive and unharmed . As Shea is about to cuff Damien , he tells Ray that he still has a little bit of Charlie stuck in his fingernails . Ray , in anger , pushes him off the roof to his death . Ray takes off as U.S. Marshals Chief Director Richard Wendell shows up . Ray goes to his daughter to bring her home and returns Charlie 's shield to his widow . Wendell brings the team back to the office where they turn over Max , claiming that his story about what they did to him was a drug - induced hallucination . Wendell pulls all three into the interrogation room at the same time . He tells them that they will all be released with time served if they just tell the truth about what happened on the roof . He just wants Ray . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Robert Seidman . `` ' Breakout Kings ' Scores Record Audiences for A&E '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 26 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Gelman , Vlada ( 7 July 2011 ) . `` A&E Gives Breakout Kings a Second Season '' . TVLine . Retrieved 10 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Amanda Kondolojy . `` A&E 's Hit Original Drama Series ' Breakout Kings ' Airs Two - Hour Season Finale Sunday , April 29 at 9PM ET / PT '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 18 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A&E 's Hit Original Drama Series `` Breakout Kings '' Airs Two - Hour Season Finale Sunday , April 29 at 9PM ET / PT `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved 18 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Andy Lewis ( April 28 , 2012 ) . `` ' Breakout Kings ' Creator Nick Santora Touts New Novel , Teases Season Finale ( Q&A ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 30 April 2012 . Jump up ^ ANDREEVA , NELLIE ( May 17 , 2012 ) . `` A&E 's ' Breakout Kings ' Cancelled After Two Seasons '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 8 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : Tosh Leads Night + More ' Breakout Kings ; ' ' Shameless ' Up & MUCH More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( March 15 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Chopped ' Rises , Leads Night ; ' Breakout Kings ; ' ' Army Wives ' Down & MUCH More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 20 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Army Wives ' Up 30 % ; ' Breakout Kings , ' ' Sister Wives ' Dip ; ' Big Love ' Inches Up for Finale ; ' Shameless ' Steady + Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( March 29 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Army Wives ' Takes The Crown ; ' Breakout Kings , ' Rises ; ' Shameless ' Finale Steady + Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( April 5 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Army Wives , ' Kardashians Lead Night ; + ' The Killing , ' ' The Borgias , ' ' Breakout Kings + Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( April 12 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Army Wives , ' ' The Killing ' Steady ; ' Breakout Kings ' Falls ; Plus ' Human Planet , ' ' Khloe & Lamar , ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( April 19 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : NBA , ' Storage Wars , ' ' Ax Men , ' ' Khloe & Lamar ' + ' The Killing , ' ' Breakout Kings , ' ' Sam Axe , ' ' Game of Thrones ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( April 26 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : NBA , ' Khloe & Lamar , ' ' The Killing , ' ' Breakout Kings , ' ' Housewives , ' ' Game of Thrones ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 3 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : More ' Death of Bin Laden ' Ratings ; ' Khloe & Lamar , ' ' Law & Order : CI , ' ' In Plain Sight , ' ' Army Wives , ' ' Housewives , ' ' Game of Thrones ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 10 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : Bulls / Hawks Tops + ' Law & Order : CI , ' ' In Plain Sight , ' ' Army Wives , ' ' Housewives , ' ' Game of Thrones ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 18 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : Heat / Bulls Slam Dunks + ' Law & Order : CI , ' ' In Plain Sight , ' ' Army Wives , ' ' Housewives , ' ' Game of Thrones ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 24 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : Heat / Bulls Scores Big + ' Law & Order : CI , ' ' In Plain Sight , ' ' Army Wives , ' ' Housewives , ' ' Game of Thrones ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 1 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Pawn Stars ' Tops Night ; Plus ' WWE Raw , ' ' Khloe & Lamar , ' ' Real Housewives of NJ ' , ' American Chopper , ' ' Breakout Kings ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead , ' ' Storage Wars , ' ' Army Wives , ' ' Real Housewives ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 13 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday 's Cable Ratings : `` Walking Dead '' Still Unstoppable for AMC `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved 19 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday 's Cable Ratings : Big Finish for `` Walking Dead '' on AMC `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved 21 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Amanda Kondolojy . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : NBA Basketball , ' Mad Men ' Season Premiere + ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' & More '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 28 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Sara Bibel . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Returns To Series High ; + ' Khloe & Lamar , ' ' The Killing ' , ' Mad Men , Army Wives ' & More '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 3 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Leads + Atlanta ' Housewives , ' ' Mad Men , ' ' Khloe & Lamar , ' ' Army Wives , ' ' The Client List ' & Much More '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 10 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Amanda Kondolojy . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones , ' + ' Real Housewives ATL ' ' Mad Men , ' ' Khloe & Lamar , ' ' The Client List ' & More '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 17 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Television Schedules and TV Guide - A&E Weekly '' . A&E . Retrieved April 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Amanda Kondolojy . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones , ' + ' Real Housewives ATL ' ' Mad Men , ' ' Veep , ' ' The Client List ' & More '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 25 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Sara Bibel . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Rises , Ties NBA Playoffs + ' Real Housewives , ' ' The Client List , ' ' Army Wives , ' ' Mad Men ' & More '' . Tv by the Numbers . Retrieved 1 May 2012 . External links ( edit ) Breakout Kings Episodes at A&E official website List of Breakout Kings episodes on IMDb List of Breakout Kings Episodes at TVDB.com List of Breakout Kings episodes at TV.com ( hide ) Breakout Kings Episodes Characters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Breakout_Kings_episodes&oldid=791542339 '' Categories : Lists of crime television series episodes Lists of drama television series episodes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 20 July 2017 , at 22 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Breakout%20Kings%20episodes
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legal age for driving a car in india
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State Minimum driving age Notes Afghanistan 18 Bangladesh 18 India 16 for gearless bikes under 50 cc 18 for geared bikes , cars and commercial vehicles 20 for heavy vehicles Nepal 18 Pakistan 18 Sri Lanka 18
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List of countries by minimum Driving age
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list of countries by minimum driving age
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The minimum driving age is the minimum age at which a person may obtain a driver 's licence to lawfully drive a motor vehicle on public roads . That age is determined by and for each jurisdiction and is most commonly set at 18 years of age , but learner drivers may be permitted on the road at an earlier age under supervision . Before reaching the minimum age for a driver 's licence or anytime afterwards , the person wanting the licence would normally be tested for driving ability and knowledge of road rules before being issued with a licence , provided he or she is above the minimum driving age . Countries with the lowest driving ages ( 17 and below ) are Canada , El Salvador , Iceland , Israel , India , Malaysia , New Zealand , the Philippines , the United Kingdom ( Mainland ) , United States and Zimbabwe . In several jurisdictions in the United States and Canada , drivers can be as young as 14 .
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Most jurisdictions recognise driver 's licences issued by another jurisdiction , which may result in a young person who obtains a licence in a jurisdiction with a low minimum driving age being permitted to drive in a jurisdiction which normally has a higher driving age . The minimum age may vary depending on vehicle type . This list refers to the minimum driving age for a motor vehicle with a maximum authorized mass not exceeding 3,500 kg and designed and constructed for the carriage of no more than eight passengers in addition to the driver ( not including a trailer ) . Contents 1 Africa 2 Americas 2.1 North America 2.2 Central America 2.3 South America 2.4 Caribbean 3 Asia 3.1 Middle East 3.2 South Asia 3.3 East Asia 3.4 Southeast Asia 4 Europe 4.1 European driving licence area 4.2 Rest of Europe 5 Oceania 6 See also 7 References Africa ( edit ) State Minimum driving age Notes Algeria 18 Cameroon 16 Ethiopia 18 Egypt 18 Ghana 18 Kenya 18 Lesotho 18 Libya 18 Mali 18 Mauritania 18 Mauritius 15 ( autocycles ) , 17 ( motorcycles ) , 18 ( cars ) Mayotte 18 Morocco 18 Mozambique 18 Namibia 18 Niger 18 Nigeria 18 Réunion ( France ) 18 Senegal 18 South Africa 17 The National Road Traffic act specifies that a driver needs to be 17 to legally obtain a license for all motor vehicles under 3500 kg . 17 years old may allow one to obtain a learners license , to drive while supervised by an already licensed driver who has had their license for more than a year . Yet to obtain an actual drivers license , the age is 18 years old . Swaziland 18 Tanzania 18 Tunisia 18 Zambia 16 Zimbabwe 16 Americas ( edit ) North America ( edit ) State Minimum driving age Notes Canada 16 in most provinces 14 in Alberta See also : Driving licence in Canada Mexico 15 ( with parental supervision ) , 16 ( with parental agreement ) , 18 United States 14 -- 16 ( for permit ) 14 , 3 months -- 17 ( for restricted license ) varies between states See also : Driver 's license in the United States Central America ( edit ) State Minimum driving age Notes Costa Rica 18 El Salvador 15 Guatemala 16 ( with parental approval ) , 18 Honduras 18 Nicaragua 18 Panama 16 ( with approval ) , 18 South america ( edit ) State Minimum driving age Notes Argentina 17 21 is the minimum age to drive a truck , bus or emergency vehicle . 16 is the minimum age to drive a moped ( without passengers ) Bolivia 18 Brazil 18 Drivers have to be previously licensed in cat . ' B ' for at least one year before applying for a professional license . ' C ' category are usually for load trucks , ' D ' for buses and trucks and ' E ' for articulated vehicles . Chile 17 ( with parental approval ) , 18 , 20 ( professional license ) Colombia 16 Ecuador 18 French Guiana 18 Guyana 17 Paraguay 18 Peru 18 Suriname 18 Uruguay 18 Venezuela 18 Caribbean ( edit ) State Minimum driving age Notes Anguilla 18 Bahamas 17 Cuba 18 Dominican Republic 16 Guadeloupe 18 Jamaica 18 Martinique 18 Netherlands Antilles 18 Puerto Rico 16 ( with learner 's permit ) Saint Barthélemy 18 Saint Martin 18 Trinidad and Tobago 17 St. Kitts and Nevis 17 ( for permit ) , 18 ( for license ) US Virgin Islands 16 ( with learner 's permit ) , 18 Asia ( edit ) Middle East ( edit ) State Minimum driving age Notes Bahrain 18 Iran 18 Iraq 16 for motorcycles 18 for cars Israel 16y for motorcycles 16y9months for cars Jordan 18 Kuwait 18 Lebanon 18 Oman 18 Palestine 18 Qatar 18 Saudi Arabia 18 for cars 16 for motorcycles 17 for temporary permit for cars Women were prohibited from driving until September 2017 . Syria 18 United Arab Emirates 18 Yemen 18 South Asia ( edit ) State Minimum driving age Notes Afghanistan 18 Bangladesh 18 India 16 for gearless bikes under 50 cc 18 for geared bikes , cars and commercial vehicles 20 for heavy vehicles Nepal 18 Pakistan 18 Sri Lanka 18 East Asia ( edit ) State Minimum driving age Notes China 18 Hong Kong 18 Special Administrative Region of China Japan 16 ( motorcycles under 400cc ) 18 ( Ordinary / Semi-Medium vehicle and motorcycles over 401cc ) See also : Driving licence in Japan Macau 18 Special Administrative Region of China South Korea 18 for motorbikes over 125cc 16 for personal use vehicles including motorbikes under 125cc 19 for commercial license See also : Driving license in South Korea Taiwan 18 Southeast Asia ( edit ) State Minimum driving age Notes Brunei 18 Burma 18 Cambodia 18 Indonesia 17 Laos 18 Malaysia 16 ( Motorcycles / B2 , B ) , 17 ( Light Vehicles / D ) , 21 ( Commercial Vehicles / E ) Philippines 16 ( Student Permit ) ; 18 ( non-professional & professional driver 's license ) Singapore 18 Thailand 15 ( Motorcycles ) , 18 ( Cars ) Vietnam 18 Europe ( edit ) Minimum driving age in Europe : Minimum driving age is 18 Minimum driving age is 18 ; Supervised driving at 17 Minimum driving age is 18 ; Supervised driving at 16 Minimum driving age is 17 Minimum driving age is 17 ; Supervised driving at 16 Minimum driving age is 16 ( only Isle of Man ) European Driving licence area ( edit ) State Minimum driving age Notes Austria 18 for cars 15 for mopeds ( 17 with special training ) Belgium 18 See also : Driving licence in Belgium Bulgaria 18 Croatia 18 Cyprus 17 See also : Driving licence in Cyprus Czech Republic 18 Denmark 17 for cars 15 for mopeds The minimum age for driving a car without supervision is 18 . Estonia 16 ( 14 for mopeds ) Driving age for cars is 16 with supervision . Unrestricted licence available at 18 . Finland 18 for cars , but 16 after 1.7. 2018 15 for mopeds and micro cars See also : Driving licence in Finland France 15 Driving age for cars is 15 with supervision . Unrestricted licence available at 18 Germany 17 Driving age for cars is 17 with supervision . Unrestricted licence available at 18 . Gibraltar 17 Greece 18 Hungary 17 Iceland 16 Driving age for cars is 16 with supervision . Unrestricted licence available at 17 . Ireland 17 16 for work vehicles , tractors etc. and mopeds < 45 km / h Italy 17 17 with supervision of a person under 65 years in possession of full A1 / B1 licence . Unrestricted licence available at 18 . Latvia 18 for cars 14 for mopeds Liechtenstein 18 Lithuania 18 Luxembourg 17 Driving age for cars is 17 with supervision . Unrestricted licence available at 18 . Malta 18 Netherlands 17 for cars 16 for mopeds and tractors See also : Driving licence in the Netherlands Driving age for cars is 17 with supervision . Driving lessons available at 161⁄2 . Unrestricted licence available at 18 . Norway 18 for cars 16 for mopeds and light motorcycles See also : Driving licence in Norway Poland 18 See also : Driving licence in Poland Portugal 18 for cars 16 for motorcycles Romania 18 Slovakia 17 Driving age for cars is 17 with supervision . Unrestricted licence available at 18 . Slovenia 16 for cars and motorcycles Driving age for cars is 16 with supervision . Unrestricted licence available at 18 . Spain 15 for mopeds and quads 16 for motorcycles up to 125cc 18 for general license Sweden 18 for cars 15 / 16 for mopeds and tractors See also : Driving licence in Sweden Driving age for cars is 16 with supervision . Unrestricted licence available at 18 . Switzerland 18 United Kingdom 17 ( cars ) 16 ( mopeds and tractors ) See also : Driving licence in the United Kingdom Rest of Europe ( edit ) State Minimum driving age Notes Albania 18 Andorra 18 Armenia 18 Azerbaijan 18 Belarus 18 16 - mopeds ( AM ) , < 125cc / 11 kW motorcycles ( A1 ) ; 17 - < 80 kW wheeled tractors and self - propelled machines ( A ) and all kinds of continuous tracked tractors , SPMs and bulldozers ( C ) ; 18 - all kinds of motorcycles ( A ) , cars with light trailers and up to 8 passengers buses ( B ) , trucks with light trailers ( C ) , all kinds of wheeled tractors ( B ) , SPMs ( D ) , special vehicles ( E ) and < 1m excavators ( F ) ; 21 - buses for more than 8 passengers ( D ) , cars , trucks and buses with heavy trailers ( BE , CE , DE ) , trams ( F ) and trolleybuses ( I ) . Bosnia and Herzegovina 18 Georgia 17 Guernsey 17 Isle of Man 16 Jersey 17 Kosovo 17 Macedonia 18 ( 16 with parental supervision ) Moldova 18 Monaco 18 Montenegro 18 Northern Cyprus 18 See also : Driving licence in Northern Cyprus Russia 18 ( 16 for motorcycles ) San Marino 18 Serbia 18 ( 17 with adult supervision ) Turkey 18 ( cars ) 16 ( mopeds and light - motorcycles ) Ukraine 18 Oceania ( edit ) State Minimum driving age Notes American Samoa 16 Australia 15y9months ( ACT ) 16 ( All other states and territories ) See also : Driving licence in Australia Learner drivers may drive , under qualified supervision from the minimum age set in each state or territory . Fiji 17 Guam 16 Marshall Islands 18 New Zealand 16 See also : Driving licence in New Zealand The minimum age to obtain a car or motorcycle learner licence which allows driving under supervision is 16 . The minimum possible age to obtain a full licence , without any supervision or conditions , is 171⁄2 years if a driver completes an advanced driving course . Without an advanced driving course , the minimum age is 18 , the same as a heavy vehicle licence . Northern Mariana Islands 15y6months Papua New Guinea 18 Tonga 18 See also ( edit ) Part of the Politics series on Youth rights Activities ( show ) Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co . Child Labor Deterrence Act Children 's Online Privacy Protection Act Convention on the Rights of the Child Fair Labor Standards Act Hammer v. Dagenhart History of youth rights in the United States Morse v. Frederick Newsboys ' strike of 1899 Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms Wild in the Streets Theory / concepts ( show ) Adultcentrism Adultism Ageism Criminalization Democracy Ephebiphobia Fear of children Fear of youth Intergenerational equity Paternalism Social class Suffrage Taking Children Seriously Universal suffrage Unschooling Youth activism Youth suffrage Youth voice Issues ( show ) Age of candidacy Age of consent Age of majority Behavior modification facility Child labour Compulsory education Conscription Corporal punishment Curfew Child abuse Emancipation of minors Gambling age Homeschooling Human rights and youth sport In loco parentis Juvenile delinquency Juvenile court Legal drinking age Legal working age Minimum driving age Marriageable age Minor ( law ) Minors and abortion School leaving age Smoking age Status offense Underage drinking in America Voting age Youth - adult partnership Youth participation Youth politics Youth voting Organizations ( show ) Americans for a Society Free from Age Restrictions Human Rights and Youth Rights Commission National Youth Rights Association One World Youth Project Queer Youth Network Students for a Democratic Society Freechild Project Three O'Clock Lobby Youth International Party Youth Liberation of Ann Arbor Young Communist League of Canada Persons ( show ) Adam Fletcher ( activist ) David J. Hanson David Joseph Henry John Caldwell Holt Alex Koroknay - Palicz Lyn Duff Mike A. Males Neil Postman Sonia Yaco Related ( show ) Animal rights Anti-racism Direct democracy Egalitarianism Feminism Libertarianism Socialism Students rights Youth rights Social movements portal Youth Youth suffrage Youth rights Age of candidacy Voting age References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Driving in Ethiopia '' . Adcidl.com . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Au Pairs from Egypt - Culture Quests '' . Aupairinamerica.com . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Au Pairs from Ghana - Culture Quests '' . Aupairinamerica.com . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` KRA - Driving Licenses '' . www.kra.go.ke . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : South Africa Lesotho and Swaziland - James Bainbridge - Google Books . Books.google.co.uk. 2010 - 09 - 15 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The Mauritius Police Force - Application for Driving Licence '' . Mauritius Police Force . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20countries%20by%20minimum%20driving%20age
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author born 1916 he wrote in an unexpected kind of way
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Roald Dahl
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roald dahl
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Roald Dahl ( English : / ˈroʊ. əld ˈdɑːl / , Norwegian : ( ˈruːɑl ˈdɑːl ) ; 13 September 1916 -- 23 November 1990 ) was a British novelist , short story writer , poet , screenwriter , and fighter pilot . His books have sold more than 250 million copies worldwide .
