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when did congress pass the clean air act	Clean Air Act Long title An Act to improve , strengthen , and accelerate programs for the prevention and abatement of air pollution . Acronyms ( colloquial ) CAA Nicknames Clean Air Act of 1963 Enacted by the 88th United States Congress Effective December 17 , 1963 Citations Public law 88 - 206 Statutes at Large 77 Stat. 392 Codification Titles amended 42 U.S.C. : Public Health and Social Welfare U.S.C. sections amended 42 U.S.C. ch. 85 , subch . I § 7401 et seq . Legislative history Introduced in the House as H.R. 6518 by Kenneth A. Roberts ( D -- AL ) on July 9 , 1963 Committee consideration by House Energy and Commerce Passed the House on July 24 , 1963 ( 275 - 104 ) Passed the Senate on November 19 , 1963 ( passed voice vote , in lieu of S. 432 ) Reported by the joint conference committee on December 5 , 1963 ; agreed to by the House on December 10 , 1963 ( 276 - 112 ) and by the Senate on December 10 , 1963 ( passed voice vote ) Signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson on December 17 , 1963 Major amendments Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Control Act of 1965 ( 79 Stat. 992 , Pub. L. 89 -- 272 ) Air Quality Act of 1967 ( 81 Stat. 485 , Pub. L. 90 -- 148 ) Clean Air Act Extension of 1970 ( 84 Stat. 1676 , Pub. L. 91 -- 604 ) Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977 ( 91 Stat. 685 , Pub. L. 95 -- 95 ) Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 ( 104 Stat. 2468 , Pub. L. 101 -- 549 ) United States Supreme Court cases Union Elec . Co. v. EPA , 427 U.S. 246 ( 1976 ) Chevron USA v. Natural Resources Defense Council , 467 U.S. 837 ( 1984 ) Whitman v. American Trucking Ass'ns , Inc. , 531 U.S. 457 ( 2001 )	December 17 , 1963	Clean Air Act ( United States )	clean air act ( united states )	The Clean Air Act is a United States federal law designed to control air pollution on a national level . It is one of the United States ' first and most influential modern environmental laws , and one of the most comprehensive air quality laws in the world . As with many other major U.S. federal environmental statutes , it is administered by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) , in coordination with state , local , and tribal governments . Its implementing regulations are codified at 40 C.F.R. Subchapter C , Parts 50 - 97 .	The 1955 Air Pollution Control Act was the first U.S. federal legislation that pertained to air pollution ; it also provided funds for federal government research of air pollution . The first federal legislation to actually pertain to `` controlling '' air pollution was the Clean Air Act of 1963 . The 1963 act accomplished this by establishing a federal program within the U.S. Public Health Service and authorizing research into techniques for monitoring and controlling air pollution . It was first amended in 1965 , by the Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Control Act , which authorized the federal government to set required standards for controlling the emission of pollutants from certain automobiles , beginning with the 1968 models . A second amendment , the Air Quality Act of 1967 , enabled the federal government to increase its activities to investigate enforcing interstate air pollution transport , and , for the first time , to perform far - reaching ambient monitoring studies and stationary source inspections . The 1967 act also authorized expanded studies of air pollutant emission inventories , ambient monitoring techniques , and control techniques . Amendments approved in 1970 greatly expanded the federal mandate , requiring comprehensive federal and state regulations for both stationary ( industrial ) pollution sources and mobile sources . It also significantly expanded federal enforcement . Also , EPA was established on December 2 , 1970 for the purpose of consolidating pertinent federal research , monitoring , standard - setting and enforcement activities into one agency that ensures environmental protection . Further amendments were made in 1990 to address the problems of acid rain , ozone depletion , and toxic air pollution , and to establish a national permit program for stationary sources , and increased enforcement authority . The amendments also established new auto gasoline reformulation requirements , set Reid vapor pressure ( RVP ) standards to control evaporative emissions from gasoline , and mandated new gasoline formulations sold from May to September in many states . Reviewing his tenure as EPA Administrator under President George H.W. Bush , William K. Reilly characterized passage of the 1990 Clean Air Act as his most notable accomplishment . The Clean Air Act was the first major environmental law in the United States to include a provision for citizen suits . Numerous state and local governments have enacted similar legislation , either implementing federal programs or filling in locally important gaps in federal programs . Contents ( hide ) 1 Summary 1.1 Title I : Programs and Activities 1.1. 1 Part A : Air Quality and Emissions Limitations 1.1. 2 Part B : Ozone Protection 1.1. 3 Part C - Prevention of Significant Deterioration of Air Quality 1.1. 4 Part D: Plan Requirements for Non-attainment Areas 1.2 Title II : Emission Standards for Moving Sources 1.2. 1 Part A : Motor Vehicle Emission and Fuel Standards 1.2. 2 Part B : Aircraft Emission Standards 1.2. 3 Part C : Clean Fuel Vehicles 1.3 Title III : General Provisions 1.4 Title IV : Noise Pollution 1.5 Title IV - A : Acid Deposition Control 1.6 Title V : Permits 1.7 Title VI : Stratospheric Ozone Protection 2 History 2.1 Legislation 2.2 History of the Clean Air Act 2.2. 1 Introduction 2.2. 2 Clean Air Act of 1970 2.2. 3 Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977 2.2. 4 Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 2.2. 5 Milestones 2.3 Regulations 3 Roles of the federal government and states 3.1 State Programs 4 Interstate air pollution 5 Leak detection and repair 6 Application to greenhouse gas emissions 7 Clean Air Act and environmental justice 8 Clean Air Act violations 9 Effects 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Summary ( edit ) Counties in the United States with one or more National Ambient Air Quality Standards not met as of October 2015 Title I : programs and activities ( edit ) Graph showing decreases in US air pollution concentrations during 1990 to 2015 Part a : Air quality and emissions limitations ( edit ) This section of the act declares that protecting and enhancing the nation 's air quality promotes public health . The law encourages prevention of regional air pollution and control programs . It also provides technical and financial assistance for air pollution prevention at both state and local governments . Additional subchapters cover of cooperation , research , investigation , training and other activities . Grants for air pollution planning and control programs , and interstate air quality agencies and program cost limitations are also included in this section of the act . The act mandates air quality control regions , designated as attainment vs non-attainment . Non-attainment areas do not meet national standards for primary or secondary ambient air quality . Attainment areas meet these standards , while unclassifiable areas can not be classified on the basis of the information that is available . Air quality criteria , national primary and secondary ambient air quality standards , state implementation plans and performance standards for new stationary sources are also covered in Part A . The list of hazardous air pollutants established by the act includes acetaldehyde , benzene , chloroform , phenols and selenium compounds . The list also includes mineral fiber emissions from manufacturing or processing glass , rock or slag fibers as well as radioactive atoms . The list periodically can be modified . The act lists unregulated radioactive pollutants such as cadmium , arsenic , and polycyclic organic matter and mandates listing them if they will cause or contribute to air pollution that endangers public health , under section 7408 or 7412 . The remaining subchapters cover smokestack heights , state plan adequacy , and estimating emissions of carbon monoxide , volatile organic compounds , and oxides of nitrogen from area and mobile sources . Measures to prevent unemployment or other economic disruption include using local coal or coal derivatives to comply with implementation requirements . The final subchapter in this act focuses on land use authority . Part B. : ozone Protection ( edit ) Because of advances in the atmospheric chemistry , this section was replaced by Title VI when the law was amended in 1990 . This change in the law reflected significant changes in scientific understanding of ozone formation and depletion . Ozone absorbs UVC light and shorter wave UVB , and lets through UVA , which is largely harmless to people . Ozone exists naturally in the stratosphere , not the troposphere . It is laterally distributed because it is destroyed by strong sunlight , so there is more ozone at the poles . Ozone is created when O comes in contact with photons from solar radiation . Therefore , a decrease in the intensity of solar radiation also results in a decrease in the formation of ozone in the stratosphere . This exchange is known as the Chapman mechanism : O + UV photon → 2 O ( note that atmospheric oxygen as O is highly unstable ) O + O + M → O ( O is Ozone ) + M M represents a third molecule , needed to carry off the excess energy of the collision of O + O . Atmospheric freon and chlorofluorocarbons ( CFCs ) contribute to ozone depletion ( Chlorine is a catalytic agent in ozone destruction ) . Following discovery of the ozone hole in 1985 , the 1987 Montreal Protocol successfully implemented a plan to replace CFCs and was viewed by some environmentalists as an example of what is possible for the future of environmental issues , if the political will is present . Part C - Prevention of Significant Deterioration of Air quality ( edit ) The Clean Air Act requires permits to build or add to major stationary sources of air pollution . This permitting process , known as New Source Review ( NSR ) , applies to sources in areas that meet air quality standards as well as areas that are unclassifiable . Permits in attainment or unclassifiable areas are referred to as Prevention of Significant Deterioration ( PSD ) permits , while permits for sources located in nonattainment areas are referred to as nonattainment area ( NAA ) permits . The fundamental goals of the PSD program are to : prevent new non-attainment areas by ensuring economic growth in harmony with existing clean air ; protect public health and welfare from any adverse effects ; preserve and enhance the air quality in national parks and other areas of special natural recreational , scenic , or historic value . Part d: Plan requirements for non-attainment areas ( edit ) Under the Clean Air Act states are required to submit a plan for non-attainment areas to reach attainment status as soon as possible but in no more than five years , based on the severity of the air pollution and the difficulty posed by obtaining cleaner air . The plan must include : an inventory of all pollutants permits control measures , means and techniques to reach standard qualifications contingency measures The plan must be approved or revised if required for approval , and specify whether local governments or the state will implement and enforce the various changes . Achieving attainment status makes a request for reevaluation possible . It must include a plan for maintenance of air quality . Title II : emission standards for moving sources ( edit ) Graph showing decreases in US air pollution emissions from transportation sources during 1980 - 2015 , while US population and economic activity increased . Part a : motor vehicle emission and Fuel standards ( edit ) Subchapters of Title II cover state standards and grants , prohibited acts and actions to restrain violations , as well as a study of emissions from nonroad vehicles ( other than locomotives ) to determine whether they cause or contribute to air pollution . Motorcycles are treated in the same way as automobiles under the emission standards for new motor vehicles or motor vehicle engines . The last few subchapters deal with high altitude performance adjustments , motor vehicle compliance program fees , prohibition on production of engines requiring leaded gasoline and urban bus standards . This part of the bill was extremely controversial the time it was passed . The automobile industry argued that it could not meet the new standards . Senators expressed concern about impact on the economy . Specific new emissions standards for moving sources passed years later . Part B. : aircraft emission standards ( edit ) Many volatile organic compounds ( VOCs ) are emitted over airports and affect the air quality in the region . VOCs include benzene , formaldehyde and butadienes which are known to cause health problems such as birth defects , cancer and skin irritation . Hundreds of tons of emissions from aircraft , ground support equipment , heating systems , and shuttles and passenger vehicles are released into the air , causing smog . Therefore , major cities such as Seattle , Denver , and San Francisco require a Climate Action Plan as well as a greenhouse gas inventory . Additionally , federal programs such as the Voluntary Airport Low Emissions Program ( VALE ) are working to offset costs for programs that reduce emissions . Title II sets emission standards for airlines and aircraft engines and adopts standards set by the International Civil Aviation Organization ( ICAO ) . However aircraft carbon dioxide emission standards have not been established by either ICAO nor the EPA . It is the responsibility of the Secretary of Transportation , after consultation with the Administrator , to prescribe regulations that comply with 42 U.S. Code § 7571 ( Establishment of standards ) and ensure the necessary inspections take place . Part C : Clean Fuel vehicles ( edit ) Trucks and automobiles play a large role in deleterious air quality . Harmful chemicals such as nitrogen oxide , hydrocarbons , carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide are released from motor vehicles . Some of these also react with sunlight to produce photochemicals . These harmful substances change the climate , alter ocean pH and include toxins that may cause cancer , birth defects or respiratory illness . Motor vehicles increased in the 1990s since approximately 58 percent of households owned two or more vehicles . The Clean Fuel Vehicle programs focused on alternative fuel use and petroleum fuels that met low emission vehicle ( LEV ) levels . Compressed natural gas , ethanol , methanol , liquefied petroleum gas and electricity are examples of cleaner alternative fuel . Programs such as the California Clean Fuels Program and pilot program are increasing demand that for new fuels to be developed to reduce harmful emissions . The California pilot program incorporated under this section focuses on pollution control in ozone non-attainment areas . The provisions apply to light - duty trucks and light - duty vehicles in California . The state also requires that clean alternative fuels for sale at numerous locations with sufficient geographic distribution for convenience . Production of clean - fuel vehicles is n't mandated except as part of the California pilot program . Title III : General provisions ( edit ) Under the law prior to 1990 , EPA was required to construct a list of Hazardous Air Pollutants as well as health - based standards for each one . There were 187 air pollutants listed and the source from which they came . The EPA was given ten years to generate technology - based emission standards . Title III is considered a second phase , allowing the EPA to assess lingering risks after the enactment of the first phase of emission standards . Title III also enacts new standards with regard to the protection of public health . A citizen may file a lawsuit to obtain compliance with an emission standard issued by the EPA or by a state , unless there is an ongoing enforcement action being pursued by EPA or the appropriate state agency . Title IV : noise pollution ( edit ) This title pre-dates the Clean Air Act . With the passage of the Clean Air Act , it became codified as Title IV . However , another Title IV was enacted in the 1990 amendments . The second Title IV was then appended to this Title IV as Title IV - A ( see below ) . This title established the EPA Office of Noise Abatement and Control to reduce noise pollution in urban areas , to minimize noise - related impacts on psychological and physiological effects on humans , effects on wildlife and property ( including values ) , and other noise - related issues . The agency was also assigned to run experiments to study the effects of noise . See also : Noise Control Act Title IV - a : acid deposition control ( edit ) This title was added as part of the 1990 amendments . It addresses the issue of acid rain , which is caused by nitrogen oxides ( NO ) and sulfur dioxide ( SO ) emissions from electric power plants powered by fossil fuels , and other industrial sources . The 1990 amendments gave industries more pollution control options including switching to low - sulfur coal and / or adding devices that controlled the harmful emissions . In some cases plants had to be closed down to prevent the dangerous chemicals from entering the atmosphere . Title IV - A mandated a two - step process to reduce SO emissions . The first stage required more than 100 electric generating facilities larger than 100 megawatts to meet a 3.5 million ton SO emission reduction by January 1995 . The second stage gave facilities larger than 75 megawatts a January 2000 deadline . Title v. : permits ( edit ) The 1990 amendments authorized a national operating permit program , covering thousands of large industrial and commercial sources . It required large businesses to address pollutants released into the air , measure their quantity , and have a plan to control and minimize them as well as to periodically report . This consolidated requirements for a facility into a single document . In non-attainment areas , permits were required for sources that emit as little as 50 , 25 , or 10 tons per year of VOCs depending on the severity of the region 's non-attainment status . Most permits are issued by state and local agencies . If the state does not adequately monitor requirements , the EPA may take control . The public may request to view the permits by contacting the EPA . The permit is limited to no more than five years and requires a renewal . Title VI : stratospheric ozone Protection ( edit ) Starting in 1990 , Title VI mandated regulations regarding the use and production of chemicals that harm the Earth 's stratospheric ozone layer . This ozone layer protects against harmful ultraviolet B sunlight linked to several medical conditions including cataracts and skin cancer . The ozone - destroying chemicals were classified into two groups , Class I and Class II . Class I consists of substances , including chlorofluorocarbons , that have an ozone depletion potential ( ODP ) ( HL ) of 0.2 or higher . Class II lists substances , including hydrochlorofluorocarbons , that are known to or may be detrimental to the stratosphere . Both groups have a timeline for phase - out : For Class I substances , no more than seven years after being added to the list and For Class II substances no more than ten years . Title VI establishes methods for preventing harmful chemicals from entering the stratosphere in the first place , including recycling or proper disposal of chemicals and finding substitutes that cause less or no damage . The Significant New Alternatives Policy ( SNAP ) Program is EPA 's program to evaluate and regulate substitutes for the ozone - depleting chemicals that are being phased out under the stratospheric ozone protection provisions of the Clean Air Act . Over 190 countries signed the Montreal Protocol in 1987 , agreeing to work to eliminate or limit the use of chemicals with ozone - destroying properties . History ( edit ) This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : There is a `` History '' subsection within this section ; redundant & confusing . Overlapping material should be consolidated or deleted as appropriate . Please help improve this section if you can . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Legislation ( edit ) Congress passed the first legislation to address air pollution with the 1955 Air Pollution Control Act that provided funds to the U.S. Public Health service , but did not formulate pollution regulation . However , the Clean Air Act in 1963 , created a research and regulatory program in the U.S. Public Health Service . The Act authorized development of emission standards for stationary sources , but not mobile sources of air pollution . The 1967 Air Quality Act mandated enforcement of interstate air pollution standards and authorized ambient monitoring studies and stationary source inspections . In the Clean Air Act Extension of 1970 , Congress greatly expanded the federal mandate by requiring comprehensive federal and state regulations for both industrial and mobile sources . The law established four new regulatory programs : National Ambient Air Quality Standards ( NAAQS ) . EPA was required to promulgate national standards for six criteria pollutants : carbon monoxide , nitrogen dioxide , sulfur dioxide , particulate matter , hydrocarbons and photochemical oxidants . ( Some of the criteria pollutants were revised in subsequent legislation . ) State Implementation Plans ( SIPs ) New Source Performance Standards ( NSPS ) ; and National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants ( NESHAPs ) . The 1970 law is sometimes called the `` Muskie Act '' because of the central role Maine Senator Edmund Muskie played in drafting the bill . To implement the strict new Clean Air Act of 1970 , during his first term as EPA Administrator William Ruckelshaus spent 60 % of his time on the automobile industry , whose emissions were to be reduced 90 % under the new law . Senators had been frustrated at the industry 's failure to cut emissions under previous , weaker air laws . The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977 required Prevention of Significant Deterioration ( PSD ) of air quality for areas attaining the NAAQS and added requirements for non-attainment areas . The 1990 Clean Air Act added regulatory programs for control of acid deposition ( acid rain ) and stationary source operating permits . The amendments moved considerably beyond the original criteria pollutants , expanding the NESHAP program with a list of 189 hazardous air pollutants to be controlled within hundreds of source categories , according to a specific schedule . The NAAQS program was also expanded . Other new provisions covered stratospheric ozone protection , increased enforcement authority and expanded research programs . History of the Clean Air Act ( edit ) Introduction ( edit ) President Lyndon B. Johnson signing the 1967 Air Quality Act in the East Room of the White House , November 21 , 1967 . The legal authority for federal programs regarding air pollution control is based on the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments ( 1990 CAAA ) . These are the latest in a series of amendments made to the Clean Air Act ( CAA ) , often referred to as `` the Act . '' This legislation modified and extended federal legal authority provided by the earlier Clean Air Acts of 1963 and 1970 . The 1955 Air Pollution Control Act was the first federal legislation involving air pollution ; it authorized $3 million per year to the U.S. Public Health Service for five years to fund federal level air pollution research , air pollution control research , and technical and training assistance to the states . Subsequently , the act was extended for four years in 1959 with funding levels at $5 million per year . The act was then amended in 1960 and 1962 . Although the 1955 act brought the air pollution issue to the federal level , no federal regulations were formulated . Control and prevention of air pollution was instead delegated to state and local agencies . The Clean Air Act of 1963 was the first federal legislation regarding air pollution control . It established a federal program within the U.S. Public Health Service and authorized research into techniques for monitoring and controlling air pollution . In 1967 , the Air Quality Act was enacted in order to expand federal government activities . In accordance with this law , enforcement proceedings were initiated in areas subject to interstate air pollution transport . As part of these proceedings , the federal government for the first time conducted extensive ambient monitoring studies and stationary source inspections . The Air Quality Act of 1967 also authorized expanded studies of air pollutant emission inventories , ambient monitoring techniques , and control techniques . Clean Air Act of 1970 ( edit ) The Clean Air Act of 1970 ( 1970 CAA ) authorized the development of comprehensive federal and state regulations to limit emissions from both stationary ( industrial ) sources and mobile sources . Four major regulatory programs affecting stationary sources were initiated : the National Ambient Air Quality Standards ( NAAQS ( pronounced `` knacks '' ) ) , State Implementation Plans ( SIPs ) , New Source Performance Standards ( NSPS ) , and National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants ( NESHAPs ) . Enforcement authority was substantially expanded . This very important legislation was adopted at approximately the same time as the National Environmental Policy Act . Clean Air Act amendments of 1977 ( edit ) Major amendments were added to the Clean Air Act in 1977 ( 1977 CAAA ) . The 1977 Amendments primarily concerned provisions for the Prevention of Significant Deterioration ( PSD ) of air quality in areas attaining the NAAQS . The 1977 CAAA also contained requirements pertaining to sources in non-attainment areas for NAAQS . A non-attainment area is a geographic area that does not meet one or more of the federal air quality standards . Both of these 1977 CAAA established major permit review requirements to ensure attainment and maintenance of the NAAQS . Clean Air Act amendments of 1990 ( edit ) Another set of major amendments to the Clean Air Act occurred in 1990 ( 1990 CAAA ) . The 1990 CAAA substantially increased the authority and responsibility of the federal government . New regulatory programs were authorized for control of acid deposition ( acid rain ) and for the issuance of stationary source operating permits . The NESHAPs were incorporated into a greatly expanded program for controlling toxic air pollutants . The provisions for attainment and maintenance of NAAQS were substantially modified and expanded . Other revisions included provisions regarding stratospheric ozone protection , increased enforcement authority , and expanded research programs . Milestones ( edit ) Some of the principal milestones in the evolution of the Clean Air Act are as follows : The Air Pollution Control Act of 1955 First federal air pollution legislation Funded research on scope and sources of air pollution Clean Air Act of 1963 Authorized a national program to address air pollution Authorized research into techniques to minimize air pollution Air Quality Act of 1967 Authorized enforcement procedures involving interstate transport of pollutants Expanded research activities Clean Air Act of 1970 Established National Ambient Air Quality Standards Established requirements for State Implementation Plans to achieve them Establishment of New Source Performance Standards for new and modified stationary sources Establishment of National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants Increased enforcement authority Authorized control of motor vehicle emissions 1977 Amendments to the Clean Air Act of 1970 Authorized provisions related to prevention of significant deterioration Authorized provisions relating to non-attainment areas 1990 Amendments to the Clean Air Act of 1970 Authorized programs for acid deposition control Authorized controls for 189 toxic pollutants , including those previously regulated by the national emission standards for hazardous air pollutants Established permit program requirements Expanded and modified provisions concerning National Ambient Air Quality Standards Expanded and modified enforcement authority Regulations ( edit ) This section needs expansion with : additional regulations . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2011 ) Since the initial establishment of six mandated criteria pollutants ( ozone , particulate matter , carbon monoxide , nitrogen oxides , sulfur dioxide , and lead ) , advancements in testing and monitoring have led to the discovery of many other significant air pollutants . However , with the act in place and its many improvements , the U.S. has seen many pollutant levels and associated cases of health complications drop . According to the EPA , the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments has prevented or will prevent : Year 2010 ( cases prevented ) Year 2020 ( cases prevented ) Adult Mortality - particles 160,000 230,000 Infant Mortality - particles 230 280 Mortality - ozone 4,300 71,000 Chronic Bronchitis 54,000 75,000 Heart Disease - Acute Myocardial Infarction 130,000 200,000 Asthma Exacerbation 1,700,000 2,400,000 Emergency Room Visits 86,000 120,000 School Loss Days 3,200,000 5,400,000 Lost Work Days 13,000,000 17,000,000 This chart shows the health benefits of the Clean Air Act programs that reduce levels of fine particles and ozone . In 1997 EPA tightened the NAAQS regarding permissible levels of the ground - level ozone that make up smog and the fine airborne particulate matter that makes up soot . The decision came after months of public review of the proposed new standards , as well as long and fierce internal discussion within the Clinton administration , leading to the most divisive environmental debate of that decade . The new regulations were challenged in the courts by industry groups as a violation of the U.S. Constitution 's nondelegation principle and eventually landed in the Supreme Court of the United States , whose 2001 unanimous ruling in Whitman v. American Trucking Ass'ns , Inc. largely upheld EPA 's actions . The Clean Air Act ( CAA or Act ) directs EPA to establish national ambient air quality standards ( NAAQS ) for pollutants at levels that will protect public health . EPA and American Lung Association promoted the 2011 Cross State Air Pollution Rule ( CSAPR ) to control ozone and fine particles . Aim was to cut emissions half from 2005 to 2014 . It was claimed to prevent each year 400,000 asthma cases and save ca 2m work and schooldays lost by respiratory illness . Some states ( e.g. Texas ) , cities and power companies sued the case ( EPA v EME Homer City Generation ) . The appeals - court judges decided by two to one that the rule is too strict . Based on appeals the power companies were allowed to continue thousands of persons respiratory illnesses prolonged time in the USA . According to the Economist ( 2013 ) the Supreme Court decision may affect how the EPA regulates other pollutants , including the greenhouse gases . Roles of the federal government and States ( edit ) Although the 1990 Clean Air Act is a federal law covering the entire country , the states do much of the work to carry out the Act . The EPA has allowed the individual states to elect responsibility for compliance with and regulation of the CAA within their own borders in exchange for funding . For example , a state air pollution agency holds a hearing on a permit application by a power or chemical plant or fines a company for violating air pollution limits . However , election is not mandatory and in some cases states have chosen to not accept responsibility for enforcement of the act and force the EPA to assume those duties . In order to take over compliance with the CAA the states must write and submit a state implementation plan ( SIP ) to the EPA for approval . A state implementation plan is a collection of the regulations a state will use to clean up polluted areas . The states are obligated to notify the public of these plans , through hearings that offer opportunities to comment , in the development of each state implementation plan . The SIP becomes the state 's legal guide for local enforcement of the CAA . For example , Rhode Island law requires compliance with the Federal CAA through the SIP . The SIP delegates permitting and enforcement responsibility to the state Department of Environmental Management ( RI - DEM ) . The federal law recognizes that states should lead in carrying out the Clean Air Act , because pollution control problems often require special understanding of local industries , geography , housing patterns , etc . However , states are not allowed to have weaker pollution controls than the national minimum criteria set by EPA . EPA must approve each SIP , and if a SIP is n't acceptable , EPA can take over CAA enforcement in that state . The United States government , through the EPA , assists the states by providing scientific research , expert studies , engineering designs , and money to support clean air programs . Metropolitan planning organizations must approve all federally funded transportation projects in a given urban area . If the MPO 's plans do not , Federal Highway Administration and the Federal Transit Administration have the authority to withhold funds if the plans do not conform with federal requirements , including air quality standards . In 2010 , the EPA directly fined the San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District $29 million for failure to meet ozone standards , resulting in fees for county drivers and businesses . This was the results of a federal appeals court case that required the EPA to continue enforce older , stronger standards , and spurred debate in Congress over amending the Act . State programs ( edit ) Many states , or concerned citizens of the state , have established their own programs to help promote pollution clean - up strategies . For example , ( in alphabetical order by state ) California - California 's Clean Air Project - designed to create a smoke - free gaming atmosphere in tribal casinos Georgia - The Clean Air Campaign Illinois - Illinois Citizens for Clean Air and Water - coalition of farmers and other citizens to reduce harmful effects of large - scale livestock production methods New York - Clean Air NY Oklahoma - `` Breathe Easy '' - Oklahoma Statutes on Smoking in Public Places and Indoor Workplaces ( Effective November 1 , 2010 ) Oregon - Indoor Clean Air Act - Statutes on Smoking in Indoor Workplaces and Within 10ft of an Entrance Texas - Drive Clean Across Texas Virginia - Virginia Clean Cities , Inc . Interstate Air pollution ( edit ) Air pollution often travels from its source in one state to another state . In many metropolitan areas , people live in one state and work or shop in another ; air pollution from cars and trucks may spread throughout the interstate area . The 1990 Clean Air Act provides for interstate commissions on air pollution control , which are to develop regional strategies for cleaning up air pollution . The 1990 amendments include other provisions to reduce interstate air pollution . The Acid Rain Program , created under Title IV of the Act , authorizes emissions trading to reduce the overall cost of controlling emissions of sulfur dioxide . Leak Detection and repair ( edit ) The Act requires industrial facilities to implement a Leak Detection and Repair ( LDAR ) program to monitor and audit a facility 's fugitive emissions of volatile organic compounds ( VOC ) . The program is intended to identify and repair components such as valves , pumps , compressors , flanges , connectors and other components that may be leaking . These components are the main source of the fugitive VOC emissions . Testing is done manually using a portable vapor analyzer that read in parts per million ( ppm ) . Monitoring frequency , and the leak threshold , is determined by various factors such as the type of component being tested and the chemical running through the line . Moving components such as pumps and agitators are monitored more frequently than non-moving components such as flanges and screwed connectors . The regulations require that when a leak is detected the component be repaired within a set amount of days . Most facilities get 5 days for an initial repair attempt with no more than 15 days for a complete repair . Allowances for delaying the repairs beyond the allowed time are made for some components where repairing the component requires shutting process equipment down . Application to greenhouse gas emissions ( edit ) Main article : Regulation of greenhouse gases under the Clean Air Act EPA began regulating greenhouse gases ( GHGs ) from mobile and stationary sources of air pollution under the Clean Air Act for the first time on January 2 , 2011 . Standards for mobile sources have been established pursuant to Section 202 of the CAA , and GHGs from stationary sources are controlled under the authority of Part C of Title I of the Act . Below is a table for the sources of greenhouse gases , taken from data in 2008 . Of all greenhouse gases , about 76 percent of the sources are manageable under the CAA , marked with an asterisk ( * ) . All others are regulated independently , if at all . Source Percentage Electric Generation * 34 % Industry * 15 % Large Non-Agricultural Methane Sources * 5 % Light - , Medium - , and Heavy - Duty Vehicles * 22 % Other Transport 7 % Commercial and Residential Heating 7 % Agriculture 7 % HFCs 2 % Other 1 % Clean Air Act and Environmental Justice ( edit ) By promoting pollution reduction , the Clean Air Act can help reduce heightened exposure to air pollution among communities of color and low - income communities . Environmental researcher Dr. Marie Lynn Miranda notes that African American populations are `` consistently overrepresented '' in areas with the poorest air quality . Dense populations of low - income and minority communities inhabit the most polluted areas across the United States , which is considered to exacerbate health problems among these populations . High levels of exposure to air pollution is linked to several health conditions , including asthma , cancer , premature death , and infant mortality , each of which disproportionately impact communities of color and low - income communities . The pollution reduction achieved by the Clean Air Act is associated with a decline in each of these conditions and can promote environmental justice for communities that are disproportionately impacted by air pollution and diminished health status . Clean Air Act violations ( edit ) Major cases of Clean Air Act violations include : The Volkswagen emissions scandal ( 2015 ) ; Caterpillar and five other manufacturers violated diesel engine emission standards ( consent decree , July 1999 ) Effects ( edit ) A 2017 study found that the Clean Air Act of 1970 led to an over 10 percent reduction in pollution ( `` ambient TSP levels '' ) in counties that exceeded the pollution thresholds set by the Act in the three years after the regulation went into effect . The study found that this regulation - induced reduction in air pollution is caused affected workers to work more and earned one percent more in annual earnings . The authors estimate that cumulative lifetime income gain for each affected individual is approximately $4,300 in present value terms . See also ( edit ) Clean Air Act ( disambiguation ) Air quality law United States environmental law Alan Carlin , controversy over the EPA carbon dioxide endangerment finding Commission on Risk Assessment and Risk Management Emission standard Emissions trading Environmental policy of the United States Startups , shutdowns , and malfunctions The Center for Clean Air Policy ( in the US ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Plain English Guide to the Clean Air Act '' . Clean Air Act Overview . Washington , D.C. : US Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) . April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Environmental Laws and Treaties '' . Natural Resources Defense Council . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ Gordon , Erin L. `` History of the Modern Environmental Movement in America '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Summary of the Clean Air Act '' . EPA . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ Shekhtman , Lonnie . `` Beijing smog : What makes some cities cleaner than others ? '' . Christian Science Monitor . ISSN 0882 - 7729 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ Yang , , Ming . Energy Efficiency : Benefits for Environment and Society . ^ Jump up to : This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Government document `` History of the Clean Air Act , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency '' . `` History of the Clean Air Act '' . Environmental Protection Agency . August 8 , 2013 . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Government document `` EPA History , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency '' . `` EPA History '' . Environmental Protection Agency . March 12 , 2014 . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ EPA Alumni Association : EPA Administrator William K. Reilly describes why passage of the 1990 Clean Air Act amendments was vitally important . Reflections on US Environmental Policy : An Interview with William K. Reilly Video , Transcript ( see p10 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Clean Air Act : Title I - Air Pollution Prevention and Control '' . U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) . Archived from the original on 1 May 2012 . Retrieved 29 April 2012 . Jump up ^ EPA . `` Clean Air Act : Title VI - Stratospheric Ozone Protection . '' Archived 2010 - 11 - 26 at the Wayback Machine . Updated 2008 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Clean Air Act in a Nutshell : How It Works '' ( pdf ) . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 24 . Collectively , the PSD permitting program and nonattainment area permitting program for major sources are known as `` New Source Review . '' Before starting the construction of a new major source located in an attainment , or unclassifiable area , or the modification of an existing major source that results in a significant emissions increase in such areas , the source must obtain a PSD permit under the Act . ^ Jump up to : EPA ( 1990 ) . New Source Review Workshop Manual : Prevention of Significant Deterioration and Nonattainment Area Permitting . Jump up ^ `` Clean Air Act : Title II - Emission Standards for Moving Sources '' . EPA . Retrieved 30 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Trendowski , John . `` Sustainability Trends -- Reducing Emissions at Airports '' ( PDF ) . Airport Magazine . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 9 December 2010 . Retrieved 22 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Aircraft Emissions Expected to Grow , but Technological and Operational Improvements and Government Policies Can Help Control Emissions '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Government Accountability Office . Retrieved 22 April 2012 . Report no . GAO - 09 - 554 . Jump up ^ `` Clean Air Act '' . Cornell University Law School . Retrieved 22 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` www.biodiesel.org '' ( PDF ) . The Clean Air Act 's Clean - Fuel Vehicle Program . Retrieved 10 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Shackleton , Abe ( 2011 - 06 - 06 ) . `` What is Ethanol ? '' . Open Fuel Standard . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Shackleton , Abe ( 2011 - 05 - 31 ) . `` What is Methanol ? '' . Open Fuel Standard . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Title III : General '' Clean Air Act , United States . The Earth Encyclopedia . Updated : Apr 12 , 2011 . http://www.eoearth.org/article/Clean_Air_Act,_United_States Jump up ^ CAA section 304 , 42 U.S.C. § 7604 . ^ Jump up to : `` Title IV : Acid Deposition Control . Clean Air Act , United States . The Earth Encyclopedia . Updated : April 12 , 2011 '' . ^ Jump up to : EPA . `` Permits and Enforcement . '' The Plain English Guide to the Clean Air Act . Revised 2011 - 11 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : McCarthy , James . `` Clean Air Act : A Summary of the Act and its Major Requirements '' ( PDF ) . CRS Report for Congress . Retrieved 23 April 2012 . Jump up ^ EPA ( February 1998 ) . `` Air Pollution Operating Permit Program Update : Key Features and Benefits . '' Document no . EPA / 451 / K - 98 / 002 . p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : EPA . `` Protecting the Stratospheric Ozone Layer . '' The Plain English Guide to the Clean Air Act . Revised 2011 - 11 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` Title VI : Stratospheric Ozone Protection . Clean Air Act , United States . The Earth Encyclopedia . Updated : April 12 , 2011 '' . Jump up ^ `` Significant New Alternatives Policy ( SNAP ) Program '' . US EPA . Retrieved 5 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Jacobson , Mark Z. ( April 2012 ) . Air Pollution and Global Warming History , Science , and Solutions ( Google Books ) ( 2nd ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . pp. 175 , 176 . ISBN 9781107691155 . Jump up ^ Clean Air Act of 1963 , P.L. 88 - 206 , 77 Stat. 392 , 1963 - 12 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Jacobson , Mark Z. ( 2002 ) . Atmospheric Pollution : History , Science , and Regulation . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 01044 - 3 . Jump up ^ EPA . `` History of the Clean Air Act . '' Updated 2010 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ Clean Air Act Extension of 1970 , 84 Stat. 1676 , P.L. 91 - 604 , 1970 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ EPA . `` National Ambient Air Quality Standards ( NAAQS ) . '' Updated 2011 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Muskie Act '' . Toyota Motor Corp . Jump up ^ EPA Alumni Association : William Ruckelshaus in a 2013 interview discusses his first - term efforts at implementing the Clean Air Act of 1970 , Video , Transcript ( see p14 ) . Jump up ^ Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977 , P.L. 95 - 95 , 91 Stat. 685 , 1977 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ EPA . `` Reducing Toxic Air Pollutants . '' The Plain English Guide to the Clean Air Act . Revised 2011 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 , P.L. 101 - 549 , 104 Stat. 2399 , 1990 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ EPA . `` What Are the Six Common Air Pollutants ? '' Revised 2010 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ EPA ( 2011 ) . `` The Benefits and Costs of the Clean Air Act from 1990 to 2020 . Final Report . '' ( also known as the `` Second Prospective Study . '' ) Jump up ^ Cushman Jr. ; John H. ( June 26 , 1997 ) . `` Clinton Sharply Tightens Air Pollution Regulations Despite Concern Over Costs '' . New York Times . ^ Jump up to : Chebium , Raju ( November 7 , 2000 ) . `` U.S. Supreme Court hears clean air cases regarding smog and soot standards '' . CNN . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ Cushman Jr. ; John H. ( June 25 , 1997 ) . `` D'Amato Vows to Fight for E.P.A. 's Tightened Air Standards '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( 2001 - 02 - 28 ) . `` E.P.A. 's Right to Set Air Rules Wins Supreme Court Backing '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ Supreme Court Of The United States Decided April 29 , 2014 Jump up ^ Interstate pollution Smother my neighbour The Economist September 7th 2013 page 37 Jump up ^ Rhode Island General Law , Title 23 , Chapter 23 , Section 2 ( RIGL 23 - 23 - 2 ) . Jump up ^ Texas Department of Transportation ( 2010 ) . `` Metropolitan Planning Funds Administration . Section 5 : Planning Process Self - Certification . '' TxDOT Manual System . Jump up ^ Nelson , Gabriel ( 2011 - 07 - 01 ) . `` D.C. Circuit Rejects EPA 's Latest Guidance on Smog Standards '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Nelson , Gabriel ( 2011 - 05 - 03 ) . `` Republicans seek to spare smoggy Calif. areas from punishment '' . Environment & Energy News . E&E Publishing . Jump up ^ `` Breathe Easy OK - Secondhand Smoke Laws '' . Ok.gov. 2002 - 07 - 01 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Oregon ICAA '' . Oregon Health Authority . Oregon Public Health Division . Retrieved 27 April 2017 . Jump up ^ EPA ( 2010 ) . `` Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks : 1990 -- 2008 . '' Document no . 430 - R - 10 - 006 . Office of Atmospheric Programs . Jump up ^ EPA , OAR , US . `` Air Pollution : Current and Future Challenges '' . www.epa.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ Miranda , Marie Lynn ; Edwards , Sharon E. ; Keating , Martha H. ; Paul , Christopher J. ( 2017 - 04 - 18 ) . `` Making the Environmental Justice Grade : The Relative Burden of Air Pollution Exposure in the United States '' . International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health . 8 ( 6 ) : 1755 -- 1771 . doi : 10.3390 / ijerph8061755 . ISSN 1661 - 7827 . PMC 3137995 . PMID 21776200 . Jump up ^ Massey , Rachel ( 2004 ) . `` Environmental Justice : Income , Race , and Health '' ( PDF ) . Tufts University Global Development And Environment Institute , Tufts University . ^ Jump up to : `` ADVANCING ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE THROUGH POLLUTION PREVENTION A Report developed from the National Environmental Justice Advisory Council Meeting of December 9 - 13 , 2002 '' ( PDF ) . Environmental Protection Agency . 2002 . first1 = missing last1 = in Authors list ( help ) Jump up ^ Caterpillar Inc. # Clean Air Act violation Jump up ^ Isen , Adam ; Rossin - Slater , Maya ; Walker , W. Reed ( 2017 - 05 - 01 ) . `` Every Breath You Take -- Every Dollar You 'll Make : The Long - Term Consequences of the Clean Air Act of 1970 '' . Journal of Political Economy : 000 -- 000 . doi : 10.1086 / 691465 . ISSN 0022 - 3808 . Further reading ( edit ) EPA Alumni Association . `` Cleaning the Air We Breathe : A Half Century of Progress . '' . September 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Clean Air Act EPA Enforcement and Compliance History Online United States environmental law Supreme Court decisions Missouri v. Holland ( 1920 ) Sierra Club v. Morton ( 1972 ) United States v. SCRAP ( 1973 ) Tennessee Valley Authority v. Hill ( 1978 ) Vermont Yankee v. NRDC ( 1978 ) Hughes v. Oklahoma ( 1979 ) Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife ( 1992 ) United States v. Bestfoods ( 1998 ) Friends of the Earth v. Laidlaw Environmental Services ( 2000 ) SWANCC v. Army Corps of Engineers ( 2001 ) Department of Transportation v. Public Citizen ( 2004 ) Rapanos v. United States ( 2006 ) Massachusetts v. EPA ( 2007 ) National Ass'n of Home Builders v. Defenders of Wildlife ( 2007 ) Coeur Alaska , Inc. v. Southeast Alaska Conservation Council ( 2009 ) Major federal legislation and treaties Rivers and Harbors Act ( 1899 ) Lacey Act ( 1900 ) Weeks Act ( 1911 ) North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911 ( 1911 ) Migratory Bird Treaty Act ( 1918 ) Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act ( 1934 ) Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act ( 1954 ) Clean Air Act ( 1963 , 1970 ) National Environmental Policy Act ( 1970 ) Clean Water Act ( 1972 ) Federal Insecticide , Fungicide , and Rodenticide Act ( 1972 ) Noise Control Act ( 1972 ) Endangered Species Act ( 1973 ) Safe Drinking Water Act ( 1974 ) Resource Conservation and Recovery Act ( 1976 ) Toxic Substances Control Act ( 1976 ) Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act ( 1977 ) CERCLA ( Superfund ) ( 1980 ) Emergency Planning and Community Right - to - Know Act ( 1986 ) Emergency Wetlands Resources Act ( 1986 ) Frank R. Lautenberg Chemical Safety for the 21st Century Act ( 2016 ) Federal agencies Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Council on Environmental Quality Office of Surface Mining United States Environmental Protection Agency United States Fish and Wildlife Service Regulations and concepts Best available technology Citizen suit Discharge Monitoring Report Effluent guidelines Environmental crime Environmental impact statement Environmental justice National Ambient Air Quality Standards National Priorities List New Source Performance Standard Not - To - Exceed ( NTE ) Right to know Total maximum daily load Toxicity category rating Natural resources Air Pollution / quality Ambient standards ( USA ) Index Indoor developing nations Law Clean Air Act ( USA ) Ozone depletion Emissions Airshed Trading Deforestation ( REDD ) Energy Law Resources Fossil fuels ( peak oil ) Geothermal Nuclear Solar sunlight shade Tidal Wave Wind Land Arable peak farmland Degradation Law property Management habitat conservation Minerals mining law sand peak rights Soil conservation fertility health resilience Use planning reserve Life Biodiversity Bioprospecting Biosphere Bushfood Bushmeat Fisheries law management Food Forests genetic resources law management Game law Gene bank Herbalist plants Marine conservation Non-timber forest products Rangeland Seed bank Wildlife conservation management Wood Water Types / location Aquifer storage and recovery Drinking Fresh Groundwater pollution recharge remediation Hydrosphere Ice bergs glacial polar Irrigation Rain harvesting Stormwater Surface water Wastewater reclaimed Aspects Desalination Floods Law Leaching Sanitation Conflict Conservation Peak water Pollution Privatization Quality Right Resources management policy Related Commons enclosure global land tragedy of Economics ecological land Ecosystem services Exploitation overexploitation Earth Overshoot Day Management adaptive Natural capital accounting Nature reserve Systems ecology Urban ecology Wilderness Resource Common - pool Conflict ( perpetuation ) Curse Depletion Extraction Nationalism Renewable / Non-renewable Portals Agriculture and agronomy Energy Environment Fishing Forestry Mining Water Wetlands agencies law management ministries organizations Colleges Natural resources Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)&oldid=827088296 '' Categories : Air pollution in the United States Climate change in the United States United States federal environmental legislation 1970 in law 1990 in law 88th United States Congress 1963 in the environment 1970 in the environment 1970 in the United States 1990 in the United States Environmental law in the United States Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating text from public domain works of the United States Government Webarchive template wayback links CS1 errors : missing author or editor Articles needing cleanup from March 2017 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from March 2017 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from March 2017 Articles to be expanded from June 2011 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from May 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Français 日本語 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 February 2018 , at 18 : 25 . 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when did the first version of minecraft come out	Minecraft Developer ( s ) Mojang Publisher ( s ) Mojang Microsoft Studios Sony Computer Entertainment Designer ( s ) Markus Persson Jens Bergensten Artist ( s ) Markus Toivonen Composer ( s ) C418 Platform ( s ) Microsoft Windows macOS Linux ( show ) Android iOS Windows Phone Xbox 360 Xbox One PlayStation 3 PlayStation 4 PlayStation Vita Raspberry Pi Universal Windows Platform Wii U Nintendo Switch New Nintendo 3DS Apple TV Amazon Fire TV Release 18 November 2011 ( show ) Microsoft Windows , macOS , Linux WW : 18 November 2011 Android WW : 7 October 2011 iOS WW : 17 November 2011 Xbox 360 WW : 9 May 2012 Raspberry Pi WW : 11 February 2013 PlayStation 3 NA : 17 December 2013 EU : 18 December 2013 PlayStation 4 WW : 4 September 2014 Xbox One WW : 5 September 2014 PlayStation Vita NA : 14 October 2014 EU : 15 October 2014 Windows Phone WW : 10 December 2014 Windows 10 Edition WW : 29 July 2015 Wii U WW : 17 December 2015 Apple TV , Amazon Fire TV WW : 19 December 2016 Nintendo Switch NA : 11 May 2017 PAL : 12 May 2017 New Nintendo 3DS WW : 13 September 2017 Genre ( s ) Sandbox , survival Mode ( s ) Single - player , multiplayer	18 November 2011	Minecraft	minecraft		Minecraft Developer ( s ) Mojang Publisher ( s ) Mojang Microsoft Studios Sony Computer Entertainment Designer ( s ) Markus Persson Jens Bergensten Artist ( s ) Markus Toivonen Composer ( s ) C418 Platform ( s ) Microsoft Windows macOS Linux ( show ) Android iOS Windows Phone Xbox 360 Xbox One PlayStation 3 PlayStation 4 PlayStation Vita Raspberry Pi Universal Windows Platform Wii U Nintendo Switch New Nintendo 3DS Apple TV Amazon Fire TV Release 18 November 2011 ( show ) Microsoft Windows , macOS , Linux WW : 18 November 2011 Android WW : 7 October 2011 iOS WW : 17 November 2011 Xbox 360 WW : 9 May 2012 Raspberry Pi WW : 11 February 2013 PlayStation 3 NA : 17 December 2013 EU : 18 December 2013 PlayStation 4 WW : 4 September 2014 Xbox One WW : 5 September 2014 PlayStation Vita NA : 14 October 2014 EU : 15 October 2014 Windows Phone WW : 10 December 2014 Windows 10 Edition WW : 29 July 2015 Wii U WW : 17 December 2015 Apple TV , Amazon Fire TV WW : 19 December 2016 Nintendo Switch NA : 11 May 2017 PAL : 12 May 2017 New Nintendo 3DS WW : 13 September 2017 Genre ( s ) Sandbox , survival Mode ( s ) Single - player , multiplayer Minecraft is a sandbox video game created by Swedish game developer Markus Persson and later developed by Mojang . Minecraft allows players to build with a variety of different cubes in a 3D procedurally generated world , requiring creativity from players . Other activities in the game include exploration , resource gathering , crafting , and combat . Multiple gameplay modes are available , including a survival mode in which the player must acquire resources to build the world and maintain health , a creative mode where players have unlimited resources to build with and the ability to fly , an adventure mode where players can play custom maps created by other players , a spectator mode where players can freely move throughout a world without being affected by gravity or collisions , and a hardcore mode , where the player is given only one life . The PC version of the game allows players to create mods with new gameplay mechanics , items , and assets . Minecraft received critical acclaim and has won numerous awards and accolades . Social media , parodies , adaptations , merchandise , and the MineCon convention played large roles in popularizing the game . It has also been used in educational environments , especially in the realm of computing systems , as virtual computers and hardware devices have been built in it . By early 2018 , over 144 million copies had been sold across all platforms , making it the second best - selling video game of all time . In September 2014 , Microsoft announced a deal to buy Mojang and the Minecraft intellectual property for US $2.5 billion , with the acquisition completed two months later . Spin - off games , such as Minecraft : Story Mode , have also been released . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 1.1 Survival mode 1.2 Creative mode 1.3 Adventure mode 1.4 Spectator mode 1.5 Multiplayer 2 Development 2.1 Soundtrack 3 Release 3.1 Personal computer versions 3.2 Console versions 3.3 Pocket Edition 3.4 Raspberry Pi 3.5 Virtual reality 4 Downloadable content 5 Spin - off games 5.1 Minecraft : Story Mode 5.2 Minecraft : Education Edition 6 Reception 6.1 Sales 6.2 Awards 7 Cultural impact 7.1 Clones 7.2 Adaptations 7.3 Merchandise 7.4 MineCon 8 Applications 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Gameplay Minecraft is a 3D sandbox game that has no specific goals to accomplish , allowing players a large amount of freedom in choosing how to play the game . However , there is an achievement system . Gameplay is in the first - person perspective by default , but players have the option for third - person perspective . The game world is composed of rough 3D objects -- mainly cubes and fluids -- representing various materials , such as dirt , stone , ores , tree trunks , water , and lava . The core gameplay revolves around picking up and placing these objects . These blocks are arranged in a 3D grid , while players can move freely around the world . Players can `` mine '' blocks and then place them elsewhere , enabling them to build things . The game world is virtually infinite and procedurally generated as players explore it , using a map seed that is obtained from the system clock at the time of world creation ( or manually specified by the player ) . There are limits on vertical movement , but Minecraft allows an infinitely large game world to be generated on the horizontal plane , only running into technical problems when extremely distant locations are reached . The game achieves this by splitting the world data into smaller sections called `` chunks '' that are only created or loaded when players are nearby . The world is divided into biomes ranging from deserts to jungles to snowfields ; the terrain includes plains , mountains , forests , caves , and various water bodies . The in - game time system follows a day and night cycle , and one full cycle lasts 20 real - time minutes . A few of the hostile monsters in Minecraft , displayed from left to right : zombie , spider , enderman , creeper , and skeleton Players encounter various non-player characters known as mobs , such as animals , villagers , and hostile creatures . Passive mobs can be hunted for food and crafting materials , such as cows , pigs , and chickens . They spawn in the daytime , while hostile mobs spawn during nighttime or in dark places such as caves -- including large spiders , skeletons , and zombies . Some hostile mobs , such as zombies and skeletons , burn under the sun . Some creatures unique to Minecraft have been noted by reviewers , including the creeper ( an exploding creature that sneaks up on the player ) and the enderman ( a creature with the ability to teleport and pick up blocks ) . Many commentators have described the game 's physics system as unrealistic . Liquids continuously flow for a limited horizontal distance from source blocks , which can be removed by placing a solid block in its place or by scooping it into a bucket . Complex systems can be built using primitive mechanical devices , electrical circuits , and logic gates built with an in - game material known as redstone . Minecraft has two alternative dimensions besides the main world : the Nether and the End . The Nether is a hell - like dimension accessed via player - built portals ; it contains many unique resources and can be used to travel great distances in the overworld . The player can build an optional boss mob called the Wither out of materials found in the Nether . The End is a barren land consisting of many islands . A boss dragon called the Ender Dragon dwells on the main island . Killing the dragon cues the game 's ending credits , written by Irish novelist Julian Gough . Players are then allowed to teleport back to their original spawn point in the overworld and continue the game indefinitely . The game consists of five game modes : survival , creative , adventure , hardcore , and spectator . It also has a changeable difficulty system of four levels . For example , the peaceful difficulty prevents hostile creatures from spawning , and when playing on the hard difficulty players can starve to death if their hunger bar is depleted . Survival mode The Minecraft crafting screen , showing the crafting pattern of a stone axe In survival mode , players have to gather natural resources such as wood and stone found in the environment in order to craft certain blocks and items . Depending on the difficulty , monsters spawn in darker areas outside a certain radius of the character , requiring players to build a shelter at night . The mode also has a health bar which is depleted by attacks from monsters , falls , drowning , falling into lava , suffocation , starvation , and other events . Players also have a hunger bar , which must be periodically refilled by eating food in - game , except in peaceful difficulty . If the hunger bar is depleted , automatic healing will stop and eventually health will deplete . Health replenishes when players have a nearly full hunger bar or continuously on peaceful difficulty . Players can craft a wide variety of items in Minecraft . Players can craft armour , which can help mitigate damage from attacks , while weapons such as swords can be crafted to kill enemies and other animals more easily . Players acquire resources to craft tools , such as axes , shovels , or pickaxes , used to chop down trees , dig soil , and mine ores , respectively ; e.g. tools made of iron perform their tasks more quickly than tools made of stone or wood and can be used more heavily before they break . Players can construct furnaces which can smelt food , process ores and materials , among others . Players may also trade goods with villager NPCs through a bartering system involving trading emeralds for different goods , and vice versa . The game has an inventory system , and players can carry a limited number of items . Upon dying , items in the players ' inventories are dropped , and players re-spawn at their spawn point , which is set by default where players begin the game , and can be reset if players sleep in a bed . Dropped items can be recovered if players can reach them before they despawn . Players may acquire experience points by killing mobs and other players , mining , smelting ores , breeding animals , and cooking food . Experience can then be spent on enchanting tools , armour and weapons . Enchanted items are generally more powerful , last longer , or have other special effects . Hardcore mode is a survival mode variant that is locked to the hardest setting , and has permadeath , permanently deleting the world when the player dies . When a player dies on a server set to hardcore mode , the player is put into spectator mode . Creative mode An example of a creation constructed in Minecraft In creative mode , players have access to all resources and items in the game through the inventory menu , and can place or remove them instantly . Players can toggle the ability to fly freely around the game world at will , and their characters do not take any damage and are not affected by hunger . The game mode helps players focus on building and creating large projects . Adventure mode Adventure mode was added to Minecraft in version 1.3 ; it was designed specifically so that players could experience user - crafted custom maps and adventures . Gameplay is similar to survival mode but introduces various player restrictions , which can be applied to the game world by the creator of the map . This forces players to obtain the required items and experience adventures in the way that the map maker intended . Another addition designed for custom maps is the command block ; this block allows map makers to expand interactions with players through scripted server commands . Spectator mode Spectator mode allows players to fly around through blocks and watch gameplay without directly interacting . In this mode , instead of having an inventory , players have the ability to teleport to other players . It is also possible to view from the perspective of another player or creature . Multiplayer Multiplayer in Minecraft is available through direct game - to - game multiplayer , LAN play , local split screen , and servers ( player - hosted and business - hosted ) . It enables multiple players to interact and communicate with each other on a single world . Players can run their own servers , use a hosting provider , or connect directly to another player 's game via Xbox Live . Single - player worlds have local area network support , allowing players to join a world on locally interconnected computers without a server setup . Minecraft multiplayer servers are guided by server operators ( op for short ) , who have access to server commands such as setting the time of day and teleporting players . Operators can also set up restrictions concerning which usernames or IP addresses are allowed or disallowed to enter the server . Multiplayer servers have a wide range of activities , with some servers having their own unique rules and customs . Player versus player combat ( PvP ) can be enabled to allow fighting between players . Many servers have custom plugins that allow actions that are not normally possible . In 2013 , Mojang announced Minecraft Realms , a server hosting service intended to enable players to run server multiplayer games easily and safely without having to set up their own . Unlike a standard server , only invited players can join Realms servers , and these servers do not use IP addresses . Minecraft : Java Edition Realms server owners can invite up to twenty people to play on their server , with up to ten players online at a time . Minecraft Realms server owners can invite up to 3000 people to play on their server , with up to ten players online at one time . The Minecraft : Java Edition Realms servers do not support user - made plugins , but players can play custom Minecraft maps . Minecraft Realms servers support user - made add - ons , resource packs , behavior packs , and custom Minecraft maps . At Electronic Entertainment Expo 2016 , it was announced that Realms would enable Minecraft to support cross-platform play between Windows 10 , iOS , and Android platforms starting in June 2016 , with Xbox One and Nintendo Switch support to come later in 2017 , and support for virtual reality devices . On 31 July 2017 , Mojang released the beta version of the update allowing cross-platform play . Realms also supports the Xbox One , Windows 10 , Android , iOS , and Kindle platforms . Development Markus `` Notch '' Persson , the creator of Minecraft , at GDC in 2011 Markus `` Notch '' Persson began developing the game as a project . He was inspired to create Minecraft by several other games such as Dwarf Fortress , Dungeon Keeper , and later Infiniminer . At the time , he had visualised an isometric 3D building game that would be a cross between his inspirations and had made some early prototypes . Infiniminer heavily influenced the style of gameplay , including the first - person aspect of the game , the `` blocky '' visual style and the block - building fundamentals . However , unlike Infiniminer , Persson wanted Minecraft to have RPG elements . Minecraft was first released to the public on 17 May 2009 , as a developmental release on TIGSource forums , later becoming known as the Classic version . Further milestones dubbed as Survival Test , Indev and Infdev were released between September 2009 and February 2010 , although the game saw updates in - between . The first major update , dubbed alpha version , was released on 28 June 2010 . Although Persson maintained a day job with Jalbum.net at first , he later quit in order to work on Minecraft full - time as sales of the alpha version of the game expanded . Persson continued to update the game with releases distributed to users automatically . These updates included new items , new blocks , new mobs , survival mode , and changes to the game 's behaviour ( e.g. how water flows ) . To back the development of Minecraft , Persson set up a video game company , Mojang , with the money earned from the game . On 11 December 2010 , Persson announced that Minecraft was entering its beta testing phase on 20 December 2010 . He further stated that bug fixes and all updates leading up to and including the release would still be free . Over the course of the development , Mojang hired several new employees to work on the project . Mojang moved the game out of beta and released the full version on 18 November 2011 . The game has been continuously updated since the release , with changes ranging from new game content to new server hosts . On 1 December 2011 , Jens `` Jeb '' Bergensten took full creative control over Minecraft , replacing Persson as lead developer . On 28 February 2012 , Mojang announced that they had hired the developers of the popular server platform `` CraftBukkit '' to improve Minecraft 's support of server modifications . This acquisition also included Mojang apparently taking full ownership of the CraftBukkit modification , although the validity of this claim was questioned due to its status as an open - source project with many contributors , licensed under the GNU General Public License and Lesser General Public License . On 15 September 2014 , Microsoft announced a $2.5 billion deal to buy Mojang , along with the ownership of the Minecraft intellectual property . The deal was suggested by Persson when he posted a tweet asking a corporation to buy his share of the game after receiving criticism for `` trying to do the right thing '' . It was completed on 6 November 2014 , and led to Persson becoming one of Forbes ' `` World 's Billionaires '' . Soundtrack Main article : Minecraft ( soundtrack ) Minecraft 's music and sound effects were produced by German musician C418 ( Daniel Rosenfeld ) . The background music in Minecraft is instrumental ambient music . On 4 March 2011 , Rosenfeld released a soundtrack , titled Minecraft -- Volume Alpha ; it includes most of the tracks featured in Minecraft , as well as other music not featured in the game . The video game blog Kotaku chose the music in Minecraft as one of the best video game soundtracks of 2011 . On 9 November 2013 , Rosenfeld released the second official soundtrack , titled Minecraft -- Volume Beta , which includes the music that was added in later versions of the game . A physical release of Volume Alpha , consisting of CDs , black vinyl , and limited - edition transparent green vinyl LPs , was issued by acclaimed indie electronic label Ghostly International on 21 August 2015 . Release Personal computer versions The game can run on multiple operating systems , including Microsoft Windows , macOS , and Linux . Apart from Minecraft : Java Edition and Minecraft for Windows 10 , there are other versions of Minecraft for PC , including Minecraft Classic , Minecraft 4k , and Minecraft : Education Edition . Minecraft Classic is an older version of Minecraft that was first available online and can currently be played through the launcher . Unlike newer versions of Minecraft , the classic version is free to play , though it is no longer updated . It functions much the same as creative mode , allowing players to build and destroy any and all parts of the world either alone or in a multiplayer server . There are no computer creatures in this mode , and environmental hazards such as lava do not damage players . Some blocks function differently since their behaviour was later changed during development . Minecraft 4k is a simplified version of Minecraft similar to the classic version that was developed for the Java 4K game programming contest `` in way less than 4 kilobytes '' . The map itself is finite -- composed of 64 × 64 × 64 blocks -- and the same world is generated every time . Players are restricted to placing or destroying blocks , which consist of grass , dirt , stone , wood , leaves , and brick . Minecraft : Education Edition is a version of Minecraft created specifically for educational institutions and was launched 1 November 2016 . It includes a Chemistry Resource Pack , free lesson plans on the Minecraft Education website , and two free companion applications : Code Connection and Classroom Mode . Minecraft for Windows 10 is currently exclusive to Microsoft 's Windows 10 operating system . The beta for it launched on the Windows Store on 29 July 2015 . This version has the ability to play with Xbox Live friends , and to play local multiplayer with owners of Minecraft on mobile platforms . Other features include the ability to use multiple control schemes , such as a gamepad , keyboard , or touchscreen ( for Microsoft Surface and other touchscreen - enabled devices ) , virtual reality support , and to record and take screenshots in - game via the built - in GameDVR . Console versions An Xbox 360 version of the game , developed by 4J Studios , was released on 9 May 2012 . On 22 March 2012 , it was announced that Minecraft would be the flagship game in a new Xbox Live promotion called Arcade NEXT . The game differs from the home computer versions in a number of ways , including a newly designed crafting system , the control interface , in - game tutorials , split - screen multiplayer , and the ability to play with friends via Xbox Live . The worlds in the Xbox 360 version are also not `` infinite '' , and are essentially barricaded by invisible walls . The Xbox 360 version was originally similar in content to older PC versions , but is being gradually updated to bring it closer to the current PC version . An Xbox One version featuring larger worlds among other enhancements was released on 5 September 2014 . Versions of the game for the PlayStation 3 and PlayStation 4 were released on 17 December 2013 and 4 September 2014 respectively . The PlayStation 4 version was announced as a launch title , though it was eventually delayed . A version for PS Vita was also released in October 2014 . Like the Xbox versions , the PlayStation versions were developed by 4J Studios . On 17 December 2015 , Minecraft : Wii U Edition was released . The Wii U version received a physical release on 17 June 2016 in North America , in Japan on 23 June 2016 , and in Europe on 30 June 2016 . A Nintendo Switch version of the game was released on the Nintendo eShop on 11 May 2017 , along with a physical retail version set for a later date . During a Nintendo Direct presentation on 13 September 2017 , Nintendo announced that Minecraft : New Nintendo 3DS Edition would be available for download immediately after the livestream , and a physical copy available on a later date . The game is only compatible with the `` New '' versions of the 3DS and 2DS systems , and does not work with the original 3DS , 3DS XL , or 2DS models . Pocket Edition On 16 August 2011 , Minecraft : Pocket Edition was released for the Xperia Play on the Android Market as an early alpha version . It was then released for several other compatible devices on 8 October 2011 . An iOS version of Minecraft was released on 17 November 2011 . A port was made available for Windows Phones shortly after Microsoft acquired Mojang . The port concentrates on the creative building and the primitive survival aspect of the game , and does not contain all the features of the PC release . On his Twitter account , Jens Bergensten said that the Pocket Edition of Minecraft is written in C++ and not Java , due to iOS not being able to support Java . Gradual updates are periodically released to bring the port closer to the PC version . On 10 December 2014 , in observance of Mojang 's acquisition by Microsoft , a port of Pocket Edition was released for Windows Phone 8.1 . On 18 January 2017 , Microsoft announced that it would no longer maintain the Windows Phone versions of Pocket Edition . On 2 April 2014 , a version of Minecraft based on the Pocket Edition was released for the Amazon Fire . On 29 July 2015 , a version of Minecraft based on the Pocket Edition was released for Windows 10 . On 19 December 2016 , the full version of Minecraft : Pocket Edition was released on iOS , Android , Windows Phone and Windows 10 , along with the release of the game based on the Pocket Edition for the Apple TV . On 31 July 2017 , the Pocket Edition portion of the name was dropped and the apps were renamed to Minecraft. . The mobile version of Minecraft was renamed to the Bedrock Edition . Raspberry Pi A version of Minecraft for the Raspberry Pi was officially revealed at MineCon 2012 . Mojang stated that the Pi Edition is similar to the Pocket Edition except that it is downgraded to an older version , and with the added ability of using text commands to edit the game world . Players can open the game code and use programming languages to manipulate things in the game world . The game was leaked on 20 December 2012 , but was quickly pulled off . It was officially released on 11 February 2013 . It was announced that there would be no further updates for this version in 2016 . Virtual reality Early on , Persson planned to support the Oculus Rift with a port of Minecraft , however after Facebook acquired Oculus in 2013 he abruptly canceled plans noting `` Facebook creeps me out . '' A community - made modification known as Minecraft VR was developed in 2016 to provide virtual reality support to Minecraft : Java Edition oriented towards Oculus Rift hardware . A fork of the Minecraft VR modification known as Vivecraft ported the mod to OpenVR , and is oriented towards supporting HTC Vive hardware . On 15 August 2016 , Microsoft launched official Oculus Rift support for Minecraft on Windows 10 . Upon its release , the Minecraft VR mod was discontinued by its developer due to trademark complaints issued by Microsoft , and Vivecraft was endorsed by the community makers of the Minecraft VR modification due to its Rift support and being superior to the original Minecraft VR mod . Also available is a Gear VR version , titled Minecraft : Gear VR Edition . Windows Mixed Reality support was added in 2017 . The only officially supported VR versions of Minecraft are Minecraft : Gear VR Edition and Minecraft on Windows 10 for Oculus Rift and Windows Mixed Reality headsets . Downloadable content Main article : Minecraft mods A wide variety of user - generated downloadable content for Minecraft , such as modifications , texture packs and custom maps , exists and is available on the Internet . Modifications of the Minecraft code , called mods , add a variety of gameplay changes , ranging from new blocks , new items , new mobs to entire arrays of mechanisms to craft . The modding community is responsible for a substantial supply of mods from ones that enhance gameplay , such as minimaps , waypoints , and durability counters , to ones that add to the game elements from Pokémon , Portal , and The Hunger Games . To make mods easier to create and install , Mojang announced in November 2012 that it planned to add an official modding application programming interface ( API ) . Texture packs that alter the game 's textures and HUD are also available , as created by the community . In July 2013 , texture packs were replaced with `` resource packs '' , which have the same role as texture packs , but allow custom audio as well . Players are also create their own maps , which often contain specific rules , challenges , puzzles and quests , and share them for others to play . In August 2012 , Mojang added adventure mode for custom maps and in October 2012 , Mojang added command blocks , which were created specially for custom maps . In February 2016 , Mojang added 2 new versions ( Repeat , and Chain ) of the classic command block , which were also created specifically for custom maps . The Xbox 360 Edition supports downloadable content , which is available to purchase via the Xbox Games Store ; these content packs usually contain additional character skins . It later received support for texture packs in its twelfth title update while introducing `` mash - up packs '' , which combines texture packs with skin packs and changes to the game 's sounds , music and user interface . The first mash - up pack ( and by extension , the first texture pack ) for the Xbox 360 Edition was released on 4 September 2013 , and was themed after the Mass Effect franchise . Unlike the PC version , however , the Xbox 360 Edition does not support player - made mods or custom maps . A cross-promotional resource pack based on the Super Mario franchise by Nintendo was released for the Wii U Edition worldwide on 17 May 2016 . A mash - up pack based on Fallout was announced for release on the Wii U Edition . In June 2017 , Mojang released an update known as the `` Discovery Update '' . The update includes a new map , a new game mode , the `` Marketplace '' , a catalogue of user - generated content that gives Minecraft creators `` another way to make a living from the game '' , and more . Spin - off games Minecraft : Story mode Main article : Minecraft : Story Mode Minecraft : Story Mode , an episodic spin - off game developed by Telltale Games in collaboration with Mojang , was announced in December 2014 . Consisting of five episodes plus three additional downloadable episodes , the standalone game is a narrative and player choice - driven , and it was released on Microsoft Windows , OS X , iOS , PlayStation 3 , PlayStation 4 , Xbox 360 and Xbox One via download on 13 October 2015 . A physical disc that grants access to all episodes was released for the aforementioned four consoles on 27 October . Wii U and Nintendo Switch version were also later released The first trailer for the game was shown at MineCon on 4 July 2015 , revealing some of the game 's features . In Minecraft : Story Mode , players control Jesse ( voiced by Patton Oswalt and Catherine Taber ) , who sets out on a journey with his or her friends to find The Order of the Stone -- four adventurers who slayed an Ender Dragon -- in order to save their world . Brian Posehn , Ashley Johnson , Scott Porter , Martha Plimpton , Dave Fennoy , Corey Feldman , Billy West and Paul Reubens portray the rest of the cast . Minecraft : Education Edition In January 2016 , Microsoft announced a new tool for education , called Minecraft : Education Edition , which was released on November 1 , 2016 . Minecraft has already been used in classrooms around the world to teach subjects ranging from core STEM topics to arts and poetry . Minecraft : Education Edition is designed specifically for classroom use . The Education Edition gives teachers the tools they need to use Minecraft on an everyday basis . There are few differences between regular Minecraft and the Education Edition . The main concept is the same -- the game is an open sandbox world . The students ' characters in Education Edition are able to retain characteristics . Students are be able to download the game at home , without having to buy their own version of the game . The last large difference is that students can take in - game photos with a camera item . These photos are stored in an online notebook with the students ' online notes . These online notebooks can be shared with other students . Education Edition has brought some partnerships from other traditional publishers to bring educational content within the game . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt developed a full version of The Oregon Trail within Education Edition , keeping the entirety of the original game while adding other educational activities alongside it . Users who play the Bedrock ( or cross-play ) edition can activate Education Edition features in the options section of the game . Reception Reception Aggregate score Aggregator Score Metacritic ( PC ) 93 / 100 ( PS4 ) 89 / 100 ( XONE ) 88 / 100 ( PS3 ) 86 / 100 ( NS ) 86 / 100 ( PSV ) 84 / 100 ( X360 ) 82 / 100 ( WU ) 77 / 100 ( N3DS ) 62 / 100 ( PE ) 53 / 100 Review scores Publication Score 1UP.com A+ ( PC ) Edge 9 / 10 ( PC ) Eurogamer 10 / 10 ( PC ) 9 / 10 ( Xbox 360 ) Game Informer 9.25 / 10 ( PC ) 8.75 / 10 ( Xbox 360 ) GameSpot 8.5 / 10 ( PC ) 7.0 / 10 ( Xbox 360 ) GameSpy ( PC ) IGN 9.0 / 10 ( PC ) 7.5 / 10 ( mobile ) 8.5 / 10 ( Xbox 360 ) 9.5 / 10 ( PS3 ) 9.7 / 10 ( PS4 ) 9.7 / 10 ( Xbox One ) 9.5 / 10 ( PSV ) PC Gamer ( US ) 96 / 100 This section is incomplete . This is because it lacks information relating to the PS4 / Xbox One / Wii U version of the game ' . ( February 2018 ) Minecraft received critical acclaim , praising the creative freedom it grants players in - game , as well as the ease of enabling emergent gameplay . Critics have praised Minecraft 's complex crafting system , commenting that it is an important aspect of the game 's open - ended gameplay . Most publications were impressed by the game 's `` blocky '' graphics , with IGN describing them as `` instantly memorable '' . Reviewers also liked the game 's adventure elements , noting that the game creates a good balance between exploring and building . The game 's multiplayer feature has been generally received favourably , with IGN commenting that `` adventuring is always better with friends '' . Jaz McDougall of PC Gamer commended Minecraft , deeming it `` intuitively interesting and contagiously fun , with an unparalleled scope for creativity and memorable experiences '' . It has been regarded as having introduced millions of children to the digital world , insofar as its basic game mechanics are logically analogous to computer commands . Reviewers have said the game 's lack of in - game tutorials and instructions make it difficult for new players to learn how to play the game . IGN was disappointed about the troublesome steps needed to set up multiplayer servers , calling it a `` hassle '' . Critics also said visual glitches that occur periodically . In 2009 , GameSpot said the game has an `` unfinished feel '' , adding that `` some game elements seem incomplete or thrown together in haste '' . A review of the alpha version , by Scott Munro of the Daily Record , called it `` already something special '' and urged readers to buy it . Jim Rossignol of Rock , Paper , Shotgun also recommended the alpha of the game , calling it `` a kind of generative 8 - bit Lego Stalker '' . On 17 September 2010 , gaming webcomic Penny Arcade began a series of comics and news posts about the addictiveness of the game . The Xbox 360 version was generally received positively by critics , but did not receive as much praise as the PC version . Although reviewers were disappointed by the lack of features such as mod support and content from the PC version , they acclaimed the port 's addition of a tutorial and in - game tips and crafting recipes , saying that they make the game more user - friendly . Minecraft : Pocket Edition initially received mixed reviews from critics . Although reviewers appreciated the game 's intuitive controls , they were disappointed by the lack of content . The inability to collect resources and craft items , as well as the limited types of blocks and lack of hostile mobs , were especially criticised . After updates adding more content , Pocket Edition started receiving more positive reviews . Reviewers complimented the controls and the graphics , but still noted a lack of content . Sales Minecraft surpassed over a million purchases less than a month after entering its beta phase in early 2011 . At the same time , the game had no publisher backing and has never been commercially advertised except through word of mouth , and various unpaid references in popular media such as the Penny Arcade webcomic . By April 2011 , Persson estimated that Minecraft had made € 23 million ( US $33 million ) in revenue , with 800,000 sales of the alpha version of the game , and over 1 million sales of the beta version . In November 2011 , prior to the game 's full release , Minecraft beta surpassed 16 million registered users and 4 million purchases . By March 2012 , Minecraft had become the 6th best - selling PC game of all time . As of 10 October 2014 , the game has sold 17 million copies on PC , becoming the best - selling PC game of all time . As of 10 October 2014 , the game has sold approximately 60 million copies across all platforms , making it one of the best - selling video games of all time . On 25 February 2014 , the game reached 100 million registered users . As of January 2018 , over 144 million copies had been sold across all platforms , making it the second best - selling video game of all time behind Tetris . The Xbox 360 version of Minecraft became profitable within the first day of the game 's release in 2012 , when the game broke the Xbox Live sales records with 400,000 players online . Within a week of being on the Xbox Live Marketplace , Minecraft sold upwards of a million copies . GameSpot announced in December 2012 that Minecraft sold over 4.48 million copies since the game debuted on Xbox Live Arcade in May 2012 . In 2012 , Minecraft was the most purchased title on Xbox Live Arcade ; it was also the fourth most played title on Xbox Live based on average unique users per day . As of 4 April 2014 , the Xbox 360 version has sold 12 million copies . In addition , Minecraft : Pocket Edition has reached a figure of 21 million in sales . The PlayStation 3 version sold one million copies in five weeks . The release of the game 's PlayStation Vita version boosted Minecraft sales by 79 % , outselling both PS3 and PS4 debut releases and becoming the largest Minecraft launch on a PlayStation console . The PS Vita version sold 100,000 digital copies in Japan within the first two months of release , according to an announcement by SCE Japan Asia . By January 2015 , 500,000 digital copies of Minecraft were sold in Japan across all PlayStation platforms , with a surge in primary school children purchasing the PS Vita version . Minecraft helped improve Microsoft 's total first - party revenue by $63 million for the 2015 second quarter . Awards In July 2010 , PC Gamer listed Minecraft as the fourth - best game to play at work . In December of that year , Good Game selected Minecraft as their choice for Best Downloadable Game of 2010 , Gamasutra named it the eighth best game of the year as well as the eighth best indie game of the year , and Rock , Paper , Shotgun named it the `` game of the year '' . Indie DB awarded the game the 2010 Indie of the Year award as chosen by voters , in addition to two out of five Editor 's Choice awards for Most Innovative and Best Singleplayer Indie . It was also awarded Game of the Year by PC Gamer UK . The game was nominated for the Seumas McNally Grand Prize , Technical Excellence , and Excellence in Design awards at the March 2011 Independent Games Festival and won the Grand Prize and the community - voted Audience Award . At Game Developers Choice Awards 2011 , Minecraft won awards in the categories for Best Debut Game , Best Downloadable Game and Innovation Award , winning every award for which it was nominated . It also won GameCity 's video game arts award . On 5 May 2011 , Minecraft was selected as one of the 80 games that would be displayed at the Smithsonian American Art Museum as part of The Art of Video Games exhibit that opened on 16 March 2012 . At the 2011 Spike Video Game Awards , Minecraft won the award for Best Independent Game and was nominated in the Best PC Game category . In 2012 , at the British Academy Video Games Awards , Minecraft was nominated in the GAME Award of 2011 category and Persson received The Special Award . In 2012 , Minecraft XBLA was awarded a Golden Joystick Award in the Best Downloadable Game category , and a TIGA Games Industry Award in the Best Arcade Game category . In 2013 it was nominated as the family game of the year at the British Academy Video Games Awards . Minecraft Console Edition won the award for TIGA Game Of The Year in 2014 . In 2015 , the game placed 6th on USgamer 's The 15 Best Games Since 2000 list . In 2016 , Minecraft placed 6th on Time 's The 50 Best Video Games of All Time list . Minecraft was nominated for the 2013 Kids ' Choice Awards for Favorite App , but lost to Temple Run . It was nominated for the 2014 Kids ' Choice Awards for Favorite Video Game , but lost to Just Dance 2014 . The game later won the award for the Most Addicting Game at the 2015 Kids ' Choice Awards . In addition , the Java Edition was nominated for `` Favorite Video Game '' at the 2018 Kids ' Choice Awards . Cultural impact Social media sites such as YouTube , Facebook , and Reddit played a significant role in popularising Minecraft . Research conducted by the University of Pennsylvania 's Annenberg School of Communication showed that one - third of Minecraft players learned about the game via Internet videos . In 2010 , Minecraft - related videos began to gain influence on YouTube , often made by commentators . The videos usually contain screen - capture footage of the game and voice - overs . Common coverage in the videos includes creations made by players , walkthroughs of various tasks , and parodies of works in popular culture . By May 2012 , over 4 million Minecraft - related YouTube videos had been uploaded . Some popular commentators have received employment at Machinima , a gaming video company that owns a highly watched entertainment channel on YouTube . The Yogscast is a British organisation that regularly produces Minecraft videos ; their YouTube channel has attained billions of views , and their panel at MineCon 2011 had the highest attendance . Other well known YouTube personnel include Jordan Maron , who has created many Minecraft parodies , including `` Minecraft Style '' , a parody of the internationally successful single `` Gangnam Style '' by South Korean rapper PSY . Herobrine is a major community icon of Minecraft , who first appeared as a single image on 4chan 's / v / board . According to rumours , Herobrine appears in players ' worlds and builds strange constructions . However , Mojang has confirmed that Herobrine has never existed in Minecraft , and there are no plans to add Herobrine . Minecraft has been referenced by other video games , such as RuneScape , Torchlight II , Borderlands 2 , Choplifter HD , Super Meat Boy , The Elder Scrolls V : Skyrim , The Binding of Isaac , The Stanley Parable , and FTL : Faster Than Light . It was also referenced by electronic music artist deadmau5 in his performances . A simulation of the game was featured in Lady Gaga 's `` G.U.Y. '' music video . The game is also referenced heavily in `` Informative Murder Porn '' , the second episode of the seventeenth season of the animated television series South Park . `` Luca $ '' , the seventeenth episode of the 25th season of the animated sitcom The Simpsons was inspired by Minecraft ; Persson responded by tweeting `` I 'm not sure how I feel about it . '' Clones After the release of Minecraft , some video games were released with various similarities with Minecraft , and some were called `` clones '' of the game . Examples include Ace of Spades , CastleMiner , CraftWorld , FortressCraft , Terraria , and Total Miner . David Frampton , designer of The Blockheads , reported that one failure of his 2D game was the `` low resolution pixel art '' that too closely resembled the art in Minecraft which resulted in `` some resistance '' from fans . A homebrew adaptation of the alpha version of Minecraft for the Nintendo DS , titled DScraft , has been released ; it has been noted for its similarity to the original game considering the technical limitations of the system . In response to Microsoft 's acquisition of Mojang and their Minecraft IP , various developers announced even further clone titles that were being developed specifically for Nintendo 's consoles , as they were the only major platforms to not officially receive Minecraft at the time . These clone titles include UCraft ( Nexis Games ) , Cube Life : Island Survival ( Cypronia ) , Discovery ( noowanda ) , Battleminer ( Wobbly Tooth Games ) , Cube Creator 3D ( Big John Games ) , and Stone Shire ( Finger Gun Games ) . Despite this the fears were unfounded with official Minecraft releases on Nintendo consoles eventually resuming . Adaptations In 2012 , Mojang received offers from Hollywood producers who wanted to produce Minecraft - related TV shows ; however , Mojang stated that they would only engage in such projects when `` the right idea comes along '' . By February 2014 , Persson revealed that Mojang was in talks with Warner Bros. regarding a Minecraft film. and by that October , it was `` in its early days of development '' . The film will be released on 24 May 2019 , and is being co-directed by Shawn Levy and Rob McElhenney and written by Jason Fuchs . In addition , a documentary about the development of Mojang and Minecraft was released in December 2012 . Titled Minecraft : The Story of Mojang , the film was produced by 2 Player Productions . In 2014 , an attempt to crowdfund a fan film through Kickstarter was shut down after Persson refused to let the filmmakers use the license . Merchandise A physical prop of a diamond sword A Lego set based on Minecraft called Lego Minecraft was released on 6 June 2012 . The set , called `` Micro World '' , centres around the game 's default player character and a creeper . Mojang submitted the concept of Minecraft merchandise to Lego in December 2011 for the Lego Cuusoo program , from which it quickly received 10,000 votes by users , prompting Lego to review the concept . Lego Cuusoo approved the concept in January 2012 and began developing sets based on Minecraft . Two more sets based on the Nether and village areas of the game were released on 1 September 2013 . A fourth Micro World set , the End , was released in June 2014 . Six more sets became available November 2014 . Mojang collaborates with Jinx , an online game merchandise store , to sell Minecraft merchandise , such as clothing , foam pickaxes , and toys of creatures in the game . By May 2012 , over 1 million dollars were made from Minecraft merchandise sales . T - shirts and socks were the most popular products . In March 2013 Mojang signed a deal with the Egmont Group , a children 's book publisher , to create Minecraft handbooks , annuals , poster books , and magazines . MineCon Main article : MineCon MineCon is an official convention dedicated to Minecraft . The first one was held in November 2011 at the Mandalay Bay Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas . All 4,500 tickets for MineCon 2011 were sold out by 31 October . The event included the official launch of Minecraft ; keynote speeches , including one by Persson ; building and costume contests ; Minecraft - themed breakout classes ; exhibits by leading gaming and Minecraft - related companies ; commemorative merchandise ; and autograph and picture times with Mojang employees and well - known contributors from the Minecraft community . After MineCon , there was an Into The Nether after - party with deadmau5 . Free codes were given to every attendee of MineCon that unlocked alpha versions of Mojang 's Scrolls , as well as an additional non-Mojang game , Cobalt , developed by Oxeye Game Studios . Similar events occurred in MineCon 2012 , which took place in Disneyland Paris from in November . The tickets for the 2012 event sold out in less than two hours . MineCon 2013 was held in Orlando in November as well . MineCon 2015 was held in London in July . MineCon 2016 was held in Anaheim in September . MineCon 2017 was held as a livestream instead of being held at a show floor . Titled `` MineCon Earth '' , it was streamed live on November . Applications The possible applications of Minecraft have been discussed extensively , especially in the fields of computer - aided design and education . In a panel at MineCon 2011 , a Swedish developer discussed the possibility of using the game to redesign public buildings and parks , stating that rendering using Minecraft was much more user - friendly for the community , making it easier to envision the functionality of new buildings and parks . In 2012 , a member of the Human Dynamics group at the MIT Media Lab , Cody Sumter , said : `` Notch has n't just built a game . He 's tricked 40 million people into learning to use a CAD program . '' Various software has been developed to allow virtual designs to be printed using professional 3D printers or personal printers such as MakerBot and RepRap . In September 2012 , Mojang began the Block By Block project in cooperation with UN Habitat to create real - world environments in Minecraft . The project allows young people who live in those environments to participate in designing the changes they would like to see . Using Minecraft , the community has helped reconstruct the areas of concern , and citizens are invited to enter the Minecraft servers and modify their own neighbourhood . Carl Manneh , Mojang 's managing director , called the game `` the perfect tool to facilitate this process '' , adding `` The three - year partnership will support UN-Habitat's Sustainable Urban Development Network to upgrade 300 public spaces by 2016 . '' Mojang signed Minecraft building community , FyreUK , to help render the environments into Minecraft . The first pilot project began in Kibera , one of Nairobi 's informal settlements , and is in the planning phase . The Block By Block project is based on an earlier initiative started in October 2011 , Mina Kvarter ( My Block ) , which gave young people in Swedish communities a tool to visualise how they wanted to change their part of town . According to Manneh , the project was a helpful way to visualise urban planning ideas without necessarily having a training in architecture . The ideas presented by the citizens were a template for political decisions . In April 2014 , the Danish Geodata Agency generated all of Denmark in fullscale in Minecraft based on their own geodata . This is possible because Denmark is one of the flattest countries with the highest point at 171 meters ( ranking as the country with the 30th smallest elevation span ) , where the limit in default Minecraft is around 192 meters above in - game sea level . Minecraft has also been used in educational settings . In 2011 , an educational organisation named MinecraftEdu was formed with the goal of introducing Minecraft into schools . The group works with Mojang to make the game affordable and accessible to schools . In September 2012 , MinecraftEdu said that approximately 250,000 students around the world have access to Minecraft through the company . A wide variety of educational activities involving the game have been developed to teach students various subjects , including history , language arts and science . For an example , one teacher built a world consisting of various historical landmarks for students to learn and explore . With the introduction of redstone blocks to represent electrical circuits , users have been able to build functional virtual computers within Minecraft . Such virtual creations include a working hard drive , an 8 - bit virtual computer , and emulators for the Atari 2600 ( by SethBling ) and Game Boy Advance . In at least one instance , a mod has been created to use this feature to teach younger players how to program within a language set by the virtual computer within a Minecraft world . Microsoft and non-profit Code.org had teamed up to offer Minecraft - based games , puzzles , and tutorials aimed to help teach children how to program ; by March 2018 , Microsoft and Code.org reported that more than 85 million children have used their tutorials . In September 2014 , the British Museum in London announced plans to recreate its building along with all exhibits in Minecraft in conjunction with members of the public . See also Video games portal Minicraft , a top - down video game also by Markus Persson Notes Jump up ^ In a blog post , Persson explains : ... let me clarify some things about the `` infinite '' maps : They 're not infinite , but there 's no hard limit either . It 'll just get buggier and buggier the further out you are . Terrain is generated , saved and loaded , and ( kind of ) rendered in chunks of 16 ∗ 16 ∗ 128 ( \ displaystyle 16 * 16 * 128 ) blocks . These chunks have an offset value that is a 32 bit integer roughly in the range negative two billion to positive two billion . If you go outside that range ( about 25 % of the distance from where you are now to the sun ) , loading and saving chunks will start overwriting old chunks . At a 16 / th of that distance , things that use integers for block positions , such as using items and pathfinding , will start overflowing and acting weird . Those are the two `` hard '' limits . Jump up ^ This reference is just here as a source for the fact that Minecon Earth has already happened . This reference covers all of the other details in the two sentences that this citation bundle covers . Jump up ^ Ports to consoles and PlayStation Vita developed by 4J Studios ; New Nintendo 3DS port developed by Other Ocean Interactive Jump up ^ ( PC / Java , Android , iOS , Wii U , Nintendo 3DS , Nintendo Switch ) Jump up ^ ( Xbox 360 , Xbox One , Windows Phone , Windows 10 Edition ) Jump up ^ ( PlayStation 3 , PlayStation 4 , PlayStation Vita ) Jump up ^ 2009 -- 2011 Jump up ^ 2011 -- present Jump up ^ Founded by Persson . Ports to consoles and PlayStation Vita developed by 4J Studios ; New Nintendo 3DS port developed by Other Ocean Interactive References Jump up ^ https://www.polygon.com/2014/11/6/7167349/microsoft-owns-minecraft-mojang-acquisition-closes Jump up ^ `` Minecraft '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on 15 October 2012 . Retrieved 21 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Minecraft -- Pocket Edition -- Android '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 16 November 2012 . Retrieved 21 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Minecraft : Pocket Edition '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on 23 October 2012 . Retrieved 21 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Brown , Mark ( 22 March 2012 ) . `` Minecraft for Xbox 360 release date announced , amongst others '' . Wired UK . Archived from the original on 18 December 2012 . Retrieved 22 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Minecraft Raspberry Pi '' . Mojang . Archived from the original on 27 March 2013 . Retrieved 27 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Pitcher , Jenna . `` Minecraft PS4 Edition Release Date Confirmed '' . IGN . IGN Entertainment , Inc . Archived from the original on 1 October 2014 . Retrieved 3 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Minecraft for Xbox One to launch on Friday '' . CNET . Archived from the original on 7 October 2014 . Retrieved 13 October 2014 . 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Understanding Minecraft : Essays on Play , Community and Possibilities . Jefferson , NC : McFarland . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 7974 - 0 . Goldberg , Daniel ( 2013 ) . Minecraft : The Unlikely Tale of Markus `` Notch '' Persson and the Game that Changed Everything . New York : Seven Stories . ISBN 1 - 60980 - 537 - 2 . 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what is our most common use of fish myoglobin			Myoglobin	myoglobin	3RGK	Identifiers Aliases MB , PVALB , myoglobgin , myoglobin , Myoglobin External IDs OMIM : 160000 MGI : 96922 HomoloGene : 3916 GeneCards : MB ( hide ) Gene location ( Human ) Chr . Chromosome 22 ( human ) Band 22q12. 3 Start 35,606,764 bp End 35,637,951 bp ( show ) Gene location ( Mouse ) Chr . Chromosome 15 ( mouse ) Band 15 D3 15 36.36 cM Start 77,015,489 bp End 77,050,670 bp ( hide ) RNA expression pattern More reference expression data ( show ) Gene ontology Molecular function oxygen binding heme binding metal ion binding oxygen transporter activity Cellular component extracellular exosome cytosol Biological process response to hormone heart development slow - twitch skeletal muscle fiber contraction response to hypoxia enucleate erythrocyte differentiation response to hydrogen peroxide brown fat cell differentiation oxygen transport transport Sources : Amigo / QuickGO Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 4151 17189 Ensembl ENSG00000198125 ENSMUSG00000018893 UniProt P02144 P04247 RefSeq ( mRNA ) NM_005368 NM_203377 NM_203378 NM_001164047 NM_001164048 NM_013593 RefSeq ( protein ) NP_005359 NP_976311 NP_976312 NP_001157519 NP_001157520 NP_038621 Location ( UCSC ) Chr 22 : 35.61 -- 35.64 Mb Chr 22 : 77.02 -- 77.05 Mb PubMed search Wikidata View / Edit Human View / Edit Mouse Myoglobin ( symbol Mb or MB ) is an iron - and oxygen - binding protein found in the muscle tissue of vertebrates in general and in almost all mammals . It is related to hemoglobin , which is the iron - and oxygen - binding protein in blood , specifically in the red blood cells . In humans , myoglobin is only found in the bloodstream after muscle injury . It is an abnormal finding , and can be diagnostically relevant when found in blood . Myoglobin is the primary oxygen - carrying pigment of muscle tissues . High concentrations of myoglobin in muscle cells allow organisms to hold their breath for a longer period of time . Diving mammals such as whales and seals have muscles with particularly high abundance of myoglobin . Myoglobin is found in Type I muscle , Type II A and Type II B , but most texts consider myoglobin not to be found in smooth muscle . Myoglobin was the first protein to have its three - dimensional structure revealed by X-ray crystallography . This achievement was reported in 1958 by John Kendrew and associates . For this discovery , John Kendrew shared the 1962 Nobel Prize in chemistry with Max Perutz . Despite being one of the most studied proteins in biology , its physiological function is not yet conclusively established : mice genetically engineered to lack myoglobin can be viable and fertile but show many cellular and physiological adaptations to overcome the loss . Through observing these changes in myoglobin - deplete mice , it is hypothesised that myoglobin function relates to increased oxygen transport to muscle , oxygen storage and as a scavenger of reactive oxygen species . In humans myoglobin is encoded by the MB gene . Hemoglobin can take the forms of oxyhemoglobin ( HbO ) , carboxyhemoglobin ( HbCO ) , and methemoglobin ( met - Hb ) ; similarly , myoglobin can take the forms of oxymyoglobin ( MbO ) , carboxymyoglobin ( MbCO ) , and metmyoglobin ( met - Mb ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Differences from hemoglobin 2 Meat color 3 Role in disease 4 Structure and bonding 5 Synthetic analogues 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Differences from hemoglobin ( edit ) Like hemoglobin , myoglobin is a cytoplasmic protein that binds oxygen on a heme group . It harbors only one heme group , whereas hemoglobin has four . Although its heme group is identical to those in Hb , Mb has a higher affinity for oxygen than does hemoglobin . This difference is related to its different role : whereas hemoglobin transports oxygen , myoglobin 's function is to store oxygen . Meat color ( edit ) Myoglobin contains hemes , pigments responsible for the colour of red meat . The colour that meat takes is partly determined by the degree of oxidation of the myoglobin . In fresh meat the iron atom is in the ferrous ( + 2 ) oxidation state bound to an oxygen molecule ( O ) . Meat cooked well done is brown because the iron atom is now in the ferric ( + 3 ) oxidation state , having lost an electron . If meat has been exposed to nitrites , it will remain pink because the iron atom is bound to NO , nitric oxide ( true of , e.g. , corned beef or cured hams ) . Grilled meats can also take on a pink `` smoke ring '' that comes from the iron binding to a molecule of carbon monoxide . Raw meat packed in a carbon monoxide atmosphere also shows this same pink `` smoke ring '' due to the same principles . Notably , the surface of this raw meat also displays the pink color , which is usually associated in consumers ' minds with fresh meat . This artificially induced pink color can persist , reportedly up to one year . Hormel and Cargill are both reported to use this meat - packing process , and meat treated this way has been in the consumer market since 2003 . Role in disease ( edit ) Myoglobin is released from damaged muscle tissue ( rhabdomyolysis ) , which has very high concentrations of myoglobin . The released myoglobin is filtered by the kidneys but is toxic to the renal tubular epithelium and so may cause acute kidney injury . It is not the myoglobin itself that is toxic ( it is a protoxin ) but the ferrihemate portion that is dissociated from myoglobin in acidic environments ( e.g. , acidic urine , lysosomes ) . Myoglobin is a sensitive marker for muscle injury , making it a potential marker for heart attack in patients with chest pain . However , elevated myoglobin has low specificity for acute myocardial infarction ( AMI ) and thus CK - MB , cardiac Troponin , ECG , and clinical signs should be taken into account to make the diagnosis . Structure and bonding ( edit ) Molecular orbital description of Fe - O interaction in myoglobin . Myoglobin belongs to the globin superfamily of proteins , and as with other globins , consists of eight alpha helices connected by loops . Human globin contains 154 amino acids . Myoglobin contains a porphyrin ring with an iron at its center . A proximal histidine group ( His - 93 ) is attached directly to iron , and a distal histidine group ( His - 64 ) hovers near the opposite face . The distal imidazole is not bonded to the iron but is available to interact with the substrate O . This interaction encourages the binding of O , but not carbon monoxide ( CO ) , which still binds about 240 × more strongly than O . The binding of O causes substantial structural change at the Fe center , which shrinks in radius and moves into the center of N4 pocket . O - binding induces `` spin - pairing '' : the five - coordinate ferrous deoxy form is high spin and the six coordinate oxy form is low spin and diamagnetic . This is an image of an oxygenated myoglobin molecule . The image shows the structural change when oxygen is bound to the iron atom of the heme prosthetic group . The oxygen atoms are colored in green , the iron atom is colored in red , and the heme group is colored in blue . Synthetic analogues ( edit ) Many models of myoglobin have been synthesized as part of a broad interest in transition metal dioxygen complexes . A well known example is the picket fence porphyrin , which consists of a ferrous complex of a sterically bulky derivative of tetraphenylporphyrin . In the presence of an imidazole ligand , this ferrous complex reversibly binds O . The O substrate adopts a bent geometry , occupying the sixth position of the iron center . A key property of this model is the slow formation of the μ - oxo dimer , which is an inactive diferric state . In nature , such deactivation pathways are suppressed by protein matrix that prevents close approach of the Fe - porphyrin assemblies . A picket - fence porphyrin complex of Fe , with axial coordination sites occupied by methylimidazole ( green ) and dioxygen . The R groups flank the O - binding site . See also ( edit ) Cytoglobin Hemoglobin Hemoprotein Neuroglobin Phytoglobin Myoglobinuria - The presence of myoglobin in the urine Ischemia - reperfusion injury of the appendicular musculoskeletal system References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : GRCh38 : Ensembl release 89 : ENSG00000198125 - Ensembl , May 2017 ^ Jump up to : GRCm38 : Ensembl release 89 : ENSMUSG00000018893 - Ensembl , May 2017 Jump up ^ `` Human PubMed Reference : '' . Jump up ^ `` Mouse PubMed Reference : '' . ^ Jump up to : Nelson DL , Cox MM ( 2000 ) . Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry ( 3rd ed . ) . New York : Worth Publishers . p. 206 . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 6203 - X . ( Google books link is the 2008 edition ) Jump up ^ Ordway GA , Garry DJ ( Sep 2004 ) . `` Myoglobin : an essential hemoprotein in striated muscle '' . The Journal of Experimental Biology . 207 ( Pt 20 ) : 3441 -- 6 . doi : 10.1242 / jeb. 01172 . PMID 15339940 . Jump up ^ ( U.S. ) National Science Foundation : Protein Data Bank Chronology ( Jan. 21 , 2004 ) . Retrieved 3.17. 2010 Jump up ^ Kendrew JC , Bodo G , Dintzis HM , Parrish RG , Wyckoff H , Phillips DC ( Mar 1958 ) . `` A three - dimensional model of the myoglobin molecule obtained by x-ray analysis '' . Nature . 181 ( 4610 ) : 662 -- 6 . Bibcode : 1958Natur. 181 ... 662K . doi : 10.1038 / 181662a0 . PMID 13517261 . Jump up ^ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1962 Jump up ^ Garry DJ , Kanatous SB , Mammen PP ( 2007 ) . `` Molecular insights into the functional role of myoglobin '' . Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology . 618 : 181 -- 93 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 0 - 387 - 75434 - 5_14 . PMID 18269197 . Jump up ^ Akaboshi E ( 1985 ) . `` Cloning of the human myoglobin gene '' . Gene . 33 ( 3 ) : 241 -- 9 . doi : 10.1016 / 0378 - 1119 ( 85 ) 90231 - 8 . PMID 2989088 . Jump up ^ McGee H ( 2004 ) . On Food and Cooking : The Science and Lore of the Kitchen . New York : Scribner . p. 148 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 80001 - 2 . Jump up ^ Fraqueza MJ , Barreto AS ( Sep 2011 ) . `` Gas mixtures approach to improve turkey meat shelf life under modified atmosphere packaging : the effect of carbon monoxide '' . Poultry Science . 90 ( 9 ) : 2076 -- 84 . doi : 10.3382 / ps. 2011 - 01366 . PMID 21844276 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( 2007 - 10 - 30 ) . `` Meat companies defend use of carbon monoxide '' . Business . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Jump up ^ Naka T , Jones D , Baldwin I , Fealy N , Bates S , Goehl H , Morgera S , Neumayer HH , Bellomo R ( Apr 2005 ) . `` Myoglobin clearance by super high - flux hemofiltration in a case of severe rhabdomyolysis : a case report '' . Critical Care . 9 ( 2 ) : R90 -- 5 . doi : 10.1186 / cc3034 . PMC 1175920 . PMID 15774055 . Jump up ^ Weber M , Rau M , Madlener K , Elsaesser A , Bankovic D , Mitrovic V , Hamm C ( Nov 2005 ) . `` Diagnostic utility of new immunoassays for the cardiac markers cTnI , myoglobin and CK - MB mass '' . Clinical Biochemistry . 38 ( 11 ) : 1027 -- 30 . doi : 10.1016 / j. clinbiochem. 2005.07. 011 . PMID 16125162 . Jump up ^ Drago RS ( 1980 ) . `` Free radical reactions of transition metal systems '' . Coordination Chemistry Reviews . 32 ( 2 ) : 97 -- 110 . doi : 10.1016 / S0010 - 8545 ( 00 ) 80372 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Universal protein resource accession number P02144 at UniProt . Jump up ^ Collman JP , Brauman JI , Halbert TR , Suslick KS ( Oct 1976 ) . `` Nature of O2 and CO binding to metalloporphyrins and heme proteins '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 73 ( 10 ) : 3333 -- 7 . Bibcode : 1976PNAS ... 73.3333 C . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 73.10. 3333 . PMC 431107 . PMID 1068445 . Jump up ^ Lippard SJ , Berg JM ( 1994 ) . Principles of Bioinorganic Chemistry . Mill Valley , CA : University Science Books . ISBN 0 - 935702 - 73 - 3 . Further reading ( edit ) Collman JP , Boulatov R , Sunderland CJ , Fu L ( Feb 2004 ) . `` Functional analogues of cytochrome c oxidase , myoglobin , and hemoglobin '' . Chemical Reviews . 104 ( 2 ) : 561 -- 88 . doi : 10.1021 / cr0206059 . PMID 14871135 . Reeder BJ , Svistunenko DA , Cooper CE , Wilson MT ( Dec 2004 ) . `` The radical and redox chemistry of myoglobin and hemoglobin : from in vitro studies to human pathology '' . Antioxidants & Redox Signaling. 6 ( 6 ) : 954 -- 66 . doi : 10.1089 / ars. 2004.6. 954 . PMID 15548893 . Schlieper G , Kim JH , Molojavyi A , Jacoby C , Laussmann T , Flögel U , Gödecke A , Schrader J ( Apr 2004 ) . `` Adaptation of the myoglobin knockout mouse to hypoxic stress '' . American Journal of Physiology . Regulatory , Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 286 ( 4 ) : R786 -- 92 . doi : 10.1152 / ajpregu. 00043.2003 . PMID 14656764 . Takano T ( Mar 1977 ) . `` Structure of myoglobin refined at 2 - 0 A resolution . II . Structure of deoxymyoglobin from sperm whale '' . Journal of Molecular Biology . 110 ( 3 ) : 569 -- 84 . doi : 10.1016 / S0022 - 2836 ( 77 ) 80112 - 5 . PMID 845960 . Roy A , Sen S , Chakraborti AS ( Feb 2004 ) . `` In vitro nonenzymatic glycation enhances the role of myoglobin as a source of oxidative stress '' . Free Radical Research . 38 ( 2 ) : 139 -- 46 . doi : 10.1080 / 10715160310001638038 . PMID 15104207 . Stewart JM , Blakely JA , Karpowicz PA , Kalanxhi E , Thatcher BJ , Martin BM ( Mar 2004 ) . `` Unusually weak oxygen binding , physical properties , partial sequence , autoxidation rate and a potential phosphorylation site of beluga whale ( Delphinapterus leucas ) myoglobin '' . Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B. 137 ( 3 ) : 401 -- 12 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cbpc. 2004.01. 007 . PMID 15050527 . Wu G , Wainwright LM , Poole RK ( 2003 ) . `` Microbial globins '' . Advances in Microbial Physiology . Advances in Microbial Physiology. 47 : 255 -- 310 . doi : 10.1016 / S0065 - 2911 ( 03 ) 47005 - 7 . ISBN 9780120277476 . PMID 14560666 . Mirceta S , Signore AV , Burns JM , Cossins AR , Campbell KL , Berenbrink M ( Jun 2013 ) . `` Evolution of mammalian diving capacity traced by myoglobin net surface charge '' . Science . 340 ( 6138 ) : 1234192 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1234192 . PMID 23766330 ... Also see Proteopedia article about this finding External links ( edit ) Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man ( OMIM ) 160000 human genetics The Myoglobin Protein Protein Database featured molecule Which Cut Is Older ? ( It 's a Trick Question ) New York Times , February 21 , 2006 article regarding meat industry use of carbon monoxide to keep meat looking red . Stores React to Meat Reports New York Times , March 1 , 2006 article on the use of carbon monoxide to make meat appear fresh . PDB gallery 1m6c : V68N MYOGLOBIN WITH CO 1m6m : V68N MET MYOGLOBIN 1mdn : WILD TYPE MYOGLOBIN WITH CO 1mnh : INTERACTIONS AMONG RESIDUES CD3 , E7 , E10 AND E11 IN MYOGLOBINS : ATTEMPTS TO SIMULATE THE O2 AND CO BINDING PROPERTIES OF APLYSIA MYOGLOBIN 1mni : ALTERATION OF AXIAL COORDINATION BY PROTEIN ENGINEERING IN MYOGLOBIN . BIS - IMIDAZOLE LIGATION IN THE HIS64 -- > VAL ( SLASH ) VAL68 -- > HIS DOUBLE MUTANT 1mnj : INTERACTIONS AMONG RESIDUES CD3 , E7 , E10 AND E11 IN MYOGLOBINS : ATTEMPTS TO SIMULATE THE O2 AND CO BINDING PROPERTIES OF APLYSIA MYOGLOBIN 1mnk : INTERACTIONS AMONG RESIDUES CD3 , E7 , E10 AND E11 IN MYOGLOBINS : ATTEMPTS TO SIMULATE THE O2 AND CO BINDING PROPERTIES OF APLYSIA MYOGLOBIN 1mno : V68N MYOGLOBIN OXY FORM 1mwc : WILD TYPE MYOGLOBIN WITH CO 1mwd : WILD TYPE DEOXY MYOGLOBIN 1myg : HIGH RESOLUTION X-RAY STRUCTURES OF PIG METMYOGLOBIN AND TWO CD3 MUTANTS MB ( LYS45 - > ARG ) AND MB ( LYS45 - > SER ) 1myh : HIGH RESOLUTION X-RAY STRUCTURES OF PIG METMYOGLOBIN AND TWO CD3 MUTANTS MB ( LYS45 - > ARG ) AND MB ( LYS45 - > SER ) 1myi : HIGH RESOLUTION X-RAY STRUCTURES OF PIG METMYOGLOBIN AND TWO CD3 MUTANTS MB ( LYS45 - > ARG ) AND MB ( LYS45 - > SER ) 1myj : DISTAL POLARITY IN LIGAND BINDING TO MYOGLOBIN : STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERIZATION OF A THREONINE68 ( E11 ) MUTANT 1pmb : THE DETERMINATION OF THE CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF RECOMBINANT PIG MYOGLOBIN BY MOLECULAR REPLACEMENT AND ITS REFINEMENT 1yca : DISTAL POCKET POLARITY IN LIGAND BINDING TO MYOGLOBIN : DEOXY AND CARBONMONOXY FORMS OF A THREONINE68 ( E11 ) MUTANT INVESTIGATED BY X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY AND INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY 1ycb : DISTAL POCKET POLARITY IN LIGAND BINDING TO MYOGLOBIN : DEOXY AND CARBONMONOXY FORMS OF A THREONINE68 ( E11 ) MUTANT INVESTIGATED BY X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY AND INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY 2mm1 : X-RAY CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF A RECOMBINANT HUMAN MYOGLOBIN MUTANT AT 2.8 ANGSTROMS RESOLUTION Proteins : hemeproteins Globins Hemoglobin Subunits Alpha locus on 16 : α HBA1 HBA2 ζ HBZ θ HBQ1 μ HBM Beta locus on 11 : β HBB δ HBD γ HBG1 HBG2 ε HBE1 Tetramers stages of development : Embryonic HbE Gower 1 ( ζ ε ) HbE Gower 2 ( α ε ) HbE Portland I ( ζ γ ) HbE Portland II ( ζ β ) Fetal HbF / Fetal ( α γ ) HbA ( α β ) Adult HbA ( α β ) HbA ( α δ ) HbF / Fetal ( α γ ) pathology : HbH ( β ) Barts ( γ ) HbS ( α β ) HbC ( α β ) HbE ( α β ) Compounds Carboxyhemoglobin Carbaminohemoglobin Oxyhemoglobin / Deoxyhemoglobin Sulfhemoglobin Other human Glycated hemoglobin Methemoglobin Nonhuman Chlorocruorin Erythrocruorin Other human : Myoglobin Metmyoglobin Neuroglobin Cytoglobin plant : Leghemoglobin Other Cytochrome Cytochrome b Cytochrome P450 Hemocyanin Methemalbumin see also disorders of globin and globulin proteins Common for blood tests ( CPT 82000 -- 84999 ) Electrolytes Sodium Potassium Chloride Calcium Renal function Creatinine Urea BUN - to - creatinine ratio Plasma osmolality Serum osmolal gap Acid - base Anion gap Arterial blood gas Base excess Bicarbonate CO content Iron tests Ferritin Serum iron Transferrin saturation Total iron - binding capacity Transferrin Transferrin receptor Hormones ACTH stimulation test Thyroid function tests Thyroid - stimulating hormone Metabolism Blood lipids Cardiovascular Cardiac marker Troponin test CPK - MB test Lactate dehydrogenase Myoglobin Glycogen phosphorylase isoenzyme BB Liver function tests Proteins Human serum albumin Serum total protein ALP transaminases ALT AST AST / ALT ratio Bilirubin Unconjugated Conjugated Pancreas Amylase Lipase Pancreatic lipase NDL : 00567709 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Myoglobin&oldid=824882063 '' Categories : Genes on human chromosome 22 Hemoproteins Human proteins Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Кыргызча Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 February 2018 , at 02 : 36 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myoglobin	2,376
describe the different economic systems in the philippines during spanish times			Education in the Philippines during Spanish rule	education in the philippines during spanish rule	During the Spanish colonial period in the Philippines ( 1521 -- 1898 ) , the culture of the archipelago experienced a major transformation from a variety of native Asian and Islamic cultures and traditions , including animist religious practices , to a unique hybrid of Southeast Asian and Western culture , particularly Spanish , including the Spanish language and the Catholic faith . The education system that were nurtured by indigenous groups for thousands of years were abolished by the Spanish .	Spanish education played a major role in that transformation . The oldest universities , colleges , vocational schools and the first modern public education system in Asia were created during the colonial period . By the time Spain was replaced by the United States as the colonial power , Filipinos were among the most educated subjects in all of Asia in terms of Western knowledge . However , the knowledge of Filipinos regarding the East disintegrated . Contents 1 The early period 2 Tertiary schools 3 Secondary schools 4 Modern public system of education 5 Education and Filipino nationalism 6 Criticisms 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 Further reading 12 External links The early period ( edit ) During the early years of Spanish colonization , education was mostly barurot - oriented and controlled by the Roman Catholic Church . Spanish friars and missionaries educated the natives through religion with the aim of converting indigenous populations to the Catholic faith . King Philip II 's Leyes de Indias ( Laws of the Indies ) mandated Spanish authorities in the Philippines to educate the natives , to teach them how to read and write and to learn Spanish . However , the latter objective was well - nigh impossible given the realities of the time . The early friars learned the local languages and the Baybayin script to better communicate with the locals . Although by royal decree the friars were required to teach the Spanish language to the natives , they reasoned that it would be easier for them to learn the local languages first than trying to teach Spanish to all the population . The Spanish missionaries established schools immediately on reaching the islands and wherever they penetrated , church and school went together . There was no Christian village without its school and all young people attended . The Augustinians opened a school immediately upon arriving in Cebú in 1565 . The Franciscans arrived in 1577 , and they , too , immediately taught the people how to read and write , besides imparting to them important industrial and agricultural techniques . The Jesuits who arrived in 1581 also concentrated on teaching the young . When the Dominicans arrived in 1587 , they did the same thing in their first mission in Bataan . Within months of their arrival in Tigbauan which is in Iloilo province located in the island of Panay , Pedro Chirino and Francisco Martín had established a school for Visayan boys in 1593 in which they taught not only the catechism but reading , writing , Spanish , and liturgical music . The Spaniards of Arévalo heard of the school and wanted Chirino to teach their boys too . Chirino at once put up a dormitory and school house ( 1593 -- 1594 ) for the Spanish boys near his rectory . It was the first Jesuit boarding school to be established in the Philippines . Cover of Doctrina Christiana The Chinese language version of the Doctrina Christiana ( Christian Doctrine ) was the first book printed in the Philippines in about 1590 to 1592 . A version in Spanish , and in Tagalog , in both Latin script and the commonly used Baybayin script of the Manila Tagalogs of the time was printed in 1593 . The goal of the book was to propagate the Christian teachings around Manila . Eventually , the Baybayin script was replaced by the Latin script , providing in this way the indigenous people with more leverage when dealing with the local Spanish colonial administrators . In 1610 Tomas Pinpin a Filipino printer , writer and publisher , who is sometimes referred as the `` Patriarch of Filipino Printing '' , wrote his famous Librong Pagaaralan nang manga Tagalog nang Uicang Castilla , that was meant to help Filipinos learn the Spanish language . The prologue read : `` `` Let us therefore study , my country men , for although the art of learning is somewhat difficult , yet if we are persevering , we shall soon improve our knowledge . Other Tagalogs like us did not take a year to learn the Spanish language when using my book . This good result has given me satisfaction and encouraged me to print my work , so that all may derive some profit from it . '' '' There were also Latin schools where that language was taught together with some Spanish , since it was a mandatory requirement for the study of philosophy , theology and jurisprudence in schools like the University of Santo Tomás , run by the Dominicans . The Philippine priests and lawyers of that time , with the exception of the sons and daughters of Spaniards , Principalías and Ladinos , knew Latin perfectly well because the educational system was wholly religious . The friars also opened many medical and pharmaceutical schools . The study of pharmacy consisted of a preparatory course with subjects in natural history and general chemistry and five years of studies in subjects such as pharmaceutical operations at the school of pharmacy . At the end of this period , the degree of Bachiller en Farmacia was granted . By the end of the 16th century , several religious orders had established charity hospitals all over the archipelago and provided the bulk of this public service . These hospitals also became the setting for rudimentary scientific research work on pharmacy and medicine , focusing mostly on the problems of infections diseases . Several Spanish missionaries cataloged hundreds of Philippine plants with medicinal properties . The Manual de Medicinas Caseras ... , written by Father Fernando de Santa María , first published in 1763 , became so sought after that it was reprinted on several editions by 1885 . Colegio de Santa Potenciana was the first school and college for girls that opened in the Philippines , in 1589 . It was followed by another school for women , Colegio de Santa Isabel , that opened in 1632 . Other Schools and Colleges for girls were Santa Catalina , Santa Rosa , La Concordia , etc . Several religious congregations also established schools for orphaned girls who could not educate themselves . Tertiary schools ( edit ) In 1590 , the Universidad de San Ignacio was founded in Manila by the Jesuits , initially as the Colegio - Seminario de San Ignacio . By the second half of the 17th century , the university was incorporated as a mere College of Medicine and Pharmacy into the University of Santo Tomás . The University of San Carlos , arguably the oldest school in Asia The Universidad de San Carlos was founded in Cebú by the Jesuits on August 1 , 1595 , initially named as the Colegio de San Ildefonso . It closed down in 1769 as a result of the expulsion of the Jesuits from the Philippines and did n't open again until 1783 . On April 28 , 1611 , the Universidad de Santo Tomás was founded in Manila , initially named as the Colegio de Nuestra Señora del Santísimo Rosario and later renamed as Colegio de Santo Tomas . On November 20 , 1645 , Pope Innocent X elevated it to University . King Charles III of Spain bestowed the title `` Royal Patronage '' on 1785 , and Pope Leo XIII `` Pontifical '' on 1902 . Pope Pius XII designated it as La Real y Pontificia Universidad de Santo Tomás de Aquino Universidad Católica de Filipinas ( The Catholic University of the Philippines ) , on 1947 . Fountain of Wisdom at the University of Santo Tomás San Carlos and Santo Tomás maintain a friendly rivalry over the claim to be the oldest university in Asia . The University of San Carlos makes the claim of tracing its roots to the Colegio de San Ildefonso founded by the Spanish Jesuits fathers Antonio Sedeno , Pedro Chirino and Antonio Pereira in 1595 . However , this claim is opposed by the Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas , which argues that USC only took over the facility of the former Colegio de San Ildefonso and that there is no ' visible ' and ' clear ' link between San Carlos and San Ildefonso Notable scholars including Dr. Jose Victor Torres , professor of history at the De La Salle , Fr . Aloysius Cartagenas STD , professor at the Seminario Mayor de San Carlos of Cebu , and Fr . Fidel Villarroel , OP , respected historian and former archivist of Santo Tomas , have also questioned San Carlos ' claim of tracing its roots to the 16th Century Colegio de San Ildefonso . In 1640 , the Universidad de San Felipe de Austria was established in Manila . It was the first public university created by the Spanish government in the Philippines . It closed down in 1643 . The Jesuits also founded the Colegio de San José ( 1601 ) and took over the management of a school that became the Escuela Municipal ( 1859 , later renamed Ateneo Municipal de Manila in 1865 , now the Ateneo de Manila University ) . The Dominicans on their part had the Colegio de San Juan de Letrán ( 1620 ) in Manila . All of them provided courses leading to different prestigious degrees , like the Bachiller en Artes , that by the 19th century included science subjects such as physics , chemistry , natural history and mathematics . The University of Santo Tomás , for example , started by teaching theology , philosophy and humanities . During the 18th century , the Faculty of Jurisprudence and Canonical Law was established . In 1871 , several schools of medicine and pharmacy were opened . From 1871 to 1883 Santo Tomás alone had 829 registrations of medical students , and from 1883 until 1898 , 7965 medical students . By the end of the Spanish colonial rule in 1898 . the university had granted the degree of Licenciado en Medicina to 359 graduates and 108 medical doctors . For the doctorate degree in medicine its provision was inspired in the same set of oppositions than those of universities in the metropolis , and at least an additional year of study was required at the Universidad Central de Madrid in Spain . Secondary schools ( edit ) Entrance to the Pharmacy and Medicine classrooms of the Colegio de San José A Nautical School was created on January 1 , 1820 which offered a four - year course of study ( for the profession of pilot of merchant marine ) that included subjects such as arithmetic , algebra , geometry , trigonometry , physics , hydrography , meteorology , navigation and pilotage . A School of Commercial Accounting and a School of French and English Languages were established in 1839 . The Don Honorio Ventura College of Arts and Trades ( DHVCAT ) in Bacolor , Pampanga is said to be the oldest official vocational school in Asia . Augustinian Friar Juan Zita and civic leader Don Felino Gil established the vocational school on November 4 , 1861 . Other important vocational schools established were the Escuela de Contaduría , Academia de Pintura y Dibujo and the seminaries of Manila , Nueva Segovia , Cebú , Jaro and Nueva Cáceres . The Manila School of Agriculture was created in 1887 , although it was unable to open its doors until July 1889 . Its mission was to provide theoretical and practical education by agricultural engineers to skilled farmers and overseers , and to promote agricultural development by means of observation , experiment and investigation . It included subjects such as mathematics , physics , chemistry , natural history , agriculture , topography , linear and topography drawing . Agricultural schools and monitoring stations , run by professors who were agricultural engineers , were also established in Isabela , Ilocos , Albay , Cebú , Iloílo , Leyte and parts of Mindanao . The Real Sociedad Económica de los Amigos del País de Filipinas ( Royal Economic Society of Friends of the Philippines ) was first introduced in the islands in 1780 , and offered local and foreign scholarships to Filipinos , professorships and financed trips of scientists from Spain to the Philippines . Throughout the nineteenth century the Society established an academy of design , financed the publication of scientific and technical literature , and granted awards to successful experiments and inventions that improved agriculture and industry . The Observatorio Meteorológico del Ateneo Municipal de Manila ( Manila Observatory ) was founded in 1865 by the Jesuits after an article they published in the newspaper Diario de Manila , describing typhoon observations made in September 1865 , attracted the attention of many readers who publicly requested for the observations to be continued . The Spanish government made the observatory the official institution for weather forecasting in the Philippines in 1884 , and in 1885 it started its time service . Its seismology section was set up in 1887 , while astronomical studies began in 1899 . The Observatory published typhoon and climatological observations and studies , including the first typhoon warnings , a service that was highly appreciated by the business community , specially those involved in merchant shipping . Modern public system of education ( edit ) Modern public school education was introduced in Spain only in 1857 . This did not exist in any other colony of any European power in Asia . The concept of mass education was relatively new , an offshoot of the 18th century Age of Enlightenment . France was the first country in the world to create a system of mass , public education in 1833 . Free access to modern public education by all Filipinos was made possible through the enactment of the Education Decree of December 20 , 1863 by Queen Isabella II . Primary instruction was made free and the teaching of Spanish was compulsory . This was ten years before Japan had a compulsory form of free modern public education and forty years before the American government started an English - based public school system in the Philippines . The royal decree provided for a complete educational system which would consist of primary , secondary and tertiary levels , finally making officially available to Filipinos valuable training for leadership after three centuries of colonization . The Education Decree of 1863 provided for the establishment of at least two free primary schools , one for boys and another for girls , in each town under the responsibility of the municipal government . It also commended the creation of a free public normal school to train men as teachers , supervised by the Jesuits . One of these schools was the Escuela Normal Elemental , which , in 1896 became the Escuela Normal Superior de Maestros de Manila ( Manila Ordinary School for Schoolmistresses ) . The Spanish government established a school for midwives in 1879 , and Escuela Normal Superior de Maestras ( Superior Normal School ) for female teachers in 1892 . By the 1890s , free public secondary schools were opening outside of Manila , including 10 normal schools for women . The range of subjects being taught were very advanced , as can be seen from the Syllabus of Education in the Municipal Atheneum of Manila , that included Algebra , Agriculture , Arithmetic , Chemistry , Commerce , English , French , Geography , Geometry , Greek , History , Latin , Mechanics , Natural History , Painting , Philosophy , Physics , Rhetoric and Poetry , Spanish Classics , Spanish Composition , Topography , and Trigonometry . Among the subjects being taught to girls , as reflected in the curriculum of the Colegio de Santa Isabel , were Arithmetic , Drawing , Dress - cutting , French , Geology , Geography , Geometry , History of Spain , Music , Needlework , Philippine History , Physics , Reading , Sacred History and Spanish Grammar . Contrary to what the Propaganda of the Spanish -- American War tried to depict , the Spanish public system of education was open to all the natives , regardless of race , gender or financial resources . The Black Legend propagation , black propaganda and yellow journalism were rampant in the last two decades of Spanish Colonial Period and throughout the American Colonial Period . Manuel L. Quezon , on his speech for the Philippine Assembly at the US Congress on October 1914 stated that `` ... there were public schools in the Philippines long before the American occupation , and , in fact , I have been educated in one of these schools , even though my hometown is such a small town , isolated in the mountains of the Northeastern part of the island of Luzon . ... as long ago as 1866 when the total population of the Philippine Islands was only 4,411,261 souls , and when the total number of municipalities in the archipelago was 900 , the total public schools was 841 for boys and 833 for girls and the total number of children attending these schools was 135,098 for boys and 95,260 for girls . And these schools were real buildings and the pupils alert , intelligent , living human beings . In 1892 , the number of schools had increased to 2,137 , of which 1,087 were for boys and 1,050 for girls . I have seen with my own eyes many of these schools and thousands of these pupils . They were not religious schools , but schools created , supported and maintained by the Government ( Spanish ) . '' Gunnar Myrdal , a renowned Swedish economist , observed that in 19th - century Asia , Japan and Spanish Philippines stood out because of their stress on modern public education . Education and Filipino nationalism ( edit ) Ilustrados in Madrid ( ca. 1890 ) As a result of increasing the number of educated Filipinos a new social class raised , that came to be known as the Ilustrados . Furthermore , with the opening of Suez Canal in 1869 travel to Spain become quicker , easier and more affordable , and many Filipinos took advantage of it to continue higher education in Spain and Europe , mostly in Madrid and Barcelona . This new enlightened class of Filipinos would later lead the Philippine independence movement , using the Spanish language as their main communication method . The most prominent of the Ilustrados was José Rizal , who inspired the desire for independence with his novels written in Spanish . Other Filipino intellectuals , such as Graciano López Jaena , Marcelo H. del Pilar , Mariano Ponce or Antonio Luna , who had also studied in Spain , began contributing to the cause for Filipino self - government and independence . Describing this new generation of highly educated Filipinos , Fr . John N. Schumacher pointed out that , `` Philippine higher education was not far behind , or , under certain aspects , was even superior to the general level of higher education in Spain , at least outside Madrid . Perhaps the best testimony for this is the fact that such larger numbers of Filipino students were able to move without apparent difficulty from educational institutions at home to those in the Peninsula and establish honorable records for themselves there . '' The Philippines was also ahead of some European countries in offering education for women . Ironically , it was during the time of American occupation of the Philippines that the results of Spanish education were more visible , especially in the literature , printed press and cinema . Criticisms ( edit ) On 30 November 1900 , the Philippine Commission reported to the US War Department about the state of education throughout the archipelago as follows : `` ... Under Spanish rule there were established in these islands a system of primary schools . The Spanish regulations provided that there should be one male and one female primary school - teacher for each 5,000 inhabitants . It is clearly shown in the report of the first Philippine Commission that even this inadequate provision was never carried out . They say : `` Taking the entire population at 8,000,000 , we find that there is but one teacher to each 4,179 inhabitants . '' There were no schoolhouses , no modern furniture , and , until the Americans came , there were no good text - books . The schools were and are now held in the residences of the teachers , or in buildings hired by the municipalities and used by the principals as dwellings . In some of the schools there were wooden benches and tables , but it was not at all unusual to find a school without any seats for the pupils . In these primary schools , reading , writing , sacred history , and the catechism were taught . Except in a very few towns , the four elementary arithmetical processes were attempted , and in a few towns a book on geography was used as a reading book . Girls were taught embroidery and needlework . From the beginning the schools were entirely under the supervision of the religious orders , who were disposed to emphasize secondary and higher education for a few pupils rather than to further and promote the primary education of the masses . The result of this policy is that a few persons have stood out prominently as educated Filipinos , while the great mass of people have either not been educated at all or furnished only the rudiments of knowledge , acquiring merely the mechanical processes of reading and writing . The little school instruction the average Filipino has had has not tended to broaden his intelligence or to give him power of independent thought . One observes in the schools a tendency on the part of the pupils to give back , like phonographs , what they have heard or read or memorized , without seeming to have thought for themselves . As a rule , they possess mechanical skill , and they excel in writing and drawing . The Spaniards made very little use of this peculiar capacity . ... It is stated on good authority that when the Spaniards came here several of the tribes of the Philippine Islands could read and write their own language . At the present time , after three hundred years of Spanish domination , the bulk of the people can not do his . The Spanish minister for the colonies , in a report made December 5 , 1870 , points out that , by the process of absorption , matters of education had become concentrated in the hands of the religious orders . He says : `` While every acknowledgement should be made of their services in earlier times , their narrow , exclusively religious system of education , and their imperviousness to modern or external ideas and influences , which every day become more and more evident , rendered secularization of instruction necessary . '' ... It has been stated that in 1897 here were in these islands 2,167 public schools . The ineffectiveness of these schools will be seen when it is remembered that a school under the Spanish regime was a strictly sectarian , ungraded school , with no prescribed course of study and no definite standards for each year , and that they were in charge of duly certificated but hardly professionally trained or progressive teachers , housed in unsuitable and unsanitary buildings . '' Those numbers led some people to conclude that less than 6 % of the population were attending schools . However that assumption was misleading because it is calculated based on the entire population , including babies and senior citizens , when in reality public school systems are meant primarily for children and teenagers . In order to calculate the percentage of children attending schools , the number of children of school age must be used , including those of Elementary School age ( ages 5 through 13 ) and teenagers in High School age ( ages 14 through 17 ) . That would yield a total percentage of around 20 % of the total population . Since the 1887 census yielded a count of 6,984,727 , 20 % would be approximately 1 , 4 million . Also , by 1892 the number of schools had more than doubled to 2,137 , 1,087 of which were for boys and 1,050 for girls , which means that the number of children attending school also did increase , to at least 500,000 , by conservative estimates . That 's about 35 % of the population in School age . Another claim commonly heard was that based on the official figures there could n't be a school in every village in the Islands , as Manuel L. Quezon declared years later before the Philippine Assembly . However , since those official figures branded by the Philippine Commission itself put the total number of municipalities in the archipelago at 900 , and the number of public schools at 2,167 , those numbers reveal that there was not only one school in every municipality in the Islands , but in most cases two or more . Neither was taken into account that the schools maintained by Spain were closed and in many cases looted and badly damaged during the Spanish -- American War and the Philippine Revolution . Although the free and compulsory elementary education system was temporarily reestablished by the Malolos Constitution , it was finally dismantled after the Philippine -- American War , that also took a heavy toll upon the remaining educational infrastructures . Finally , the Philippine Commission made no reference to the fact that the pioneering public school education introduced by Spain in the Philippines was the first of its kind in all of Asia , and the first to be established in any European colony in the world . Such system was even ahead of most of United States at the time , where by 1900 only 34 states had any kind of compulsory schooling laws requiring attendance until age 14 . As a result , the average American at the time was less educated than the average Filipino , something that was specially true among the troops that fought in the Philippine -- American War , since most of the soldiers generally were of humble social origins . See also ( edit ) Education in the Philippines Education in the Philippines during United States rule Department of Education ( Philippines ) Education in Spain Philippine literature in Spanish Spanish language in the Philippines History of the Philippines Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Villareal 2006 , p. 9 , `` Ladinos , natives from the Philippines who were the informants , translators , or even better , consultants of the missionaries . '' Jump up ^ The University of Santo Tomás is the oldest existing university in Asia Archived 2009 - 12 - 22 at the Wayback Machine . from the University 's own website . Jump up ^ Gómez Rivera 2000 , `` Finally it should make known that all , absolutely all Filipinos who now occupy high positions in the Assembly ( House of Representatives of the Philippines ) in the Courts , in commerce , in the arts , and in the administration are products of the Spanish education which the Americans and their lackeys here treacherously attack in newspapers and school textbooks at every turn . '' Jump up ^ Morrow 2002 , `` Even the prominent Dr. Henry Otley Beyer wrote in The Philippines before Magellan ( 1921 ) that , `` one Spanish priest in Southern Luzon boasted of having destroyed more than three hundred scrolls written in the native character . '' Historians have searched for the source of Beyer 's claim , but until now none have even learned the name of that zealous priest . Furthermore , there has never been a recorded instance of ancient Filipinos writing on scrolls . The fact that they wrote on such perishable materials as leaves and bamboo is probably the reason why no pre-Hispanic documents have survived . '' Jump up ^ Speech of Manuel L. Quezon , for the Philippine Assembly before the US Congress regarding the Jones Bill , October 1914 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Coleman 2009 , pp. 17 -- 59 ^ Jump up to : Andrade Jr. 2001 , p. 1 Jump up ^ Arcilla 1998 , p. 50 Jump up ^ `` The Jesuits in Tigbauan , Iloilo '' . goILOILO.com. 22 August 2008 . Archived from the original on 23 August 2010 . Retrieved 24 August 2010 . External link in publisher = ( help ) Jump up ^ de la Costa 1967 Jump up ^ First book of the Spanish Philippines Jump up ^ Morrow 2002 Jump up ^ Filipinos in History , National Historical Institute , 1990 , p. 102 Jump up ^ Lumbera 2001 , pp. 36 -- 39 Jump up ^ de Santa María 1863 ^ Jump up to : Foreman , John ( 1906 ) . The Philippine Islands : a political , geographical , ethnographical , social and commercial history of the Philippine Archipelago , embracing the whole period of Spanish rule , with an account of the succeeding American insular government . C. Scribner 's sons . p. 194 . ^ Jump up to : Cruz 2009 Jump up ^ USC History Archived 2012 - 05 - 11 at the Wayback Machine . USC Website ^ Jump up to : UST is oldest , period UST is oldest , period ) Varsitarian Website ^ Jump up to : No contest : UST is oldest Archived 2013 - 11 - 11 at the Wayback Machine . Inquirer.net Jump up ^ Quezon 1915 , p. 38 Jump up ^ Blair and Robertson . The Philippine Islands , 1493 - 1898 . BiblioBazaar . ISBN 1 - 4264 - 8144 - 6 . Jump up ^ Legarda , Benito ( 1955 ) . `` Foreign Trade , Economic Change and Entrepreneurship in the Nineteenth Century Philippines '' . Department of Economics , Harvard University , Cambridge , Mass. : 117 -- 119 , 321 -- 326 . Jump up ^ `` History '' . ^ Jump up to : Zialcita 2004 ^ Jump up to : Harper 2002 Jump up ^ Delgado Criado 1994 , p. 508 Jump up ^ Lumbera 2001 , p. 84 Jump up ^ Meade & Wiesner - Hanks 2004 , p. 437 Jump up ^ Abinales & Amoroso 2005 , p. 93 Jump up ^ Coleman 2009 Jump up ^ Mojares 2006 Jump up ^ Quezon 1915 , p. 34 Jump up ^ Quezon 1915 , p. 35 Jump up ^ The Jones Philippine Bill : Speeches of Hon . Manuel L. Quezon , Resident Commissioner from the Philippines in the House of Representatives , September 26 - October 14 , 1914 . US House of Representatives . p. 19 ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Schumacher 1997 , p. 23 Jump up ^ Schumacher 1991 , p. 36 Jump up ^ Rodao 1997 Jump up ^ Bureau of Insular Affairs , War Department , Reports of the Philippine Commission Etc , ( 1900 - 1903 ) , Washington DC , Government Printing Office , 1904 , p121 - 122 Jump up ^ Jan Lahmeyer ( 1996 ) . `` The Philippines : historical demographical data of the whole country '' . Retrieved 2003 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ http://www.heinz.cmu.edu/faculty-and-research/research/research-details/index.aspx?rid=372 Jump up ^ Paul Alexander Kramer ( 2006 ) . The blood of government : race , empire , the United States , & the Philippines . UNC Press Books . p. 120 . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 5653 - 3 . Bibliography ( edit ) Abinales , Patricio N. ; Amoroso , Donna J. ( 2005 ) , State and Society in the Philippines ( illustrated ed . ) , Lanham , Maryland , United States of America : Rowman & Littlefield Publishers , Inc. , p. 353 , ISBN 0 - 7425 - 1024 - 7 , OCLC 57452454 Andrade Jr. , Pío ( 2001 ) , Education and Spanish in the Philippines , Madrid , Spain : Asociación Cultural Galeón de Manila , archived from the original on 11 August 2010 , retrieved 11 August 2010 External link in publisher = ( help ) Arcilla , José S. ( 1998 ) , An Introduction to Philippine History ( 4th ed . ) , Quezon City , Philippines : Ateneo de Manila University Press , p. 141 , ISBN 971 - 550 - 261 - X , OCLC 46698904 External link in publisher = ( help ) Coleman , Ambrose ( 2009 ) ( First published 1899 ) , The Friars in the Philippines , Charleston , South Carolina , United States of America : BiblioBazaar , LLC , p. 182 , ISBN 1 - 113 - 71989 - 3 External link in publisher = ( help ) Cruz , Isagani R. ( 17 December 2009 ) , The first university , Manila , Philippines : The Philippine Star ( philstar.com ) , Education and Home , archived from the original on 22 August 2010 , retrieved 22 August 2010 External link in publisher = ( help ) de Santa María , Fernando ( 1863 ) , Manual de medicinas caseras para consuelo de los pobres Indios en las provincias y pueblos donde no hay médicos ni botica ( in Spanish ) , Manila , Philippines : Imprenta de la Universidad Pontificia de Santo Tomás , á cargo de D. Juan Cortada , p. 208 de la Costa , Horacio ( 1967 ) , The Jesuits in the Philippines , 1581 - 1768 ( 3rd ed . ) , s.n. , p. 702 , OCLC 11565876 Delgado Criado , Buenaventura ( 1994 ) , Historia de la educación en España y América : La educación en la España contemporánea ( 1789 - 1975 ) ( in Spanish ) ( illustrated ed . ) , Madrid , Spain : Ediciones Morata S.L. , p. 974 , ISBN 84 - 7112 - 378 - 9 External link in publisher = ( help ) Gómez Rivera , Guillermo ( 20 September 2000 ) , The Filipino State , Spain : Buscoenlaces , CHAPTER VI 1900s : The Filipino people was deprived of its own state , archived from the original on 5 August 2010 , retrieved 5 August 2010 External link in publisher = ( help ) Harper , Bambi ( 5 April 2002 ) , For the record , Makati City , Philippines : Philippine Daily Inquirer ( INQUIRER.net , previously inq7.net ) , Editorial & Opinion , archived from the original on 23 April 2003 , retrieved 26 July 2010 External link in publisher = ( help ) Lumbera , Bienvenido L. ( 2001 ) , Tagalog Poetry , 1570 -- 1898 : Tradition and Influences in Its Development , Quezon City , Philippines : Ateneo de Manila University Press , p. 267 , ISBN 971 - 550 - 374 - 8 , OCLC 15870123 External link in publisher = ( help ) Meade , Teresa A. ; Wiesner - Hanks , Merry E. ( 2004 ) , A Companion to Gender History ( illustrated ed . ) , Wiley - Blackwell , p. 676 , ISBN 0 - 631 - 22393 - 2 , OCLC 441756114 Mojares , Resil ( 2006 ) , Brains of the Nation : Pedro Paterno , T.H. Pardo de Tavera , Isabelo de los Reyes and the Production of Modern Knowledge , Quezon City , Philippines : Ateneo de Manila University Press , p. 565 , ISBN 971 - 550 - 496 - 5 , OCLC 76895524 External link in publisher = ( help ) Morrow , Paul ( 2002 ) , `` Baybayin - The Ancient Script of the Philippines '' , Sarisari etc ... Filipino History , Language , Pop Culture & other completely unrelated stuff , Manitoba , Canada : Manitoba Telecom Services , archived from the original on 8 August 2010 , retrieved 8 August 2010 External link in publisher = , work = ( help ) Quezon , Manuel Luis ( 1915 ) , Asamblea Filipina , Tercera Legislatura , Tercer Período de Sesiones , Documento N. 4042 - A 87 , Discursos del Hon . Manuel L. Quezon , comisionado residente de Filipinas , Pronunciados en la Cámara de representantes de los Estados Unidos con motivo de la discusión del Bill Jones , 26 , septiembre - 14 , octubre , 1914 ( Philippine Assembly , Third Legislature , Third Session , Document No. 4042 - A 87 Speeches of Honorable Manuel L. Quezon , Philippine resident commissioner , delivered in the House of Representatives of the United States during the discussion of Jones Bill , 26 September - 14 October 1914 ) ( in Spanish ) , Manila , Philippines : Bureau of Printing , archived from the original on 19 July 2010 , retrieved 19 July 2010 Rodao , Florentino ( 1997 ) , `` Spanish language in the Philippines : 1900 - 1940 '' , Philippine Studies , Quezon City , Philippines : Ateneo de Manila University Press , 45 : 94 -- 107 , ISSN 0031 - 7837 , OCLC 612174151 External link in publisher = , journal = ( help ) Schumacher , John N. ( 1997 ) , The Creation of a Filipino Consciousness , The Making of the Revolution : The Propaganda Movement 1880 - 1895 ( revised ed . ) , Quezon City , Philippines : Ateneo de Manila University Press , p. 333 , ISBN 971 - 550 - 209 - 1 , OCLC 39026910 External link in publisher = ( help ) Schumacher , John N. ( 1991 ) , The Making of a Nation : Essays on Nineteenth - Century Filipino Nationalism , Quezon City , Philippines : Ateneo de Manila University Press , p. 269 , ISBN 971 - 550 - 019 - 6 , OCLC 26201089 External link in publisher = ( help ) Villareal , Corazón ( 17 -- 20 January 2006 ) , `` Language and Desire in Hiligaynon '' ( PDF ) , Paper Presented at Tenth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics , Puerto Princesa City , Palawan , Philippines , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 11 January 2007 , retrieved 24 August 2010 External link in work = ( help ) Zialcita , Fernando Nakpil ( 9 January 2004 ) , Darkness in Intramuros , Makati City , Philippines : Philippine Daily Inquirer ( INQUIRER.net , previously inq7.net ) , Editorial and Opinion , archived from the original on 1 December 2006 , retrieved 22 August 2010 External link in publisher = ( help ) Further reading ( edit ) Private education Cruz , Isagani R. ( 1997 ) . Building a Nation : Private Education in the Philippines . Makati City , Philippines : Fund for Assistance to Private Education . p. 229 . ISBN 971 - 8766 - 03 - 0 . OCLC 42410789 . Isidro y Santos , Antonio ; Ramos , Maximo D. ( 1973 ) . Private Colleges and Universities in the Philippines . Quezon City , Philippines : Alemar - Phoenix Publishing House , Incorporated . p. 284 . Public education Jacas , Hermenegildo ( 1894 ) . Curso de legislación vigente de instrucción primaria en Filipinas : acomodado al programa oficial de esta asignatura en la Escuela Normal Superior de Maestros de Manila ( in Spanish ) . Manila , Philippines : Impr . y Litografía de J. Marty . p. 86 . Role of the missionaries in education Byre , Damián ( 1988 ) . Gómez , Fausto , ed . The Dominicans ' Mission Here and Now : 1587 - 1987 . Manila , Philippines : UST Press . p. 173 . ISBN 971 - 506 - 010 - 2 . OCLC 20332309 . Cruikshank , Bruce ( 2003 ) . Spanish Franciscans in the Colonial Philippines , 1578 - 1898 : Catalogs and Analysis for a History of Filipinos in Franciscan Parishes ( illustrated ed . ) . Hastings , Nebraska , United States : Cornhusker Press . ISBN 0 - 615 - 12344 - 9 . OCLC 52848382 . Galindo , Jesús ( 1979 ) . 400 Years , 1578 - 1978 : Franciscans in the Philippines . Philippines : Regal Print . p. 146 . Hernández , Policarpio F. ( 1998 ) . Martínez , Marionette Ocampo , ed . The Augustinians in the Philippines and their Contribution to the Printing Press , Philology , Poetry , Religious Literature , History and Sciences . Makati City , Philippines : Colegio San Agustín . p. 375 . ISBN 971 - 604 - 058 - X . OCLC 433101288 . Miscellaneous Andrade Jr. , Pío ( 1990 ) . The fooling of America : the untold story of Carlos P. Rómulo . P. Andrade . p. 198 . ISBN 971 - 91266 - 0 - 4 . OCLC 26649231 . External links ( edit ) Miguel de Benavides Library Rizal Library `` Education in the Philippines 1860 - 1898 '' . Archived from the original on 18 October 2002 . Life and Works of Fray Juan de Plasencia Teaching and Health Care during Spanish Rule ( in English and Spanish ) ' Older than Harvard ' : Philippine university celebrates 400th anniversary UST is oldest , period Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_Philippines_during_Spanish_rule&oldid=865711838 '' Categories : Education in the Philippines History of the Philippines by topic Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 errors : external links CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Tagalog Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2018 , at 17 : 27 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education%20in%20the%20Philippines%20during%20Spanish%20rule	2,377
who plays bob duncan in good luck charlie	Eric Allan Kramer ( born March 26 , 1962 ) is an American - Canadian character actor . He has appeared in numerous feature films and television programs including True Romance and Robin Hood : Men in Tights , but is best known for his role as Dave Rogers on The Hughleys and Bob Duncan on Good Luck Charlie from 2010 -- 2014 .	Eric Allan Kramer	Eric Allan Kramer	eric allan kramer	Eric Allan Kramer ( born March 26 , 1962 ) is an American - Canadian character actor . He has appeared in numerous feature films and television programs including True Romance and Robin Hood : Men in Tights , but is best known for his role as Dave Rogers on The Hughleys and Bob Duncan on Good Luck Charlie from 2010 -- 2014 .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Filmography 4 References 5 External links Early life ( edit ) Kramer 's father , Roger Kramer , is a former CFL player . Kramer attended the BFA program at the University of Alberta in Edmonton , which led to acting in the theater and some television and movie roles , as well as a career in fight choreography . Career ( edit ) In 1987 , Kramer made his acting debut in television film The Gunfighters . He also starred in the 1990 film Quest for the Mighty Sword , replacing previous lead actor Miles O'Keeffe . He played Thor in NBC 's television film The Incredible Hulk Returns and a Russian baseball player in the television movie The Comrades of Summer . Among Kramer 's more notable roles have been Little John in Robin Hood : Men in Tights , Bear in American Wedding , and Boris , bodyguard to producer Lee Donowitz , in True Romance . He has also appeared in a number of notable television series , including Two and a Half Men , Wizards of Waverly Place , Growing Pains , Cheers , Empty Nest , Blossom , CSI : Crime Scene Investigation , NewsRadio , JAG , Roseanne , Murder , She Wrote , Seinfeld , That ' 70s Show , Ellen , Monk , Jack and Bobby , Phil of the Future , How I Met Your Mother , The King of Queens and My Name Is Earl . Kramer was also a series regular on the sitcom Bob as Whitey van de Bunt ( 1993 ) and the ABC / UPN sitcom The Hughleys as Dave Rogers . Kramer continues to work on the stage as a member of the Antaeus Classical Rep Company in Los Angeles and received an Ovatti Award nomination for his role in The Wood Demon . He also co-starred as Bob Duncan on the Disney Channel sitcom Good Luck Charlie . He also played Link 's dad in the Nickelodeon series The Thundermans . Filmography ( edit ) Film Year Film Role Notes 1990 Quest for the Mighty Sword Ator Direct - to - video 1993 Robin Hood : Men in Tights Little John True Romance Boris 1994 Road to Saddle River Dieter 1995 The Crazysitter Elliot High School High Hulk 2003 American Wedding Bear 2006 Grilled Irving 2009 Flying By Steve Direct - to - video 2013 Meat and Potatoes Bill Short film 2014 Atlas Shrugged Part III : Who Is John Galt ? Ragnar Danneskjöld Mostly Ghostly : Have You Met My Ghoulfriend ? John Doyle The Mundane Goddess Zeus Short film 2015 LA Apocalypse Sergeant Wade 2016 8989 Redstone Daryl Masters Surge of Power : Revenge of the Sequel Moon 2017 Pitching Tents Bruce Television Year Title Role Notes The Gunfighters Luke Collins TV movie The Incredible Hulk Returns Thor TV movie Murder , She Wrote Gunnar Tilstrom Episode : `` Snow White , Blood Red '' Roseanne Bobo Episode : `` Dan 's Birthday Bash '' Growing Pains Tony Episode : `` Feet of Clay '' Cheers Rudy Episode : `` The Two Faces of Norm '' 1990 Doctor Doctor Dr. Destruction Episode : `` Family Affair '' Credited as Eric Allen Kramer 1990 -- 1991 Down Home Drew McCrorey Recurring role ; 8 episodes 1991 -- 1994 Empty Nest Apartment Manager / Sven / Sam Recurring role ; 3 episodes Civil Wars Ray Miller Episode : `` His Honor 's Offer '' Anything But Love Actor Episode : `` Angst for the Memories '' Wings Biker Episode : `` Four Dates That Will Live in Infamy '' Seinfeld Biker Episode : `` The Keys '' 1993 Bob Whitey van de Bunt 3 episodes Johnny Bago Tipper Donovan Episode : `` Johnny 's Golden Shaft '' 1994 M.A.N.T.I.S. Jack `` The Jackhammer '' Mills Episode : `` Gloves Off '' Blossom Wildman Boyette Episode : `` The Game You Play Tomorrow '' 1995 Ellen Detective Gil Ryan `` Episode : `` Guns ' N Ellen '' Platypus Man Doug Monroe Episode : `` Sweet Denial '' A Whole New Ballgame Tommy Episode : `` Twisted '' Hope and Gloria Issac 3 episodes The Home Court Nick Kaofis Episode : `` The Cheesehead Stands Alone '' Dweebs Helmut Episode : `` The Crush Show '' Lois & Clark : The New Adventures of Superman Drull 2 episodes Nash Bridges Lyle Episode : `` Leo 's Big Score '' NewsRadio Ted Chambers Episode : `` The Trainer '' Mad About You Skippy ( Orderly # 2 ) Episode : `` The Penis '' JAG Colonel Episode : `` Force Recon '' Men Behaving Badly Husband Episode : It 's Good to Be Dead '' Rough Riders Henry Bardshar Miniseries 2 episodes Hangin ' with Mr. Cooper Mr. Loudon Episode : `` One on One '' Malcolm & Eddie Mike McGinley 3 episodes Alright Already Matt Episodes : `` Again with Mah Johngg '' 1998 Pacific Blue Lt. Derrick Williams Episode : `` House Party '' Dharma and Greg Officer Davis Episode : `` Dharma and Greg 's First Romantic Valentine 's Day Weekend '' Caroline in the City Olaf Episode : `` Caroline and the Cabby '' Murphy Brown Wally Tuttle Episode : `` Second Time Around '' Arli $ $ Chet Episode : `` Whatever It Takes '' 1998 -- 2002 The Hughleys Dave Rogers Appeared in 89 episodes Surviving Gilligan 's Island Alan Hale , Jr . TV docudrama 2003 Two and a Half Men Bill Episode : `` The Last Thing You Want to Do is Wind Up With a Hump '' The O.C. Soccer Coach Episode : `` The Heights '' That 70s Show Stuart Sutcliffe Episode : `` Sally Simpson '' Phil of the Future Coach Buchinksy Episode : `` Future Jock '' Oliver Beene Krazy King Episode : `` The King and I '' 2005 The King of Queens Luke Episode : `` Pour Judgement '' Jack & Bobby Officer Burke Episode : `` And Justice for All '' Will & Grace Barry Episode : `` Sour Balls '' 2005 -- 2009 CSI : Crime Scene Investigation Vic `` The Eagle '' Patterson / Deputy Sheriff Episodes : `` Hollywood Brass '' and `` The Descent of a Man '' 2005 Cuts Brian Episode : `` Wife Swap '' 2006 Rodney Paul Episode : `` Sleepover '' Monk Darrell Cain Episode : `` Mr. Monk and the Astronaut '' How I Met Your Mother Bob Rorschach Episode : `` Milk '' 2007 Big Shots Eddie Jenowski Episodes : `` The Way We Were n't '' 2008 Hollywood Residential Pete Appeared in 8 episodes Wizards of Waverly Place Coach Gunderson Episode : `` Alex in the Middle '' 2009 My Name is Earl Jim Episode : `` Friends with Benefits '' Maneater Jones Merrifield 2 episodes 2009 -- present The Secrets of a Changing Life Father 2010 -- 2014 Good Luck Charlie Bob Duncan Main role , 97 episodes Huge Cliff / Trent 's dad 1 episode Full Nelson Erik the Viking Unknown episodes 2011 Jessie Jack Episode : `` One Day Wonders '' NCIS Phillip Ekkerly Episode : `` Thirst '' Good Luck Charlie , It 's Christmas ! 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how does and then there was none end	In a postscript , a fishing ship picks up a bottle inside its trawling nets ; the bottle contains a written confession of the killings , which is then sent to Scotland Yard . It is not clear how long after the killings the bottle was discovered .		And Then There Were None	and then there were none	And Then There Were None is a mystery novel by English writer Agatha Christie , widely considered her masterpiece and described by her as the most difficult of her books to write . It was first published in the United Kingdom by the Collins Crime Club on 6 November 1939 , as Ten Little Niggers , after the British blackface song , which serves as a major plot point . The US edition was not released until December 1939 ; its American reprints and adaptations were all retitled And Then There Were None , after the last five words of the song .	It is Christie 's best - selling novel ; with more than 100 million copies sold , it is also the world 's best - selling mystery and one of the best - selling books of all time . Publications International lists the novel as the seventh best - selling title . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Plot summary 3 Current published version of the rhyme 4 Characters 5 History of the publication 's title 5.1 English - language versions 5.2 Foreign language versions 6 Literary significance and reception 7 Adaptations 7.1 Film 7.2 Radio 7.3 Stage 7.4 Television 7.5 Other media 7.6 Timeline of adaptations 8 Parodies , references and related works 9 References 10 External links Premise ( edit ) In the novel , a group of people are lured into coming to an island under different pretexts , e.g. , offers of employment , to enjoy a late summer holiday , or to meet old friends . All have been complicit in the deaths of other human beings , but either escaped justice or committed an act that was not subject to legal sanction . The guests and two servants who are present are `` charged '' with their respective `` crimes '' by a gramophone recording after dinner the first night , and informed that they have been brought to the island to pay for their actions . They are the only people on the island , and can not escape due to the distance from the mainland and the inclement weather , and gradually all ten are killed in turn , each in a manner that seems to parallel the deaths in the nursery rhyme . Nobody else seems to be left alive on the island by the time of the apparent last death . A confession , in the form of a postscript to the novel , unveils how the killings took place and who was responsible . Plot summary ( edit ) On a hot , early August day sometime in the late 1930s , eight people arrive on a small , isolated island off the Devon coast of England . Each appears to have an invitation tailored to his or her personal circumstances , such as an offer of employment or an unexpected late summer holiday . They are met by Thomas and Ethel Rogers , the butler and cook / housekeeper , who state that their hosts , Mr Ulick Norman Owen and his wife Mrs Una Nancy Owen , whom they have not yet met in person , have not arrived , but left instructions , which strikes all the guests as odd . A framed copy of a nursery rhyme , `` Ten Little Niggers '' ( called `` Ten Little Indians '' or `` Ten Little Soldiers '' in later editions ) , hangs in every guest 's room , and ten figurines sit on the dining room table . After supper , a gramophone ( or `` phonograph '' ) record is played ; it contains a recording that describes each visitor in turn , accuses each of having committed murder but escaping justice , and then asks if any of `` the accused '' wishes to offer a defence . All but Anthony Marston and Philip Lombard deny the charges , and Miss Brent refuses to discuss the matter . They discover that none of them actually knows the Owens and conclude that the name `` U.N. Owen '' is shorthand for `` Unknown '' . In the aftermath of the recording , Marston finishes his drink and immediately dies from cyanide poisoning . The remaining guests notice that one of the ten figurines is now broken , and the nursery rhyme appears to reflect the manner of death ( `` One choked his little self and then there were nine '' ) . The next morning , Mrs Rogers ' corpse is found in her bed ; she had died in her sleep from an overdose of chloral hydrate . By lunchtime , General MacArthur is found dead , from a heavy blow to his head . Two more figurines are found to be broken , and again the deaths parallel the rhyme . Miss Brent , who had refused to speak with the men present , relates the account of the gramophone charge against her to Vera Claythorne , who later tells the others . A search for `` Mr Owen '' shows that nobody else is on the island except the remaining seven . The island is a `` bare rock '' with no hiding places , and no one could have arrived or left ; thus , they uncomfortably conclude that any one of the seven remaining persons is the killer . Justice Wargrave leads the group in determining that as of yet , none of them can definitively be ruled out as the murderer . The next morning , Rogers is found dead while chopping wood , and after breakfast , Miss Brent is found dead in the kitchen , where she had been left alone after complaining of feeling unwell ; she had been injected with potassium cyanide via a hypodermic needle . Wargrave then suggests searching all the rooms , and any potentially dangerous items they can think of are locked up . Lombard 's gun is missing from his room . When Vera goes upstairs to take a bath , she is shocked by the touch and smell of seaweed left hanging from the ceiling of her room and screams ; the remaining guests rush upstairs to her room . Wargrave , however , is still downstairs . The others find him seated , immobile and crudely dressed up in the attire of a judge . Wargrave is examined briefly by Dr Armstrong and pronounced dead from a gunshot to the forehead . That night , Lombard appears surprised when he finds his gun returned to his room . Blore catches a glimpse of someone leaving the house but loses the trail . He then discovers Armstrong is absent from his room , and the remaining three guests conclude that Armstrong must be the killer . Vera , Blore , and Lombard decide to stay together at all times . In the morning , they unsuccessfully attempt to signal SOS to the mainland from outside by using a mirror and sunlight . Blore then decides to return to the house for food by himself -- the others are not hungry -- and is killed by a heavy bear - shaped clock statue that is pushed from Vera 's window sill , crushing his skull . Vera and Lombard are now confident that Armstrong is the killer . However , shortly afterwards , the duo come upon Armstrong 's body washed up on the beach , which they do not immediately recognize due to decomposition . They realize that Armstrong could not have killed Blore . Panicked , each concludes the other must be the killer , overlooking that neither had the opportunity as they were together on the beach and when they found Blore 's body . Quickly regaining her composure , Vera suggests moving the doctor 's body past the shore , but this is a pretext . She manages to lift Lombard 's gun . When Lombard lunges at her to get it back , she shoots him dead . She returns to the house in a shaken dreamlike state , relieved to be alive . She finds a noose and chair arranged in her room , and a strong smell of the sea . With visions of her former lover , Hugo , urging her on , in a post-traumatic state , she adjusts the noose and kicks the chair out from under her . Two Scotland Yard officials are puzzled by the identity of U.N. Owen . Although they can ostensibly reconstruct the deaths from Marston to Wargrave with the help of the victims ' diaries and a coroner 's careful report , they are forced to conclude that `` U.N. Owen '' was one of the victims , but are unable to determine which one . They note that the chair on which Vera stood to hang herself had been set back upright , indicating that someone -- presumably the killer -- was still alive on the island after her suicide . Postscript from the Killer In a postscript , a fishing ship picks up a bottle inside its trawling nets ; the bottle contains a written confession of the killings , which is then sent to Scotland Yard . It is not clear how long after the killings the bottle was discovered . In the confession , Justice Wargrave writes that he has long wished to set an unsolvable puzzle of murder , but is morally limited to victims who are themselves guilty and deserving of such an end . He explains how he tricked the gullible Dr. Armstrong into helping him fake his own death under the pretext that it would supposedly give him the freedom to help the group identify the killer , and also explains that after Vera died , he replaced the chair in her room neatly against the wall . Finally , he reveals how he used the gun and some elastic to ensure his own death matched the account in the guests ' diaries . Although he wished to create an unsolvable mystery , he acknowledges in the missive a `` pitiful human '' need for recognition , hence the confession . He also describes how his first chronological victim was actually Isaac Morris , the sleazy lawyer and drugs trafficker who anonymously purchased the island and arranged the invitations on his behalf . Morris was poisoned before Wargrave departed for the island . Wargrave 's intention is that when the police arrive they will find ten bodies , with evidence that someone had been alive after each death , but nobody else on the island , and no way to trace the killer through his invitations or preparations . He states that , although there are three clues that could guide the police to the correct killer , he is confident they will be unable to do so and that the mystery will remain unsolved until the confession is retrieved . Current published version of the rhyme ( edit ) Main article : Ten Little Injuns Ten little Soldier Boys went out to dine ; One choked his little self and then there were nine . Nine little Soldier Boys sat up very late ; One overslept himself and then there were eight . Eight little Soldier Boys travelling in Devon ; One said he 'd stay there and then there were seven . Seven little Soldier Boys chopping up sticks ; One chopped himself in halves and then there were six . Six little Soldier Boys playing with a hive ; A bumblebee stung one and then there were five . Five little Soldier Boys going in for law ; One got in Chancery and then there were four . Four little Soldier Boys going out to sea ; A red herring swallowed one and then there were three . Three little Soldier Boys walking in the zoo ; A big bear hugged one and then there were two . Two little Soldier Boys sitting in the sun ; One got frizzled up and then there was one . One little Soldier Boy left all alone ; He went out and hanged himself and then there were none . Characters ( edit ) The following details of the characters are based on the original novel . Backstories , backgrounds , and names vary with differing international adaptations , based on censorship , cultural norms , etc . Anthony James Marston , a handsome but amoral and irresponsible young man , killed two young children ( John and Lucy Combes ) while driving recklessly , for which he felt no real remorse and accepted no personal responsibility , complaining only that his driving licence had been suspended as a result . He was the first island victim , poisoned with potassium cyanide slipped into his drink while the guests were listening to the gramophone recording . ( `` One choked his little self ... '' ) Mrs Ethel Rogers , the cook / housekeeper and Thomas Rogers ' wife , described as a pale and ghost - like woman who walks in mortal fear . She was dominated by her bullying husband , who coerced her into agreeing to withhold the medicine of a former employer ( Miss Jennifer Brady , an elderly spinster ) in order that they might collect an inheritance they knew she had left them in her will . Mrs Rogers was haunted by the crime for the rest of her life , and was the second victim , dying in her sleep from an overdose of chloral hydrate in her brandy . ( `` One overslept himself ... '' ) General John Gordon Macarthur , a retired World War I war hero , who sent his late wife 's lover ( a younger officer , Arthur Richmond ) to his death by assigning him to a mission where it was practically guaranteed he would not survive . Leslie Macarthur had mistakenly put the wrong letters in the envelopes on one occasion when she wrote to both men at the same time . The general accepts that no one will leave the island alive , which he tells Vera Claythorne . Shortly thereafter , he is bludgeoned while left alone sitting along the shore . ( `` One said he 'd stay there ... '' ) Thomas Rogers , the butler and Ethel Rogers ' husband . He dominated his weak - willed wife , and they killed their former elderly employer by withholding her medicine , causing the woman to die from heart failure , thus inheriting the money she bequeathed them in her will . Despite his wife 's death , Rogers was still serving the others . In that capacity , he was killed when bludgeoned with an axe as he cut firewood in the woodshed . ( `` One chopped himself in halves ... '' ) Emily Caroline Brent , an elderly , religiously rigid , socially respectable spinster who accepted the vacation on Soldier Island largely due to financial constraints . Years earlier , she had dismissed her young maid , Beatrice Taylor , for becoming pregnant out of wedlock . Beatrice , who had already been rejected by her parents for the same reason , drowned herself , which Miss Brent considered an even worse sin . She refuses to discuss the matter with the gentlemen , telling them , `` I have always acted in accordance with the dictates of my conscience . I have nothing with which to reproach myself . '' Later , she confides what happened regarding Beatrice Taylor to Vera Claythorne , who tells the others shortly before Miss Brent is found dead herself . She was sedated with chloral hydrate in her coffee , leaving her disorientated , before being injected in the neck with potassium cyanide while left alone in the kitchen , with one of Dr Armstrong 's hypodermic syringes . The murderer also put a bee into the room . ( `` A bumblebee stung one ... '' ) Dr Edward George Armstrong , a Harley Street doctor , responsible for the death of a patient , Louisa Mary Clees , after he operated on her while drunk many years earlier . Armstrong is asked by Justice Wargrave to help fake his death , on the pretext that this will leave the judge free to find the killer , but is fooled in doing so -- while rendezvousing with the judge at night on a rocky cliff , the judge asks him if he sees a cave . When Armstrong looks , he is pushed by the other man into the sea , and is killed . ( `` A red herring swallowed one ... '' ) . His body goes missing for a while , leading the others to believe that he is the killer , but his corpse washes ashore at the end of the novel , sparking the final confrontation between Vera Claythorne and Philip Lombard in which the latter is killed . William Henry Blore , a former police inspector and now a private investigator , was accused of falsifying his testimony in court for a bribe from a dangerous criminal gang , which resulted in an innocent man , James Landor , being convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment . Landor , who had a wife and young child , died shortly afterwards in prison . Using the alias `` Davis '' and claiming to have arrived from South Africa , as he was instructed to do , he is on the island for `` security work '' . His true name is revealed on the gramophone recording . He denies the accusation against him from the gramophone recording , but later privately admits the truth to Lombard . He was crushed by a bear - shaped clock dropped from Vera 's bedroom window onto the terrace below . ( `` A big bear hugged one ... '' ) Philip Lombard , a soldier of fortune . Literally down to his last square meal , he comes to the island with a loaded revolver , as suggested by his invitation letter . Lombard is accused of causing the deaths of a number of East African tribesmen , after stealing their food and abandoning them to their deaths . He and Marston are the only guests to openly and immediately confirm that the accusations against them are true ; neither feels any remorse . ( `` Story 's quite true ! I left ' em ! Matter of self - preservation . We were lost in the bush . I and a couple of other fellows took what food there was and cleared out ... Not quite the act of a pukka sahib , I 'm afraid . But self - preservation 's a man 's first duty . And natives do n't mind dying , you know . They do n't feel about it as Europeans do . '' ) Lombard fulfilled the ninth referenced verse of the rhyme , shot to death on the beach by Vera , ( `` One got frizzled up ... '' ) who believed him to be the murderer . Of all the `` guests '' he is the only one to theorize that `` U.N. Owen '' might be Wargrave , but the others reject this and it does him no good . He and Vera are the only guests not killed by Justice Wargrave . Technically he is the 8th person to die out of the ten guests . Vera Elizabeth Claythorne , a cool , efficient , resourceful young woman who is on leave from her position as a sports mistress at a third - rate girls ' school . She has largely worked at secretarial jobs ever since her job as a governess was ended by the death of her charge , Cyril Hamilton . Claythorne let the boy drown so his uncle Hugo Hamilton could inherit the family estate and marry her , but Hugo rejected her when he suspected her crime . In the penultimate scene of the novel , she manages to take Lombard 's gun , and shoot him dead in what she believed was self - defence . She returns to the house , relieved she has survived . When she goes to her room , she finds a readied noose , complete with chair beneath it , suspended from a hook hanging from the ceiling . She , in what Wargrave , hidden from her sight , describes first hand as a post-traumatic state , sees and hears Hugo , her former lover , encouraging her . She adjusts the noose round her neck and kicks the chair away , fulfilling the rhyme 's final verse ( `` One little Soldier Boy left all alone ; He went and hanged himself and then there were none . '' ) Justice Lawrence John Wargrave , a retired judge , known as a `` hanging judge '' for liberally awarding the death penalty in murder cases . Wargrave is accused of influencing the jury to hand a guilty verdict to Edward Seton , a man many thought was innocent of his crime of killing an old woman , and sentencing him to death unfairly . However , as the two policemen discuss at Scotland Yard , new evidence after Seton 's execution proved he was unmistakably guilty . He admits in his postscript that he has a lifelong hidden sadistic urge to cause death , but felt bound only to indulge it with guilty persons , and a lifelong wish to create a masterpiece of a mystery . Finding himself terminally ill , he creates a game in which , as island owner `` U.N. Owen '' ( i.e. , `` Unknown '' ) , he entices to an island various people who have been responsible for the deaths of other people , but escaped justice , through a third party agent , Isaac Morris , in order to be a murderer himself , and kill his `` guests '' in a way that would leave an almost - unsolvable mystery . After the deaths , he arranges the island so that each death appears to have a survivor . However out of what he admits is a `` pitiful human need '' for recognition , he also writes a confession , which he throws in the sea , and leaves to chance whether it will be found . His final act is to shoot himself in a way that matches the description of his death in some of the other guests ' diaries , by using a rubber cord and handkerchief wrapped around the gun when he shoots himself in the head ; the elastic will separate and attract no attention , and the gun and cloth will recoil a sufficient distance from him to avoid any suspicion of the true circumstances by the police . Isaac Morris is an unethical lawyer hired by Wargrave to purchase the island ( under the name `` U.N. Owen '' ) , arrange the gramophone recording , and make various necessary arrangements on his behalf , including gathering information on the near destitute Philip Lombard , to whom he gave some money to get by ( with the promise of more to come ) and recommended Lombard bring his gun to the island ( a fateful proposition , without which events could not have developed as they did to make Wargrave 's gambit successful ) . Morris 's is actually the first death chronologically , as he died before the guests arrived on the island . Morris was responsible for the addiction and suicide of a young woman through his narcotics activities . The victim by chance was the daughter of a friend of Wargrave . A hypochondriac , he trusted `` Mr Owen '' sufficiently to accept the latter 's lethal cocktail of pills , assured they would improve his health , although Wargrave would have had to get rid of him in any event . Fred Narracott , the boatman who delivered the guests to the island . After doing so , he does not appear again in the story , although Inspector Maine notes it was Narracott who , sensing something seriously amiss , returned to the island as soon as the weather allowed , before he was scheduled to do , and found the bodies . Maine speculates that it was the normalcy and ordinariness of the guests that convinced Narracott to do so and ignore his orders to dismiss any signals requesting help . Sir Thomas Legge and Inspector Maine , two Scotland Yard detectives who discuss the case in the epilogue . In their conversation , which takes place an unspecified amount of time after the events of the book ( but before Wargrave 's confession is found ) , they attempt to reason out the events of the case , but are dumbfounded and unable to solve the mystery . The name Legge is a symbolic name , because , in Italian , it means Law . History of the publication 's title ( edit ) English - language versions ( edit ) Cover of first US 1940 edition with current title for all English - language versions . The novel was originally published in 1939 and early 1940 almost simultaneously , in the United Kingdom and the United States . In the UK it appeared under the title Ten Little Niggers , in book and newspaper serialized formats . The serialization was in 23 parts in the Daily Express from Tuesday 6 June to Saturday 1 July 1939 . All of the instalments carried an illustration by `` Prescott '' with the first having an illustration of Burgh Island in Devon which inspired the setting of the story . The serialized version did not contain any chapter divisions . The book retailed for seven shillings and six pence . In the United States it was published under the title And Then There Were None , again in both book and serial formats . Both of the original US publications changed the title from that originally used in the UK , due to the offensiveness of the word in American culture , where it was more widely perceived as a racially loaded ethnic slur or insult compared to contemporary UK culture , and because of the pejorative connotations of the original blackface rhyme . The serialized version appeared in the Saturday Evening Post in seven parts from 20 May ( Volume 211 , Number 47 ) to 1 July 1939 ( Volume 212 , Number 1 ) with illustrations by Henry Raleigh , and the book was published in January 1940 by Dodd , Mead and Company for $2 . In the original UK novel all references to `` Indians '' or `` Soldiers '' were originally `` Nigger '' , including the island 's name , the pivotal rhyme found by the visitors , and the ten figurines . ( In Chapter 7 , Vera Claythorne becomes semi-hysterical at the mention by Miss Brent of `` our black brothers '' , which is understandable only in the context of the original name . ) The word `` nigger '' was already racially offensive in the United States by the start of the 20th century , and therefore the book 's first US edition and first serialization changed the title to And Then There Were None and removed all references to the word from the book , as did the 1945 motion picture . The book and its adaptations have since been released under various new names since the original publication , including Ten Little Indians ( 1946 play , Broadway performance and 1964 paperback book ) , Ten Little Soldiers and -- the most widely used today -- And Then There Were None . UK editions continued to use the work 's original title until the 1980s ; the first UK edition to use the alternative title And Then There Were None appeared in 1985 with a reprint of the 1963 Fontana Paperback . English language editions and titles Christie , Agatha ( November 1939 ) . Ten Little Niggers . London : Collins Crime Club . OCLC 152375426 . Hardback , 256 pp. ( First edition . ) Christie , Agatha ( January 1940 ) . And Then There Were None . New York : Dodd , Mead . OCLC 1824276 . Hardback , 264 pp. ( First US edition . ) Christie , Agatha ( 1944 ) . And Then There Were None . New York : Pocket Books ( Pocket number 261 ) . Paperback , 173 pp . Christie , Agatha ( 1947 ) . Ten Little Niggers . London : Pan Books ( Pan number 4 ) . Paperback , 190 pp . Christie , Agatha ( 1958 ) . Ten Little Niggers . London : Penguin Books ( Penguin number 1256 ) . Paperback , 201 pp . Christie , Agatha ( 1963 ) . And Then There Were None . London : Fontana . OCLC 12503435 . Paperback , 190 pp . ( The 1985 reprint was the first UK publication of the novel under the title And Then There Were None . ) Christie , Agatha ( 1964 ) . Ten Little Indians . New York : Pocket Books . OCLC 29462459 . ( First publication of novel as Ten Little Indians . ) Christie , Agatha ( 1964 ) . And Then There Were None . New York : Washington Square Press . Paperback , teacher 's edition . Christie , Agatha ( 1977 ) . Ten Little Niggers ( Greenway ed . ) . London : Collins Crime Club . ISBN 0 - 00 - 231835 - 0 . Collected works , Hardback , 252 pp. ( Except for reprints of the 1963 Fontana paperback , this was one of the last English - language publications of the novel under the title Ten Little Niggers . ) Christie , Agatha ( 1980 ) . The Mysterious Affair at Styles ; Ten Little Niggers ; Dumb Witness . Sydney : Lansdowne Press . ISBN 0 - 7018 - 1453 - 5 . ( Late use of the original title in an Australian edition . ) Christie , Agatha ( 1986 ) . Ten Little Indians . New York : Pocket Books . ISBN 0 - 671 - 55222 - 8 . ( Last publication of novel under the title Ten Little Indians . ) Foreign language versions ( edit ) The original title ( Ten Little Niggers ) still survives in a few foreign - language versions of the novel , such as the Bulgarian title Десет малки негърчета , and was used in other languages for a time , for example in the Dutch publication until the 18th edition of 1994 . The title Ten Little Negroes continues to be commonly used in foreign - language versions , for example in Spanish , Greek , Serbian , Romanian , French and Hungarian , as well as a 1987 Russian film adaptation Десять негритят ( Desyat Negrityat ) . In 1999 , the Slovak National Theatre staged the play under its original title but changed to A napokon nezostal už nik ( And Then There Were None ) mid-run . Non-English translations and titles Language Title English translation Arabic عشرة عبيد صغار ( Eshrt eubayd sghar ) ثم لم يبق منهم أحد ( thumm lm yabq minhum ahd ) جزيرة الموت ( jazirat almwt ) عشرة زنوج صغار ( eshrt zunuj saghar ) Ten Young Slaves And Then There Were None Isle of Death Ten Little Negroes Basque Eta ez zen alerik ere geratu And Then There Were None Bengali রইলো না আর কেউ ( Ra'ilō nā āra kē'u ) And Then There Were None Bosnian Deset malih crnaca Ten Little Negroes Breton Dek morian bihan Ten Little Negroes Bulgarian Десет малки негърчета ( Deset malki negŭrcheta ) Ten Little Negroes Catalan Deu negrets Ten Little Negroes Chinese 無人生還 ( Wú rén shēng huán ) 一個都不留 ( Yī gè dōu bù liú ) No One Survived None is Left Croatian Deset malih crnaca Ten Little Negroes Czech Deset malých černoušků Ten Little Negroes Danish En af os er morderen One of Us is the Killer Dutch Tien kleine negertjes En toen waren er nog maar ... Ten Little Negroes And Then There Were Only ... Estonian Kümme väikest neegrit ( 1994 edition ) Ja ei jäänud teda ka ( 2008 edition ) Ten Little Negroes And Then There Were None Finnish Eikä yksikään pelastunut ( 1940 , 2004 ) Kymmenen pientä neekeripoikaa ( 1968 ) And None Survived Ten Little Negro Boys French Dix Petits Nègres Ten Little Negroes Galician Dez negriños Ten Little Negroes Georgian და აღარავინ დარჩა And Then There Were None German Das letzte Wochenende ( 1944 ) Zehn kleine Negerlein ( 1982 ) Und dann gab 's keines mehr ( 2003 ) Last Weekend Ten Little Negroes And Then There Were None Greek Δέκα μικροί νέγροι ( Déka mikrí négri ) Ten Little Negroes Hebrew עשרה כושים קטנים ( asara kushim ktanim ) Ten Little Negroes Hungarian Tíz kicsi néger Ten Little Negroes Icelandic Tíu litlir negrastrákar Ten Little Negro Boys Indonesian Sepuluh Anak Negro Lalu Semuanya Lenyap Ten Little Negroes And Then There Were None Italian Dieci piccoli indiani E non ne rimase nessuno Ten Little Indians And Then There Were None Japanese そして誰もいなくなった ( Soshite dare mo i naku natta ) And Then There Were None Kannada ಗಾಜಿನ ಮನೆ ( Gaajina Mane ) The Glass House Korean 그리고 아무도 없었다 ( Geurigo amudo eobs - eossda ) And Then There Were None Latvian Desmit mazi nēģerēni Ten Little Negroes Macedonian Десетте мали црнци ( Desette mali crnci ) Ten Little Negroes Malayalam ഒടുവില് ആരും അവശേഷിച്ചില്ല ( Oduvil Aarum Avasheshichilla ) No One Survived in the End Malaysian Sepuluh Budak Hitam Ten Black Children Norwegian Ti små negerbarn Og dermed var det ingen Ten Little Negro Children And Then There Were None Persian ده بچه زنگی Ten Negro Children Polish Dziesięciu murzynków I nie było już nikogo Ten Little Negroes And Then There Were None Portuguese ( European ) Convite para a Morte As Dez Figuras Negras Invitation to Death Ten Black Figures Portuguese ( Brazilian ) E Não Sobrou Nenhum O Caso dos Dez Negrinhos O Vingador Invisível And Then There Were None The Case of the Ten Little Negroes The Invisible Avenger Romanian Zece negri mititei Ten Little Negroes Russian Десять негритят ( Desyat ' negrityat ) Ten Little Negroes Serbian Десет малих црнаца ( Deset malih crnaca ) Ten Little Negroes Slovak A neostal ani jeden And Then There Were None Slovenian Deset zamorčkov ( 1967 ) In potem ni bilo nikogar več ( 2006 ) Bilo jih je deset ( 2016 ) Ten Little Negroes And Then There Were None There Were Ten of Them Spanish Y no quedó ninguno Diez Negritos And No One Remained Ten Little Negroes Swedish Tio små negerpojkar ( 1940 ) Och så var de bara en ( 2008 ) Ten Little Negro Boys And Then They Were Only One Tamil பிறகு அங்கு ஒருவர் கூட இல்லை ( Piragu angu oruvar kooda illai ) And Then There Were None Telugu మరియు అప్పుడు ఎవరూ దేర్ వర్ And Then There Were None Thai ฆาตกรรม ยก เกาะ ( RTGS : Khattakam yok ko ) Murders on the Island Turkish On Küçük Zenci Ten Little Negroes Ukrainian І не лишилось жодного And Then There Were None Urdu اور پھر کوئی بی نہیں رہا ! And Then There Were None Vietnamese Mười người da đen nhỏ Ten Little Black People Literary significance and reception ( edit ) And Then There Were None is one of Agatha Christie 's best - known mysteries , widely considered her masterpiece and described by her as the most difficult of her books to have written . Writing for The Times Literary Supplement of 11 November 1939 , Maurice Percy Ashley stated , `` If her latest story has scarcely any detection in it there is no scarcity of murders ... There is a certain feeling of monotony inescapable in the regularity of the deaths which is better suited to a serialized newspaper story than a full - length novel . Yet there is an ingenious problem to solve in naming the murderer '' , he continued . `` It will be an extremely astute reader who guesses correctly . '' Many other reviews were also complimentary ; in The New York Times Book Review ( 25 February 1940 ) , Isaac Anderson detailed the set - up of the plot up to the point where `` the voice '' accuses the ten `` guests '' of their past crimes or sins , which have all resulted in the deaths of other human beings , and then said , `` When you read what happens after that you will not believe it , but you will keep on reading , and as one incredible event is followed by another even more incredible you will still keep on reading . The whole thing is utterly impossible and utterly fascinating . It is the most baffling mystery that Agatha Christie has ever written , and if any other writer has ever surpassed it for sheer puzzlement the name escapes our memory . We are referring , of course , to mysteries that have logical explanations , as this one has . It is a tall story , to be sure , but it could have happened . '' Such was the quality of Christie 's work on this book that many compared it to her novel The Murder of Roger Ackroyd ( 1926 ) . For instance , an unnamed reviewer in the Toronto Daily Star of 16 March 1940 said , `` Others have written better mysteries than Agatha Christie , but no one can touch her for ingenious plot and surprise ending . With And Then There Were None ... she is at her most ingenious and most surprising ... is , indeed , considerably above the standard of her last few works and close to the Roger Ackroyd level . '' Other critics laud the use of plot twists and surprise endings . Maurice Richardson wrote a rhapsodic review in The Observer 's issue of 5 November 1939 which began , `` No wonder Agatha Christie 's latest has sent her publishers into a vatic trance . We will refrain , however , from any invidious comparisons with Roger Ackroyd and be content with saying that Ten Little Niggers is one of the very best , most genuinely bewildering Christies yet written . We will also have to refrain from reviewing it thoroughly , as it is so full of shocks that even the mildest revelation would spoil some surprise from somebody , and I am sure that you would rather have your entertainment kept fresh than criticism pure . '' After stating the set - up of the plot , Richardson concluded , `` Story telling and characterisation are right at the top of Mrs Christie 's baleful form . Her plot may be highly artificial , but it is neat , brilliantly cunning , soundly constructed , and free from any of those red - herring false trails which sometimes disfigure her work . '' Robert Barnard , a recent critic , concurred with the reviews , describing the book as `` Suspenseful and menacing detective - story - cum - thriller . The closed setting with the succession of deaths is here taken to its logical conclusion , and the dangers of ludicrousness and sheer reader - disbelief are skillfully avoided . Probably the best - known Christie , and justifiably among the most popular . '' The original title of the mystery ( Ten Little Niggers ) has long been abandoned as offensive in English - speaking countries and a number of others . Some critics have opined that Christie 's original title and the setting on `` Nigger Island '' ( later changed to `` Indian Island '' and `` Soldier Island '' , variously ) may be integral to the work . These aspects of the novel , argues Alison Light , `` could be relied upon automatically to conjure up a thrilling ' otherness ' , a place where revelations about the ' dark side ' of the English would be appropriate . '' Unlike novels such as Heart of Darkness , `` Christie 's location is both more domesticated and privatized , taking for granted the construction of racial fears woven into psychic life as early as the nursery . If her story suggests how easy it is to play upon such fears , it is also a reminder of how intimately tied they are to sources of pleasure and enjoyment . '' In the `` Binge ! '' article of Entertainment Weekly Issue # 1343 - 44 ( 26 December 2014 -- 3 January 2015 ) , the writers picked And Then There Were None as an `` EW favorite '' on the list of the `` Nine Great Christie Novels '' . Adaptations ( edit ) And Then There Were None has had more adaptations than any other single work by Agatha Christie . Many adaptations incorporate changes to the story , such as using Christie 's alternative ending from her 1943 stage play or changing the setting to locations other than an island . Film ( edit ) There have been numerous film adaptations of the novel , some comedic . Examples include : And Then There Were None ( 1945 film ) , René Clair 's cinema adaptation , was a successful US production Ten Little Indians ( 1965 film ) , is George Pollock 's cinema adaptation Gumnaam ( 1965 , translation : Unknown or Anonymous ) is an Indian suspense thriller film adaptation Nadu Iravil ( 1970 , translation : In the middle of the night ) , a Tamil adaptation directed by Sundaram Balachander And Then There Were None ( 1974 film ) , the first English - language colour version , directed by Peter Collinson Desyat ' Negrityat ( 1987 , Десять негритят , Eng : `` Ten Little Negroes '' ) Stanislav Govorukhin 's Russian adaptation keeps intact Christie 's grim storyline and ending . Ten Little Indians , a 1989 American version directed by Alan Birkinshaw Aduthathu ( 2012 ) is a Tamil adaptation Aatagara ( 2015 ) is a Kannada film adaptation Radio ( edit ) The BBC broadcast `` Ten Little Niggers '' ( 1947 ) , adapted by Ayton Whitaker , first aired as a Monday Matinee on the BBC Home Service on 27 December 1947 and as Saturday Night Theatre on the BBC Light Programme on 29 December . On 13 November 2010 , as part of its Saturday Play series , BBC Radio 4 broadcast a 90 - minute adaptation written by Joy Wilkinson . The production was directed by Mary Peate and featured , among others , Geoffrey Whitehead as Justice Wargrave , Lyndsey Marshal as Vera Claythorne , Alex Wyndham as Philip Lombard , John Rowe as Dr. Armstrong , and Joanna Monro as Emily Brent . In this production , which is extremely faithful to the novel , the rhyme is `` Ten Little Soldier Boys '' . Stage ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) And Then There Were None ( 1943 play ) is Christie 's adaptation of the story for the stage . She and the producers agreed that audiences might not flock to a tale with such a grim ending as the novel , nor would it work well dramatically as there would be no one left to tell the story . Thus , she reworked the ending for Lombard and Vera to be innocent of the crimes of which they were accused , survive , and fall in love with each other . Some of the names were also changed , e.g. , General Macarthur became General McKenzie ( possibly due to the real - life General Douglas MacArthur 's then playing a prominent role in the ongoing World War II ) . And Then There Were None ( 1944 play ) , Dundee Repertory Theatre Company was given special permission to restore the original ending of the novel . The company first performed a stage adaptation of the novel in 1944 under its original title . And Then There Were None ( 2005 play ) , On 14 October 2005 , a new version of the play , written by Kevin Elyot and directed by Steven Pimlott , opened at the Gielgud Theatre in London . For this version , Elyot returned to the original story , restoring the nihilism of the original . Television ( edit ) Several variations of the original novel were adapted for television , three of which were British adaptations . The first of these , in 1949 , was produced by the BBC . The second was produced in 1959 , by ITV . Both of those productions aired with Christie 's original title . The third and most recent British adaptation aired as And Then There Were None on BBC One in December 2015 , as a mini-series produced in cooperation with Acorn Media and Agatha Christie Productions . The 2015 production adhered more closely to the original plot , though there were several differences , and was the first English language film adaptation to feature an ending similar to that of the novel . On 25 and 26 March , 2017 TV Asahi in Japan aired そして誰もいなくなった ( Soshite daremo inakunatta ) , a Japanese language adaptation by Nagasaka Shukei ( 長坂秀佳 ) of the original story set in modern times . Other Media ( edit ) The novel has been the inspiration for several video games . For the Apple II , Online Systems released the game Mystery House in 1980 . On the PC , The Adventure Company released the video game Agatha Christie : And Then There Were None in 2005 , the first in a series of PC games based on Christie novels . In February 2008 , it was ported to the Wii console . The identity of the murderer is not that of the killer in the original book . The game player assumes the role of Patrick Naracott ( brother of Fred Naracott , who is involved in a newly created subplot ) , who is stranded with the others when his boat is scuttled . This allows for alternate , more successful endings in which Naracott survives and is able to prevent the murders of the innocent Lombard and Claythorne . All endings depart markedly from the novel and previous adaptations in that the killer and motives are different . And Then There Were None was released by HarperCollins as a graphic novel adaptation on 30 April 2009 , adapted by François Rivière and illustrated by Frank Leclercq . Peká Editorial released a board game based on the book , created by Judit Hurtado and Fernando Chavarría , and illustrated by Esperanza Peinado . Timeline of adaptations ( edit ) type Title Year Notes Film And Then There Were None 1945 American film and first cinema adaptation . Produced & directed by René Clair . TV Ten Little Niggers 1949 BBC television production ( IMDb ) TV Ten Little Niggers 1959 ITV television production ( IMDb ) TV Ten Little Indians 1959 NBC television production ( IMDb ) Film Ten Little Indians 1965 British film and second cinema adaptation . Directed by George Pollock and produced by Harry Alan Towers ; Pollock had previously handled four Miss Marple films starring Margaret Rutherford . Set in a mountain retreat in Austria . Film ( loosely based ) Gumnaam 1965 Uncredited Hindi film adaptation , which adds the characteristic `` Bollywood '' elements of comedy , music and dance to Christie 's plot . TV Zehn kleine Negerlein 1969 West German television production ( IMDb ) Film And Then There Were None English language film by Peter Collinson and produced by Harry Alan Towers . First English - language color film version of the novel , based on a screenplay by Towers ( writing as `` Peter Welbeck '' ) , who co-wrote the screenplay for the 1965 film . Set at a grand hotel in the Iranian desert . TV Ten Little Slaves ( Achra Abid Zghar ) Télé Liban TV series directed by Jean Fayyad , TV Adaptation by Latifeh Moultaka . ( Facebook Page ) Film Desyat ' negrityat Десять негритят ( `` Ten Little Negroes '' ) Russian film version produced / directed by Stanislav Govorukhin , notable for being the first cinema adaptation to keep the novel 's original plot and grim ending . Film Ten Little Indians British film , produced by Harry Towers and directed by Alan Birkinshaw , set on safari in the African savannah . Sound novel Umineko no Naku Koro Ni Umineko no Naku Koro Ni Chiru 2007 -- 2010 A series of Japanese sound novels which borrows the book 's premise and sets the reader on a quest to discover the identity behind the crimes , and whether it is human or not . TV Ten Little Slaves ( Achra Abid Zghar ) 2014 MTV Lebanon television production ( MTV ) TV And Then There Were None 2015 BBC One miniseries broadcast on three consecutive nights , directed by Craig Viveiros and adapted by Sarah Phelps . Similar to book , although not identical , with changes to backstories and actual murders on the island . TV Soshite Daremo Inakunatta 2017 Japanese TV Asahi miniseries broadcast on two consecutive nights , directed by Seiji Izumi and adapted by Hideka Nagasaka . ( TV Asahi ) Parodies , references and related works ( edit ) In 1930 , The Ninth Guest by Owen Davis , premiered on Broadway . Its plot ( and that of the 1934 film based on the play ) strongly matches that of Christie 's novel , including a recorded voice announcing to the invitees that their sins will be visited upon them by death . Davis 's play was based on the novel The Invisible Host , by Gwen Bristow and Bruce Manning ( also 1930 ) , both of which predated Christie 's novel by nine years . The 1933 K.B.S. Productions Sherlock Holmes film , A Study in Scarlet , predates the publication of Ten Little Indians and follows a strikingly similar plot ; it includes a scene where Holmes is shown a card with the hint : `` Six little Indians ... bee stung one and then there were five '' ; the film predates the novel by six years . Though it is a Sherlock Holmes movie , the movie bears no resemblance to Arthur Conan Doyle 's original story of the same name . In this case , the rhyme refers to `` Ten Little Fat Boys '' . The author of the movie 's screenplay , Robert Florey , `` doubted that ( Christie ) had seen A Study in Scarlet , but he regarded it as a compliment if it had helped inspire her '' . Several parodies have been made . As early as autumn 1942 , `` World 's Finest Comics '' ( # 7 , Fall Issue ) had a Superman story by Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster called `` The Eight Doomed Men '' which used Christie 's basic structure and even borrowed a number of her victim 's backgrounds , although Superman intervened to rescue half of the intended victims and the killer 's motivation was changed to specific revenge . Siegel and Shuster anticipated the 1966 film by moving the locale to a mountain cabin and tossed in a Zeppelin - like dirigible -- one location not yet used in adaptations of the story . Another parody , the 1976 Broadway musical Something 's Afoot , stars Tessie O'Shea as a female sleuth resembling Miss Marple . Something 's Afoot takes place in a remote English estate , where six guests have been invited for the weekend . The guests , as well as three servants and a young man who claims to have wandered innocently onto the estate , are then murdered one by one , several in full view of the audience , with the murderer 's surprise identity revealed at the end . For an encore , the murdered cast members perform a song , `` I Owe It All to Agatha Christie '' . In the 1967 The Avengers episode `` The Superlative Seven '' John Steed is invited to a costume party aboard a chartered aeroplane . The aeroplane is being flown by remote control . Steed and the six other fancy - dressed guests , who are specialists in various combat styles , eventually land on a deserted island where they are informed that one of them is a trained assassin trying to kill them all . When the first murder is committed , Steed observes `` Looks as though his back was broken '' . To which an off - screen protagonist responds , over a speaker , `` Quite right , Mr Steed . And then there were six '' . CSI : Crime Scene Investigation based an episode of the show 's second season under the same name focusing on a gang of armed robbers stealing from casinos outside the Las Vegas metropolitan area with each criminal killing a member of the gang to keep more of the proceeds . The animated US sitcom Family Guy loosely parodied the novel in the 2010 episode And Then There Were Fewer in which a number of previously regular characters were killed off . The 1998 anime film Case Closed : The Fourteenth Target is a combination of this story , with intended victims invited to a secluded island and the murderer hiding amongst them , and Christie 's Hercule Poirot novel The A.B.C. Murders . The sixth game of the Touhou Project series Embodiment of Scarlet Devil contains references to the Christie novel in the Extra boss , such as the title of the music being played called `` U.N Owen Was Her ? '' , an attack named `` And Then There Were None '' and also dialogues quoting the book . The season 2 finale of the Australian TV show Miss Fisher 's Murder Mysteries ( `` Murder under the Mistletoe '' , 2013 ) mirrors the plot of Christie 's novel . Guests stranded in a secluded mansion are murdered one by one according to the circumstances described in the `` 12 Days of Christmas . '' Like in the Christie novel , the guests soon realize that the murderer must be among them , but the culprit escapes detection by means of a bluff involving one of the corpses . The episode follows the 1965 film Ten Little Indians in re-imagining the island as a snowed - in inaccessible chalet . In Anthony Horowitz 's detective series , The Diamond Brothers , the case I Know What You Did Last Wednesday pays homage to And Then There Were None ; protagonist Nick Diamond accompanies his brother Tim to a school reunion on a lonely island where the various guests start dying in a manner that reflects back to a subject that they came first in at school ( the person who came first in chemistry is poisoned , the one who came first in geography is crushed by a globe , etc . ) , with the killer revealed at the conclusion to be a former schoolfriend who came second in everything . Sierra 's Laura Bow adventure game has a similar plot , inspired by the novel , where some ( although innocent ) people are murdered by a serial killer who is also found dead before their true identity is revealed . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` And Then There Were None '' . HarperCollins . ^ Jump up to : `` HarderCollins article on their adaptation '' . HarperCollins UK . 2009 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 727532 - 8 . Retrieved 12 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Review of Ten Little Indian Boys '' . The Observer. 5 November 1939 . p. 6 . ^ Jump up to : Peers , C. ; Spurrier , A. ; Sturgeon , J. ( 1999 ) . Collins Crime Club -- A checklist of First Editions ( 2nd ed . ) . Dragonby Press . p. 15 . ISBN 1 - 871122 - 13 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Pendergast , Bruce ( 2004 ) . Everyman 's Guide to the Mysteries of Agatha Christie . Victoria , BC : Trafford Publishing . p. 393 . ISBN 1 - 4120 - 2304 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : `` American Tribute to Agatha Christie -- The Classic Years : 1940 -- 1944 '' . Archived from the original on 2 December 2008 . Retrieved 24 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Davies , Helen ; Dorfman , Marjorie ; Fons , Mary ; Hawkins , Deborah ; Hintz , Martin ; Lundgren , Linnea ; Priess , David ; Clark Robinson , Julia ; Seaburn , Paul ; Stevens , Heidi ; Theunissen , Steve ( 14 September 2007 ) . `` 21 Best - Selling Books of All Time '' . Editors of Publications International , Ltd . Archived from the original on 7 April 2009 . Retrieved 25 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Christie , Agatha ( 1964 ) . Ten Little Niggers . London : The Crime Club . pp. 31 -- 32 . Original nursery rhyme access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Christie , Agatha ( 1944 ) . And Then There Were None : A Mystery Play in Three Acts . Samuel French . This line is sometimes replaced by One got left behind and then there were seven . Jump up ^ Note : In some versions the ninth verse reads Two little Soldier boys playing with a gun / One shot the other and then there was One . Jump up ^ Christie , Agatha ( March 2008 ) . And Then There Were None . Harper - Collins . p. 276 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 074683 - 4 . Jump up ^ Holdings at the British Library ( Newspapers -- Colindale ) ; Shelfmark NPL LON LD3 / NPL LON MLD3 . ^ Jump up to : British National Bibliography for 1985 . British Library ( 1986 ) ; ISBN 0 - 7123 - 1035 - 5 Jump up ^ Whitaker 's Cumulative Book List for 1977 . J. Whitaker and Sons Ltd. 1978 ; ISBN 0 - 85021 - 105 - 0 ^ Jump up to : `` '' Zece negri mititei '' si `` Crima din Orient Express '' , azi cu `` Adevarul '' '' ( in Romanian ) . Adevarul.ro. 6 January 2010 . Retrieved 16 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dix petits nègres , nouvelle édition : Livres : Agatha Christie '' ( in French ) . Amazon.fr . Retrieved 16 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Agatha Christie : Desať malých černoškov / ... a napokon nezostal už nik '' . Snd.sk . Retrieved 12 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Ashley , Maurice Percy Ashley ( November 11 , 1939 ) . `` Review : Ten Little Indians '' . The Times Literary Supplement . p. 658 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Isaac ( February 25 , 1940 ) . `` Review : Ten Little Indians '' . The New York Times Book Review . p. 15 . Jump up ^ `` Review : Ten Little Indians '' . Toronto Daily Star . March 16 , 1940 . p. 28 . Jump up ^ Barnard , Robert ( 1990 ) . A Talent to Deceive -- an appreciation of Agatha Christie ( Revised ed . ) . Fontana Books . p. 206 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 637474 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Light , Alison ( 1991 ) . Forever England : Femininity , Literature , and Conservatism Between the Wars . Routledge . p. 99 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 01661 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Binge ! Agatha Christie : Nine Great Christie Novels '' . Entertainment Weekly ( 1343 - 44 ) : 32 -- 33 . 26 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Author of incredible reach '' . The Hindu . 24 October 2008 . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Agatha Christie e il cinema : un amore mai sbocciato del tutto '' ( in Italian ) . Comingsoon.it. 12 January 2016 . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Aatagara is not a remake '' . Bangalore Mirror. 30 August 2015 . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ten Little Niggers '' . Radio Times ( 1263 ) . 26 December 1947 . Jump up ^ `` Stage production of And Then There Were None at Dundee Rep '' . nls.uk . Retrieved 13 March 2014 . Jump up ^ BBC TV ( 20 August 1949 ) . `` Ten Little Niggers '' . Radio Times ( 1348 ) . p. 39 . Jump up ^ `` Season 4 , Episode 20 ' Ten Little Niggers ' '' . Play of the Week . ITV . January 13 , 1959 . Jump up ^ `` And Then There Were None to air on BBC1 on Boxing Day 2015 '' . Radio Times . 2 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` And Then There Were None in Japan '' . Agatha Christie . Agatha Christie Limited . Retrieved 24 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` そして誰もいなくなった '' . TV Asahi ( in Japanese ) . TV Ashi . Retrieved 24 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Peká Editorial website Archived 20 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine. ; accessed 10 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Davis , Owen . The Ninth Guest : A Mystery Melodrama In Three Acts , Samuel French & Co. , 1932 Jump up ^ Taves , Brian . Robert Florey , the French Expressionist . New Jersey : Scarecrow Press , 1987 , p. 152 ; ISBN 0 - 8108 - 1929 - 5 Jump up ^ Taves ( 1987 ) , p. 153 Jump up ^ The Avengers -- The Superlative Seven on IMDb Jump up ^ At 28'38 '' into the episode ( Kult TV DVD KLT21002B ) . External links ( edit ) And Then There Were None at the official Agatha Christie website Spark Notes for novel E-book at Archive.org And Then There Were None BBC Television show official website Works by Agatha Christie Universe Characters Hercule Poirot Miss Marple Tommy and Tuppence Ariadne Oliver Arthur Hastings Superintendent Battle Chief Inspector Japp Parker Pyne Mr. Harley Quin Colonel Race Lady Eileen `` Bundle '' Brent Sir Henry Clithering Raymond West Miss Felicity Lemon Countess Vera Rossakoff Locations St. Mary Mead Novels The Mysterious Affair at Styles The Secret Adversary The Murder on the Links The Man in the Brown Suit The Secret of Chimneys The Murder of Roger Ackroyd The Big Four The Mystery of the Blue Train The Seven Dials Mystery The Murder at the Vicarage The Sittaford Mystery Peril at End House Lord Edgware Dies Murder on the Orient Express Why Did n't They Ask Evans ? Three Act Tragedy Death in the Clouds The A.B.C. Murders Murder in Mesopotamia Cards on the Table Dumb Witness Death on the Nile Appointment with Death Hercule Poirot 's Christmas Murder Is Easy And Then There Were None Sad Cypress One , Two , Buckle My Shoe Evil Under the Sun N or M ? The Body in the Library Five Little Pigs The Moving Finger Towards Zero Death Comes as the End Sparkling Cyanide The Hollow Taken at the Flood Crooked House A Murder Is Announced They Came to Baghdad Mrs McGinty 's Dead They Do It with Mirrors After the Funeral A Pocket Full of Rye Destination Unknown Hickory Dickory Dock Dead Man 's Folly 4.50 from Paddington Ordeal by Innocence Cat Among the Pigeons The Pale Horse The Mirror Crack 'd from Side to Side The Clocks A Caribbean Mystery At Bertram 's Hotel Third Girl Endless Night By the Pricking of My Thumbs Hallowe'en Party Passenger to Frankfurt Nemesis Elephants Can Remember Postern of Fate Curtain Sleeping Murder As Mary Westmacott Giant 's Bread Unfinished Portrait Absent in the Spring The Rose and the Yew Tree A Daughter 's a Daughter The Burden Short story collections Poirot Investigates Partners in Crime The Mysterious Mr Quin The Thirteen Problems The Hound of Death The Listerdale Mystery Parker Pyne Investigates Murder in the Mews The Regatta Mystery The Labours of Hercules The Witness for the Prosecution and Other Stories Three Blind Mice and Other Stories The Under Dog and Other Stories The Adventure of the Christmas Pudding Double Sin and Other Stories The Golden Ball and Other Stories Poirot 's Early Cases Miss Marple 's Final Cases and Two Other Stories Problem at Pollensa Bay and Other Stories The Harlequin Tea Set While the Light Lasts and Other Stories Plays Black Coffee And Then There Were None Appointment with Death Murder on the Nile The Hollow The Mousetrap Witness for the Prosecution Spider 's Web Verdict The Unexpected Guest Fiddlers Three Akhnaton Chimneys Radio and television plays Wasp 's Nest The Yellow Iris Three Blind Mice Butter in a Lordly Dish Personal Call Other books The Road of Dreams Come , Tell Me How You Live Star Over Bethlehem Poems An Autobiography Book Agatha Christie 's And Then There Were None Films And Then There Were None ( 1945 ) Ten Little Indians ( 1965 ) Gumnaam ( 1965 ) Nadu Iravil ( 1970 ) And Then There Were None ( 1974 ) Desyat Negrityat ( 1987 ) Ten Little Indians ( 1989 ) Miniseries And Then There Were None ( 2015 ) Other And Then There Were None ( play ) Agatha Christie : And Then There Were None ( game ) Related `` And Then There Were Fewer '' `` Private View '' Ten Little Indians Something 's Afoot I Know What You Did Last Wednesday A Stab in the Dark Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=And_Then_There_Were_None&oldid=833987934 '' Categories : 1939 British novels Novels by Agatha Christie Works originally published in The Saturday Evening Post Novels first published in serial form Novels set in the 1930s Novels set in Devon British novels adapted into films Collins Crime Club books Novels set on islands British novels adapted into plays Novels adapted into video games Novels adapted into television programs Novels adapted into radio programs Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 Romanian - language sources ( ro ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles needing style editing from December 2017 All articles needing style editing Use British English Oxford spelling from November 2013 Use dmy dates from November 2013 Pages to import images to Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014 Articles containing Russian - language text Articles with unsourced statements from January 2012 Articles needing additional references from January 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Magyar Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 28 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 April 2018 , at 10 : 26 . 