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Born in Wales to Norwegian immigrant parents , Dahl served in the Royal Air Force during the Second World War . He became a flying ace and intelligence officer , rising to the rank of acting wing commander . He rose to prominence as a writer in the 1940s with works for both children and adults , and he became one of the world 's best - selling authors . He has been referred to as `` one of the greatest storytellers for children of the 20th century '' . His awards for contribution to literature include the 1983 World Fantasy Award for Life Achievement , and the British Book Awards ' Children 's Author of the Year in 1990 . In 2008 , The Times placed Dahl 16th on its list of `` The 50 greatest British writers since 1945 '' . Dahl 's short stories are known for their unexpected endings , and his children 's books for their unsentimental , macabre , often darkly comic mood , featuring villainous adult enemies of the child characters . His books champion the kindhearted , and feature an underlying warm sentiment . Dahl 's works for children include James and the Giant Peach , Charlie and the Chocolate Factory , Matilda , The Witches , Fantastic Mr Fox , The BFG , The Twits and George 's Marvellous Medicine . His adult works include Tales of the Unexpected . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 1.1 Childhood 1.2 Repton School 1.3 After school 2 Fighter ace 3 Diplomat , writer and intelligence officer 4 Post-war life 5 Writing 5.1 Children 's fiction 5.2 Screenplays 5.3 Influences 5.4 Television 6 Death and legacy 7 Publications 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Early life Childhood Roald Dahl was born in 1916 at Villa Marie , Fairwater Road , in Llandaff , Cardiff , Wales , to Norwegian parents , Harald Dahl and Sofie Magdalene Dahl ( née Hesselberg ) . Dahl 's father had emigrated to the UK from Sarpsborg in Norway , and settled in Cardiff in the 1880s . His mother came over and married his father in 1911 . Dahl was named after the Norwegian polar explorer Roald Amundsen . His first language was Norwegian , which he spoke at home with his parents and his sisters Astri , Alfhild and Else . Dahl and his sisters were raised in the Lutheran faith , and were baptised at the Norwegian Church , Cardiff , where their parents worshipped. . Mrs Pratchett 's former sweet shop in Llandaff , Cardiff , has a blue plaque commemorating the mischief played by young Roald Dahl and his friends , who were regular customers . In 1920 , when Dahl was three years old , his seven - year - old sister , Astri , died from appendicitis . Weeks later , his father died of pneumonia at the age of 57 . With the option of returning to Norway to live with relatives , Dahl 's mother decided to remain in Wales . Her husband Harald had wanted their children to be educated in British schools , which he considered the world 's best . Dahl first attended the Cathedral School , Llandaff . At the age of eight , he and four of his friends ( one named Thwaites ) were caned by the headmaster after putting a dead mouse in a jar of gobstoppers at the local sweet shop , which was owned by a `` mean and loathsome '' old woman called Mrs Pratchett . The five boys named their trick the `` Great Mouse Plot of 1924 '' . Gobstoppers were a favourite sweet among British schoolboys between the two World Wars , and Dahl would refer to them in his creation , Everlasting Gobstopper , which was featured in Charlie and the Chocolate Factory . Dahl transferred to a boarding school in England : St Peter 's in Weston - super-Mare . His parents had wanted him to be educated at an English public school and , because of the regular ferry link across the Bristol Channel , this proved to be the nearest . Dahl 's time at St Peter 's was unpleasant ; he was very homesick and wrote to his mother every week but never revealed his unhappiness to her . After her death in 1967 , he learned that she had saved every one of his letters , in small bundles held together with green tape . In 2016 , to mark the centenary of Dahl 's birth , his letters to his mother were abridged and broadcast as BBC Radio 4 's Book of the Week . Dahl wrote about his time at St Peter 's in his autobiography Boy : Tales of Childhood . Repton school Dahl attended Repton School in Derbyshire from 1929 to 1934 From 1929 , when he was 13 , Dahl attended Repton School in Derbyshire . Dahl disliked the hazing and described an environment of ritual cruelty and status domination , with younger boys having to act as personal servants for older boys , frequently subject to terrible beatings . His biographer Donald Sturrock described these violent experiences in Dahl 's early life . Dahl expresses some of these darker experiences in his writings , which is also marked by his hatred of cruelty and corporal punishment . According to Boy : Tales of Childhood , a friend named Michael was viciously caned by headmaster Geoffrey Fisher . The master was later selected as the Archbishop of Canterbury and crowned Queen Elizabeth II in 1953 . ( However , according to Dahl 's biographer Jeremy Treglown , the caning took place in May 1933 , a year after Fisher had left Repton ; the headmaster was in fact J.T. Christie , Fisher 's successor . ) Dahl said the incident caused him to `` have doubts about religion and even about God '' . He was never seen as a particularly talented writer in his school years , with one of his English teachers writing in his school report `` I have never met anybody who so persistently writes words meaning the exact opposite of what is intended . '' Dahl was exceptionally tall , reaching 6 feet 6 inches ( 1.98 m ) in adult life . He played a number of sports including cricket , football and golf , and was made captain of the squash team . As well as having a passion for literature , he developed an interest in photography and often carried a camera with him . During his years at Repton , the Cadbury chocolate company would occasionally send boxes of new chocolates to the school to be tested by the pupils . Dahl would dream of inventing a new chocolate bar that would win the praise of Mr Cadbury himself ; this inspired him in writing his third children 's book , Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( 1964 ) , and to refer to chocolate in other children 's books . Throughout his childhood and adolescent years , Dahl spent the majority of his summer holidays with his mother 's family in Norway . He wrote about many happy memories from those visits in Boy : Tales of Childhood , such as when he replaced the tobacco in his half -- sister 's fiancé 's pipe with goat droppings . He noted only one unhappy memory of his holidays in Norway : at around the age of eight , he had to have his adenoids removed by a doctor . His childhood and first job selling kerosene in Midsomer Norton and surrounding villages in Somerset are subjects in Boy : Tales of Childhood . After school After finishing his schooling , in August 1934 Dahl crossed the Atlantic on the RMS Nova Scotia and hiked through Newfoundland with the Public Schools Exploring Society . In July 1934 , Dahl joined the Shell Petroleum Company . Following two years of training in the United Kingdom , he was assigned first to Mombasa , Kenya , then to Dar - es - Salaam , Tanganyika ( now Tanzania ) . Along with the only two other Shell employees in the entire territory , he lived in luxury in the Shell House outside Dar es Salaam , with a cook and personal servants . While out on assignments supplying oil to customers across Tanganyika , he encountered black mambas and lions , among other wildlife . Fighter ace Dahl 's leather flying helmet on display in the Roald Dahl Museum and Story Centre in Great Missenden In August 1939 , as the Second World War loomed , the British made plans to round up the hundreds of Germans living in Dar - es - Salaam . Dahl was commissioned as a lieutenant into the King 's African Rifles , commanding a platoon of Askari men , indigenous troops who were serving in the colonial army . In November 1939 , Dahl joined the Royal Air Force as an aircraftman with service number 774022 . After a 600 - mile ( 970 km ) car journey from Dar es Salaam to Nairobi , he was accepted for flight training with sixteen other men ; only three others of these survived the war . With seven hours and 40 minutes experience in a De Havilland Tiger Moth , he flew solo ; Dahl enjoyed watching the wildlife of Kenya during his flights . He continued to advanced flying training in Iraq , at RAF Habbaniya , 50 miles ( 80 km ) west of Baghdad . Following six months ' training on Hawker Harts , Dahl was commissioned as a pilot officer on 24 August 1940 , and was judged ready to join a squadron and face the enemy . Dahl was flying a Gloster Gladiator when he crash landed in Libya He was assigned to No. 80 Squadron RAF , flying obsolete Gloster Gladiators , the last biplane fighter aircraft used by the RAF . Dahl was surprised to find that he would not receive any specialised training in aerial combat , or in flying Gladiators . On 19 September 1940 , Dahl was ordered to fly his Gladiator by stages from Abu Sueir ( near Ismailia , in Egypt ) to 80 Squadron 's forward airstrip 30 miles ( 48 km ) south of Mersa Matruh . On the final leg he could not find the airstrip and , running low on fuel and with night approaching , he was forced to attempt a landing in the desert . The undercarriage hit a boulder and the aircraft crashed . Dahl 's skull was fractured and his nose was smashed ; he was temporarily blinded . He managed to drag himself away from the blazing wreckage and passed out . He wrote about the crash in his first published work . Dahl was rescued and taken to a first - aid post in Mersa Matruh , where he regained consciousness , but not his sight . He was transported by train to the Royal Navy hospital in Alexandria . There he fell in and out of love with a nurse , Mary Welland . A RAF inquiry into the crash revealed that the location to which he had been told to fly was completely wrong , and he had mistakenly been sent instead to the no man 's land between the Allied and Italian forces . A Hawker Hurricane Mk 1 , the aircraft type in which Dahl engaged in aerial combat over Greece . In February 1941 , Dahl was discharged from hospital and passed fully fit for flying duties . By this time , 80 Squadron had been transferred to the Greek campaign and based at Eleusina , near Athens . The squadron was now equipped with Hawker Hurricanes . Dahl flew a replacement Hurricane across the Mediterranean Sea in April 1941 , after seven hours ' experience flying Hurricanes . By this stage in the Greek campaign , the RAF had only 18 combat aircraft in Greece : 14 Hurricanes and four Bristol Blenheim light bombers . Dahl flew in his first aerial combat on 15 April 1941 , while flying alone over the city of Chalcis . He attacked six Junkers Ju 88s that were bombing ships and shot one down . On 16 April in another air battle , he shot down another Ju 88 . On 20 April 1941 , Dahl took part in the Battle of Athens , alongside the highest - scoring British Commonwealth ace of World War II , Pat Pattle , and Dahl 's friend David Coke . Of 12 Hurricanes involved , five were shot down and four of their pilots killed , including Pattle . Greek observers on the ground counted 22 German aircraft downed , but because of the confusion of the aerial engagement , none of the pilots knew which aircraft they had shot down . Dahl described it as `` an endless blur of enemy fighters whizzing towards me from every side '' . In May , as the Germans were pressing on Athens , Dahl was evacuated to Egypt . His squadron was reassembled in Haifa . From there , Dahl flew sorties every day for a period of four weeks , shooting down a Vichy French Air Force Potez 63 on 8 June and another Ju 88 on 15 June , but he began to get severe headaches that caused him to black out . He was invalided home to Britain . Though at this time Dahl was only a pilot officer on probation , in September 1941 he was simultaneously confirmed as a pilot officer and promoted to war substantive flying officer . Diplomat , writer and intelligence officer After being invalided home , Dahl was posted to an RAF training camp in Uxbridge . He attempted to recover his health enough to become an instructor . In late March 1942 , while in London , he met the Under - Secretary of State for Air , Major Harold Balfour ( later Lord Balfour ) , at his club . Impressed by Dahl 's war record and conversational abilities , Balfour appointed the young man as assistant air attaché at the British Embassy in Washington , D.C. Initially resistant , Dahl was finally persuaded by Balfour to accept , and took passage on the SS Batori from Glasgow a few days later . He arrived in Halifax , Canada , on 14 April , after which he took a sleeper train to Montreal . Coming from war - starved Britain , Dahl was amazed by the wealth of food and amenities to be had in North America . Arriving in Washington a week later , Dahl found he liked the atmosphere of the U.S. capital . He shared a house with another attaché at 1610 34th Street , NW , in Georgetown . But after ten days in his new posting , Dahl strongly disliked it , feeling he had taken on `` a most ungodly unimportant job . '' He later explained , `` I 'd just come from the war . People were getting killed . I had been flying around , seeing horrible things . Now , almost instantly , I found myself in the middle of a pre-war cocktail party in America . '' Dahl was unimpressed by his office in the British Air Mission , attached to the embassy . He was also unimpressed by the ambassador , Lord Halifax , with whom he sometimes played tennis and whom he described as `` a courtly English gentleman '' . Dahl socialized with Charles E. Marsh , a Texas publisher and oilman , at his house at 2136 R Street , NW , and the Marsh country estate in Virginia . As part of his duties as assistant air attaché , Dahl was to help neutralise the isolationist views still held by many Americans by giving pro-British speeches and discussing his war service ; the United States had entered the war only the previous December , following the attack on Pearl Harbor . At this time Dahl met the noted British novelist C.S. Forester , who was also working to aid the British war effort . Forester worked for the British Ministry of Information and was writing propaganda for the Allied cause , mainly for American consumption . The Saturday Evening Post had asked Forester to write a story based on Dahl 's flying experiences ; Forester asked Dahl to write down some RAF anecdotes so that he could shape them into a story . After Forester read what Dahl had given him , he decided to publish the story exactly as Dahl had written it . He originally titled the article as `` A Piece of Cake '' but the magazine changed it to `` Shot Down Over Libya '' to make it sound more dramatic , although Dahl had not been shot down ; it was published in the 1 August 1942 issue of the Post . Dahl was promoted to flight lieutenant ( war - substantive ) in August 1942 . Later he worked with such other well - known British officers as Ian Fleming ( who later published the popular James Bond series ) and David Ogilvy , promoting Britain 's interests and message in the U.S. and combating the `` America First '' movement . This work introduced Dahl to espionage and the activities of the Canadian spymaster William Stephenson , known by the codename `` Intrepid '' . During the war , Dahl supplied intelligence from Washington to Prime Minister Winston Churchill . As Dahl later said : `` My job was to try to help Winston to get on with FDR , and tell Winston what was in the old boy 's mind . '' Dahl also supplied intelligence to Stephenson and his organisation , known as British Security Coordination , which was part of MI6 . Dahl was once sent back to Britain by British Embassy officials , supposedly for misconduct -- `` I got booted out by the big boys , '' he said . Stephenson promptly sent him back to Washington -- with a promotion to wing commander rank . Toward the end of the war , Dahl wrote some of the history of the secret organisation ; he and Stephenson remained friends for decades after the war . Upon the war 's conclusion , Dahl held the rank of a temporary wing commander ( substantive flight lieutenant ) . Owing to the severity of his injuries from the 1940 accident , he was pronounced unfit for further service and was invalided out of the RAF in August 1946 . He left the service with the substantive rank of squadron leader . His record of five aerial victories , qualifying him as a flying ace , has been confirmed by post-war research and cross-referenced in Axis records . It is most likely that he scored more than those victories during 20 April 1941 , when 22 German aircraft were shot down . Post-war life Patricia Neal and Roald Dahl Dahl married American actress Patricia Neal on 2 July 1953 at Trinity Church in New York City . Their marriage lasted for 30 years and they had five children : Olivia Twenty ( 20 April 1955 -- 17 November 1962 ) ; Chantal Sophia `` Tessa '' ( born 1957 ) , who became an author , and mother of author , cookbook writer and former model Sophie Dahl ( after whom Sophie in The BFG is named ). ; Theo Matthew ( born 1960 ) ; Ophelia Magdalena ( born 1964 ) ; and Lucy Neal ( born 1965 ) . On 5 December 1960 , four - month - old Theo Dahl was severely injured when his baby carriage was struck by a taxicab in New York City . For a time , he suffered from hydrocephalus . As a result , his father became involved in the development of what became known as the `` Wade - Dahl - Till '' ( or WDT ) valve , a device to alleviate the condition . The valve was a collaboration between Dahl , hydraulic engineer Stanley Wade , and London 's Great Ormond Street Hospital neurosurgeon Kenneth Till , and was used successfully on almost 3,000 children around the world . In November 1962 , Dahl 's daughter Olivia died of measles encephalitis , age seven . Her death left Dahl `` limp with despair '' , and feeling guilty about not having been able to do anything for her . Dahl subsequently became a proponent of immunisation and dedicated his 1982 book The BFG to his daughter . After Olivia 's death and a meeting with a Church official , Dahl came to view Christianity as a sham . While mourning her loss , he had sought spiritual guidance from Geoffrey Fisher , the former Archbishop of Canterbury . He was dismayed by Fisher telling him that , although Olivia was in Paradise , her beloved dog Rowley would never join her there . Dahl recalled years later : `` I wanted to ask him how he could be so absolutely sure that other creatures did not get the same special treatment as us . I sat there wondering if this great and famous churchman really knew what he was talking about and whether he knew anything at all about God or heaven , and if he did n't , then who in the world did ? In 1965 , his wife Patricia Neal suffered three burst cerebral aneurysms while pregnant with their fifth child , Lucy . Dahl took control of her rehabilitation over the next months ; Neal had to re-learn to talk and walk , but she managed to return to her acting career . This period of their lives was dramatised in the film The Patricia Neal Story ( 1981 ) , in which the couple were played by Glenda Jackson and Dirk Bogarde . Roald Dahl in 1982 Neal and Dahl divorced in 1983 . He married Felicity `` Liccy '' Crosland , niece of Francis D'Abreu who was married to Margaret Ann Bowes Lyon - 1st cousin of the late Queen Mother , at Brixton Town Hall , South London . Dahl and Crosland had previously been in a relationship . Liccy gave up her job and moved into `` Gipsy House '' , Great Missenden in Buckinghamshire , which had been Dahl 's home since 1954 . In 1983 Dahl reviewed Tony Clifton 's God Cried , a picture book about the siege of West Beirut by the Israeli army during the 1982 Lebanon War . He wrote that the book would make readers `` violently anti-Israeli '' , saying , `` I am not anti-Semitic . I am anti-Israel . '' Dahl told a reporter in 1983 , `` There 's a trait in the Jewish character that does provoke animosity ... I mean there is always a reason why anti-anything crops up anywhere ; even a stinker like Hitler did n't just pick on them for no reason . '' Dahl had Jewish friends , including philosopher Sir Isaiah Berlin , who said , `` I thought he might say anything . Could have been pro-Arab or pro-Jew . There was no consistent line . He was a man who followed whims , which meant he would blow up in one direction , so to speak . '' Amelia Foster , director of the Roald Dahl Museum in Great Missenden , says , `` This is again an example of how Dahl refused to take anything seriously , even himself . He was very angry at the Israelis . He had a childish reaction to what was going on in Israel . Dahl wanted to provoke , as he always provoked at dinner . His publisher was a Jew , his agent was a Jew ... and he thought nothing but good things of them . He asked me to be his managing director , and I 'm Jewish . '' In the 1986 New Years Honours List , Dahl was offered an appointment to Officer of the Order of the British Empire ( OBE ) , but turned it down . He reportedly wanted a knighthood so that his wife would be Lady Dahl . In 2012 , Dahl was featured in the list of The New Elizabethans to mark the diamond Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II . A panel of seven academics , journalists and historians named Dahl among the group of people in the UK `` whose actions during the reign of Elizabeth II have had a significant impact on lives in these islands and given the age its character ''. . Writing Roald Dahl 's story `` The Devious Bachelor '' was illustrated by Frederick Siebel when it was published in Collier 's ( September 1953 ) . Dahl 's first published work , inspired by a meeting with C.S. Forester , was `` A Piece of Cake '' , on 1 August 1942 . The story , about his wartime adventures , was bought by The Saturday Evening Post for US $1,000 ( a substantial sum in 1942 ) and published under the title `` Shot Down Over Libya '' . His first children 's book was The Gremlins , published in 1943 , about mischievous little creatures that were part of Royal Air Force folklore . The RAF pilots blamed the gremlins for all the problems with the aircraft . While at the British Embassy in Washington , Dahl sent a copy to the First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt who read it to her grandchildren , and the book was commissioned by Walt Disney for a film that was never made . Dahl went on to create some of the best - loved children 's stories of the 20th century , such as Charlie and the Chocolate Factory , Matilda , James and the Giant Peach , The Witches , Fantastic Mr Fox , The BFG , The Twits and George 's Marvellous Medicine . Dahl also had a successful parallel career as the writer of macabre adult short stories , usually with a dark sense of humour and a surprise ending . The Mystery Writers of America presented Dahl with three Edgar Awards for his work , and many were originally written for American magazines such as Collier 's ( `` The Collector 's Item '' was Collier 's Star Story of the week for 4 September 1948 ) , Ladies Home Journal , Harper 's , Playboy and The New Yorker . Works such as Kiss Kiss subsequently collected Dahl 's stories into anthologies , gaining worldwide acclaim . Dahl wrote more than 60 short stories ; they have appeared in numerous collections , some only being published in book form after his death ( see List of Roald Dahl short stories ) . His three Edgar Awards were given for : in 1954 , the collection Someone Like You ; in 1959 , the story `` The Landlady '' ; and in 1980 , the episode of Tales of the Unexpected based on `` Skin '' . Roald Dahl 's gypsy wagon in the garden of his house , Gipsy Cottage , in Great Missenden , where he wrote the book Danny , the Champion of the World in 1975 . One of his more famous adult stories , `` The Smoker '' , also known as `` Man from the South '' , was filmed twice as both 1960 and 1985 episodes of Alfred Hitchcock Presents , and also adapted into Quentin Tarantino 's segment of the 1995 film Four Rooms . This oft - anthologised classic concerns a man in Jamaica who wagers with visitors in an attempt to claim the fingers from their hands . The 1960 Hitchcock version stars Steve McQueen and Peter Lorre . Dahl acquired a traditional Romanichal gypsy wagon in the 1960s , and the family used it as a playhouse for his children at home in Great Missenden , Buckinghamshire . He later used the vardo as a writing room , where he wrote Danny , the Champion of the World in 1975 . Dahl incorporated a Gypsy wagon into the main plot of the book , where the young English boy , Danny , and his father , William ( played by Jeremy Irons in the film adaptation ) live in a Gypsy caravan . His short story collection Tales of the Unexpected was adapted to a successful TV series of the same name , beginning with Man From the South . When the stock of Dahl 's own original stories was exhausted , the series continued by adapting stories by authors that were written in Dahl 's style , including the writers John Collier and Stanley Ellin . Some of his short stories are supposed to be extracts from the diary of his ( fictional ) Uncle Oswald , a rich gentleman whose sexual exploits form the subject of these stories . In his novel My Uncle Oswald , the uncle engages a temptress to seduce 20th century geniuses and royalty with a love potion secretly added to chocolate truffles made by Dahl 's favourite chocolate shop , Prestat of Piccadilly , London . Memories with Food at Gipsy House , written with his wife Felicity and published posthumously in 1991 , was a mixture of recipes , family reminiscences and Dahl 's musings on favourite subjects such as chocolate , onions and claret . Children 's fiction `` He ( Dahl ) was mischievous . A grown - up being mischievous . He addresses you , a child , as somebody who knows about the world . He was a grown - up -- and he was bigger than most -- who is on your side . That must have something to do with it . '' -- Illustrator Quentin Blake on the lasting appeal of Dahl 's children 's books . Dahl 's children 's works are usually told from the point of view of a child . They typically involve adult villains who hate and mistreat children , and feature at least one `` good '' adult to counteract the villain ( s ) . These stock characters are possibly a reference to the abuse that Dahl stated that he experienced in the boarding schools he attended . Dahl 's books see the triumph of the child ; children 's book critic Amanda Craig said , `` He was unequivocal that it is the good , young and kind who triumph over the old , greedy and the wicked . '' While his whimsical fantasy stories feature an underlying warm sentiment , they usually contain a lot of darkly comic and grotesque scenarios , including gruesome violence . The Witches , George 's Marvellous Medicine and Matilda are examples of this formula . The BFG follows it in a more analogous way with the good giant ( the BFG or `` Big Friendly Giant '' ) representing the `` good adult '' archetype and the other giants being the `` bad adults '' . This formula is also somewhat evident in Dahl 's film script for Chitty Chitty Bang Bang . Class - conscious themes also surface in works such as Fantastic Mr Fox and Danny , the Champion of the World where the unpleasant wealthy neighbours are outwitted . Dahl also features in his books characters who are very fat , usually children . Augustus Gloop , Bruce Bogtrotter and Bruno Jenkins are a few of these characters , although an enormous woman named Aunt Sponge is featured in James and the Giant Peach and the nasty farmer Boggis in Fantastic Mr Fox is an enormously fat character . All of these characters ( with the possible exception of Bruce Bogtrotter ) are either villains or simply unpleasant gluttons . They are usually punished for this : Augustus Gloop drinks from Willy Wonka 's chocolate river , disregarding the adults who tell him not to , and falls in , getting sucked up a pipe and nearly being turned into fudge . In Matilda , Bruce Bogtrotter steals cake from the evil headmistress , Miss Trunchbull , and is forced to eat a gigantic chocolate cake in front of the school . Featured in The Witches , Bruno Jenkins is lured by the witches into their convention with the promise of chocolate , before they turn him into a mouse . Aunt Sponge is flattened by a giant peach . Dahl 's mother used to tell him and his sisters tales about trolls and other mythical Norwegian creatures and some of his children 's books contain references or elements inspired by these stories , such as the giants in The BFG , the fox family in Fantastic Mr Fox and the trolls in The Minpins . Receiving the 1983 World Fantasy Award for Life Achievement , Dahl encouraged his children and his readers to let their imagination run free . His daughter Lucy stated `` his spirit was so large and so big he taught us to believe in magic . '' Those who do n't believe in magic will never find it . -- Roald Dahl , The Minpins Dahl was also famous for his inventive , playful use of language , which was a key element to his writing . He would invent new words by scribbling down his words before swapping letters around and adopting spoonerisms and malapropisms . The lexicographer Dr Susan Rennie stated that Dahl built his new words on familiar sounds , adding : He did n't always explain what his words meant , but children can work them out because they often sound like a word they know , and he loved using onomatopoeia . For example , you know that something lickswishy and delumptious is good to eat , whereas something uckyslush or rotsome is not definitely not ! He also used sounds that children love to say , like squishous and squizzle , or fizzlecrump and fizzwiggler . In 2016 , marking the centenary of Dahl 's birth , Rennie compiled The Oxford Roald Dahl Dictionary which includes many of his invented words and their meaning . Rennie commented that some of Dahl 's words have already escaped his world , for example , Scrumdiddlyumptious : `` Food that is utterly delicious '' . In his poetry , Dahl gives a humorous re-interpretation of well - known nursery rhymes and fairy tales , providing surprise endings in place of the traditional happily - ever - after . Dahl 's collection of poems Revolting Rhymes is recorded in audiobook form , and narrated by actor Alan Cumming . Screenplays For a brief period in the 1960s , Dahl wrote screenplays . Two , the James Bond film You Only Live Twice and Chitty Chitty Bang Bang , were adaptations of novels by Ian Fleming . Dahl also began adapting his own novel Charlie and the Chocolate Factory , which was completed and rewritten by David Seltzer after Dahl failed to meet deadlines , and produced as the film Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) . Dahl later disowned the film , saying he was `` disappointed '' because `` he thought it placed too much emphasis on Willy Wonka and not enough on Charlie '' . He was also `` infuriated '' by the deviations in the plot devised by David Seltzer in his draft of the screenplay . This resulted in his refusal for any more versions of the book to be made in his lifetime , as well as an adaptation for the sequel Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator . Influences Interior of Dylan Thomas 's writing shed . Dahl made a replica of it in his own garden in Great Missenden where he wrote many of his stories A major part of Dahl 's literary influences stemmed from his childhood . In his younger days , he was an avid reader , especially awed by fantastic tales of heroism and triumph . Amongst his favourite authors were Rudyard Kipling , Charles Dickens , William Makepeace Thackeray and Frederick Marryat , and their works went on to make a lasting mark on his life and writing . Finding too many distractions in his house , Dahl remembered the poet Dylan Thomas had found a peaceful shed to write in close to home . Dahl travelled to visit Thomas 's hut in Carmarthenshire , Wales in the 1950s and , after taking a look inside , decided to make a replica of it to write in . Dahl was also a huge fan of ghost stories and claimed that Trolls by Jonas Lie was one of the finest ghost stories ever written . While he was still a youngster , his mother , Sofie Dahl , would relate traditional Norwegian myths and legends from her native homeland to Dahl and his sisters . Dahl always maintained that his mother and her stories had a strong influence on his writing . In one interview , he mentioned : `` She was a great teller of tales . Her memory was prodigious and nothing that ever happened to her in her life was forgotten . '' When Dahl started writing and publishing his famous books for children , he created a grandmother character in The Witches and later stated that she was based directly on his own mother as a tribute . Television In 1961 , Dahl hosted and wrote for a science fiction and horror television anthology series called Way Out , which preceded the Twilight Zone series on the CBS network for 14 episodes from March to July . One of the last dramatic network shows shot in New York City , the entire series is available for viewing at The Paley Center for Media in New York City and Los Angeles . He also wrote for the satirical BBC comedy programme That Was the Week That Was , which was hosted by David Frost . The British television series , Tales of the Unexpected , originally aired on ITV between 1979 and 1988 . The series was released to tie in with Dahl 's short story anthology of the same name , which had introduced readers to many motifs that were common in his writing . The series was an anthology of different tales , initially based on Dahl 's short stories . The stories were sometimes sinister , sometimes wryly comedic and usually had a twist ending . Dahl introduced on camera all the episodes of the first two series , which bore the full title Roald Dahl 's Tales of the Unexpected . Death and legacy Dahl 's gravestone , St Peter and St Paul 's Church , Great Missenden , Buckinghamshire Roald Dahl died on 23 November 1990 , at the age of 74 of a rare cancer of the blood , myelodysplastic syndrome , in Oxford , and was buried in the cemetery at St Peter and St Paul 's Church in Great Missenden , Buckinghamshire , England . According to his granddaughter , the family gave him a `` sort of Viking funeral '' . He was buried with his snooker cues , some very good burgundy , chocolates , HB pencils and a power saw . Today , children continue to leave toys and flowers by his grave . In November 1996 , the Roald Dahl Children 's Gallery was opened at the Buckinghamshire County Museum in nearby Aylesbury . The main - belt asteroid 6223 Dahl , discovered by Czech astronomer Antonín Mrkos , was named in his memory in 1996 . Roald Dahl Plass Roald Dahl Plass illuminated at night Plaque commemorating Roald Dahl In 2002 , one of Cardiff Bay 's modern landmarks , the Oval Basin plaza , was renamed Roald Dahl Plass . Plass is Norwegian for `` place '' or `` square '' , alluding to the writer 's Norwegian roots . There have also been calls from the public for a permanent statue of him to be erected in Cardiff . In 2016 , the city celebrated the centenary of Dahl 's birth in Llandaff . Welsh Arts organisations , including National Theatre Wales , Wales Millennium Centre and Literature Wales , came together for a series of events , titled Roald Dahl 100 , including a Cardiff - wide City of the Unexpected , which marked his legacy . Dahl 's charitable commitments in the fields of neurology , haematology and literacy during his life have been continued by his widow since his death , through Roald Dahl 's Marvellous Children 's Charity , formerly known as the Roald Dahl Foundation . The charity provides care and support to seriously ill children and young people throughout the UK . In June 2005 , the Roald Dahl Museum and Story Centre in the author 's home village Great Missenden was officially opened by Cherie Blair , wife of UK Prime Minister Tony Blair , to celebrate the work of Roald Dahl and advance his work in literacy education . Over 50,000 visitors from abroad , mainly from Australia , Japan , the United States and Germany , travel to the village museum every year . Matilda the Musical has been shown in the West End since November 2011 , and on Broadway since April 2013 In 2008 , the UK charity Booktrust and Children 's Laureate Michael Rosen inaugurated The Roald Dahl Funny Prize , an annual award to authors of humorous children 's fiction . On 14 September 2009 ( the day after what would have been Dahl 's 93rd birthday ) the first blue plaque in his honour was unveiled in Llandaff . Rather than commemorating his place of birth , however , the plaque was erected on the wall of the former sweet shop ( and site of `` The Great Mouse Plot of 1924 '' ) that features in the first part of his autobiography Boy . It was unveiled by his widow Felicity and son Theo . The anniversary of Dahl 's birthday on 13 September is celebrated as `` Roald Dahl Day '' in Africa , the United Kingdom and Latin America . In honour of Dahl , the Royal Gibraltar Post Office issued a set of four stamps in 2010 featuring Quentin Blake 's original illustrations for four of the children 's books written by Dahl during his long career ; The BFG , The Twits , Charlie and the Chocolate Factory , and Matilda . A set of six stamps was issued by Royal Mail in 2012 , featuring Blake 's illustrations for Charlie and the Chocolate Factory , The Twits , The Witches , Matilda , Fantastic Mr Fox , and James and the Giant Peach . Dahl 's influence has extended beyond literary figures . For instance film director Tim Burton recalled from childhood `` the second layer ( after Dr. Seuss ) of connecting to a writer who gets the idea of the modern fable -- and the mixture of light and darkness , and not speaking down to kids , and the kind of politically incorrect humour that kids get . I 've always like that , and it 's shaped everything I 've felt that I 've done . '' Steven Spielberg read The BFG to his children when they were young , stating the book celebrates the fact that it 's OK to be different as well as to have an active imagination : `` It 's very important that we preserve the tradition of allowing young children to run free with their imaginations and magic and imagination are the same thing . '' Actress Scarlett Johansson named Fantastic Mr Fox one of the five books that made a difference to her . `` Arguably the Shakespeare of children 's literature , from Fantastic Mr Fox to Matilda and The BFG , filmmakers and animators are still drawing from the enormous vat of material he created . '' -- `` Britain 's top ten children 's literature superstars '' . The Independent , 2012 . Regarded as `` one of the greatest storytellers for children of the 20th century '' , Dahl was named by The Times one of the 50 greatest British writers since 1945 . He ranks amongst the world 's best - selling fiction authors with sales estimated at over 250 million , and his books have been published in almost 60 languages . In 2003 four books by Dahl , led by Charlie and the Chocolate Factory at number 35 , ranked among the Top 100 in The Big Read , a survey of the British public by the BBC to determine the `` nation 's best - loved novel '' of all time . In surveys of UK teachers , parents and students , Dahl is frequently ranked the best children 's writer . In a 2006 list for the Royal Society of Literature , Harry Potter creator J.K. Rowling named Charlie and the Chocolate Factory one of her top ten books every child should read . In 2012 , Matilda was ranked number 30 among all - time best children 's novels in a survey published by School Library Journal , a monthly with primarily U.S. audience . The Top 100 included four books by Dahl , more than any other writer : Matilda , Charlie and the Chocolate Factory , The Witches , and The BFG . In 2012 , Dahl was among the British cultural icons selected by artist Sir Peter Blake to appear in a new version of his most famous artwork -- the Beatles ' Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band album cover -- to celebrate the British cultural figures of his life he most admires . In a 2017 UK poll of the greatest authors , songwriters , artists and photographers , Dahl was named the greatest storyteller of all time , ranking ahead of Dickens , Shakespeare , Rowling and Spielberg . Publications Main articles : Roald Dahl bibliography and Roald Dahl short stories bibliography References Jump up ^ `` NLS : Say How , A-D '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sturrock , Donald , Storyteller : The Authorized Biography of Roald Dahl , p. 19 . Simon & Schuster , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Roald Dahl : As popular - and profitable - as ever '' . BBC . 18 August 2016 . Retrieved 30 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Roald Dahl centenary : ' Tremendous things ' promised for 2016 '' . BBC . Retrieved 14 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fans gather for Dahl celebration '' . BBC . Retrieved 16 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Once upon a time , there was a man who liked to make up stories ... '' The Independent . Retrieved 16 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The 50 greatest British writers since 1945 '' . The Times . Retrieved 16 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Britain celebrates first Roald Dahl Day '' . TODAY ( today.com ) . NBC News . Associated Press . 13 September 2006 . Retrieved 16 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Aldi removes Roald Dahl 's Revolting Rhymes from its Australian stores over the word ' slut ' '' . The Independent . 30 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Roald Dahl 's greatest philosophical quotes ever '' . The Guardian . 30 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Roald Dahl and the darkness within '' . BBC . 15 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Philip Howard , `` Dahl , Roald ( 1916 -- 1990 ) '' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press , 2004 . Jump up ^ Colin Palfrey ( 2006 ) Cardiff Soul : An Underground Guide to the City Jump up ^ `` Blue plaque marks Dahl sweet shop '' . BBC . Retrieved 24 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Roald Dahl biography '' . Retrieved 16 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Jill C. Wheeler ( 2006 ) Roald Dahl p. 9 . ABDO Publishing Company , 2006 . Jump up ^ Michael D. Sharp ( 2006 ) Popular Contemporary Writers p. 516 . Marshall Cavendish , 2006 . Jump up ^ John Ayto ( 2012 ) . The Diner 's Dictionary : Word Origins of Food and Drink . p. 154 . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ `` Roald Dahl 's School Days '' . BBC Wales . Retrieved 24 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Readers : Donald Sturrock and Rory Kinnear , Abridged by : Katrin Williams , Producer : Duncan Minshull ( 5 June 2016 ) . `` Book of the Week , Love from Boy - Roald Dahl 's Letters to His Mother '' . Book of the Week . BBC Radio . Jump up ^ Dahl , Roald ( 1984 ) . Boy : Tales of Childhood . Puffin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 130305 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Roald Dahl 's schooldays were filled with the ritual cruelty of fagging for older boys and with terrible beatings '' . Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` WEB LINKS : corporal punishment in British schools '' . www.corpun.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ Jeremy Treglown , Roald Dahl : A Biography ( 1994 ) , Faber and Faber , page 21 . Treglown 's source note is as follows : `` Several people who were at the top of Priory House at the time have discussed it with me , particularly B.L.L. Reuss and John Bradburn . '' ^ Jump up to : Dahl , Roald ( 1984 ) . Boy : Tales of Childhood . Jonathan Cape . Jump up ^ Liukkonen , Petri . `` Roald Dahl '' . Books and Writers ( kirjasto.sci.fi ) . Finland : Kuusankoski Public Library . Archived from the original on 10 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Roald Dahl -- Penguin UK Authors Archived 1 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine . -- Penguin UK Jump up ^ Shavick , Andrea ( 1997 ) Roald Dahl : the champion storyteller p. 12 . Oxford University Press , 1997 Jump up ^ `` Repton School ' helped inspire Dahl ' to write Charlie '' . BBC . 14 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Roald Dahl ( derivative work ) and Quentin Blake ( 2005 ) . Roald Dahl 's Incredible Chocolate Box . ISBN 0 - 14 - 131959 - 3 . Jump up ^ Boy and Going Solo , p. 128 -- p. 132 Jump up ^ Boy and Going Solo , p. 68 -- 71 Jump up ^ Dahl , Roald ( 1984 ) Boy : Tales of Childhood p. 172 . Puffin Books , 1984 Jump up ^ Sturrock , Donald ( 2010 ) . Storyteller : The Authorised Biography of Roald Dahl . London : HarperPress . pp. 93 -- 94 . ISBN 0007254768 . Jump up ^ `` Roald Dahl ( British author ) '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 16 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Donald Sturrock Storyteller : The Authorized Biography of Roald Dahl , p. 116 . Simon and Schuster , 2010 ^ Jump up to : Issue 34964 . London Gazette. 8 October 1940 . page 5907 Jump up ^ Sturrock ( 2010 : 120 ) Jump up ^ Conant , Jennet ( 2008 ) . The Irregulars : Roald Dahl and the British Spy Ring in Wartime Washington . p. 3 . Simon and Schuster Jump up ^ `` Roald Dahl : the plane crash that gave birth to a writer '' . The Daily Telegraph . 9 August 2010 . Retrieved 16 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Alan Warren ( 1988 ) Roald Dahl pp. 12 , 87 . Starmont House , 1988 ^ Jump up to : Dahl , Roald ( 1986 ) . Going Solo . Jonathan Cape . Jump up ^ Andrew Thomas Hurricane Aces 1941 -- 45 , Osprey Publishing , 2003 Jump up ^ Roald Dahl Going Solo , p. 151 . Scholastic , 1996 Jump up ^ Dahl , Roald . Going Solo ( excerpt ) . Jump up ^ `` No. 35292 '' . The London Gazette. 30 September 1941 . p. 5664 . Jump up ^ Sturrock ( 2010 : 163 ) Jump up ^ Sturrock ( 2010 : 165 ) Jump up ^ Sturrock ( 2010 : 163 -- 165 ) Jump up ^ Sturrock ( 2010 : 166 -- 167 ) Jump up ^ Sturrock ( 2010 : 167 ) ^ Jump up to : Dietsch , Deborah K. ( 1 December 2013 ) . `` Roald Dahl Slept Here : From attaché to author '' . The Washington Post Magazine . p. 10 . Retrieved 30 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : The book Irregulars : Roald Dahl and the British Spy Ring in Wartime Washington ( by Jennet Conant , Simon and Schuster 2008 ) describes this era of Dahl 's life and those with whom he worked . Jump up ^ Cambridge Guide to Literature ( Cambridge University Press , 1989 ) ISBN 0 - 521 - 26751 - X . ^ Jump up to : The Marvellous World of Roald Dahl . BBC Studios . 2016 Jump up ^ Issue 35791 . London Gazette. 17 November 1942 . p. 5037 Jump up ^ Ellen Schoeck I was There : A Century of Alumni Stories about the University of Alberta , 1906 -- 2006 , University of Alberta , 2006 Jump up ^ Bill Macdonald . The True Intrepid . p. 249 ( Raincoast 2001 ) ISBN 1 - 55192 - 418 - 8 ; Dahl also speaks about his espionage work in the documentary The True Intrepid . Jump up ^ Macdonald . The True Intrepid . p. 243 . ISBN 1 - 55192 - 418 - 8 . Jump up ^ Issue 37681 . London Gazette. 9 August 1946 . page 4054 . Jump up ^ Christopher Shores and Clive Williams . Aces High : A Tribute to the Most Notable Fighter Pilots of the British and Commonwealth Air Forces in WWII . ( Grub Street Publishing , 1994 ) ISBN 1 - 898697 - 00 - 0 . Jump up ^ Martin Chilton ( 18 November 2010 ) The 25 best children 's books The Daily Telegraph Jump up ^ `` ' Dad also needed happy dreams ' : Roald Dahl , his daughters and the BFG '' . The Daily Telegraph . 6 August 2010 . Retrieved 16 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Water on the Brain '' . MedGadget : Internet Journal of Emerging Medical Technologies . 15 July 2005 . Retrieved 11 May 2006 . Jump up ^ Dr Andrew Larner . `` Tales of the Unexpected : Roald Dahl 's Neurological Contributions '' ( PDF ) . Advances in Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation . ^ Jump up to : `` Roald Dahl on the death of his daughter '' . The Telegraph ( 3 February 2015 ) . Jump up ^ Singh , Anita ( 7 August 2010 ) `` Roald Dahl 's secret notebook reveals heartbreak over daughter 's death '' , The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 4 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Robbie . `` Read Roald Dahl 's Powerful Pro-Vaccination Letter '' . Retrieved 1 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Roald Dahl on God : The day I lost faith in ' the Boss ' '' . The Telegraph ( 6 August 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Barry Farrell ( 1969 ) . Pat and Roald . Kingsport Press . Jump up ^ David Thomson . `` Patricia Neal : a beauty that cut like a knife '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 16 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Roald Dahl Official website '' . Retrieved 13 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Lynn F. Pearson Discovering Famous Graves , Osprey Publishing , 2008 Jump up ^ Clifton , Tony ( 1983 ) . `` God Cried '' . Quartet Books , 1983 ^ Jump up to : Roald Dahl : A Biography , Jeremy Treglown ( Farrar , Straus , Giroux , 1994 ) , pp. 255 -- 256 . Jump up ^ `` Das Roald - Dahl - Museum in Great Missenden '' , dradio. ( in German ) . 16 November 2008 Jump up ^ `` Queen 's honours refused '' . Retrieved 16 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Roald Dahl among hundreds who turned down Queen 's honours , Walesonline ( also published in the Western Mail ) , 27 January 2012 . Retrieved 27 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The New Elizabethans - Roald Dahl '' . BBC . Retrieved 8 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Frances E. Ruffin Meet Roald Dahl . p. 17 . The Rosen Publishing Group , 2006 ^ Jump up to : Donald , Graeme Sticklers , Sideburns & Bikinis : The Military Origins of Everyday Words and Phrases . Osprey Publishing , 2008 Jump up ^ Sasser , Sanford , Jr. , ed . The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aviation and Space , Volume 6 . p. 1094 . A.F.E. Press , 1971 Jump up ^ Nick Tanner . `` Dahl 's Gremlins fly again , thanks to historian 's campaign '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 16 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Andrew Maunder The Facts on File Companion to the British Short Story . Infobase Publishing , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Roald Dahl Day : From Tales of the Unexpected to Switch Bitch , Dahl 's undervalued stories for adults '' . The Independent . 6 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : James Mottram The Sundance kids : how the mavericks took back Hollywood . Macmillan , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` English Gypsy caravan , Gypsy Wagon , Gypsy Waggon and Vardo : Photograph Gallery 1 '' . Gypsywaggons.co.uk . Retrieved 28 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Dahl , Roald ( 1975 ) . Danny , the Champion Of The World . p. 13 . Random House , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Maunder , Andrew ( 2007 ) . The Facts on File companion to the British short story . p. 417 . ISBN 9780816074969 . Retrieved 16 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tales of the Unexpected ( 1979 -- 88 ) '' . Retrieved 16 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Darrell Schweitzer ( 1985 ) Discovering modern horror fiction , Volume 2 . Wildside Press LLC , 1985 ^ Jump up to : Sally Williams ( 12 September 2006 ) A plateful of Dahl The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 4 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Books magazine , Volumes 5 -- 7 . Publishing News Ltd. 1991 . p. 35 . Retrieved 16 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Fantastic Mr. Fox ' movie review : Wes Anderson joyfully re-creates Roald Dahl 's foxy family '' . The Star - Ledger. 21 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Jean Marlow ( 2013 ) . Audition Speeches for 6 - 16 Year Olds . p. 46 . Routledge Jump up ^ Jenny Volvovski , Julia Rothman , Matt Lamothe ( 2014 ) . The Who , the What , and the When : 65 Artists Illustrate the Secret Sidekicks of History . p. 28 . Chronicle Books ^ Jump up to : `` Dahl 's squishous words get their own dictionary '' . BBC . 28 May 2016 . Jump up ^ AV guide , Volumes 77 -- 82 . Scranton Gillette Communications . 1998 . Retrieved 16 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Roald Dahl Day : my glimpse into the great writer 's imagination . The Guardian . Retrieved 22 November 2014 Jump up ^ Liz Buckingham , trustee for the Roald Dahl Museum , quoted in Tom Bishop : Willy Wonka 's Everlasting Film Plot , BBC News , July 2005 Jump up ^ Tom Bishop ( July 2005 ) `` Willy Wonka 's Everlasting Film Plot '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ Rennay Craats ( 2003 ) . Roald Dahl . p. 1957 . Weigl , 2003 Jump up ^ `` How Dylan Thomas 's writing shed inspired Roald Dahl '' . BBC . 18 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Roald Dahl : young tales of the unexpected '' . The Daily Telegraph . 30 August 2008 . Retrieved 16 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Roald Dahl '' . Retrieved 16 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mother : Sofie Dahl ( influence upon ) Roald Dahl '' . Retrieved 16 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Way Out ( TV Series 1961 ) '' . Internet Movie Database. 8 January 2005 . Retrieved 16 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Paley Center for Media : Way Out '' . The Paley Center for Media . Retrieved 16 September 2014 . Jump up ^ McCann 2006 , p. 156 Jump up ^ `` BFI : Film and TV Database -- Tales of the Unexpected '' . BFI . Retrieved 16 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Vincent Terrace ( 1985 ) Encyclopedia of Television Series , Pilots and Specials : 1974 -- 1984 Jump up ^ `` Deaths England and Wales 1984 -- 2006 '' . Findmypast.com . Retrieved 28 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` A giant peach of a property in Dahl country '' . The Times . 14 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Sharron L. McElmeel ( 1999 ) `` 100 most popular children 's authors : biographical sketches and bibliographies '' . Libraries Unlimited , 1999 Jump up ^ Schmadel , Lutz D. ( 2007 ) . `` ( 6223 ) Dahl '' . Dictionary of Minor Planet Names -- ( 6223 ) Dahl . Springer Berlin Heidelberg . p. 519 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 540 - 29925 - 7_5731 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 540 - 00238 - 3 . Retrieved 7 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MPC / MPO / MPS Archive '' . Minor Planet Center . Retrieved 7 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Roald Dahl and the Chinese chip shop '' . walesonline . Retrieved 16 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Roald Dahl 's Marvellous Children 's Charity '' . Marvellouschildrenscharity.org . Retrieved 28 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Clarie Heald ( 11 June 2005 ) `` Chocolate doors thrown open to Dahl '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ `` Roald Dahl won children 's hearts by co-conspiring against adults '' . Deutsche Welle. 16 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` David Walliams up for Roald Dahl award '' . BBC News . Retrieved 16 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Roald Dahl Funny Prize '' . booktrust.org.uk . Retrieved 28 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` South East Wales Blue plaque marks Dahl sweet shop '' . BBC News . 14 September 2009 . Retrieved 25 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Flood , Alison ( 13 September 2010 ) . `` Roald Dahl Day expands into full month of special treats '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 16 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Roald Dahl Day celebrations '' . Roald Dahl Museum ( roalddahlmuseum.org ) . Archived from the original on 8 September 2009 . Retrieved 16 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Roald Dahl 's 90th Birthday ! , Random House UK . Retrieved 20 September 2007 . Archived 5 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` UK world 's best selling children author on Gibraltar stamps '' . World Stamp News ( worldstampnews.com ) . 15 May 2010 . Archived from the original on 18 July 2011 . Retrieved 28 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Flood , Alison ( 9 January 2012 ) . `` Roald Dahl stamps honour classic children 's author '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 9 January 2012 . Quentin Blake 's famous illustrations of The Twits , Matilda and Fantastic Mr Fox all feature on a new series of stamps from the Royal Mail , issued to celebrate the work of Roald Dahl . Out from tomorrow , the stamps also show James and the Giant Peach and The Witches , while a triumphant Charlie Bucket from Charlie and the Chocolate Factory is brandishing a golden ticket on the new first class stamp . Jump up ^ Burton , Tim , and Mark Salisbury ( 2006 ) . `` Burton on Burton '' . Macmillan . 2nd Revised Edition . ISBN 9780571229260 . Preview at Google Books , chapter `` Charlie and the Chocolate Factory '' , p. 223 . Jump up ^ `` 10 celebrities have picked their favourite Roald Dahl book ready for a public vote '' . Wales Online . 6 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Holt , Karen , as told to . `` Books That Made a Difference to Scarlett Johansson '' . Oprah.com . Retrieved 16 September 2014 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Britain 's top ten children 's literature superstars '' . The Independent . Retrieved 1 September 2017 Jump up ^ `` The Big Read -- Top 100 Books '' . BBC . Retrieved 16 September 2014 . First of two pages . Archived 2 September 2014 by the publisher . Charles Dickens and Terry Pratchett led with five of the Top 100 . The four extant Harry Potter novels all made the Top 25 . The Dahl novels were Charlie , The BFG , Matilda , and The Twits . Jump up ^ `` Roald Dahl voted best author in primary teachers survey '' . BBC . 30 March 2012 . Retrieved 16 July 2015 . In this survey of primary school teachers Dahl also placed five books in the top ten : Charlie , The Twits , Danny the Champion of the World , The BFG , and George 's Marvellous Medicine . Jump up ^ Brown , Kat ( 2 March 2015 ) . `` Survey reveals 50 books that every child should read by 16 '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 16 July 2015 . `` Roald Dahl is still king of children 's literature according to a survey for World Book Day . '' Jump up ^ Higgins , Charlotte ( 31 January 2006 ) . `` From Beatrix Potter to Ulysses ... what the top writers say every child should read '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 16 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Bird , Elizabeth ( 7 July 2012 ) . `` Top 100 Chapter Book Poll Results '' . A Fuse # 8 Production . Blog . School Library Journal ( blog.schoollibraryjournal.com ) . Retrieved 29 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New faces on Sgt Pepper album cover for artist Peter Blake 's 80th birthday '' . The Guardian . 5 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Peter Blake 's new Beatles ' Sgt Pepper 's album cover '' . BBC News . 9 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Banksy and Yate - born JK Rowling make list of 50 greatest storytellers of all time '' . Bristol Post . Retrieved 1 September 2017 Further reading Philip Howard , `` Dahl , Roald ( 1916 -- 1990 ) '' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press , 2004 ; online edn , May 2006 . Retrieved 24 May 2006 Donald Sturrock , Storyteller : The Authorized Biography of Roald Dahl , Simon & Schuster , 2010 . ISBN 978 - 1416550822 ( See the link to excerpts in `` External Links '' , below . ) Andrea Shavick , Roald Dahl : The Champion Storyteller . Oxford University Press , 1997 Jeremy Treglown , Roald Dahl : A Biography , Farrar Straus & Giroux , 1994 . ISBN 978 - 0374251307 Jason Hook , Roald Dahl : The Storyteller , Raintree , 2004 Jacob M. Held , Roald Dahl and Philosophy : A Little Nonsense Now and Then . Rowman & Littlefield , 2014 Jennifer Boothroyd , Roald Dahl : A Life of Imagination . Lerner Publications , 2008 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Roald Dahl . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Roald Dahl Book : Roald Dahl Children 's literature portal James Bond portal Official website Roald Dahl 's darkest hour ( biography excerpt ) Roald Dahl at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database Roald Dahl on IMDb Roald Dahl at Library of Congress Authorities , with 155 catalogue records Works by Roald Dahl at Open Library Radio interview by NRK ( 1975 ) ( in Norwegian ) `` The Devious Bachelor '' , Sunday Book Review of The Irregulars , Roald Dahl and the British Spy Ring in Wartime Washington by Jennet Conant , The New York Times , 17 October 2008 Profile of Patricia Neal ( 2011 ) on Voice of America ( VOAnews.com ) , with transcript Footage of one Whitbread Book Prize presentation by Dahl ( 1982 ) Roald Dahl Children 's fiction The Gremlins ( 1943 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1961 ) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( 1964 ) The Magic Finger ( 1966 ) Fantastic Mr Fox ( 1970 ) Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator ( 1972 ) Danny , the Champion of the World ( 1975 ) The Enormous Crocodile ( 1978 ) The Twits ( 1980 ) George 's Marvellous Medicine ( 1981 ) The BFG ( 1982 ) The Witches ( 1983 ) The Giraffe and the Pelly and Me ( 1985 ) Matilda ( 1988 ) Esio Trot ( 1990 ) The Vicar of Nibbleswicke ( 1991 ) The Minpins ( 1991 ) Children 's poetry Revolting Rhymes ( 1982 ) Dirty Beasts ( 1983 ) Rhyme Stew ( 1989 ) Adult novels Sometime Never : A Fable for Supermen ( 1948 ) My Uncle Oswald ( 1979 ) Adult short story collections Over to You : Ten Stories of Flyers and Flying ( 1946 ) Someone Like You ( 1953 ) Kiss Kiss ( 1960 ) Lamb to the Slaughter ( 1953 ) Switch Bitch ( 1974 ) The Wonderful Story of Henry Sugar and Six More ( 1977 ) The Best of Roald Dahl ( 1978 ) Tales of the Unexpected ( 1979 ) More Tales of the Unexpected ( 1980 ) The Roald Dahl Omnibus ( 1986 ) Two Fables ( 1986 ) Ah , Sweet Mystery of Life : The Country Stories of Roald Dahl ( 1989 ) The Collected Short Stories of Roald Dahl ( 1991 ) The Roald Dahl Treasury ( 1997 ) The Great Automatic Grammatizator ( 1998 ) Skin and Other Stories ( 2000 ) Roald Dahl : Collected Stories ( 2006 ) Non-fiction The Mildenhall Treasure ( 1946 ) Boy : Tales of Childhood ( 1984 ) Going Solo ( 1986 ) Memories with Food at Gipsy House ( 1991 ) Roald Dahl 's Guide to Railway Safety ( 1991 ) My Year ( 1993 ) Film adaptations 36 Hours ( 1965 ) Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) Danny , the Champion of the World ( 1989 ) The BFG ( 1989 ) The Witches ( 1990 ) Four Rooms ( 1995 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1996 ) Matilda ( 1996 ) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( 2005 ) Fantastic Mr. Fox ( 2009 ) Roald Dahl 's Esio Trot ( 2015 ) The BFG ( 2016 ) Revolting Rhymes ( 2016 ) Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ( 2017 ) Film scripts The Bells of Hell Go Ting - a-ling - a-ling ( 1966 , unfinished ) You Only Live Twice ( 1967 ) Chitty Chitty Bang Bang ( 1968 ) The Night Digger ( 1971 ) Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) Television series ' Way Out ( 1961 ) Tales of the Unexpected ( 1979 -- 88 ) Musicals and plays The Honeys ( 1955 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 2010 ) Matilda ( 2010 ) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( 2013 ) Fantastic Mr Fox ( 2016 ) See also Quentin Blake Roald Dahl bibliography Roald Dahl short stories bibliography Roald Dahl 's Book of Ghost Stories ( 1983 ) List of Tales of the Unexpected episodes Related Roald Dahl Museum and Story Centre Roald Dahl Children 's Gallery Patricia Neal ( wife ) Tessa Dahl ( daughter ) Ophelia Dahl ( daughter ) Lucy Dahl ( daughter ) Sophie Dahl ( granddaughter ) Phoebe Dahl ( granddaughter ) Roald Dahl 's Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Books Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator Films Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory Charlie and the Chocolate Factory soundtrack Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory Characters Willy Wonka Theater Roald Dahl 's Willy Wonka ( 2004 musical ) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( 2013 musical ) The Golden Ticket Music Charlie and the Chocolate Factory : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack `` Pure Imagination '' `` The Candy Man '' Miscellaneous The Ride Video games Wonka Bar Everlasting Gobstopper Primus & the Chocolate Factory with the Fungi Ensemble The Willy Wonka Candy Company Roald Dahl 's Matilda Characters Matilda Wormwood Miss Trunchbull Adaptations Matilda ( 1996 film ) Matilda the Musical ( 2010 musical ) World Fantasy Award -- Life Achievement Robert Bloch ( 1975 ) Fritz Leiber ( 1976 ) Ray Bradbury ( 1977 ) Frank Belknap Long ( 1978 ) Jorge Luis Borges ( 1979 ) Manly Wade Wellman ( 1980 ) C.L. Moore ( 1981 ) Italo Calvino ( 1982 ) Roald Dahl ( 1983 ) L. Sprague de Camp / Richard Matheson / E. Hoffmann Price / Jack Vance / Donald Wandrei ( 1984 ) Theodore Sturgeon ( 1985 ) Avram Davidson ( 1986 ) Jack Finney ( 1987 ) Everett F. Bleiler ( 1988 ) Evangeline Walton ( 1989 ) R.A. Lafferty ( 1990 ) Ray Russell ( 1991 ) Edd Cartier ( 1992 ) Harlan Ellison ( 1993 ) Jack Williamson ( 1994 ) Ursula K. Le Guin ( 1995 ) Gene Wolfe ( 1996 ) Madeleine L'Engle ( 1997 ) Edward L. Ferman / Andre Norton ( 1998 ) Hugh B. Cave ( 1999 ) Marion Zimmer Bradley / Michael Moorcock ( 2000 ) Frank Frazetta / Philip José Farmer ( 2001 ) Forrest J Ackerman / George H. Scithers ( 2002 ) Lloyd Alexander / Donald M. Grant ( 2003 ) Stephen King / Gahan Wilson ( 2004 ) Tom Doherty / Carol Emshwiller ( 2005 ) John Crowley / Stephen Fabian ( 2006 ) Betty Ballantine / Diana Wynne Jones ( 2007 ) Leo and Diane Dillon / Patricia A. McKillip ( 2008 ) Ellen Asher / Jane Yolen ( 2009 ) Brian Lumley / Terry Pratchett / Peter Straub ( 2010 ) Peter S. Beagle / Angélica Gorodischer ( 2011 ) Alan Garner / George R.R. Martin ( 2012 ) Susan Cooper / Tanith Lee ( 2013 ) Ellen Datlow / Chelsea Quinn Yarbro ( 2014 ) Ramsey Campbell / Sheri S. Tepper ( 2015 ) David G. Hartwell / Andrzej Sapkowski ( 2016 ) Terry Brooks / Marina Warner ( 2017 ) BIBSYS : 90064099 BNE : XX912544 BNF : cb118984388 ( data ) GND : 118630962 ISNI : 0000 0001 2146 8188 LCCN : n79055236 MusicBrainz : cb802a9c - efc9 - 4a1d - 9dd2 - b6fd080f6298 NDL : 00437111 NKC : jn19990001595 NLA : 35032995 ICCU : IT \ ICCU \ CFIV \ 035247 SELIBR : 238061 SNAC : w64756kg SUDOC : 030357055 ULAN : 500283614 VIAF : 108159131 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roald_Dahl&oldid=844627697 '' Categories : 1916 births 1990 deaths 20th - century British writers 20th - century British novelists 20th - century British poets 20th - century British short story writers Roald Dahl Absurdist fiction British children 's writers British horror writers British short story writers British social commentators British male writers British World War II flying aces Disease - related deaths in the United Kingdom Edgar Award winners King 's African Rifles officers People educated at The Cathedral School , Llandaff People educated at Repton School People from Llandaff Royal Air Force officers Royal Air Force personnel of World War II British people of Norwegian descent Children 's poets Writers from Cardiff World War II spies for the United Kingdom Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use British English from May 2012 Use dmy dates from May 2016 Pages using Infobox writer with unknown parameters Articles with Open Library links Articles with Norwegian - language external links AC with 16 elements Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SBN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Asturianu تۆرکجه বাংলা Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Malagasy മലയാളം Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Sardu Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Türkmençe Українська Tiếng Việt West - Vlams Winaray 粵語 中文 58 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 June 2018 , at 02 : 46 ( UTC ) . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald%20Dahl
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who owns the rights to the twilight zone
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Actor Leonardo DiCaprio is planning to make a new movie with Warner Bros. , citing The Twilight Zone as his favorite TV series . Unlike the first film , which was an anthology feature , it will be a big - budget , SFX - laden continuous story possibly based on classic episodes of the series such as `` The Eye of the Beholder '' , `` To Serve Man '' , or any of the 92 scripts written by Rod Serling , to which Warner Bros. owns the rights . One plot leaked from the script tells about a pilot who time - travels 96 years into the future . Cloverfield director Matt Reeves was signed in 2011 to direct the movie , but left in 2012 to direct Dawn of the Planet of the Apes . On August 16 , 2013 , Joseph Kosinski was announced to direct . The studio hired Aron Eli Coleite to pen the screenplay for the film and will not be an anthology but use various elements from the Twilight Zone universe . In June 2017 , Christine Lavaf was hired to pen the script .
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Warner Bros.
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The Twilight Zone
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the twilight zone
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The Twilight Zone is an American media franchise based on the anthology television series created by Rod Serling . The episodes are in various genres , including fantasy , science fiction , suspense , and psychological thriller , often concluding with a macabre or unexpected twist , and usually with a moral . A popular and critical success , it introduced many Americans to common science fiction and fantasy tropes . The original series , shot entirely in black and white , ran on CBS for five seasons from 1959 to 1964 .
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The Twilight Zone followed in the tradition of earlier television shows such as Tales of Tomorrow ( 1951 -- 53 , which also dramatized the short story `` What You Need '' ) and Science Fiction Theatre ( 1955 -- 57 ) ; radio programs such as The Weird Circle , Dimension X , and X Minus One ; and the radio work of one of Serling 's inspirations , Norman Corwin . The success of the series led to a feature film , a radio series , a comic book , a magazine , and various other spin - offs that spanned five decades , including two revival television series . The first revival ran on CBS and in syndication in the 1980s , while the second ran on UPN from 2002 to 2003 . TV Guide ranked the original TV series # 5 in their 2013 list of the 60 greatest dramas of all time . In December 2017 , CBS All Access officially ordered the third Twilight Zone revival to series , which is scheduled to be helmed by Jordan Peele . Contents ( hide ) 1 Television history 1.1 Background 1.2 `` The Time Element '' ( 1958 ) 1.2. 1 Plot 1.2. 2 Production 1.3 Original series ( 1959 -- 1964 ) 1.4 First revival ( 1985 -- 1989 ) 1.5 Rod Serling 's Lost Classics ( 1994 ) 1.6 Second revival ( 2002 -- 2003 ) 1.7 Third revival 2 Other media 2.1 Film 2.1. 1 Potential film 2.2 Games 2.3 Literature 2.3. 1 Comic books 2.4 Music 2.4. 1 Television series 2.4. 2 Film 2.4. 3 Influence in popular music 2.5 Radio 2.6 Scripts 2.7 Stage productions 2.8 Theme park attractions 2.9 Syndication 3 See also 4 References 5 Bibliography 6 External links Television history ( edit ) Background ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) As a boy , Rod Serling was a fan of pulp fiction stories . As an adult , he sought topics with themes such as racism , government , war , society , and human nature in general . Serling decided to combine these two interests as a way to broach these subjects on television at a time when such issues were not commonly addressed . Throughout the 1950s , Serling established himself as one of the most popular names in television . He was as famous for writing televised drama as he was for criticizing the medium 's limitations . His most vocal complaints concerned censorship , which was frequently practiced by sponsors and networks . `` I was not permitted to have my senators discuss any current or pressing problem , '' he said of his 1957 production The Arena , intended to be an involving look into contemporary politics . `` To talk of tariff was to align oneself with the Republicans ; to talk of labor was to suggest control by the Democrats . To say a single thing germane to the current political scene was absolutely prohibited . '' `` The Time Element '' ( 1958 ) ( edit ) CBS purchased a teleplay in 1958 that writer Rod Serling hoped to produce as the pilot of a weekly anthology series . `` The Time Element '' marked Serling 's first entry in the field of science fiction . Plot ( edit ) Several years after the end of World War II , a man named Peter Jenson ( William Bendix ) visits a psychoanalyst , Dr. Gillespie ( Martin Balsam ) . Jenson tells him about a recurring dream in which he tries to warn people about the `` sneak attack '' on Pearl Harbor before it happens , but the warnings are disregarded . Jenson believes the events of the dream are real , and each night he travels back to 1941 . Dr. Gillespie insists that time travel is impossible given the nature of temporal paradoxes . While on the couch , Jenson falls asleep once again and dreams that the Japanese planes shoot and kill him . In Dr. Gillespie 's office , the couch Jenson was lying on is now empty . Dr. Gillespie goes to a bar where he finds Jenson 's picture on the wall . The bartender tells him that Jenson had tended there , but he was killed during the Pearl Harbor attack . William Bendix and Martin Balsam in `` The Time Element '' Production ( edit ) With the `` Time Element '' script , Serling drafted the fundamental elements that would distinguish the series still to come : a science - fiction / fantasy theme , opening and closing narration , and an ending with a twist . `` The Time Element '' was purchased immediately , but shelved indefinitely . This is where things stood when Bert Granet , the new producer for Westinghouse Desilu Playhouse , discovered `` The Time Element '' in CBS ' vaults while searching for an original Serling script to add prestige to his show . `` The Time Element '' ( introduced by Desi Arnaz ) debuted on November 24 , 1958 , to an overwhelmingly delighted audience of television viewers and critics alike . `` The humor and sincerity of Mr. Serling 's dialogue made ' The Time Element ' consistently entertaining , '' offered Jack Gould of The New York Times . Over 6000 letters of praise flooded Granet 's offices . Convinced that a series based on such stories could succeed , CBS again began talks with Serling about the possibilities of producing The Twilight Zone . `` Where Is Everybody ? '' was accepted as the pilot episode and the project was officially announced to the public in early 1959 . Other than reruns at the time `` The Time Element '' was not aired on television again until it was shown as part of a 1996 all - night sneak preview of the new cable channel TVLand . It is available in an Italian DVD boxed set titled Ai confini della realtà -- I tesori perduti . The Twilight Zone Season 1 Blu - ray boxed set released on September 14 , 2010 , offers a remastered high - definition version of the original Desilu Playhouse production as a special feature . Original series ( 1959 -- 1964 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Twilight Zone ( 1959 TV series ) Rod Serling working on his script with a dictating machine , 1959 The series was produced by Cayuga Productions , Inc. , a production company owned and named by Serling . It reflects his background in Central New York State and is named after Cayuga Lake , on which Ithaca College is located . Aside from Serling , who wrote or adapted nearly two - thirds of the series ' total episodes , writers for The Twilight Zone included leading authors such as Charles Beaumont , Ray Bradbury , Earl Hamner , Jr. , George Clayton Johnson , Richard Matheson , Reginald Rose , and Jerry Sohl . Many episodes also featured new adaptations of classic stories by such writers as Ambrose Bierce , Jerome Bixby , Damon Knight , John Collier , and Lewis Padgett . Twilight Zone 's writers frequently used science fiction as a vehicle for social comment , as networks and sponsors who censored controversial material from live dramas were less concerned with seemingly innocuous fantasy and sci - fi stories . Frequent themes on The Twilight Zone included nuclear war , McCarthyism , and mass hysteria , subjects that were avoided on less serious primetime television . Episodes such as `` The Monsters Are Due on Maple Street '' and `` I Am the Night -- Color Me Black '' offered specific commentary on current events and social issues . Other stories , such as `` The Masks '' , `` I Dream of Genie '' , or `` Mr. Denton on Doomsday '' were allegories , parables , or fables that reflected the moral and philosophical choices of the characters . Despite his esteem in the writing community , Serling found the series difficult to sell . Few critics felt that science fiction could transcend empty escapism and enter the realm of adult drama . In a September 22 , 1959 , interview with Serling , Mike Wallace asked a question illustrative of the times : `` ... ( Y ) ou 're going to be , obviously , working so hard on The Twilight Zone that , in essence , for the time being and for the foreseeable future , you 've given up on writing anything important for television , right ? '' While Serling 's appearances on the show became one of its most distinctive features , with his clipped delivery still widely imitated today , he was reportedly nervous about it and had to be persuaded to appear on camera . Serling often steps into the middle of the action while the characters remain oblivious to him , but on one notable occasion , they are aware of his presence : In the episode `` A World of His Own '' , a writer ( Keenan Wynn ) with the power to alter his reality objects to Serling 's narration , and promptly erases Serling from the show . In season two , due to budgetary constraints , the network decided -- against Serling 's wishes -- to cut costs by shooting some episodes on videotape rather than film . The requisite multicamera setup of the videotape format precluded location shooting , severely limiting the potential scope of the storylines , and the experiment was abandoned after just six episodes ( `` Twenty Two '' , `` Static '' , `` The Whole Truth '' , `` The Lateness of the Hour '' , `` The Night of the Meek '' , and `` Long Distance Call '' ) . The original series contains 156 episodes . The episodes in seasons one through three are 30 minutes long . Season four ( 1962 -- 63 ) consists of one - hour episodes . Season five returned to the half - hour format . First revival ( 1985 -- 1989 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Twilight Zone ( 1985 TV series ) It was Serling 's decision to sell his share of the series back to the network that eventually allowed for a Twilight Zone revival . As an in - house production , CBS stood to earn more money producing The Twilight Zone than it could by purchasing a new series produced by an outside company . Even so , the network was slow to consider a revival , turning down offers from the original production team of Rod Serling and Buck Houghton and later from American filmmaker Francis Ford Coppola . CBS gave the new Twilight Zone a greenlight in 1984 under the supervision of Carla Singer , then Vice President of Drama Development . While the show did not come close to matching the enduring popularity of the original , some episodes -- particularly Allan Brennert 's love story `` Her Pilgrim Soul '' and J. Neil Schulman 's Profile in Silver -- were critically acclaimed . In a tribute to the original series , the opening credits include a brief image of Rod Serling . Four episodes are remakes of those from the original series : `` Night of the Meek '' , `` Shadow Play '' , `` The After Hours '' and `` A Game of Pool '' , while `` Dead Woman 's Shoes '' is an adaptation of `` Dead Man 's Shoes '' . Unlike the original series and the second revival , this series does not include the opening monologue during the title sequence . As well , the narration is all strictly voice - over and the narrator never appears on - screen . Rod Serling 's Lost Classics ( 1994 ) ( edit ) Main article : Rod Serling 's Lost Classics In the early 1990s , Richard Matheson and Carol Serling produced an outline for a two - hour made - for - TV movie which would feature Matheson adaptations of three yet - unfilmed Rod Serling short stories . Outlines for such a production were rejected by CBS until early 1994 , when Serling 's widow discovered a complete shooting script ( `` Where the Dead Are '' ) authored by her late husband , while rummaging through their garage . Serling showed the forgotten script to producers Michael O'Hara and Laurence Horowitz , who were significantly impressed by it . `` I had a pile of scripts , which I usually procrastinate about reading . But I read this one right away and , after 30 pages , called my partner and said , `` I love it , '' recalled O'Hara . `` This is pure imagination , a period piece , literate -- some might say wordy . If Rod Serling 's name were n't on it , it would n't have a chance at getting made . '' Eager to capitalize on Serling 's celebrity status as a writer , CBS packaged `` Where the Dead Are '' with Matheson 's adaptation of `` The Theatre '' , debuting as a two - hour feature on the night of May 19 , 1994 , under the name Twilight Zone : Rod Serling 's Lost Classics . The title represents a misnomer , as both stories were conceived long after Twilight Zone 's cancellation . Written just months before Serling 's death , `` Where the Dead Are '' starred Patrick Bergin as a 19th - century doctor who stumbles upon a mad scientist 's medical experiments with immortality . `` The Theatre '' starred Amy Irving and Gary Cole as a couple who visits a cineplex where they discover the feature presentation depicts their own lives . James Earl Jones provided opening and closing narrations . Critical response was mixed . Gannett News Service described it as `` taut and stylish , a reminder of what can happen when fine actors are given great words . '' USA Today was less impressed , even suggesting that Carol Serling `` should have left these two unproduced mediocrities in the garage where she found them . '' Ultimately , ratings proved insufficient to justify a proposed sequel featuring three scripts adapted by Matheson . Second revival ( 2002 -- 2003 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Twilight Zone ( 2002 TV series ) A second revival was attempted by UPN in 2002 , hosted by Forest Whitaker . Broadcast in a one - hour format with two half - hour stories , it was canceled after one season . `` It 's Still a Good Life '' is a sequel to `` It 's a Good Life '' , `` The Monsters Are on Maple Street '' is an adaptation of `` The Monsters Are Due on Maple Street '' and `` Eye of the Beholder '' is a remake of an episode from the original series , with Serling still credited as writer . Third revival ( edit ) In December 2012 , it was reported that Bryan Singer was developing and executive producing a third revival television series for CBS Television Studios . A writer for the series was not chosen and the program was not pitched to any networks . CBS , which broadcast the original series and first revival , was reportedly interested . In February 2013 , Singer told TG Daily that the project was still in development and that he hoped to direct the pilot and have A-list actors appear on the revival . The following month , he told IGN that a writer with whom he had previously worked was in negotiations to join the revival and that he felt `` passionate '' towards the original series and the planned revival . In February 2016 , it was reported that Ken Levine would write and direct the pilot episode of the revival series . It was also reported that the series would be interactive . In November 2017 , it was reported that Jordan Peele was developing a reboot of the series for streaming service CBS All Access with Marco Ramirez serving as potential showrunner . In December 2017 , CBS All Access ordered the third The Twilight Zone revival to series . It was announced that the series would be produced by CBS Television Studios in association with Monkeypaw Productions and Genre Films . Jordan Peele , Marco Ramirez , and Simon Kinberg will serve as executive producers for the series and collaborate on the premiere episode . Win Rosenfeld and Audrey Chon will also serve as executive producers . Other media ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Film ( edit ) Main article : Twilight Zone : The Movie Twilight Zone : The Movie is a 1983 feature film produced by Steven Spielberg . It starred Dan Aykroyd , Albert Brooks , John Lithgow , and the late Vic Morrow and Scatman Crothers . The film remade three classic episodes of the original series and included one original story . John Landis directed the prologue and the first segment , Steven Spielberg directed the second , Joe Dante the third , and George Miller directed the final segment . Landis 's episode became notorious for a helicopter accident during filming that caused the deaths of Morrow and two child actors . Potential film ( edit ) Actor Leonardo