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dns domains that are not on the internet should use the top-level name			Top - level domain	top - level domain	A top - level domain ( TLD ) is one of the domains at the highest level in the hierarchical Domain Name System of the Internet . The top - level domain names are installed in the root zone of the name space . For all domains in lower levels , it is the last part of the domain name , that is , the last label of a fully qualified domain name . For example , in the domain name www.example.com , the top - level domain is com . Responsibility for management of most top - level domains is delegated to specific organizations by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers ( ICANN ) , which operates the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority ( IANA ) , and is in charge of maintaining the DNS root zone .	IANA currently distinguishes the following groups of top - level domains : country - code top - level domains ( ccTLD ) generic top - level domains ( gTLD ) sponsored top - level domains ( sTLD ) unsponsored top - level domains infrastructure top - level domain (. arpa ) Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Types 3 Internationalized country code TLDs 4 Infrastructure domain 5 Reserved domains 6 Historical domains 7 Proposed domains 8 Alternative DNS roots 9 Pseudo-domains 10 See also 11 Further reading 12 References 13 External links History ( edit ) Originally , the top - level domain space was organized into three main groups : Countries , Categories , and Multiorganizations . An additional temporary group consisted of only the initial DNS domain , arpa , and was intended for transitional purposes toward the stabilization of the domain name system . Types ( edit ) As of 2015 , IANA distinguishes the following groups of top - level domains : infrastructure top - level domain ( ARPA ) : This group consists of one domain , the Address and Routing Parameter Area . It is managed by IANA on behalf of the Internet Engineering Task Force for various purposes specified in the Request for Comments publications . generic top - level domains ( gTLD ) : Top - level domains with three or more characters restricted generic top - level domains ( grTLD ) : These domains are managed under official ICANN accredited registrars . sponsored top - level domains ( sTLD ) : These domains are proposed and sponsored by private agencies or organizations that establish and enforce rules restricting the eligibility to use the TLD . Use is based on community theme concepts ; these domains are managed under official ICANN accredited registrars . country - code top - level domains ( ccTLD ) : Two - letter domains established for countries or territories . With some historical exceptions , the code for any territory is the same as its two - letter ISO 3166 code . internationalized country code top - level domains ( IDN ccTLD ) : ccTLDs in non-Latin character sets ( e.g. , Arabic , Cyrillic , Hebrew , or Chinese ) . test top - level domains ( tTLD ) : These domains were installed under . test for testing purposes in the IDN development process ; these domains are not present in the root zone . Countries are designated in the Domain Name System by their two - letter ISO country code ; there are exceptions , however ( e.g. , . uk ) . This group of domains is therefore commonly known as country - code top - level domains ( ccTLD ) . Since 2009 , countries with non -- Latin - based scripts may apply for internationalized country code top - level domain names , which are displayed in end - user applications in their language - native script or alphabet , but use a Punycode - translated ASCII domain name in the Domain Name System . Generic top - level domains ( formerly Categories ) initially consisted of gov , edu , com , mil , org , and net . More generic TLDs have been added , such as info . The authoritative list of currently existing TLDs in the root zone is published at the IANA website at https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/ . Internationalized country code TLDs ( edit ) An internationalized country code top - level domain ( IDN ccTLD ) is a top - level domain with a specially encoded domain name that is displayed in an end user application , such as a web browser , in its language - native script or alphabet , such as the Arabic alphabet , or a non-alphabetic writing system , such as Chinese characters . IDN ccTLDs are an application of the internationalized domain name ( IDN ) system to top - level Internet domains assigned to countries , or independent geographic regions . ICANN started to accept applications for IDN ccTLDs in November 2009 , and installed the first set into the Domain Names System in May 2010 . The first set was a group of Arabic names for the countries of Egypt , Saudi Arabia , and the United Arab Emirates . By May 2010 , 21 countries had submitted applications to ICANN , representing 11 scripts . Infrastructure domain ( edit ) The domain arpa was the first Internet top - level domain . It was intended to be used only temporarily , aiding in the transition of traditional ARPANET host names to the domain name system . However , after it had been used for reverse DNS lookup , it was found impractical to retire it , and is used today exclusively for Internet infrastructure purposes such as in-addr.arpa for IPv4 and ip6.arpa for IPv6 reverse DNS resolution , uri.arpa and urn.arpa for the Dynamic Delegation Discovery System , and e164.arpa for telephone number mapping based on NAPTR DNS records . For historical reasons , arpa is sometimes considered to be a generic top - level domain . Reserved domains ( edit ) RFC 6761 reserves the following four top - level domain names to avoid confusion and conflict . Any such reserved usage of those TLDs should not occur in production networks that utilize the global domain name system : example : reserved for use in examples invalid : reserved for use in obviously invalid domain names localhost : reserved to avoid conflict with the traditional use of localhost as a hostname test : reserved for use in tests RFC 6762 reserves the use of . local for link - local host names that can be resolved via the Multicast DNS name resolution protocol . RFC 7686 reserves the use of . onion for the self - authenticating names of Tor hidden services . These names can only be resolved by a Tor client because of the use of onion routing to protect the anonymity of users . Historical domains ( edit ) In the late 1980s , InterNIC created the nato domain for use by NATO . NATO considered none of the then existing TLDs as adequately reflecting their status as an international organization . Soon after this addition , however , InterNIC also created the int TLD for the use by international organizations in general , and persuaded NATO to use the second level domain nato.int instead . The nato TLD , no longer used , was finally removed in July 1996 . Other historical TLDs are cs for Czechoslovakia ( now using cz for Czech Republic and sk for Slovak Republic ) , dd for East Germany ( using de after reunification of Germany ) , yu for SFR Yugoslavia ( now using ba for Bosnia and Herzegovina , hr for Croatia , me for Montenegro , mk for Macedonia , rs for Serbia and si for Slovenia ) , and zr for Zaire ( now cd for Democratic Republic of the Congo ) . In contrast to these , the TLD su has remained active despite the demise of the Soviet Union that it represents . ICANN 's ccNSO is working on a policy for retirement of ccTLDs that have been removed from ISO - 3166 under the chairmanship of Nigel Roberts . Proposed domains ( edit ) Further information : Proposed top - level domain Around late 2000 , when ICANN discussed and finally introduced aero , biz , coop , info , museum , name , and pro TLDs , site owners argued that a similar TLD should be made available for adult and pornographic websites to settle the dispute of obscene content on the Internet and the responsibility of US service providers under the US Communications Decency Act of 1996 . Several options were proposed including xxx , sex and adult . The . xxx domain went live in 2011 . An older proposal consisted of seven new gTLDs : arts , firm , info , nom , rec , shop , and web . Later biz , info , museum , and name covered most of these old proposals . During the 32nd International Public ICANN Meeting in Paris in 2008 , ICANN started a new process of TLD naming policy to take a `` significant step forward on the introduction of new generic top - level domains . '' This program envisioned the availability of many new or already proposed domains , as well as a new application and implementation process . Observers believed that the new rules could result in hundreds of new gTLDs being registered . Proposed TLDs included free , music , shop , berlin , wien , nyc and istanbul On 13 June 2012 , ICANN announced nearly 2,000 applications for top - level domains , which began installation throughout 2013 . Donuts Inc. invested $57 million in more than 300 applications while Famous Four Media applied for 61 new domains . The first seven -- bike , clothing , guru , holdings , plumbing , singles , and ventures -- were released in 2014 . Alternative DNS roots ( edit ) Further information : Alternative DNS root ICANN 's slow progress in creating new generic top - level domains , and the high application costs associated with TLDs , contributed to the creation of alternate DNS roots with different sets of top - level domains . Such domains may be accessed by configuration of a computer with alternate or additional ( forwarder ) DNS servers or plugin modules for web browsers . Browser plugins detect alternate root domain requests and access an alternate domain name server for such requests . Pseudo-domains ( edit ) Main article : Pseudo-top - level domain Several networks , such as BITNET , CSNET , UUCP , existed that were in widespread use among computer professionals and academic users , but were not interoperable directly with the Internet and exchanged mail with the Internet via special email gateways . For relaying purposes on the gateways , messages associated with these networks were labeled with suffixes such as bitnet , oz , csnet , or uucp , but these domains did not exist as top - level domains in the public Domain Name System of the Internet . Most of these networks have long since ceased to exist , and although UUCP still gets significant use in parts of the world where Internet infrastructure has not yet become well established , it subsequently transitioned to using Internet domain names , and pseudo-domains now largely survive as historical relics . One notable exception is the 2007 emergence of SWIFTNet Mail , which uses the swift pseudo-domain . The anonymity network Tor formerly used the top - level pseudo-domain onion for Tor hidden services , which can only be reached with a Tor client because it uses the Tor onion routing protocol to reach the hidden service to protect the anonymity of users . However , the pseudo-domain became officially reserved in October 2015 . i2p provides a similar hidden pseudo-domain , . i2p . BT hubs use the top - level pseudo-domain home for local DNS resolution of routers , modems and gateways . See also ( edit ) Domain hack List of Internet top - level domains Public Suffix List Domain name registrar Further reading ( edit ) Addressing the World : National Identity and Internet Country Code Domains , edited by Erica Schlesinger Wass ( Rowman & Littlefield , 2003 , ISBN 0 - 7425 - 2810 - 3 ) examines connections between cultures and their ccTLDs . Ruling the Root by Milton Mueller ( MIT Press , 2001 , ISBN 0 - 262 - 13412 - 8 ) discusses TLDs and domain name policy more generally . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Delegation Record for . ARPA '' . iana.org . Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers ( ICANN ) . Retrieved 10 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Delegation Record for . BLUE '' . www.iana.org . Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers ( ICANN ) . Retrieved 10 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Why . BLUE ? '' . Dotblue. blue . Retrieved 10 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Delegation Record for . OVH '' . www.iana.org . Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers ( ICANN ) . Retrieved 10 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Delegation Record for . NAME '' . www.iana.org . Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers ( ICANN ) . Retrieved 10 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Delegation Record for . AC '' . www.iana.org . Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers ( ICANN ) . Retrieved 10 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Delegation Record for . ZW '' . www.iana.org . Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers ( ICANN ) . Retrieved 10 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Delegation Record for . AERO '' . www.iana.org . Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers ( ICANN ) . Retrieved 10 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Delegation Record for . ไทย '' . iana.org . Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers ( ICANN ) . Retrieved 23 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Postel , Jon ( March 1994 ) . `` Domain Name System Structure and Delegation '' . Request for Comments . Network Working Group . Retrieved 7 February 2011 . This memo provides some information on the structure of the names in the Domain Name System ( DNS ) , specifically the top - level domain names ; and on the administration of domains . Jump up ^ `` Root Zone Database '' . Interxxx Assigned Numbers Authority . Jump up ^ Postel , J. ; Reynolds , J. ( October 1984 ) . `` Domain Requirements '' . Request for Comments . Network Working Group . Retrieved 7 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Postel , J. ( October 1984 ) . `` Domain Name System Implementation Schedule - Revised '' . Request for Comments . Network Working Group . Retrieved 7 February 2011 . This memo is a policy statement on the implementation of the Domain Style Naming System in the Internet . This memo is an update of RFC - 881 , and RFC - 897 . This is an official policy statement of the IAB and the DARPA . Jump up ^ `` IANA root zone database '' . Iana.org . Internet Assigned Numbers Authority . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ Codes for the Representation of Names of Countries , ISO - 3166 , International Organization for Standardization . ( May 1981 ) Jump up ^ `` ICANN Bringing the Languages of the World to the Global Internet '' ( Press release ) . Internet Corporation For Assigned Names and Numbers ( ICANN ) . 30 October 2009 . Retrieved 30 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ' Historic ' day as first non-Latin web addresses go live '' . BBC News . 6 May 2010 . Retrieved 7 May 2010 . Jump up ^ RFC 6761 , Special - Use Domain Names , S. Cheshire , M. Krochmal , The Internet Society ( February 2013 ) Jump up ^ RFC 6762 , Multicast DNS , S. Cheshire , M. Krochmal , The Internet Society ( February 2013 ) Jump up ^ RFC 7686 , The ``. onion '' Special - Use Domain Name , J. Appelbaum , A. Muffett , The Internet Society ( October 2015 ) Jump up ^ `` InterNIC FAQs on New Top - Level Domains '' . Internic.net. 2002 - 09 - 25 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ RFC 3675 : . sex Considered Dangerous Jump up ^ ( historical ) gTLD MoU Jump up ^ `` 32nd International Public ICANN Meeting '' . ICANN. 22 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` New gTLD Program '' . ICANN . Retrieved 15 June 2009 . Jump up ^ ICANN Board Approves Sweeping Overhaul of Top - level Domains , CircleID , 26 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Top 10 Proposed New Top Level Domains So Far '' . Retrieved 12 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Reveal Day 13 June 2012 -- New gTLD Applied - For Strings '' . Newgtlds.icann.org . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Donuts full application list '' ( PDF ) . Donuts Inc . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 28 March 2014 . Retrieved 18 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Natasha Singer ( 17 August 2013 ) . `` When You Ca n't Tell Web Suffixes Without a Scorecard '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 18 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` List of 61 new strings applied for Famous Four Media '' . domaintyper.com . Jump up ^ `` What the new top - level domains from ICANN mean for you - Digital Trends '' . Digital Trends . 5 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SWIFTNet Mail now available '' . SWIFT. 16 May 2007 . Retrieved 3 January 2010 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Top level domains . IANA TLD List Articles on CircleID about TLDs `` Top - Level Domain Names by Host Count '' . ISC . January 2008 . Retrieved 7 August 2008 . TLDs accepted in 2012 List of generic top - level domains ( hide ) Current General . bar . bible . biz . church . club . college . com . design . download . eco . eus . google . green . hiv . info . kaufen . kiwi . lat . lgbt . moe . name . net . ninja . ngo . one . ong . OOO . org . pro . wiki . wtf . xyz Sponsored . aero . asia . cat . coop . edu . gov . int . jobs . mil . mobi . museum . post . tel . travel . xxx Geographic . africa . alsace . amsterdam . berlin . brussels . bzh . cymru . frl . gal . gent . irish . ist . istanbul . kiwi . krd . london . miami . nyc . paris . quebec . rio . saarland . scot . tokyo . vlaanderen . wales . wien Infrastructure . arpa Deleted / retired . nato Reserved . example . invalid . local . localhost . onion . test Proposed Locations . africa . bcn . lat . бг Language and nationality . eng . sic . бг Technical . geo . mail . web Business . shop Other . art . kid . kids . music Country code top - level domains Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Top-level_domain&oldid=807678420 '' Categories : Domain name system Identifiers Internet governance Top - level domains Hidden categories : Pages using RFC magic links Use dmy dates from July 2012 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Ænglisc Aragonés Asturianu Авар Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Boarisch Bosanski Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego Хальмг 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Қазақша Kurdî Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Limburgs Lumbaart Magyar Македонски مصرى Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Occitan ភាសា ខ្មែរ Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Sranantongo Српски / srpski Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Taqbaylit Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt Võro 文言 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2017 , at 13 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top-level%20domain	2,380
who plays desmond doss wife in hacksaw ridge	Teresa Palmer as Dorothy Schutte , Desmond 's wife	Teresa Palmer	Hacksaw Ridge	hacksaw ridge	Hacksaw Ridge is a 2016 biographical war drama film directed by Mel Gibson and written by Andrew Knight and Robert Schenkkan , based on the 2004 documentary The Conscientious Objector . The film focuses on the World War II experiences of Desmond Doss , an American pacifist combat medic who was a Seventh - day Adventist Christian , refusing to carry or use a firearm or weapons of any kind . Doss became the first conscientious objector to be awarded the Medal of Honor , for service above and beyond the call of duty during the Battle of Okinawa . Andrew Garfield stars as Doss , with Sam Worthington , Luke Bracey , Teresa Palmer , Hugo Weaving , Rachel Griffiths , and Vince Vaughn in supporting roles .	The film was released in the United States on November 4 , 2016 , grossing $175.3 million worldwide and received positive reviews , with Gibson 's direction and Garfield 's performance earning notable praise . Hacksaw Ridge was chosen by the American Film Institute as one of its top ten Movies of the Year , and has received numerous awards and nominations . The film received six Oscar nominations at the 89th Academy Awards , including Best Picture , Best Director , Best Actor for Garfield and Best Sound Editing , winning the awards for Best Sound Mixing and Best Film Editing . It also received Golden Globe nominations for Best Picture , Best Director and Best Actor , and 12 AACTA Awards nominations , winning the majority , including Best Film , Best Direction , Best Original Screenplay , Best Actor for Garfield , and Best Supporting Actor for Weaving . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Writing 3.3 Casting 3.4 Principal photography 4 Themes 5 Historical accuracy 6 Music 7 Release 7.1 Marketing 8 Reception 8.1 Box office 8.2 Critical response 8.3 Accolades 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Plot ( edit ) As a young boy , Desmond Doss nearly kills his younger brother Hal . This experience and his Seventh - day Adventist upbringing reinforce Desmond 's belief in the commandment `` Thou shalt not kill '' . Years later , Doss takes an injured man to the hospital and meets a nurse , Dorothy Schutte . The two begin a relationship and Doss tells Dorothy of his interest in medical work . After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor , Doss is motivated to enlist in the Army and intends to serve as a combat medic . His father Tom , a troubled World War I veteran , is deeply upset by the decision . Before leaving for Fort Jackson , he asks for Dorothy 's hand in marriage and she accepts . Doss is placed under the command of Sergeant Howell . He excels physically but becomes an outcast among his fellow soldiers for refusing to handle a rifle and train on Saturdays . Howell and Captain Glover attempt to discharge Doss for psychiatric reasons but are overruled , as Doss ' religious beliefs do not constitute mental illness . They subsequently torment Doss by putting him through grueling labor , intending to get Doss to leave of his own accord . Despite being beaten one night by his fellow soldiers , he refuses to identify his attackers and continues training . Doss ' unit completes basic training and is released on leave , during which Doss intends to marry Dorothy , but his refusal to carry a firearm leads to an arrest for insubordination . Captain Glover and Dorothy visit Doss in jail and try to convince him to plead guilty so that he can be released without charge but Doss refuses to compromise his beliefs . At his trial , Doss pleads not guilty , but before he is sentenced , his father barges into the tribunal with a letter from a former commanding officer stating that his son 's pacifism is protected by an Act of Congress . The charges against Doss are dropped , and he and Dorothy are married . Doss ' unit is assigned to the 77th Infantry Division and deployed to the Pacific theater . During the Battle of Okinawa , Doss ' unit is informed that they are to relieve the 96th Infantry Division , which was tasked with ascending and securing the Maeda Escarpment ( `` Hacksaw Ridge '' ) . In the initial fight , both sides sustain heavy losses , and Doss successfully saves several soldiers , including those with severe injuries . The Americans camp for the night , which Doss spends in a foxhole with Smitty , a squadmate who was the first to call Doss a coward . Doss reveals that his aversion to holding a firearm stems from nearly shooting his drunken father , who threatened his mother with a gun . Smitty apologizes for doubting his courage and the two make amends . The next morning , the Japanese launch a massive counterattack and drive the Americans off the escarpment . Smitty is killed , while Howell and several of Doss ' squad mates are left injured on the battlefield . Doss hears the cries of the dying soldiers and decides to run back into the carnage . He starts carrying wounded soldiers to the cliff 's edge and belaying them down by rope , each time praying to save one more . The arrival of dozens of wounded once presumed dead comes as a shock to the rest of the unit below . When day breaks , Doss rescues Howell and the two finally escape Hacksaw under enemy fire . Captain Glover tells Doss that the men have been inspired by his miraculous efforts , and that they will not launch the next attack without him . Despite the next day being the Sabbath day , he joins his fellow soldiers after finishing his prayers . With reinforcements , they turn the tide of battle . During an ambush set by Japanese soldiers feigning surrender , Doss manages to save Glover and others by knocking away enemy grenades . Doss is eventually wounded by a grenade blast , but the battle is won . Doss descends the cliff , clutching the Bible Dorothy gave him . The film switches to real - life photos and archive footage showing that after rescuing 75 soldiers at Hacksaw Ridge , Doss was awarded the Medal of Honor by President Harry S. Truman . Doss stayed married to Dorothy until her death in 1991 . He died on March 23 , 2006 , at the age of 87 . Cast ( edit ) Andrew Garfield as Desmond Doss Vince Vaughn as Sergeant Howell Sam Worthington as Captain Jack Glover Luke Bracey as Smitty Ryker Hugo Weaving as Tom Doss , Desmond 's father Ryan Corr as Lieutenant Manville Teresa Palmer as Dorothy Schutte , Desmond 's wife Rachel Griffiths as Bertha Doss , Desmond 's mother Richard Roxburgh as Colonel Stelzer Luke Pegler as Milt `` Hollywood '' Zane Richard Pyros as Randall `` Teach '' Fuller Ben Mingay as Grease Nolan Firass Dirani as Vito Rinnelli Damien Thomlinson as Ralph Morgan Matt Nable as Lt. Colonel Cooney Robert Morgan as Colonel Sangston Nathaniel Buzolic as Harold `` Hal '' Doss , Desmond 's brother Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) The project was in development hell for 14 years . Numerous producers had tried for decades to film Doss ' story , including decorated war hero Audie Murphy and Hal B. Wallis ( producer of Casablanca ) . In 2001 , after finally convincing Doss that making a movie on his remarkable life was the right thing to do , screenwriter / producer Gregory Crosby ( grandson of Bing Crosby ) wrote the treatment and brought the project to film producer David Permut , of Permut Presentations , through the early efforts of Stan Jensen of the Seventh - day Adventist Church , which ultimately led to the film being financed . In 2004 , director Terry Benedict won the rights to make a documentary about Doss , The Conscientious Objector , and secured the dramatic film rights in the process . However , Doss died in 2006 , after which producer Bill Mechanic acquired and then sold the rights to Walden Media , which developed the project along with producer David Permut . Co-producers of the film are Gregory Crosby and Steve Longi . Walden Media insisted on a PG - 13 version of the battle , and Mechanic spent years working to buy the rights back . After acquiring the rights , Mechanic approached Mel Gibson , and wanted him to create a concoction of violence and faith , as he did with The Passion of the Christ ( 2004 ) . Gibson turned down the offer twice , as he previously did with Braveheart ( 1995 ) . Then nearly a decade later , Gibson finally agreed to helm the film , a decision announced in November 2014 . The same month , Andrew Garfield was confirmed to play the role of Desmond Doss . With a budget of $40 million , the team still faced many challenges . Hacksaw Ridge became an international co-production , with key players and firms located in both the United States and Australia . When Australian tax incentives were taken off the table , the film had to qualify as Australian to receive government subsidies . Despite being American - born , Gibson 's early years in Australia helped the film qualify , along with most of the cast being Australian , including Rachel Griffiths ( Doss ' mother ) , Teresa Palmer ( Doss ' wife ) , Sam Worthington ( unit leader ) , Hugo Weaving ( as Doss ' father ) , Richard Roxburgh ( as a colonel ) and Luke Bracey ( as Smitty , one of Doss ' most antagonistic unit members ) . Rounding out the cast was American actor Vince Vaughn . On February 9 , 2015 , IM Global closed a deal to finance the film , and also sold the film into the international markets . On the same day , Lionsgate acquired the North American distribution rights to the film . Chinese distribution rights were acquired by Bliss Media , a Shanghai - based film production and distribution company . Hacksaw Ridge is the first film directed by Gibson since Apocalypto in 2006 , and marks a departure from his previous films , such as Apocalypto and Braveheart , in which the protagonists acted violently . Writing ( edit ) Robert Schenkkan and Randall Wallace wrote the script , and Wallace was previously attached to direct the film . Andrew Knight polished the original script . Gibson 's partner Bruce Davey also produced the film , along with Paul Currie . Casting ( edit ) The cast -- Andrew Garfield , Vince Vaughn , Sam Worthington , Luke Bracey , Teresa Palmer , Rachel Griffiths , Richard Roxburgh , Luke Pegler , Richard Pyros , Ben Mingay , Firass Dirani , Nico Cortez , Michael Sheasby , Goran Kleut , Jacob Warner , Harry Greenwood , Damien Thomlinson , Ben O'Toole , Benedict Hardie , Robert Morgan , Ori Pfeffer , Milo Gibson , and Nathaniel Buzolic , Hugo Weaving , and Ryan Corr -- was announced between November 2014 and October 2015 . The younger Doss was played by Darcy Bryce . Garfield plays Desmond Doss , a US Army medic awarded the Medal of Honor by President Harry S. Truman for saving lives during the Battle of Okinawa in World War II . Garfield had high regards for Doss , and venerated him for his act of bravery , hailing him as a `` wonderful symbol of embodying the idea of live and let live no matter what your ideology is , no matter what your value system is , just to allow other people to be who they are and allow yourself to be who you are . '' He found the idea of playing a real superhero , as compared to his past roles playing Spider - Man in The Amazing Spider - Man and its sequel , much more inspiring . Garfield admitted that he cried the first time he read the screenplay . He visited Doss ' hometown and touched his various tools . Gibson was drawn to Garfield the first time he saw his performance in The Social Network . Palmer wanted a role in the film so badly that she auditioned via phone , and sent the recording to Gibson . She heard nothing back for three months , until Gibson called Palmer to tell her in a Skype chat that he had cast her in the role of Dorothy , Doss ' wife . Principal photography ( edit ) Principal photography started on September 29 , 2015 , and lasted for 59 days , ending in December of that year . Filming took place entirely in Australia . The film was based at Fox Studios in Sydney , after producers vigorously scouted for locations around the country . Filming took place mostly in the state of New South Wales -- where Gibson spent much of his early years -- in and around Sydney such as in Richmond , Bringelly , and Oran Park . Gibson moved to the state in July 2015 , two months before filming began . The graveyard scene was shot at a set - constructed cemetery in Sydney 's Centennial Park . The grounds of Newington Armory at Sydney Olympic Park were used as Fort Jackson . Filming in Bringelly required the team to clear and deforest over 500 hectares of land , which evoked the ire of some environmentalists . However , the producers had complete approval and clearance to do so . Also conditions were imposed to replant and rehabilitate part of the land after filming ceased . According to Troy Grant , New South Wales ' deputy premier and minister for the arts , the film brought 720 jobs and US $19 million to regional and rural New South Wales . Altogether , three jeeps , two trucks and a tank were featured in the film . Bulldozers and backhoes were used to transform a dairy pasture near Sydney to re-create the Okinawa battlefield . A berm had to be raised around the perimeter so cameras could turn 360 degrees without getting any eucalyptus trees in the background . Gibson did not want to rely heavily on computer visual effects , either on the screen or in pre-visualizing the battle scenes . Visual effects were used only during bloody scenes , like napalm - burnt soldiers . During filming of the war scenes , Gibson incorporated his past war - movie experiences , and would yell to the actors , reminding them constantly of what they were fighting for . Themes ( edit ) The film has been described as an anti-war film , with pacifist themes . It also incorporates recurring religious imagery , such as baptism and ascension . Historical accuracy ( edit ) Doss on top of the Maeda Escarpment , May 4 , 1945 After the war , Doss turned down many requests for books and film versions of his actions , because he was wary of whether his life , wartime experiences , and Seventh - day Adventist beliefs would be portrayed inaccurately or sensationally . Doss ' only child , Desmond Doss Jr. , stated : `` The reason he declined is that none of them adhered to his one requirement : that it be accurate . And I find it remarkable , the level of accuracy in adhering to the principle of the story in this movie . '' Producer David Permut stated that the filmmakers took great care in maintaining the integrity of the story , since Doss was very religious . However , the filmmakers did change some details , notably the backstory about his father , the incident with the gun Doss took out of his alcoholic father 's hands , and the circumstances of his first marriage . The film also omits his prior combat service in the Battle of Guam and Battle of Leyte ( Doss was awarded the Bronze Star Medal for extraordinary bravery in both battles ) , and leaves the impression that Doss ' actions at Okinawa took place over a period of a few days , though his Medal of Honor citation covered his actions over a period of about three weeks . Music ( edit ) The film 's score was recorded at Abbey Road Studios in London . The film 's accompanying score was provided by Rupert Gregson - Williams and was recorded at Abbey Road Studios in London , with an orchestra of 70 musicians , and a 36 - voice choir . Release ( edit ) The world premiere of Hacksaw Ridge occurred on September 4 , 2016 , at the 73rd Venice Film Festival , where it received a 10 - minute standing ovation . The film was released in Australia on November 3 , 2016 , by Icon Film Distribution , and in the United States on November 4 , 2016 , by Lionsgate / Summit Entertainment . It was released by Bliss Media in China in November , and in the United Kingdom in 2017 , with IM Global handling international sales . Marketing ( edit ) In August 2016 , Gibson appeared at Pastor Greg Laurie 's SoCal Harvest in Anaheim , California , to promote the film . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Hacksaw Ridge grossed $67.1 million in the United States and Canada and $108.2 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $175.3 million , against a production budget of $40 million . The film opened alongside Doctor Strange and Trolls , and was projected to gross around $12 million from 2,886 theaters . It was expected to play very well among faith - based , Midwest , and Southern audiences . It made $5.2 million on its first day and $15.2 million in its opening weekend , finishing third at the box office . The debut was on par with the $15 million opening of Gibson 's last directorial effort , Apocalypto , in 2006 . In its second weekend , the film grossed $10.8 million ( a drop of just 29.1 % ) , finishing 5th at the box office . The film also opened successfully in China , grossing over $16 million in its first four days at the box office . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 86 % , based on 232 reviews , with an average rating of 7.2 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Hacksaw Ridge uses a real - life pacifist 's legacy to lay the groundwork for a gripping wartime tribute to faith , valor , and the courage of remaining true to one 's convictions . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a weighted average to reviews , the film has a score of 71 out of 100 , based on reviews from 47 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . The Milford Daily News called the film a `` masterpiece '' , adding that it `` is going to end up on many 2016 Top 10 lists , that should get Oscar nominations for Best Actor , Best Director and Best Picture . '' Maggie Stancu of Movie Pilot wrote that `` Gibson made some of his most genius directing choices in Hacksaw Ridge , and Garfield has given his best performance yet . With amazing performances by Vince Vaughn , Teresa Palmer , Sam Worthington and Hugo Weaving , it is absolutely one of 2016 's must - see films . '' Mick LaSalle of SFGate called the film `` a brilliant return for Mel Gibson , which confirms his position as a director with a singular talent for spectacle and a sure way with actors . '' In The Film Lawyers , Samar Khan called Hacksaw Ridge `` fantastic , '' and emphasised `` just how wonderful it is to have Gibson back in a more prominent position in Hollywood , hopefully with the demons of his past behind him . If Hacksaw Ridge is any indication , we are poised for a future filled with great films from the visionary director . '' The Telegraph awarded the film four stars , and added : `` Hacksaw Ridge is a fantastically moving and bruising war film that hits you like a raw topside of beef in the face -- a kind of primary - coloured Guernica that flourishes on a big screen with a crowd . '' The Guardian also awarded the film four stars , and stated that Gibson had `` absolutely hit Hacksaw Ridge out of the park . '' The Australian 's reviewer was equally positive , stating that , as a director , `` Gibson 's approach is bold and fearless ; this represents his best work to date behind the camera . '' Rex Reed of Observer rated the film with four stars , and called it `` the best war film since Saving Private Ryan ... ( I ) t is violent , harrowing , heartbreaking and unforgettable . And yes , it was directed by Mel Gibson . He deserves a medal , too '' Michael Smith of Tulsa World called Hacksaw Ridge a `` moving character study '' and praised both the direction and acting . He observed : `` It 's truly remarkable how Gibson can film scenes of such heartfelt emotion with such sweet subtlety as easily as he stages some of the most vicious , visual scenes of violence that you will ever see ... Hacksaw Ridge is beautiful and brutal , and that 's a potent combination for a movie about a man determined to serve his country , as well as his soul . '' IGN critic Alex Welch gave the film a score of 8 / 10 , praising it as `` one of the most successful war films of recent memory , '' and `` at times horrifying , inspiring , and heart - wrenching . '' Mike Ryan of Uproxx gave the film a positive review , praising Gibson 's direction and saying , `` There are two moments during the second half of Mel Gibson 's Hacksaw Ridge when I literally jumped out of my seat in terror . The film 's depiction of war is the best I 've seen since Saving Private Ryan . '' Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film 3.5 stars , writing , `` Thanks to some of the greatest battle scenes ever filmed , Gibson once again shows his staggering gifts as a filmmaker , able to juxtapose savagery with aching tenderness . '' In contrast , Matt Zoller Seitz for RogerEbert.com gave the film 2.5 stars , and described the film as `` a movie at war with itself . '' Guy Westwell , writing for The Conversation , criticized the depiction of Doss ' pacifism as contributing to the jingoism of the film . Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of accolades received by Hacksaw Ridge Hacksaw Ridge won Best Film Editing and Best Sound Mixing and was nominated for Best Picture , Best Director , Best Actor for Garfield and Best Sound Editing at the Academy Awards . The film won Best Editing and was nominated for Best Actor in a Leading Role for Garfield , Best Adapted Screenplay , Best Sound and Best Makeup and Hair at the British Academy Film Awards . The film won Best Action Movie and Best Actor in an Action Movie for Garfield and was nominated for Best Picture , Best Director , Best Actor for Garfield , Best Editing and Best Hair and Makeup at the Critics ' Choice Awards . The film received three nominations at the Golden Globe Awards , including Best Motion Picture -- Drama , Best Actor -- Motion Picture Drama for Garfield and Best Director . The film won Best Actor for Garfield , Best Film Editing and Best Sound and was nominated for Best Film , Best Director , Best Adapted Screenplay , Best Cinematography , Best Original Score and Best Art Direction and Production Design at the Satellite Awards . See also ( edit ) The Conscientious Objector ( 2004 documentary about Doss ) Thomas W. Bennett , U.S. Army Combat Medic who received the Medal of Honor for actions in Vietnam Joseph G. LaPointe Jr. , U.S. Army Combat Medic who received the Medal of Honor for actions in Vietnam References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Lions Gate Entertainment 2016 Q3 10 - Q '' . sec.gov . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2017 . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hacksaw Ridge ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . December 5 , 2016 . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2016 . 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Archived from the original on November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hopewell , John ( February 9 , 2015 ) . `` Berlin : IM Global Sells Much of the World on ' Hacksaw Ridge ' '' . variety.com . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2015 . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( February 9 , 2015 ) . `` Berlin : Lionsgate in Final Talks for Mel Gibson 's ' Hacksaw Ridge ' ( Exclusive ) '' . hollywoodreporter.com . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2015 . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` China 's Bliss Media Takes Stake in Wild Bunch 's Insiders '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ Pip Bulbeck ( July 30 , 2015 ) . `` Mel Gibson Ready to Honor Desmond T. Doss with ' Hacksaw Ridge ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2016 . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Pip Bulbeck ( September 29 , 2015 ) . `` Mel Gibson 's ' Hacksaw Ridge ' Begins Filming '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2016 . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Mike Fleming Jr ( September 6 , 2016 ) . `` Mel Gibson On His Venice Festival Comeback Picture ' Hacksaw Ridge ' -- Q&A '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2016 . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bulbeck , Pip ( July 30 , 2015 ) . `` Mel Gibson Ready to Honor Desmond T. Doss with ' Hacksaw Ridge ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( July 29 , 2015 ) . `` Vince Vaughn To Star In Mel Gibson - Directed ' Hacksaw Ridge ' '' . deadline.com . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2015 . Retrieved August 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike , Jr . ( August 25 , 2015 ) . `` Luke Bracey Lands Lead in Mel Gibson 's ' Hacksaw Ridge ' '' . deadline.com . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2015 . Retrieved August 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( September 29 , 2015 ) . `` First Look : Andrew Garfield and Vince Vaughn in Mel Gibson 's ' Hacksaw Ridge ' '' . variety.com . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2015 . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( October 19 , 2015 ) . `` Hugo Weaving Joins Mel Gibson 's ' Hacksaw Ridge ' '' . variety.com . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2015 . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Anthony Lane ( October 31 , 2016 ) . `` THE MADNESS AND MAJESTY OF `` HACKSAW RIDGE '' `` . The New Yorker . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2016 . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ariston Anderson ( September 9 , 2016 ) . `` Venice : Mel Gibson , Andrew Garfield Discuss the `` Strong Faith '' Behind ' Hacksaw Ridge ' Play Video `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2016 . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mel Gibson makes a comeback in war drama ' Hacksaw Ridge ' '' . Gulf News . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2016 . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mel Gibson on Andrew Garfield in ' Hacksaw Ridge ' : He Was a ' Real Superhero ' '' . Variety . October 25 , 2016 . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2016 . Retrieved October 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Monique Friedlander ( October 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' I really wanted this role ' : Teresa Palmer auditioned for Hacksaw Ridge via IPHONE ... and waited three months to hear back from director Mel Gibson '' . Daily Mail . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2016 . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ethan Sacks ( October 30 , 2016 ) . `` Mel Gibson 's war movie ' Hacksaw Ridge ' may be his miracle '' . New York Daily News . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2016 . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Garry Maddox ( July 28 , 2015 ) . `` Short Cuts : Mel Gibson 's Hacksaw Ridge has landed , emotional opening for Melbourne festival and more from Australian film '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bianca La Cioppa ( December 1 , 2015 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Mel Gibson 's Hacksaw Ridge takes semi-rural town back to 1940s as filming begins despite local shopkeepers ' urgent meeting to protest AGAINST movie '' . Daily Mail . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Luisa Cogno ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` Mel Gibson 's war movie Hacksaw Ridge filmed in Bringelly to open in cinemas in November '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2016 . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Amy Harris ( August 27 , 2016 ) . `` Sydney is the movie capital of Australia '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2016 . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jason Chester ( September 23 , 2016 ) . `` Mel Gibson begins work on World War II drama Hacksaw Ridge as uniform - clad actors film assault course scene in Sydney '' . Daily Mail . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2016 . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Megan Pustetto ( November 24 , 2015 ) . `` He means business : Mel Gibson shoots WWII drama Hacksaw Ridge in eerie Sydney graveyard ... and is seen for the first time with Vince Vaughn and Andrew Garfield '' . Daily Mail . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2015 . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vera Bertol ( October 30 , 2015 ) . `` Movie set earmarked for residential development when filming done '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Alexandra Spring ( July 30 , 2015 ) . `` Mel Gibson war drama Hacksaw Ridge to begin filming in NSW in September '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2016 . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Samuel Smith ( October 1 , 2016 ) . `` Mel Gibson : ' Hacksaw Ridge ' Is an ' Anti-War Movie ' '' . The Christian Post . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2016 . Retrieved October 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The True Story of Hacksaw Ridge and Desmond Doss : the Medal of Honor Winner Who Never Fired a Shot '' . November 5 , 2016 . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2017 . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hacksaw Ridge vs the True Story of Desmond Doss , Medal of Honor '' . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2017 . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Richard Goldstein ( March 25 , 2006 ) . `` Desmond T. Doss , 87 , Heroic War Objector , Dies '' . New York Times . Retrieved June 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Melinda Newman ( October 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' Hacksaw Ridge ' Composer Rupert Gregson - Williams on Working With Mel Gibson ; Hear Score '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2016 . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( July 28 , 2016 ) . `` Venice Film Festival : Lido To Launch Pics From Ford , Gibson , Malick & More As Awards Season Starts To Buzz -- Full List '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2016 . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( September 5 , 2016 ) . `` Mel Gibson 's ' Hacksaw Ridge ' Rivets With 10 - Minute Ovation At World Premiere -- Venice '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2016 . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cogono , Luisa ; Chronicle Camden , Macarthur ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` Mel Gibson 's war movie Hacksaw Ridge filmed in Bringelly to open in cinemas in November '' . Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2016 . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 5 , 2016 ) . `` Mel Gibson WWII Movie ' Hacksaw Ridge ' Jumps Into November Awards Season ; ' The Shack ' To Open In March 2017 '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2016 . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patrick Brzeski ( May 16 , 2016 ) . `` China 's Bliss Media Launches $150 Million Film and TV Fund '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2016 . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patrick Frater ( May 16 , 2016 ) . `` China 's Bliss Media Launches $150 Million Fund '' . Variety . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2016 . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Phil De Semlyen ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` Exclusive : Mel Gibson talks Hacksaw Ridge '' . Empire . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2016 . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jardine Malado ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` Mel Gibson 's new Christian film ' Hacksaw Ridge ' receives 10 - minute standing ovation ; Movie hits U.S. theaters November 2016 '' . The Christian Times . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2016 . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ryan Faughnder ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Doctor Strange ' is expected to draw a massive audience for Disney 's Marvel Studios '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2016 . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Doctor Strange ' To Give Booster Shot To Sleepy Fall Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2016 . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( November 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' Doctor Strange ' Resuscitates Fall Box Office With $81 M To $83 M+ Opening -- Saturday AM Update '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2016 . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Doctor Strange ' to Repeat at # 1 as ' Arrival ' , ' Almost Christmas ' & ' Shut In ' Hit Theaters '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hacksaw Ridge ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hacksaw Ridge Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2016 . Retrieved November 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ CinemaScore on Twitter ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` Hacksaw Ridge '' . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2017 . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ed Symkus ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` MOVIE REVIEW : ' Hacksaw Ridge ' is a masterpiece '' . Milford Daily News . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2016 . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Maggie Stancu ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` Why ' Hacksaw Ridge ' Is One Of The Must - See Movies Of The Year '' . Movie Pilot . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2016 . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mick LaSalle ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` Amid much gore , Mel Gibson achieves an antiwar triumph '' . SFGate . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2016 . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Samar Khan . `` Mel Gibson makes his triumphant return with the fantastic Hacksaw Ridge '' . The Film Lawyers . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2016 . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robbie Collin ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` Hacksaw Ridge review : Mel Gibson goes to war with a bruising , fantastically moving comeback '' . The Telegraph . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2016 . Retrieved December 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andrew Pulver ( September 4 , 2016 ) . `` Hacksaw Ridge review -- Mel Gibson finds a conscience in gruesome war story '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2016 . Retrieved December 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ David Stratton ( November 5 , 2016 ) . `` Film reviews : Mel Gibson 's Hacksaw Ridge ; The Light Between Oceans '' . The Australian . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2016 . Retrieved December 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rex Reed ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` Mel Gibson 's ' Hacksaw Ridge ' Is the Best War Film Since ' Saving Private Ryan ' '' . Observer . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2016 . Retrieved December 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Michael Smith ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` Movie review : ' Hacksaw Ridge ' is moving character study and brutal '' . Tulsa World . Retrieved December 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` Hacksaw Ridge Review : A brutal and effective filmmaking return for Mel Gibson '' . IGN . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2016 . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Mike ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` Mel Gibson 's ' Hacksaw Ridge ' Is The Most Intense Depiction Of War Since ' Saving Private Ryan ' '' . Uproxx . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2016 . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' Hacksaw Ridge ' Review : Mel Gibson Returns With a War Movie About Peace '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2016 . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Seitz , Matt Zoller ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` Hacksaw Ridge '' . RogerEbert.com . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2016 . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Westwell , Guy ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` Hacksaw Ridge promised to champion pacifism -- but the film is sadly just jingoistic '' . theconversation . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2017 . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` Oscars : ' La La Land ' Ties Record With 14 Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ritman , Alex ( January 9 , 2017 ) . `` BAFTA Awards : ' La La Land ' Leads Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2017 . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` La La Land Leads with 12 Nominations for the 22nd Annual Critics ' Choice Awards '' . Critics ' Choice . December 1 , 2016 . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2016 . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( November 29 , 2016 ) . `` Satellite Awards Nominees Revealed '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2016 . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Hacksaw Ridge Official website Leepson , Marc ( 2015 ) . `` Desmond Thomas Doss ( 1919 -- 2006 ) '' . Dictionary of Virginia Biography . Library of Virginia . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 . Hacksaw Ridge on IMDb Hacksaw Ridge at Rotten Tomatoes Hacksaw Ridge at Metacritic Mel Gibson filmography Director The Man Without a Face ( 1993 ) Braveheart ( 1995 ) The Passion of the Christ ( 2004 ) Apocalypto ( 2006 ) Hacksaw Ridge ( 2016 ) Producer Braveheart ( 1995 ) The Three Stooges ( 2000 ) The Singing Detective ( 2003 ) The Passion of the Christ ( 2004 ) Paparazzi ( 2004 ) Apocalypto ( 2006 ) Get the Gringo ( 2012 ) Stonehearst Asylum ( 2014 ) The Professor and the Madman ( TBA ) Screenwriter The Passion of the Christ ( 2004 ) Apocalypto ( 2006 ) Get the Gringo ( 2012 ) Films by Randall Wallace Director The Man in the Iron Mask ( 1998 ) We Were Soldiers ( 2002 ) Secretariat ( 2010 ) Heaven Is for Real ( 2014 ) Producer The Man in the Iron Mask ( 1998 ) Pearl Harbor ( executive producer , 2001 ) We Were Soldiers ( 2002 ) Writer Braveheart ( 1995 ) The Man in the Iron Mask ( 1998 ) Pearl Harbor ( 2001 ) We Were Soldiers ( 2002 ) Hacksaw Ridge ( 2016 ) AACTA Award for Best Film 1958 -- 1975 Conquest of the Rivers / Hard to Windward ( 1958 ) Edge of The Deep / The Power Makers ( 1959 ) Three in a Million ( 1960 ) Not awarded ( 1961 ) Bypass to Life / Night Freighter ( 1962 ) The Land That Waited ( 1963 ) The Dancing Class / I , the Aboriginal ( 1964 ) The Legend of Damien Parer / Stronger Since The War ( 1965 ) Concerto for Orchestra ( 1966 ) Cardin in Australia ( 1967 ) The Change at Groote / The Talgai Skull ( 1968 ) Jack and Jill : A Postscript ( 1969 ) Three To Go : Michael ( 1970 ) Homesdale ( 1971 ) Stork ( 1972 ) Libido : The Child / 27A ( 1973 ) Sunday Too Far Away ( 1974 / 75 ) 1976 -- 2000 The Devil 's Playground ( 1976 ) Storm Boy ( 1977 ) Newsfront ( 1978 ) My Brilliant Career ( 1979 ) Breaker Morant ( 1980 ) Gallipoli ( 1981 ) Lonely Hearts ( 1982 ) Careful , He Might Hear You ( 1983 ) Annie 's Coming Out ( 1984 ) Bliss ( 1985 ) Malcolm ( 1986 ) The Year My Voice Broke ( 1987 ) The Navigator : A Medieval Odyssey ( 1988 ) Evil Angels ( 1989 ) Flirting ( 1990 ) Proof ( 1991 ) Strictly Ballroom ( 1992 ) The Piano ( 1993 ) Muriel 's Wedding ( 1994 ) Angel Baby ( 1995 ) Shine ( 1996 ) Kiss or Kill ( 1997 ) The Interview ( 1998 ) Two Hands ( 1999 ) Looking for Alibrandi ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Lantana ( 2001 ) Rabbit - Proof Fence ( 2002 ) Japanese Story ( 2003 ) Somersault ( 2004 ) Look Both Ways ( 2005 ) Ten Canoes ( 2006 ) Romulus , My Father ( 2007 ) The Black Balloon ( 2008 ) Samson and Delilah ( 2009 ) Animal Kingdom ( 2010 ) Red Dog ( 2011 ) The Sapphires ( 2012 ) The Great Gatsby ( 2013 ) The Babadook / The Water Diviner ( 2014 ) Mad Max : Fury Road ( 2015 ) Hacksaw Ridge ( 2016 ) Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Action Movie The Dark Knight ( 2008 ) Avatar ( 2009 ) Inception ( 2010 ) Drive ( 2011 ) Skyfall ( 2012 ) Lone Survivor ( 2013 ) Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) Mad Max : Fury Road ( 2015 ) Hacksaw Ridge ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hacksaw_Ridge&oldid=800271566 '' Categories : 2016 films English - language films 2010s biographical films 2010s drama films 2010s war films American biographical films American films American war drama films Anti-war films about World War II Battle of Okinawa Biographical films about military personnel Cross Creek Pictures films Drama films based on actual events Film scores by Rupert Gregson - Williams Films about Christianity Films directed by Mel Gibson Films produced by Brian Oliver Films produced by Bruce Davey Films set in 1945 Films set in Okinawa Prefecture Films set in South Carolina Films set in Virginia Films set on islands Films set in Japan Films shot in Sydney Films that won the Best Sound Mixing Academy Award Films whose editor won the Best Film Editing Academy Award Icon Productions films Pacific War films World War II films based on actual events Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Кыргызча Latviešu Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 September 2017 , at 13 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hacksaw%20Ridge	2,381
who has the highest paid contract in sports	Rank Player Team / Streaming Service Sport Length of contract Contract value ( USD ) Average per year ( USD ) Average per game / fight ( USD ) Ref 01 Canelo Álvarez DAZN * Boxing 5 years ( 2018 -- 2023 ) $365,000,000 $73,000,000 $33,181,818.18 02 Giancarlo Stanton Miami Marlins * Baseball 13 years ( 2014 -- 2027 ) $325,000,000 $25,000,000 $154,320.99 03 Alex Rodriguez New York Yankees * Baseball 10 years ( 2008 -- 2017 ) $275,000,000 $27,500,000 $169,753.09 04 Alex Rodriguez Texas Rangers * Baseball 10 years ( 2001 -- 2010 ) $252,000,000 $25,200,000 $155,555.56 05 Miguel Cabrera Detroit Tigers Baseball 8 years ( 2016 -- 2023 ) $247,000,000 $31,000,000 $191,358.02 06 ( tie ) Robinson Cano Seattle Mariners Baseball 10 years ( 2014 -- 2023 ) $240,000,000 $24,000,000 $148,148.15 06 ( tie ) Albert Pujols Los Angeles Angels Baseball 10 years ( 2012 -- 2021 ) $240,000,000 $24,000,000 $148,148.15 08 James Harden Houston Rockets Basketball 6 years ( 2017 -- 2023 ) $228,000,000 $38,000,000 $463,414.64 09 Joey Votto Cincinnati Reds Baseball 10 years ( 2014 -- 2024 ) $225,000,000 $22,500,000 $138,888.89 10 David Price Boston Red Sox Baseball 7 years ( 2016 -- 2022 ) $217,000,000 $31,000,000 $191,358.02 11 Clayton Kershaw Los Angeles Dodgers Baseball 7 years ( 2014 -- 2020 ) $215,000,000 $30,714,285 $186,120.37 12 Prince Fielder Detroit Tigers * Baseball 9 years ( 2012 -- 2020 ) $214,000,000 $23,777,777 $146,776.40 13 Max Scherzer Washington Nationals Baseball 7 years ( 2015 -- 2021 ) $210,000,000 $30,000,000 $185,185.19 14 Zack Greinke Arizona Diamondbacks Baseball 6 years ( 2016 -- 2021 ) $206,500,000 $34,416,667 $212,448.56 15 Russell Westbrook Oklahoma City Thunder Basketball 5 years ( 2018 -- 2023 ) $205,000,000 $41,000,000 $491,000.00 16 Stephen Curry Golden State Warriors Basketball 5 years ( 2017 -- 2022 ) $201,200,000 $40,200,000 $490,243.90 17 Derek Jeter New York Yankees * Baseball 10 years ( 2001 -- 2010 ) $189,000,000 $18,900,000 $116,666.67 18 ( tie ) Joe Mauer Minnesota Twins Baseball 8 years ( 2011 -- 2018 ) $184,000,000 $23,000,000 $141,975.31 18 ( tie ) Jason Heyward Chicago Cubs Baseball 8 years ( 2016 -- 2023 ) $184,000,000 $23,000,000 $141,975.31 20 ( tie ) Mark Teixeira New York Yankees * Baseball 8 years ( 2009 -- 2016 ) $180,000,000 $22,500,000 $138,888.89 20 ( tie ) Justin Verlander Detroit Tigers * Baseball 7 years ( 2013 -- 2019 ) $180,000,000 $25,714,286 $158,730.16 22 ( tie ) Félix Hernández Seattle Mariners Baseball 7 years ( 2013 -- 2019 ) $175,000,000 $25,000,000 $154,320.99 22 ( tie ) Stephen Strasburg Washington Nationals Baseball 7 years ( 2017 -- 2023 ) $175,000,000 $25,000,000 $154,320.99 24 Blake Griffin Los Angeles Clippers * Basketball 5 years ( 2017 -- 2022 ) $172,260,000 $34,452,000 $420,146.34 25 Buster Posey San Francisco Giants Baseball 9 years ( 2013 -- 2021 ) $167,000,000 $18,555,556 $114,540.47 26 ( tie ) CC Sabathia New York Yankees Baseball 7 years ( 2009 -- 2015 ) $161,000,000 $23,000,000 $141,975.31 26 ( tie ) Chris Davis Baltimore Orioles Baseball 7 years ( 2016 -- 2022 ) $161,000,000 $23,000,000 $141,975.31 28 ( tie ) Matt Kemp Los Angeles Dodgers Baseball 8 years ( 2012 -- 2019 ) $160,000,000 $20,000,000 $123,456.79 28 ( tie ) Manny Ramírez Boston Red Sox * Baseball 8 years ( 2001 -- 2008 ) $160,000,000 $20,000,000 $123,456.79 30 Troy Tulowitzki Colorado Rockies * Baseball 10 years ( 2011 -- 2020 ) $157,750,000 $15,775,000 $97,376.54 31 ( tie ) Masahiro Tanaka New York Yankees Baseball 7 years ( 2014 -- 2020 ) $155,000,000 $22,141,857 $136,684.30 31 ( tie ) Jon Lester Chicago Cubs Baseball 6 years ( 2015 -- 2020 ) $155,000,000 $25,833,333 $159,465.02 33 Adrián González Boston Red Sox * Baseball 7 years ( 2012 -- 2018 ) $154,000,000 $22,000,000 $135,802.67 34 ( tie ) Kimi Räikkönen Ferrari Auto racing 3 years ( 2007 -- 2009 ) $153,000,000 $51,000,000 $2,942,307.69 34 ( tie ) Jacoby Ellsbury New York Yankees Baseball 7 years ( 2014 -- 2020 ) $153,000,000 $21,857,142 $134,920.64 36 Mike Conley Memphis Grizzlies Basketball 5 years ( 2016 -- 2020 ) $152,605,576 $30,521,115 $372,208.72 37 Miguel Cabrera Detroit Tigers Baseball 8 years ( 2008 -- 2015 ) $152,300,000 $19,037,500 $117,515.43 38 Todd Helton Colorado Rockies * Baseball 11 years ( 2001 -- 2011 ) $151,500,000 $13,772,727 $85,016.83 39 Zack Greinke Los Angeles Dodgers * Baseball 6 years ( 2013 -- 2019 ) $147,000,000 $24,500,000 $151,234.57 40 Gareth Bale Real Madrid C.F. Association football 6 years ( 2013 -- 2019 ) $146,280,000 $24,380,000 $406,333.33 41 Mike Trout Los Angeles Angels Baseball 6 years ( 2015 -- 2020 ) $144,500,000 $24,083,333 $148,662.55 42 Cole Hamels Philadelphia Phillies * Baseball 6 years ( 2013 -- 2018 ) $144,000,000 $24,000,000 $148,148.15 43 Carl Crawford Boston Red Sox * Baseball 7 years ( 2011 -- 2017 ) $142,000,000 $20,285,714 $125,220.46 44 Damian Lillard Portland Trail Blazers Basketball 5 years ( 2016 -- 2021 ) $139,888,445 $27,977,689 $341,191.33 45 Andrew Luck Indianapolis Colts American football 6 years ( 2016 -- 2021 ) $139,125,000 $23,187,500 $1,449,218.75 46 DeMar DeRozan Toronto Raptors Basketball 5 years ( 2016 -- 2021 ) $139,000,000 $27,800,000 $339,024.39 47 David Wright New York Mets Baseball 8 years ( 2013 -- 2020 ) $138,000,000 $17,250,000 $106,481.48 48 ( tie ) Johan Santana New York Mets * Baseball 6 years ( 2008 -- 2013 ) $137,500,000 $22,916,667 $141,460.91 48 ( tie ) Jimmy Garoppolo San Francisco 49ers American football 5 years ( 2018 -- 2022 ) $137,500,000 $27,500,000 $1,718,750.00 50 Kobe Bryant Los Angeles Lakers * Basketball 7 years ( 2004 -- 2011 ) $136,400,000 $19,485,714 $237,630.66 51 Alfonso Soriano Chicago Cubs * Baseball 8 years ( 2007 -- 2014 ) $136,000,000 $17,000,000 $104,938.27 52 ( tie ) Freddie Freeman Atlanta Braves Baseball 8 years ( 2014 -- 2021 ) $135,000,000 $16,875,000 $104,166.67 52 ( tie ) Matthew Stafford Detroit Lions American football 5 years ( 2018 -- 2022 ) $135,000,000 $27,000,000 $1,687,500.00 54 Justin Upton Detroit Tigers Baseball 6 years ( 2016 -- 2021 ) $132,750,000 $22,125,000 $136,574.07 55 Calvin Johnson Detroit Lions * American football 8 years ( 2007 -- 2015 ) $132,000,000 $16,500,000 $1,031,250.00 56 ( tie ) Shin - Soo Choo Texas Rangers Baseball 7 years ( 2014 -- 2020 ) $130,000,000 $18,571,428 $114,638.45 56 ( tie ) Michael Vick Atlanta Falcons * American football 10 years ( 2005 -- 2014 ) $130,000,000 $13,000,000 $812,500.00 58 ( tie ) Johnny Cueto San Francisco Giants Baseball 6 years ( 2016 -- 2021 ) $130,000,000 $21,666,667 $133,744.86 58 ( tie ) Anthony Davis New Orleans Pelicans Basketball 5 years ( 2016 -- 2021 ) $127,171,313 $25,434,262 $310,173.93 58 ( tie ) Andre Drummond Detroit Pistons Basketball 5 years ( 2016 -- 2021 ) $127,171,313 $25,434,262 $310,173.93 58 ( tie ) Bradley Beal Washington Wizards Basketball 5 years ( 2016 -- 2021 ) $127,171,313 $25,434,262 $310,173.93 62 Jay Cutler Chicago Bears * American football 7 years ( 2014 -- 2020 ) $126,700,000 $18,100,000 $1,131,250.00 63 Jermaine O'Neal Indiana Pacers * Basketball 7 years ( 2003 -- 2010 ) $126,558,000 $18,079,714 $220,484.32 64 ( tie ) Kevin Garnett Minnesota Timberwolves * Basketball 6 years ( 1999 -- 2005 ) $126,000,000 $21,000,000 $256,097.56 64 ( tie ) Rashard Lewis Orlando Magic * Basketball 6 years ( 2007 -- 2013 ) $126,000,000 $21,000,000 $256,097.56 64 ( tie ) Vernon Wells Toronto Blue Jays * Baseball 7 years ( 2008 -- 2014 ) $126,000,000 $18,000,000 $111,111.11 64 ( tie ) Barry Zito San Francisco Giants * Baseball 7 years ( 2007 -- 2013 ) $126,000,000 $18,000,000 $111,111.11 64 ( tie ) Jayson Werth Washington Nationals * Baseball 7 years ( 2011 -- 2017 ) $126,000,000 $18,000,000 $111,111.11 64 ( tie ) Colin Kaepernick San Francisco 49ers * American football 6 years ( 2015 -- 2020 ) $126,000,000 $21,000,000 $1,312,500.00 64 ( tie ) Jrue Holiday New Orleans Pelicans Basketball 5 years ( 2017 -- 2022 ) $126,000,000 $25,200,000 $307,317.07 71 ( tie ) Ryan Howard Philadelphia Phillies * Baseball 5 years ( 2012 -- 2016 ) $125,000,000 $25,000,000 $154,320.99 71 ( tie ) Josh Hamilton Los Angeles Angels * Baseball 5 years ( 2013 -- 2017 ) $125,000,000 $25,000,000 $154,320.99 71 ( tie ) Derek Carr Oakland Raiders American football 5 years ( 2018 -- 2022 ) $125,000,000 $25,000,000 $1,562,500.00 74 Carmelo Anthony New York Knicks * Basketball 5 years ( 2014 -- 2019 ) $124,064,280 $24,812,856 $302,595.81 75 ( tie ) Michael Schumacher Ferrari * Auto racing 4 years ( 1996 -- 1999 ) $124,000,000 $31,000,000 $1,907,692.30 75 ( tie ) Alexander Ovechkin Washington Capitals Hockey 13 years ( 2008 -- 2021 ) $124,000,000 $9,538,461 $116,322.70 77 Joe Johnson Atlanta Hawks * Basketball 6 years ( 2010 -- 2017 ) $123,658,089 $20,609,681 $251,337.58 78 Chris Webber Sacramento Kings * Basketball 7 years ( 2001 -- 2007 ) $122,718,750 $17,531,250 $213,795.73 79 Tim Duncan San Antonio Spurs * Basketball 7 years ( 2003 -- 2010 ) $122,007,704 $17,429,672 $212,556.98 80 Mike Hampton Colorado Rockies * Baseball 8 years ( 2001 -- 2008 ) $121,000,000 $15,125,000 $93,364.20 81 Joe Flacco Baltimore Ravens American football 6 years ( 2013 -- 2018 ) $120,600,000 $20,100,000 $1,256,250.00 82 ( tie ) Jason Giambi New York Yankees * Baseball 7 years ( 2002 -- 2008 ) $120,000,000 $17,142,857 $105,820.10 82 ( tie ) Elvis Andrus Texas Rangers Baseball 8 years ( 2015 -- 2022 ) $120,000,000 $15,000,000 $92,592.59 82 ( tie ) Cliff Lee Philadelphia Phillies * Baseball 5 years ( 2011 -- 2015 ) $120,000,000 $24,000,000 $148,148.15 82 ( tie ) Shaquille O'Neal Los Angeles Lakers * Basketball 7 years ( 1996 -- 2003 ) $120,000,000 $17,142,857 $209,059.23 82 ( tie ) Matt Holliday St. Louis Cardinals * Baseball 7 years ( 2010 -- 2016 ) $120,000,000 $17,142,857 $105,820.10 82 ( tie ) Larry Fitzgerald Arizona Cardinals American football 8 years ( 2011 -- 2018 ) $120,000,000 $15,000,000 $937,500.00 82 ( tie ) Nicolas Batum Charlotte Hornets Basketball 5 years ( 2016 -- 2021 ) $120,000,000 $24,000,000 $292,682.93 89 Carson Palmer Cincinnati Bengals * American football 9 years ( 2006 -- 2014 ) $119,750,000 $13,305,555 $831,597.19 90 Carlos Beltrán New York Mets * Baseball 7 years ( 2005 -- 2011 ) $119,000,000 $17,000,000 $104,938.27 91 James Harden Houston Rockets Basketball 4 years ( 2016 -- 2020 ) $118,103,446 $29,525,861 $360,071.48 92 Chris Bosh Miami Heat Basketball 5 years ( 2014 -- 2019 ) $118,000,000 $23,600,000 $287,804.88 93 Ken Griffey , Jr . Cincinnati Reds * Baseball 9 years ( 2000 -- 2008 ) $116,500,000 $12,944,444 $79,903.98 94 ( tie ) Donovan McNabb Philadelphia Eagles * American football 12 years ( 2002 -- 2013 ) $115,000,000 $9,583,333 $598,958.31 94 ( tie ) Andy Dalton Cincinnati Bengals American football 6 years ( 2015 -- 2020 ) $115,000,000 $19,166,667 $1,197,916.67 96 Von Miller Denver Broncos American football 6 years ( 2016 -- 2021 ) $114,500,000 $19,083,333 $1,192,708.33 97 Ndamukong Suh Miami Dolphins * American football 6 years ( 2015 -- 2020 ) $114,000,000 $19,000,000 $1,187,500.00 98 Al Horford Boston Celtics Basketball 4 years ( 2016 -- 2020 ) $113,326,228 $28,331,557 $345,506.79 99 ( tie ) Kevin Love Cleveland Cavaliers Basketball 5 years ( 2015 -- 2020 ) $113,211,750 $22,642,350 $276,126.22 99 ( tie ) Marc Gasol Memphis Grizzlies Basketball 5 years ( 2015 -- 2020 ) $113,211,750 $22,642,350 $276,126.22	Canelo Álvarez	List of largest sports contracts	list of largest sports contracts	This is a list of the largest sports contracts . These figures include signing bonuses but exclude options , buyouts , and endorsement deals . This list does not reflect the highest annual salaries or career earnings , only the top 100 largest contracts and thus is limited to athletes in team sports and auto racing . Athletes in individual sports , such as golf , tennis , and boxing are not employed by a team and usually earn money primarily through event winnings . This list also does not necessarily reflect actual money collected by the athletes , since some contracts are eventually terminated ( usually due to an athlete either retiring or invoking their opt - out clause ) .	