DiCaprio is planning to make a new movie with Warner Bros. , citing The Twilight Zone as his favorite TV series . Unlike the first film , which was an anthology feature , it will be a big - budget , SFX - laden continuous story possibly based on classic episodes of the series such as `` The Eye of the Beholder '' , `` To Serve Man '' , or any of the 92 scripts written by Rod Serling , to which Warner Bros. owns the rights . One plot leaked from the script tells about a pilot who time - travels 96 years into the future . Cloverfield director Matt Reeves was signed in 2011 to direct the movie , but left in 2012 to direct Dawn of the Planet of the Apes . On August 16 , 2013 , Joseph Kosinski was announced to direct . The studio hired Aron Eli Coleite to pen the screenplay for the film and will not be an anthology but use various elements from the Twilight Zone universe . In June 2017 , Christine Lavaf was hired to pen the script . Games ( edit ) In 1964 , Ideal released a board game , The Twilight Zone Game , at the height of the show 's popularity . The game consisted of a cardboard playing surface , four colored playing pieces , a colored spinning wheel , and 12 `` door '' playing cards . In 1988 , Gigabit Systems , Inc. published a text adventure video game for Amiga and the PC . In March 1992 , Midway Games released a wide - body pinball game , Twilight Zone , based on the original TV series , as a Bally title . Conceived by Pat Lawlor , it uses Golden Earring 's hit song `` Twilight Zone '' ( 1982 ) as its theme song . The game sold 15,235 units . On September 17 , 2014 , Legacy Interactive and Spark Plug Games released a casual adventure game based on The Twilight Zone . Literature ( edit ) Main article : Twilight Zone literature Serling novelized several of his original scripts , which were published in the anthologies Stories from the Twilight Zone ( 1960 ) , More Stories from the Twilight Zone ( 1961 ) and New Stories from the Twilight Zone ( 1962 ) ; these have all been reprinted several times , including in an omnibus , The Twilight Zone : Complete Stories ( 1980 ) . In 1995 , DAW Books published the anthology books Journeys to the Twilight Zone ( 16 stories edited by Carol Serling including Rod Serling 's `` Suggestion '' ) , Return to the Twilight Zone ( 18 stories edited by Carol Serling including Rod Serling 's `` The Sole Survivor '' ) , and Adventures in the Twilight Zone ( 24 stories edited by Carol Serling including Rod Serling 's `` Lindemann 's Catch '' ) . In September 2009 , Tor Books published Twilight Zone : 19 Original Stories on the 50th Anniversary , to mark the 50th anniversary of the series . It contains stories by 20 authors such as R.L. Stine and Timothy Zahn , and an introduction by Carol Serling . Comic Books ( edit ) Western Publishing published a Twilight Zone comic book , first under their Dell Comics imprint for four issues , one in 1961 and three further issues in 1962 , with the first two published as part of their long - running Four Color anthology series as issue numbers 1173 and 1288 , and then two further one - shots numbered separately in Dell 's unique fashion as 01 - 860 - 207 and 12 - 860 - 210 ( numbered as 01 - 860 - 210 on the inside ) respectively . Western then restarted the series under their Gold Key imprint with a formal issue No. 1 , which ran 92 issues from 1962 to 1979 , with the final issue being published in 1982 . Several of the stories were reprinted in their Mystery Comics Digest , which mentioned the title on the covers . A wide range of artists worked on the title , including Jack Sparling , Reed Crandall , Lee Elias , George Evans , Russ Jones , Joe Orlando , Jerry Robinson , Mike Sekowsky , Dan Spiegle , Frank Thorne , and Alex Toth . In 1990 , NOW Comics published a new comic series with using the title logo from the 1985 revival . The publisher made great efforts to sign established sci - fi / fantasy writers , including Harlan Ellison , adapting his story `` Crazy as a Soup Sandwich '' . In 2008 , students at the Savannah College of Art and Design partnered with Walker & Co. to create graphic novels based on eight episodes of the series through 2009 . The first four , `` Walking Distance '' , `` The After Hours '' , `` The Monsters Are Due on Maple Street '' , and `` The Odyssey of Flight 33 '' , were released in December 2011 . The other four were `` The Midnight Sun '' , `` Deaths - Head Revisited '' , `` The Big Tall Wish '' and `` Will the Real Martian Please Stand Up ? '' Comics publisher Dynamite Entertainment ran a multiple - issue series , written by J. Michael Straczynski and with art by Guiu Vilanova , beginning in December 2013 . Music ( edit ) Television series ( edit ) Bernard Herrmann composed season one 's moody title theme . Other music contributors for the original television show are Jerry Goldsmith , Leonard Rosenman , Nathan Scott , Fred Steiner , Nathan Van Cleave , and Franz Waxman . CBS television CBS session musicians Howard Roberts Avant garde composer Marius Constant wrote the well - known theme introduced in the second season . The Grateful Dead performed the theme for the 1985 revival series . Jonathan Davis of Korn composed the theme music for the 2002 revival series . Film ( edit ) Jerry Goldsmith composed the music for Twilight Zone : The Movie ( 1983 ) . Influence in popular music ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Marketts ' biggest hit , `` Out of Limits '' , originally entitled `` Outer Limits '' , was named after the 1963 TV series , The Outer Limits . Rod Serling sued the Marketts for quoting the four - note motif from The Twilight Zone , without his approval , which resulted in the change of the title to `` Out of Limits '' . It reached number 3 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in 1964 . It sold over one million copies , and was awarded a gold disc . Many other musicians have written and performed music based on the Twilight Zone , including : 2 Unlimited ( Twilight Zone ) , Anthrax ( Intro to Reality ) , Average White Band , John Cale , Dr. John , David Dubowski ( To Serve Man ) , Golden Earring ( Twilight Zone ) , Michael Hurley , Tech N9ne , Iron Maiden ( Twilight Zone ) , Mekong Delta ( Twilight Zone ) , Van Morrison ( Twilight Zone ) , Rush ( The Twilight Zone ) , Raymond Scott , Sly & Robbie , Magneto Dayo , The Manhattan Transfer ( Twilight Zone ) , The Residents , The Ventures ( Twilight Zone ) , Panic ! at the Disco and John Williams . Radio ( edit ) Main article : The Twilight Zone ( radio series ) Beginning in 2002 , episodes of the original The Twilight Zone were adapted for radio , with Stacy Keach taking Serling 's role as narrator and produced by Carl Amari of Falcon Picture Group . Each episode features a current Hollywood celebrity , including Jason Alexander , Blair Underwood , Lou Gossett , Jr. , Michael York , Jim Caviezel , Jane Seymour , Don Johnson , Sean Astin , Luke Perry and others in the title roles . The series is broadcast on hundreds of radio stations from coast - to - coast and over Sirius / XM . The station list and episodes for download , including 3 Free episodes are available at the official website at www.twilightzoneradio.com Scripts ( edit ) Beginning in 2001 , Gauntlet Press began publishing collections of original scripts from The Twilight Zone by Charles Beaumont , Richard Matheson , and Rod Serling . A ten - volume signed , limited edition series of all 92 of Rod Serling 's scripts , authorized by his wife , Carol Serling , began yearly publication in 2004 . Many of the scripts contain handwritten edits by Serling himself and differ in significant ways from the aired versions ; most volumes contain an alternate version of a selected script . The script for `` The Monsters Are Due on Maple Street '' has been published into 7th grade reading books in the form of a play . Stage Productions ( edit ) Live theatre productions of the original episodes can be seen in Los Angeles and Seattle , where Theater Schmeater has continuously produced a late night series , `` The Twilight Zone -- Live '' with permission of the Serling estate , since 1996 . In 2009 , Masquerade , A Chennai based theater group produced ' Dystopia ' , loosely based on the episodes `` The Obsolete Man '' and `` Five Characters in Search of an Exit '' . In 2011 , the Penn State University theatre group , No Refund Theatre , produced a stage adaptation of The Twilight Zone . It included the episodes `` The Eye of the Beholder '' , `` The Midnight Sun '' , and `` Nothing in the Dark '' . It was directed by Anthony Arbaiza . In 2017 , Bethesda - Chevy Chase High School produced a live adaptation directed by Adam Graham with permission from CBS , with two shows containing four episodes each . These episodes included `` Will The Real Martian Please Stand Up ? '' and `` The Monsters Are Due On Maple Street . '' as well as more technically challenging episodes such as `` Penny For Your Thoughts '' and `` The Eye of the Beholder . '' In December 2017 the Almeida Theatre in London are staging the World Premiere production of ' The Twilight Zone ' . Adapted by Anne Washburn and directed by Laurence Olivier Award winner Richard Jones , and will be based on stories from the original series by Rod Serling , Charles Beaumont and Richard Matheson . Theme park attractions ( edit ) Main article : The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror The MGM Tower of Terror The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror is a theme park attraction based on the original Twilight Zone series . Designed by Walt Disney Imagineering , the attraction is a fixture at two Disney parks : Disney 's Hollywood Studios in Florida and Walt Disney Studios Park in Paris . The attraction at Disney California Adventure previously carried the same theme , but has been altered to adopt a theme from the Guardians of the Galaxy franchise . Tokyo DisneySea in Japan has a different variation of the ride that does not carry the Twilight Zone name , due to cultural differences and constraints in licensing for the Oriental Land Company , owner and operator of the Tokyo parks . The ride also served as the inspiration for a 1997 ABC 's The Wonderful World of Disney original movie simply titled `` Tower of Terror '' . Syndication ( edit ) The Twilight Zone original series is currently in syndication on MeTV Network and Syfy , and the 2002 revival is syndicated on the El Rey Network . See also ( edit ) Horror fiction portal Television in the United States portal Science fiction on television 13 Demon Street Alcoa Presents : One Step Beyond Are You Afraid of the Dark ? Black Mirror Goosebumps Masters of Science Fiction Night Gallery Science Fiction Theatre The Outer Limits ( 1963 TV series ) The Outer Limits ( 1995 TV series ) Tales from the Crypt Tales from the Darkside Tales of Tomorrow The Ray Bradbury Theater The Veil Thriller Ultra Q Way Out References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Tommasini , Anthony . `` A Composer Best Known for a Creepy TV Tune '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 28 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` TV Guide Magazine 's 60 Best Series of All Time '' . tvguide.com. 23 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Roush , Matt ( February 25 , 2013 ) . `` Showstoppers : The 60 Greatest Dramas of All Time '' . TV Guide . pp. 16 -- 17 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( 6 December 2017 ) . `` ' The Twilight Zone ' : Jordan Peele , Simon Kinberg & Marco Ramirez Board Reboot On CBS All Access '' . Deadline . Retrieved 6 December 2017 . Jump up ^ LaFrance , Adrienne . `` How The Twilight Zone Predicted Our Paranoid Present '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` The Twilight Zone DVD news : Official Season 1 Press Release '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 15 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` 8 Bizarre Facts About Rod Serling and The Twilight Zone '' . 2014 - 10 - 08 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` '' The Twilight Zone '' Profile in Silver / Button , Button ( TV Episode 1986 ) '' -- via www.imdb.com . Jump up ^ `` '' The Twilight Zone '' Profile in Silver / Button , Button ( TV Episode 1986 ) '' -- via www.imdb.com . Jump up ^ `` Bryan Singer To Spearhead ' Twilight Zone ' Series Reboot For CBS TV Studios '' . Deadline. 2012 - 12 - 19 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Singer leads Twilight Zone reboot '' . 2012 - 12 - 20 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 02 - 18 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Bryan Singer Developing New TV Version of The Twilight Zone '' . IGN. 2012 - 12 - 19 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` X-Men's ' Bryan Singer Prepping ' Twilight Zone ' Reboot '' . 2012 - 12 - 19 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Bryan Singer Developing New ' Twilight Zone ' Series For CBS '' . 2012 - 12 - 19 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Bryan Singer Hoping for an A-list cast for his Twilight Zone show '' . Total Film . Future Publishing Limited . Retrieved August 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cornet , Roth . `` What 's Happening with Bryan Singer 's Planned Twilight Zone Series Reboot ? '' . Retrieved August 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Plaugic , Lizzie ( 18 April 2016 ) . `` CBS 's new Twilight Zone reboot will be a cross between a game and a movie '' . The Verge . Retrieved 1 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Kohler , Chris ( 18 April 2016 ) . `` BioShock Director Ken Levine 's Next Stop ? An Interactive Twilight Zone Movie '' . WIRED . Retrieved 1 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel ; Steinberg , Brian ( 2 November 2017 ) . `` CBS Will Revive ' Twilight Zone ' on All Access Streaming Service '' . Variety . Retrieved 3 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Siebalt , Joshua ( 2008 - 07 - 25 ) . `` DiCaprio Behind Another Twilight Zone '' . Dread Central . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Simon ( 2008 - 07 - 25 ) . `` DiCaprio eyes ' Twilight Zone ' remake '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ Zeitchik , Steven ( 2008 - 07 - 25 ) . `` Leonardo DiCaprio eyes the ' Zone ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 2008 - 08 - 03 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` DiCaprio eyeing Twilight Zone remake '' . OneIndia. 2008 - 07 - 26 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Leonardo DiCaprio eyeing Twilight Zone remake '' . 2008 - 07 - 25 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 08 - 04 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Plot Description For The Twilight Zone Movie Revealed '' . cinemablend. 2012 - 11 - 02 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Matt Reeves exits The Twilight Zone movie '' . Den of Geek . September 26 , 2012 . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Tron ' Helmer Joseph Kosinski to Direct ' Twilight Zone ' Film ( Exclusive ) '' . hollywoodreporter.com . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( 24 August 2013 ) . `` ' Twilight Zone ' Movie Gaining Momentum At Warner Bros. ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . variety.com . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Twilight Zone ' Movie Finds Writer in Christine Lavaf ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Twilight Zone board game '' . Board Game Geek . Jump up ^ Gigabit Systems , Inc ( 1988 ) , Twilight Zone , retrieved 2017 - 05 - 27 Jump up ^ `` Internet Pinball Database listing for Twilight Zone '' . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Information about the upcoming Twilight Zone Game '' . The Twilight Zone Game . 2014 - 11 - 17 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ Greenberger , Robert ( 2008 - 12 - 28 ) . `` Review : ' Twilight Zone ' Graphic Novels '' . ComicMix . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` The Twilight Zone Tribute '' . American Music Preservation . Jump up ^ `` Out of Limits '' . Repertoire.bmi.com . Archived from the original on 2006 - 11 - 24 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 10 . , Jump up ^ Uslan , Michael ; Clark , Dick ; Solomon , Bruce ( 1981 ) . Dick Clark 's the First 25 Years of Rock & Roll . Dell Publishing Company . ISBN 9780440517634 . Jump up ^ Murrells , Joseph ( 1978 ) . The Book of Golden Discs ( 2nd ed . ) . London : Barrie and Jenkins Ltd. p. 163 . ISBN 0 - 214 - 20512 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Show Your Hand - Average White Band '' . allmusic.com . Retrieved 6 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` John Cale - `` Twilight Zone '' lyrics `` . themusic-world.com . Retrieved 6 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Gancher , David . `` Dr. John : Babylon Review '' . rollingstone.com . Retrieved 6 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Hurley - Hi Fi Snock Uptown '' . lightintheattic.net . Retrieved 6 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Interpolation ( Replayed Sample ) of Score '' . whosampled.com . Retrieved 6 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Grow , Kory ( 29 March 2016 ) . `` Rush 's Alex Lifeson on ' 2112 ' : ' It Was Our Protest Album ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 1 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Lockhart , Bri . `` Panic ! at the Disco gets weird in `` Do n't Threaten Me With a Good Time '' `` . theyoungfolks.com . Retrieved 6 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Play time , folks ! '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . 2009 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ MeTV Network Schedule http://metv.com/shows/ Bibliography ( edit ) Albarella , Tony , ed . As Timeless as Infinity : The Complete Twilight Zone Scripts of Rod Serling . Colorado Springs , CO : Gauntlet Press . Vol. 1 ( 2004 ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 887368 - 71 - 1 . Vol. 2 ( 2005 ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 887368 - 76 - 6 . Vol. 3 ( 2006 ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 887368 - 82 - 7 . Vol. 4 ( 2007 ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 887368 - 92 - 6 . Vol. 5 ( 2008 ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 934267 - 00 - 4 . Vol. 6 ( 2009 ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 934267 - 06 - 6 . Vol. 7 ( 2010 ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 934267 - 15 - 8 . Anker , Roger , ed. ( 2004 ) . The Twilight Zone Scripts of Charles Beaumont , Vol. 1 . Colorado Springs , CO : Gauntlet Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 887368 - 73 - 5 . DeVoe , Bill . ( 2008 ) . Trivia from The Twilight Zone . Albany , GA : Bear Manor Media . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59393 - 136 - 0 . Grams , Martin . ( 2008 ) . The Twilight Zone : Unlocking the Door to a Television Classic . Churchville , MD : OTR Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9703310 - 9 - 0 . Presnell , Don and Marty McGee . ( 2008 ) . A Critical History of Television 's The Twilight Zone , 1959 -- 1964 . Jefferson , NC : McFarland . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 3886 - 0 Stanyard , Stewart T. ( 2007 ) . Dimensions Behind the Twilight Zone : A Backstage Tribute to Television 's Groundbreaking Series . Ecw Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55022 - 744 - 4 . Wiater , Stanley , ed. ( 2001 ) . Richard Matheson 's The Twilight Zone Scripts , Vol. 1 . Colorado Springs , CO : Gauntlet Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 887368 - 42 - 1 . Wiater , Stanley , ed. ( 2002 ) . Richard Matheson 's The Twilight Zone Scripts , Vol. 2 . Colorado Springs , CO : Gauntlet Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 887368 - 52 - 0 . Zicree , Marc Scott ( 1982 ) . The Twilight Zone Companion . First Edition , Bantam Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 01416 - 7 . Second Edition ( 1992 ) . Silman - James Press ; ISBN 978 - 1 - 879505 - 09 - 4 . External links ( edit ) The Twilight Zone on IMDb original The Twilight Zone on IMDb revival The Twilight Zone on IMDb 2002 - 03 The Twilight Zone at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Encyclopedia of Television Twilight Zone Scifi.com Page The Twilight Zone Revisited Fan Site The Twilight Zone original at CVTA The Twilight Zone revival at CVTA Twilight Zone actors interviewed , October , 2015 The Twilight Zone Series ( 1959 -- 1964 ) ( 1985 -- 1989 ) ( 2002 -- 2003 ) See also Episodes Guest stars The Movie ( 1983 ) Rod Serling 's Lost Classics ( 1994 ) Literature 19 Original Stories on the 50th Anniversary Radio series Night Gallery Accident John Landis Vic Morrow Pinball Tower of Terror The Twilight Zone ( 1959 ) episodes Season 1 `` Where Is Everybody ? '' `` One for the Angels '' `` Mr. Denton on Doomsday '' `` The Sixteen - Millimeter Shrine '' `` Walking Distance '' `` Escape Clause '' `` The Lonely '' `` Time Enough at Last '' `` Perchance to Dream '' `` Judgment Night '' `` And When the Sky Was Opened '' `` What You Need '' `` The Four of Us Are Dying '' `` Third from the Sun '' `` I Shot an Arrow into the Air '' `` The Hitch - Hiker '' `` The Fever '' `` The Last Flight '' `` The Purple Testament '' `` Elegy '' `` Mirror Image '' `` The Monsters Are Due on Maple Street '' `` A World of Difference '' `` Long Live Walter Jameson '' `` People Are Alike All Over '' `` Execution '' `` The Big Tall Wish '' `` A Nice Place to Visit '' `` Nightmare as a Child '' `` A Stop at Willoughby '' `` The Chaser '' `` A Passage for Trumpet '' `` Mr. Bevis '' `` The After Hours '' `` The Mighty Casey '' `` A World of His Own '' Season 2 `` King Nine Will Not Return '' `` The Man in the Bottle '' `` Nervous Man in a Four Dollar Room '' `` A Thing About Machines '' `` The Howling Man '' `` The Eye of the Beholder '' `` Nick of Time '' `` The Lateness of the Hour '' `` The Trouble with Templeton '' `` A Most Unusual Camera '' `` The Night of the Meek '' `` Dust '' `` Back There '' `` The Whole Truth '' `` The Invaders '' `` A Penny for Your Thoughts '' `` Twenty Two '' `` The Odyssey of Flight 33 '' `` Mr. Dingle , the Strong '' `` Static '' `` The Prime Mover '' `` Long Distance Call '' `` A Hundred Yards Over the Rim '' `` The Rip Van Winkle Caper '' `` The Silence '' `` Shadow Play '' `` The Mind and the Matter '' `` Will the Real Martian Please Stand Up ? '' `` The Obsolete Man '' Season 3 `` Two '' `` The Arrival '' `` The Shelter '' `` The Passersby '' `` A Game of Pool '' `` The Mirror '' `` The Grave '' `` It 's a Good Life '' `` Deaths - Head Revisited '' `` The Midnight Sun '' `` Still Valley '' `` The Jungle '' `` Once Upon a Time '' `` Five Characters in Search of an Exit '' `` A Quality of Mercy '' `` Nothing in the Dark '' `` One More Pallbearer '' `` Dead Man 's Shoes '' `` The Hunt '' `` Showdown with Rance McGrew '' `` Kick the Can '' `` A Piano in the House '' `` The Last Rites of Jeff Myrtlebank '' `` To Serve Man '' `` The Fugitive '' `` Little Girl Lost '' `` Person or Persons Unknown '' `` The Little People '' `` Four O'Clock '' `` Hocus - Pocus and Frisby '' `` The Trade - Ins '' `` The Gift '' `` The Dummy '' `` Young Man 's Fancy '' `` I Sing the Body Electric '' `` Cavender Is Coming '' `` The Changing of the Guard '' Season 4 `` In His Image '' `` The Thirty - Fathom Grave '' `` Valley of the Shadow '' `` He 's Alive '' `` Mute '' `` Death Ship '' `` Jess - Belle '' `` Miniature '' `` Printer 's Devil '' `` No Time Like the Past '' `` The Parallel '' `` I Dream of Genie '' `` The New Exhibit '' `` Of Late I Think of Cliffordville '' `` The Incredible World of Horace Ford '' `` On Thursday We Leave for Home '' `` Passage on the Lady Anne '' `` The Bard '' Season 5 `` In Praise of Pip '' `` Steel '' `` Nightmare at 20,000 Feet '' `` A Kind of a Stopwatch '' `` The Last Night of a Jockey '' `` Living Doll '' `` The Old Man in the Cave '' `` Uncle Simon '' `` Probe 7 , Over and Out '' `` The 7th Is Made Up of Phantoms '' `` A Short Drink from a Certain Fountain '' `` Ninety Years Without Slumbering '' `` Ring - a-Ding Girl '' `` You Drive '' `` The Long Morrow '' `` The Self - Improvement of Salvadore Ross '' `` Number 12 Looks Just Like You '' `` Black Leather Jackets '' `` Night Call '' `` From Agnes -- With Love '' `` Spur of the Moment '' `` An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge '' `` Queen of the Nile '' `` What 's in the Box '' `` The Masks '' `` I Am the Night -- Color Me Black '' `` Sounds and Silences '' `` Caesar and Me '' `` The Jeopardy Room '' `` Stopover in a Quiet Town '' `` The Encounter '' `` Mr. Garrity and the Graves '' `` The Brain Center at Whipple 's '' `` Come Wander with Me '' `` The Fear '' `` The Bewitchin ' Pool '' The Twilight Zone ( 1985 ) episodes Season 1 `` Shatterday '' `` A Little Peace and Quiet '' `` Wordplay '' `` Dreams for Sale '' `` Chameleon '' `` Healer '' `` Children 's Zoo '' `` Kentucky Rye '' `` Little Boy Lost '' `` Wish Bank '' `` Nightcrawlers '' `` If She Dies '' `` Ye Gods '' `` Examination Day '' `` A Message from Charity '' `` Teacher 's Aide '' `` Paladin of the Lost Hour '' `` Act Break '' `` The Burning Man '' `` Dealer 's Choice '' `` Dead Woman 's Shoes '' `` Wong 's Lost and Found Emporium '' `` The Shadow Man '' `` The Uncle Devil Show '' `` Opening Day '' `` The Beacon '' `` One Life , Furnished in Early Poverty '' `` Her Pilgrim Soul '' `` I of Newton '' `` Night of the Meek '' `` But Can She Type ? 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'' `` Aqua Vita '' `` The Storyteller '' `` Nightsong '' `` The After Hours '' `` Lost and Found '' `` The World Next Door '' `` The Toys of Caliban '' `` The Convict 's Piano '' `` The Road Less Traveled '' `` The Card '' `` The Junction '' `` Joy Ride '' `` Shelter Skelter '' `` Private Channel '' `` Time and Teresa Golowitz '' `` Voices in the Earth '' `` Song of the Younger World '' `` The Girl I Married '' Season 3 `` The Curious Case of Edgar Witherspoon '' `` Extra Innings '' `` The Crossing '' `` The Hunters '' `` Dream Me a Life '' `` Memories '' `` The Hellgramite Method '' `` Our Selena Is Dying '' `` The Call '' `` The Trance '' `` Acts of Terror '' `` 20 / 20 Vision '' `` There Was an Old Woman '' `` The Trunk '' `` Appointment on Route 17 '' `` The Cold Equations '' `` Stranger in Possum Meadows '' `` Street of Shadows '' `` Something in the Walls '' `` A Game of Pool '' `` Room 2426 '' `` The Mind of Simon Foster '' `` The Wall '' `` Cat and Mouse '' `` Rendezvous in a Dark Place '' `` Many , Many Monkeys '' `` Love Is Blind '' `` Crazy as a Soup Sandwich '' `` Special Service '' `` Father and Son Game '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Twilight_Zone&oldid=850029069 '' Categories : The Twilight Zone 1950s American science fiction television series 1960s American science fiction television series American anthology television series American horror fiction television series American mystery television series Black - and - white television programs Dell Comics titles English - language television programs Gold Key Comics titles Suspense television series Television franchises Television programs adapted into comics Television programs adapted into films Television programs adapted into novels Television programs adapted into plays Television programs adapted into radio programs Television programs adapted into video games Television series by 20th Century Fox Television Television series by CBS Television Studios Television series by MGM Television Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from May 2013 Articles needing additional references from March 2015 Articles with Curlie links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Hrvatski Polski 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 July 2018 , at 02 : 58 ( UTC ) . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Twilight%20Zone
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who's that knocking at my door film
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Who 's that Knocking at My Door
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who's that knocking at my door
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Who 's That Knocking at My Door , originally titled I Call First , is a 1967 drama film , written and directed by Martin Scorsese , in his feature film directorial debut . and Harvey Keitel 's debut as an actor . Exploring themes of Catholic guilt similar to those in his later film Mean Streets , the story follows Italian - American J.R. ( Keitel ) as he struggles to accept the secret hidden by his independent and free - spirited girlfriend ( Zina Bethune ) .
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This film was the winner of the 1968 Chicago Film Festival . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 5 Notable appearances and cameos 6 See also 7 Notes 8 External links Plot ( edit ) J.R. ( Harvey Keitel ) is a typical Catholic Italian - American young man on the streets of New York City . Even as an adult , he stays close to home with a core group of friends with whom he drinks and carouses around . He gets involved with a local girl ( Zina Bethune ) he meets on the Staten Island Ferry , and decides he wants to get married and settle down . As their relationship deepens , he declines her offer to have sex because he thinks she is a virgin and he wants to wait rather than `` spoil '' her . One day , his girlfriend tells him that she was once raped by a former boyfriend . This crushes J.R. , and he rejects her and attempts to return to his old life of drinking with his friends . However , after a particularly wild party with friends , he realizes he still loves her and returns to her apartment one early morning . He awkwardly tells her that he forgives her and says that he will `` marry her anyway . '' Upon hearing this , the girl tells him marriage would never work if her past weighs on him so much . J.R. becomes enraged and calls her a whore , but quickly recants and says he is confused by the whole situation . She tells him to go home , and he returns to the Catholic church , but finds no solace . Cast ( edit ) Zina Bethune - Girl Harvey Keitel - J.R. Ann Collette - Girl in dream Lennard Kuras - Joey Michael Scala - Sally Gaga Harry Northup - Harry Tuai Yu - Lan - Girl in dream Saskia Holleman - Girl in dream Bill Minkin - Iggy at Party Philip Carlson - Boy in Copake Wendy Russell - Gaga 's Girl Robert Uricola - Boy with Gun Susan Wood - Girl at Party Marisa Joffrey - Girl at Party Catherine Scorsese - Mother Victor Magnotta - Boy in Fight Paul DeBonde - Boy in Fight Martin Scorsese appears in an uncredited role as a gangster . Production ( edit ) Who 's That Knocking at My Door was filmed over the course of several years , undergoing many changes , new directions and different names along the way . The film began in 1965 as a student short film about J.R. and his do - nothing friends called Bring on the Dancing Girls . In 1967 , the romance plot with Zina Bethune was introduced and spliced together with the earlier film , and the title was changed to I Call First . This version of the film received its world premiere at the Chicago International Film Festival in November 1967 . Finally , in 1968 , exploitation distributor Joseph Brenner offered to buy the picture and distribute it on the condition that a sex scene be added to give the film sex exploitation angles for marketing purposes . Scorsese shot and edited a technically beautiful but largely gratuitous montage of J.R. fantasizing about bedding a series of prostitutes ( shot in Amsterdam , the Netherlands with a visibly older Keitel ) and the film finally became Who 's That Knocking at My Door ( named for the song which closes the film ) . The film was then re-issued under the title J.R. in 1970 , however all subsequent releases have been published under the 1968 title . The film was shot with a combination of 35 mm and 16 mm cameras . Scorsese shot most of the 35 mm footage with a Mitchell BNC camera , a very cumbersome camera that impeded mobility . He opted to shoot several scenes with the 16 mm Eclair NPR camera in order to introduce greater mobility , then blow up the footage to 35 mm . Reception ( edit ) American critic Roger Ebert gave the film an extremely positive review after its world premiere at the Chicago International Film Festival in November 1967 ( when it still went by the name I Call First ) . He called the film `` a work that is absolutely genuine , artistically satisfying and technically comparable to the best films being made anywhere . I have no reservations in describing it as a great moment in American movies . '' When the film finally received its theatrical release two years later , Ebert admitted that he had been perhaps a little over eager with his first review , admitting that `` Scorsese was occasionally too obvious , and the film has serious structural flaws . '' However , he was still highly positive towards the film , and suggested that `` It is possible that with more experience and maturity Scorsese will direct more polished , finished films . '' Notable appearances and cameos ( edit ) Martin Scorsese 's mother , Catherine , appears briefly as J.R. 's mother cooking at the beginning of the film and serving food near the end . Mrs. Scorsese would continue to appear in many of her son 's films until her death in 1997 . Scorsese himself appears uncredited as one of the gangsters . To this day , he still makes cameo appearances in many of his films . The role of Sally Gaga is played by Michael Scala , the father of rapper Pizon . See also ( edit ) List of American films of 1967 Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Canby , Vincent ( September 9 , 1969 ) . `` A First Feature : Scorsese 's ' Who 's That Knocking at My Door ' '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` DVD Verdict Review : `` Who 's That Knocking at My Door '' `` . DVD Verdict . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Martin Scorsese Biography ( 1942 - ) '' . NetIndustries , LLC . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Ebert , Roger . `` Who 's That Knocking at My Door ? Movie Review ( 1967 ) '' . www.rogerebert.com . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 27 . External links ( edit ) Who 's That Knocking at My Door ? on IMDb Who 's That Knocking at My Door ? at AllMovie Who 's That Knocking at My Door ? at Rotten Tomatoes Who 's That Knocking at My Door ? at the TCM Movie Database hide Martin Scorsese filmography Feature films Who 's That Knocking at My Door ( 1967 ) Boxcar Bertha ( 1972 ) Mean Streets ( 1973 ) Alice Does n't Live Here Anymore ( 1974 ) Taxi Driver ( 1976 ) New York , New York ( 1977 ) Raging Bull ( 1980 ) The King of Comedy ( 1982 ) After Hours ( 1985 ) The Color of Money ( 1986 ) The Last Temptation of Christ ( 1988 ) New York Stories ( segment `` Life Lessons '' , 1989 ) Goodfellas ( 1990 ) Cape Fear ( 1991 ) The Age of Innocence ( 1993 ) Casino ( 1995 ) Kundun ( 1997 ) Bringing Out the Dead ( 1999 ) Gangs of New York ( 2002 ) The Aviator ( 2004 ) The Departed ( 2006 ) Shutter Island ( 2010 ) Hugo ( 2011 ) The Wolf of Wall Street ( 2013 ) Silence ( 2016 ) The Irishman ( 2019 ) Short films What 's a Nice Girl Like You Doing in a Place Like This ? ( 1963 ) It 's Not Just You , Murray ! ( 1964 ) The Big Shave ( 1967 ) `` Bad '' ( 1987 ) Made in Milan ( 1990 ) The Key to Reserva ( 2007 ) The Audition ( 2015 ) Television `` Boardwalk Empire '' ( Boardwalk Empire ) ( 2010 ) Vinyl ( 2016 ) Documentaries Street Scenes ( 1970 ) Italianamerican ( 1974 ) American Boy : A Profile of Steven Prince ( 1978 ) The Last Waltz ( 1978 ) A Personal Journey with Martin Scorsese Through American Movies ( 1995 ) My Voyage to Italy ( 1999 ) The Blues : Feel Like Going Home ( 2003 ) No Direction Home ( 2005 ) Shine a Light ( 2008 ) A Letter to Elia ( 2010 ) Public Speaking ( 2010 ) George Harrison : Living in the Material World ( 2011 ) The 50 Year Argument ( 2014 ) Related Martin Scorsese and Robert De Niro Martin Scorsese and Leonardo DiCaprio Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Who%27s_That_Knocking_at_My_Door&oldid=845799003 '' Categories : 1967 films English - language films 1960s drama films American drama films American independent films American films American black - and - white films Directorial debut films Films about Italian - American culture Films directed by Martin Scorsese Films set in New York City Films set in 1967 Films shot in New York City Films shot in Amsterdam Rape in film Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2015 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Français Italiano 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Українська 中文 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 June 2018 , at 06 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who%2527s%20That%20Knocking%20at%20My%20Door
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when did new years day become a bank holiday
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Bank holidays 1871 England , Wales and Ireland Scotland New Year 's Day Easter Monday Good Friday Whit Monday First Monday in May First Monday in August First Monday in August Boxing Day / St Stephen 's Day Christmas Day
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1871
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Bank holiday
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bank holiday
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A bank holiday is a colloquial and legal term for a public holiday in the United Kingdom , some Commonwealth countries , Hong Kong and the Republic of Ireland . There is no automatic right to time off on these days , although banks close and the majority of the working population is granted time off work or extra pay for working on these days , depending on their contract . The first official bank holidays were the four days named in the Bank Holidays Act 1871 , but today the term is colloquially used for Good Friday and Christmas Day which were already public holidays under common law and therefore not official bank holidays in England , Wales and Northern Ireland .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 In the United Kingdom 2.1 Banking and Financial Dealings Act 1971 2.2 Royal proclamation 2.3 In Scotland 2.4 Campaigns for extra bank holidays 2.5 Proposed move of May Day Bank Holiday ( England and Wales ) 2.6 1968 Emergency Bank Holiday 2.7 UK Bank Holiday sales 2.7. 1 Boxing Day 3 List of current holidays in the United Kingdom , Ireland and the Isle of Man 4 In Australia 5 In Hong Kong 6 In India 7 In Ireland 8 See also 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) Until 1834 , the Bank of England observed about 33 saints ' days and religious festivals as holidays , but in that year this was reduced to four : 1 May ( May Day ) , 1 November ( All Saints ' Day ) , Good Friday and Christmas Day . In 1871 , the first legislation relating to bank holidays was passed when Liberal politician and banker Sir John Lubbock introduced the Bank Holidays Act 1871 , which specified the days in the table below . Under the Act , no person was compelled to make any payment or to do any act upon a bank holiday which he would not be compelled to do or make on Christmas Day or Good Friday , and the making of a payment or the doing of an act on the following day was equivalent to doing it on the holiday . People were so grateful that some called the first Bank Holidays St Lubbock 's Days for a while . Scotland was treated separately because of its separate traditions : for example , New Year is a more important holiday there . Bank holidays 1871 England , Wales and Ireland Scotland New Year 's Day Easter Monday Good Friday Whit Monday First Monday in May First Monday in August First Monday in August Boxing Day / St Stephen 's Day Christmas Day The Act did not include Good Friday and Christmas Day as bank holidays in England , Wales , or Ireland because they were already recognised as common law holidays : they had been customary holidays since time immemorial . In 1903 , the Bank Holiday ( Ireland ) Act added 17 March , Saint Patrick 's Day , as a bank holiday for Ireland only . New Year 's Day did not become a bank holiday in England until 1 January 1974 . In the United Kingdom ( edit ) Banking and Financial Dealings Act 1971 ( edit ) Commencing in 1965 , on an experimental basis , the August Bank Holiday weekend was observed at the end of August `` to give a lead in extending British holidays over a longer summer period '' . Each year 's date was announced in Parliament on an ad - hoc basis , to the despair of the calendar and diary publishing trade . The rule seems to have been to select the weekend of the last Saturday in August , so that in 1968 and 1969 Bank Holiday Monday actually fell in September . A century after the 1871 Act , the Banking and Financial Dealings Act 1971 , which currently regulates bank holidays in the UK , was passed . The majority of the current bank holidays were specified in the 1971 Act : however New Year 's Day and May Day were not introduced throughout the whole of the UK until 1974 and 1978 respectively . The date of the August bank holiday was changed from the first Monday in August to the last Monday in August , and the Whitsun bank holiday ( Whit Monday ) was replaced by the Late Spring Bank Holiday , fixed as the last Monday in May . In 1978 the first Monday in May in the rest of the UK , and the final Monday of May in Scotland , were designated as bank holidays . In January 2007 , the St Andrew 's Day Bank Holiday ( Scotland ) Act 2007 was given royal assent , making 30 November ( or the nearest Monday if a weekend ) a bank holiday in Scotland . Royal proclamation ( edit ) Under the Banking and Financial Dealings Act 1971 , bank holidays are proclaimed each year by the legal device of a royal proclamation . Royal proclamation is also used to move bank holidays that would otherwise fall on a weekend . In this way , public holidays are not ' lost ' in years when they coincide with weekends . These deferred bank holiday days are termed a ' bank holiday in lieu ' of the typical anniversary date . In the legislation they are known as ' substitute days ' . The movement of the St Andrew 's Day Scottish holiday to the nearest Monday when 30 November is a weekend day is statutory and does not require a proclamation . In Scotland ( edit ) Main article : Public and bank holidays in Scotland A number of differences apply in Scotland relative to the rest of the United Kingdom . For example , Easter Monday is not a bank holiday . Also , although they share the same name , the Summer Bank Holiday falls on the first Monday of August in Scotland , as opposed to the last Monday in England , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Despite this , it is custom and practice to follow the rest of the UK and banks close on the last Monday and not the first . Bank holidays do not , however , assume the same importance in Scotland as they do elsewhere . Whereas they have effectively become public holidays elsewhere in the United Kingdom , in Scotland there remains a tradition of public holidays based on local tradition and determined by local authorities ( for example , the Glasgow Fair and the Dundee Fortnight ) . In 1996 , Scottish banks made the business decision to harmonise their own holidays with the rest of the United Kingdom , with the result that ' bank holidays ' in Scotland are neither public holidays nor the days on which banks are closed . Campaigns for extra bank holidays ( edit ) The number of holidays in the UK is relatively small compared to many other European countries . However , direct comparison is inaccurate since the ' substitute day ' scheme of deferment does not apply in most European countries , where holidays that coincide with a weekend ( 29 % of fixed - date holidays ) are ' lost ' . In fact , the average number of non-weekend holidays in such countries is only marginally higher ( and in some cases lower ) than the UK . Worth mentioning is that public holidays in Europe which fall on Thursday or Tuesday typically become `` puente '' or `` bridge '' four - day or even six - day extended holiday weekends as people tend to use one or two days from their holiday entitlement to take off Monday and / or Friday . There have been calls for more bank holidays . Among the most notable dates absent from the existing list are the feast days of patron saints ; 23 April ( St George 's Day and widely regarded as the birthday of William Shakespeare ) in England and 1 March ( St David 's Day ) in Wales are not currently recognised. 17 March ( St Patrick 's Day ) is a public holiday in Northern Ireland and , since 2008 , 30 November ( St Andrew 's Day ) is a bank holiday in Scotland . St Piran 's Day ( patron saint of Cornwall ) on 5 March is already given as an unofficial day off to many government and other workers in the county , and there are renewed calls for the government to recognise this as an official bank holiday there . Proposed move of May Day bank holiday ( England and Wales ) ( edit ) After the election of the Coalition Government in May 2010 , the Department of Culture , Media and Sport launched a pre-consultation in 2011 which included the suggestion of moving the May Day Bank Holiday to October , to be a `` UK Day '' or `` Trafalgar Day '' ( 21 October ) or to St David 's Day and St George 's Day . It is suggested that a move from the May bank holiday to a St Piran 's Day bank holiday in Cornwall , on 5 March , would benefit the Cornish economy by £ 20 -- 35 million . 1968 emergency bank holiday ( edit ) During the sterling crisis of 1968 , Prime Minister Harold Wilson convened a meeting of the privy council in the early hours of 14 March to declare 15 March a non-statutory bank holiday . This allowed the UK government to close the London gold market to stem the losses being suffered by the British pound . It was this meeting that triggered the resignation of Foreign Secretary George Brown . UK bank holiday sales ( edit ) In the UK every bank holiday retailers display large sales to entice people to shop on their bank holiday days off . Sales can reach up to 70 % off across certain stores . Customers will normally wait for these sales to purchase their home electronics and furniture . The sales are on every year but the bank holiday sales dates can change from year to year . In the UK Argos , Currys and Amazon are the largest retailers that not only have the biggest sales but also see the most revenue over these days . Boxing Day ( edit ) Boxing Day is a holiday celebrated in Britain , Australia , New Zealand , Canada and other Commonwealth countries . Boxing Day originated in England in the middle of the nineteenth century under Queen Victoria . For years in which the holiday falls on a weekend , the celebration is moved to make sure workers still get a day off ( except in Canada , where it remains 26 Dec . ) In the UK it is classed as a Bank Holiday . List of current holidays in the United Kingdom , Ireland and the isle of man ( edit ) See also : Public holidays in the United Kingdom , Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland , and Public holidays in the Isle of Man Current bank and public holidays Date Name England and Wales ( 8 ) Scotland ( 9 ) Northern Ireland ( 10 ) Republic of Ireland ( 9 ) Isle of Man ( 10 ) 1 January New Year 's Day Y Y Y Y Y 2 January 2 January Y 17 March St Patrick 's Day Y Y The Friday before Easter Sunday Good Friday Y Y Y Y The Monday after Easter Sunday Easter Monday Y Y Y Y First Monday in May May Day , Early May Bank Holiday Y Y Y Y Y Last Monday in May Spring Bank Holiday Y Y Y Y First Monday in June June Bank Holiday Y First Friday in June TT Bank Holiday Y 5 July Tynwald Day Y 12 July The Twelfth , Battle of the Boyne Y First Monday in August Summer Bank Holiday Y Y Last Monday in August Late Summer Bank Holiday , August Bank Holiday Y Y Y Last Monday in October October Bank Holiday Y 30 November St Andrew 's Day Y 25 December Christmas Day Y Y Y Y Y 26 December Boxing Day , St Stephen 's Day Y Y Y Y Y In 1995 the May Bank Holiday was moved to 8 May for the 50th anniversary of VE Day In the past , additional one - off bank holidays have included : ( i ) Wednesday 14 November 1973 , to celebrate the Wedding of Princess Anne and Captain Mark Phillips at Westminster Abbey ; ( ii ) Tuesday 7 June 1977 , to celebrate The Queen 's Silver Jubilee ; ( iii ) Wednesday 29 July 1981 , to celebrate the Wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer at St. Paul 's Cathedral ; ( iv ) Friday 31 December 1999 , to enable people to prepare for the festivities to mark the arrival of the new millennium ; ( v ) Monday 3 June 2002 to celebrate The Queen 's Golden Jubilee ( Spring Bank Holiday was moved to Tuesday 4 June 2002 ) ; ( vi ) Friday 29 April 2011 , to celebrate the Wedding of Prince William and Kate Middleton ; ( vii ) Tuesday 5 June 2012 , to celebrate The Queen 's Diamond Jubilee Notes ^ Jump up to : When the stated date falls on a Saturday or Sunday , the following Monday is normally designated a public holiday instead . When Christmas Day falls on a Saturday ( and thus 26 December on a Sunday ) , Monday 27 December and Tuesday 28 December are the designated substitute public holidays . Jump up ^ In 1995 this holiday was moved to 8 May -- to commemorate the 50th anniversary of VE Day . Jump up ^ In 2011 an additional public holiday was declared to ensure that most people would have a chance to celebrate the Wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton , making a four - day weekend as May day was on the following Monday . `` Royal Wedding : Prince William and Kate set date '' . BBC . 23 November 2010 . Archived from the original on 24 November 2010 . Retrieved 23 November 2010 . Jump up ^ In 2002 this holiday was moved to 4 June . This caused it to follow an extra bank holiday on 3 June , making a four - day weekend to celebrate the Golden Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II . Jump up ^ In 2012 this holiday was moved to 4 June . It was then followed by an extra holiday on 5 June , making a four - day weekend to celebrate the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II . Jump up ^ House of Commons Hansard Written Answers for 3 June 1998 , Hansard , 3 June 1998 , retrieved 28 January 2012 . In Australia ( edit ) See also : Public holidays in Australia § Other holidays Public holidays are not generally known as `` bank holidays '' in Australia , although in the state of Victoria , where all statutory holidays , their substitutes , and Saturdays are legally defined as `` bank holidays '' . In two other states there are two particular public holidays , for specific occupations only , which are officially known as `` Bank Holiday '' : in New South Wales has a `` Bank Holiday '' on the first Monday in August -- for bank employees only . in Tasmania , Easter Tuesday is a holiday for bank and government employees only . In Hong Kong ( edit ) Main article : Public holidays in Hong Kong In Hong Kong , the term `` bank holiday '' is used colloquially to refer to public holidays , since banks are normally closed on these days , along with government offices , the legislature , courts , and educational institutions . Hong Kong has maintained a distinction between public holidays and statutory holidays , only the latter of which are mandatory for all employees ; the number of days for the latter is fewer by five days . In India ( edit ) Main article : Bank holidays in India In India , 15 of the public holidays are bank holidays . In Ireland ( edit ) Main article : Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland In Ireland , `` bank holiday '' is a colloquial term , sometimes used incorrectly for what are officially `` public holidays '' . A bank holiday in Ireland are only days in which Bank employees are off , e.g. Good Friday is a Bank Holiday , but not a Public Holiday . See also ( edit ) List of holidays by country References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Bank holidays and British Summer Time : Directgov -- Government , citizens and rights '' . Direct.gov.uk. 29 April 2011 . Archived from the original on 15 May 2011 . Retrieved 17 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` UK bank holidays -- GOV.UK '' . gov.uk. 17 March 2014 . Retrieved 9 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Anon ( 22 May 2007 ) . `` Bank Holiday Fact File '' ( PDF ) . TUC press release . TUC . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 3 June 2013 . Retrieved 12 January 2010 . Jump up ^ One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Bank Holidays '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 3 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 320 . Jump up ^ Olmert , Michael ( 1996 ) . Milton 's Teeth and Ovid 's Umbrella : Curiouser & Curiouser Adventures in History , p. 170 . Simon & Schuster , New York . ISBN 0 - 684 - 80164 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Bank Holidays ( Ireland ) Bill '' . Hansard , the Official Report of debates in Parliament . UK Parliament . Archived from the original on 24 February 2010 . Retrieved 26 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bank Holiday on the Last Monday in August '' . The Times Digital Archive. 5 March 1964 . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1969 Dilemma on Diary Dates '' . The Times Digital Archive. 27 January 1967 . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bank Holiday Dates For 1967 And 1968 '' . The Times Digital Archive. 4 June 1965 . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1969 Bank Holidays '' . The Times Digital Archive. 22 March 1967 . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Ready , Nigel P. ; Brooke , Richard ( 2002 ) , Brooke 's notary ( 12 ed . ) , Sweet & Maxwell , p. 479 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 421 - 67280 - 2 Jump up ^ Scrope , Henry ; Barnett , Daniel ( 2008 ) , Employment Law Handbook ( 4 ed . ) , Henry Scrope , p. 135 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 85328 - 674 - 2 Jump up ^ McWhirter , Norris ; Stowe , Moira F. ( 1980 ) , The Guinness book of answers : a handbook of general knowledge ( 3 ed . ) , Guinness Superlatives , p. 7 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 85112 - 202 - 1 Jump up ^ Morrow , Thomas . `` Bank Holidays a history '' . Bank Holidays a history by Thomas Morrow . Archived from the original on 31 October 2011 . Retrieved 27 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Great Britain Parliament House of Lords European Union Committee ( 2007 ) , Modernising European Union labour law : has the UK anything to gain ? , report with evidence , 22nd report of session 2006 -- 07 , The Stationery Office , p. 100 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 10 - 485171 - 5 Jump up ^ Union leaders are campaigning for an extra bank holiday BBC News 27 October 2004 Jump up ^ Schoenbaum 1987 , 24 -- 6 . Jump up ^ `` Renewed call for St Piran holiday '' . BBC News . 5 March 2009 . Retrieved 26 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Gledhill , Ruth ( 5 March 2009 ) . `` Cornwall workers given an unofficial day off for St Pirans Day '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 31 March 2010 . Jump up ^ http://www.culture.gov.uk/consultations/8068.aspx Jump up ^ `` Cornish National Holiday worth £ 35m '' . Western Morning News . 23 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Statesman who bottled out : ' Tired and Emotional : The Life of Lord George Brown ' '' . The Independent . 9 May 1993 . ^ Jump up to : Bank holidays and British Summer Time , Directgov , 8 February 2012 , retrieved 15 April 2012 Jump up ^ Bank holidays , NIDirect , 6 April 2012 , retrieved 15 April 2012 Jump up ^ Public holidays , Citizens Information Board , retrieved 15 April 2012 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 17 July 2013 . Retrieved 5 July 2013 . Jump up ^ http://touchstoneblog.org.uk/2010/11/royal-wedding-give-workers-a-day-off-to-toast-will-and-kate/ Jump up ^ https://www.timeanddate.com/holidays/uk/2002 Jump up ^ `` Public Holidays Act 1993 ( Vic ) s . 9 '' ( PDF ) . Victorian Legislation and Parliamentary Documents . Parliament of Victoria . Retrieved 23 May 2015 . External links ( edit ) Text of the Banking and Financial Dealings Act 1971 as in force today ( including any amendments ) within the United Kingdom , from legislation.gov.uk Annual leave and public holidays ( Ireland ) Calendar of all legal Public and Bank Holidays worldwide , until 2050 FirstCaribbean International Bank : Bank Holidays in the Caribbean region Bank Holidays 2016 in India List of Bank Holidays and other significant days for the UK Bank Holiday dates for the UK , Scotland and Northern Ireland Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bank_holiday&oldid=831838768 '' Categories : Public holidays in the United Kingdom British culture Irish culture Holidays Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica EngvarB from March 2017 Use dmy dates from March 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cymraeg Deutsch Español Euskara Italiano Nederlands Norsk Polski Русский Simple English Svenska தமிழ் 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 March 2018 , at 12 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank%20holiday
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brooklyn nine nine season 2 episode 6 cast
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Brooklyn Nine - Nine ( season 2 )
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brooklyn nine - nine ( season 2 )
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The second season of the television sitcom Brooklyn Nine - Nine premiered September 28 , 2014 on Fox and ended May 17 , 2015 with 23 episodes .