Entries in this list also require an individual citation of the contract , so a number of the highest salaried athletes ( according to Forbes ) are not included as their contract details have not been officially confirmed , including Lionel Messi and Lewis Hamilton . This also skews the list towards sports with salary caps where salaries are therefore public knowledge and easy to cite . The contract figures referenced below are presented at face value , and does not reflect potential pre or post-tax treatments . For example , contracts with European sports teams are typically quoted on a post-tax basis . Contents 1 Largest sports contracts 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References Largest sports contracts ( edit ) Rank Player Team / Streaming Service Sport Length of contract Contract value ( USD ) Average per year ( USD ) Average per game / fight ( USD ) Ref 01 Canelo Álvarez DAZN * Boxing 5 years ( 2018 -- 2023 ) $365,000,000 $73,000,000 $33,181,818.18 02 Giancarlo Stanton Miami Marlins * Baseball 13 years ( 2014 -- 2027 ) $325,000,000 $25,000,000 $154,320.99 03 Alex Rodriguez New York Yankees * Baseball 10 years ( 2008 -- 2017 ) $275,000,000 $27,500,000 $169,753.09 04 Alex Rodriguez Texas Rangers * Baseball 10 years ( 2001 -- 2010 ) $252,000,000 $25,200,000 $155,555.56 05 Miguel Cabrera Detroit Tigers Baseball 8 years ( 2016 -- 2023 ) $247,000,000 $31,000,000 $191,358.02 06 ( tie ) Robinson Cano Seattle Mariners Baseball 10 years ( 2014 -- 2023 ) $240,000,000 $24,000,000 $148,148.15 06 ( tie ) Albert Pujols Los Angeles Angels Baseball 10 years ( 2012 -- 2021 ) $240,000,000 $24,000,000 $148,148.15 08 James Harden Houston Rockets Basketball 6 years ( 2017 -- 2023 ) $228,000,000 $38,000,000 $463,414.64 09 Joey Votto Cincinnati Reds Baseball 10 years ( 2014 -- 2024 ) $225,000,000 $22,500,000 $138,888.89 10 David Price Boston Red Sox Baseball 7 years ( 2016 -- 2022 ) $217,000,000 $31,000,000 $191,358.02 11 Clayton Kershaw Los Angeles Dodgers Baseball 7 years ( 2014 -- 2020 ) $215,000,000 $30,714,285 $186,120.37 12 Prince Fielder Detroit Tigers * Baseball 9 years ( 2012 -- 2020 ) $214,000,000 $23,777,777 $146,776.40 13 Max Scherzer Washington Nationals Baseball 7 years ( 2015 -- 2021 ) $210,000,000 $30,000,000 $185,185.19 14 Zack Greinke Arizona Diamondbacks Baseball 6 years ( 2016 -- 2021 ) $206,500,000 $34,416,667 $212,448.56 15 Russell Westbrook Oklahoma City Thunder Basketball 5 years ( 2018 -- 2023 ) $205,000,000 $41,000,000 $491,000.00 16 Stephen Curry Golden State Warriors Basketball 5 years ( 2017 -- 2022 ) $201,200,000 $40,200,000 $490,243.90 17 Derek Jeter New York Yankees * Baseball 10 years ( 2001 -- 2010 ) $189,000,000 $18,900,000 $116,666.67 18 ( tie ) Joe Mauer Minnesota Twins Baseball 8 years ( 2011 -- 2018 ) $184,000,000 $23,000,000 $141,975.31 18 ( tie ) Jason Heyward Chicago Cubs Baseball 8 years ( 2016 -- 2023 ) $184,000,000 $23,000,000 $141,975.31 20 ( tie ) Mark Teixeira New York Yankees * Baseball 8 years ( 2009 -- 2016 ) $180,000,000 $22,500,000 $138,888.89 20 ( tie ) Justin Verlander Detroit Tigers * Baseball 7 years ( 2013 -- 2019 ) $180,000,000 $25,714,286 $158,730.16 22 ( tie ) Félix Hernández Seattle Mariners Baseball 7 years ( 2013 -- 2019 ) $175,000,000 $25,000,000 $154,320.99 22 ( tie ) Stephen Strasburg Washington Nationals Baseball 7 years ( 2017 -- 2023 ) $175,000,000 $25,000,000 $154,320.99 24 Blake Griffin Los Angeles Clippers * Basketball 5 years ( 2017 -- 2022 ) $172,260,000 $34,452,000 $420,146.34 25 Buster Posey San Francisco Giants Baseball 9 years ( 2013 -- 2021 ) $167,000,000 $18,555,556 $114,540.47 26 ( tie ) CC Sabathia New York Yankees Baseball 7 years ( 2009 -- 2015 ) $161,000,000 $23,000,000 $141,975.31 26 ( tie ) Chris Davis Baltimore Orioles Baseball 7 years ( 2016 -- 2022 ) $161,000,000 $23,000,000 $141,975.31 28 ( tie ) Matt Kemp Los Angeles Dodgers Baseball 8 years ( 2012 -- 2019 ) $160,000,000 $20,000,000 $123,456.79 28 ( tie ) Manny Ramírez Boston Red Sox * Baseball 8 years ( 2001 -- 2008 ) $160,000,000 $20,000,000 $123,456.79 30 Troy Tulowitzki Colorado Rockies * Baseball 10 years ( 2011 -- 2020 ) $157,750,000 $15,775,000 $97,376.54 31 ( tie ) Masahiro Tanaka New York Yankees Baseball 7 years ( 2014 -- 2020 ) $155,000,000 $22,141,857 $136,684.30 31 ( tie ) Jon Lester Chicago Cubs Baseball 6 years ( 2015 -- 2020 ) $155,000,000 $25,833,333 $159,465.02 33 Adrián González Boston Red Sox * Baseball 7 years ( 2012 -- 2018 ) $154,000,000 $22,000,000 $135,802.67 34 ( tie ) Kimi Räikkönen Ferrari Auto racing 3 years ( 2007 -- 2009 ) $153,000,000 $51,000,000 $2,942,307.69 34 ( tie ) Jacoby Ellsbury New York Yankees Baseball 7 years ( 2014 -- 2020 ) $153,000,000 $21,857,142 $134,920.64 36 Mike Conley Memphis Grizzlies Basketball 5 years ( 2016 -- 2020 ) $152,605,576 $30,521,115 $372,208.72 37 Miguel Cabrera Detroit Tigers Baseball 8 years ( 2008 -- 2015 ) $152,300,000 $19,037,500 $117,515.43 38 Todd Helton Colorado Rockies * Baseball 11 years ( 2001 -- 2011 ) $151,500,000 $13,772,727 $85,016.83 39 Zack Greinke Los Angeles Dodgers * Baseball 6 years ( 2013 -- 2019 ) $147,000,000 $24,500,000 $151,234.57 40 Gareth Bale Real Madrid C.F. Association football 6 years ( 2013 -- 2019 ) $146,280,000 $24,380,000 $406,333.33 41 Mike Trout Los Angeles Angels Baseball 6 years ( 2015 -- 2020 ) $144,500,000 $24,083,333 $148,662.55 42 Cole Hamels Philadelphia Phillies * Baseball 6 years ( 2013 -- 2018 ) $144,000,000 $24,000,000 $148,148.15 43 Carl Crawford Boston Red Sox * Baseball 7 years ( 2011 -- 2017 ) $142,000,000 $20,285,714 $125,220.46 44 Damian Lillard Portland Trail Blazers Basketball 5 years ( 2016 -- 2021 ) $139,888,445 $27,977,689 $341,191.33 45 Andrew Luck Indianapolis Colts American football 6 years ( 2016 -- 2021 ) $139,125,000 $23,187,500 $1,449,218.75 46 DeMar DeRozan Toronto Raptors Basketball 5 years ( 2016 -- 2021 ) $139,000,000 $27,800,000 $339,024.39 47 David Wright New York Mets Baseball 8 years ( 2013 -- 2020 ) $138,000,000 $17,250,000 $106,481.48 48 ( tie ) Johan Santana New York Mets * Baseball 6 years ( 2008 -- 2013 ) $137,500,000 $22,916,667 $141,460.91 48 ( tie ) Jimmy Garoppolo San Francisco 49ers American football 5 years ( 2018 -- 2022 ) $137,500,000 $27,500,000 $1,718,750.00 50 Kobe Bryant Los Angeles Lakers * Basketball 7 years ( 2004 -- 2011 ) $136,400,000 $19,485,714 $237,630.66 51 Alfonso Soriano Chicago Cubs * Baseball 8 years ( 2007 -- 2014 ) $136,000,000 $17,000,000 $104,938.27 52 ( tie ) Freddie Freeman Atlanta Braves Baseball 8 years ( 2014 -- 2021 ) $135,000,000 $16,875,000 $104,166.67 52 ( tie ) Matthew Stafford Detroit Lions American football 5 years ( 2018 -- 2022 ) $135,000,000 $27,000,000 $1,687,500.00 54 Justin Upton Detroit Tigers Baseball 6 years ( 2016 -- 2021 ) $132,750,000 $22,125,000 $136,574.07 55 Calvin Johnson Detroit Lions * American football 8 years ( 2007 -- 2015 ) $132,000,000 $16,500,000 $1,031,250.00 56 ( tie ) Shin - Soo Choo Texas Rangers Baseball 7 years ( 2014 -- 2020 ) $130,000,000 $18,571,428 $114,638.45 56 ( tie ) Michael Vick Atlanta Falcons * American football 10 years ( 2005 -- 2014 ) $130,000,000 $13,000,000 $812,500.00 58 ( tie ) Johnny Cueto San Francisco Giants Baseball 6 years ( 2016 -- 2021 ) $130,000,000 $21,666,667 $133,744.86 58 ( tie ) Anthony Davis New Orleans Pelicans Basketball 5 years ( 2016 -- 2021 ) $127,171,313 $25,434,262 $310,173.93 58 ( tie ) Andre Drummond Detroit Pistons Basketball 5 years ( 2016 -- 2021 ) $127,171,313 $25,434,262 $310,173.93 58 ( tie ) Bradley Beal Washington Wizards Basketball 5 years ( 2016 -- 2021 ) $127,171,313 $25,434,262 $310,173.93 62 Jay Cutler Chicago Bears * American football 7 years ( 2014 -- 2020 ) $126,700,000 $18,100,000 $1,131,250.00 63 Jermaine O'Neal Indiana Pacers * Basketball 7 years ( 2003 -- 2010 ) $126,558,000 $18,079,714 $220,484.32 64 ( tie ) Kevin Garnett Minnesota Timberwolves * Basketball 6 years ( 1999 -- 2005 ) $126,000,000 $21,000,000 $256,097.56 64 ( tie ) Rashard Lewis Orlando Magic * Basketball 6 years ( 2007 -- 2013 ) $126,000,000 $21,000,000 $256,097.56 64 ( tie ) Vernon Wells Toronto Blue Jays * Baseball 7 years ( 2008 -- 2014 ) $126,000,000 $18,000,000 $111,111.11 64 ( tie ) Barry Zito San Francisco Giants * Baseball 7 years ( 2007 -- 2013 ) $126,000,000 $18,000,000 $111,111.11 64 ( tie ) Jayson Werth Washington Nationals * Baseball 7 years ( 2011 -- 2017 ) $126,000,000 $18,000,000 $111,111.11 64 ( tie ) Colin Kaepernick San Francisco 49ers * American football 6 years ( 2015 -- 2020 ) $126,000,000 $21,000,000 $1,312,500.00 64 ( tie ) Jrue Holiday New Orleans Pelicans Basketball 5 years ( 2017 -- 2022 ) $126,000,000 $25,200,000 $307,317.07 71 ( tie ) Ryan Howard Philadelphia Phillies * Baseball 5 years ( 2012 -- 2016 ) $125,000,000 $25,000,000 $154,320.99 71 ( tie ) Josh Hamilton Los Angeles Angels * Baseball 5 years ( 2013 -- 2017 ) $125,000,000 $25,000,000 $154,320.99 71 ( tie ) Derek Carr Oakland Raiders American football 5 years ( 2018 -- 2022 ) $125,000,000 $25,000,000 $1,562,500.00 74 Carmelo Anthony New York Knicks * Basketball 5 years ( 2014 -- 2019 ) $124,064,280 $24,812,856 $302,595.81 75 ( tie ) Michael Schumacher Ferrari * Auto racing 4 years ( 1996 -- 1999 ) $124,000,000 $31,000,000 $1,907,692.30 75 ( tie ) Alexander Ovechkin Washington Capitals Hockey 13 years ( 2008 -- 2021 ) $124,000,000 $9,538,461 $116,322.70 77 Joe Johnson Atlanta Hawks * Basketball 6 years ( 2010 -- 2017 ) $123,658,089 $20,609,681 $251,337.58 78 Chris Webber Sacramento Kings * Basketball 7 years ( 2001 -- 2007 ) $122,718,750 $17,531,250 $213,795.73 79 Tim Duncan San Antonio Spurs * Basketball 7 years ( 2003 -- 2010 ) $122,007,704 $17,429,672 $212,556.98 80 Mike Hampton Colorado Rockies * Baseball 8 years ( 2001 -- 2008 ) $121,000,000 $15,125,000 $93,364.20 81 Joe Flacco Baltimore Ravens American football 6 years ( 2013 -- 2018 ) $120,600,000 $20,100,000 $1,256,250.00 82 ( tie ) Jason Giambi New York Yankees * Baseball 7 years ( 2002 -- 2008 ) $120,000,000 $17,142,857 $105,820.10 82 ( tie ) Elvis Andrus Texas Rangers Baseball 8 years ( 2015 -- 2022 ) $120,000,000 $15,000,000 $92,592.59 82 ( tie ) Cliff Lee Philadelphia Phillies * Baseball 5 years ( 2011 -- 2015 ) $120,000,000 $24,000,000 $148,148.15 82 ( tie ) Shaquille O'Neal Los Angeles Lakers * Basketball 7 years ( 1996 -- 2003 ) $120,000,000 $17,142,857 $209,059.23 82 ( tie ) Matt Holliday St. Louis Cardinals * Baseball 7 years ( 2010 -- 2016 ) $120,000,000 $17,142,857 $105,820.10 82 ( tie ) Larry Fitzgerald Arizona Cardinals American football 8 years ( 2011 -- 2018 ) $120,000,000 $15,000,000 $937,500.00 82 ( tie ) Nicolas Batum Charlotte Hornets Basketball 5 years ( 2016 -- 2021 ) $120,000,000 $24,000,000 $292,682.93 89 Carson Palmer Cincinnati Bengals * American football 9 years ( 2006 -- 2014 ) $119,750,000 $13,305,555 $831,597.19 90 Carlos Beltrán New York Mets * Baseball 7 years ( 2005 -- 2011 ) $119,000,000 $17,000,000 $104,938.27 91 James Harden Houston Rockets Basketball 4 years ( 2016 -- 2020 ) $118,103,446 $29,525,861 $360,071.48 92 Chris Bosh Miami Heat Basketball 5 years ( 2014 -- 2019 ) $118,000,000 $23,600,000 $287,804.88 93 Ken Griffey , Jr . Cincinnati Reds * Baseball 9 years ( 2000 -- 2008 ) $116,500,000 $12,944,444 $79,903.98 94 ( tie ) Donovan McNabb Philadelphia Eagles * American football 12 years ( 2002 -- 2013 ) $115,000,000 $9,583,333 $598,958.31 94 ( tie ) Andy Dalton Cincinnati Bengals American football 6 years ( 2015 -- 2020 ) $115,000,000 $19,166,667 $1,197,916.67 96 Von Miller Denver Broncos American football 6 years ( 2016 -- 2021 ) $114,500,000 $19,083,333 $1,192,708.33 97 Ndamukong Suh Miami Dolphins * American football 6 years ( 2015 -- 2020 ) $114,000,000 $19,000,000 $1,187,500.00 98 Al Horford Boston Celtics Basketball 4 years ( 2016 -- 2020 ) $113,326,228 $28,331,557 $345,506.79 99 ( tie ) Kevin Love Cleveland Cavaliers Basketball 5 years ( 2015 -- 2020 ) $113,211,750 $22,642,350 $276,126.22 99 ( tie ) Marc Gasol Memphis Grizzlies Basketball 5 years ( 2015 -- 2020 ) $113,211,750 $22,642,350 $276,126.22 -- Rodriguez 's 2014 salary was reduced to $2,868,853 due to his season - long suspension related to the Biogenesis baseball scandal -- Rodriguez opted out of this contract after the 2007 season -- Vick 's contract was terminated by the Atlanta Falcons after the 2006 season -- Based on regular season games only ( excludes any playoff games ) , also in baseball , starting pitchers usually pitch every five games , resting during the interval between starts -- Exact contract figures will be available once the 2017 -- 18 salary cap is set and contracts are officially signed -- retired -- While still technically under contract , injury has ended his career * -- no longer on team ‡ -- entirety of contract salary not guaranteed See also ( edit ) Gaius Appuleius Diocles List of highest paid baseball players List of most expensive association football transfers Notes ( edit ) Contracts in the NFL are often not guaranteed , meaning that players who retire , or who are cut , do not receive their contracted salaries after their release from the team . NBA and NHL seasons span two calendar years . Michael Vick was suspended by the NFL in 2007 . The Atlanta Falcons were unsuccessful in a civil legal process to attempt to recoup $20 million of the $100 million in bonuses paid to Vick under terms of his contract extension . During his contract years , Michael Schumacher had significantly higher annual earnings than the athletes on this list with larger total contracts . On top of his $31 million per year paid by the Ferrari team , which alone ranked as the highest annual earnings at the time , he also earned a significant amount more per year from race winnings . David Beckham signed a five - year deal with MLS soccer team Los Angeles Galaxy that was worth a reported $251 million , but that figure included commercial endorsements ; only $5 million a year of that figure is salary from the club , while the rest will come via existing endorsements and profit sharing with the club . Lewis Hamilton signed a contract with McLaren Mercedes worth at least ₤ 70 million ( $138 million USD ) over 5 seasons ( 2008 -- 2012 ) . However , no official contract details have been released by the team . In 2010 , the NHL rejected a 17 - year , $102 million contract between the New Jersey Devils and Ilya Kovalchuk , saying that the contract was `` a circumvention of the collective bargaining agreement . '' The later years of the contract would have paid Kovalchuk only $550,000 per year , which lowered the average value per year of the contract . ( The NHL 's salary cap is based on the average value per year . ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Brown , Tim ( 2014 - 11 - 17 ) . `` Marlins slugger Giancarlo Stanton agrees to 13 year , $325 million contract extension '' . yahoo.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ https://nesn.com/2018/10/canelo-alvarez-signs-richest-athlete-contract-in-sports-history Jump up ^ `` Rodriguez finalizes $275 M deal with Yankees -- MLB -- ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com. 2007 - 12 - 13 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN.com : MLB -- Rangers go for broke : A-Rod deal worth $252 M '' . Static.espn.go.com. 2003 - 07 - 18 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Miggy , Tigers agree on record extension '' . MLB.com. 2014 - 03 - 28 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Robinson Cano Agrees to deal with seattle mariners '' . Espn.go.com. 2013 - 12 - 06 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Albert Pujols ' deal completed with Los Angeles Angels ; worth $240 M over 10 years -- ESPN Los Angeles '' . Espn.go.com. 2012 - 01 - 05 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Supermax extension to pay James Harden record $228 M through 2022 -- 23 ; ESPN.com : News '' . ESPN.com. 2017 - 07 - 09 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ ESPN.com news services ( 2014 - 04 - 04 ) . `` Joey Votto agrees to biggest contract in Cincinnati Reds history '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Red Sox To Sign David Price '' . MLB Trade Rumors . 2015 - 12 - 01 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ . 2014 - 01 - 15 http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1913911-clayton-kershaw-and-dodgers-agree-on-7-year-contract-extension . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 15 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Source -- Detroit Tigers land Prince Fielder with nine - year , $214 million deal -- ESPN '' . Espn.go.com. 2012 - 01 - 25 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Nationals deal with Max Scherzer for $210 M , half deferred '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ Wilmoth , Charles ( 2015 - 12 - 04 ) . `` Diamondbacks To Sign Zack Greinke '' . MLB Trade Rumors . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ http://www.sportingnews.com/nba/news/russell-westbrook-contract-extension-details-thunder-news-roster-paul-george-carmelo-anthony-trade/1snpa0u01qeor17m7c2evrqc03 ) . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Wojnarowski , Adrian ( 2017 - 06 - 30 ) . `` Stephen Curry 's supermax deal becomes richest in NBA history '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN Classic -- Jeter drives the Yankees '' . Static.espn.go.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20100326195732/http://wcco.com/local/mauer.contract.extension.2.1579043.html . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2010 . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Cubs add to offseason haul by adding Jason Heyward on 8 - year , $184 M deal '' . ESPN.com news service . 11 Dec 2015 . Jump up ^ Buster OlneyESPN InsiderFollowArchive ( 2008 - 12 - 23 ) . `` Sources : Mark Teixeira , New York Yankees agree to 8 - year deal -- ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Verlander gets record deal '' . ESPN.com news service . 2013 - 03 - 29 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ Nightengale , Bob ( 2013 - 02 - 07 ) . `` Mariners , Felix Hernandez agree to $175 million deal '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ Matz , Eddie ( 2016 - 05 - 09 ) . `` Sources : Stephen Strasburg , Nats agree to 7 - year , $175 M extension '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ Kent , Austin ( 2016 - 06 - 30 ) . `` Blake Griffin To Sign 5 - Year Deal With Clippers '' . Hoops Rumors . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ Links , Zack ( 2013 - 03 - 29 ) . `` Giants Extend Buster Posey '' . MLB Trade Rumors . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` CC revels no longer being the big fish MLB.com : News '' . Mlb.mlb.com. 2012 - 06 - 19 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Davis , Orioles agree to 7 - year , $161 million deal '' . Baltimore Sun . 2016 - 01 - 16 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` ( title ) '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 06 - 24 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/19991007144746/http://www.usatoday.com/sports/baseball/mlbfs02.htm . Archived from the original on 1999 - 10 - 07 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Colorado Rockies agree to seven - year megadeal with shortstop Troy Tulowitzki -- ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com. 2010 - 12 - 01 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball - Tanaka chooses Yankees in $155 million deal '' . sports.yahoo.com. 2014 - 01 - 22 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Cubs get their man in Jon Lester , now ready to be serious contenders '' . CBSSports.com. 2014 - 12 - 10 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Adrian Gonzalez , Boston Red Sox agree to seven - year , $154 million contract -- ESPN Boston '' . Sports.espn.go.com. 2011 - 04 - 16 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ forumula1.com ( 2006 - 12 - 05 ) . `` Raikkonen is F1 's highest paid driver '' . forumula1.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ CBSSports.com ( 2013 - 12 - 03 ) . `` Jacoby Ellsbury , Yankees agree to seven - year , $153 M deal `` . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Conley , Memphis Grizzlies agree in principle on 5 - year , $153 million deal '' . ESPN.com. 2016 - 07 - 01 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : `` ESPN.com -- Major League Baseball -- Rockies sign Helton to nine - year contract extension '' . Static.espn.go.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Dodgers sign Zack Greinke '' . ESPN.com news service . 2012 - 12 - 11 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Gareth Bale Joins Real Madrid From Spurs on 6 - Year Contract '' . bloomberg.com. 2013 - 09 - 02 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Sources : Trout gets 6 years , $144.5 M '' . ESPN . 28 March 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Cole Hamels Deal : Phillies Agree To 6 - Year , $144 M Contract With Star Pitcher '' . The Huffington Post . 27 March 2013 . Archived from the original on 11 April 2013 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Ben ( 2010 - 12 - 10 ) . `` Red Sox Sign Carl Crawford : MLB Rumors '' . MLBTradeRumors.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Damian Lillard '' . Spotrac . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ Links , Zack ( 2016 - 06 - 29 ) . `` Colts Extend Andrew Luck Through 2021 '' . Pro Football Rumors . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ Adams , Luke ( 2016 - 07 - 01 ) . `` Raptors To Re-Sign Demar DeRozan '' . Hoops Rumors . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NY Mets third baseman David Wright to accept 8 - year , $138 million contract extension that will keep All - Star in Queens '' . New York : NY Daily News . 2012 - 12 - 01 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ Jun 8 , 8 : 02 pm EDT . `` Santana 's bid for consecutive no - hitters ends -- MLB -- Yahoo ! Sports '' . Sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ Kevin Parta . `` Jimmy Garoppolo , 49ers agree on record 5 - year deal '' . nfl.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe remains with Lakers -- NBA -- ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com. 2004 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Cubs agree to $136 M deal with Soriano -- MLB -- ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com. 2006 - 11 - 21 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Braves extend Freddie Freeman '' . ESPN.com news service . 2014 - 05 - 02 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ Shook , Nick ( 2017 - 08 - 28 ) . `` Lions , Matthew Stafford agree to $135 M extension '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Source : Justin Upton , Tigers agree to 6 - year , $132.75 M contract '' . ESPN.com. 2016 - 01 - 19 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ Farrar , Doug ( 2012 - 03 - 14 ) . `` Megabucks ! Calvin Johnson becomes the NFL 's highest - paid receiver Shutdown Corner -- Yahoo ! Sports '' . Sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Texas Rangers to sign Shin - Soo Choo to 7 - year deal -- ESPN Dallas '' . Espn.go.com. 2013 - 12 - 21 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Falcons quarterback Michael Vick signs richest NFL deal in history Jet '' . Find Articles. 2005 - 01 - 17 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 18 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ Pavlovic , Alex ( 2015 - 12 - 14 ) . `` Giants agree to six - year deal with Johnny Cueto '' . CSN Bay Area . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Anthony Davis '' . Spotrac . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ Adams , Luke ( 2016 - 07 - 01 ) . `` Pistons To Re-Sign Andre Drummond '' . Hoops Rumors . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ Adams , Luke ( 2016 - 07 - 01 ) . `` Wizards , Bradley Beal Agree To Five - Year Deal '' . Hoops Rumors . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ Farrar , Doug ( 2014 - 01 - 02 ) . `` Jay Cutler , Bears agree to seven - year contract extension '' . Sportsillustrated.cnn.com . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 26 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Jermaine O'Neal - Stats , Bio - Boston Celtics - NBA - Pro Basketball - SI.com '' . Sportsillustrated.cnn.com. 1978 - 10 - 13 . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2006 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Player Profiles -- Kevin Garnett '' . RealGM. 2006 - 01 - 26 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 11 - 30 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Salaries -- Orlando Magic '' . HoopsHype . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jays sign Wells to $126 million , seven - year extension -- MLB -- ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com. 2006 - 12 - 18 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Jayson Werth agrees to $126 million , 7 - year deal with Nationals -- ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com. 2010 - 12 - 06 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Colin Kaepernick signs six - year , $126 million extension with 49ers '' . CBS Sports . 2014 - 06 - 04 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ Adams , Luke ( 2017 - 07 - 01 ) . `` Pelicans , Jrue Holiday Agree To Five - Year Deal '' . Hoops Rumors . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Phillies sign Howard to $125 M extension -- ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com. 2010 - 04 - 27 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Josh Hamilton begins Angels career '' . Sports.espn.go.com. 2012 - 12 - 17 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders , Derek Carr finalize 5 - year , $125 M extension '' . NFL.com. 2017 - 06 - 22 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ Begley , Ian ( July 16 , 2014 ) . `` Carmelo Anthony deal less than max '' . ESPN New York . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ Davide Dukcevich , 09.02. 02 , 1 : 10 PM ET . `` The Incredible Michael Schumacher '' . Forbes.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Ovechkin , Capitals signs 13 - year , $124 million contract extension -- NHL -- ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com. 2008 - 01 - 13 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Agent : Johnson to stay in Atlanta '' . ESPN.com news services . 2010 - 07 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Player Profiles -- Chris Webber '' . RealGM. 1973 - 03 - 01 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 10 - 01 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Internet Archive Wayback Machine '' . 2007 - 05 - 27 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 27 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ JAMISON HENSLEY ( 2013 - 02 - 28 ) . `` Sources : Joe Flacco Earned His History Making Deal -- ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN.com : MLB -- Striking gold : Giambi , Yanks agree to $120 M deal '' . Static.espn.go.com. 2001 - 12 - 19 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Elvis Andrus signs 8 - year extension '' . ESPNDallas.com. 2013 - 04 - 04 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ Crasnick , Jerry ( 2010 - 12 - 14 ) . `` Sources : Cliff Lee to return to Phillies '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Maximum Contract Jet '' . Find Articles. 2000 - 10 - 30 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Holliday party : Cards introduce slugger MLB.com : News '' . Mlb.mlb.com. 2012 - 06 - 19 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Arizona Cardinals to re-sign Larry Fitzgerald for eight years , $120 million -- ESPN '' . Espn.go.com. 2011 - 08 - 21 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ Adams , Luke ( 2016 - 07 - 01 ) . `` Hornets To Re-Sign Nicolas Batum '' . Hoops Rumors . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Bengals QB Palmer signs extension through 2014 -- NFL -- ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com. 2005 - 12 - 29 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Report : Beltran tries to lure Delgado to Shea , too -- MLB -- ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com. 2005 - 01 - 10 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Rockets , Harden Agree To New Contract '' . Hoops Rumors . 2016 - 07 - 09 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ Amick , Sam ( 2014 - 07 - 11 ) . `` Chris Bosh lands max contract to stay with Miami Heat '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Donovan McNabb '' . AskMen. 1976 - 11 - 25 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 03 - 11 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Dalton , Bengals agree to six - year , $115 million contract '' . CBSSports.com. 2014 - 08 - 04 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ Links , Zach ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) . `` Broncos , Von Miller Agree To Extension '' . Pro Football Rumors . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Ndamukong Suh signs record deal '' . espn.go.com. 2015 - 03 - 11 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ Joseph , Will ( 2016 - 07 - 01 ) . `` Celtics To Sign Al Horford '' . Hoops Rumors . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ Windhorst , Brian ( 2015 - 07 - 01 ) . `` Kevin Love agrees to five - year , $110 million contract to stay with Cavs '' . ESPN . Jump up ^ Stein , Marc ( 2015 - 07 - 06 ) . `` Marc Gasol , Grizzlies agree to 5 - year max contract '' . ESPN . Jump up ^ Hoch , Bryan ( 2014 - 02 - 07 ) . `` A-Rod ends litigation against MLB , MLBPA '' . Yankees.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ ABC News . Beckham Looking Forward to U.S. Challenge . January 12 , 2007 . Retrieved January 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Entertainment value '' . Article on si.com. 2007 - 01 - 11 . Archived from the original on 25 January 2007 . Retrieved 11 January 2007 . Jump up ^ Chang , Jen . `` Debunking the myths behind Beckham 's contract '' . ESPN Soccernet . Retrieved 12 January 2007 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Edward ( 11 March 2008 ) . `` Lewis Hamilton saving for a rainy day '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 10 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , Dave ( 2010 - 07 - 21 ) . `` N.H.L. Rejects Long - Term Contract for Devils ' Ilya Kovalchuk '' . The New York Times . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_largest_sports_contracts&oldid=865604676 '' Categories : Household income Lists of sports superlatives Sports business Sports records and statistics Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with dead external links from July 2012 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Português Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2018 , at 23 : 51 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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call for the dead a george smiley novel			Call for the Dead	call for the dead		Call for the Dead First edition Author John le Carré Country United Kingdom Language English Series George Smiley Genre Crime , Spy novel Published 1961 Publisher Gollancz Media type Print ( hardback & paperback ) Pages 157 pp ISBN 0 - 7434 - 3167 - 7 Followed by A Murder of Quality Call for the Dead is John le Carré 's first novel , published in 1961 . It introduces George Smiley , the most famous of le Carré 's recurring characters , in a story about East German spies inside Great Britain . It also introduces a fictional version of British Intelligence , called `` the Circus '' because of its location in Cambridge Circus , that is apparently based on MI6 and that recurs throughout le Carré 's spy novels . Call for the Dead was filmed as The Deadly Affair , released in 1966 . Contents 1 Plot summary 2 Characters in Call for the Dead 3 Film , television , radio and theatrical adaptations 4 References 5 Sources Plot summary ( edit ) Foreign Office civil servant Samuel Fennan apparently commits suicide after a routine security check by Circus agent George Smiley . Smiley had interviewed and cleared Fennan only days previously after an anonymous accusation ; because of this , Circus head of service Maston sets up Smiley to be blamed for Fennan 's death . While interviewing Fennan 's wife Elsa in her home , Smiley answers the telephone , expecting the call to be for him . It is a requested 8 : 30 AM call from the telephone exchange . Inspector Mendel , a police officer on the verge of retirement who is investigating the Fennan case , finds out that the call had been requested by Fennan the night before . When Elsa later tells Smiley that she requested the call from the exchange , Smiley becomes suspicious of her . However , Maston unequivocally orders Smiley to refrain from any further investigation into Fennan 's death . Back in his office , Smiley receives a letter posted by Fennan the night before , requesting an urgent meeting that day . Believing that Fennan was murdered to prevent the meeting , Smiley resigns from the Circus and attaches his resignation to Fennan 's letter , which he forwards to Maston . Arriving home , Smiley notices a movement in the drawing room . He rings his own door bell and is met by a tall , fair , handsome stranger . Smiley skilfully avoids entering and notes all the number plates of the seven cars parked in the road . Mendel traces one car to a car dealer , Adam Scarr . Scarr tells Mendel that he rents the car out twice a month to a stranger known as `` Blondie '' , whose description matches Smiley 's intruder . Smiley is subsequently attacked and nearly killed while trying to track the car to `` Blondie '' , and Scarr is later murdered . Investigating further , Mendel learns that Elsa attends a local theatre twice a month with `` Blondie '' , and that the two exchange music cases at each performance . `` Blondie '' is soon identified by fellow Circus agent Peter Guillam as Hans - Dieter Mundt , an East German agent under diplomatic cover working for Dieter Frey , a German spy of Smiley 's during the Second World War who has since become an important East German agent . Smiley believes that Frey would use a courier like Mundt to service only one highly placed resident agent . Guillam reports that Mundt has fled England . When confronted with Smiley 's evidence , Elsa confesses to Smiley that her husband was an East German spy , that she was his unwilling accomplice in passing secret documents in the music cases , and that Fennan was killed by Mundt after Frey saw him talking to Smiley . However , Guillam learns that during the last six months , Fennan had been taking home insignificant , unclassified documents . Smiley realises that Elsa herself is the East German spy and that Fennan had accused himself to meet someone with whom he could discuss his suspicions about his wife . Smiley sets a trap , using his knowledge of Frey 's tradecraft from the war to inspire a rendezvous between Frey and Elsa . When Frey utilises the meeting to kill Elsa , he is trailed by Mendel and killed by Smiley while attempting to escape . Smiley turns down Maston 's offer of reinstatement and promotion and instead flies to Zurich to see his estranged wife , Ann . Characters in Call for the Dead ( edit ) George Smiley -- an officer of the Circus Samuel Fennan -- a British civil servant , who committed an apparent suicide Elsa Fennan -- his wife , formerly a refugee from Nazi Germany Inspector Mendel -- Smiley 's contact with the Metropolitan Police Peter Guillam -- an officer of the Circus subordinate to Smiley Maston ( `` The Ministers ' Adviser on Intelligence '' ) -- head of service for the Circus Adam Scarr -- a semi-criminal `` businessman '' Hans - Dieter Mundt , aka `` Blondie '' -- an agent of East German intelligence Dieter Frey -- an agent of East German intelligence , and a former wartime agent of Smiley 's Film , television , Radio and theatrical adaptations ( edit ) Call for the Dead was filmed as The Deadly Affair ( 1966 ) . It was directed by Sidney Lumet from a script by Paul Dehn , and starred James Mason as Charles Dobbs , ( not George Smiley , as le Carré had sold the rights to use the name `` George Smiley '' with the rights to The Spy Who Came in from the Cold ) , Harry Andrews as Mendel , Simone Signoret as Elsa Fennan and Maximilian Schell as Dieter Frey . The major change in the script from the book is the addition of an affair between Ann Smiley and Dieter Frey , which presages the events of Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy . Call for the Dead was first adapted as a BBC Radio 4 drama in 1978 . Subsequently , it was the first story to be broadcast in BBC Radio 4 's major series to feature all the Smiley novels ( `` The Complete Smiley '' ) , with Simon Russell Beale in the main role . Other characters and actors are as follows : Inspector Mendel -- Kenneth Cranham ; Elsa Fennan -- Eleanor Bron ; Ann Smiley -- Anna Chancellor ; Peter Guillam -- Richard Dillane ; Maston -- James Laurenson ; Dieter Frey -- Henry Goodman ; Adam Scarr / Mundt -- Sam Dale ; Ludo Oriel -- Janice Acquah ; Nursing Sister -- Caroline Guthrie ; With Benjamin Askew and Jonathan Tafler . The novel was adapted as a 90 - minute drama by Robert Forrest , produced by Patrick Raynor , and was transmitted on 23 May 2009 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bickerton , Roger . `` Radio Plays 1945 -- 1997 : Serials '' . suttonelms.org.uk . Retrieved 27 November 2012 . Sources ( edit ) Call for the Dead , Penguin , 1965 . Works by John le Carré Novels Call for the Dead ( 1961 ) A Murder of Quality ( 1962 ) The Spy Who Came in from the Cold ( 1963 ) The Looking Glass War ( 1965 ) A Small Town in Germany ( 1968 ) The Naïve and Sentimental Lover ( 1971 ) Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy ( 1974 ) The Honourable Schoolboy ( 1977 ) Smiley 's People ( 1979 ) The Little Drummer Girl ( 1983 ) A Perfect Spy ( 1986 ) The Russia House ( 1989 ) The Secret Pilgrim ( 1990 ) The Night Manager ( 1993 ) Our Game ( 1995 ) The Tailor of Panama ( 1996 ) Single & Single ( 1999 ) The Constant Gardener ( 2001 ) Absolute Friends ( 2003 ) The Mission Song ( 2006 ) A Most Wanted Man ( 2008 ) Our Kind of Traitor ( 2010 ) A Delicate Truth ( 2013 ) A Legacy of Spies ( 2017 ) Films The Spy Who Came in from the Cold ( 1965 ) The Deadly Affair ( 1966 ) The Looking Glass War ( 1969 ) The Little Drummer Girl ( 1984 ) The Russia House ( 1990 ) The Tailor of Panama ( 2001 ) The Constant Gardener ( 2005 ) Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy ( 2011 ) A Most Wanted Man ( 2014 ) Our Kind of Traitor ( 2016 ) Television Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy ( 1979 ) Smiley 's People ( 1982 ) A Perfect Spy ( 1987 ) A Murder of Quality ( 1991 ) The Night Manager ( 2016 ) The Little Drummer Girl ( 2018 ) Characters Control Toby Esterhase Peter Guillam Bill Haydon Karla Jim Prideaux Connie Sachs George Smiley Ricki Tarr Gerald Westerby Miscellaneous Moscow Centre Constant Gardener Trust The Incongruous Spy Smiley Versus Karla Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Call_for_the_Dead&oldid=851971178 '' Categories : 1961 British novels Debut novels British spy novels Novels by John le Carré Victor Gollancz Ltd books British novels adapted into films Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from August 2016 EngvarB from September 2013 Use dmy dates from September 2013 Pages to import images to Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cymraeg Deutsch Español Français Italiano Polski Português Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 25 July 2018 , at 19 : 36 ( UTC ) . 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how did wolverine get his adamantium back after magneto removes it	Wolverine lost his adamantium skeleton ( and subsequently left the X-Men ) . He did not get it back until 2000 , when Apocalypse rebonded it to his skeleton , shown through flashback sequences during Wolverine ( vol. 2 ) # 145 . Genesis had attempted the same earlier , but did not succeed ( during Wolverine ( vol. 2 ) # 99 - # 100 ) .	Apocalypse rebonded it to his skeleton	Fatal Attractions ( comics )	fatal attractions ( comics )	`` Fatal Attractions '' is a major X-Men crossover written by Fabian Nicieza and Scott Lobdell , published by Marvel Comics in 1993 . Spanning the entire line of books , it served to commemorate the 30th anniversary of Marvel 's X-Men .	When Magneto and his Acolytes return , a new confrontation with the X-Men begins , with Professor Xavier tempted to cross a moral line to stop them . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 2 Aftermath 3 Tie - in issues 4 Reception 5 In other media 6 Collected editions 7 References Plot summary ( edit ) The Acolytes , now led by Fabian Cortez , attack Camp Hayden , the headquarters for Project : Wideawake , the latest government Sentinel program . The base is defended by government - sponsored mutant team X-Factor , and as the battle rages Cortez makes an offer to Quicksilver to be the Acolyte 's new leader , accepting his role as Magneto 's heir . The Acolytes leave after Quicksilver strongly declines . X-Force is approached by the mutant Exodus , who brings an offer of sanctuary from an unknown greater power . It is revealed that the `` sanctuary '' ( which is referred to as Avalon ) is in fact Cable 's former base of operations Graymalkin ( now retrofitted with Shiar technology ) , and the `` greater power '' to be the mutant Magneto , who was presumed dead after the fall of Asteroid M. Cable teleports X-Force away from Avalon using the station 's bodyslide technology , while he retrieves the sentient computer program Professor from the central core and activate the auto - destruct function . However , he is only successful in the former objective , as Magneto prevents him from fulfilling the latter , and Cable very nearly loses his life in a lopsided battle before teleporting himself out . The mutants Rusty and Skids , who were cured of their brainwashing at Stryfe 's hands by Magneto , elect to stay aboard Avalon . While the X-Men are burying Illyana Rasputin ( who was killed by the Legacy Virus ) , Magneto and the Acolytes crash the funeral , stating their intentions to wipe out humanity from Avalon , their space station . Colossus , distraught over his sister 's death and faltering in his faith in Professor X and his dream , joins Magneto and the Acolytes . The UN Security Council activates the Magneto Protocols , which uses a network of satellites to create a barrier around the planet that will prevent Magneto from using his powers from within . Magneto retaliates by unleashing an electromagnetic pulse on the Earth that creates havoc on the world 's electrical systems . Professor X dons a Shi'ar exoskeleton that enables him to walk , and assembles Jean Grey , Gambit , Rogue , Quicksilver and Wolverine to go to Avalon and stop Magneto . Arriving via Shi'ar teleportation device , the team boards Avalon and disables the station with a virus created by Beast . Magneto engages the X-Men in battle , and in a fit of rage after nearly being gutted by Wolverine , tears the adamantium out of Wolverine 's skeleton . Professor X , enraged by Magneto 's actions , mindwipes Magneto , leaving him in a coma . The X-Men race back to Earth to treat Wolverine , while Colossus stays in a devastated Avalon to care for the comatose Magneto . As the Blackbird returns to Earth , it runs into rough turbulence . Flashes of Wolverine 's consciousness are shown as he struggles to stay alive . The X-Men on Earth watch in horror as the crew frantically tries to stabilize the ship and care for Wolverine . The ship 's hatch opens , and Wolverine sees himself `` going towards the light '' , but he is pushed back . He awakens in time to prevent Jean Grey from getting sucked out of the Blackbird . The X-Men land on the Earth safely . As Wolverine recovers from his injuries , he and the X-Men learn that his claws were a part of his actual skeletal structure all along , as he now possesses claws made of bone . On Muir Island , the X-Men use Shadowcat to lure in Colossus in an effort to heal his head wound ( caused by the X-Cutioner ) , which they believed was responsible for his defection . The ruse works , and while Nightcrawler fends off the Acolytes ' attempts to reclaim their ally , Professor X and Moira MacTaggert heal Colossus , using Cyclops ' optic blast . Once again able to return to his human form , Colossus still elects to remain amongst the Acolytes , to keep them in check . Aftermath ( edit ) This story leads directly into the Avengers / X-Men crossover `` Bloodties '' . In wiping out Magneto 's mind , Professor X unleashes an evil psychic entity , Onslaught , that festers in his own mind , leading to the Onslaught Saga of 1996 . The mind - wiped Magneto did not return until 1997 in Uncanny X-men 350 . Wolverine lost his adamantium skeleton ( and subsequently left the X-Men ) . He did not get it back until 2000 , when Apocalypse rebonded it to his skeleton , shown through flashback sequences during Wolverine ( vol. 2 ) # 145 . Genesis had attempted the same earlier , but did not succeed ( during Wolverine ( vol. 2 ) # 99 - # 100 ) . With the team in shambles , the three remaining members of Excalibur ( Nightcrawler , Shadowcat , and Phoenix ) decide to remain on Muir Island , abandoning their operations in Britain . After the destruction of Avalon , Colossus would later join Excalibur as part of his rehabilitation . According to Peter David , the idea of Magneto pulling out Wolverine 's adamantium came from the plotting of the X-Cutioner's Song crossover . He had sarcastically suggested the removal when they were considering bringing Magneto back , and supposedly it was never meant to be taken seriously . Nicieza returned to this story in honor of the X-Men's 50th anniversary in the special anthology comic X-Men : Gold # 1 ( 2013 ) . In this short story , we see that while he was erasing Magneto 's mind , Xavier gave him a final vision of a utopia that could have come to pass if the two of them had worked together . Tie - in issues ( edit ) X-Factor # 92 X-Force # 25 Uncanny X-Men # 304 X-Men ( vol. 2 ) # 25 Wolverine ( vol. 2 ) # 75 Excalibur # 71 Reception ( edit ) Initial installments of `` Fatal Attractions '' sold higher than the issues of the participating series which preceded them , but noticeably less than previous X-Men crossovers . Wizard magazine speculated that this was due to fan disappointment with recent X-Men crossovers , such as X-Cutioner's Song . In other media ( edit ) Several elements of the Fatal Attractions storyline were influenced in the X-Men animated series . In the two - part episode `` Sanctuary '' , Magneto creates Asteroid M , a human - free orbiting space station , though it was only Cortez who desired to use its weaponry to attack humans . Fatal Attractions was loosely adapted into a video game entitled X-Men : Children of the Atom in 1994 . Much like the comic book storyline , Magneto plans to unleash an electromagnetic pulse on the Earth that will disrupt the magnetic fields and create havoc on the world 's electrical systems , ushering in a Dark Age for the Earth 's non-mutant population . Unlike the storyline , where Magneto has the Acolytes on his side , Omega Red , the Sentinels , Silver Samurai , Spiral , and the Juggernaut joins forces with Magneto as he promises a mutant run planet . In the 2003 video game X2 : Wolverine 's Revenge ( which the storyline has more connections to the Marvel Universe than to X2 ) , the events of Fatal Attractions are briefly mentioned during the confrontation between Magneto and Wolverine , with Wolverine reminding the former he did n't forget when Magneto ripped the adamantium out of Wolverine 's body . Collected editions ( edit ) The story has been collected into a trade paperback X-Men : Fatal Attractions ( January 1995 , ISBN 0 - 7851 - 0065 - 2 ) The story has been collected into an Omnibus Hardcover X-Men : Fatal Attractions ( 816 pages , April 2012 , ISBN 978 - 0785162452 ) Collecting : Uncanny X-Men 298 - 305 , 315 , Annual 17 ; X-Factor 87 - 92 ; X-Men Unlimited 1 - 2 ; X-Force 25 ; X-Men 25 ; Wolverine 75 ; Excalibur 71 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Wizard Market Watch '' . Wizard ( 22 ) . June 1993 . pp. 134 -- 5 . X-Men comic books Current team titles Astonishing X-Men Weapon X X-Men Blue X-Men Gold X-Men Red Past team titles A + X All - New X-Factor All - New X-Men Alpha Flight Amazing X-Men Cable and X-Force Classic X-Men District X Excalibur / New Excalibur Extraordinary X-Men Generation X New Mutants New X-Men Professor Xavier and the X-Men Spider - Man and the X-Men Uncanny X-Force Uncanny X-Men Wolverine and the X-Men X-Factor X-Force X-Men X-Men : First Class X-Men : Legacy ( vol. 1 ) X-Men : The Hidden Years X-Men Unlimited X-Statix X-Treme X-Men ( vol. 1 ) Young X-Men Solo titles All - New Wolverine Cable Old Man Logan Past solo titles Agent X Cable & Deadpool Wolverine Wolverine : Origins Wolverine : The Best There Is Wolverine : Weapon X Alternate universe titles Exiles / New Exiles Past alternate universe titles Ultimate Comics : X-Men Ultimate X-Men X-Men 2099 X-Men ' 92 X-Men Forever X-Nation 2099 Limited series titles List of X-Men limited series and one - shots Star Trek / X-Men The Uncanny X-Men and The New Teen Titans X-Men : Apocalypse vs. Dracula Storylines `` Second Genesis '' `` The Dark Phoenix Saga '' `` Days of Future Past '' `` God Loves , Man Kills '' `` Mutant Massacre '' `` Fall of the Mutants '' `` Inferno '' `` Days of Future Present '' `` X-Tinction Agenda '' `` Muir Island Saga '' `` X-Cutioner's Song '' `` Fatal Attractions '' `` Bloodties '' `` Child 's Play '' `` Phalanx Covenant '' `` Legion Quest '' `` Age of Apocalypse '' `` Onslaught '' `` Operation : Zero Tolerance '' `` The Hunt for Xavier '' `` The Twelve '' `` Eve of Destruction '' `` Assault on Weapon Plus '' `` House of M '' `` Decimation '' `` Deadly Genesis '' `` End of Greys '' `` Endangered Species '' `` Messiah Complex '' `` Divided We Stand '' `` Manifest Destiny '' `` X-Infernus '' `` Messiah War '' `` Utopia '' `` Nation X '' `` Necrosha '' `` Second Coming '' `` Curse of the Mutants '' `` Age of X '' `` Schism '' `` Regenesis '' `` Avengers vs. X-Men '' `` Battle of the Atom '' `` Death of Wolverine '' `` AXIS '' `` The Black Vortex '' `` Inhumans vs. X-Men '' New X-Men story arcs E Is for Extinction Imperial New Worlds Riot at Xavier 's Murder at the Mansion Planet X Here Comes Tomorrow Other `` Ultimate Spider - Man and X-Men '' Related Ultimate X-Men story arcs Uncanny X-Men # 94 Categories Titles Storylines Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fatal_Attractions_(comics)&oldid=815783404 '' Categories : X-Men storylines 1993 in comics Crossover comics Hidden categories : Comics caption less artist Comics infobox image less alt text Story arc pop All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano עברית Edit links This page was last edited on 17 December 2017 , at 03 : 18 . 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who has the most three pointers in one game	13 by Stephen Curry , Golden State Warriors ( vs. New Orleans Pelicans ) on November 7 , 2016 ( 13 / 17 )	Stephen Curry	NBA Regular season records	nba regular season records	This article lists all - time records achieved in the NBA regular season in major statistical categories recognized by the league , including those set by teams and individuals in a game , season , and career . The NBA also recognizes records from its original incarnation , the Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Regular season records 1.1 Game 1.2 Season 1.3 Career 2 Rookie and age - related records 3 Team records 3.1 Game 3.2 Season 3.3 Franchise 4 Other records 5 Awards 6 See also 7 Footnotes 8 References Regular season records Game Most minutes in a game 69 by Dale Ellis , Seattle SuperSonics ( at Milwaukee Bucks ) on November 9 , 1989 ( 5 OT ) Most points in a game 100 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 Most points in a half 59 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 ( 2nd ) Most points in a quarter 37 by Klay Thompson , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Sacramento Kings ) on January 23 , 2015 ( 3rd ) Most points in an overtime period 16 by Gilbert Arenas , Washington Wizards ( vs. Los Angeles Lakers ) on December 17 , 2006 Most field goals made in a game 36 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 Most field goals attempted in a game 63 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 Most field goals missed in a game 30 by Kobe Bryant , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Boston Celtics ) on November 7 , 2002 Most field goals made in a half 22 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 ( 2nd ) Most field goals attempted in a half 37 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 ( 2nd ) Most field goals made in a quarter 13 by David Thompson , Denver Nuggets ( vs. Detroit Pistons ) on April 9 , 1978 ( 1st ) 13 by Klay Thompson , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Sacramento Kings ) on January 23 , 2015 ( 3rd ) Most field goals attempted in a quarter 21 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 ( 4th ) Most field goals made in a game , no misses 18 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia 76ers ( vs. Baltimore Bullets ) on February 24 , 1967 Most field goals attempted in a game , none made 17 by Tim Hardaway , Golden State Warriors ( at Minnesota Timberwolves ) on December 27 , 1991 Most 3 - point field goals made in a game 13 by Stephen Curry , Golden State Warriors ( vs. New Orleans Pelicans ) on November 7 , 2016 ( 13 / 17 ) Most 3 - point field goals attempted in a game 22 by J.R. Smith , New York Knicks ( at Miami Heat ) on April 6 , 2014 ( 10 / 22 ) Most 3 - point field goals made in a game , no misses 9 by Latrell Sprewell , New York Knicks ( vs. Los Angeles Clippers ) on February 4 , 2003 9 by Ben Gordon , Chicago Bulls ( vs. Washington Wizards ) on April 14 , 2006 9 by Ben Gordon , Detroit Pistons ( at Denver Nuggets ) on March 21 , 2012 Most consecutive 3 - point field goals made to start a game 10 by Ty Lawson , Denver Nuggets ( vs. Minnesota Timberwolves ) on April 9 , 2011 ( 10 / 11 ) Most 3 - point field goals attempted in a game , none made 11 by Antoine Walker , Boston Celtics ( vs. Philadelphia 76ers ) on December 17 , 2001 11 by Trey Burke , Utah Jazz ( vs. Atlanta Hawks ) on January 2 , 2015 11 by Stephen Curry , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Philadelphia 76ers ) on February 27 , 2017 Most 3 - point field goals made in a half 10 by Chandler Parsons , Houston Rockets ( vs. Memphis Grizzlies ) on January 24 , 2014 ( 10 / 11 ) Most 3 - point field goals made in a quarter 9 by Klay Thompson , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Sacramento Kings ) on January 23 , 2015 ( 9 / 9 ) Most 3 - point field goals attempted in a quarter , no misses 9 by Klay Thompson , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Sacramento Kings ) on January 23 , 2015 ( 9 / 9 ) Most free throws made in a game 28 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 ( 28 / 32 ) 28 by Adrian Dantley , Utah Jazz ( vs. Houston Rockets ) on January 4 , 1984 ( 28 / 29 ) Most free throws made in a game , no misses 23 by Dominique Wilkins , Atlanta Hawks ( vs. Chicago Bulls ) on December 8 , 1992 Most consecutive free throws made in a game 24 by DeMar DeRozan , Toronto Raptors ( vs. Portland Trail Blazers ) on March 4 , 2016 Most free throws attempted in a game , none made 11 by Shaquille O'Neal , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Seattle SuperSonics ) on December 8 , 2000 Most free throws attempted in a game 39 by Dwight Howard , Orlando Magic ( vs. Golden State Warriors ) on January 12 , 2012 ( 21 / 39 ) 39 by Dwight Howard , Los Angeles Lakers ( at Orlando Magic ) on March 12 , 2013 ( 25 / 39 ) Most free throws missed in a game 23 by Andre Drummond , Detroit Pistons ( at Houston Rockets ) on January 20 , 2016 ( 13 / 36 ) Most free throws made in a half 20 by Michael Jordan , Chicago Bulls ( vs. Miami Heat ) on December 30 , 1992 Most free throws attempted in a half 26 by Josh Smith , Houston Rockets ( vs. San Antonio Spurs ) on April 10 , 2015 ( 12 / 26 ) Most free throws made in a quarter 16 by Vince Carter , New Jersey Nets ( at Miami Heat ) on December 23 , 2005 Most free throws attempted in a quarter 20 by Ben Wallace , Detroit Pistons ( at Los Angeles Clippers ) on December 11 , 2005 Most rebounds in a game 55 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. Boston Celtics ) on November 24 , 1960 Most rebounds in a half 32 by Bill Russell , Boston Celtics ( vs. Philadelphia Warriors ) on November 16 , 1957 Most rebounds in a quarter 18 by Nate Thurmond , San Francisco Warriors ( at Baltimore Bullets ) on February 28 , 1965 Most offensive rebounds in a game 21 by Moses Malone , Houston Rockets ( vs. Seattle SuperSonics ) on February 11 , 1982 Most defensive rebounds in a game 29 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Detroit Pistons ) on December 14 , 1975 Most offensive rebounds in a half 13 by Charles Barkley , Philadelphia 76ers ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 4 , 1987 Most defensive rebounds in a half 18 by Swen Nater , San Diego Clippers ( vs. Denver Nuggets ) on December 14 , 1979 Most offensive rebounds in a quarter 11 by Charles Barkley , Philadelphia 76ers ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 4 , 1987 11 by Larry Smith , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Denver Nuggets ) on March 23 , 1986 Most defensive rebounds in a quarter 13 by Happy Hairston , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Philadelphia 76ers ) on November 15 , 1974 Most assists in a game 30 by Scott Skiles , Orlando Magic ( vs. Denver Nuggets ) on December 30 , 1990 Most assists in a half 19 by Bob Cousy , Boston Celtics ( vs. Minneapolis Lakers ) on February 27 , 1959 Most assists in a quarter 14 by John Lucas , San Antonio Spurs ( vs. Denver Nuggets ) on April 15 , 1984 14 by Steve Blake , Portland Trail Blazers ( vs. Los Angeles Clippers ) on February 22 , 2009 Most steals in a game 11 by Larry Kenon , San Antonio Spurs ( at Kansas City Kings ) on December 26 , 1976 11 by Kendall Gill , New Jersey Nets ( vs. Miami Heat ) on April 3 , 1999 Most steals in a half 8 by Quinn Buckner , Milwaukee Bucks ( vs. New York Nets ) on November 27 , 1976 8 by Fred Brown , Seattle SuperSonics ( at Philadelphia 76ers ) on December 3 , 1976 8 by Gus Williams , Seattle SuperSonics ( at Washington Bullets ) on January 23 , 1979 8 by Eddie Jordan , New Jersey Nets ( at Chicago Bulls ) on October 23 , 1979 8 by Dudley Bradley , Indiana Pacers ( at Utah Jazz ) on November 10 , 1980 8 by Rob Williams , Denver Nuggets ( at New Jersey Nets ) on February 17 , 1983 8 by Fat Lever , Denver Nuggets ( vs. Indiana Pacers ) on March 9 , 1985 8 by Michael Jordan , Chicago Bulls ( at Boston Celtics ) on November 9 , 1988 8 by Clyde Drexler , Houston Rockets ( vs. Sacramento Kings ) on November 1 , 1996 8 by Doug Christie , Toronto Raptors ( at Philadelphia 76ers ) on April 2 , 1997 8 by Michael Finley , Dallas Mavericks ( vs. Philadelphia 76ers ) on January 23 , 2001 8 by Rafer Alston , Houston Rockets ( vs. Charlotte Bobcats ) on February 10 , 2007 Most steals in a quarter 8 by Fat Lever , Denver Nuggets ( vs. Indiana Pacers ) on March 9 , 1985 Most blocks in a game 17 by Elmore Smith , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Portland Trail Blazers ) on October 28 , 1973 Most blocks in a half 11 by Elmore Smith , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Portland Trail Blazers ) on October 28 , 1973 11 by George T. Johnson , San Antonio Spurs ( vs. Golden State Warriors ) on February 24 , 1981 11 by Manute Bol , Washington Bullets ( vs. Milwaukee Bucks ) on December 12 , 1985 Most blocks in a quarter 8 by Manute Bol , Washington Bullets ( vs. Milwaukee Bucks ) on December 12 , 1985 8 by Manute Bol , Washington Bullets ( vs. Indiana Pacers ) on February 26 , 1987 8 by Dikembe Mutombo , Philadelphia 76ers ( at Chicago Bulls ) on December 1 , 2001 8 by Erick Dampier , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Los Angeles Clippers ) on April 17 , 2002 Most turnovers in a game 14 by John Drew , Atlanta Hawks ( at New Jersey Nets ) on March 1 , 1978 14 by Jason Kidd , Phoenix Suns ( vs. New York Knicks ) on November 17 , 2000 Quickest disqualification 3 minutes by Bubba Wells , Dallas Mavericks ( vs. Chicago Bulls ) on December 29 , 1997 Season Most games played 88 by Walt Bellamy , 1968 -- 69 Most minutes per game average 48.52 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Most minutes 3,882 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Highest points per game average 50.36 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Most points 4,029 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Most 50 - point games 45 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Most 40 - point games 63 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Most field goals made 1,597 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Most field goals attempted 3,159 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Most field goals missed 1,562 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Highest field goal percentage 72.7 % by Wilt Chamberlain , 1972 -- 73 Most free throws made 840 by Jerry West , 1965 -- 66 Most free throws attempted 1,363 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Highest free throw percentage 98.05 % by José Calderón , 2008 -- 09 Most 3 - point field goals made 402 by Stephen Curry , 2015 -- 16 Highest 3 - point field goals per game average 5.1 by Stephen Curry , 2015 -- 16 Most 3 - point field goals attempted 886 by Stephen Curry , 2015 -- 16 Highest 3 - point field goals attempted per game average 11.2 by Stephen Curry , 2015 -- 16 Highest 3 - point field goal percentage 53.6 % by Kyle Korver , 2009 -- 10 Highest rebounds per game average 27.2 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1960 -- 61 Most rebounds 2,149 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1960 -- 61 Highest defensive rebounds per game average 13.7 by Elvin Hayes , 1973 -- 74 Most defensive rebounds 1,111 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , 1975 -- 76 Highest offensive rebounds per game average 7.2 by Moses Malone , 1978 -- 79 Most offensive rebounds 587 by Moses Malone , 1978 -- 79 Highest assists per game average 14.54 by John Stockton , 1989 -- 90 Most assists 1164 by John Stockton , 1990 -- 91 Highest steals per game average 3.67 by Alvin Robertson , 1985 -- 86 Most steals 301 by Alvin Robertson , 1985 -- 86 Highest blocks per game average 5.56 by Mark Eaton , 1984 -- 85 Most blocks 456 by Mark Eaton , 1984 -- 85 Highest turnovers per game average 5.73 by James Harden , 2016 -- 17 Most turnovers 464 by James Harden , 2016 -- 17 Most personal fouls 386 by Darryl Dawkins , 1983 -- 84 Most technical fouls 41 by Rasheed Wallace , 2000 -- 01 Most disqualifications 26 by Don Meineke , 1952 -- 53 Most consecutive disqualifications 6 by Don Boven , 1951 -- 52 Triple - double per game average Oscar Robertson : 30.8 points , 12.5 rebounds , and 11.4 assists , 1961 -- 62 . Russell Westbrook : 31.6 points , 10.7 rebounds , and 10.4 assists , 2016 -- 17 . Most triple - doubles 42 by Russell Westbrook , 2016 -- 17 Most consecutive triple - doubles 9 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1967 -- 68 Career Most games 1,611 by Robert Parish Most consecutive games 1,192 by A.C. Green Most minutes per game 45.8 by Wilt Chamberlain Most minutes 57,446 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Highest points per game average 30.12 by Michael Jordan Most points 38,387 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most seasons leading league in points 11 by Michael Jordan Most seasons leading league in points per game 10 by Michael Jordan Most consecutive seasons leading league in points 7 by Wilt Chamberlain ( 1959 -- 60 -- 1965 -- 66 ) and Michael Jordan ( 1986 -- 87 -- 1992 -- 93 ) Most 60 + point games 32 by Wilt Chamberlain Most 50 + point games 118 by Wilt Chamberlain Most 40 + point games 271 by Wilt Chamberlain Most 30 + point games 562 by Michael Jordan Most 20 + point games 1,134 by Karl Malone Most 10 + point games 1,509 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most consecutive 50 + point games 7 by Wilt Chamberlain from December 16 -- 29 , 1961 Most consecutive 40 + point games 14 by Wilt Chamberlain from December 8 -- 30 , 1961 and January 11 -- February 1 , 1962 Most consecutive 30 + point games 65 by Wilt Chamberlain from November 4 , 1961 -- February 22 , 1962 Most consecutive 20 + point games 126 by Wilt Chamberlain from October 19 , 1961 -- January 19 , 1963 Most consecutive 10 + point games 866 by Michael Jordan from March 25 , 1986 -- December 26 , 2001 Most field goals made 15,837 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most field goals attempted 28,307 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most seasons leading league in field goals made 10 by Michael Jordan Most consecutive seasons leading league in field goals made 7 by Wilt Chamberlain ( 1960 -- 66 ) and Michael Jordan ( 1987 -- 93 ) Most seasons leading league in field goals attempted 9 by Michael Jordan Most consecutive seasons leading league in field goals attempted 7 by Wilt Chamberlain ( 1960 -- 66 ) Highest field goal percentage 59.9 % by Artis Gilmore Most seasons leading league in field goal percentage 10 by Shaquille O'Neal Most consecutive field goals made 35 by Wilt Chamberlain from February 17 -- 28 , 1967 Most consecutive games with a field goal made 1,360 by Tim Duncan from October 31 , 1997 to December 30 , 2015 . Most seasons leading league in free throws made 8 by Karl Malone Most consecutive free throws made 97 by Micheal Williams from March 24 -- November 9 , 1993 Most free throws made 9,787 by Karl Malone Most free throws attempted 13,188 by Karl Malone Most seasons leading league in free throws attempted 9 by Wilt Chamberlain Highest free throw percentage 90.43 % by Steve Nash ( 3,060 / 3,384 ) Most seasons leading league in free throw percentage 7 by Bill Sharman Most 3 - point field goals made 2,973 by Ray Allen Most 3 - point field goals attempted 7,429 by Ray Allen Highest 3 - point field goal percentage 45.4 % by Steve Kerr Most consecutive games with a 3 - point field goal made 157 by Stephen Curry from November 13 , 2014 -- November 4 , 2016 ( 73 in 2014 -- 15 ; 79 in 2015 -- 16 ; 5 in 2016 -- 17 ) Most consecutive 3 - point field goals made 13 by Brent Price from January 15 -- 19 , 1996 and Terry Mills from December 4 -- 7 , 1996 Most 50 -- 40 -- 90 seasons 4 by Steve Nash ( 2006 , 2008 -- 2010 ) Most rebounds 23,924 by Wilt Chamberlain Highest rebounds per game average 22.9 by Wilt Chamberlain Most seasons leading league in rebounds 11 by Wilt Chamberlain Most consecutive seasons leading league in rebounds 7 by Dennis Rodman Most offensive rebounds 6,731 by Moses Malone Highest offensive rebounds per game average 5.1 by Moses Malone Most seasons leading league in offensive rebounds 8 by Moses Malone Most consecutive seasons leading league in offensive rebounds 6 by Moses Malone Most defensive rebounds 11,453 by Kevin Garnett Highest defensive rebounds per game average 9.8 by Dave Cowens Most seasons leading league in defensive rebounds 6 by Dwight Howard ( 2007 -- 08 -- 2012 -- 13 ) Most consecutive seasons leading league in defensive rebounds 6 by Dwight Howard ( 2007 -- 08 -- 2012 -- 13 ) Most assists 15,806 by John Stockton Most seasons leading league in assists 9 by John Stockton Most consecutive seasons leading league in assists 9 by John Stockton ( 1988 -- 89 -- 1996 -- 97 ) Highest assists per game average 11.2 by Magic Johnson Most steals 3,265 by John Stockton Highest steals per game average 2.71 by Alvin Robertson Most consecutive games with at least 1 steal 108 by Chris Paul Most seasons leading league in steals 6 by Chris Paul ( 2007 -- 08 -- 2008 -- 09 , 2010 -- 11 -- 2013 -- 14 ) Most consecutive seasons leading league in steals 4 by Chris Paul ( 2010 -- 11 -- 2013 -- 14 ) Most blocks 3,830 by Hakeem Olajuwon Highest blocks per game average 3.5 by Mark Eaton Most seasons leading league in blocks 4 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , Mark Eaton , and Marcus Camby Most consecutive seasons leading league in blocks 3 by Dikembe Mutombo and Marcus Camby Most turnovers 4,524 by Karl Malone Most triple - doubles 181 by Oscar Robertson Most consecutive triple - doubles 9 by Wilt Chamberlain from March 8 -- 20 , 1968 Most personal fouls 4,657 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most disqualifications 127 by Vern Mikkelsen Most technical fouls 304 by Rasheed Wallace Rookie and age - related records In 2006 , the NBA introduced age requirement restrictions . Prospective high school players must wait a year before entering the NBA , making age - related records harder to break . Youngest player to be drafted Andrew Bynum was the youngest player to be drafted in NBA history at 17 years and 249 days after the Los Angeles Lakers selected him as the 10th overall pick in the 2005 NBA draft . He made his debut at 18 years and 6 days and was also the youngest to ever play in the NBA . Oldest player to be drafted Bernard James was the oldest player to be drafted in NBA history at 27 years and 148 days after the Cleveland Cavaliers selected him as the 33rd overall pick in the 2012 NBA draft before trading his rights to the Dallas Mavericks . He made his debut at 27 years and 266 days . Youngest player debut Andrew Bynum was the youngest player to debut in NBA history at 18 years and 6 days on his first game with the Los Angeles Lakers against the Denver Nuggets on November 2 , 2005 . Oldest player debut Nat Hickey was the oldest player to debut in NBA history at 45 years and 363 days on his first game with the Providence Steamrollers against the St. Louis Bombers on January 27 , 1948 . He was the team 's coach and activated himself as a player . He only played 2 games . Oldest NBA debut as a starter Arvydas Sabonis was the oldest rookie as a starter in NBA history at 30 years and 319 days on his first game with the Portland Trail Blazers against the Vancouver Grizzles on November 3 , 1995 . He was drafted 24th overall during the 1986 NBA Draft but elected to play professionally in Europe for 9 years before officially entering the NBA . Youngest NBA debut as a starter LeBron James was the youngest rookie as a starter in NBA history at 18 years and 303 days on his first game with the Cleveland Cavaliers against the Sacramento Kings on October 29 , 2003 . Youngest player to start a game Kobe Bryant ( 18 years , 158 days ) Oldest player to play a game Nat Hickey ( 45 years , 363 days ) Oldest player to start a game Robert Parish ( 43 years , 118 days ) Most points per game by a rookie 37.6 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1959 -- 60 Most rebounds per game by a rookie 27.0 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1959 -- 60 Most assists per game by a rookie 10.6 by Mark Jackson , 1987 -- 88 Most steals per game by a rookie 2.57 by Dudley Bradley , 1979 -- 80 Most blocks per game by a rookie 4.96 by Manute Bol , 1985 -- 86 Most points in a game by a rookie 58 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. Detroit Pistons ) on January 25 , 1960 58 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( at New York Knicks ) on February 21 , 1960 Most rebounds in a game by a rookie 45 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. Syracuse Nationals ) on February 6 , 1960 Most assists in a game by a rookie 25 by Ernie DiGregorio , Buffalo Braves ( at Portland Trail Blazers ) on January 1 , 1974 25 by Nate McMillan , Seattle SuperSonics ( vs. Los Angeles Clippers ) on February 23 , 1987 Most steals in a game by a rookie 10 by Ron Harper , Cleveland Cavaliers ( vs. Philadelphia 76ers ) on March 10 , 1987 Most blocks in a game by a rookie 15 by Manute Bol , Washington Bullets ( vs. Atlanta Hawks ) on January 25 , 1986 Most consecutive games with a 3 - point field goal made by a rookie 33 by Rudy Fernández , from December 7 , 2008 -- February 22 , 2009 . Youngest / oldest player to score in a game Andrew Bynum is the youngest to score in a game , doing so on November 20 , 2005 , 18 days after his debut , for the Los Angeles Lakers vs. the Chicago Bulls at the age of 18 years , 24 days . He had a total of 4 points with two free throws made and a field goal . Nat Hickey is the oldest to score in a game , doing so on January 27 , 1948 for the Providence Steamrollers vs. the St. Louis Bombers at the age of 45 years , 363 days . He had a total of 2 points with two free throws made and no field goals . These are the only points recorded by Hickey in his entire NBA career . Youngest / oldest player to record a triple - double LeBron James is the youngest , doing so on January 19 , 2005 for the Cleveland Cavaliers vs. the Portland Trail Blazers at the age of 20 years , 20 days . He had 27 points , 11 rebounds and 10 assists . Karl Malone is the oldest , doing so on November 28 , 2003 for the Los Angeles Lakers vs. the San Antonio Spurs at the age of 40 years , 127 days . He had 10 points , 11 rebounds and 10 assists . Leading the league in scoring Youngest : Kevin Durant , Oklahoma City Thunder ( 21 years , 197 days on April 14 , 2010 ) Oldest : Michael Jordan , Chicago Bulls ( 7004128450000000000 ♠ 35 years , 61 days on April 19 , 1998 ) Leading the league in rebounding Youngest : Dwight Howard , Orlando Magic ( 22 years , 130 days on April 16 , 2008 ) Oldest : Dennis Rodman , Chicago Bulls ( 36 years , 341 days on April 19 , 1998 ) Most consecutive games with 40 + points by a rookie 5 by Allen Iverson in 1997 Only players to average 20 + points , 5 + assists and 5 + rebounds as a rookie Oscar Robertson ( 1960 -- 61 ) Michael Jordan ( 1984 -- 85 ) LeBron James ( 2003 -- 04 ) Tyreke Evans ( 2009 -- 10 ) Only player to average 30 + points and 20 + rebounds as a rookie Wilt Chamberlain Youngest / Oldest player to score 70 + points in a game Youngest : Devin Booker is the youngest player to score 70 + points in a game , scoring 70 points for the Phoenix Suns vs. the Boston Celtics at the age of 20 years , 145 days . Oldest : David Robinson is the oldest player to score 70 + points in a game , scoring 71 points for the San Antonio Spurs vs. the Los Angeles Clippers at the age of 28 years , 261 days . Youngest / Oldest player to score 60 + points in a game Youngest : Devin Booker is the youngest player to score 60 + points in a game , scoring 70 points for the Phoenix Suns vs. the Boston Celtics at the age of 20 years , 145 days . Oldest : Kobe Bryant is the oldest player to score 60 + points in a game , scoring 60 points for the Los Angeles Lakers vs. the Utah Jazz at the age of 37 years , 234 days . Youngest / Oldest player to score 50 + points in a game Youngest : Brandon Jennings is the youngest player to score 50 + points in a game , scoring 55 points for the Milwaukee Bucks against the Golden State Warriors at the age of 20 years , 52 days . Oldest : Michael Jordan is the oldest player to score 50 + points in a game , scoring 51 points for the Washington Wizards vs. the Charlotte Hornets at the age of 38 years , 315 days . Youngest / Oldest player to score 40 + points in a game Youngest : LeBron James is the youngest player to score 40 + points in a game , scoring 41 points for the Cleveland Cavaliers against the New Jersey Nets at the age of 19 years , 88 days . Oldest : Michael Jordan is the oldest player and only 40 - year - old player to score 40 + points in a game , doing so with 43 points for the Washington Wizards vs. the New Jersey Nets at the age of 40 years , 4 days . Youngest / Oldest player to score 30 + points in a game Youngest : LeBron James is the youngest player to score 30 + points in a game , scoring 37 points for the Cleveland Cavaliers against the Boston Celtics at the age of 18 years , 348 days . Oldest : Michael Jordan is the oldest player to score 30 + points in a game , doing so with 39 points for the Washington Wizards vs. the New York Knicks at the age of 40 years , 20 days . Youngest / Oldest player to score 20 + points in a game Youngest : LeBron James is the youngest player to score 20 + points in a game , scoring 28 points for the Cleveland Cavaliers against the Washington Wizards at the age of 18 years , 324 days . Oldest : Kareem Abdul - Jabbar is the oldest player to score 20 + points in a game , doing so with 21 points for the Los Angeles Lakers vs. the Houston Rockets at the age of 41 years , 331 days . Youngest / Oldest player to score 30 + points in a game as a reserve Youngest : Kobe Bryant is the youngest player to score 30 + while coming off the bench , he scored 30 points for the Los Angeles Lakers against the Dallas Mavericks at the age of 19 years , 113 days . Oldest : Michael Jordan is the oldest player to score 30 + while coming off the bench , he scored 34 points for the Washington Wizards against the Milwaukee Bucks at the age of 39 years , 40 days . Youngest / Oldest player to score 20 + points in a game as a reserve Youngest : Jermaine O'Neal is the youngest player to score 20 + while coming off the bench , he scored 20 points for the Portland Trail Blazers against the Seattle SuperSonics at the age of 18 years , 101 days . Oldest : Vince Carter is the oldest player to score 20 + while coming off the bench , he scored 20 points for the Memphis Grizzlies against the Utah Jazz at the age of 39 years , 293 days . Youngest / Oldest player with 20 + rebounds in a game Youngest : Dwight Howard is the youngest player to rebound 20 + in a game , he grabbed 20 rebounds for the Orlando Magic against the Toronto Raptors at the age of 18 years , 359 days . Oldest : Dikembe Mutombo is the oldest player to rebound 20 + in a game , he grabbed 22 rebounds for the Houston Rockets against the Denver Nuggets at the age of 40 years , 250 days . Youngest / Oldest player with 15 + rebounds in a game Youngest : LeBron James is the youngest player to rebound 15 + in a game , he grabbed 16 rebounds for the Cleveland Cavaliers against the Memphis Grizzlies at the age of 18 years , 334 days . Oldest : Dikembe Mutombo is the oldest player to rebound 15 + in a game , he grabbed 15 rebounds for the Houston Rockets against the Golden State Warriors at the age of 42 years , 289 days . Youngest / Oldest player with 10 + rebounds in a game as a reserve Youngest : Devin Booker is the youngest player to rebound 10 + in a game coming off the bench , he grabbed 10 rebounds for the Phoenix Suns against the Charlotte Hornets at the age of 19 years , 68 days . Oldest : Kevin Willis is the oldest player to rebound 10 + in a game coming off the bench , he grabbed 10 rebounds for the Atlanta Hawks against the New York Knicks at the age of 42 years , 85 days . Youngest / Oldest player with 10 + steals in a game Youngest : Ron Harper is the youngest player with 10 + steals in a game , he had 10 steals for the Cleveland Cavaliers against the Philadelphia 76ers at the age of 23 years , 49 days . Oldest : Clyde Drexler is the oldest player with 10 + steals in a game , he had 10 steals for the Houston Rockets against the Sacramento Kings at the age of 34 years , 132 days . Youngest / Oldest player with 20 + assists in a game Youngest : Ennis Whatley is the youngest player with 20 + assists in a game , he had 22 assists for the Chicago Bulls against the New York Knicks at the age of 21 years , 156 days . Oldest : Steve Nash is the oldest player with 20 + assists in a game , he had 20 assists for the Phoenix Suns against the Los Angeles Lakers at the age of 37 years , 43 days . Youngest / Oldest player with 10 + assists in a game Youngest : LeBron James is the youngest player with 10 + assists in a game , he had 13 assists for the Cleveland Cavaliers against the New Jersey Nets at the age of 19 years , 88 days . Oldest : John Stockton is the oldest player with 10 + assists in a game , he had 10 assists for the Utah Jazz against the San Antonio Spurs at the age of 41 years , 19 days . Youngest / Oldest player with 10 + blocks in a game Youngest : Josh Smith is the youngest player with 10 + blocks in a game , he had 10 blocks for the Atlanta Hawks against the Dallas Mavericks at the age of 19 years , 13 days . Oldest : Dikembe Mutombo is the oldest player with 10 + blocks in a game , he had 10 blocks for the New York Knicks against the New Jersey Nets at the age of 37 years , 193 days . LeBron James is the youngest player to record a triple - double and every point milestone from 1,000 to 25,000 . Youngest player to reach ... ( career ) 1,000 Points -- LeBron James ( 19 years , 41 days ) on February 9 , 2004 5,000 Points -- LeBron James ( 21 years , 22 days ) on January 21 , 2006 10,000 Points -- LeBron James ( 23 years , 59 days ) on February 27 , 2008 15,000 Points -- LeBron James ( 25 years , 72 days ) on March 19 , 2010 20,000 Points -- LeBron James ( 28 years , 17 days ) on January 16 , 2013 25,000 Points -- LeBron James ( 30 years , 307 days ) on November 2 , 2015 30,000 Points -- Kobe Bryant ( 34 years , 104 days ) on December 5 , 2012 1,000 Rebounds -- Dwight Howard ( 19 years , 356 days ) on November 29 , 2005 5,000 Rebounds -- Dwight Howard ( 23 years , 112 days ) on March 30 , 2009 10,000 Rebounds -- Wilt Chamberlain ( 28 years , 81 days ) on November 10 , 1964 1,000 Assists -- LeBron James ( 20 years , 102 days ) on April 11 , 2005 5,000 Assists -- Magic Johnson ( 26 years , 246 days ) on April 17 , 1986 Fewest games played to reach 15,000 points 358 by Wilt Chamberlain Fewest games played to reach 20,000 points 499 by Wilt Chamberlain Fewest games played to reach 25,000 points 691 by Wilt Chamberlain Fewest games played to reach 30,000 points 941 by Wilt Chamberlain Youngest player to receive All - NBA First Team honors LeBron James ( 21 years , 138 days ) Oldest player to receive All - NBA First Team honors Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , he was 39 years and 35 days old in his last game for the Los Angeles Lakers in the 1985 -- 86 regular season . Youngest player to receive regular season NBA MVP award Derrick Rose ( 22 years , 191 days ) Oldest player to receive regular season NBA MVP award Karl Malone ( 35 years , 284 days ) Team records Game Other than the longest game , all records in this section are since the 1954 -- 55 season ( the first season with a shot clock ) . Longest game The longest NBA game occurred on January 6 , 1951 between the Olympians and Royals . Indianapolis beat Rochester 75 -- 73 after 6 overtimes . Most points in a game -- overtime 186 by the Detroit Pistons vs. the Denver Nuggets on December 13 , 1983 ( 3 OT ) Most points in a game -- regulation 173 by the Boston Celtics vs. the Minneapolis Lakers on February 27 , 1959 173 by the Phoenix Suns vs. the Denver Nuggets on November 10 , 1990 Most points in a half 107 by the Phoenix Suns vs. the Denver Nuggets on November 10 , 1990 Most points in 1st half 107 by the Phoenix Suns vs. the Denver Nuggets on November 10 , 1990 Most points in 2nd half 97 by the Atlanta Hawks at the San Diego Rockets on February 11 , 1970 Most points in a quarter 58 by the Buffalo Braves at the Boston Celtics on October 20 , 1972 Most points in an overtime period 25 by the New Jersey Nets at Los Angeles Clippers on November 30 , 1996 Most combined points in a game 370 -- Detroit Pistons ( 186 ) at the Denver Nuggets ( 184 ) in 3 overtimes on December 13 , 1983 Most combined points in a half 174 -- Phoenix Suns ( 107 ) vs. the Denver Nuggets ( 67 ) on November 10 , 1990 Most combined points in 1st half 174 -- Phoenix Suns ( 107 ) vs. the Denver Nuggets ( 67 ) on November 10 , 1990 Most combined points in 2nd half 172 -- San Antonio Spurs ( 91 ) at the Denver Nuggets ( 81 ) on January 11 , 1984 Most combined points in a quarter 99 -- San Antonio Spurs ( 53 ) at Denver Nuggets ( 46 ) on January 11 , 1984 Most combined points in an overtime period 46 -- Dallas Mavericks ( 23 ) at Houston Rockets ( 23 ) on April 11 , 1995 ( 1st OT ) Fewest points in a game 49 by the Chicago Bulls vs. the Miami Heat on April 10 , 1999 Fewest points in a half 16 by the New Orleans Hornets at the Los Angeles Clippers on March 1 , 2006 Fewest points in 1st half 19 by the Los Angeles Clippers vs. the Los Angeles Lakers on December 14 , 1999 Fewest points in 2nd half 16 by the New Orleans Hornets at the Los Angeles Clippers on March 1 , 2006 Fewest points in a quarter 2 by the Dallas Mavericks at the Los Angeles Lakers on April 6 , 1997 2 by the Golden State Warriors vs. the Toronto Raptors on February 8 , 2004 Fewest points in an overtime period 0 by the Houston Rockets vs. the Portland Trail Blazers on January 22 , 1983 0 by the Los Angeles Lakers vs. the Detroit Pistons on December 1 , 1989 0 by the Seattle SuperSonics at the Philadelphia 76ers on February 16 , 1990 0 by the Indiana Pacers at the Portland Trail Blazers on March 10 , 1996 ( 2nd OT ) 0 by the Denver Nuggets vs. the Charlotte Hornets on January 13 , 1997 0 by the Washington Bullets at the Atlanta Hawks on November 18 , 1997 0 by the Los Angeles Clippers vs. the Chicago Bulls on November 21 , 1997 ( 2nd OT ) 0 by the Vancouver Grizzlies vs. the Indiana Pacers on December 1 , 2000 0 by the Sacramento Kings vs. the Cleveland Cavaliers on December 23 , 2009 0 by the Atlanta Hawks vs. the Miami Heat on January 5 , 2012 ( 3rd OT ) 0 by the Chicago Bulls vs. the Minnesota Timberwolves on November 7 , 2015 Fewest combined points in a game 119 -- The Milwaukee Hawks ( 57 ) vs. the Boston Celtics ( 62 ) on February 27 , 1955 Fewest combined points in 1st half 55 -- The Houston Rockets ( 25 ) vs. the San Antonio Spurs ( 30 ) on December 11 , 2003 55 -- The New Jersey Nets ( 25 ) at the Portland Trail Blazers ( 30 ) on November 28 , 2004 Fewest combined points in 2nd half 51 -- The Boston Celtics ( 25 ) vs. the Milwaukee Hawks ( 26 ) on February 27 , 1955 51 -- The Charlotte Hornets ( 19 ) at the New York Knicks ( 32 ) on November 11 , 2000 Fewest combined points in a quarter 15 -- The New York Knicks ( 8 ) at the Orlando Magic ( 7 ) on April 11 , 2015 Fewest combined points in an overtime period 2 -- The Denver Nuggets ( 0 ) vs. the Charlotte Hornets ( 2 ) on January 13 , 1997 Fewest field goals made in a game 16 by the Orlando Magic vs. the Boston Celtics on January 23 , 2012 Most 3 - point field goals made in a game 25 by the Cleveland Cavaliers at the Atlanta Hawks on March 3 , 2017 Most combined 3 - point field goals made in a game 39 -- The Dallas Mavericks ( 18 ) vs. the Golden State Warriors ( 21 ) on March 25 , 2016 Most 3 - point field goals attempted in a game 61 by the Houston Rockets vs. the New Orleans Pelicans on December 16 , 2016 Most 3 - point field goals attempted in a game , none made 22 by the Denver Nuggets vs. Portland Trail Blazers , December 21 , 2012 Most combined 3 - point field goals attempted in a game 88 -- The Houston Rockets ( 44 ) at the Golden State Warriors ( 44 ) on December 1 , 2016 88 -- The Houston Rockets ( 61 ) vs. the New Orleans Pelicans ( 27 ) on December 16 , 2016 88 -- The Houston Rockets ( 44 ) at the Brooklyn Nets ( 44 ) on January 15 , 2017 88 -- The Houston Rockets ( 45 ) vs. the Cleveland Cavaliers ( 43 ) on March 12 , 2017 Most 3 - point field goals made in a half 16 by the Cleveland Cavaliers vs. the Portland Trail Blazers on November 23 , 2016 Most 3 - point field goals attempted in a half 31 by the Houston Rockets vs. the New Orleans Pelicans on December 16 , 2016 Most free throws made in a game 61 by the Phoenix Suns vs. the Utah Jazz on April 9 , 1990 Most free throws attempted in a game 80 by the Phoenix Suns vs. the Utah Jazz on April 9 , 1990 Most combined free throws made in a game 92 -- The Boston Celtics ( 50 ) vs. the New York Knicks ( 42 ) on November 18 , 2006 Most combined free throws attempted in a game 121 -- The Phoenix Suns ( 80 ) vs. the Utah Jazz ( 41 ) on April 9 , 1990 Fewest free throws made in a game 0 by the Toronto Raptors vs. the Charlotte Hornets on January 9 , 1996 ( 0 / 3 ) Fewest free throws attempted in a game 1 by the Memphis Grizzlies vs. the Atlanta Hawks on February 8 , 2014 Fewest combined free throws made in a game 8 -- The Toronto Raptors ( 1 ) vs. the Chicago Bulls ( 7 ) on January 14 , 2012 8 -- The Atlanta Hawks ( 4 ) vs. the New Orleans Hornets ( 4 ) on January 1 , 2013 Fewest combined free throws attempted in a game 13 -- The Orlando Magic ( 8 ) vs. the Philadelphia 76ers ( 5 ) on February 4 , 2013 13 -- The Chicago Bulls ( 9 ) vs. the Boston Celtics ( 4 ) on March 12 , 2017 Largest margin of victory in a game 68 -- The Cleveland Cavaliers defeated the Miami Heat 148 -- 80 on December 17 , 1991 Only team to double its opponents ' score in a game The Indiana Pacers defeated the Portland Trail Blazers 124 -- 59 on February 27 , 1998 Largest margin of victory in an overtime period 17 -- The Portland Trail Blazers defeated the Houston Rockets on January 22 , 1983 ( 113 -- 96 game , 17 -- 0 OT ) Most rebounds in a game 109 by the Boston Celtics vs. the Detroit Pistons on December 24 , 1960 Fewest rebounds in a game 17 by the Brooklyn Nets vs. the Oklahoma City Thunder on January 31 , 2014 Most assists in a game 53 by the Milwaukee Bucks vs. the Detroit Pistons on December 26 , 1978 Most assists in a half 33 by the Phoenix Suns vs. the Denver Nuggets on November 10 , 1990 Fewest assists in a game 3 by the Chicago Bulls vs. the New Jersey Nets on December 26 , 1999 Fewest combined assists in a game 18 -- The Atlanta Hawks ( 5 ) vs. the New York Knicks ( 13 ) on April 28 , 1999 18 -- The Denver Nuggets ( 7 ) vs. the Miami Heat ( 11 ) on February 21 , 2004 Most steals in a game 27 by the Seattle SuperSonics vs. the Toronto Raptors on January 15 , 1997 Most steals in a half 17 by the Golden State Warriors vs. the San Antonio Spurs on February 15 , 1989 Most steals in a quarter 12 by the Golden State Warriors vs. the Indiana Pacers on January 16 , 2008 Most combined steals in a game 40 -- The Golden State Warriors ( 24 ) vs. the Los Angeles Lakers ( 16 ) on January 21 , 1974 40 -- The Philadelphia 76ers ( 24 ) vs. the Detroit Pistons ( 16 ) on November 11 , 1978 40 -- The Golden State Warriors ( 25 ) vs. the San Antonio Spurs ( 15 ) on February 15 , 1989 Fewest combined steals in a game 2 -- The Detroit Pistons ( 1 ) vs. the New York Knicks ( 1 ) on October 9 , 1973 2 -- The San Antonio Spurs ( 1 ) vs. the Charlotte Hornets ( 1 ) on February 6 , 1996 2 -- The Miami Heat ( 1 ) vs. the Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) on January 16 , 2006 2 -- The New York Knicks ( 0 ) vs. the New Orleans / Oklahoma City Hornets ( 2 ) on February 10 , 2006 2 -- The Orlando Magic ( 0 ) vs. the Houston Rockets ( 2 ) on January 22 , 2011 Most blocks in a game 23 by the Toronto Raptors vs. the Atlanta Hawks on March 23 , 2001 Most blocks in a half 16 during the 1st half by the Toronto Raptors vs. the Atlanta Hawks on March 23 , 2001 16 during the 2nd half by the Toronto Raptors vs. the Golden State Warriors on November 7 , 2001 Most combined blocks in a game 32 -- The Philadelphia 76ers ( 20 ) vs. the Seattle SuperSonics ( 12 ) on March 9 , 1984 Most turnovers in a game 45 by the San Francisco Warriors vs. the Boston Celtics on March 9 , 1971 Most combined turnovers in a game 69 -- The Phoenix Suns ( 39 ) vs. the Denver Nuggets ( 30 ) on October 29 , 1985 Fewest turnovers in a game 2 by the Milwaukee Bucks vs. the Indiana Pacers on April 1 , 2006 2 by the Cleveland Cavaliers vs. the Portland Trail Blazers on March 19 , 2009 ( OT ) 2 by the Oklahoma City Thunder vs. the Los Angeles Lakers on March 6 , 2013 2 by the Charlotte Hornets vs. the Milwaukee Bucks on March 28 , 2017 Fewest combined turnovers in a game 9 -- The San Antonio Spurs ( 4 ) vs. the Los Angeles Clippers ( 5 ) on December 13 , 2005 ( OT ) 9 -- The Cleveland Cavaliers ( 4 ) vs. the New Jersey Nets ( 5 ) on March 22 , 2009 Most fouls in a game 52 by the Utah Jazz at the Phoenix Suns on April 9 , 1990 ( OT ) Most disqualifications in a game 8 by the Syracuse Nationals vs the Baltimore Bullets on November 15 , 1952 ( OT ) Most fast - break points in a game 56 by the Phoenix Suns at the Golden State Warriors on March 15 , 2009 Largest comebacks 36 points ( : 20 left in 2nd ) -- The Utah Jazz overcame a 36 - point deficit to defeat the Denver Nuggets at home on November 27 , 1996 . Utah trailed 70 -- 34 with 20 seconds left in the 1st half , but outscored Denver 73 -- 33 during the rest of the game to win 107 -- 103 . This is the largest overall deficit overcome in NBA history . 