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Contents 1 Summary 2 Cast 2.1 Recurring 2.2 Guest 3 Episodes 4 Reception 4.1 Awards and nominations 5 References Summary ( edit ) Jake returns to the precinct after going undercover to help take down the mafia , but is discouraged when one mobster manages to escape . He then begins a relationship with defense lawyer Sophia Perez , which ends based on their professions . Holt begins a battle of wits with Deputy Commissioner Madelyn Wuntch that culminates in Wuntch making Holt the head of the NYPD Public Affairs Division . Charles and Gina 's affair is exposed , after which Charles ' dad and Gina 's mom get married . Rosa begins a relationship with Holt 's nephew Marcus . A relationship blossoms between Jake and Amy during an undercover mission . Cast ( edit ) Andy Samberg as Jacob Peralta Stephanie Beatriz as Rosa Diaz Terry Crews as Terrance Jeffords Melissa Fumero as Amy Santiago Joe Lo Truglio as Charles Boyle Chelsea Peretti as Regina Linetti Andre Braugher as Raymond Holt Dirk Blocker as Michael Hitchcock Joel McKinnon Miller as Norman Scully Recurring ( edit ) Kyra Sedgwick as Deputy Commissioner Madelyn Wuntch Nick Cannon as Marcus Eva Longoria as Sophia Perez Stephen Root as Lynn Boyle Sandra Bernhard as Darlene Linetti Guest ( edit ) Jenny Slate as Bianca Dan Bakkedahl as Lieutenant Andrew Miller Ed Helms as Jack Danger Nick Kroll as Agent Kendrick Garret Dillahunt as Detective Dave Majors Bradley Whitford as Captain Roger Peralta Chris Parnell as Geoffrey Hoytsman Makayla Lysiak as Tricia Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Brooklyn Nine - Nine episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 23 `` Undercover '' Dean Holland Luke Del Tredici September 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 28 ) 201 5.46 Jake makes a triumphant return from his undercover assignment with the FBI , but when he discovers one of his targets had made an escape , he goes back undercover with help from Boyle to complete the mission . Captain Holt forces Amy and Rosa to do a series of drills involving Terry acting out various scenarios , without explaining why . Gina is worried Boyle will tell Jake about their tryst together , but he manages not to out of fear of Gina . 24 `` Chocolate Milk '' Fred Goss Gabe Liedman October 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 05 ) 202 3.31 Jake steps in to help Terry when he has a key medical appointment to get a vasectomy , but quickly becomes frustrated when Terry denies his true feelings and insists Jake is just `` a work friend , not a friend - friend . '' Captain Holt 's fears about the NYPD 's reorganization are realized when his old adversary Madeleine Wuntch ( Kyra Sedgwick ) , now the Deputy Commissioner shows up to conduct a critical review of the 99th 's competence . Boyle scrambles for a date to the engagement party of his ex-wife and her boyfriend ( who are also his landlords ) until Diaz steps in to help him out . 25 `` The Jimmy Jab Games '' Rebecca Asher Lakshmi Sundaram October 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 12 ) 203 4.51 The combination of a travel delay for the soon - arriving Serbian President 's motorcade and a meeting for Captain Holt and Terry at 1 Police Plaza leads to a wacky competition amongst the detectives known as the Jimmy Jab Games ( so named because of Peralta 's misunderstanding of former Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad 's name ) . Peralta wants the number of Rosa 's attractive friend , while Gina orders Boyle to snare a tape from an oblivious but ultimately vindictive Hitchcock . Holt and Wuntch 's feud spirals forward when they fight over funding to investigate a new drug showing up in the precinct named ' Gigglepig ' . 26 `` Halloween II '' Eric Appel Prentice Penny October 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 19 ) 204 5.22 Eager to engage in another Halloween bet following Peralta 's win the previous year , Peralta and Holt raise the stakes , and Jake enlists a repeat offender to help snag the captain 's watch before midnight , or he will have to do five weekends of free overtime -- the actual outcome . Meanwhile , Amy and Rosa are upset when Terry does n't punish Gina for skipping out on her duties at the precinct to attend dance practice . It is revealed that Gina has been secretly going back to college which has caused her to miss dance rehearsals . 27 5 `` The Mole '' Victor Nelli , Jr . Laura McCreary November 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 02 ) 205 3.41 When an internal affairs investigator arrives with news regarding a possible mole in the precinct , Jake and Holt race to discover the mole before Wuntch does . Meanwhile , Rosa and Terry infiltrate a silent disco to find `` Giggle Pig '' suppliers and get a win for the task force , and Jake and Amy stumble upon Boyle and Gina 's dirty little secret . 28 6 `` Jake and Sophia '' Michael McDonald Tricia McAlpin & David Phillips November 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 09 ) 206 3.99 Eager to join the dating pool , Jake hits it off with a woman named Sophia ( Eva Longoria ) who later reveals herself to be the attorney defending a perp Jake arrested . Rosa urges Amy to run for union rep to replace the incompetent Scully , and Charles and Gina fight over a non-refundable hotel room reservation they made before ending their affair . 29 7 `` Lockdown '' Linda Mendoza Luke Del Tredici November 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 16 ) 208 4.53 Jake is given command of the precinct when Holt and Terry are called to a meeting . When a mysterious powder puts the precinct on lockdown , Jake struggles to maintain morale while Amy insists he be forthright about the situation . While Holt and Terry monitor the situation from Terry 's home , Terry tries to appease his brother - in - law by claiming Holt is overbearing . 30 8 `` USPIS '' Ken Whittingham Brian Reich November 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 23 ) 207 3.04 When Rosa gives Jake a new lead on `` Giggle Pig '' , he and Charles are forced to contend with a self - righteous and incompetent U.S. Postal Inspection Service agent ( Ed Helms ) . Holt , Terry , and Gina attempt to help Amy with her cigarette addiction . 31 9 `` The Road Trip '' Beth McCarthy - Miller Brigitte Munoz - Liebowitz November 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 30 ) 209 3.11 When Jake and Amy have to stay at a B&B in upstate New York on a work trip , Jake invites Sophia to share the evening with him , arranging for Teddy to join Amy as well , but his surprise backfires when he discovers that Amy is planning to break up with Teddy , which causes problems not only for Amy and Teddy but also for Jake and Sophia . Meanwhile , Boyle struggles to teach Holt how to properly cook for his anniversary breakfast with Kevin , and Terry and Gina struggle to convince a very sick Rosa that she should go home . 32 10 `` The Pontiac Bandit Returns '' Max Winkler Matt O'Brien December 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 07 ) 210 4.32 Jake and Rosa manage to capture the Pontiac Bandit , Doug Judy ( Craig Robinson ) , who negotiates a deal in exchange for information on the ringleader of the Giggle Pig ring , Tito Ruiz ( Luis Moncada ) . Meanwhile , Charles and Gina discover a Christmas gift from Charles ' father to Gina 's mother , and determine to sabotage their parents ' relationship . While making a collage for Capt . Holt , Amy discovers a mistake in one of the Captain 's past cases . 33 11 `` Stakeout '' Tristram Shapeero Laura McCreary & Tricia McAlpin December 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 14 ) 211 3.52 A lead on Ukrainian mob activities leads Jake and Boyle to set up a stakeout that ends up covering eight days -- and also causes escalating conflicts between the two `` roommates '' . Elsewhere , Amy and Gina react strongly when they find out they 're the basis for characters in a book Terry wrote for his daughters , while Rosa and Holt go from basking in commendations for the Giggle Pig task force to being uneasy about Rosa 's new relationship with Holt 's nephew Marcus ( Nick Cannon ) 34 12 `` Beach House '' Tim Kirkby Lakshmi Sundaram & David Phillips January 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 04 ) 212 6.12 Charles brings the detectives to his ex-wife's beach house for another detectives - only fun weekend , but Jake invites Captain Holt along , since he learns that , because of his sexuality , Holt never was invited to any party while on the NYPD . However , because of Holt 's old fashioned manners , the weekend soon becomes dull . Meanwhile , Gina wants to know which personality Amy becomes after a 6th drink . 35 13 `` Payback '' Victor Nelli , Jr . Norm Hiscock & Brigitte Munoz - Liebowitz January 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 11 ) 213 3.29 When Terry asks Jake to pay back an amount of money he owes him , Jake finds out that Terry and his wife are expecting another child . Jake endeavors to settle all of his debts with his coworkers in an effort to preserve Terry 's secret . He ends up selling his beloved car to pay back Terry , which earns him the title of godfather despite him revealing the secret to everyone . Meanwhile , Amy is ecstatic to work a case with Captain Holt until he solves it almost immediately and she gives him food poisoning . 36 14 `` The Defense Rests '' Jamie Babbit Prentice Penny & Matt O'Brien January 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 25 ) 214 2.79 When Sophia 's job gets in the way of her relationship with Jake , Jake tries to smooth things over with her boss ( Chris Parnell ) but ends up having to arrest him after finding him taking cocaine . Meanwhile , Wuntch needs Holt 's help for a job recommendation , and Charles tries to get Gina 's blessing for their parents ' wedding . 37 15 `` Windbreaker City '' Craig Zisk Gabe Liedman February 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 08 ) 215 2.59 The Nine - Nine are the only non-federal agency invited to the annual Inter-Agency Anti-Terrorism Drill . The squad turns the tables on Homeland Security , with Jake trying to get over Sophia , and Rosa and Amy competing for a weekend off . Meanwhile , Holt gets upset when he and Gina get the same score on a psychiatric evaluation as he believes he is better than her . 38 16 `` The Wednesday Incident '' Claire Scanlon Laura McCreary February 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 15 ) 216 2.08 Captain Holt is in a bad mood , and Jake teams up with Kevin and Gina in an attempt to prove it is n't his fault and ends up finding out that he was stabbed . Meanwhile , Charles tries to get a confession out of a geriatric suspect ( Garry Marshall ) who pretends to be senile and adorable whenever Amy and Rosa are around . 39 17 `` Boyle - Linetti Wedding '' Dean Holland Matt O'Brien March 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 01 ) 217 3.61 On the day of the wedding of Charles ' father and Gina 's mother , the squad is forced to deal with various mishaps , like Jake and Amy leaving to pursue a perp and Jake losing the rings in the scuffle , and Charles ' dad getting cold feet . 40 18 `` Captain Peralta '' Eric Appel Dan Goor March 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 08 ) 218 3.11 Jake 's father , an air - line pilot , comes to visit and it is revealed that he is battling a drug - smuggling charge in Canada . Jake , Boyle and a French - fluent Scully travel to Quebec to investigate the situation . Captain Holt gives the rest of the detectives a brain - teaser that not even he can solve . 41 19 `` Sabotage '' Jay Karas Brian Reich March 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 15 ) 219 2.96 Jake becomes the victim of a series of unfortunate events , including a failed drug test that results in his suspension , and suspects that someone is deliberately targeting him , who turns out to be Sophia 's ex-boss who wants revenge on Jake for ruining his life . Rosa and Amy are assigned to investigate . Holt and Terry must find a way to reassure Gina that her dance troupe is important after missing one of her performances . Meanwhile , with Jake suspended , Boyle gets a helping hand on his case from Scully and Hitchcock , who might be more competent than they have led others to believe . 42 20 `` AC / DC '' Linda Mendoza Kylie Condon April 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 26 ) 222 2.78 Jake injures himself on a case but he still tries to catch the perpetrator against Terry 's advice . He tricks Charles to go with him on a vacation but takes him to a motel instead where they try to pursue the criminal . Terry tracks them down and tries to take them home but Jake pursues the criminal and gets hit by a car , injuring himself severely . Rosa , Amy and Gina are invited to Captain Holt 's house for dinner . But things go awry and Amy and Gina end up getting drunk . 43 21 `` Det . Dave Majors '' Michael McDonald Gabe Liedman & Lakshmi Sundaram May 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 03 ) 220 2.72 Both Jake and Amy are assigned to a case which is being handled by a veteran detective from major crimes , Detective Majors . After working a day on the case , he takes Jake to `` Cop Only '' bar where he tells him that he plans to ask Amy out after the case is wrapped up . Jake tries to ask Amy out before the case but he fails . Back at the precinct , a manager from a private security firm comes to talk to Terry about the job application . Charles and Gina realize that Terry is planning to leave the police force and they try to persuade him to stay . 44 22 `` The Chopper '' Phil Traill Tricia McAlpin & David Phillips May 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 10 ) 221 2.56 Jake and Boyle are assigned to a high - profile bank robber case with Wuntch 's full support . Holt becomes extremely suspicious of Wuntch 's motives and gets involved in the case himself to stop Jake from messing it up . Back at the precinct , Gina , Amy and Rosa help Terry in conducting a field trip for children and end up traumatizing them . 45 23 `` Johnny and Dora '' Dean Holland Luke Del Tredici May 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 17 ) 223 2.35 Jake and Amy have to go undercover to catch an identity thief , an assignment that brings them uncomfortably closer , but they finally get together after Holt 's sudden departure by kissing in the filing room . Meanwhile , Captain Holt searches for a letter to give him the upper hand over Wuntch and prevent his upcoming promotion , which unfortunately does n't work and he ends up having to say an emotional goodbye to the squad . Reception ( edit ) Rotten Tomatoes gave season 2 a score of 100 % based on 11 reviews . The consensus is : `` Brooklyn Nine - Nine 's winning cast , appealing characters and wacky gags make it good comfort food . '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Recipients and nominees Result Screen Actors Guild Awards January 21 , 2015 Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Brooklyn Nine - Nine Nominated NAACP Image Award February 6 , 2015 Outstanding Actor in a Comedy Series Andre Braugher Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Terry Crews Nominated Satellite Awards February 15 , 2015 Best Television Series , Comedy or Musical Brooklyn Nine - Nine Nominated NHMC Impact Awards February 20 , 2015 Outstanding Achievements and Contributions to the Positive Portrayals of Latinos in Media Melissa Fumero Won GLAAD Media Awards March 21 , 2015 Outstanding Comedy Series Brooklyn Nine - Nine Nominated Teen Choice Awards August 16 , 2015 Choice TV Actor : Comedy Andy Samberg Nominated Imagen Awards August 21 , 2015 Best Supporting Actress -- Television Melissa Fumero Nominated Best Primetime Television Program -- Comedy Brooklyn Nine - Nine Nominated Creative Arts Emmy Awards September 12 , 2015 Outstanding Stunt Coordination for a Comedy Series or Variety Program Won 67th Primetime Emmy Awards September 20 , 2015 Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Andre Braugher Nominated People 's Choice Awards January 6 , 2016 Favorite Comedic TV Actor Andy Samberg Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 30 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Oncetogether Time ' , ' Resurrection ' & ' Revenge ' Adjusted Up ; ' CSI ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the numbers . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2014 . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 7 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Once Upon a Time ' , ' Resurrection ' & ' Revenge ' Adjusted Up ; ' Madam Secretary ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the numbers . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2014 . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 14 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Once Upon A Time ' , ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' & ' Resurrection ' Adjusted Up ; ' Madam Secretary ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 21 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Simpsons ' & ' Madam Secretary ' Adjusted Up ; ' Mulaney ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2014 . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 4 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Good Wife ' , ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' , ' Once Upon a Time ' & ' 60 Minutes ' Adjusted Up + Final Football Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 11 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Simpsons ' , & ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' Adjusted up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 18 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Simpsons ' & ' America 's Funniest Home Videos ' Adjusted Up + Final Football Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 25 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Madam Secretary ' , ' The Simpsons ' , ' 60 Minutes ' & ' America 's Funniest Home Videos ' Adjusted Down & Final Football Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 3 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' America 's Funniest Home Videos ' , Resurrection ' & ' Once Upon a Time ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 9 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Simpsons ' & ' Family Guy ' Adjusted Up , ' 60 Minutes ' Adjusted Down & Final Football Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 16 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Bob 's Burgers ' Adjusted Up ; ' 60 Minutes ' Adjusted Down + Final Football Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 7 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Simpsons ' , ' Madam Secretary ' , ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' , ' The Celebrity Apprentice ' , ' Bob 's Burgers ' & ' CSI ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 13 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Good Wife ' Adjusted Up + Final Ratings for The Golden Globe Awards & NFL '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 26 , 2015 ) . `` TV Ratings Sunday : ' Galavant ' Rises for Finale , ' Revenge ' & ' CSI ' Flat + ' Miss Universe ' Pageant Tops Night '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 10 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : Grammy Awards Adjusted Down ; No Adjustment for ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' or ' Bob 's Burgers ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 18 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : No Adjustments to ' Saturday Night Live 40th Anniversary ' , ' The Bachelor ' or ' CSI ' Finale '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 3 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Last Man on Earth ' & ' Dateline ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 10 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Last Man on Earth ' , ' Bob 's Burgers ' , ' Family Guy ' , ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' & ' Revenge ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 17 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Last Man in Earth ' , ' Secrets & Lies ' , ' Battle Creek ' & ' 60 Minutes ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 28 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Family Guy ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustments to ' Once Upon A Time ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 5 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Family Guy ' & ' Secrets and Lies ' Adjusted Up ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 12 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Once Upon A Time ' & ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 19 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Simpsons ' & ' Billboard Music Awards ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Brooklyn Nine - Nine : Season 2 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Average Rating : 8.4 / 10 . Reviews Counted : 10 . Fresh : 10 . Jump up ^ `` 18th Annual NHMC Impact Awards Gala '' . National Hispanic Media Coalition . Brooklyn Nine - Nine Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Tagger '' `` The Slump '' `` M.E. Time '' `` The Vulture '' `` Halloween '' `` 48 Hours '' `` Old School '' `` Sal 's Pizza '' `` Thanksgiving '' `` Christmas '' `` Pontiac Bandit '' `` The Bet '' `` The Ebony Falcon '' `` Operation : Broken Feather '' `` The Party '' `` Full Boyle '' `` The Apartment '' `` Tactical Village '' `` Fancy Brudgom '' `` Unsolvable '' `` Charges and Specs '' Season 2 `` Undercover '' `` Chocolate Milk '' `` The Jimmy Jab Games '' `` Halloween II '' `` The Mole '' `` Jake and Sophia '' `` Lockdown '' `` USPIS '' `` The Road Trip '' `` The Pontiac Bandit Returns '' See also Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Other Characters Crossovers New Girl `` Homecoming '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_Nine-Nine_(season_2)&oldid=866216862 '' Categories : 2014 American television seasons 2015 American television seasons Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Español Français Italiano Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 01 : 07 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn%20Nine-Nine%20%28season%202%29
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what kind of fish are in the deschutes river
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Deschutes river ( Oregon )
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deschutes river ( oregon )
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The Deschutes River / dəˈʃuːts / in central Oregon is a major tributary of the Columbia River . The river provides much of the drainage on the eastern side of the Cascade Range in Oregon , gathering many of the tributaries that descend from the drier , eastern flank of the mountains . The Deschutes provided an important route to and from the Columbia for Native Americans for thousands of years , and then in the 19th century for pioneers on the Oregon Trail . The river flows mostly through rugged and arid country , and its valley provides a cultural heart for central Oregon . Today the river supplies water for irrigation and is popular in the summer for whitewater rafting and fishing .
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The river flows generally north , as do several other large Oregon tributaries of the Columbia River , including the Willamette and John Day . Contents ( hide ) 1 Course 1.1 Tributaries 2 History 3 Fishing 4 River use 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Course ( edit ) The headwaters of the Deschutes River are at Little Lava Lake , a natural lake in the Cascade Range approximately 26 miles ( 42 km ) northwest of the city of La Pine . The river flows south into Crane Prairie Reservoir , then into Wickiup Reservoir , from where it heads in a northeasterly direction past the resort community of Sunriver and into the city of Bend , about 170 miles ( 270 km ) from the river mouth . In central Bend , the river enters Mirror Pond , an impoundment behind Newport hydroelectric dam . The pond extends upstream to the Galveston Bridge and is a feature of Drake Park as well as Harmon , Pageant , and Brooks parks . From April through October , diversions to Central Oregon Irrigation District canals reduce the river flow between Bend and Pelton Reregulating Dam , at river mile ( RM ) 100 ; that is , river kilometer ( RK ) 160 ) . The river as it passes Sunriver , near Benham Falls The river continues north from Bend , and just west of Redmond , Oregon . Here it passes by Eagle Crest Resort and Cline Falls State Scenic Viewpoint . As it heads north through the central Oregon high desert , the river carves a gorge bordered by large basalt cliffs . By the time it reaches Lake Billy Chinook , a reservoir west of Madras , the river is approximately 300 feet ( 91 m ) below the surrounding plateau , the Little Agency Plains and Agency Plains . At Lake Billy Chinook the river is joined by the Crooked and Metolius rivers . Beyond the dam , the river continues north in a gorge well below the surrounding countryside . It passes through the Warm Springs Indian Reservation , which includes the city of Warm Springs and the Kah - Nee - Ta resort . The river ends at its confluence with the Columbia River , 5 miles ( 8 km ) southwest of Biggs Junction and 204 miles ( 328 km ) from the Columbia 's mouth on the Pacific Ocean . Tributaries ( edit ) Named tributaries of the Deschutes River from source to mouth include Snow Creek then the Cultus River , Cultus Creek and Deer Creek , which enter at Crane Prairie Reservoir . Further downstream come the Fall River , the Little Deschutes River , and the Spring River followed by Tumalo Creek and Whychus Creek . The Metolius River and the Crooked River are next , both entering at Lake Billy Chinook . Then come Seekseequa Creek and Willow Creek followed by Dry Hollow and Campbell , Shitike and Trout creeks , after which comes the Warm Springs River . Further downstream are Swamp , Skookum , Oak , Antoken , Cove , Eagle , Nena , Wapinitia and Bakeoven creeks . Spring Creek is next , followed by Oak Springs Creek and the White River . Below that are Winterwater and Elder creeks . History ( edit ) Prior to 80,000 years ago , the river ran along the east side of Pilot Butte and a lava flow from Lava Top Butte filled in this ancient channel . Previously , the basalt of the Bend lava flow , associated with the Lava River Cave , had diverted the river westward to its present - day location . The river was named Rivière des Chutes or Rivière aux Chutes , French for River of the Falls , during the period of fur trading . The waterfall it referred to was the Celilo Falls on the Columbia River , near where the Deschutes flowed into it . ( These falls no longer exist , having been inundated by the lake behind The Dalles Dam ) . Lewis and Clark encountered the river on October 22 , 1805 , and referred to it by the Native American name Towarnehiooks ; on their return journey they gave it the new name Clarks River . Variant names include Clarks River , River of the Falls , Riviere des Chutes , Chutes River , and Falls River . During the middle 19th century , the river was a major obstacle for immigrants on the Oregon Trail . The major crossing point on the river was near its mouth in present - day Deschutes River State Recreation Area . Many immigrants camped on the bluff on the west side of the river after making the crossing . The remains of the trail leading up to the top of the bluff are still visible . In 1910 , Mirror Pond was created by the construction of the Bend Water , Light & Power Company dam on the river in Bend . The dam provided the city with its initial source of electricity . The dam has been owned by Pacific Power since 1930 and still produces electricity that supplies approximately 400 Bend households . In 1908 , two competing railroad companies , the Deschutes Railroad and the Oregon Trunk Railway , raced to build a line from the mouth of the river to Bend . The Deschutes Railroad , a Union Pacific subsidiary , was owned by Edward H. Harriman and the Oregon Trunk was owned by James J. Hill . In 1964 , on the Deschutes River , Portland General Electric ( PGE ) built , what was at the time , the largest hydroelectric dam in Oregon . This dam , named Round Butte Dam , stands 440 feet ( 130 m ) above Lake Simtustus , a 611 - acre ( 247 ha ) reservoir impounded by Pelton Dam . Fishing ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The river is world - renowned for its fly fishing . It is home to Columbia River redband trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss gairdneri ) known locally as `` redsides '' . The redsides grow larger than most and also have a distinct darker red stripe than most wild rainbow trout . They are abundant in this stretch of the river , which has counts of 1,700 fish of 7 inches in size per mile ( 1,100 fish of 18 centimeters in size per kilometer ) above Sherars Falls , and they are noticeably stronger than trout who do not have to cope with life in such a big , powerful river . The average catch for these fish is 8 to 15 inches ( 20 to 38 cm ) , and some are much larger . These redside or redband trouts are found throughout the river . Fishing for them is most popular from Warm Springs down to Macks Canyon ( Warm Springs Reservation owns the entire Deschutes west bank from 16 miles ( 26 km ) south of Maupin to Lake Billy Chinook and on up to Jefferson Creek on the Metolius River arm ) below Pelton Dam . Fishing from Tribal lands requires special permits . From Pelton Dam to the mouth the Deschutes is one of America 's most productive trout waters and a top producer of summer steelhead , managed primarily for wild trout . This 100 - mile ( 160 km ) stretch of river drops 1,233 feet ( 376 m ) , carving a volcanic rock canyon 700 to 2,200 feet ( 213 to 671 m ) deep . The Deschutes in winter at its confluence with the Columbia Fly fishermen come from around the world in the last two weeks in May through the first two weeks in June to take advantage of the hatching stoneflies , both salmonflies and golden stoneflies ( Hesperoperla pacifica ) . These insects are in the river year - round ; however their large adults are a major food source for the fish : artificial weighted stonefly nymph patterned tied flies are a staple for Deschutes anglers year round . Sport fishing for Steelhead occurs in the river from the mouth to Round Butte Dam . Sport fishing for spring and fall chinook salmon occurs from the mouth to Sherars Falls . Tribal fishing for chinook and steelhead occurs at Sherars Falls . Crane Prairie Reservoir , the first major lake / reservoir the Deschutes flows into , offers some of the best rainbow trout fishing in Oregon , with a large number of rainbows in the 4 - 10 pound range and some reaching 20 pounds . These trout are renowned for their size and are given the nickname `` cranebows '' . Other fish found in Crane Prairie are brook trout , kokanee salmon , largemouth bass , black crappie , tui chub , three - spined stickleback , and whitefish . Fly , lure , and bait fishing are popular methods , with the majority of trout fisherman casting or trolling in the channels . For the best chance of catching large fish , a boat or other flotation device is recommended as the channels can be wide and deep . Located roughly seven miles southeast of Crane Prairie Reservoir , you will find Wickiup Reservoir . Wickiup Reservoir holds a wide variety of species open to angling . Wickiup holds a reputable amount of both Kokanee and Coho Salmon . It is not uncommon to catch rainbow trout , brooke trout , whitefish and chub . However , most anglers whether they know it or not , are targeting large brown trout . Wickiup Reservoir holds many brown trout in the five to eight pound range , and has also been known to produce brown trout in the mid-twenty pound range . This reservoir is most easily fished from a boat due to its depth . Most people find success in trolling lures horizontally through the depths of the Reservoir . Vertical jigging in an aggressive manner can be an effective method of targeting the salmon species of the reservoir . Bank fishing offers dry fly - fishing enthusiasts an opportunity to catch fish hiding under the obstructions of the shallows . In Lake Billy Chinook , there are fisheries for kokanee , bull trout , rainbow trout , brown trout , and several warm - water species such as large mouth bass and a very large population of small mouth bass . There are also periodic commercial fisheries for crayfish . The bull trout that are caught in this reservoir are some of the largest bull trout caught on the west coast . The numbers are scarce because the bulls are threatened ; however , numbers have risen every year since they became protected . The lake allows an individual to keep a bull trout that measures more than 24 inches ( 61 cm ) . ( This is included for a daily bag limit . ) River use ( edit ) Boxcar Rapids near Maupin Much of the flow of the upper Deschutes River is diverted into canals to irrigate farmland ; irrigation districts take nearly 98 % of the river 's flow in the summer months . The growth of cities like Bend and Redmond also increased demand on the river 's water , which is over-allocated . Because the existing canals lose about half of their water due to seepage , there is pressure to convert these canals into pipelines , a move that is resisted by many locals for historic and aesthetic reasons . Golf courses have also been an issue with water allocation . There are 13 golf courses throughout Bend , Redmond , and Sunriver . There are primarily two sections of the river popular for whitewater rafting and kayaking . The upstream section known as the Big Eddy is a short segment upriver from the city of Bend between Dillon and Lava Island falls . The lower and more heavily used section is from the town of Warm Springs downstream to just above Sherars Falls . The densest use is from RM 56 -- about 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) above Maupin -- to RM 44 , just above Sherars Falls . See also ( edit ) List of longest streams of Oregon List of National Wild and Scenic Rivers List of rivers of Oregon References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : McArthur , Lewis A. ; McArthur , Lewis L. ( 2003 ) . Oregon Geographic Names , Seventh Edition . Portland , Oregon : Oregon Historical Society Press . pp. 282 -- 83 . ISBN 0 - 87595 - 277 - 1 . Jump up ^ Source elevation derived from Google Earth search using GNIS source coordinates . ^ Jump up to : `` Deschutes River '' . Geographic Names Information System ( GNIS ) . United States Geological Survey ( USGS ) . November 28 , 1980 . Retrieved October 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Online Topographic Maps from the United States Geological Survey '' . TopoQuest . Retrieved October 13 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Water - Data Report 2013 : 14103000 Deschutes River at Moody , Near Biggs , OR '' ( PDF ) . United States Geological Survey . 2014 . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The average discharge rate was calculated from USGS records from the Moody gauge of water years 1898 -- 99 and 1907 -- 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` United States Topographic Map '' . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved February 15 , 2016 -- via Acme Mapper . The map includes mile markers along the Deschutes and Columbia rivers . Jump up ^ `` Mirror Pond '' . City of Bend. 2016 . Retrieved February 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Palmer , Tim ( 2014 ) . Field Guide to Oregon Rivers . Corvallis : Oregon State University Press . pp. 211 -- 19 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87071 - 627 - 0 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Robert A. ( 2009 ) . `` A field guide to Newberry Volcano , Oregon ; The Geological Society of America , Field Guide 15 '' : 53 -- 79 . Jump up ^ Champion , Duane E. ( 2002 - 05 - 14 ) . `` Mapping Newberry Volcano 's Extensive North Flank Basalts '' . Retrieved July 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Donnelly - Nolan , Julie M. ; Donnelly - Nolan , J.M. ; Lanphere , M.A. ; Ramsey , D.W. ( 2004 ) . `` Magnetic Excursion Recorded in Basalt at Newberry Volcano , Central Oregon '' . American Geophysical Union . 43 : 861 . Bibcode : 2004AGUFMGP43B0861C . Jump up ^ `` Oregon Trail Mileposts '' . Oregon - California Trails Association . Retrieved April 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mirror Pond '' . Old Bend Neighborhood Association . Retrieved April 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` abandonedrails.com : Miller to Metolius '' . Retrieved June 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sherman County : A History of Oregon Sheriffs 1841 to 1991 : The Railroad Wars '' . Retrieved June 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ ( dead link ) . Jump up ^ Fishing and Fly Fishing in Bend and Central Oregon , on visitbend.com . Jump up ^ Deschutes River on flyfishersplace.com . Jump up ^ Milne , Brian . `` Deschutes River Fly Fishing '' . About.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The lure of the Deschutes on theaposition.com . Jump up ^ Lower Deschutes River on deepcanyonoutfitters.com . Jump up ^ `` Deschutes River - Below Lake Billy Chinook and Pelton Dam , Oregon Fly Fishing Reports & Conditions '' . Orvis . Retrieved April 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Crane Prairie Reservoir '' . craneprairiereservoir.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Recreation.gov recreation area details - Crane Prairie Reservoir - Recreation.gov '' . www.recreation.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Crane Prairie Reservoir Fly Fishing , Fishing Reports , Fly Charts '' . Fly and Field Outfitters . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wickiup Reservoir Kokanee Fishing Tips '' . www.bestfishinginamerica.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` Central Oregon - Wickiup Reservoir '' . www.fs.usda.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Lake Billy Chinook '' . U.S. Forest Service . Retrieved April 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Deschutes River '' . Oregon Environmental Council . Retrieved June 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Water Conservation Program : Permanent Streamflow Protection '' . Deschutes River Conservancy . Retrieved June 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Deschutes Conservancy , canal piping win funds '' . Bend Bugle . November 10 , 2003 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Deschutes River at Wikimedia Commons Deschutes River flows and forecasts Upper Deschutes Watershed Council Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deschutes_River_(Oregon)&oldid=838285659 '' Categories : Rivers of Oregon Columbia River Gorge Rivers of Jefferson County , Oregon Rivers of Wasco County , Oregon Wild and Scenic Rivers of the United States Tributaries of the Columbia River Rivers of Deschutes County , Oregon Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata Pages using geobox with a locator map Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Geobox usage tracking for river type Articles needing additional references from April 2013 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cebuano Dansk Deutsch Español Français Norsk Polski Русский Українська اردو 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 02 : 14 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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lazy town - we are the number one
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We Are Number One
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we are number one
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`` We Are Number One '' is a song from the Icelandic children 's television series LazyTown , composed by Máni Svavarsson . The song was featured in the twelfth episode of the show 's fourth season , entitled `` Robbie 's Dream Team '' , which is the 103rd episode overall .
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The song gained popularity in September 2016 , when a remix was uploaded onto the YouTube channel SiIvaGunner , where various parodies have been subsequently uploaded since , as well as proper cover versions by bands such as comedy punk group The Radioactive Chicken Heads . The official music video has over 31 million views on YouTube as of 10 October 2017 . It is the most viewed video of the LazyTown YouTube channel . Contents ( hide ) 1 Music video 2 Internet popularity 3 Memes 3.1 Alternative versions 4 Eurovision 5 Personnel 6 References Music video ( edit ) Robbie Rotten , the primary antagonist of LazyTown , attempts to teach his `` dream team '' of villainous accomplices ( three fictional doppelgänger actors called Bobby , Tobby , and Flobby Rotten ) how to successfully catch a superhero ( specifically Sportacus ) . Robbie Rotten goes on to teach his team how to properly be a supervillain . Multiple methods are used , chronologically in order of appearance , an overhead cage attached to a tree ( which ends up trapping Robbie ) , a large butterfly net , a false apple containing enough sugar to induce an overdose and consequently , temporary unconsciousness , to the sugar - adverse Sportacus , a somewhat small fishing net , and banana peels intended to cause Sportacus to slip , but instead causing Robbie 's own team to do so . The sugar apple proves to be an effective trick , successfully sedating Sportacus and giving Robbie and his team a chance to put him in a portable cage . Robbie 's three teammates relocate the trapped Sportacus to Robbie 's underground headquarters while Robbie stays on the surface to set up a cannon , revealed in the full episode to be the way Robbie intends to run Sportacus out of town . However , his plans are thwarted when Stephanie and Stingy open the base 's periscope and uses the cylindrical inside of it as a means of transporting a real apple to Sportacus . The apple rolls undetected by the now - sleeping Bobby , Tobby and Flobby , with Sportacus reaching it and regaining his power , of which he was deprived by the sugar overdose . He then uses his reclaimed strength to break free from the cage and coax his three captors to play sports with him on the surface of LazyTown . Robbie watches as his previous companions play sports with Sportacus , and , out of apparent anger , walks over to them disregarding a bucket on the ground . This bucket is kicked , hitting and triggering Robbie 's cannon and thus blasting Robbie away from the scene via the cannonball . The video ends with Bobby , Tobby , and Flobby accidentally falling into a trapping pit constructed by themselves to capture Sportacus , thus enforcing for a final time the clumsiness of the team . Internet popularity ( edit ) Two years after the LazyTown episode aired , `` We Are Number One '' became an Internet phenomenon due to Robbie Rotten 's performer Stefán Stefánsson announcement that he had been diagnosed with pancreatic cancer . A campaign was created by Mark Valenti , head writer for LazyTown , on the crowdfunding platform GoFundMe to pay for Stefán 's living costs while he was too unwell to work and the creators of these parodies used their videos to raise awareness for the campaign . As of 20 December 2016 , the campaign had surpassed its $100,000 goal . To thank the contributors , Stefán held a live stream on Facebook on 11 December 2016 , where he performed `` We Are Number One '' with the other actors ( Björn Thors , Bergur Þór Ingólfsson , Snorri Engilbertsson ) from the original music video which was later uploaded to his personal YouTube channel . TeamFourStar 's `` DragonBall Z Abridged '' series created an instrumental parody version of the song titled `` TFS Tunes : We Are Number One ( But It 's Perfect ) , '' if sung along with the closed captioned lyrics would say `` we are Perfect Cell '' rather than `` we are number one . '' A short clip of the song was used in the background of their 58th episode in the series . Memes ( edit ) Typically , these parodies take the form of the original music video edited in some irregular and often highly complex way , most of them with the title `` We Are Number One but ... '' which is a meme , followed by the changes from the original , which would occasionally be placed in the video description due to their length , like `` every time they say one the video gets more high pitched '' . This type of remix was common in 2016 , particularly during the year 's waning months ; a The Verge article described `` We Are Number One '' and other , similar remixes as `` weird solipsistic creation ( s ) '' . Alternative versions ( edit ) The official LazyTown YouTube channel has posted several videos relating to the song , including an hour loop of the original song , an instrumental version , a reversed instrumental version , every `` one '' being replaced by `` The Mine Song '' ( another song from the series , also with numerous parodies , which later became an internet meme in November 2016 ) , a compilation of the songs with other well - known songs from the series ( however , in PAL speed ) and the full episode that the song appeared in , `` Robbie 's Dream Team '' from 2014 . The original tracks ( otherwise known as the `` stems '' ) used in composing the song were released shortly after . Eurovision ( edit ) A petition was set up to have Stefán perform the song to represent Iceland in the Eurovision Song Contest , receiving over 12,000 signatures . The petition wanted him to participate in the 2017 edition , but Stefán did n't apply , acknowledging that he was unlikely to do so , as recovering from his cancer was a bigger priority . Personnel ( edit ) Stefán Karl Stefánsson - lead vocals Bjðrn Thors - backing vocals Snorri Engilbertsson - backing vocals Bergur Þór Ingólfsson - backing vocals Máni Svavarsson - synthesisers , piano , drum machine References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` ' We Are Number One ' Meme : Why Do People Keep Remixing a Children 's Show Song ? '' . iDigitalTimes . IBT Media . 17 December 2016 . Retrieved 18 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Rogers , Zachary ( 12 December 2016 ) . `` Fans of children 's show actor support his fight against cancer , raise over $80 k '' . NBC 10 . Retrieved 18 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` We Are Number One But We 're The Radioactive Chicken Heads '' . YouTube . January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stefán Karl alvarlega veikur '' . Visir.is ( in Icelandic ) . 22 September 2016 . Retrieved 11 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stefán Karl lagður inn á sjúkrahús um helgina '' . DV ( in Icelandic ) . 22 September 2016 . Retrieved 11 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Robbie Rotten , villano de LazyTown sufre de cáncer '' . La Prensa. 19 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Benedict Townsend ( 30 November 2016 ) . `` YouTubers Are Using Memes To Help The Robbie Rotten Actor Fight Cancer '' . We the Unicorns . Retrieved 11 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Jacob Shamsiand ( 2 December 2016 ) . `` This YouTube video that has been viewed over 12 million times could be the heralding of a new meme '' . Insider . Retrieved 11 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Foley , Kyle ( 20 December 2016 ) . `` How a Flurry of Internet Memes Are Helping a ' LazyTown ' Actor Battling Cancer '' . Heat Street . Jump up ^ McCormick , Rich ( 30 December 2016 ) . `` The latest in a weird new meme trend '' . The Verge . Jump up ^ Rollins , Krister ( 15 December 2016 ) . `` It 's an Internet Meme , But It Helped to Fight Cancer ! '' . WCSH . Jump up ^ ago , Anthony Granger 1 month ( 6 January 2017 ) . `` Iceland : 10,000 People Sign Petition For Robbie Rotten To Compete At Eurovision '' . Eurovoix . Retrieved 19 February 2017 . ( hide ) LazyTown Characters Stephanie Meanswell Sportacus Robbie Rotten Episodes List of episodes List of DVDs Music First season 's soundtrack Second season 's soundtrack `` Bing Bang ( Time to Dance ) '' `` We Are Number One '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=We_Are_Number_One&oldid=804759965 '' Categories : LazyTown 2014 songs Children 's songs Cloning in fiction Icelandic songs Internet memes introduced in 2016 Internet memes Viral videos Novelty songs Ska songs Jazz fusion songs Songs from television series Music memes Hidden categories : CS1 Icelandic - language sources ( is ) Use dmy dates from March 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia עברית 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017 , at 23 : 54 . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We%20Are%20Number%20One
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