35 points ( 8 : 50 left in 3rd ) -- The Sacramento Kings were down 79 -- 44 to the Chicago Bulls on December 21 , 2009 , but the Kings , led by Tyreke Evans 's 23 points , charged back , winning the game 102 -- 98 . 29 points ( 8 : 43 left in 4th ) -- The Milwaukee Bucks overcame a 29 - point deficit to beat the Atlanta Hawks on the road on November 25 , 1977 . This is the largest 4th quarter deficit overcome in NBA history . Atlanta led 111 -- 82 when Milwaukee went on a 35 -- 4 run to win 117 -- 115 . Teams that had two players score 40 + points in a game The Baltimore Bullets vs. the Los Angeles Lakers on November 14 , 1964 ( Gus Johnson 41 , Walt Bellamy 40 ) The Los Angeles Lakers at the San Francisco Warriors on February 11 , 1970 ( Elgin Baylor 43 , Jerry West 43 ) The New Orleans Jazz vs. the Denver Nuggets on April 10 , 1977 ( Pete Maravich 45 , Nate Williams 41 ) The Phoenix Suns at the Boston Celtics on January 5 , 1978 ( Paul Westphal 43 , Walter Davis 40 ) The San Antonio Spurs vs. the Milwaukee Bucks on March 6 , 1982 ( 3 OT ) ( George Gervin 50 , Mike Mitchell 45 ) The Detroit Pistons at the Denver Nuggets on December 13 , 1983 ( 3 OT ) ( Isiah Thomas 47 , John Long 41 ) The Denver Nuggets vs. the Detroit Pistons on December 13 , 1983 ( 3 OT ) ( Kiki Vandeweghe 51 , Alex English 47 ) The Utah Jazz vs. the Detroit Pistons on March 19 , 1984 ( Adrian Dantley 43 , John Drew 42 ) The Chicago Bulls at the Indiana Pacers on February 18 , 1996 ( Michael Jordan 44 , Scottie Pippen 40 ) The Oklahoma City Thunder vs. the Denver Nuggets on February 19 , 2012 ( OT ) ( Kevin Durant 51 , Russell Westbrook 40 ) The Oklahoma City Thunder vs. the Minnesota Timberwolves on March 23 , 2012 ( 2 OT ) ( Russell Westbrook 45 , Kevin Durant 40 ) The Oklahoma City Thunder vs. the Orlando Magic on October 30 , 2015 ( 2 OT ) ( Russell Westbrook 48 , Kevin Durant 43 ) The Minnesota Timberwolves at the Los Angeles Lakers on April 9 , 2017 ( Andrew Wiggins 41 , Karl - Anthony Towns 40 ) Season Best record 73 -- 9 (. 890 ) by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season Worst record 7 -- 59 (. 106 ) by the Charlotte Bobcats in the 2011 -- 12 season Most losses 73 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 1972 -- 73 season Fewest wins 6 by the Providence Steamrollers in the 1947 -- 48 season Best home record 40 -- 1 (. 976 ) by the Boston Celtics in the 1985 -- 86 season 40 -- 1 (. 976 ) by the San Antonio Spurs in the 2015 -- 16 season Fewest home losses 1 by the Washington Capitols in the 1946 -- 47 season 1 by the Minneapolis Lakers , Syracuse Nationals , and Rochester Royals in the 1949 -- 50 season 1 by the Boston Celtics in the 1985 -- 86 season 1 by the San Antonio Spurs in the 2015 -- 16 season Worst home record 4 -- 29 (. 121 ) by the Charlotte Bobcats in the 2011 -- 12 season Fewest home wins 3 by the Providence Steamrollers in the 1947 -- 48 season Most home losses 35 by the Dallas Mavericks in the 1993 -- 94 season Best road record 34 -- 7 (. 829 ) by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season Most road wins 34 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season Worst road record 0 -- 20 (. 000 ) by the Baltimore Bullets in the 1953 -- 54 season Most road losses 40 by the Sacramento Kings in the 1990 -- 91 season Longest winning streak 33 by the Los Angeles Lakers from November 5 , 1971 -- January 7 , 1972 Longest home winning streak 54 by the Golden State Warriors over 2 regular seasons from January 31 , 2015 -- March 29 , 2016 Longest road winning streak 16 by the Los Angeles Lakers from November 6 , 1971 -- January 7 , 1972 Longest losing streak 28 by the Philadelphia 76ers over 2 regular seasons from March 27 -- November 29 , 2015 Longest single - season losing streak 26 by the Cleveland Cavaliers from December 20 , 2010 -- February 9 , 2011 26 by the Philadelphia 76ers from January 31 -- March 27 , 2014 Best start ( 41 games ) 38 -- 3 by the Los Angeles Lakers in the 1971 -- 72 season ( went to 39 -- 3 ) 38 -- 3 by the Chicago Bulls in the 1995 -- 96 season ( went to 41 -- 3 ) Best finish ( 41 games ) 38 -- 3 by the Miami Heat in the 2012 -- 13 season Worst start ( 41 games ) 2 -- 39 by the Dallas Mavericks in the 1993 -- 94 season Worst finish ( 41 games ) 4 -- 37 by the San Diego Rockets in the 1967 -- 68 season Best starts ( number of losses ) 0 : 24 -- 0 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season ( October 27 -- December 11 , 2015 ) 1 : 29 -- 1 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season 2 : 36 -- 2 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season 3 : 41 -- 3 by the Chicago Bulls in the 1995 -- 96 season 4 : 48 -- 4 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season 5 : 55 -- 5 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season 6 : 62 -- 6 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season 7 : 68 -- 7 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season 8 : 69 -- 8 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season 9 : 73 -- 9 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season Worst starts ( number of wins ) 0 : 0 -- 18 by the New Jersey Nets in the 2009 -- 10 season ( October 28 -- December 2 , 2009 ) 0 : 0 -- 18 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 2015 -- 16 season ( October 28 -- November 29 , 2015 ) 1 : 1 -- 30 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 2015 -- 16 season 2 : 2 -- 39 by the Dallas Mavericks in the 1993 -- 94 season 3 : 3 -- 40 by the Dallas Mavericks in the 1993 -- 94 season 3 : 3 -- 40 by the Denver Nuggets in the 1997 -- 98 season 4 : 4 -- 58 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 1972 -- 73 season 5 : 5 -- 58 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 1972 -- 73 season 6 : 6 -- 59 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 1972 -- 73 season 7 : 7 -- 64 by the Dallas Mavericks in the 1992 -- 93 season 8 : 8 -- 68 by the Dallas Mavericks in the 1992 -- 93 season 9 : 9 -- 73 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 1972 -- 73 season Highest average point differential 12.3 by the Los Angeles Lakers in the 1971 -- 72 season Lowest average point differential - 15.2 by the Dallas Mavericks in the 1992 -- 93 season Largest average margin of victory 17.5 by the Milwaukee Bucks in the 1970 -- 71 season Most points per game 126.5 by the Denver Nuggets in the 1981 -- 82 season Fewest points per game 81.9 by the Chicago Bulls in the 1998 -- 99 season Most consecutive 100 - point games 136 by the Denver Nuggets from January 21 , 1981 -- December 8 , 1982 Most consecutive games with less than 100 points 35 by the Miami Heat from October 31 , 2001 -- January 14 , 2002 Most steals per game 12.9 by the Phoenix Suns in the 1977 -- 78 season Fewest steals per game 5.54 by the Portland Trail Blazers in the 2013 -- 14 season Most blocks per game 8.7 by the Washington Bullets in the 1985 -- 86 season Fewest blocks per game 2.49 by the New York Knicks in the 2008 -- 09 season Most turnovers per game 24.5 by the Denver Nuggets in the 1976 -- 77 season Fewest turnovers per game 11.2 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 2011 -- 12 season Undefeated months ( min . 12 games ) 12 -- 0 by the Washington Capitols in November 1948 15 -- 0 by the Boston Celtics in December 1959 14 -- 0 by the Los Angeles Lakers in November 1971 16 -- 0 by the Los Angeles Lakers in December 1971 12 -- 0 by the Los Angeles Lakers in November 1972 13 -- 0 by the Milwaukee Bucks in March 1973 14 -- 0 by the Phoenix Suns in December 1992 14 -- 0 by the Houston Rockets in November 1993 14 -- 0 by the New York Knicks in March 1994 14 -- 0 by the Chicago Bulls in January 1996 16 -- 0 by the San Antonio Spurs in March 1996 13 -- 0 by the Houston Rockets in February 2008 16 -- 0 by the Los Angeles Clippers in December 2012 16 -- 0 by the San Antonio Spurs in March 2014 17 -- 0 by the Atlanta Hawks in January 2015 16 -- 0 by the Golden State Warriors in November 2015 Best record to not qualify for Playoffs 49 -- 33 (. 598 ) by the Phoenix Suns in the 1971 -- 72 season ( 8 - team playoff of 17 - team league ) Worst record to qualify for Playoffs 16 -- 54 (. 229 ) by the Baltimore Bullets in the 1952 -- 53 season Best single - season improvement The Boston Celtics improved from 24 wins in the 2006 -- 07 season to 66 in the 2007 -- 08 season . Only teams to have three players on NBA All - Defensive First Team 1969 -- 70 New York Knicks : Dave DeBusschere , Walt Frazier , Willis Reed 1975 -- 76 Boston Celtics : Dave Cowens , John Havlicek , Paul Silas 1977 -- 78 Portland Trail Blazers : Lionel Hollins , Maurice Lucas , Bill Walton 1982 -- 83 Philadelphia 76ers : Maurice Cheeks , Bobby Jones , Moses Malone 1995 -- 96 Chicago Bulls : Michael Jordan , Scottie Pippen , Dennis Rodman Franchise Highest winning percentage 62.1 % by the San Antonio Spurs ( 2,006 -- 1,226 ) Lowest winning percentage 39.1 % by the Minnesota Timberwolves ( 847 -- 1,319 ) Best record over 2 Seasons : 141 -- 23 by the Chicago Bulls ( 1995 -- 96 , 1996 -- 97 ) 3 Seasons : 207 -- 39 by the Golden State Warriors ( 2014 -- 15 , 2016 -- 17 ) 4 Seasons : 258 -- 70 by the Golden State Warriors ( 2013 -- 14 , 2016 -- 17 ) 5 Seasons : 311 -- 99 by the Boston Celtics ( 1981 -- 82 , 1985 -- 86 ) 10 Seasons : 570 -- 209 by the Boston Celtics ( 1957 -- 58 , 1966 -- 67 ) Best home record over 2 Seasons : 79 -- 3 by the Boston Celtics ( 1985 -- 86 , 1986 -- 87 ) 3 Seasons : 115 -- 8 by the Boston Celtics ( 1984 -- 85 , 1986 -- 87 ) and Chicago Bulls ( 1995 -- 96 , 1997 -- 98 ) Best road record over 2 Seasons : 65 -- 17 by the Golden State Warriors ( 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 ) 3 Seasons : 93 -- 30 by the Golden State Warriors ( 2014 -- 15 , 2016 -- 17 ) Longest streak of at least one 3 - point field goal made 1,108 games : Dallas Mavericks ( February 27 , 1999 -- December 14 , 2012 ) Most consecutive 50 + win seasons 18 seasons : by the San Antonio Spurs ( 1999 -- 2000 -- present ) Other records Most consecutive points in a regular season game 26 by Carmelo Anthony , Denver Nuggets ( vs. Minnesota Timberwolves ) , December 10 , 2008 Most consecutive unanswered points in a regular season game 13 by Klay Thompson , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Sacramento Kings ) , January 23 , 2015 ( starting at 79 -- 70 with 3 : 04 left in 3rd quarter , until 92 -- 70 with 1 : 02 left in the same quarter ) Largest attendance at a game Regular season or Playoffs : 62,046 on March 27 , 1998 , Chicago Bulls at the Atlanta Hawks in the Georgia Dome . This was one of the last regular season games Michael Jordan played before his 2nd retirement . Only player to record a double - triple - double ( 20 + in any 3 stats ) Wilt Chamberlain had 22 points , 25 rebounds , and 21 assists on February 4 , 1968 Quadruple - doubles ( 10 + in any 4 stats ) Nate Thurmond , October 18 , 1974 , Chicago Bulls vs. Atlanta Hawks ; 22 points , 14 rebounds , 13 assists , 12 blocks . Alvin Robertson , February 18 , 1986 , San Antonio Spurs vs. Phoenix Suns ; 20 points , 11 rebounds , 10 assists , 10 steals . Hakeem Olajuwon , March 29 , 1990 , Houston Rockets vs. Milwaukee Bucks ; 18 points , 16 rebounds , 10 assists , 11 blocks . David Robinson , February 17 , 1994 , San Antonio Spurs vs. Detroit Pistons ; 34 points , 10 rebounds , 10 assists , 10 blocks . ' Only player to ever record two 40 + totals in the same game Wilt Chamberlain ( 40 + for both points and rebounds , achieved eight times ) Only player to average 40 + and 50 + points in a season Wilt Chamberlain Most seasons with 40 + points per game 2 by Wilt Chamberlain Most consecutive seasons with 40 + points per game 2 by Wilt Chamberlain Most seasons with 30 + points per game 8 by Michael Jordan Most consecutive seasons with 30 + points per game 7 by Wilt Chamberlain and Michael Jordan Only player to average 30 + points , 20 + rebounds in a season Wilt Chamberlain ( 7 times ) Most seasons with 30 + points , 20 + rebounds per game 7 by Wilt Chamberlain Most consecutive seasons with 30 + points , 20 + rebounds per game 7 by Wilt Chamberlain Most consecutive seasons with 20 + points , 10 + rebounds 13 by Shaquille O'Neal Most seasons with 20 + rebounds per game 10 by Bill Russell and Wilt Chamberlain Most consecutive seasons with 20 + rebounds per game 10 by Bill Russell and Wilt Chamberlain Only players to average 30 + points and 10 + assists in a season Oscar Robertson ( Cincinnati Royals , 1961 -- 62 , 1963 -- 64 , 1964 -- 65 , 1965 -- 66 , 1966 -- 67 ) Nate Archibald ( Kansas City -- Omaha Kings , 1972 -- 73 ) Russell Westbrook ( Oklahoma City Thunder , 2016 -- 17 ) Only player to lead the league in scoring and assists in the same season Nate Archibald ( Kansas City -- Omaha Kings , 1972 -- 73 ) Most blocks by a guard ( career ) 893 by Michael Jordan Most blocks by a guard ( season ) 131 by Michael Jordan in the 1987 -- 88 season Only players to record 200 steals and 100 blocks in the same season Michael Jordan ( Chicago Bulls , 1986 -- 87 , 1987 -- 88 ) Hakeem Olajuwon ( Houston Rockets , 1988 -- 89 ) Scottie Pippen ( Chicago Bulls , 1989 -- 90 ) Only players to lead a team in all 5 major statistics in the same season ( points , rebounds , assists , steals , blocks ) Dave Cowens ( Boston Celtics , 1977 -- 78 ) Scottie Pippen ( Chicago Bulls , 1994 -- 95 ) Kevin Garnett ( Minnesota Timberwolves , 2002 -- 03 ) LeBron James ( Cleveland Cavaliers , 2008 -- 09 ) Giannis Antetokounmpo ( Milwaukee Bucks , 2016 -- 17 ) Only players to lead the league in scoring and steals in the same season Michael Jordan ( Chicago Bulls , 1987 -- 88 , 1989 -- 90 , 1992 -- 93 ) Allen Iverson ( Philadelphia 76ers , 2000 -- 01 , 2001 -- 02 ) Stephen Curry ( Golden State Warriors , 2015 -- 16 ) Only players to lead the league in assists and steals in the same season Don `` Slick '' Watts ( Seattle SuperSonics , 1975 -- 76 ) Don Buse ( Indiana Pacers , 1976 -- 77 ) Micheal Ray Richardson ( New York Knicks , 1979 -- 80 ) John Stockton ( Utah Jazz , 1988 -- 89 , 1991 -- 92 ) Chris Paul ( New Orleans Hornets , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 ; Los Angeles Clippers , 2013 -- 14 ) Only players to lead the league in blocks and rebounding in the same season Kareem Abdul - Jabbar ( Los Angeles Lakers , 1975 -- 76 ) Bill Walton ( Portland Trail Blazers , 1976 -- 77 ) Hakeem Olajuwon ( Houston Rockets , 1989 -- 90 ) Ben Wallace ( Detroit Pistons , 2001 -- 02 ) Dwight Howard ( Orlando Magic , 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 ) Awards Most regular season NBA MVP Awards 6 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most All - NBA First Team honors 11 by Karl Malone , Kobe Bryant and LeBron James Most All - NBA Team honors 15 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , Tim Duncan and Kobe Bryant Most NBA All - Defensive First Team honors * 9 by Michael Jordan , Gary Payton , Kobe Bryant , and Kevin Garnett Most NBA All - Defensive Team honors * 15 by Tim Duncan Most Defensive Player of the Year awards * * 4 by Dikembe Mutombo and Ben Wallace Most Sixth Man of the Year awards 3 by Jamal Crawford * This award has only been given since the 1968 -- 69 season . * * This award has only been given since the 1982 -- 83 season . See also National Basketball Association portal NBA post-season records List of National Basketball Association career scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career rebounding leaders List of National Basketball Association career assists leaders List of National Basketball Association career steals leaders List of National Basketball Association career blocks leaders List of National Basketball Association top rookie scoring averages List of National Basketball Association single - season scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association single - season rebounding leaders List of National Basketball Association single - game scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association single - game rebounding leaders List of National Basketball Association players with most assists in a game List of National Basketball Association players with most steals in a game List of National Basketball Association players with most blocks in a game List of National Basketball Association longest winning streaks List of National Basketball Association longest losing streaks List of NBA teams by single season win percentage Basketball statistics Footnotes Jump up ^ `` Regular Season Records : Miscellaneous '' . NBA.com . NBA . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Wilt Scores 100 ! '' . NBA.com . NBA . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Klay Thompson nets NBA - record 37 - point quarter , finishes with 52 '' . ESPN.com . AP . 2015 - 01 - 23 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Zero to 60 : Gilbert Arenas ' Historic 60 Points '' . NBA.com . NBA . 2006 - 12 - 17 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` J.R. Smith shoots an NBA - record 22 three - pointers in Knicks ' loss '' . FoxSports.com . FOX. 2014 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Ty Lawson scores career - high 37 to help short - handed Nuggets '' . ESPN.com. April 9 , 2011 . Retrieved April 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Notebook : Hawks 98 , Jazz 92 '' . NBA.com . National Basketball Association . January 2 , 2015 . Retrieved January 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fromal , Adam . `` Chandler Parsons Hits 10 Threes in 1 Half , Sets NBA Record '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 25 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Regular Season Records : Free Throws '' . NBA.com . NBA . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Dwight Howard breaks FT attempts mark as Magic top Warriors '' . ESPN.com . January 12 , 2012 . Retrieved January 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dwight Howard ties FT mark , dominates in return to Orlando '' . ESPN.com . March 12 , 2013 . Retrieved March 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://bleacherreport.com/articles/2609690-andre-drummond-sets-nba-record-with-23-missed-free-throws-vs-rockets# Jump up ^ `` Bill Russell Mini Bio '' . IMDB . IMDB . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Scott Skiles : The Game I 'll Never Forget '' . NBA.com . NBA . 2005 - 12 - 30 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ Blake ties NBA mark with 14 first - quarter assists as Blazers dismantle Clippers , ESPN.com . Retrieved on February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Regular Season Records : Turnovers '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` NBA & ABA Single Game Leaders and Records for Turnovers '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ Marion scores 34 as Raptors beat Bulls , thestar.com , April 15 , 2009 , accessed April 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bryant , Bynum lift Lakers ; Blazers win 11th straight -- chicagotribune.com '' . Chicago Tribune . December 26 , 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ National Basketball Association ( NBA ) Individual Records Jump up ^ Tim Duncan records first - ever career game without a made field goal , Spurs still win by 11 Jump up ^ Nba.Com Líderes Jump up ^ Paul beats Robertson 's steal record , ESPN.com . Retrieved from December 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Chris Forsberg . `` Wallace fined $35,000 for criticizing officials '' . ESPN . Retrieved September 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ http://www.basketball-reference.com/players/h/hickena01.html Jump up ^ http://basketball.realgm.com/nba/boxscore/1948-01-27/St-Louis-at-Providence/181661 Jump up ^ Latzke , Jeff ( April 15 , 2010 ) . `` Durant Becomes NBA 's Youngest Scoring Champ '' . ABC News . Retrieved April 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Durant becomes youngest to win scoring title in Thunder victory '' . espn.com. April 14 , 2010 . Retrieved April 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Magic rest starters , ride Redick , Gortat to blowout of Wizards '' . espn.com. April 16 , 2008 . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Brandon Jennings to visit with shoppers at Boston Store at Mayfair Mall on Thursday The official site of the Milwaukee Bucks '' . Nba.com . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Jordan becomes first 40 - year - old to score 40 '' . espn.com . February 21 , 2003 . Retrieved April 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://keepingitheel.com/2016/11/15/unc-in-the-nba-vince-carter-breaks-record-held-by-michael-jordan/ Jump up ^ `` Elias : Top 5 questions from Wednesday , Nov. 19 '' . NBA.com/stats . November 19 , 2014 . Retrieved July 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ This Date in History -- January , NBA.com . Jump up ^ This Date in History -- December , NBA.com . Jump up ^ This Date in History -- February , NBA.com . Jump up ^ `` Bulls Reach a New Low by Scoring 49 Points in Loss '' . Los Angeles Times . April 11 , 1999 . Jump up ^ espn.com , Clippers hold Hornets to NBA - low 16 points in second half , accessed August 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Orlando Magic / Boston Celtics Recap -- NBA.com Jump up ^ Warriors become 2nd team with back - to - back 65 - win seasons Jump up ^ Nuggets set futility record going 0 -- 22 from three in loss to Trail Blazers Jump up ^ Pacers double hapless Blazers , 124 -- 59 , to land in record book Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Kevin Durant 's 30 - point streak ends at 12 in Thunder 's rout of Nets ^ Jump up to : `` Regular Season Records : Assists '' . NBA.com . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ NBA -- Golden State Warriors / Indiana Pacers Recap Wednesday January 16 , 2008 -- Yahoo ! Sports Jump up ^ April 1 , 2006 Box Scores accessed January 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ NBA.com : James leads Cavaliers past Trail Blazers in OT Jump up ^ Russell Westbrook scores 37 as Thunder stave off Lakers rally Jump up ^ Oracle Arena , Oakland , California ( 2009 - 03 - 15 ) . `` Phoenix Suns vs. Golden State Warriors - Recap - March 15 , 2009 - ESPN '' . Espn.go.com . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 18 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Denver Nuggets @ Utah Jazz - Wednesday , November 27th , 1996 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jazz Zips Back In Record Style , New York Times . Jump up ^ Greatest NBA Comebacks . Jump up ^ On , Esteban ( 2012 - 03 - 20 ) . `` 13 Worst NBA Teams of All Time '' . Total Pro Sports . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ Mark Murphy , C 's can do as they please -- Stars sit , but team still clinches homecourt , Boston Herald , April 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ http://www.nba.com/gamenotes/mavericks.pdf Jump up ^ Howard becomes youngest player to win top defensive honor , nba.com , April 21 , 2009 , accessed April 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Howard wins Kia Defensive Player of the Year Award again , nba.com , April 20 , 2010 , accessed April 23 , 2013 . 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what is the difference between atlantic ocean and caribbean sea	The Caribbean Sea ( Spanish : Mar Caribe ; French : Mer des Caraïbes Dutch : Caraïbische Zee ) is a sea of the Atlantic Ocean in the tropics of the Western Hemisphere . It is bounded by Mexico and Central America to the west and south west , to the north by the Greater Antilles starting with Cuba , to the east by the Lesser Antilles , and to the south by the north coast of South America .		Caribbean Sea	caribbean sea	The Caribbean Sea ( Spanish : Mar Caribe ; French : Mer des Caraïbes Dutch : Caraïbische Zee ) is a sea of the Atlantic Ocean in the tropics of the Western Hemisphere . It is bounded by Mexico and Central America to the west and south west , to the north by the Greater Antilles starting with Cuba , to the east by the Lesser Antilles , and to the south by the north coast of South America .	The entire area of the Caribbean Sea , the numerous islands of the West Indies , and adjacent coasts , are collectively known as the Caribbean . The Caribbean Sea is one of the largest seas and has an area of about 2,754,000 km ( 1,063,000 sq mi ) . The sea 's deepest point is the Cayman Trough , between the Cayman Islands and Jamaica , at 7,686 m ( 25,220 ft ) below sea level . The Caribbean coastline has many gulfs and bays : the Gulf of Gonâve , Gulf of Venezuela , Gulf of Darién , Golfo de los Mosquitos , Gulf of Paria and Gulf of Honduras . A popular and tropical Caribbean portrait : the island of San Andrés . The Caribbean Sea has the world 's second biggest barrier reef , the Mesoamerican Barrier Reef . It runs 1,000 km ( 620 mi ) along the coasts of Mexico , Belize , Guatemala , and Honduras . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Extent 3 Geology 4 Oceanography 5 Ecology 6 Weather 7 Flora and fauna 7.1 Vegetation 7.2 Fauna 8 Economy and human activity 9 Popular culture 10 See also 11 Gallery 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of the Caribbean Christopher Columbus landing on Hispaniola in 1492 . The name `` Caribbean '' derives from the Caribs , one of the region 's dominant Native American groups at the time of European contact during the late 15th century . After the discovery of America by Christopher Columbus in 1492 , the Spanish term Antillas applied to the lands ; stemming from this , `` Sea of the Antilles '' became a common alternative name for `` Caribbean Sea '' in various European languages . During the first century of development , Spanish dominance in the region remained undisputed . From the 16th century , Europeans visiting the Caribbean region identified the `` South Sea '' ( the Pacific Ocean , to the south of the isthmus of Panama ) as opposed to the `` North Sea '' ( the Caribbean Sea , to the north of the same isthmus ) . Tulum , Maya city on the coast of the Caribbean in the state of Quintana Roo ( Mexico ) The Caribbean Sea had been unknown to the populations of Eurasia until 1492 , when Christopher Columbus sailed into Caribbean waters on a quest to find a sea route to Asia . At that time the Western Hemisphere in general was unknown to Europeans . Following the discovery of the islands by Columbus , the area was quickly colonised by several Western cultures ( initially Spain , then later England , the Dutch Republic , France , Courland and Denmark ) . Following the colonisation of the Caribbean islands , the Caribbean Sea became a busy area for European - based marine trading and transport , and this commerce eventually attracted pirates such as Samuel Bellamy and Blackbeard . ( See Piracy in the Caribbean ) Due to the abundance of sunshine , year - round tropical temperatures moderated by the almost constant trade winds and the great variety of scenic destinations to visit , during the second half of the 20th century and on into the 21st the Caribbean Sea became a popular place for tourism . Coral reefs in the British Virgin Islands As of 2015 the area is home to 22 island territories and borders 12 continental countries . Extent ( edit ) The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the Caribbean Sea as follows : On the North . In the Windward Channel -- a line joining Caleta Point ( 74 ° 15 ′ W ) and Pearl Point ( 19 ° 40 ′ N ) in Haïti . In the Mona Passage -- a line joining Cape Engaño and the extreme of Agujereada ( 18 ° 31 ′ N 67 ° 08 ′ W / 18.517 ° N 67.133 ° W / 18.517 ; - 67.133 ) in Puerto Rico . Great Blue Hole off the coast of Belize Eastern limits . From Point San Diego ( Puerto Rico ) Northward along the meridian thereof ( 65 ° 39 ′ W ) to the 100 - fathom line , thence Eastward and Southward , in such a manner that all islands , shoals and narrow waters of the Lesser Antilles are included in the Caribbean Sea as far as Galera Point ( Northeast extremity of the island of Trinidad ) . From Galera Point through Trinidad to Galeota Point ( Southeast extreme ) and thence to Baja Point ( 9 ° 32 ′ N 61 ° 0 ′ W / 9.533 ° N 61.000 ° W / 9.533 ; - 61.000 ) in Venezuela . Note that , although Barbados is an island on the same continental shelf , it is considered to be in the Atlantic Ocean rather than the Caribbean Sea . Geology ( edit ) The Caribbean Sea is an oceanic sea largely situated on the Caribbean Plate . The Caribbean Sea is separated from the ocean by several island arcs of various ages . The youngest stretches from the Lesser Antilles to the Virgin Islands to the north east of Trinidad and Tobago off the coast of Venezuela . This arc was formed by the collision of the South American Plate with the Caribbean Plate and includes active and extinct volcanoes such as Mount Pelee , the Quill ( volcano ) on Sint Eustatius in the Caribbean Netherlands and Morne Trois Pitons on Dominica . The larger islands in the northern part of the sea Cuba , Hispaniola , Jamaica and Puerto Rico lie on an older island arc . The geological age of the Caribbean Sea is estimated to be between 160 and 180 million years and was formed by a horizontal fracture that split the supercontinent called Pangea in the Mesozoic Era . It is assumed the proto - caribbean basin existed in the Devonian period . In the early Carboniferous movement of Gondwana to the north and its convergence with the Euramerica basin decreased in size . The next stage of the Caribbean Sea 's formation began in the Triassic . Powerful rifting led to the formation of narrow troughs , stretching from modern Newfoundland to the west coast of the Gulf of Mexico which formed siliciclastic sedimentary rocks . In the early Jurassic due to powerful marine transgression , water broke into the present area of the Gulf of Mexico creating a vast shallow pool . The emergence of deep basins in the Caribbean occurred during the Middle Jurassic rifting . The emergence of these basins marked the beginning of the Atlantic Ocean and contributed to the destruction of Pangaea at the end of the late Jurassic . During the Cretaceous the Caribbean acquired the shape close to that seen today . In the early Paleogene due to Marine regression the Caribbean became separated from the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean by the land of Cuba and Haiti . The Caribbean remained like this for most of the Cenozoic until the Holocene when rising water levels of the oceans restored communication with the Atlantic Ocean . The shaded relief map of the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico area . The Caribbean 's floor is composed of sub-oceanic sediments of deep red clay in the deep basins and troughs . On continental slopes and ridges calcareous silts are found . Clay minerals likely having been deposited by the mainland river Orinoco and the Magdalena River . Deposits on the bottom of the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico have a thickness of about 1 km ( 0.62 mi ) . Upper sedimentary layers relate to the period from the Mesozoic to the Cenozoic ( 250 million years ago to present ) and the lower layers from the Paleozoic to the Mesozoic . The Caribbean sea floor is divided into five basins separated from each other by underwater ridges and mountain ranges . Atlantic Ocean water enters the Caribbean through the Anegada Passage lying between the Lesser Antilles and Virgin Islands and the Windward Passage located between Cuba and Haiti . The Yucatán Channel between Mexico and Cuba links the Gulf of Mexico with the Caribbean . The deepest points of the sea lie in Cayman Trough with depths reaching approximately 7,686 m ( 25,220 ft ) . Despite this , the Caribbean Sea is considered a relatively shallow sea in comparison to other bodies of water . Caribbean Sea view from Bodden Town , Grand Cayman Caribbean plate tectonics The pressure of the South American Plate to the east of the Caribbean causes the region of the Lesser Antilles to have high volcanic activity . There was a very serious eruption of Mount Pelée in 1902 which caused many casualties . The Caribbean sea floor is also home to two oceanic trenches : the Cayman Trench and Puerto Rico Trench , which put the area at a high risk of earthquakes . Underwater earthquakes pose a threat of generating tsunamis which could have a devastating effect on the Caribbean islands . Scientific data reveals that over the last 500 years the area has seen a dozen earthquakes above 7.5 magnitude . Most recently , a 7.1 earthquake struck Haiti on January 12 , 2010 . List of islands in the Caribbean Oceanography ( edit ) Sketch of the North Equatorial Current and the Gulf Stream The hydrology of the sea has a high level of homogeneity . Annual variations in monthly average water temperatures at the surface do not exceed 3 ° C ( 5.4 ° F ) . Over the past fifty years the Caribbean has gone through three stages : cooling until 1974 ; a cold phase with peaks during 1974 -- 1976 and 1984 -- 1986 then ; a warming phase with an increase in temperature of 0.6 ° C ( 1.1 ° F ) per year . Virtually all temperature extremes were associated with the phenomena of El Niño and La Niña . The salinity of seawater is about 3.6 % and its density is 1,023.5 -- 1,024.0 kg / m ( 63.90 -- 63.93 lb / cu ft ) . The surface water colour is blue - green to green . The Caribbean 's depth in its wider basins and deep water temperatures are similar to those of the Atlantic . Atlantic deep water is thought to spill into the Caribbean and contribute to the general deep water of its sea . The surface water ( 30 feet ; 100 m ) acts as an extension of the northern Atlantic as the Guiana Current and part of the North Equatorial Current enter the sea on the east . On the western side of the sea the trade winds influence a northerly current which causes an upwelling and a rich fishery near Yucatán . Ecology ( edit ) Sea of San Andrés and Providencia in Colombia . A view of the Caribbean Sea from the Dominican Republic coast The Caribbean is home to about 9 % of the world 's coral reefs covering about 50,000 km ( 19,000 sq mi ) , most of which are located off the Caribbean Islands and the Central American coast . Among them stands out the Belize Barrier Reef with an area of 963 km ( 372 sq mi ) which was declared a World Heritage Site in 1996 . It forms part of the Great Mayan Reef also known as the MBRS and being over 1,000 km ( 600 mi ) in length is the world 's second longest . It runs along the Caribbean coasts of Mexico , Belize , Guatemala and Honduras . Morrocoy National Park , Venezuela Sian Ka'an Biosphere Reserve , Mexico During the past ten years , unusually warm Caribbean waters have been increasingly threatening Caribbean coral reefs . Coral reefs support some of the most diverse marine habitats in the world , but they are fragile ecosystems . When tropical waters become unusually warm for extended periods of time , microscopic plants called zooxanthellae , which are symbiotic partners living within the coral polyp tissues , die off . These plants provide food for the corals , and give them their color . The result of the death and dispersal of these tiny plants is called coral bleaching , and can lead to the devastation of large areas of reef . Over 42 % of corals are completely bleached and 95 % are experiencing some type of whitening . The habitats supported by the reefs are critical to such tourist activities as fishing and diving , and provide an annual economic value to Caribbean nations of US $ 3.1 -- 4.6 billion . Continued destruction of the reefs could severely damage the region 's economy . A Protocol of the Convention for the Protection and Development of the Marine Environment of the Wider Caribbean Region came in effect in 1986 to protect the various endangered marine life of the Caribbean through forbidding human activities that would advance the continued destruction of such marine life in various areas . Currently this protocol has been ratified by 15 countries . Also , several charitable organisations have been formed to preserve the Caribbean marine life , such as Caribbean Conservation Corporation which seeks to study and protect sea turtles while educating others about them . In connection with the foregoing , the Institute of Marine Sciences and Limnology of the National Autonomous University of Mexico , conducted a regional study , funded by the Department of Technical Cooperation of the International Atomic Energy Agency , in which specialists from 11 Latin American countries ( Colombia , Costa Rica , Cuba , Guatemala , Haiti , Honduras , Mexico , Nicaragua , Panama , Dominican Republic , Venezuela plus Jamaica ) participated . The findings indicate that heavy metals such as mercury , arsenic , and lead , have been identified in the coastal zone of the Caribbean Sea . Analysis of toxic metals and hydrocarbons is based on the investigation of coastal sediments that have accumulated less than 50 meters deep during the last hundred and fifty years . The project results were presented in Vienna in the forum `` Water Matters '' , and the 2011 General Conference of said multilateral organization . Weather ( edit ) Average sea surface temperatures for the Caribbean Atlantic Ocean ( 25 -- 27 August 2005 ) . Hurricane Katrina is seen just above Cuba . The Caribbean weather is influenced by the Gulf Stream and Humboldt Current ocean currents . The tropical location of the sea helps the water to maintain a warm temperature ranging from the low of 21 -- 26 ° C ( 70 -- 79 ° F ) by the season . The Caribbean is a focal area for many hurricanes within the Western Hemisphere . A series of low pressure systems develop off the West coast of Africa and make their way across the Atlantic Ocean . While most of these systems do not become tropical storms , some do . The tropical storms can develop into Atlantic hurricanes , often in the low pressure areas of the eastern Caribbean . The Caribbean hurricane season as a whole lasts from June through November , with the majority of hurricanes occurring during August and September . On average around 9 tropical storms form each year , with 5 reaching hurricane strength . According to the National Hurricane Center 385 hurricanes occurred in the Caribbean between 1494 and 1900 . Every year hurricanes represent a potential threat to the islands of the Caribbean , due to the extremely destructive nature of these powerful weather systems . Coral reefs can easily be damaged by violent wave action , and can be destroyed when a hurricane dumps sand or mud onto a reef . When this happens , the coral organisms are smothered and the reef dies and ultimately breaks apart . Flora and fauna ( edit ) The region has a high level of biodiversity and many species are endemic to the Caribbean . Vegetation ( edit ) The vegetation of the region is mostly tropical but differences in topography , soil and climatic conditions increase species diversity . Where there are porous limestone terraced islands these are generally poor in nutrients . It is estimated that 13,000 species of plants grow in the Caribbean of which 6,500 are endemic . For example , guaiac wood ( Guaiacum officinale ) , the flower of which is the national flower of Jamaica and the Bayahibe rose ( Pereskia quisqueyana ) which is the national flower of the Dominican Republic and the ceiba which is the national tree of both Puerto Rico and Guatemala . The mahogany is the national tree of the Dominican Republic and Belize . The caimito ( Chrysophyllum cainito ) grows throughout the Caribbean . In coastal zones there are coconut palms and in lagoons and estuaries are found thick areas of black mangrove and red mangrove ( Rhizophora mangle ) . In shallow water flora and fauna is concentrated around coral reefs where there is little variation in water temperature , purity and salinity . Leeward side of lagoons provide areas of growth for sea grasses . Turtle grass ( Thalassia testudinum ) is common in the Caribbean as is manatee grass ( Syringodium filiforme ) which can grow together as well as in fields of single species at depths up to 20 m ( 66 ft ) . Another type shoal grass ( Halodule wrightii ) grows on sand and mud surfaces at depths of up to 5 m ( 16 ft ) . In brackish water of harbours and estuaries at depths less than 2.5 m ( 8 ft 2 in ) widgeongrass ( Ruppia maritima ) grows . Representatives of three species belonging to the genus Halophila , ( Halophila baillonii , Halophila engelmannii and Halophila decipiens ) are found at depths of up to 30 m ( 98 ft ) except for Halophila engelmani which does not grow below 5 m ( 16 ft ) and is confined to the Bahamas , Florida , the Greater Antilles and the western part of the Caribbean . Halophila baillonii has been found only in the Lesser Antilles . Fauna ( edit ) Puerto Rican parrot Green sea turtle , Grand Cayman Island Marine biota in the region have representatives of both the Indian and Pacific oceans which were caught in the Caribbean before the emergence of the Isthmus of Panama four million years ago . In the Caribbean Sea there are around 1,000 documented species of fish , including sharks ( bull shark , tiger shark , silky shark and Caribbean reef shark ) , flying fish , giant oceanic manta ray , angel fish , spotfin butterflyfish , parrotfish , Atlantic Goliath grouper , tarpon and moray eels . Throughout the Caribbean there is industrial catching of lobster and sardines ( off the coast of Yucatán Peninsula ) . There are 90 species of mammals in the Caribbean including sperm whales , humpback whales and dolphins . The island of Jamaica is home to seals and manatees . The Caribbean monk seal which lived in the Caribbean is considered extinct . The solenodon is endangered . There are 500 species of reptiles ( 94 % of which are endemic ) . Islands are inhabited by some endemic species such as rock iguanas and American crocodile . The blue iguana , endemic to the island of Grand Cayman , is endangered . The green iguana is invasive to Grand Cayman . The Mona ground iguana which inhabits the island of Mona , Puerto Rico , is endangered . The rhinoceros iguana from the island of Hispaniola which is shared between Haiti and the Dominican Republic is also endangered . The region has several types of sea turtle ( loggerhead , green turtle , hawksbill , leatherback turtle , Atlantic ridley and olive ridley ) . Some species are threatened with extinction . Their populations have been greatly reduced since the 17th century -- the number of green turtles has declined from 91 million to 300,000 and hawksbill turtles from 11 million to less than 30,000 by 2006 . All 170 species of amphibians that live in the region are endemic . The habitats of almost all members of the toad family , poison dart frogs , tree frogs and leptodactylidae ( a type of frog ) are limited to only one island . The Golden coqui is in serious threat of extinction . In the Caribbean 600 species of birds have been recorded of which 163 are endemic such as the tody , Fernandina 's flicker and palmchat . The American yellow warbler is found in many areas as is the green heron . Of the endemic species 48 are threatened with extinction including the Puerto Rican amazon , yellow - breasted crake and the Zapata wren . According to Birdlife International in 2006 in Cuba 29 species of bird are in danger of extinction and two species officially extinct . The black - fronted piping guan is endangered as is the plain pigeon . The Antilles along with Central America lie in the flight path of migrating birds from North America so the size of populations is subject to seasonal fluctuations . In the forests are found parrots , bananaquit and toucans . Over the open sea can be seen frigatebirds and tropicbirds . Economy and human activity ( edit ) A view of Nevis island from the southeastern peninsula of Saint Kitts . Coral reef , near Soufrière Quarter , Saint Lucia West Indian manatee The Caribbean region has seen a significant increase in human activity since the colonisation period . The sea is one of the largest oil production areas in the world , producing approximately 170 million tons per year . The area also generates a large fishing industry for the surrounding countries , accounting for 500,000 tonnes ( 490,000 long tons ; 550,000 short tons ) of fish a year . Human activity in the area also accounts for a significant amount of pollution , The Pan American Health Organization estimated in 1993 that only about 10 % of the sewage from the Central American and Caribbean Island countries is properly treated before being released into the sea . The Caribbean region supports a large tourism industry . The Caribbean Tourism Organization calculates that about 12 million people a year visit the area , including ( in 1991 -- 1992 ) about 8 million cruise ship tourists . Tourism based upon scuba diving and snorkeling on coral reefs of many Caribbean islands makes a major contribution to their economies . Popular culture ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2008 ) The Caribbean is the setting for countless literary efforts often related to piracy acts and swashbuckling . One memorable work of pulp fiction has in its title a geographic feature unique in its way to the islands : Fear Cay , the eleventh Doc Savage adventure by Lester Dent . Many James Bond adventures were set there . All of the action of the Monkey Island series videogames takes place within the Caribbean Sea area . It is also well known as the location of the Pirates of the Caribbean films , featuring Port Royal . Less swashbuckling , but not lacking in man - against - the - sea exploits , is Peter Matthiessen 's Far Tortuga ( 1975 ) , which chronicles the adventures of a turtling crew in the late 1960s . The video game series Assassin 's Creed features the Caribbean as an important place in its timeline . For example , Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag , along with its Freedom Cry DLC , entirely takes place in the Caribbean Sea , while some events also occur in the Caribbean in Assassin 's Creed III to stop further British expeditions during the American Revolutionary War . Saint Thomas , US Virgin Islands Vieques , Puerto Rico See also ( edit ) Geography portal Oceans portal Caribbean portal Piracy in the Caribbean Territorial evolution of the Caribbean Gallery ( edit ) Cayo de Agua in Los Roques archipelago , Venezuela The Anguilla island . Sunrise over the south beach of Jamaica Roatán , Bay Islands , Honduras Cayo Largo , Cuba Marie Galante , Guadeloupe Scotts Head , Dominica References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Caribbean Sea All The Sea . URL last accessed May 7 , 2006 Jump up ^ `` Mesoamerican Reef Places WWF '' . World Wildlife Fund . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ Gorgas , William C. ( 1912 ) . `` Sanitation at Panama '' . Journal of the American Medical Association . American Medical Association . 58 : 907 . ISSN 0002 - 9955 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 1912.04260030305001 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 22 . The Pacific Ocean , south of this isthmus ( Panama ) , was known to the early explorers as the South Sea , and the Caribbean , lying to the north , as the North Sea . Jump up ^ `` Limits of Oceans and Seas , 3rd edition '' ( PDF ) . International Hydrographic Organization . 1953 . Retrieved 7 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Iturralde - Vinent , Manuel ( 2004 ) , The first inhabitants of the Caribbean , Cuban Science Network . URL accessed on 28 / 07 / 2007 Jump up ^ National Geophysical Data Center , 1999 . Global Land One - kilometer Base Elevation ( GLOBE ) v. 1 . Hastings , D. and P.K. Dunbar . National Geophysical Data Center , NOAA . doi : 10.7289 / V52R3PMS ( access date : 2015 - 03 - 16 ) Jump up ^ Amante , C. and B.W. Eakins , 2009 . ETOPO1 1 Arc - Minute Global Relief Model : Procedures , Data Sources and Analysis . NOAA Technical Memorandum NESDIS NGDC - 24 . National Geophysical Data Center , NOAA . doi : 10.7289 / V5C8276M ( access date : 2015 - 03 - 18 ) . Jump up ^ Dawicki , Shelley . `` Tsunamis in the Caribbean ? It 's Possible . '' . Oceanus . Retrieved April 30 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Pernetta , John . ( 2004 ) . Guide to the Oceans . Buffalo , NY : Firefly Books , Inc. p. 178 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55297 - 942 - 6 . Jump up ^ Pernetta , John . ( 2004 ) . Guide to the Oceans . Buffalo , NY : Firefly Books , Inc . pp. 177 -- 178 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55297 - 942 - 6 . Jump up ^ Status of coral reefs in the Caribbean and Atlantic Ocean Archived June 21 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . World Resource Institute . URL accessed on April 29 , 2006 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Inter Press Service News Agency -- Mesoamerican Coral Reef on the way to becoming a Marine Desert Jump up ^ Alarm sounded for Caribbean coral . BBC News . URL accessed on April 29 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Protocol Concerning Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife to the Convention for the Protection and Development of the Marine Environment of the Wider Caribbean Region ( SPAW ) NOAA Fisheries : Office of Protected Resources . URL accessed on April 30 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Caribbean Conservation Corporation Archived October 1 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Orion Online . URL last accessed May 1 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Analysis of Contaminants in the Caribbean Sea over the last 150 years . National Autonomous University of Mexico ( UNAM ) 2012 ( Spa ) . Jump up ^ NASA Satellites Record a Month for the Hurricane History Books Jump up ^ Silverstein , Alvin ( 1998 ) Weather And Climate ( Science Concepts ) ; page 17 . 21st Century . ISBN 0 - 7613 - 3223 - 5 Jump up ^ Caribbean seagrass . Seagrass watch , retrieved April 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Robert James Menzies , John C Ogden . `` Caribbean Sea '' . Britannica Online Encyclopaedia . Jump up ^ Severin Carrell , `` Caribbean Sea Turtles Close to Extinction '' , The Independent , 28 November 2004 . Jump up ^ Historic Caribbean Sea Turtle Population falls 99 % . Plunge has significant ecological consequences . Mongabay.com ( August 1 , 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Conservation International Caribbean Islands , Threatened Species . Jump up ^ `` Birdlife International '' -- Red List Cuba . ^ Jump up to : An Overview of Land Based Sources of Marine Pollution Caribbean Environment Programme . URL last accessed May 14 , 2006 . Jump up ^ LME 12 : Caribbean Sea NOAA Fisheries Northeast Fisheries Science Center Narragansett Laboratory . URL last accessed May 14 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Reefs at Risk in the Caribbean : Economic Valuation Methodology World Resources Institute 2009 . Further reading ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Caribbean Sea . Snyderman , Marty ( 1996 ) , Guide to Marine Life : Caribbean - Bahamas - Florida , Aqua Quest Publications , pp. 13 -- 14 , 19 . ISBN 1 - 881652 - 06 - 8 Glover K. , Linda ( 2004 ) , Defying Ocean 's End : An Agenda For Action , Island Press , p. 9 . ISBN 1 - 55963 - 755 - 2 Peters , Philip Dickenson ( 2003 ) , Caribbean WOW 2.0 , Islandguru Media , p. 100 . ISBN 1 - 929970 - 04 - 8 Reefs at Risk in the Caribbean : Economic Valuation Methodology , World Resources Institute 2007 . 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Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean%20Sea	2,385
who played young tom riddle in harry potter	Hero Beauregard Fiennes Tiffin ( born 6 November 1997 ) is an English actor best known for his role as the 11 - year - old Tom Riddle , the young version of antagonist Lord Voldemort ( played in the films by his uncle , Ralph Fiennes ) , in Harry Potter and the Half Blood Prince , the sixth installment of the Harry Potter films . He also played the role of `` younger Charlie '' in the war based film Private Peaceful .	Hero Beauregard Fiennes Tiffin	Hero Fiennes - Tiffin	hero fiennes - tiffin		Hero Fiennes Tiffin Hero Beauregard Fiennes Tiffin ( 1997 - 11 - 06 ) 6 November 1997 ( age 20 ) London , England , UK Occupation Actor Years active 2008 -- present Parent ( s ) George Tiffin Martha Fiennes Relatives Mark Fiennes ( grandfather ) Jennifer Lash ( grandmother ) Ralph Fiennes ( uncle ) Magnus Fiennes ( uncle ) Sophie Fiennes ( aunt ) Joseph Fiennes ( uncle ) Hero Beauregard Fiennes Tiffin ( born 6 November 1997 ) is an English actor best known for his role as the 11 - year - old Tom Riddle , the young version of antagonist Lord Voldemort ( played in the films by his uncle , Ralph Fiennes ) , in Harry Potter and the Half Blood Prince , the sixth installment of the Harry Potter films . He also played the role of `` younger Charlie '' in the war based film Private Peaceful . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Filmography 3.1 Television 4 References 5 External links Early Life ( edit ) Fiennes Tiffin was born in London to film directors George Tiffin and Martha Fiennes , and educated at Emanuel School in Battersea . He has an older brother and a younger sister . He is a member of the Twisleton - Wykeham - Fiennes family and great - grandson of Sir Maurice Fiennes . His uncles are the actors Ralph Fiennes and Joseph Fiennes . Career ( edit ) Fiennes Tiffin made his first film appearance as Spartak in the 2008 drama , Bigga Than Ben . Fiennes Tiffin earned the part of young Voldemort even though thousands of young actors auditioned for the role ; at least one publication , however , has alleged his family relation alone landed him the part . David Yates , director of Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince , said Fiennes Tiffin was cast as Tom Riddle due to his ability to find `` the darker space '' in his line readings . Yates said he did not get the role due to his relation to Ralph Fiennes , who was his maternal uncle , but admitted the family resemblance was `` a clincher '' . Yates described the actor as `` very focused and disciplined '' and said he `` got the corners and dark moods and odd spirit of the character '' and had a `` wonderful haunted quality that seemed to bring Tom Riddle alive on - screen for us . '' In 2018 , Fiennes Tiffin was casted as Hardin Scott in the movie After . Filmography ( edit ) Year Film Role 2007 Bigga Than Ben Spartak 2009 Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince Tom Riddle ( aged 11 ) 2012 Private Peaceful Young Charlie 2017 ERDEM X H&M The Secret Life of Flowers short film Adam 2019 After Hardin Scott Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2018 Safe Ioan Fuller 6 episodes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Casting Is Complete on ' Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince . ' '' Distributed by PR Newswire on behalf of Warner Bros. Pictures , 16 November 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ Mosley , Charles , ed. ( 2003 ) . Burke 's Peerage , Baronetage & Knighthood ( 107 ed . ) . Burke 's Peerage & Gentry . p. 3534 . ISBN 0 - 9711966 - 2 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Alberge , Dalya . `` Voldemort 's nephew has the villainous blood for film role . '' The Times , 17 November 2007 . Retrieved on 2008 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Lopez Elected ' Governess ' '' . New York . 29 July 2008 . Retrieved on 2008 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Jeff . `` There Will Be ' Half - Blood . ' '' . Entertainment Weekly , Iss. # 1007 / 1008 , 22 / 29 August 2008 . pg. 39 . Retrieved on 2008 - 08 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Puig , Claudia . `` ' Potter ' trailer unveils a young Voldemort . '' USA Today , Life section , 30 July 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 19 . External links ( edit ) Hero Fiennes Tiffin on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hero_Fiennes-Tiffin&oldid=850041853 '' Categories : 1997 births Living people English male child actors English male film actors Fiennes family Male actors from London 21st - century English male actors Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2013 Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands Português Русский Slovenščina Tiếng Việt 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 July 2018 , at 05 : 43 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero%20Fiennes-Tiffin	2,386
what time does rhode island stop selling alcohol	State Alcoholic beverage control state Alcohol sale hours Grocery Store Sales Age Notes Beer Wine Distilled spirits On - premises Off - premises Beer Wine Distilled Spirits Purchasing Consumption New York No 8 a.m. -- 4 a.m. ( Mon -- Sat ) Noon -- 4 a.m. ( Sun ) Some counties have more restrictive hours . Beer : 24 hours Wine & spirits : 8 a.m. -- midnight ( Mon -- Sat ) Noon -- 9 p.m. ( Sun ) . Yes No 21 Off - premises sale of wine and spirits is only at liquor stores , and beer is not sold at liquor stores ; it must be sold at supermarkets and convenience stores . Exchanges for returned items are permitted ( at store owners ' discretion ) . Some counties may retain the Sunday morning beer prohibition which the state discontinued as of July 30 , 2006 . Twelve dry towns , mostly in western region of state . Many counties have more restrictive off - premises hours , such as bans on beer sales overnight ( hours vary ) . All liquor stores must be owned by a single owner , who owns that store and lives within a certain distance of it -- effectively banning chain liquor stores from the state . New York City law does not allow open containers of alcohol in public . North Carolina No Yes 7 a.m. -- 2 a.m. ( Mon -- Sat ) 10 a.m. -- 2 a.m. ( Sun ) Beer and wine : 7 a.m. -- 2 a.m. ( Mon -- Sat ) 10 a.m. -- 2 a.m. ( Sun ) Liquor : 9 a.m. -- 9 p.m. ( Mon -- Sat ) Yes No 21 15 % ABV cap on beer , 16 % cap on unfortified wine , 24 % cap on fortified wine . No `` happy hour , '' `` buy one get one free , '' or `` ladies night '' style specials allowed . North Dakota No 8 a.m. -- 2 a.m. ( Mon -- Sat ) Noon -- 2 a.m. ( Sun ) 8 a.m. -- 2 a.m. ( Mon -- Sat ) Noon -- 2 a.m. ( Sun ) No 21 No off - sale on Thanksgiving Day . No Christmas Day on - sale , nor sales on Christmas Eve after 6 p.m. Ohio No Yes 5 : 30 a.m. -- 2 : 30 a.m. 5 : 30 a.m. -- 1 a.m. Yes , under 21 % ABV 21 21 or older , unrestricted under supervision of individual 's parent or legal guardian or legal age spouse 12 % ABV cap on beer was removed on May 31 , 2016 . 21 % ABV cap on wine . Some counties have more restrictive off - premises hours . The Division of Liquor Control does not operate retail outlets ; it appoints private businesses to act as its agents and sell its products in exchange for a commission . Normal proof spirits ( > 21 % ABV ) are sold only in a limited number of agent stores . Many retail outlets sell diluted spirits ( diluted by water to 21 % ABV ) under a more readily obtained permit . No intoxicating liquor shall be handled by any person under twenty - one years of age , except that a person eighteen years of age or older employed by a permit holder may handle or sell beer or intoxicating liquor in sealed containers in connection with wholesale or retail sales , and any person nineteen years of age or older employed by a permit holder may handle intoxicating liquor in open containers when acting in the capacity of a server in a hotel , restaurant , club , or night club ... Beverages with less than 0.5 % ABV can be sold / given to people under the age of eighteen if given by a physician in the regular line of his practice or given for established religious purposes , or the underage person is accompanied by a parent , spouse who is not an underage person , or legal guardian . Oklahoma No 6 a.m. -- 2 a.m. 10 a.m. -- 9 p.m. ( Mon -- Sat ) 3.2 % only No 21 4.0 % ABV / 3.2 ABW or higher only sold at room temperature in liquor stores , Liquor Stores closed on Sundays and some holidays . As of 2007 , liquor stores are now open on election days . State law prohibits public intoxication , many counties and cities also prohibit public intoxication . Oregon No Yes 7 a.m. -- 2 : 30 a.m. 7 a.m. -- 2 : 30 a.m. Yes No 21 Liquor , all of which is state - owned prior to sale to consumers , is sold in private liquor stores . These stores are approved by Oregon 's Liquor Commissioners to act as sales agents on the state 's behalf . Pennsylvania No Yes Restaurants , and bars : 7 a.m. -- 2 a.m. ( Mon -- Sat ) 11 a.m. - 2 a.m. ( Sun ) Clubs : 7 a.m. -- 3 a.m. Beverage Centers and State Run Stores : 9 a.m. -- 10 p.m. ( Mon -- Sat ) Noon -- 5 p.m . ( Sun ) Grocery Stores : 7 a.m. - 10 p.m. ( Mon - Sat ) 9 a.m. - 10pm ( Sun ) Yes * No 21 Spirits can only be sold at state - operated stores . All persons must be at least 21 years of age to enter a state - operated liquor store alone . Beer is not sold at state - operated liquor stores . Beer ( but not wine ) to go can be purchased at beverage outlets in any quantity . Prior to 2015 beverage centers could only sell 24 pack cases or greater . The rules were relaxed to permit sales of beer in any quantity in 2016 . * Beer and wine to go can be purchased in restaurants and grocery stores ( at a separate point of purchase for alcohol and prepared foods sales in grocery stores ) ( six and 12 packs / 192oz max . purchase ( two six packs ) ) with Liquor Control Board -- issued licenses Sunday sales were prohibited in LCB stores until 2003 ( selected locations ) and beverage outlets ( owner 's option ) until 2005 . Special permits may be purchased for certain organizations for fundraisers once per calendar year , and are valid for a total of six days under the same rules governing restaurants . Grain alcohol prohibited as a beverage . Rhode Island No 9 am -- 1 a.m. ( Mon -- Sat ) Noon -- 1 a.m. ( Sun ) 9 a.m. -- 10 p.m. ( Mon -- Sat ) 10 a.m. -- 6 p.m. ( Sun ) No 21 21 All alcohol may be sold only in liquor stores . Bars may stay open until 2 a.m. in Providence only on Friday and Saturday nights and nights before a state - recognized holiday . South Carolina No Yes Liquor : 10 AM - 2 AM . Beer and Wine : Local Option . Beer and low - alcohol wine : 24 hours Liquor : 9 a.m. -- 7 p.m. ( Mon -- Sat . ) Yes No 21 14 % ABW ( 17.5 % ABV ) cap on beer Wine > 16 % ABV sold in liquor stores No hard liquor sales after 7 p.m. and none on Sundays . No off - premises alcohol sales after midnight Saturday until 7 a.m. Monday , except in Aiken , Greenville , Pendleton , Spartanburg , Horry County , Colleton County , Richland County , Charleston County / city , Beaufort County , York County , and Newberry County . South Dakota No Yes 21 14 % ABV cap on beer		List of alcohol laws of the United states	list of alcohol laws of the united states	The following table of alcohol laws of the United States provides an overview of alcohol - related laws by first level jurisdictions throughout the US . This list is not intended to provide a breakdown of such laws by local jurisdiction within a state ; see that state 's alcohol laws page for more detailed information .	On July 17 , 1984 , Congress passed the National Minimum Drinking Age Act . The bill would force all states to raise their drinking age from 18 , 19 , or 20 to 21 . States that did not choose to raise their drinking age to 21 would risk losing 8 % ( 10 % before 2012 ) of federal highway funding as a penalty . As of July 1988 , all 50 states and the District of Columbia had a minimum purchase age of 21 , with some grandfather clauses , and with the exception of Louisiana 's complicated legal situation that was not resolved until July 2 , 1996 . Prior to 1988 , the minimum purchase age varied by jurisdiction . After Congress passed the National Minimum Drinking Age Act in July 1984 , states not in compliance had a portion of their federal highway budget withheld . South Dakota and Wyoming were the final two states to comply , in mid-1988 . However , most states continue to allow those under 21 to drink in certain circumstances . Examples are some states like Tennessee and Washington , which allow those under 21 to drink for religious purposes . States including Oregon and New York allow those under 21 to drink on private non-alcohol selling premises . Unlike on the mainland , the U.S. territories of Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands have a minimum purchase and drinking age of 18 . The minimum purchase age is 21 in the Northern Mariana Islands , Guam , American Samoa , and US Minor Outlying Islands . U.S. military reservations are exempt under federal law from state , county , and locally enacted alcohol beverage laws . Class Six stores in a base exchange facility , officers ' or NCO clubs , as well as other military commissaries which are located on a military reservation , may sell and serve alcohol beverages at any time during their prescribed hours of operation to authorized patrons . While the installation commander is free to set the drinking age , with some exceptions , most stateside military bases have a drinking age that mirrors the local community . Individual states remain free to restrict or prohibit the manufacture of beer , mead , hard cider , wine , and other fermented alcoholic beverages at home . Homebrewing beer became legal in all 50 states in 2013 as the governor of Mississippi signed a bill legalizing homebrewing on March 19 , 2013 and as the governor of Alabama signed a bill legalizing homebrewing of beer and wine which came into effect on May 9 , 2013 . The Mississippi bill went into effect July 1 , 2013 . Most states allow brewing 100 US gallons ( 380 L ) of beer per adult per year and up to a maximum of 200 US gallons ( 760 L ) per household annually when there are two or more adults residing in the household . Because alcohol is taxed by the federal government via excise taxes , homebrewers are prohibited from selling any beer they brew . This similarly applies in most Western countries . In 1979 , President Jimmy Carter signed into law a bill allowing home beers , which was at the time not permitted without paying the excise taxes as a holdover from the prohibition of alcoholic beverages ( repealed in 1933 ) . This change also exempted home brewers from posting a `` penal bond '' ( which is currently $1000.00 ) . Production of distilled alcohols is regulated at the National level under USC Title 26 subtitle E Ch51 . Numerous requirements must be met to do so and production carries an excise tax . Owning or operating a distillation apparatus without filing the proper paperwork and paying the taxes carries federal criminal penalties . In land or property that is being rented or owned by the federal government , state , territory , and federal district alcohol laws do not apply . Instead , only laws made by the federal government apply . Contents ( hide ) 1 Table 1.1 Alabama -- Hawaii 1.2 Idaho -- Massachusetts 1.3 Michigan -- New Mexico 1.4 New York -- South Dakota 1.5 Tennessee -- Wyoming , Puerto Rico 2 See also 3 Footnotes 4 References 5 External links Table ( edit ) Alabama -- Hawaii ( edit ) State Alcoholic beverage control state Alcohol sale hours Grocery store sales Age Notes Beer Wine Distilled spirits On - premises Off - premises Beer Wine Distilled spirits Purchasing Consumption Alabama Yes Prohibited between midnight until noon on Sundays in some counties . Private clubs , which require a membership fee and a membership card , have no day or time restrictions . Yes No 21 21 No exceptions to the law 13.9 % ABV cap on beer Beer containers may not exceed 25.4 ounces ( 0.75 l ) ABV > 14.9 % wine sold in state stores Alcohol may be served 24 hours a day unless restricted by local ordinances . Twenty - six of Alabama 's 67 counties do not allow the sale of alcohol . However , possession and consumption remain legal within those 26 counties . Of the 26 `` dry '' counties , 23 have at least one `` wet '' city ; these are considered `` moist '' dry counties . Within those 23 counties there are 43 wet cities . State law allows any city with a population greater than 1,000 located within a dry county to `` go wet '' if a referendum is passed by 50 % of voters . State retains monopoly over wholesaling of distilled spirits only . Distilled spirits ( liquor ) are purchasable in either state - owned retail liquor stores , known as ABC Stores , or privately - owned retail liquor stores . Privately - owned retail liquor stores tend to be open on Sundays , public ( federal & state ) holidays , and later hours than state - owned liquor stores . Alaska No 8 a.m. -- 5 a.m. , except election days ( liquor stores may not open until polls close ) No ( although many grocery stores have separate areas that sell all forms of alcoholic beverages and many bars sell packaged liquor as well ) 21 21 Exception : Underage drinking allowed for medical purposes , and on private non-alcohol selling premises with parental consent Most communities have more restrictive laws , ranging from restrictions on operating hours to bans on sale and possession . Sellers / servers may not , for any reason , give a person alcohol for free or sell it for less than its cost . Sellers / servers may drink while on duty , but no intoxicated person may remain on the premises , so an impaired server could be arrested . Arizona No 2 a.m. -- 6 a.m. seven days a week -- no election day nor holiday restrictions Yes 21 21 Exception : Underage drinking allowed for religious and medical purposes Sales of any type of alcohol are legal at any store that has an off - premises liquor license , including but not limited to convenience stores and grocery stores . Bars may sell closed containers of alcohol for consumption off the premises . Drive - through liquor stores are allowed . Everclear Grain Alcohol Proof 190 ( 95 % alcohol ) is legal . A large percentage of the land area of Arizona is in Indian reservations , many of which have liquor laws considerably more restrictive than state law , up to and including total prohibition . `` Beer busts '' ( all the beer / liquor one can drink for a set price ) in bars are illegal . Persons 19 years of age or older may work in bars and liquor stores serving and selling alcohol . Patrons may not purchase for on premises consumption more than 40 ounces of beer , 1 liter of wine or 4 ounces of distilled spirits at one time . DUI penalties are some of the most severe in the nation . A person convicted of a DUI ( even first offense ) must have an interlock installed in his car for one year . Arizona has an ' Impaired to the Slightest Degree ' law that can convict a person even if his BAC is less than . 08 % . Arkansas No Sale prohibited Sundays , Mondays between 12 : 00 a.m. and 1 : 00 a.m. , or on any other days between the hours of 1 : 00 a.m. and 7 : 00 a.m. The governing body of any city or town may fix later closing hours for the permitted premises of a hotel or restaurant which in no event shall be later than two ( 2 ) hours after midnight on Saturday night . Yes No 21 21 No exceptions to the law Has numerous dry counties and other dry areas , but private clubs can serve even in dry areas . Alcohol sales are generally prohibited on Sundays , but exceptions can be made through local option ( usually for restaurants and private clubs ) . No sales on Christmas Day . California No 6 a.m. -- 2 a.m. Yes 21 21 Exception : A minor will not be penalized for consuming alcohol if discovered or reported through a medical emergency . Relatively unrestricted ; beer , wine and liquor available at grocery stores , convenience stores , gas stations , and warehouse clubs . No statewide holiday restrictions . Motor vehicles entering from Mexico may only import 1 liter of alcohol ( duty - free ) . Sale or distribution of alcoholic beverages higher than 60 % ABV is illegal ( B&P 23403 ) . You may serve alcohol if you are at least 21 years of age . City and county governments can set different sale hours . 18 - , 19 - and 20 - year - old wine and beer production students can taste -- but not consume -- what they are making and studying . Colorado No 7 a.m. -- 2 a.m. Beer , wine , and liquor : 8 a.m. -- midnight 3.2 beer : 5 a.m. - midnight 3.2 only * No * 21 21 Exception : Underage consumption allowed on private non-alcohol selling premises with parental consent , for religious , medical , and educational purposes . Spirituous , vinous & malt liquor available in liquor stores and liquor - licensed drug stores only . Liquor stores closed on Christmas Day . Sunday sales restriction lifted on July 1 , 2008 . Liquor stores and liquor - licensed drug stores may have only one location , while 3.2 % beer may be sold in gas stations , supermarkets , and convenience stores . Appropriately licensed businesses may also sell 3.2 % beer for both on and off - premises consumption . A small number of grocery stores are licensed as drug stores and sell full strength beer , wine , and spirits . As an example , a chain grocery store that has pharmacy services at most or all locations may elect a single location in the chain as the licensed establishment to sell beer , wine , and spirits . Connecticut No 9 a.m. -- 1 a.m. ( Mon. -- Thurs . ) 9 a.m. -- 2 a.m. ( Fri. -- Sat . ) 11 a.m. -- 1 a.m. ( Sun . ) 8 a.m. -- 10 p.m. ( Mon. -- Sat . ) 10 a.m. -- 6 p.m. ( Sun . ) Yes No 21 Exception : No explicit age if a present legal guardian is 21 or older 21 Exception : Underage consumption is allowed on private non alcohol selling premises with parental consent , for medical and religious puroposes , and on alcohol selling premises with parental consent . Sunday off - premises sales allowed as of May 20 , 2012 ; Sunday on - premises sales subject to local ordinances . Beer can be purchased at grocery / convenience stores . Spirits and wine can be purchased only at liquor stores . No off - premises alcohol sales on Thanksgiving , Christmas Day , and New Year 's Day . Open container law applies only to drivers , not passengers . Delaware No 9 a.m. -- 1 a.m. 9 a.m. -- 1 a.m. ( Mon. -- Sat . ) noon -- 8 p.m. ( Sun . ) Municipalities with a population over 50,000 persons may impose stricter hours of sale by local ordinance . No 21 21 Exception : A minor will not be penalized for if discovered consuming alcohol through a medical emergency . Underage drinking allowed on private non-alcohol selling premises with parental consent , for religious purposes . For off - premises consumption , alcohol may be purchased only in a liquor store , taproom , or a brew pub that has an off - premises license . Unless accompanied by a parent or guardian over 21 , no person under 21 may enter a liquor store or taproom for any reason , even for the intent of purchasing only tobacco or lottery tickets . No sales of alcohol by liquor stores or taprooms are permitted during designated holidays including Thanksgiving , Easter or Christmas . District of Columbia No 8 a.m. -- 2 a.m. Sun. -- Thu. , 8 a.m. -- 3 a.m. Fri. -- Sat . Liquor Stores : 9 a.m. -- midnight daily * Grocery Stores : 9 a.m. - 12 a.m. daily Yes No 21 21 Exception : A minor will not be penalized for if discovered consuming alcohol through a medical emergency . * Liquor stores can begin applying for licenses to open on Sunday as of January 16 , 2013 . No singles sold , but stores in some areas may apply for an exemption . Certain wards may be made dry by the decision of the local ANC , but as of 2005 none are The day before a federal or district holiday , on - premises retailers may sell / serve from 8 a.m. - 3 a.m. On New Yer 's Eve , on - premises retailers may sell / serve until 4 a.m. on January 1 . Florida No State law prohibits selling of alcohol between midnight and 7 a.m. , unless the county chooses to change the operating hours later ( FS 562.14 ( 1 ) ) ; such as for Sunday morning ; Ormond Beach stays open until 7pm on Sundays . Miami - Dade County liquor stores may operate 24 hours a day . Yes No 21 21 Exception : 18 for educational purposes Sale , processing , or consumption of any liquor or spirit of greater than 153 proof is illegal . ( FSS 565.07 ) No retail sale of wine in containers larger than 1 gallon . FS 564.05 Supermarkets and other licensed business establishments may sell beer , low - alcohol liquors , and wine . Liquor must be sold in dedicated liquor stores which may be in a separate part of a grocery or a drug store . As of July 1 , 2015 , the restriction on 64 ounce refillable containers , or growlers , has been lifted and beer may be sold in quantities of 64 ounces , in addition to the previously legal 32 and 128 ounce sizes . Georgia No Hours of sale determined by local jurisdiction . No alcohol sales on Christmas Day . Yes No 21 21 Exception : Underage drinking allowed on non-alcoholic premises with parental consent , and for religious and medical purposes . 14 % ABV cap on beer . Sunday off - premises sales from 12 : 30 p.m. to 11 : 30 p.m. allowed only by local referendum . In general , one may not be drunk in public . Though there is no state law prohibiting drinking in public , most municipal corporations and political subdivisions limit the possession of open containers of alcohol to private property , with notable exceptions being Savannah and Roswell . A charge of public drunkenness is only warranted when one is drunk in public and his acts are either loud or disorderly . Hawaii No Bars and restaurants stop serving alcohol at 2 a.m. , but some hold a special ' cabaret license ' that allows them to continue serving alcohol until 4 a.m. 6 a.m. to 12 a.m. Within Honolulu County 6 a.m. to 11 p.m. Within Kauai , Maui , and Hawaii counties Yes 21 21 Exception : Underage consumption allowed for religious purposes Idaho -- Massachusetts ( edit ) State Alcoholic beverage control state Alcohol sale hours Grocery Store Sales Age Notes Beer Wine Distilled spirits On - premises Off - premises Beer Wine Distilled Spirits Purchasing Consumption Idaho No Yes 6 : 00 a.m. to 2 : 00 a.m. , 7 : 00 a.m. to 1 : 00 a.m. in some counties Yes No Alcoholic beverages exceeding 16 % ABV can only be sold in Idaho State Liquor Dispensary stores , or contracted stores . Illinois No Depending on local government ; 24 - hour bars are permitted in Cicero ; a handful of 21 - to 22 - hour bars exist in Cook County , and the Metro East . In Rock Island County , many establishments sell alcohol 24 hours a day . Yes Opening / closing hours are up to the decision of counties or municipalities . Indiana No 7 a.m. -- 3 a.m. 7 a.m. -- 3 a.m. Noon - 8 p.m. on Sunday . Yes Indiana prohibits the sales of cold beer by grocery stores or gas stations , but allows cold beer to be sold from liquor stores ( IC 7.1 - 5 - 10 - 11 ) . Minors , including babies , are not allowed to enter a liquor store . Indiana has a photo identification requirement for all off - premises transactions to anyone who is or reasonably appears to be less than forty ( 40 ) years of age . ( See IC 7.1 - 5 - 10 - 23 ) . Public intoxication is a class B misdemeanor . ( IC 7.1 - 5 - 1 - 3 ) Iowa No Yes 6 a.m. -- 2 a.m. Mon -- Sat 8 a.m. -- 2 a.m. Sun Yes If a controlled substance is detected in a person 's system at or near the time they were operating a motor vehicle , they can be charged and potentially convicted of operating while intoxicated ( OWI ) even if they were not `` impaired '' by that substance . Kansas Yes 9 a.m. - 2 a.m. ( in counties which allow on - premises sales ) 9 a.m. - 11 p.m. ( Mon -- Sat ) ( in counties which allow off - premises sales ) noon - 7 p.m. or 8 p.m. ( Sun ) ( in communities which allow Sunday off - premises sales ) 3.2 only No Kansas 's alcohol laws are among the strictest in the United States . Kansas prohibited all alcohol from 1881 to 1948 , and continued to prohibit on - premises sales of alcohol from 1949 to 1987 . Sunday sales only have been allowed since 2005 . Today , 29 counties still do not permit the on - premises sale of alcohol . 59 counties require a business to receive at least 30 % of revenue from food sales to allow on - premises sale of alcohol . Only 17 counties allow general on - premises sales . Not all communities which allow off - premises sales allow sales on Sunday . Sales are prohibited on Christmas and Easter . The only alcoholic beverage which grocery stores and gas stations may sell is beer with no more than 3.2 % alcohol by weight . Other liquor sales only are allowed at state - licensed retail liquor stores . Kansas has comprehensive open container laws for public places and vehicles , public intoxication laws , and requirements for prospective on - premises or off - premises licensees . Kentucky No 6 a.m. to 4 a.m. on Monday through Saturday 1 p.m. to 4 a.m. on Sundays Yes No Local ordinance may vote to permit Sunday sales at restaurants . Sales 2 -- 4 a.m. only in Louisville . As of 2005 Sunday sales were allowed per state law , but may still be prohibited in some areas by local ordinance ( as of early 2006 , such a situation existed with smaller cities within Louisville Metro , though these cities have since changed local ordinances ) . Alcohol sale restriction and wet / dry ( both by drink and package ) allowed by both county and city local option . Approximately 39 counties in the state ( mostly eastern and southern counties ) are dry , all alcohol sale and possession prohibited ; 22 `` moist '' counties ( with `` wet '' cities allowing package liquor sales in counties otherwise dry ) ; 29 counties that are otherwise dry but have communities with local option that allow sales of liquor by the drink or under special exemptions allowing sales at wineries . Majority of wet counties are around major metropolitan areas ( Louisville , Lexington , Covington , Bowling Green ) . Note : Beginning in 2013 Liquor by the drink and beer by the drink are available on Sundays in Louisville , KY beginning at 10 : 00 am . Bowling Green , KY recently began allowing Sunday sales in December 2013 for carry - out beer , wine , and liquor . Prohibition on liquor sales on Election Day was repealed effective June 24 , 2013 . Kentucky was one of only two states to still have Election Day prohibition , the other being South Carolina . Louisiana No No state imposed restrictions on on - premises hours . `` 24 hour '' bars are common in New Orleans and in Jefferson Parish . Some municipalities and parishes ( including Baton Rouge and East Baton Rouge Parish ) require on - premises service to stop at 2 : 00 am . No statewide restrictions on hours of package sales . Yes 21 Exceptions to state law include : For an established religious purpose ; When a person under twenty - one years of age is accompanied by a parent , spouse , or legal guardian twenty - one years of age or older ; For medical purposes when purchased as an over the counter medication , or when prescribed or administered by a licensed physician , pharmacist , dentist , nurse , hospital , or medical institution ; In a private residence , which shall include a residential dwelling and up to twenty contiguous acres , on which the dwelling is located , owned by the same person who owns the dwelling ; The sale , handling , transport , or service in dispensing of any alcoholic beverage pursuant to lawful ownership of an establishment or to lawful employment of a person under twenty - one years of age by a duly licensed manufacturer , wholesaler , or retailer of beverage alcohol . Packaged alcoholic beverages of any strength may be sold in supermarkets , drug stores , gas stations , and convenience stores . Local municipalities may not restrict this . As a result , dedicated `` liquor stores '' are mostly specialty stores in larger cities , and some supermarkets have large selections of liquors and wines , and compete on the basis of liquor prices and selection . Alcohol can be consumed in the streets of New Orleans as long as it is in an `` unbreakable container '' ( no glass ) and may be taken from club to club if both establishments allow it . Otherwise , it depends on the locality . Most parishes other than Orleans Parish do not permit alcoholic beverages served on premises to be carried out . However , many parishes and municipalities permit consumption of packaged beverages ( for example , cans of beer ) on the street . Glass bottles on the streets are prohibited . One can enter most bars at 18 years of age but must be 21 years old to purchase or consume alcohol . Also , it is legal in the state of Louisiana for a legal parent or guardian to purchase alcoholic beverages for their underaged child . Drive - thru frozen daiquiri stands are legal and common , but the police can arrest you for driving with an open container , if you have put the straw in the cup Maine No Yes 6 a.m. to 1 a.m. ( Mon -- Sun ) Yes 21 21 ABV > Alcohol may not be purchased after 1 a.m. any day of the week , may not be purchased prior to 6 a.m. Monday through Saturday , and not prior to 9 a.m. on Sunday . Bars and restaurants may serve until 1 : 15 a.m. On New Year 's Day alcohol may be sold one hour later in all establishments . When St. Patrick 's Day falls on a Sunday , bars and restaurants may serve alcohol starting at 6 a.m that day . Wholesaling through state - licensed monopoly . Municipalities may prohibit the sale of alcohol by referendum ; 56 towns have done so . Maryland Variable by locality Variable by locality Variable by locality Variable by locality Baltimore County prohibits the sale on Sunday in some areas . In the counties of Montgomery , Somerset , Wicomico , and Worcester sale of alcoholic beverages are controlled directly by the county Liquor Control Boards , there are exceptions in Montgomery where some liquors are still sold in grocery store due to being grandfathered before the change of the law . Garrett County prohibits the sale on Sunday except in some areas . The sale of alcohol at grocery and convenience stores varies by county . There are no dry counties , but some individual voting districts within counties restrict or prohibit alcohol on a local - option basis . Massachusetts No 8 : 00 a.m. -- 2 : 00 a.m. by state law , although individual cities and towns may prohibit sales before 11 : 00 a.m. and after 11 : 00 p.m. Not before 11 : 00 a.m. on Sunday . 8 : 00 a.m. -- 11 : 00 p.m. , or 8 : 00 a.m. -- 11 : 30 p.m. on the day before a holiday . Not before 10 : 00 am on Sunday . Yes . 21 21 As of January 2016 , no individual , partnership , or corporation may have more than seven off - premises licences in the state , nor more than two in any city , nor more than one in any town . No individual , partnership , or corporation not resident or headquartered in Massachusetts may apply for a license , although one may devolve thereupon . As of 2012 - 10 - 29 , a Massachusetts driver 's license , Massachusetts Liquor ID card , RMV - issued Massachusetts non-driver ID card , passport ( issued by the US or a US - recognized foreign entity ) , US - issued Passport Card , and military identification card are the only acceptable proofs of age under state law . Out of state or Canadian driver 's licenses / ID 's and other forms of identification do not grant the establishment legal protection if accepted as proof of age ( and many establishments will not accept out of state licenses for this reason ) . On - premises regulations : No discounts at specific times ( i.e. no `` Happy Hour '' discounts ) or for specific individuals , no fixed - price open bar or all - you - can - drink ( except at private functions ) , no more than two drinks per individual at any one time , no pitchers for fewer than two people , no drinking contests , no drinks as prizes , no free drinks . Off - premises sale of alcohol is prohibited on the last Monday in May ( Memorial Day ) , Thanksgiving Day , Christmas Day , and the day after Christmas if Christmas falls on a Sunday . Sale of alcohol is prohibited during polling hours on election days ( subject to local exceptions ) . `` Malt beverages '' defined as having not more than 12 % alcohol by weight . Michigan -- New Mexico ( edit ) State Alcoholic beverage control state Alcohol sale hours Grocery Store Sales Age Notes Beer Wine Distilled spirits On - premises Off - premises Beer Wine Distilled Spirits Purchasing Consumption Michigan No Yes 7 a.m. -- 2 a.m. ( Mon. -- Sat . ) noon - 2 a.m. ( Sunday ) * sales may begin at 7 a.m. with special license extension 7 a.m. - 2 a.m. ( Mon - Sat ) noon - 2 a.m. ( Sunday ) * sales may begin at 7 a.m. with special license extension , Yes 21 21 The Michigan Liquor Control Commission allows the sale of alcoholic beverages until 11 : 59 p.m. on December 24 and after 12 : 00 p.m. on December 25 . On - premises sales are permitted on January 1 until 4 : 00 a.m. Local or county ordinance may restrict Sunday or Sunday morning sales . State does not operate retail outlets ; maintains a monopoly over wholesaling of distilled spirits only . Minnesota No ( but see note ) 8 a.m. -- 2 a.m. seven days 8 : 00 a.m. - 10 : 00 p.m. ( Mon -- Sat ) ; 11 : 00 a.m. - 6 : 00 p.m. ( Sun ) 3.2 % Only No Local or County ordinance prevails for hours of operation for off - sale licenses . Growler sales allowed until 10 p.m. 7 days a week . Certain municipalities may establish municipal liquor stores ; they are permitted , but not required , to exclude privately owned stores . Off - premises sales on Sundays became legal on July 1 , 2017 . Mississippi No Yes Local authorities fix hours of alcohol sale Yes No ABW > 5 % wine and sparkling wine sold in state - contracted stores which are open from 10 : 00 am until 10 : 00 pm ( Closed Sundays ) statewide . Beer and light wine ( ABW < 5 % , ABV < ~ 6.3 % ) sold in convenience stores / supermarkets . Beer and light wine ( ABW < 5 % ) may be consumed by persons age 18 - 20 with parental supervision . Governor Phil Bryant signed a bill permitting beer with 8 % ABW / 10 % ABV on April 9 , 2012 . The bill went into effect on July 1 , 2012 . No sales on Christmas Day . No state open container laws . Complimentary alcohol all day and night in coastal casinos . In most counties , alcohol can not be sold on Sundays . There are many dry counties in which it is illegal to possess alcoholic beverages , though some cities within dry counties have voted in beer sales . Missouri No Most establishments : ( Mon -- Sat ) 6 : 00am -- 1 : 30am ( Sunday ) 9 : 00am -- 12 : 00pm Special licenses in Kansas City and St. Louis : ( Daily ) 6 : 00am -- 3 : 00am ( Mon -- Sat ) 6 : 00am -- 1 : 30am ( Sunday ) 9 : 00am -- 12 : 00am Sales permitted until 3 : 00 am in those Kansas City and St. Louis bars grandfathered into the ability to double as liquor stores . Yes One of the most alcohol - permissive states , perhaps only behind Nevada and Louisiana : No open container law . No state public intoxication law . Liquor control law covers all beverages containing more than 0.5 % alcohol , without further particularities based on percentage . Cities and counties are prohibited from banning off - premises alcohol sales . No dry jurisdictions . State preemption of local alcohol laws which do not follow state law . Certain bars in Kansas City and St. Louis grandfathered into the ability to double as liquor stores . Special licenses available for bars and nightclubs which allow selling alcohol until 3 : 00am in Kansas City , Jackson County , North Kansas City , St. Louis , and St. Louis County . Grocery stores , drug stores , and even gas stations may sell liquor without limitation other than hours . Patrons allowed to take open containers out of bars in Kansas City 's Power & Light District . Parents and guardians may furnish alcohol to their children . Missourians over 21 may manufacture up to 100 gallons of any liquor per year for personal use , without any further state limitation , state taxation , or state license . ( Obtaining a permit from the Federal Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau and meeting other requirements under federal law probably still is required for private citizens to manufacture distilled alcohol - but not wine or beer - for personal use . ) Missouri law recognizes two types of alcoholic beverage : liquor , which is any beverage containing more than 0.5 % alcohol except `` non-intoxicating beer '' ; and `` non-intoxicating beer , '' which is beer containing between 0.5 % and 3.2 % alcohol . Liquor laws apply to all liquor , and special laws apply to `` non-intoxicating beer . '' Montana No Yes Closing 2am Yes No ABV > 16 % wine sold in state - contracted stores , ABV < 16 % may be sold in grocery stores . Nebraska No 6 a.m. -- 1 a.m. Legislation passed in 2010 allows for municipalities to extend on - premises sales to 2 a.m. with two - thirds approval of city or county councils . Yes No on - or off - premises sales of spirits before noon on Sundays . All beer , wine , and champagne can be sold starting at 6 a.m. Nevada No 24 hours Yes There are few restrictions on the sale and consumption of alcohol in Nevada except for age . The maximum abv of alcohol sold is 80 % . State law also renders public intoxication legal , and explicitly prohibits any local or state law from making it a public offence . Alcohol purchase is only controlled in Panaca . New Hampshire No Yes 6 a.m. -- 1 a.m. 6 a.m. -- 11 : 45 p.m. Yes No Liquor sold in state - run stores , many found at highway rest areas . 14 % ABV cap on beer . State is wholesaler of wine . State taxes beer $0.30 / gal at the wholesale level . New Jersey No Each municipality can control hours by local ordinance . Most municipalities have a last call of 2 or 3 a.m. Atlantic City , Brigantine , Absecon , Elwood , Pomona , Smithville , Galloway , and Mullica ( All in Atlantic County ) serve 24 hours . There are some dry towns in the southern part of the state , including Ocean City . 9 a.m. - 10 p.m. for liquor . Beer and wine can be sold at any time on - premise sales are permitted in that municipality . This causes most liquor stores to close at 10 PM , however some will stay open an hour later selling only beer and wine . Cities of the first class ( e.g. Jersey City and Newark ) are exempt from this law and may set their own hours for liquor sales . Rarely 21 21 ( unless provided by parent or guardian in private ) Some dry communities in historically Methodist and Quaker communities in the southern part of the state . Though there is not a ban on selling alcoholic beverages at grocery stores , New Jersey limits each chain to two licenses , so with only a few exceptions , most supermarkets / convenience stores / gas stations / pharmacies do not sell alcoholic beverages . In addition , liquor sales are only permitted in a separate department or attached sister store . Bars are allowed to off - sale packaged goods . With the exception of Jersey City and Newark , all municipalities MUST allow off - sales of beer and wine at any time on - sales are permitted . However , since alcoholic beverages are generally only found in package stores , this right is rarely exercised . Alcoholic beverages by the drink as well as off - sales of beer and wine are permitted 24 hours a day in Atlantic City and Brigantine . New Mexico No 7 a.m. -- 2 a.m. , except Sundays , for establishments with full dispenser license . 7 a.m. -- 11 p.m. , except Sundays , for restaurants with beer and wine license . 7 a.m. -- midnight except Sundays Yes New Mexico issues two types of license for consumption on - premises : a full dispenser license allowing sale of all types of alcohol , or a restaurant license permitting sale of beer and wine only . An additional Sunday permit is available which allows sale ( on or off premises ) on Sundays from noon until midnight . Exceptions are the prohibition of alcohol sale on Christmas , regardless of the day it falls on , and a Sunday permit allowing of sale ( on or off premises ) until 2 : 00 a.m. January 1 , if December 31 falls on a Sunday . Sunday permits are only available where approved by voters within a local option district . Selling , serving and giving alcohol to a minor is a class 4 felony punishable by up to 18 months in prison , except when `` a parent , legal guardian or adult spouse of a minor serves alcoholic beverages to that minor on real property , other than licensed premises , under the control of the parent , legal guardian or adult spouse '' , or for religious purposes . New York -- South Dakota ( edit ) State Alcoholic beverage control state Alcohol sale hours Grocery Store Sales Age Notes Beer Wine Distilled spirits On - premises Off - premises Beer Wine Distilled Spirits Purchasing Consumption New York No 8 a.m. -- 4 a.m. ( Mon -- Sat ) Noon -- 4 a.m. ( Sun ) Some counties have more restrictive hours . Beer : 24 hours Wine & spirits : 8 a.m. -- midnight ( Mon -- Sat ) Noon -- 9 p.m. ( Sun ) . Yes No 21 Off - premises sale of wine and spirits is only at liquor stores , and beer is not sold at liquor stores ; it must be sold at supermarkets and convenience stores . Exchanges for returned items are permitted ( at store owners ' discretion ) . Some counties may retain the Sunday morning beer prohibition which the state discontinued as of July 30 , 2006 . Twelve dry towns , mostly in western region of state . Many counties have more restrictive off - premises hours , such as bans on beer sales overnight ( hours vary ) . All liquor stores must be owned by a single owner , who owns that store and lives within a certain distance of it -- effectively banning chain liquor stores from the state . New York City law does not allow open containers of alcohol in public . North Carolina No Yes 7 a.m. -- 2 a.m. ( Mon -- Sat ) 10 a.m. -- 2 a.m. ( Sun ) Beer and wine : 7 a.m. -- 2 a.m. ( Mon -- Sat ) 10 a.m. -- 2 a.m. ( Sun ) Liquor : 9 a.m. -- 9 p.m. ( Mon -- Sat ) Yes No 21 15 % ABV cap on beer , 16 % cap on unfortified wine , 24 % cap on fortified wine . No `` happy hour , '' `` buy one get one free , '' or `` ladies night '' style specials allowed . North Dakota No 8 a.m. -- 2 a.m. ( Mon -- Sat ) Noon -- 2 a.m. ( Sun ) 8 a.m. -- 2 a.m. ( Mon -- Sat ) Noon -- 2 a.m. ( Sun ) No 21 No off - sale on Thanksgiving Day . No Christmas Day on - sale , nor sales on Christmas Eve after 6 p.m. Ohio No Yes 5 : 30 a.m. -- 2 : 30 a.m. 5 : 30 a.m. -- 1 a.m. Yes , under 21 % ABV 21 21 or older , unrestricted under supervision of individual 's parent or legal guardian or legal age spouse 12 % ABV cap on beer was removed on May 31 , 2016 . 21 % ABV cap on wine . Some counties have more restrictive off - premises hours . The Division of Liquor Control does not operate retail outlets ; it appoints private businesses to act as its agents and sell its products in exchange for a commission . Normal proof spirits ( > 21 % ABV ) are sold only in a limited number of agent stores . Many retail outlets sell diluted spirits ( diluted by water to 21 % ABV ) under a more readily obtained permit . No intoxicating liquor shall be handled by any person under twenty - one years of age , except that a person eighteen years of age or older employed by a permit holder may handle or sell beer or intoxicating liquor in sealed containers in connection with wholesale or retail sales , and any person nineteen years of age or older employed by a permit holder may handle intoxicating liquor in open containers when acting in the capacity of a server in a hotel , restaurant , club , or night club ... Beverages with less than 0.5 % ABV can be sold / given to people under the age of eighteen if given by a physician in the regular line of his practice or given for established religious purposes , or the underage person is accompanied by a parent , spouse who is not an underage person , or legal guardian . Oklahoma No 6 a.m. -- 2 a.m. 10 a.m. -- 9 p.m. ( Mon -- Sat ) 3.2 % only No 21 4.0 % ABV / 3.2 ABW or higher only sold at room temperature in liquor stores , Liquor Stores closed on Sundays and some holidays . As of 2007 , liquor stores are now open on election days . State law prohibits public intoxication , many counties and cities also prohibit public intoxication . Oregon No Yes 7 a.m. -- 2 : 30 a.m. 7 a.m. -- 2 : 30 a.m. Yes No 21 Liquor , all of which is state - owned prior to sale to consumers , is sold in private liquor stores . These stores are approved by Oregon 's Liquor Commissioners to act as sales agents on the state 's behalf . Pennsylvania No Yes Restaurants , and bars : 7 a.m. -- 2 a.m. ( Mon -- Sat ) 11 a.m. - 2 a.m. ( Sun ) Clubs : 7 a.m. -- 3 a.m. Beverage Centers and State Run Stores : 9 a.m. -- 10 p.m. ( Mon -- Sat ) Noon -- 5 p.m . ( Sun ) Grocery Stores : 7 a.m. - 10 p.m. ( Mon - Sat ) 9 a.m. - 10pm ( Sun ) Yes * No 21 Spirits can only be sold at state - operated stores . All persons must be at least 21 years of age to enter a state - operated liquor store alone . Beer is not sold at state - operated liquor stores . Beer ( but not wine ) to go can be purchased at beverage outlets in any quantity . Prior to 2015 beverage centers could only sell 24 pack cases or greater . The rules were relaxed to permit sales of beer in any quantity in 2016 . * Beer and wine to go can be purchased in restaurants and grocery stores ( at a separate point of purchase for alcohol and prepared foods sales in grocery stores ) ( six and 12 packs / 192oz max . purchase ( two six packs ) ) with Liquor Control Board -- issued licenses Sunday sales were prohibited in LCB stores until 2003 ( selected locations ) and beverage outlets ( owner 's option ) until 2005 . Special permits may be purchased for certain organizations for fundraisers once per calendar year , and are valid for a total of six days under the same rules governing restaurants . Grain alcohol prohibited as a beverage . Rhode Island No 9 am -- 1 a.m. ( Mon -- Sat ) Noon -- 1 a.m. ( Sun ) 9 a.m. -- 10 p.m. ( Mon -- Sat ) 10 a.m. -- 6 p.m. ( Sun ) No 21 21 All alcohol may be sold only in liquor stores . Bars may stay open until 2 a.m. in Providence only on Friday and Saturday nights and nights before a state - recognized holiday . South Carolina No Yes Liquor : 10 AM - 2 AM . Beer and Wine : Local Option . Beer and low - alcohol wine : 24 hours Liquor : 9 a.m. -- 7 p.m. ( Mon -- Sat . ) Yes No 21 14 % ABW ( 17.5 % ABV ) cap on beer Wine > 16 % ABV sold in liquor stores No hard liquor sales after 7 p.m. and none on Sundays . No off - premises alcohol sales after midnight Saturday until 7 a.m. Monday , except in Aiken , Greenville , Pendleton , Spartanburg , Horry County , Colleton County , Richland County , Charleston County / city , Beaufort County , York County , and Newberry County . South Dakota No Yes 21 14 % ABV cap on beer Tennessee -- Wyoming , Puerto Rico ( edit ) State Alcoholic beverage control state Alcohol sale hours Grocery Stores Age Notes Beer Wine Distilled spirits On - premises Off - premises Wine Beer Distilled Spirits Purchasing Consumption Tennessee No Mon - Sat : 8 a.m. to 3 a.m. ; Sun : Noon to 3 a.m. Hours of alcohol sale can be modified by local jurisdictions if approved by the alcohol control commission . Beer : By municipality . Wine & Spirits : 8 a.m. to 11 p.m. Mon -- Sat Yes No 21 Wine may be sold in grocery stores . As of January 2018 , sales of wine and liquor are no longer limited to on - premises in restaurants on Sundays . Liquor stores may remain open on Sundays , and liquor is permitted to be sold from retail stores for off - premisis consumption . Retail stores must be closed for business on Christmas , Thanksgiving Day , Labor Day , New Year 's Day , and the Fourth of July . Beer above 8 % ABW / 10.1 % ABV must be sold in liquor stores . Open container law only applies to drivers , not passengers.It is legal to carry alcohol in a non-glass container on the Beale Street stretch in Memphis . While most clubs allow drinks to be carried outside , many do not allow drinks from outside . Texas No Monday - Friday : 7am - midnight Saturday : 7am - 1am Sunday : Noon to 12 midnight . Some cities / counties permit sale until 2am ( with license ) . Beer / Non-hard liquor : 7 a.m. to midnight ( Mon. - Fri . ) 7 a.m. to 1 : 00 a.m. ( Sat . ) Noon to midnight ( Sun . ) Hard Liquor : 10 a.m. to 9 p.m. ( Mon. - Sat . ) Yes No 21 No alcohol cap but ABV > 15.5 % requires additional license , so many places are beer / wine only . Wet / dry issues determined by city / county election . Liquor stores statewide closed all day Sunday . An alcoholic beverage served ( on - premises ) to a customer between 10 a.m. and noon on Sunday may only be provided during the service of food to the customer . Eleven Texas counties are completely dry . In many counties , public intoxication laws are vigorously upheld . Texas law permits consumption by minors ( any age under 21 ) if in the `` visible presence '' of a parent , guardian or adult spouse . ( Section 106.04 ) Possession by minors is permitted as part of employment or education , or in the visible presence of an adult parent , guardian or spouse , or supervision of a commissioned peace officer . ( Section 106.05 ) There are also exemptions for minors requesting or receiving medical attention . Utah Yes Restaurants : Noon to midnight for liquor , 10 : 00 a.m. to 1 : 00 a.m. for beer . Bars may serve liquor from 10 : 00 a.m. to 1 : 00 a.m. Varies by state liquor store hours 3.2 only No 21 ABV > 4.0 + % sold in state - controlled stores only . 3.2 % ABW ( 4.0 % ABV ) beer may be sold at grocery stores and convenience stores . State - controlled stores close on Sundays and cease operations no later than 10 p.m. the rest of the week . Restaurants must buy from the state - controlled store ( no delivery ) at retail prices . No alcohol is served in restaurants without purchase of food . Sales of kegs prohibited . Importation of alcohol into the state by private individuals generally prohibited . Vermont No Yes 8 a.m. -- 2 a.m. 6 a.m. -- midnight Yes No 21 ABV > 16 % beer and ABV > 16 % wine are only available through state liquor stores ( most of which are integrated within grocery and beverage stores ) . A 2008 bill allows the sale of beer in grocery and convenience stores up to ABV 16 % . Virginia No Yes 6 a.m. -- 2 a.m. No restrictions at any time for club licensees . 6 a.m. -- 11 : 59 p.m. except local blue law . Yes No 21 Licensed supermarkets , convenience stores , and gas stations may sell beer and wine . Off - premises sales no later than 12 midnight . Liquor stores are owned and operated by the Commonwealth and are generally open 10am - 9pm Monday - Saturday and from 12pm - 6pm on Sunday . Washington No 6 a.m. -- 2 a.m. ( A local government subdivision may establish later opening hours or earlier closing hours . ) Yes 21 Beer and wine are available in specialty stores , grocery stores , convenience stores , department stores , taverns , and other locations licensed by the Washington State Liquor and Cannabis Board . Spirits are available in stores greater than 10,000 sq ft ( grocery stores , big box liquor chains ) . There are two exceptions to the 10,000 - sq - ft rule : 1 ) Former State and Contract Liquor Stores that reopened under private ownership may also sell spirits provided they have been issued a new license from the state . 2 ) Cities , mostly in rural areas , that do not have a store that meets the minimum floor space may be allowed to sell spirits if the Liquor Control Board deems that there are no sufficient establishments within the trade area . West Virginia No Yes Beer / Wine : Mon - Sat : 7 am - 2 am , Sun : 1 pm - 2 am Liquor : Mon - Sat : 8 am - Midnight , Sun : Prohibited Mon - Fri : 7 am - 3 : 30 am , Sat : 7A - 3 : 00A , Sun : 1 pm - 3 am Yes 21 12 % ABV Cap on Beer . 75 % ABV spirits Permitted . Liquor , wine and beer products that are not already in closed packaging must be bagged before exiting retail locations . State no longer operates retail stores ( formerly State ABC Stores ) ; Number of privately owned stores restricted according to county or city population . All stores are state contracted ; Bars and clubs must purchase liquor from state contracted private stores in person . State retains monopoly over wholesaling of distilled spirits only . Wisconsin No 6 a.m. -- 2 a.m. Sunday -- Thursday , 2 : 30 a.m. Friday -- Saturday , no closing time on New Year 's Day . 6 a.m. -- midnight for beer ( some counties and municipalities only allow sales until 9 p.m. for beer ) , 6 a.m. -- 9 p.m. for liquor and wine By local ordinance 21 Wisconsin permits the consumption of alcohol by minors , provided they are being supervised by parents / guardians / spouses . Most municipalities have a uniform 9 p.m. restriction on all alcohol sales . Notable exceptions : Kenosha , Green Bay , La Crosse , Maple Bluff ( near Madison ) , Baraboo ( near the Dells ) . Supermarkets , liquor stores , and gas stations may sell liquor , wine , and beer . Law changed effective 12 / 7 / 2011 to allow all liquor sales to begin at 6 a.m. Nonalcoholic beer is not regulated by state law . Wyoming No Yes 6.00 a.m. -- 2.00 a.m. Yes 21 Clubs holding liquor licenses may be exempt from the hours of operation here specified by local ordinance or regulation of the appropriate licensing authority , but it does not seem to happen in practice Puerto Rico No No territory - wide mandated last call No territory - wide mandated hours of operation for liquor stores , but sales prohibited on Election Day and during hurricane emergencies ; some municipalities prohibit sales after midnight weekdays or 2 : 00 weekends . Beer , wine and spirits available for sale in supermarkets , convenience stores and drug stores as well as liquor stores . 18 Minimum drinking age is 18 . Drinking on the street is illegal in San Juan ( except in designated areas during selected street festivals ) but not in all cities . See also ( edit ) Alcohol consumption by youth in the United States Alcohol exclusion laws Blue laws in the United States Drunk driving in the United States Last call Liquor store List of dry communities by U.S. state Shoulder tap ( alcohol ) United States open container laws Wine shipping laws in the United States Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The U.S. Department of Defense defines Authorized Patron as a person who is an active member of or a member who has the status of honorably retired from the U.S. Army , U.S. Air Force , U.S. Coast Guard , U.S. Marine Corps , and the U.S. Navy , and their direct dependents with proper military identification / dependents identification . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bragg , Rick ( 1996 - 03 - 23 ) . `` Louisiana Stands Alone on Drinking at 18 '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Louisiana Court Upholds Drinking Age of 21 '' . The New York Times . 1996 - 07 - 03 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Government Affairs '' . American Homebrewers Association . Retrieved March 2011 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Phillip Rawls / The Associated Press ( 2013 - 05 - 10 ) . `` Home brewing legal in Alabama '' . Tuscaloosa News . Jump up ^ Chris Elkins ( 2013 - 03 - 19 ) . `` Gov. Bryant signs bill to allow home brewing Daily Journal '' . Djournal.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 04 - 10 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` 27 CFR 25.205 - Production . LII / Legal Information Institute '' . Law.cornell.edu. 2014 - 01 - 13 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Donald J. Smith , Life , liberty and the pursuit of homebrewing , The Birmingham News , May 21 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` TTBGov General Alcohol FAQ '' . Alcohol and Tobacco Trade Bureau . Retrieved December 2011 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` United States Code : Title 26 , 5601 . Criminal penalties '' . Legal Information Institute . Retrieved December 2011 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Alaska Alcoholic Beverage Control Board ( 1 ) . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 21 . Archived February 6 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Alaska Alcoholic Beverage Control Board Local Option List Archived 2010 - 06 - 02 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` FAQ '' . Arizona Department of Liquor Licenses and Control . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ Arizona Revised Statute 4 - 249 Jump up ^ ( 3 ) . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Arizona Revised Statute 4 - 244 ( 23 ) Jump up ^ `` Arkansas DFA Title 3 , Subtitle E Prohibited Conduct and Activities '' . www.dfa.arkansas.gov . Retrieved 28 January 2016 . Jump up ^ ( 4 ) . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ 2010 California Code Business and Professions Code . `` Article 3 . Rights And Obligations Of Licensees '' . law.justia.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Governor signs ' sip and spit ' bill '' . UC Davis . Jump up ^ ( 5 ) . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : ( 6 ) . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Zalaznick , Matt . `` Norwalk Liquor Stores Can Open Sunday '' . The Norwalk Daily Voice . Retrieved 13 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Smith , Alissa . `` Norwalk Welcomes Sunday Liquor Sales '' . The Norwalk Daily Voice . Retrieved 26 July 2012 . Jump up ^ ( 7 ) . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ ( 8 ) . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Title 4 '' . delcode.delaware.gov . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 26 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : ( 9 ) Archived 2013 - 05 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . DC ABRA Laws and Regulations FAQs Jump up ^ ( 10 ) . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ ( 11 ) . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ ( 12 ) The Omnibus Alcoholic Beverage Regulation Emergency Amendment Act of 2012 Takes Effect Jump up ^ ( 13 ) DC ABRA Exception to Single Sales Moratorium Jump up ^ ( 14 ) . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ ( 15 ) . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday alcohol sales begin in Winder '' . AccessNorthGa. 2011 - 11 - 14 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Hawaii Alcohol Laws '' . AlcoholLaws.org . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ ( 16 ) . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` FAQ '' . Iowa ABD . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ http://www.legis.la.gov/legis/Law.aspx?d=78725 Jump up ^ ( 17 ) Jump up ^ `` Current Active Agency Liquor Stores '' . Maine Liquor Licensing and Compliance Division . Augusta , ME , USA : Maine State Police . Retrieved December 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` LePage signs St. Patrick 's Day bill '' . Bangor Daily News . Retrieved March 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Maine Bureau of Alcoholic Beverages & Lottery Operations : Alcoholic Beverages '' . Maine Bureau of Alcoholic Beverages & Lottery Operations . Retrieved 29 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Title 28 - A , § 123 : Local option questions '' . Jump up ^ Moretto , Mario ( March 13 , 2010 ) . `` Voters pave way for expanded liquor service in Sedgwick '' . Bangor Daily NEws . Retrieved March 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` General Laws '' . ^ Jump up to : http://www.mass.gov/legis/laws/mgl/138-33.htm Massachusetts General Law M.G.L. - Chapter 138 , Section 33 ^ Jump up to : http://www.mass.gov/legis/laws/mgl/138-15.htm Massachusetts General Law M.G.L. - Chapter 138 , Section 15 Jump up ^ `` Massachusetts Alcoholic Beverages Control Commission ( ABCC ) '' . Mass.gov . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Massachusetts Alcoholic Beverages Control Commission ( ABCC ) '' . Mass.gov . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ 2012 ABCC Identification Card Advisory Jump up ^ `` Administration '' . Jump up ^ `` General Laws '' . Jump up ^ Michigan Alcohol Laws ( 18 ) . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` LARA - Liquor Control Commission '' . www.michigan.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Coolican , J. Patrick . `` Gov. Dayton signs bill legalizing sale of alcohol on Sundays '' . Star Tribune . Star Tribune . Retrieved 7 March 2017 . Jump up ^ 340A. 601 , Minn . Stats. ( 19 ) . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ ( 20 ) Jump up ^ Justin Roberts , `` Missouri State and Local Open Container Laws , '' Archived 2008 - 06 - 24 at the Wayback Machine . University of Missouri Institute of Public Policy , June 2005 Jump up ^ Chapter 311 , Revised Statutes of Missouri ( R.S. Mo . ) Jump up ^ Section 311.020 , R.S. Mo . Jump up ^ Section 311.170 , R.S. Mo . Jump up ^ Section 311.174 , R.S. Mo . ^ Jump up to : Ibid . Jump up ^ Section 311.176 , R.S. Mo . Jump up ^ Section 311.178 , R.S. Mo Jump up ^ Section 311.200 , R.S. Mo . Jump up ^ Section 311.086 , R.S. Mo . Jump up ^ Section 311.310 , R.S. Mo . Jump up ^ Section 311.055 , R.S. Mo . Jump up ^ `` Do n't Try This at Home '' . Energy . Jump up ^ 26 U.S.C. 5179 Jump up ^ 26 U.S.C. 5601 Jump up ^ 26 U.S.C. 5602 Jump up ^ 27 CFR Part 19 ^ Jump up to : Chapter 312 , R.S. Mo . Jump up ^ Chapter 311 R.S. Mo . Jump up ^ `` Nebraska Bill 861 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 05 - 27 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` NRS 202.065 Sale of alcoholic beverage containing more than 80 percent of alcohol by volume '' . Retrieved 25 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nevada Revised Statutes : Chapter 458 , Section 260 '' . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Panaca '' . Nevada Commission on Tourism . Retrieved 29 September 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.nj.gov/oag/abc/downloads/abchandbook02.pdf Jump up ^ NMSA 60 - 7A - 1 Section A Jump up ^ NMSA 60 - 7A - 1 Section B Jump up ^ NMSA 60 - 7A - 1 Section D Jump up ^ NMSA 60 - 7A - 1 Section C , H Jump up ^ NMSA 60 - 7A - 1 Section E Jump up ^ NMSA 60 - 7B - 1A Jump up ^ NMSA 60 - 7B - 1B1 Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . Jump up ^ `` Product Approval : North Carolina ABC Commission '' . Abc.nc.gov . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 21 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Happy Hour FAQs '' ( PDF ) . Abc.nc.gov . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ http://codes.ohio.gov/orc/4301.69 Jump up ^ Armon , Rick . `` Ohio governor signs bill doing away with state 's ABV limit '' . www.ohio.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Ohio Revised Code '' TITLE ( 43 ) XLIII LIQUOR '' CHAPTER 4301 : LIQUOR CONTROL LAW `` . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Ohio Revised Code '' TITLE ( 43 ) XLIII LIQUOR '' CHAPTER 4301 : LIQUOR CONTROL LAW `` . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Law Orientation for Retailers '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved October 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` http://www.oregon.gov/OLCC/index.shtml '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 24 . External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Pennsylvania Liquor License Company '' . Pennsylvanialiquorlicense.com . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Pennsylvania Liquor License Company '' . Pennsylvanialiquorlicense.com . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Store Locations '' . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20081207030427/http://www.lcb.state.pa.us/plcb/cwp/view.asp?a=1327&q=556216&plcbNav . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2008 . Retrieved July 24 , 2008 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` ANNOUNCEMENT REGARDING CHANGE TO R.I. GEN . LAWS § 3 - 8 - 1 '' ( PDF ) . Department of Business Regulation . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ https://archive.is/20130119111119/http://www.charlotteobserver.com/2012/11/06/3648466/york-county-council-chair-fends.html . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2013 . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20130615101517/http://www.newberryobserver.com/view/full_story/20734686/article-Sunday-alcohol-sales-gets-go-ahead-from-voters . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2013 . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` TN Alcoholic Beverage Commission '' . Jump up ^ https://legiscan.com/TN/bill/HB1540/2017 Jump up ^ `` LexisNexis ® Legal Resources '' . Jump up ^ `` TABC Local Option Elections General Information '' . Tabc.state.tx.us . Archived from the original on 2014 - 05 - 16 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Texas Public Intoxication Laws '' . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Your Vermont State Liquor Stores '' . Vt . Dept. of Liquor Control . Archived from the original on 2014 - 04 - 14 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` NABCA '' ( PDF ) . External links ( edit ) National Alcohol Beverage Control Association Alcohol Policy Information System , U.S. National Institute of Health Federation of Tax Administrators - State Excise Taxes National Restaurant Association - State laws on alcohol sales ( Word document ) Alcohol and Public Health FAQ , U.S. Center for Disease Control and Prevention Alcohol laws of the United States States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district Washington , D.C. 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india is the largest producer of which of the following products			Economy of India	economy of india	The economy of India is the sixth - largest in the world measured by nominal GDP and the third - largest by purchasing power parity ( PPP ) . The country ranks 141st in per capita GDP ( nominal ) with $1723 and 123rd in per capita GDP ( PPP ) with $6,616 as of 2016 . After 1991 economic liberalisation , India achieved 6 - 7 % average GDP growth annually . In FY 2015 and 2017 India 's economy became the world 's fastest growing major economy surpassing China .	The long - term growth prospective of the Indian economy is positive due to its young population , corresponding low dependency ratio , healthy savings and investment rates , and increasing integration into the global economy . India topped the World Bank 's growth outlook for the first time in fiscal year 2015 -- 16 , during which the economy grew 7.6 % . Growth is expected to have declined slightly to 7.1 % for the 2016 -- 17 fiscal year . According to the IMF , India 's growth is expected to rebound to 7.2 % in the 2017 -- 18 fiscal and 7.7 % in 2018 -- 19 . India has one of the fastest growing service sectors in the world with an annual growth rate above 9 % since 2001 , which contributed to 57 % of GDP in 2012 -- 13 . India has become a major exporter of IT services , Business Process Outsourcing ( BPO ) services , and software services with $154 billion revenue in FY 2017 . This is the fastest - growing part of the economy . The IT industry continues to be the largest private - sector employer in India . India is the third - largest start - up hub in the world with over 3,100 technology start - ups in 2014 -- 15 The agricultural sector is the largest employer in India 's economy but contributes to a declining share of its GDP ( 17 % in 2013 -- 14 ) . India ranks second worldwide in farm output . The industry sector has held a steady share of its economic contribution ( 26 % of GDP in 2013 -- 14 ) . The Indian automobile industry is one of the largest in the world with an annual production of 21.48 million vehicles ( mostly two and three wheelers ) in 2013 -- 14 . India had $600 billion worth of retail market in 2015 and one of world 's fastest growing e-commerce markets . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Ancient and medieval eras 1.2 Mughal era ( 1526 -- 1793 ) 1.3 British era ( 1793 -- 1947 ) 1.4 Pre-liberalisation period ( 1947 -- 1991 ) 1.5 Post-liberalisation period ( since 1991 ) 2 Sectors 3 Agriculture 4 Industry 4.1 Petroleum products and chemicals 4.2 Pharmaceuticals 4.3 Engineering 4.4 Gems and jewellery 4.5 Textile 4.6 Mining 4.7 Iron and steel 4.8 Defence 4.9 Pulp and paper 5 Services 5.1 Aviation 5.2 Banking and finance 5.3 Information technology 5.4 Insurance 5.5 Electricity sector 5.6 Infrastructure 5.7 Retail 5.8 Tourism 5.9 Construction 5.10 Education 5.11 Entertainment industry 5.12 Healthcare 5.13 Printing 5.14 Telecommunications 6 Foreign trade and investment 6.1 Foreign trade 6.2 Balance of payments 6.3 Foreign direct investment 6.3. 1 Outflows 6.4 Remittances 7 Currency 8 Income and consumption 8.1 Poverty 9 Employment 10 Economic trends and issues 10.1 Agriculture 10.2 Corruption 10.3 Education 10.4 Economic disparities 11 Security markets 12 See also 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links History ( edit ) Main articles : Economic history of India and Timeline of the economy of the Indian subcontinent The combination of protectionist , import - substitution , Fabian socialism , and social democratic - inspired policies governed India for sometime after the end of British occupation . The economy was then characterised by extensive regulation , protectionism , public ownership of large monopolies , pervasive corruption and slow growth . Since 1991 , continuing economic liberalisation has moved the country towards a market - based economy . By 2008 , India had established itself as one of the world 's faster - growing economies . Ancient and medieval eras ( edit ) The citizens of the Indus Valley Civilisation , a permanent settlement that flourished between 2800 BC and 1800 BC , practised agriculture , domesticated animals , used uniform weights and measures , made tools and weapons , and traded with other cities . Evidence of well - planned streets , a drainage system and water supply reveals their knowledge of urban planning , which included the first - known urban sanitation systems and the existence of a form of municipal government . The spice trade between India and Europe was the main catalyst for the Age of Discovery . Maritime trade was carried out extensively between South India and Southeast and West Asia from early times until around the fourteenth century AD . Both the Malabar and Coromandel Coasts were the sites of important trading centres from as early as the first century BC , used for import and export as well as transit points between the Mediterranean region and southeast Asia . Over time , traders organised themselves into associations which received state patronage . Historians Tapan Raychaudhuri and Irfan Habib claim this state patronage for overseas trade came to an end by the thirteenth century AD , when it was largely taken over by the local Parsi , Jewish , Syrian Christian and Muslim communities , initially on the Malabar and subsequently on the Coromandel coast . Atashgah is a temple built by Indian traders before 1745 , west of the Caspian Sea . The inscription shown is in Sanskrit ( above ) and Persian . Other scholars suggest trading from India to West Asia and Eastern Europe was active between the 14th and 18th centuries . During this period , Indian traders settled in Surakhani , a suburb of greater Baku , Azerbaijan . These traders built a Hindu temple , which suggests commerce was active and prosperous for Indians by the 17th century . Further north , the Saurashtra and Bengal coasts played an important role in maritime trade , and the Gangetic plains and the Indus valley housed several centres of river - borne commerce . Most overland trade was carried out via the Khyber Pass connecting the Punjab region with Afghanistan and onward to the Middle East and Central Asia . Although many kingdoms and rulers issued coins , barter was prevalent . Villages paid a portion of their agricultural produce as revenue to the rulers , while their craftsmen received a part of the crops at harvest time for their services . Silver coin of the Maurya Empire , 3rd century BC . Silver coin of the Gupta dynasty , 5th century AD . Mughal era ( 1526 -- 1793 ) ( edit ) Main article : Mughal economy See also : Muslin trade in Bengal and Economy of the Kingdom of Mysore The Indian economy was large and prosperous under the Mughal Empire , up until the 18th century . Sean Harkin estimates China and India may have accounted for 60 to 70 percent of world GDP in the 17th century . The Mughal economy functioned on an elaborate system of coined currency , land revenue and trade . Gold , silver and copper coins were issued by the royal mints which functioned on the basis of free coinage . The political stability and uniform revenue policy resulting from a centralised administration under the Mughals , coupled with a well - developed internal trade network , ensured that India -- before the arrival of the British -- was to a large extent economically unified , despite having a traditional agrarian economy characterised by a predominance of subsistence agriculture , with 64 % of the workforce in the primary sector ( including agriculture ) , but with 36 % of the workforce also in the secondary and tertiary sectors , higher than in Europe , where 65 -- 90 % of its workforce were in agriculture in 1700 and 65 -- 75 % were in agriculture in 1750 . Agricultural production increased under Mughal agrarian reforms , with Indian agriculture being advanced compared to Europe at the time , such as the widespread use of the seed drill among Indian peasants before its adoption in European agriculture , and higher per - capita agricultural output and standards of consumption . A woman in Dhaka clad in fine Bengali muslin , 18th century . The Mughal Empire had a thriving industrial manufacturing economy , with India producing about 25 % of the world 's industrial output up until 1750 , making it the most important manufacturing center in international trade . Manufactured goods and cash crops from the Mughal Empire were sold throughout the world . Key industries included textiles , shipbuilding , and steel , and processed exports included cotton textiles , yarns , thread , silk , jute products , metalware , and foods such as sugar , oils and butter . Cities and towns boomed under the Mughal Empire , which had a relatively high degree of urbanization for its time , with 15 % of its population living in urban centres , higher than the percentage of the urban population in contemporary Europe at the time and higher than that of British India in the 19th century . In early modern Europe , there was significant demand for products from Mughal India , particularly cotton textiles , as well as goods such as spices , peppers , indigo , silks , and saltpeter ( for use in munitions ) . European fashion , for example , became increasingly dependent on Mughal Indian textiles and silks . From the late 17th century to the early 18th century , Mughal India accounted for 95 % of British imports from Asia , and the Bengal Subah province alone accounted for 40 % of Dutch imports from Asia . In contrast , there was very little demand for European goods in Mughal India , which was largely self - sufficient . Indian goods , especially those from Bengal , were also exported in large quantities to other Asian markets , such as Indonesia and Japan . At the time , Mughal Bengal was the most important center of cotton textile production and shipbuilding . In the early 18th century , the Mughal Empire declined , as it lost western , central and parts of south and north India to the Maratha Empire , which integrated and continued to administer those regions . The decline of the Mughal Empire led to decreased agricultural productivity , which in turn negatively affected the textile industry . The subcontinent 's dominant economic power in the post-Mughal era was the Bengal Subah in the east. , which continued to maintain thriving textile industries and relatively high real wages . However , the former was devastated by the Maratha invasions of Bengal and then British colonization in the mid-18th century . After the loss at the Third Battle of Panipat , the Maratha Empire disintegrated into several confederate states , and the resulting political instability and armed conflict severely affected economic life in several parts of the country -- although this was mitigated by localised prosperity in the new provincial kingdoms . By the late eighteenth century , the British East India Company had entered the Indian political theatre and established its dominance over other European powers . This marked a determinative shift in India 's trade , and a less - powerful impact on the rest of the economy . British era ( 1793 -- 1947 ) ( edit ) Main articles : Economy of India under Company rule and Economy of India under the British Raj There is no doubt that our grievances against the British Empire had a sound basis . As the painstaking statistical work of the Cambridge historian Angus Maddison has shown , India 's share of world income collapsed from 22.6 % in 1700 , almost equal to Europe 's share of 23.3 % at that time , to as low as 3.8 % in 1952 . Indeed , at the beginning of the 20th century , `` the brightest jewel in the British Crown '' was the poorest country in the world in terms of per capita income . -- Manmohan Singh The global contribution to world 's GDP by major economies from 1 CE to 2003 CE according to Angus Maddison 's estimates . Up until the 18th century , China and India were the two largest economies by GDP output . From the beginning of the 19th century , the British East India Company 's gradual expansion and consolidation of power brought a major change in taxation and agricultural policies , which tended to promote commercialisation of agriculture with a focus on trade , resulting in decreased production of food crops , mass impoverishment and destitution of farmers , and in the short term , led to numerous famines . The economic policies of the British Raj caused a severe decline in the handicrafts and handloom sectors , due to reduced demand and dipping employment . After the removal of international restrictions by the Charter of 1813 , Indian trade expanded substantially with steady growth . The result was a significant transfer of capital from India to England , which , due to the colonial policies of the British , led to a massive drain of revenue rather than any systematic effort at modernisation of the domestic economy . Estimated GDP per capita of India and United Kingdom during 1700 -- 1950 in 1990 US $ according to Maddison . However , Maddison 's estimates for 18th - century India have been criticized as gross underestimates , Bairoch estimates India had a higher GDP per capita in the 18th century , and Parthasarathi 's findings show higher real wages in 18th - century Bengal and Mysore . But there is consensus that India 's per capita GDP and income stagnated during the colonial era , starting in the late 18th century . Under British rule , India 's share of the world economy declined from 24.4 % in 1700 down to 4.2 % in 1950 , and its share of global industrial output declined from 25 % in 1750 down to 2 % in 1900 . At the same time , the United Kingdom 's share of the world economy rose from 2.9 % in 1700 up to 9 % in 1870 . The British East India Company , following their conquest of Bengal in 1757 , had forced open the large Indian market to British goods , which could be sold in India without tariffs or duties , compared to local Indian producers who were heavily taxed , while in Britain protectionist policies such as bans and high tariffs were implemented to restrict Indian textiles from being sold there , whereas raw cotton was imported from India without tariffs to British factories which manufactured textiles from Indian cotton and sold them back to the Indian market . British economic policies gave them a monopoly over India 's large market and cotton resources . India served as both a significant supplier of raw goods to British manufacturers and a large captive market for British manufactured goods . British territorial expansion in India throughout the 19th century created an institutional environment that , on paper , guaranteed property rights among the colonisers , encouraged free trade , and created a single currency with fixed exchange rates , standardised weights and measures and capital markets within the company - held territories . It also established a system of railways and telegraphs , a civil service that aimed to be free from political interference , a common - law and an adversarial legal system . This coincided with major changes in the world economy -- industrialisation , and significant growth in production and trade . However , at the end of colonial rule , India inherited an economy that was one of the poorest in the developing world , with industrial development stalled , agriculture unable to feed a rapidly growing population , a largely illiterate and unskilled labour force , and extremely inadequate infrastructure . The 1872 census revealed that 91.3 % of the population of the region constituting present - day India resided in villages . This was a decline from the earlier Mughal era , when 85 % of the population resided in villages and 15 % in urban centers under Akbar 's reign in 1600 . Urbanisation generally remained sluggish in British India until the 1920s , due to the lack of industrialisation and absence of adequate transportation . Subsequently , the policy of discriminating protection ( where certain important industries were given financial protection by the state ) , coupled with the Second World War , saw the development and dispersal of industries , encouraging rural -- urban migration , and in particular the large port cities of Bombay , Calcutta and Madras grew rapidly . Despite this , only one - sixth of India 's population lived in cities by 1951 . The impact of British occupation on India 's economy is a controversial topic . Leaders of the Indian independence movement and economic historians have blamed colonial rule for the dismal state of India 's economy in its aftermath and argued that financial strength required for industrial development in Britain was derived from the wealth taken from India . At the same time , right - wing historians have countered that India 's low economic performance was due to various sectors being in a state of growth and decline due to changes brought in by colonialism and a world that was moving towards industrialisation and economic integration . Several economic historians have argued that real wage decline occurred in the early 19th century , or possibly beginning in the very late 18th century , largely as a result of British imperialism . Economic historian Prasannan Parthasarathi presented earnings data which showed real wages and living standards in 18th century Bengal and Mysore being higher than in Britain , which in turn had the highest living standards in Europe . Mysore 's average per - capita income was five times higher than subsistence level , i.e. five times higher than $400 ( 1990 international dollars ) , or $2,000 per capita . In comparison , the highest national per - capita incomes in 1820 were $1,838 for the Netherlands and $1,706 for Britain . It has also been argued that India went through a period of deindustrialization in the latter half of the 18th century as an indirect outcome of the collapse of the Mughal Empire . Pre-liberalisation period ( 1947 -- 1991 ) ( edit ) Main article : Licence Raj Indian economic policy after independence was influenced by the colonial experience , which was seen as exploitative by Indian leaders exposed to British social democracy and the planned economy of the Soviet Union . Domestic policy tended towards protectionism , with a strong emphasis on import substitution industrialisation , economic interventionism , a large government - run public sector , business regulation , and central planning , while trade and foreign investment policies were relatively liberal . Five - Year Plans of India resembled central planning in the Soviet Union . Steel , mining , machine tools , telecommunications , insurance , and power plants , among other industries , were effectively nationalised in the mid-1950s . Change in per capita GDP of India , 1820 -- 2015 . Figures are inflation - adjusted to 1990 International Geary - Khamis dollars . Never talk to me about profit , Jeh , it is a dirty word . -- Nehru , India 's Fabian Socialism - inspired first prime minister to industrialist J.R.D. Tata , when Tata suggested state - owned companies should be profitable Jawaharlal Nehru , the first prime minister of India , along with the statistician Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis , formulated and oversaw economic policy during the initial years of the country 's independence . They expected favourable outcomes from their strategy , involving the rapid development of heavy industry by both public and private sectors , and based on direct and indirect state intervention , rather than the more extreme Soviet - style central command system . The policy of concentrating simultaneously on capital - and technology - intensive heavy industry and subsidising manual , low - skill cottage industries was criticised by economist Milton Friedman , who thought it would waste capital and labour , and retard the development of small manufacturers . The rate of growth of the Indian economy in the first three decades after independence was derisively referred to as the Hindu rate of growth by economists , because of the unfavourable comparison with growth rates in other Asian countries . I can not decide how much to borrow , what shares to issue , at what price , what wages and bonus to pay , and what dividend to give . I even need the government 's permission for the salary I pay to a senior executive . -- J.R.D. Tata , on the Indian regulatory system , 1969 Since 1965 , the use of high - yielding varieties of seeds , increased fertilisers and improved irrigation facilities collectively contributed to the Green Revolution in India , which improved the condition of agriculture by increasing crop productivity , improving crop patterns and strengthening forward and backward linkages between agriculture and industry . However , it has also been criticised as an unsustainable effort , resulting in the growth of capitalistic farming , ignoring institutional reforms and widening income disparities . Subsequently , the Emergency and Garibi Hatao concept under which income tax levels at one point rose to a maximum of 97.5 % -- a world record for non-communist economies -- started diluting the earlier efforts . In the late 1970s , the government led by Morarji Desai eased restrictions on capacity expansion for incumbent companies , removed price controls , reduced corporate taxes and promoted the creation of small - scale industries in large numbers . Post-liberalisation period ( since 1991 ) ( edit ) Main articles : Economic liberalisation in India and Economic development in India The GDP is exponential and almost double every 5 years . Indian GDP growth rate from 1985 to 2016 in red , compared to that of China in green . The collapse of the Soviet Union , which was India 's major trading partner , and the Gulf War , which caused a spike in oil prices , resulted in a major balance - of - payments crisis for India , which found itself facing the prospect of defaulting on its loans . India asked for a $1.8 billion bailout loan from the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) , which in return demanded de-regulation . In response , the Narasimha Rao government , including Finance Minister Manmohan Singh , initiated economic reforms in 1991 . The reforms did away with the Licence Raj , reduced tariffs and interest rates and ended many public monopolies , allowing automatic approval of foreign direct investment in many sectors . Since then , the overall thrust of liberalisation has remained the same , although no government has tried to take on powerful lobbies such as trade unions and farmers , on contentious issues such as reforming labour laws and reducing agricultural subsidies . By the turn of the 21st century , India had progressed towards a free - market economy , with a substantial reduction in state control of the economy and increased financial liberalisation . This has been accompanied by increases in life expectancy , literacy rates and food security , although urban residents have benefited more than rural residents . While the credit rating of India was hit by its nuclear weapons tests in 1998 , it has since been raised to investment level in 2003 by Standard & Poor 's ( S&P ) and Moody 's . India experienced high growth rates , averaging 9 % from 2003 to 2007 . Growth then moderated in 2008 due to the global financial crisis . In 2003 , Goldman Sachs predicted that India 's GDP in current prices would overtake France and Italy by 2020 , Germany , UK and Russia by 2025 and Japan by 2035 , making it the third - largest economy of the world , behind the US and China . India is often seen by most economists as a rising economic superpower which will play a major role in the 21st - century global economy . Starting in 2012 , India entered a period of reduced growth , which slowed to 5.6 % . Other economic problems also became apparent : a plunging Indian rupee , a persistent high current account deficit and slow industrial growth . Hit by the US Federal Reserve 's decision to taper quantitative easing , foreign investors began rapidly pulling money out of India -- though this reversed with the stock market approaching its all - time high and the current account deficit narrowing substantially . India started recovery in 2014 -- 15 when the growth rate accelerated to 7.2 % . In 2015 , India went through a startup boom and manufacturing expanded in 2015 -- 16 with growth of 7.6 % . For the first time since 1990 , India grew faster than China which registered 6.9 % growth in 2015 . In mid-2015 , during the global stock market rout , India witnessed a sharp fall in stock markets and the rupee ; this repeated again in January 2016 . India 's economic growth is expected to be 8.0 % + for 2016 -- 17 . India is ranked 130th out of 190 countries in the World Bank 's 2017 ease of doing business index . In terms of dealing with construction permits and enforcing contracts , it is ranked among the 10 worst in the world , while it has a relatively favourable ranking when it comes to protecting minority investors or getting credit . The strong efforts taken by the Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion ( DIPP ) to boost ease of doing business rankings at the state level is said to impact the overall rankings of India . Sectors ( edit ) Percent labour employment in India by economic sectors ( 2010 ) . Contribution to GDP of India by economic sectors of Indian economy have evolved between 1951 and 2013 , as its economy has diversified and developed . Historically , India has classified and tracked its economy and GDP in three sectors : agriculture , industry and services . Agriculture includes crops , horticulture , milk and animal husbandry , aquaculture , fishing , sericulture , aviculture , forestry and related activities . Industry includes various manufacturing sub-sectors . India 's definition of services sector includes its construction , retail , software , IT , communications , hospitality , infrastructure operations , education , health care , banking and insurance , and many other economic activities . Agriculture ( edit ) Rice fields near Puri , Odisha on India 's east coast Main articles : Agriculture in India , Forestry in India , Animal husbandry in India , Fishing in India , and Natural resources in India India ranks second worldwide in farm output . Agriculture and allied sectors like forestry , logging and fishing accounted for 17 % of the GDP and employed 49 % of its total workforce in 2014 . As the Indian economy has diversified and grown , agriculture 's contribution to GDP has steadily declined from 1951 to 2011 , yet it is still the country 's largest employment source and a significant piece of its overall socio - economic development . Crop - yield - per - unit - area of all crops has grown since 1950 , due to the special emphasis placed on agriculture in the five - year plans and steady improvements in irrigation , technology , application of modern agricultural practices and provision of agricultural credit and subsidies since the Green Revolution in India . However , international comparisons reveal the average yield in India is generally 30 % to 50 % of the highest average yield in the world . The states of Uttar Pradesh , Punjab , Haryana , Madhya Pradesh , Andhra Pradesh , Telangana , Bihar , West Bengal , Gujarat and Maharashtra are key contributors to Indian agriculture . India receives an average annual rainfall of 1,208 millimetres ( 47.6 in ) and a total annual precipitation of 4000 billion cubic metres , with the total utilisable water resources , including surface and groundwater , amounting to 1123 billion cubic metres . 546,820 square kilometres ( 211,130 sq mi ) of the land area , or about 39 % of the total cultivated area , is irrigated . India 's inland water resources and marine resources provide employment to nearly six million people in the fisheries sector . In 2010 , India had the world 's sixth - largest fishing industry . Amul Dairy Plant at Anand was a highly successful co-operative started during the green revolution in the 1960s India exports more than 100,000 tonnes of processed cashew kernels every year . There are more than 600 cashew processing units in Kollam alone . India is the largest producer of milk , jute and pulses , and has the world 's second - largest cattle population with 170 million animals in 2011 . It is the second - largest producer of rice , wheat , sugarcane , cotton and groundnuts , as well as the second - largest fruit and vegetable producer , accounting for 10.9 % and 8.6 % of the world fruit and vegetable production , respectively . India is also the second - largest producer and the largest consumer of silk , producing 77,000 tons in 2005 . India is the largest exporter of cashew kernels and cashew nut shell liquid ( CNSL ) . Foreign exchange earned by the country through the export of cashew kernels during 2011 -- 12 reached ₹ 4,390 crore ( ₹ 43.9 billion ) based on statistics from the Cashew Export Promotion Council of India ( CEPCI ) . 131,000 tonnes of kernels were exported during 2011 -- 12 . There are about 600 cashew processing units in Kollam , Kerala . India 's foodgrain production remained stagnant at approximately 252 million tonnes ( MT ) during both the 2015 -- 16 and 2014 -- 15 crop years ( July -- June ) . India exports several agriculture products , such as Basmati rice , wheat , cereals , spices , fresh fruits , dry fruits , buffalo beef meat , cotton , tea , coffee and other cash crops particularly to the Middle East , Southeast and East Asian countries . About 10 percent of its export earnings come from this trade . Industry ( edit ) Industry accounts for 26 % of GDP and employs 22 % of the total workforce . According to the World Bank , India 's industrial manufacturing GDP output in 2015 was 6th largest in the world on current US dollar basis ( $559 billion ) , and 9th largest on inflation - adjusted constant 2005 US dollar basis ( $197.1 billion ) . The industrial sector underwent significant changes due to the 1991 economic reforms , which removed import restrictions , brought in foreign competition , led to the privatisation of certain government - owned public - sector industries , liberalised the foreign direct investment ( FDI ) regime , improved infrastructure and led to an expansion in the production of fast - moving consumer goods . Post-liberalisation , the Indian private sector was faced with increasing domestic and foreign competition , including the threat of cheaper Chinese imports . It has since handled the change by squeezing costs , revamping management , and relying on cheap labour and new technology . However , this has also reduced employment generation , even among smaller manufacturers who previously relied on labour - intensive processes . Petroleum products and chemicals ( edit ) Main article : Oil and gas industry in India Petroleum products and chemicals are a major contributor to India 's industrial GDP , and together they contribute over 34 % of its export earnings . India hosts many oil refinery and petrochemical operations , including the world 's largest refinery complex in Jamnagar that processes 1.24 million barrels of crude per day . By volume , the Indian chemical industry was the third - largest producer in Asia , and contributed 5 % of the country 's GDP . India is one of the five - largest producers of agrochemicals , polymers and plastics , dyes and various organic and inorganic chemicals . Despite being a large producer and exporter , India is a net importer of chemicals due to domestic demands . Pharmaceuticals ( edit ) Main article : Pharmaceutical industry in India The Indian pharmaceutical industry has grown in recent years to become a major manufacturer of health care products to the world . India produced about 8 % of the global pharmaceutical supply in 2011 by value , including over 60,000 generic brands of medicines . The industry grew from $6 billion in 2005 to $36.7 billion in 2016 , a compound annual growth rate ( CAGR ) of 17.46 % . It is expected to grow at a CAGR of 15.92 % to reach $55 billion in 2020 . India is expected to become the sixth - largest pharmaceutical market in the world by 2020 . It is one of the fastest - growing industrial sub-sectors and a significant contributor of India 's export earnings . The state of Gujarat has become a hub for the manufacture and export of pharmaceuticals and active pharmaceutical ingredients ( APIs ) . Engineering ( edit ) See also : Automotive industry in India and Electronics and semiconductor manufacturing industry in India Mahindra XUV 500 is one of the several indigenously designed and manufactured vehicles Engineering is the largest sub-sector of India 's industrial sector , by GDP , and the third - largest by exports . It includes transport equipment , machine tools , capital goods , transformers , switchgears , furnaces , and cast and forged parts for turbines , automobiles and railways . The industry employs about four million workers . On a value - added basis , India 's engineering subsector exported $67 billion worth of engineering goods in the 2013 -- 14 fiscal year , and served part of the domestic demand for engineering goods . The engineering industry of India includes its growing car , motorcycle and scooters industry , and productivity machinery such as tractors . India manufactured and assembled about 18 million passenger and utility vehicles in 2011 , of which 2.3 million were exported . India is the largest producer and the largest market for tractors , accounting for 29 % of global tractor production in 2013 . India is the 12th - largest producer and 7th - largest consumer of machine tools . Gems and jewellery ( edit ) Many famous stones such as the Koh - i - noor and Hope Diamond ( above ) , came from India . India is one of the largest centres for polishing diamonds and gems and manufacturing jewellery ; it is also one of the two largest consumers of gold . After crude oil and petroleum products , the export and import of gold , precious metals , precious stones , gems and jewellery accounts for the largest portion of India 's global trade . The industry contributes about 7 % of India 's GDP , employs millions , and is a major source of its foreign - exchange earnings . The gems and jewellery industry , in 2013 , created ₹ 251,000 crore ( US $39 billion ) in economic output on value - added basis . It is growing sector of Indian economy , and A.T. Kearney projects it to grow to ₹ 500,000 crore ( US $78 billion ) by 2018 . The gems and jewellery industry has been economically active in India for several thousand years . Until the 18th century , India was the only major reliable source of diamonds . Now , South Africa and Australia are the major sources of diamonds and precious metals , but along with Antwerp , New York , and Ramat Gan , Indian cities such as Surat and Mumbai are the hubs of world 's jewellery polishing , cutting , precision finishing , supply and trade . Unlike other centres , the gems and jewellery industry in India is primarily artisan - driven ; the sector is manual , highly fragmented , and almost entirely served by family - owned operations . The particular strength of this sub-sector is in precision cutting , polishing and processing small diamonds ( below one carat ) . India is also a hub for processing of larger diamonds , pearls and other precious stones . Statistically , 11 out of 12 diamonds set in any jewellery in the world are cut and polished in India . It is also a major hub of gold and other precious - metal - based jewellery . Domestic demand for gold and jewellery products is another driver of India 's GDP . Textile ( edit ) Main article : Textile industry in India Textile industry contributes about 4 per cent to the country 's GDP , 14 per cent of the industrial production , and 17 per cent to export earnings . India 's textile industry has transformed in recent years from a declining sector to a rapidly developing one . After freeing the industry in 2004 -- 2005 from a number of limitations , primarily financial , the government permitted massive investment inflows , both domestic and foreign . From 2004 to 2008 , total investment into the textile sector increased by 27 billion dollars . Ludhiana produces 90 % of woollens in India and is known as the Manchester of India . Tirupur has gained universal recognition as the leading source of hosiery , knitted garments , casual wear and sportswear . Expanding textile centres such as Ichalkaranji enjoy one of the highest per - capita incomes in the country . India 's cotton farms , fibre and textile industry provides employment to 45 million people in India , including some child labour ( 1 % ) . The sector is estimated to employ around 400,000 children under the age of 18 . Mining ( edit ) Main article : Mining in India India 's mining industry was the fourth - largest producer of minerals in the world by volume , and eighth - largest producer by value in 2009 . In 2013 , it mined and processed 89 minerals , of which four were fuel , three were atomic energy minerals , and 80 non-fuel . The government - owned public sector accounted for 68 % of mineral production by volume in 2011 -- 12 . Nearly 50 % of India 's mining industry , by output value , is concentrated in eight states : Odisha , Rajasthan , Chhattisgarh , Andhra Pradesh , Telangana , Jharkhand , Madhya Pradesh and Karnataka . Another 25 % of the output by value comes from offshore oil and gas resources . India operated about 3,000 mines in 2010 , half of which were coal , limestone and iron ore . On output - value basis , India was one of the five largest producers of mica , chromite , coal , lignite , iron ore , bauxite , barites , zinc and manganese ; while being one of the ten largest global producers of many other minerals . India was the fourth - largest producer of steel in 2013 , and the seventh - largest producer of aluminium . India 's mineral resources are vast . However , its mining industry has declined -- contributing 2.3 % of its GDP in 2010 compared to 3 % in 2000 , and employed 2.9 million people -- a decreasing percentage of its total labour . India is a net importer of many minerals including coal . India 's mining sector decline is because of complex permit , regulatory and administrative procedures , inadequate infrastructure , shortage of capital resources , and slow adoption of environmentally sustainable technologies . Iron and steel ( edit ) Main article : Iron and steel industry in India In fiscal year 2014 -- 15 , India was the third - largest producer of raw steel and the largest producer of sponge iron . The industry produced 91.46 million tons of finished steel and 9.7 million tons of pig iron . Most iron and steel in India is produced from iron ore . Defence ( edit ) Main article : Defence industry of India With strength of over 1.3 million active personnel , India has the third - largest military force and the largest volunteer army . The total budget sanctioned for the Indian military for the financial year 2017 was ( US $53.5 billion ) . Defence spending is expected to rise to US $62 billion by 2022 . Pulp and paper ( edit ) Main article : Pulp and paper industry in India Services ( edit ) Hyderabad is a major IT services centre . The services sector has the largest share of India 's GDP , accounting for 57 % in 2012 , up from 15 % in 1950 . It is the seventh - largest services sector by nominal GDP , and third largest when purchasing power is taken into account . The services sector provides employment to 27 % of the work force . Information technology and business process outsourcing are among the fastest - growing sectors , having a cumulative growth rate of revenue 33.6 % between fiscal years 1997 -- 98 and 2002 -- 03 , and contributing to 25 % of the country 's total exports in 2007 -- 08 . Aviation ( edit ) Main articles : Aviation in India and Civil aviation in India India is the ninth - largest civil aviation market in the world , having a potential of becoming the third - largest aviation market by 2020 . It recorded an air traffic of 163 million passengers in 2013 , estimated to be 60 million international passengers by 2017 . The market is estimated to have 800 aircraft by 2020 . In 2015 , Boeing projected India 's demand for aircraft to touch 1,740 , valued at $240 billion , over the next 20 years . This would account for 4.3 per cent of global volumes . According to Airbus , India will be one of the top three aviation markets in the next 20 years . Airbus is expecting an annual growth rate of over 11 per cent for the domestic market over the next ten years , while the combined growth rate for domestic and international routes would be more than 10 per cent . Civil aviation in India traces its beginnings to 18 February 1911 , with the first commercial flight from Allahabad to Naini . Henri Pequet , a French aviator , carried 6,500 pieces of mail on a Humber biplane . On 15 October 1932 , J.R.D. Tata flew a consignment of mail from Karachi to Juhu Airport . His airline later became Air India . In March 1953 , the Indian Parliament passed the Air Corporations Act . India 's airline industry was nationalised and the eight domestic airlines operating independently at that time , Deccan Airways , Airways India , Bharat Airways , Himalayan Aviation , Kalinga Airlines , Indian National Airways , Air India and Air Services of India were merged into two government - owned entities . Indian Airlines focussed on domestic routes and Air India International on international services . The International Airports Authority of India ( IAAI ) was constituted in 1972 while the National Airports Authority was constituted in 1986 . The Bureau of Civil Aviation Security was established in 1987 following the crash of Air India Flight 182 . East - West Airlines was the first national - level private airline to operate in the country after the government de-regularised the civil aviation sector in 1991 . The government allowed private airlines to operate charter and non-scheduled services under the ' Air Taxi ' Scheme until 1994 , when the Air Corporation Act was repealed and private airlines could now operate scheduled services . Private airlines including Jet Airways , Air Sahara , Modiluft , Damania Airways and NEPC Airlines commenced domestic operations during this period . The aviation industry experienced a rapid transformation following deregulation . Several low - cost carriers entered the Indian market in 2004 -- 05 . Major new entrants included Air Deccan , Air Sahara , Kingfisher Airlines , SpiceJet , GoAir , Paramount Airways and IndiGo . Kingfisher Airlines became the first Indian air carrier on 15 June 2005 to order Airbus A380 aircraft worth US $ 3 billion . However , Indian aviation would struggle due to an economic slowdown and rising fuel and operation costs . This led to consolidation , buy outs and discontinuations . In 2007 , Air Sahara and Air Deccan were acquired by Jet Airways and Kingfisher Airlines respectively . Paramount Airways ceased operations in 2010 and Kingfisher shut down in 2012 . Etihad Airways agreed to acquire a 24 % stake in Jet Airways in 2013 . AirAsia India , a low - cost carrier operating as a joint venture between Air Asia and Tata Sons launched in 2014 . As of 2013 -- 14 , only IndiGo and GoAir were generating profits . Banking and Finance ( edit ) Main articles : Banking in India and Finance in India The Indian money market is classified into the organised sector , comprising private , public and foreign - owned commercial banks and cooperative banks , together known as ' scheduled banks ' ; and the unorganised sector , which includes individual or family - owned indigenous bankers or money lenders and non-banking financial companies . The unorganised sector and microcredit are preferred over traditional banks in rural and sub-urban areas , especially for non-productive purposes such as short - term loans for ceremonies . Prime Minister Indira Gandhi nationalised 14 banks in 1969 , followed by six others in 1980 , and made it mandatory for banks to provide 40 % of their net credit to priority sectors including agriculture , small - scale industry , retail trade and small business , to ensure that the banks fulfilled their social and developmental goals . Since then , the number of bank branches has increased from 8,260 in 1969 to 72,170 in 2007 and the population covered by a branch decreased from 63,800 to 15,000 during the same period . The total bank deposits increased from ₹ 59.1 billion ( US $920 million ) in 1970 -- 71 to ₹ 38,309.22 billion ( US $600 billion ) in 2008 -- 09 . Despite an increase of rural branches -- from 1,860 or 22 % of the total in 1969 to 30,590 or 42 % in 2007 -- only 32,270 of 500,000 villages are served by a scheduled bank . India 's gross domestic savings in 2006 -- 07 as a percentage of GDP stood at a high 32.8 % . More than half of personal savings are invested in physical assets such as land , houses , cattle , and gold . The government - owned public - sector banks hold over 75 % of total assets of the banking industry , with the private and foreign banks holding 18.2 % and 6.5 % respectively . Since liberalisation , the government has approved significant banking reforms . While some of these relate to nationalised banks -- such as reforms encouraging mergers , reducing government interference and increasing profitability and competitiveness -- other reforms have opened the banking and insurance sectors to private and foreign companies . Information technology ( edit ) Main articles : Information technology in India and Business process outsourcing in India The information technology ( IT ) industry in India consists of two major components : IT services and business process outsourcing ( BPO ) . The sector has increased its contribution to India 's GDP from 1.2 % in 1998 to 7.5 % in 2012 . According to NASSCOM , the sector aggregated revenues of US $ 147 billion in 2015 , where export revenue stood at US $ 99 billion and domestic at US $ 48 billion , growing by over 13 % . The growth in the IT sector is attributed to increased specialisation , and an availability of a large pool of low - cost , highly skilled , fluent English - speaking workers -- matched by increased demand from foreign consumers interested in India 's service exports , or looking to outsource their operations . The share of the Indian IT industry in the country 's GDP increased from 4.8 % in 2005 -- 06 to 7 % in 2008 . In 2009 , seven Indian firms were listed among the top 15 technology outsourcing companies in the world . The business process outsourcing services in the outsourcing industry in India caters mainly to Western operations of multinational corporations . As of 2012 , around 2.8 million people work in the outsourcing sector . Annual revenues are around $11 billion , around 1 % of GDP . Around 2.5 million people graduate in India every year . Wages are rising by 10 -- 15 percent as a result of skill shortages . Insurance ( edit ) Main article : Insurance in India India became the tenth - largest insurance market in the world in 2013 , rising from 15th in 2011 . At a total market size of US $66.4 billion in 2013 , it remains small compared to world 's major economies , and the Indian insurance market accounts for 2 % of the world 's insurance business . India 's life and non-life insurance industry has been growing at 20 % , and double - digit growth is expected to continue through 2021 . The market retains about 360 million active life - insurance policies , the most in the world . Of the 52 insurance companies in India , 24 are active in life - insurance business . The life - insurance industry is projected to increase at double - digit CAGR through 2019 , reaching US $1 trillion annual notional values by 2021 . The industry reported a growth rate of around 10 % from 1996 -- 97 to 2000 -- 01 . After opening the sector , growth rates averaged 15.85 % from 2001 -- 02 to 2010 -- 11 . Specialised insurers Export Credit Guarantee Corporation and Agriculture Insurance Company ( AIC ) offer credit guarantee and crop insurance , respectively . AIC , which initially offered coverage under the National Agriculture Insurance Company ( NAIS ) , has now started providing crop insurance on commercial line as well . It has introduced several innovative products such as weather insurance and insurance related to specific crops . The premium underwritten by the non-life insurers during 2010 -- 11 was ₹ 42,576 crore ( ₹ 425 billion ) against ₹ 34,620 crore ( ₹ 346 billion ) in 2009 -- 10 . The growth was satisfactory , particularly given across - the - broad cuts in the tariff rates . The private insurers underwrote premiums of ₹ 17,424 crore ( ₹ 174 billion ) against ₹ 13,977 crore ( ₹ 140 billion ) in 2009 -- 10 . Public sector insurers underwrote premiums of ₹ 25,151.8 crore ( ₹ 252 billion ) in 2010 -- 11 against ₹ 20,643.5 crore ( ₹ 206 billion ) in 2009 -- 10 , a growth of 21.8 % against 14.5 % in 2009 -- 10 . The Indian insurance business had been under - developed with low levels of insurance penetration . Post liberalisation , the sector has succeeded in raising penetration from 2.3 ( life 1.8 and non-life 0.7 ) in 2000 to 5.1 ( life 4.4 and non-life 0.7 ) in 2010 . Electricity sector ( edit ) Main articles : Electricity sector in India and Energy policy of India NTPC 's Ramagudam Super Thermal Power Station Primary energy consumption of India is the third - largest after China and the US with 5.3 % global share in the year 2015 . Coal and crude oil together account for 85 % of the primary energy consumption of India . India 's oil reserves meet 25 % of the country 's domestic oil demand . As of April 2015 , India 's total proven crude oil reserves are 763.476 million metric tons , while gas reserves stood at 1,490 billion cubic metres ( 53 trillion cubic feet ) . Oil and natural gas fields are located offshore at Bombay High , Krishna Godavari Basin and the Cauvery Delta , and onshore mainly in the states of Assam , Gujarat and Rajasthan . India is the fourth - largest consumer of oil and net oil imports were nearly ₹ 820,000 crore ( US $130 billion ) in 2014 -- 15 , which had an adverse effect on the country 's current account deficit . The petroleum industry in India mostly consists of public sector companies such as Oil and Natural Gas Corporation ( ONGC ) , Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited ( HPCL ) , Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited ( BPCL ) and Indian Oil Corporation Limited ( IOCL ) . There are some major private Indian companies in the oil sector such as Reliance Industries Limited ( RIL ) which operates the world 's largest oil refining complex . India became the world 's third - largest producer of electricity in 2013 with a 4.8 % global share in electricity generation , surpassing Japan and Russia . By the end of calendar year 2015 , India had an electricity surplus with many power stations idling for want of demand . The utility electricity sector had an installed capacity of 303 GW as of May 2016 of which thermal power contributed 69.8 % , hydroelectricity 15.2 % , other sources of renewable energy 13.0 % , and nuclear power 2.1 % . India meets most of its domestic electricity demand through its 106 billion tonnes of proven coal reserves . India is also rich in certain alternative sources of energy with significant future potential such as solar , wind and biofuels ( jatropha , sugarcane ) . India 's dwindling uranium reserves stagnated the growth of nuclear energy in the country for many years . Recent discoveries in the Tummalapalle belt may be among the top 20 natural uranium reserves worldwide , and an estimated reserve of 846,477 metric tons ( 933,081 short tons ) of thorium -- about 25 % of world 's reserves -- are expected to fuel the country 's ambitious nuclear energy program in the long - run . The Indo - US nuclear deal has also paved the way for India to import uranium from other countries . Infrastructure ( edit ) Vizag Sea Port , Visakhapatnam Port in Bay of Bengal Main articles : Indian road network , Indian Railways , Ports in India , and Transport in India India 's infrastructure and transport sector contributes about 5 % of its GDP . India has a road network of over 5,472,144 kilometres ( 3,400,233 mi ) as of 31 March 2015 , the second - largest road network in the world . At 1.66 km of roads per square kilometre of land ( 2.68 miles per square mile ) , the quantitative density of India 's road network is higher than that of Japan ( 0.91 ) and the United States ( 0.67 ) , and far higher than that of China ( 0.46 ) , Brazil ( 0.18 ) or Russia ( 0.08 ) . Qualitatively , India 's roads are a mix of modern highways and narrow , unpaved roads , and are being improved . As of 31 March 2015 , 61.05 % of Indian roads were paved . India has the lowest kilometre - lane road density per 100,000 people among G - 27 countries , leading to traffic congestion . It is upgrading its infrastructure . As of May 2014 , India had completed over 22,600 kilometres ( 14,000 mi ) of 4 - or 6 - lane highways , connecting most of its major manufacturing , commercial and cultural centres . India 's road infrastructure carries 60 % of freight and 87 % of passenger traffic . Indian Railways is the fourth - largest rail network in the world , with a track length of 114,500 kilometres ( 71,100 mi ) and 7,172 stations . This government - owned - and - operated railway network carried an average of 23 million passengers a day , and over a billion tonnes of freight in 2013 . India has a coastline of 7,500 kilometres ( 4,700 mi ) with 13 major ports and 60 operational non-major ports , which together handle 95 % of the country 's external trade by volume and 70 % by value ( most of the remainder handled by air ) . Nhava Sheva , Mumbai is the largest public port , while Mundra is the largest private sea port . The airport infrastructure of India includes 125 airports , of which 66 airports are licensed to handle both passengers and cargo . Retail ( edit ) Main article : Retailing in India Neighbourhood grocery shops handle much of retail trade in India . Retail industry contributes between 14 % and 20 % of India 's GDP . The Indian retail market is estimated to be US $600 billion and one of the top - five retail markets in the world by economic value . India has one of the fastest - growing retail markets in the world , and is projected to reach $1.3 trillion by 2020 . India 's retail industry mostly consists of local mom - and - pop stores , owner - manned shops and street vendors . Retail supermarkets are expanding , with a market share of 4 % in 2008 . In 2012 , the government permitted 51 % FDI in multi-brand retail and 100 % FDI in single - brand retail . However , a lack of back - end warehouse infrastructure and state - level permits and red tape continue to limit growth of organised retail . Compliance with over thirty regulations such as `` signboard licences '' and `` anti-hoarding measures '' must be made before a store can open for business . There are taxes for moving goods from state to state , and even within states . According to The Wall Street Journal , the lack of infrastructure and efficient retail networks cause a third of India 's agriculture produce to be lost from spoilage . Tourism ( edit ) Main article : Tourism in India Kerala became a major tourist destination after the state government promoted its natural coastline . The World Travel and Tourism Council calculated that tourism generated ₹ 8.31 lakh crore ( US $130 billion ) or 6.3 % of the nation 's GDP in 2015 and supported 37.315 million jobs , 8.7 % of its total employment . The sector is predicted to grow at an average annual rate of 7.5 % to ₹ 18.36 lakh crore ( US $290 billion ) by 2025 ( 7.2 % of GDP ) . India attracted 8.027 million international tourist arrivals in 2015 , compared to 7.679 million in 2014 , a growth of 4.5 % . India earned $21.07 billion in foreign exchange from tourism receipts in 2015 . International tourism to India has seen a steady growth from 2.37 million arrivals in 1997 to 8.03 million arrivals in 2015 . The United States is the largest source of international tourists to India , while European Union nations and Japan are other major sources of international tourists . Less than 10 % of international tourists visit the Taj Mahal , with the majority visiting other cultural , thematic and holiday circuits . Over 12 million Indian citizens take international trips each year for tourism , while domestic tourism within India adds about 740 million Indian travellers . India has a fast - growing medical tourism sector of its health care economy , offering low - cost health services and long - term care . In October 2015 , the medical tourism sector was estimated to be worth US $3 billion . It is projected to grow to $7 -- 8 billion by 2020 . In 2014 , 184,298 foreign patients traveled to India to seek medical treatment . Construction ( edit ) Main article : Construction industry of India Education ( edit ) Main article : Education in India Entertainment industry ( edit ) Main article : Entertainment industry in India See also : Gambling in India Healthcare ( edit ) Main article : Healthcare in India India 's healthcare sector is expected to grow at a CAGR of 29 % between 2015 and 2020 , to reach US $280 billion , buoyed by rising incomes , greater health awareness , increased precedence of lifestyle diseases , and improved access to health insurance . Printing ( edit ) Main article : Printing industry in India Telecommunications ( edit ) Main article : Telecommunications in India The telecommunication sector generated ₹ 2.20 lakh crore ( US $34 billion ) in revenue in 2014 -- 15 , accounting for 1.94 % of total GDP . India is the second - largest market in the world by number of telephone users ( both fixed and mobile phones ) with 1.053 billion subscribers as of 31 August 2016 . It has one of the lowest call - tariffs in the world , due to fierce competition among telecom operators . India has the world 's third - largest Internet user - base . As of 31 March 2016 , there were 342.65 million Internet subscribers in the country . Industry estimates indicate that there are over 554 million TV consumers in India as of 2012 . India is the largest direct - to - home ( DTH ) television market in the world by number of subscribers . As of May 2016 , there were 84.80 million DTH subscribers in the country . Foreign trade and investment ( edit ) A map showing the global distribution of Indian exports in 2006 as a percentage of the top market ( US at $20.9 billion ) . Further information : Globalisation in India Foreign trade ( edit ) Main article : Foreign trade of India Further information : List of the largest trading partners of India India 's exports ( top ) and imports ( bottom ) , by value , in 2013 -- 14 . Until the liberalisation of 1991 , India was largely and intentionally isolated from world markets , to protect its economy and to achieve self - reliance . Foreign trade was subject to import tariffs , export taxes and quantitative restrictions , while foreign direct investment ( FDI ) was restricted by upper - limit equity participation , restrictions on technology transfer , export obligations and government approvals ; these approvals were needed for nearly 60 % of new FDI in the industrial sector . The restrictions ensured that FDI averaged only around $200 million annually between 1985 and 1991 ; a large percentage of the capital flows consisted of foreign aid , commercial borrowing and deposits of non-resident Indians . India 's exports were stagnant for the first 15 years after independence , due to general neglect of trade policy by the government of that period ; imports in the same period , with early industrialisation , consisted predominantly of machinery , raw materials and consumer goods . India exports by product , 2014 Since liberalisation , the value of India 's international trade has increased sharply , with the contribution of total trade in goods and services to the GDP rising from 16 % in 1990 -- 91 to 47 % in 2009 -- 10 . Foreign trade accounted for 48.8 % of India 's GDP in 2015 . Globally , India accounts for 1.44 % of exports and 2.12 % of imports for merchandise trade and 3.34 % of exports and 3.31 % of imports for commercial services trade . India 's major trading partners are the European Union , China , the United States and the United Arab Emirates . In 2006 -- 07 , major export commodities included engineering goods , petroleum products , chemicals and pharmaceuticals , gems and jewellery , textiles and garments , agricultural products , iron ore and other minerals . Major import commodities included crude oil and related products , machinery , electronic goods , gold and silver . In November 2010 , exports increased 22.3 % year - on - year to ₹ 850.63 billion ( US $13 billion ) , while imports were up 7.5 % at ₹ 1,251.33 billion ( US $20 billion ) . The trade deficit for the same month dropped from ₹ 468.65 billion ( US $7.3 billion ) in 2009 to ₹ 400.7 billion ( US $6.2 billion ) in 2010 . India is a founding - member of General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade ( GATT ) and its successor , the WTO . While participating actively in its general council meetings , India has been crucial in voicing the concerns of the developing world . For instance , India has continued its opposition to the inclusion of labour , environmental issues and other non-tariff barriers to trade in WTO policies . Balance of payments ( edit ) Cumulative current account balance 1980 -- 2008 based on IMF data Since independence , India 's balance of payments on its current account has been negative . Since economic liberalisation in the 1990s , precipitated by a balance - of - payment crisis , India 's exports rose consistently , covering 80.3 % of its imports in 2002 -- 03 , up from 66.2 % in 1990 -- 91 . However , the global economic slump followed by a general deceleration in world trade saw the exports as a percentage of imports drop to 61.4 % in 2008 -- 09 . India 's growing oil import bill is seen as the main driver behind the large current account deficit , which rose to $118.7 billion , or 11.11 % of GDP , in 2008 -- 09 . Between January and October 2010 , India imported $82.1 billion worth of crude oil . The Indian economy has run a trade deficit every year from 2002 to 2012 , with a merchandise trade deficit of US $189 billion in 2011 -- 12 . Its trade with China has the largest deficit , about $31 billion in 2013 . India 's reliance on external assistance and concessional debt has decreased since liberalisation of the economy , and the debt service ratio decreased from 35.3 % in 1990 -- 91 to 4.4 % in 2008 -- 09 . In India , external commercial borrowings ( ECBs ) , or commercial loans from non-resident lenders , are being permitted by the government for providing an additional source of funds to Indian corporates . The Ministry of Finance monitors and regulates them through ECB policy guidelines issued by the Reserve Bank of India ( RBI ) under the Foreign Exchange Management Act of 1999 . India 's foreign exchange reserves have steadily risen from $5.8 billion in March 1991 to $318.6 billion in December 2009 . In 2012 , the United Kingdom announced an end to all financial aid to India , citing the growth and robustness of Indian economy . India 's current account deficit reached an all - time high in 2013 . India has historically funded its current account deficit through borrowings by companies in the overseas markets or remittances by non-resident Indians and portfolio inflows . From April 2016 to January 2017 , RBI data showed that , for the first time since 1991 , India was funding its deficit through foreign direct investment inflows . The Economic Times noted that the development was `` a sign of rising confidence among long - term investors in Prime Minister Narendra Modi 's ability to strengthen the country 's economic foundation for sustained growth '' . Foreign direct investment ( edit ) This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( October 2015 ) Main article : Foreign direct investment in India Share of top five investing countries in FDI inflows ( 2000 -- 2010 ) Rank Country Inflows ( million US $ ) Inflows ( % ) Mauritius 50,164 42.00 Singapore 11,275 9.00 US 8,914 7.00 UK 6,158 5.00 5 Netherlands 4,968 4.00 As the third - largest economy in the world in PPP terms , India has attracted foreign direct investment ( FDI ) . During the year 2011 , FDI inflow into India stood at $36.5 billion , 51.1 % higher than the 2010 figure of $24.15 billion . India has strengths in telecommunication , information technology and other significant areas such as auto components , chemicals , apparels , pharmaceuticals , and jewellery . Despite a surge in foreign investments , rigid FDI policies were a significant hindrance . Over time , India has adopted a number of FDI reforms . India has a large pool of skilled managerial and technical expertise . The size of the middle - class population stands at 300 million and represents a growing consumer market . India liberalised its FDI policy in 2005 , allowing up to a 100 % FDI stake in ventures . Industrial policy reforms have substantially reduced industrial licensing requirements , removed restrictions on expansion and facilitated easy access to foreign technology and investment . The upward growth curve of the real - estate sector owes some credit to a booming economy and liberalised FDI regime . In March 2005 , the government amended the rules to allow 100 % FDI in the construction sector , including built - up infrastructure and construction development projects comprising housing , commercial premises , hospitals , educational institutions , recreational facilities , and city - and regional - level infrastructure . Between 2012 and 2014 , India extended these reforms to defence , telecom , oil , retail , aviation , and other sectors . From 2000 to 2010 , the country attracted $178 billion as FDI . The inordinately high investment from Mauritius is due to routing of international funds through the country given significant tax advantages -- double taxation is avoided due to a tax treaty between India and Mauritius , and Mauritius is a capital gains tax haven , effectively creating a zero - taxation FDI channel . FDI accounted for 2.1 % of India 's GDP in 2015 . As Government has eased 87 foreign investment direct rules across 21 sectors in the last three years , FDI inflows hit $60.1 billion between 2016 and 2017 in India . ref > http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/india-s-fdi-inflows-at-a-record-60-1-billion-in-2016-17/story-7a8pt2u7e8IJttptDQcwhO.html Outflows ( edit ) Since 2000 , Indian companies have expanded overseas , investing FDI and creating jobs outside India . From 2006 to 2010 , FDI by Indian companies outside India amounted to 1.34 per cent of its GDP . Indian companies have deployed FDI and started operations in the United States , Europe and Africa . The Indian company Tata is the United Kingdom 's largest manufacturer and private - sector employer . Remittances ( edit ) Main article : Remittances to India In 2015 , a total of US $68.91 billion was made in remittances to India from other countries , and a total of US $8.476 billion was made in remittances by foreign workers in India to their home countries . The UAE , the US , and Saudi Arabia were the top sources of remittances to India , while Bangladesh , Pakistan and Nepal were the top recipients of remittances from India . Remittances to India accounted for 3.32 % of the country 's GDP in 2015 . Currency ( edit ) The RBI 's headquarters in Mumbai , Maharashtra Main articles : Indian rupee and Reserve Bank of India Year INR ₹ per US $ ( average annual ) 9.4058 1980 7.8800 1985 12.3640 17.4992 1995 32.4198 2000 44.9401 2005 44.1000 45.7393 2015 64.05 2016 67.09 2017 64.14 The Indian rupee ( ₹ ) is the only legal tender in India , and is also accepted as legal tender in neighbouring Nepal and Bhutan , both of which peg their currency to that of the Indian rupee . The rupee is divided into 100 paisas . The highest - denomination banknote is the ₹ 2,000 note ; the lowest - denomination coin in circulation is the 50 paise coin . Since 30 June 2011 , all denominations below 50 paise have ceased to be legal currency . India 's monetary system is managed by the Reserve Bank of India ( RBI ) , the country 's central bank . Established on 1 April 1935 and nationalised in 1949 , the RBI serves as the nation 's monetary authority , regulator and supervisor of the monetary system , banker to the government , custodian of foreign exchange reserves , and as an issuer of currency . It is governed by a central board of directors , headed by a governor who is appointed by the Government of India . The benchmark interest rates are set by the Monetary Policy Committee . The rupee was linked to the British pound from 1927 to 1946 , and then to the US dollar until 1975 through a fixed exchange rate . It was devalued in September 1975 and the system of fixed par rate was replaced with a basket of four major international currencies : the British pound , the US dollar , the Japanese yen and the Deutsche mark . In 1991 , after the collapse of its largest trading partner , the Soviet Union , India faced the major foreign exchange crisis and the rupee was devalued by around 19 % in two stages on 1 and 2 July . In 1992 , a Liberalized Exchange Rate Mechanism ( LERMS ) was introduced . Under LERMS , exporters had to surrender 40 percent of their foreign exchange earnings to the RBI at the RBI - determined exchange rate ; the remaining 60 % could be converted at the market - determined exchange rate . In 1994 , the rupee was convertible on the current account , with some capital controls . After the sharp devaluation in 1991 and transition to current account convertibility in 1994 , the value of the rupee has been largely determined by market forces . The rupee has been fairly stable during the decade 2000 -- 2010 . In September 2013 , the rupee touched an all - time low 68.27 to the US dollar . Income and consumption ( edit ) Main article : Income in India Gini index of India compared to other countries per World Bank data tables as of 2014 . India 's gross national income per capita had experienced high growth rates since 2002 . It tripled from ₹ 19,040 in 2002 -- 03 to ₹ 53,331 in 2010 -- 11 , averaging 13.7 % growth each of these eight years , with peak growth of 15.6 % in 2010 -- 11 . However growth in the inflation - adjusted per - capita income of the nation slowed to 5.6 % in 2010 -- 11 , down from 6.4 % in the previous year . These consumption levels are on an individual basis . The average family income in India was $6,671 per household in 2011 . According to 2011 census data , India has about 330 million houses and 247 million households . The household size in India has dropped in recent years , the 2011 census reporting 50 % of households have four or fewer members , with an average 4.8 members per household including surviving grandparents . These households produced a GDP of about $1.7 trillion . Consumption patterns note : approximately 67 % of households use firewood , crop residue or cow - dung cakes for cooking purposes ; 53 % do not have sanitation or drainage facilities on premises ; 83 % have water supply within their premises or 100 metres ( 330 ft ) from their house in urban areas and 500 metres ( 1,600 ft ) from the house in rural areas ; 67 % of the households have access to electricity ; 63 % of households have landline or mobile telephone service ; 43 % have a television ; 26 % have either a two - or four - wheel motor vehicle . Compared to 2001 , these income and consumption trends represent moderate to significant improvements . One report in 2010 claimed that high - income households outnumber low - income households . Per capita gross national income of India in 2013 compared to other countries , on purchasing power parity basis , per World Bank data . According to New World Wealth , the total wealth held by Indian residents was $6.2 trillion as of December 2016 , the seventh - highest in the world . There are 264,000 millionaires and 101 billionaires in India . Mumbai is the wealthiest city with a total net worth of $820 billion , followed by Delhi ( $450 billion ) , Bangalore ( $320 billion ) , Hyderabad ( $310 billion ) , Kolkata ( $290 billion ) , Chennai ( $150 billion ) and Gurgaon ( $110 billion ) . Poverty ( edit ) Main article : Poverty in India In May 2014 , the World Bank reviewed and proposed revisions to its poverty calculation methodology of 2005 and purchasing - power - parity basis for measuring poverty . According to the revised methodology , the world had 872.3 million people below the new poverty line , of which 179.6 million lived in India . With 17.5 % of total world 's population , India had a 20.6 % share of world 's poorest in 2013 . According to a 2005 -- 2006 survey , India had about 61 million children under the age of 5 who were chronically malnourished . A 2011 UNICEF report stated that between 1990 and 2010 , India achieved a 45 percent reduction in under age 5 mortality rates , and now ranks 46th of 188 countries on this metric . Since the early 1960s , successive governments have implemented various schemes to alleviate poverty , under central planning , that have met with partial success . In 2005 , the government enacted the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act ( MGNREGA ) , guaranteeing 100 days of minimum wage employment to every rural household in all the districts of India . In 2011 , it was widely criticised and beset with controversy for corrupt officials , deficit financing as the source of funds , poor quality of infrastructure built under the programme , and unintended destructive effects . Other studies suggest that the programme has helped reduce rural poverty in some cases . Yet other studies report that India 's economic growth has been the driver of sustainable employment and poverty reduction , though a sizeable population remains in poverty . Employment ( edit ) See also : Labour in India , Indian labour law , Child labour in India , and Unemployment in India Agricultural and allied sectors accounted for about 52.1 % of the total workforce in 2009 -- 10 . While agriculture employment has fallen over time in percentage of labour employed , services which includes construction and infrastructure have seen a steady growth accounting for 20.3 % of employment in 2012 -- 13 . Of the total workforce , 7 % is in the organised sector , two - thirds of which are in the government - controlled public sector . About 51.2 % of the workforce in India is self - employed . According to a 2005 -- 06 survey , there is a gender gap in employment and salaries . In rural areas , both men and women are primarily self - employed , mostly in agriculture . In urban areas , salaried work was the largest source of employment for both men and women in 2006 . Unemployment in India is characterised by chronic ( disguised ) unemployment . Government schemes that target eradication of both poverty and unemployment -- which in recent decades has sent millions of poor and unskilled people into urban areas in search of livelihoods -- attempt to solve the problem by providing financial assistance for starting businesses , honing skills , setting up public sector enterprises , reservations in governments , etc . The decline in organised employment , due to the decreased role of the public sector after liberalisation , has further underlined the need for focusing on better education and created political pressure for further reforms . India 's labour regulations are heavy , even by developing country standards , and analysts have urged the government to abolish or modify them in order to make the environment more conducive for employment generation . The 11th five - year plan has also identified the need for a congenial environment to be created for employment generation , by reducing the number of permissions and other bureaucratic clearances required . Inequalities and inadequacies in the education system have been identified as an obstacle , which prevents the benefits of increased employment opportunities from reaching all sectors of society . Child labour in India is a complex problem that is rooted in poverty . Since the 1990s , the government has implemented a variety of programs to eliminate child labour . These have included setting up schools , launching free school lunch programs , creating special investigation cells , etc . Author Sonalde Desai stated that recent studies on child labour in India have found some pockets of industries in which children are employed , but overall , relatively few Indian children are employed . Child labour below the age of 10 is now rare . In the 10 -- 14 age group , the latest surveys find only 2 % of children working for wage , while another 9 % work within their home or rural farms assisting their parents in times of high work demand such as sowing and harvesting of crops . India has the largest diaspora around the world , an estimated 16 million people , many of whom work overseas and remit funds back to their families . The Middle East region is the largest source of employment of expat Indians . The crude oil production and infrastructure industry of Saudi Arabia employs over 2 million expat Indians . Cities such as Dubai and Abu Dhabi in United Arab Emirates have employed another 2 million Indians during the construction boom in recent decades . In 2009 -- 10 , remittances from Indian migrants overseas stood at ₹ 2,500 billion ( US $39 billion ) , the highest in the world , but their share in FDI remained low at around 1 % . Economic trends and issues ( edit ) Commercial office buildings in Gurgaon With 1.27 billion people and the world 's third - largest economy in terms of purchasing power , India 's recent growth and development has been one of the most significant achievements of our times . Over the six and half decades since independence , the country has brought about a landmark agricultural revolution that has transformed the nation from chronic dependence on grain imports into a global agricultural powerhouse that is now a net exporter of food . Life expectancy has more than doubled , literacy rates have quadrupled , health conditions have improved . India will soon have the largest and youngest workforce the world has ever seen . At the same time , the country is in the midst of a massive wave of urbanization as some 10 million people move to towns and cities each year in search of jobs and opportunity . It is the largest rural - urban migration of this century . Massive investments will be needed to create the jobs , housing , and infrastructure to meet soaring aspirations and make towns and cities more livable and green . -- World Bank : India Country Overview 2013 Agriculture ( edit ) Main article : Agriculture in India Agriculture is an important part of the Indian economy . At around 1,530,000 square kilometres ( 590,000 sq mi ) , India has the second - largest amount of arable land , after the US , with 52 % of total land under cultivation . Although the total land area of the country is only slightly more than one third of China or the US , India 's arable land is marginally smaller than that of the US , and marginally larger than that of China . However , agricultural output lags far behind its potential . The low productivity in India is a result of several factors . According to the World Bank , India 's large agricultural subsidies are distorting what farmers grow and hampering productivity - enhancing investment . Over-regulation of agriculture has increased costs , price risks and uncertainty , and governmental intervention in labour , land , and credit are hurting the market . Infrastructure such as rural roads , electricity , ports , food storage , retail markets and services remain inadequate . The average size of land holdings is very small , with 70 % of holdings being less than one hectare ( 2.5 acres ) in size . Irrigation facilities are inadequate , as revealed by the fact that only 46 % of the total cultivable land was irrigated as of 2016 , resulting in farmers still being dependent on rainfall , specifically the monsoon season , which is often inconsistent and unevenly distributed across the country . In an effort to bring an additional two crore hectares ( 20 million hectares ; 50 million acres ) of land under irrigation , various schemes have been attempted , including the Accelerated Irrigation Benefit Programme ( AIBP ) which was provided ₹ 80,000 crore ( ₹ 800 billion ) in the union budget . Farming incomes are also hampered by lack of food storage and distribution infrastructure ; a third of India 's agricultural production is lost from spoilage . Corruption ( edit ) Corruption Perceptions Index for India compared to other countries , 2015 Main articles : Corruption in India and Indian black money Corruption has been a pervasive problem in India . A 2005 study by Transparency International ( TI ) found that more than half of those surveyed had first - hand experience of paying a bribe or peddling influence to get a job done in a public office in the previous year . A follow - up study in 2008 found this rate to be 40 percent . In 2011 , TI ranked India at 95th place amongst 183 countries in perceived levels of public sector corruption . In 2014 , India saw a reduction in corruption and improved the ranking to 85th place . In 1996 , red tape , bureaucracy and the Licence Raj were suggested as a cause for the institutionalised corruption and inefficiency . More recent reports suggest the causes of corruption include excessive regulations and approval requirements , mandated spending programs , monopoly of certain goods and service providers by government - controlled institutions , bureaucracy with discretionary powers , and lack of transparent laws and processes . Computerisation of services , various central and state vigilance commissions , and the 2005 Right to Information Act -- which requires government officials to furnish information requested by citizens or face punitive action -- have considerably reduced corruption and opened avenues to redress grievances . In 2011 , the Indian government concluded that most spending fails to reach its intended recipients , as the large and inefficient bureaucracy consumes budgets . India 's absence rates are among the worst in the world ; one study found that 25 % of public sector teachers and 40 % of government - owned public - sector medical workers could not be found at the workplace . Similarly , there are many issues facing Indian scientists , with demands for transparency , a meritocratic system , and an overhaul of the bureaucratic agencies that oversee science and technology . India has an underground economy , with a 2006 report alleging that India topped the worldwide list for black money with almost $1,456 billion stashed in Swiss banks . This would amount to 13 times the country 's total external debt . These allegations have been denied by the Swiss Banking Association . James Nason , the Head of International Communications for the Swiss Banking Association , suggested `` The ( black money ) figures were rapidly picked up in the Indian media and in Indian opposition circles , and circulated as gospel truth . However , this story was a complete fabrication . The Swiss Bankers Association never published such a report . Anyone claiming to have such figures ( for India ) should be forced to identify their source and explain the methodology used to produce them . '' A recent step taken by Prime Minister Modi , on 8 November 2016 , involved the demonetization of all 500 and 1000 rupee bank notes ( replaced by new 500 and 2000 rupee notes ) in order to return black money into the economy . Education ( edit ) Main article : Education in India India has made progress increasing the primary education attendance rate and expanding literacy to approximately three - fourths of the population . India 's literacy rate had grown from 52.2 % in 1991 to 74.04 % in 2011 . The right to education at elementary level has been made one of the fundamental rights under the eighty - sixth Amendment of 2002 , and legislation has been enacted to further the objective of providing free education to all children . However , the literacy rate of 74 % is lower than the worldwide average and the country suffers from a high drop - out rate . Literacy rates and educational opportunities vary by region , gender , urban and rural areas , and among different social groups . Economic disparities ( edit ) Main articles : Economic disparities in India and Poverty in India Economic disparities among the states and union territories of India , on GDP per capita , PPP basis in 2011 Poverty rates in India 's poorest states are three to four times higher than those in the more advanced states . While India 's average annual per capita income was $1,410 in 2011 -- placing it among the poorest of the world 's middle - income countries -- it was just $436 in Uttar Pradesh ( which has more people than Brazil ) and only $294 in Bihar , one of India 's poorest states . -- World Bank : India Country Overview 2013 A critical problem facing India 's economy is the sharp and growing regional variations among India 's different states and territories in terms of poverty , availability of infrastructure and socio - economic development . Six low - income states -- Assam , Chhattisgarh , Nagaland , Madhya Pradesh , Odisha and Uttar Pradesh -- are home to more than one - third of India 's population . Severe disparities exist among states in terms of income , literacy rates , life expectancy and living conditions . The five - year plans , especially in the pre-liberalisation era , attempted to reduce regional disparities by encouraging industrial development in the interior regions and distributing industries across states . The results have been discouraging as these measures increased inefficiency and hampered effective industrial growth . The more advanced states have been better placed to benefit from liberalisation , with well - developed infrastructure and an educated and skilled workforce , which attract the manufacturing and service sectors . Governments of less - advanced states have tried to reduce disparities by offering tax holidays and cheap land , and focused on sectors like tourism which can develop faster than other sectors . India 's income Gini coefficient is 33.9 , according to the United Nations Development Program ( UNDP ) , indicating overall income distribution to be more uniform than East Asia , Latin America and Africa . There is a continuing debate on whether India 's economic expansion has been pro-poor or anti-poor . Studies suggest that the economic growth has been pro-poor and has reduced poverty in India . Security markets ( edit ) Bombay Stock Exchange in Mumbai The development of Indian security markets began with the launch of the Bombay Stock Exchange ( BSE ) in July 1875 and Ahmedabad Stock exchange in 1894 . Since then , 22 other exchanges have traded in Indian cities . In 2014 , India 's stock exchange market became the 10th largest in the world by market capitalisation , just above those of South Korea and Australia . India 's two major stock exchanges , BSE and National Stock Exchange of India , had a market capitalisation of US $1.71 trillion and US $1.68 trillion as of February 2015 , according to World Federation of Exchanges . The initial public offering ( IPO ) market in India has been small compared to NYSE and NASDAQ , raising US $300 million in 2013 and US $1.4 billion in 2012 . Ernst & Young stated that the low IPO activity reflects market conditions , slow government approval processes and complex regulations . Before 2013 , Indian companies were not allowed to list their securities internationally without first completing an IPO in India . In 2013 , these security laws were reformed and Indian companies can now choose where they want to list first : overseas , domestically , or both concurrently . Further , security laws have been revised to ease overseas listings of already - listed companies , to increase liquidity for private equity and international investors in Indian companies . See also ( edit ) India portal Business and economics portal Economic Advisory Council Economic development in India Make in India -- a government program to encourage manufacturing in India Events : Late - 2000s recession Oil price increases since 2003 Lists : List of companies of India List of the largest trading partners of India Trade unions in India Natural resources of India References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Information About Maharashtra , Industries , Economy , Exports of Maharashtra '' . ibef.org . Retrieved 12 April 2014 . Jump up ^ SUDALAIMUTHU , S. ; RAJ , S.A. ( 2009 ) . Logistics Management for International Business : Text and Cases . PHI Learning . ISBN 9788120337923 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Economic Outlook Database , April 2017 -- Report for Selected Countries and Subjects '' . International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) . Retrieved 27 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IMF World Economic Outlook Update , July 2017 '' . WEO . 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The Economic Times . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FDI in India Statistics '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Commerce and Industry , Government of India . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 22 November 2010 . Retrieved 22 November 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` India 2nd best country for biz investment : Survey '' . The Financial Express . Retrieved 3 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` FinMin considers three single - brand retail FDI proposals '' . Archived from the original on 21 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Next Big Spenders : India 's Middle Class '' . McKinsey & Company . Retrieved 5 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Ramachandran , Sushma ( 25 February 2005 ) . `` 100 per cent FDI in construction industry automatic route '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . Retrieved 17 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Govt unleashes big - bang FDI reforms , opens up defence '' . The Times of India . 17 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Govt allows FDI multi-brand retail , aviation in bold reform push '' . Reuters. 14 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` India FDI Fact sheet -- September 2010 '' . Department of Industrial Policy & Promotion , Ministry of Commerce and Industry . Archived from the original on 16 December 2010 . Retrieved 21 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Bhagwati , Jaimini ( 17 December 2010 ) . `` Rationalising FDI taxes '' . Business Standard . Retrieved 21 December 2010 . Jump up ^ http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/finance/fdi-jumps-37-to-10-4-billion-during-april-june-2017/articleshow/60163515.cms Jump up ^ Shah and Patnaik , India 's financial globalisation IMF ( 2012 ) Jump up ^ `` Mahindra Expands Effort to Counter Global Rivals with U.S. Engineering '' . The Wall Street Journal . 9 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Slice of World Action '' . Business Today . 11 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` India 's industrial outpost Tata for now '' . The Economist. 10 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` JLR 's Ratan Tata warns on UK competitiveness '' . The Telegraph . 5 December 2012 . 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Jump up ^ `` Mumbai richest Indian city with total wealth of $820 billion : Report '' . Hindustan Times . 26 February 2017 . Retrieved 26 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Note : 24.6 % rate is based on 2005 PPP at $1.25 per day , International dollar basis , The World Bank ( 2015 ) . A measured approach to ending poverty and boosting shared prosperity ( PDF ) . World Bank Group . p. 50 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4648 - 0361 - 1 . Jump up ^ Nutrition , Fast Facts , UNICEF ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ `` India Statistics '' . UNICEF , United Nations . 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Economic Survey 2004 -- 2005 '' . Retrieved 15 July 2006 . Jump up ^ Panagariya 2008 , p. 146 Jump up ^ Tom Wright ; Harsh Gupta ( 29 April 2011 ) . `` India 's Boom Bypasses Rural Poor '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ `` Indian rural welfare -- Digging holes '' . The Economist. 5 November 2011 . Jump up ^ James Fontanella - Khan ; James Lamont ( 29 February 2012 ) . `` Rural India enjoys consumption boom '' . The Financial Times . Jump up ^ Sarkar & Kumar ( 2011 ) , Impact of MGNREGA on Reducing Rural Poverty and Improving Socio - economic Status of Rural Poor : A Study in Burdwan District of West Bengal , Agricultural Economics Research Review , Vol 24 Jump up ^ Swain & Ray ( 2013 ) , Social welfare through guaranteed wage employment : experience of National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme in an Indian state , Journal of International and Comparative Social Policy , 29 ( 1 ) , 79 - 90 Jump up ^ Aggarwal & Kumar ( November 2012 ) , Structural change , industrialization and poverty reduction : the case of India , in United Nation 's UNIDO workshop `` The Untold Story : Structural Change for Poverty Reduction -- The Case of the BRICS '' , Vienna , 16 -- 17 August ( pp 1 - 68 ) Jump up ^ Kotwal , Ramaswami & Wadhwa ( 2011 ) , Economic liberalization and Indian economic growth : What 's the evidence ? , Journal of Economic Literature , Vol. 49 , No. 4 , 1152 - 1199 ^ Jump up to : `` Report on Employment & Unemployment Survey ( 2012 -- 13 ) '' ( PDF ) . Bureau of Labour Statistics , Indian Government . January 2014 . Retrieved 25 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Datt & Sundharam 2009 , pp. 423 -- 424 Jump up ^ Desai , Sonalde , Amaresh Dubey , B.L. Joshi , Mitali Sen , Abusaleh Shariff and Reeve Vanneman ( 201 ) India Human Development in India : Challenges for a Society in Transition Archived 16 May 2015 at WebCite , Oxford University Press , page 40 - 44 Jump up ^ Economic Survey 2010 , pp. 275 -- 277 . Jump up ^ Datt & Sundharam 2009 , pp. 434 -- 436 Jump up ^ Datt & Sundharam 2009 , p. 431 Jump up ^ Kaushik Basu ( 27 June 2005 ) . `` Why India needs labour law reform '' . BBC . Retrieved 16 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Datt & Sundharam 2009 , p. 434 Jump up ^ Drèze & Sen 1996 , p. 39 Jump up ^ `` Child Labour and India -- Embassy of India '' . Embassy of India . Archived from the original on 23 October 2007 . Retrieved 13 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Drèze & Sen 1996 , pp. 130 -- 131 Jump up ^ Desai , Sonalde , Amaresh Dubey , B.L. Joshi , Mitali Sen , Abusaleh Shariff and Reeve Vanneman ( 201 ) India Human Development in India : Challenges for a Society in Transition Archived 16 May 2015 at WebCite , Oxford University Press , page 131 Jump up ^ `` India has largest diaspora population in world '' . Times of India . Jump up ^ Leone Lakhani , Dubai 's expat Indians : The world 's most productive foreign workers CNN ( 19 May 2014 ) Jump up ^ Banerjee , Ajay ( 9 January 2011 ) . `` NRIs do n't invest as much as they remit , says Montek '' . The Tribune . India . Retrieved 13 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` India Country Overview 2013 '' . World Bank . 2014 . Retrieved 28 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Sengupta , Somini ( 22 June 2008 ) . `` The Food Chain in Fertile India , Growth Outstrips Agriculture '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 29 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` India : Priorities for Agriculture and Rural Development '' . World Bank . Retrieved 8 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Panagariya 2008 , p. 318 Jump up ^ Datt & Sundharam 2009 , p. 502 Jump up ^ `` Agriculture production to double with Rs 80000 crore irrigation scheme , others : Nitin Gadkari '' . Daily News and Analysis . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ India : Potential for a Parliamentary Budget Office . Social Science Research Network ( SSRN ) . Accessed 18 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Transparency International India . `` India Corruption Study 2005 '' ( PDF ) . Centre for Media Studies . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 15 April 2007 . Retrieved 14 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` India Corruption Study -- 2008 '' ( PDF ) . Transparency International . 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Corruption Perceptions Index 2011 '' . Transparency International . Retrieved 9 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Drèze & Sen 1996 , p. 180 Jump up ^ `` Survey on Bribery and Corruption -- Impact on Economy and Business Environment '' ( PDF ) . KPMG. 2011 . Jump up ^ Debroy and Bhandari ( 2011 ) . `` Corruption in India '' . The World Finance Review . Jump up ^ `` Corruption in India -- A rotten state '' . The Economist. 10 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` India 's civil service : Battling the babu raj '' . The Economist. 6 March 2008 . Retrieved 8 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Muralidharan , Karthik . `` Teachers and Medical Worker Incentives in India '' ( PDF ) . University of California . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 March 2009 . Retrieved 21 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Basu , Kaushik ( 29 November 2004 ) . `` Combating India 's truant teachers '' . BBC . Retrieved 9 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Jayaraman , K.S. ( 9 November 2009 ) . `` Report row ousts top Indian scientist '' . Nature . Retrieved 19 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Kuldip Nayar ( 4 February 2011 ) . `` Laundering black money '' . Deccan Herald . India . Retrieved 6 February 2011 . Jump up ^ V. Venkateswara Rao ( 13 August 2010 ) . `` Black , bold and bountiful '' . The Hindu Business Line . Retrieved 6 February 2011 . 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Jump up ^ Drèze & Sen 1996 , pp. 45 -- 46 Jump up ^ Panagariya 2008 , pp. 164 -- 165 Jump up ^ Sachs , D. Jeffrey ; Bajpai , Nirupam ; Ramiah , Ananthi ( 2002 ) . `` Understanding Regional Economic Growth in India '' ( PDF ) . Working paper 88 . Harvard University . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 1 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Kurian , N.J. `` Regional disparities in india '' . Planning Commission of India . Retrieved 6 August 2005 . ^ Jump up to : Datt & Ravallion ( 2011 ) , Has India 's economic growth become more pro-poor in the wake of economic reforms ? , The World Bank Economic Review , 25 ( 2 ) , pp 157 - 189 Jump up ^ Tripathi , Sabyasachi ( December 2013 ) , Has urban economic growth in Post-Reform India been pro-poor between 1993 - 94 and 2009 - 10 ? Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations , MPRA Paper No. 52336 , Ludwig Maximilians Universität München Jump up ^ `` ' Modi Mania ' propels India 's stock market into world 's top 10 '' . The Financial Times . 22 May 2014 . Jump up ^ BSE Jump up ^ WFE Archived 17 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : EY Global IPO Trends Global IPO Trends Q4 2013 Ernst & Young ( 2014 ) Jump up ^ `` Listing abroad sans domestic IPO set to be a reality soon '' . Business Standard . 28 July 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) Books Datt , Ruddar ; Sundharam , K.P.M. ( 2009 ) . Indian Economy . New Delhi : S. Chand Group . p. 976 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 219 - 0298 - 4 . Drèze , John ; Sen , Amartya ( 1996 ) . India : Economic Development and Social Opportunity . Oxford University Press . p. 292 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 564082 - 3 . Kumar , Dharma ( 2005 ) . The Cambridge Economic History of India , Volume II : c. 1757 -- 2003 . New Delhi : Orient Longman . p. 1115 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 250 - 2710 - 2 . Nehru , Jawaharlal ( 1946 ) . The Discovery of India . Penguin Books . ISBN 0 - 14 - 303103 - 1 . Panagariya , Arvind ( 2008 ) . India : The Emerging Giant . Oxford University Press . p. 514 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 531503 - 5 . Raychaudhuri , Tapan ; Habib , Irfan ( 2004 ) . The Cambridge Economic History of India , Volume I : c. 1200 -- c. 1750 . New Delhi : Orient Longman . p. 543 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 250 - 2709 - 6 . Roy , Tirthankar ( 2006 ) . The Economic History of India 1857 -- 1947 . Oxford University Press . p. 385 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 568430 - 8 . Alamgir , Jalal ( 2008 ) . India 's Open - Economy Policy . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 77684 - 4 . Bharadwaj , Krishna ( 1991 ) . `` Regional differentiation in India '' . In Sathyamurthy , T.V. Industry & agriculture in India since independence . Oxford University Press . pp. 189 -- 199 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 564394 - 1 . Papers and reports Bahl , R. , Heredia - Ortiz , E. , Martinez - Vazquez , J. , & Rider , M. ( 2005 ) . India : Fiscal Condition of the States , International Experience , and Options for Reform : Volume 1 ( No. paper05141 ) . International Center for Public Policy , Andrew Young School of Policy Studies , Georgia State University . `` Economic reforms in India : Task force report '' ( PDF ) . University of Chicago . p. 32 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 7 February 2009 . `` Economic Survey 2009 -- 10 '' . Ministry of Finance , Government of India . p. 294 . Articles `` Growth of India '' . Archived from the original on 15 June 2013 . Retrieved 10 August 2005 . `` Milton Friedman on the Nehru / Mahalanobis Plan '' . Retrieved 16 July 2005 . `` Infrastructure in India : Requirements and favourable climate for foreign investment '' . Retrieved 14 August 2005 . Bernardi , Luigi ; Fraschini , Angela ( 2005 ) . `` Tax System And Tax Reforms in India '' . Working paper n . 51 . Centre for Media Studies ( 2005 ) . `` India Corruption Study 2005 : To Improve Governance Volume -- I : Key Highlights '' ( PDF ) . Transparency International India . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 March 2009 . Retrieved 21 June 2009 . Ghosh , Jayati . `` Bank Nationalisation : The Record '' . Macroscan . Archived from the original on 23 October 2005 . Retrieved 5 August 2005 . Gordon , Jim ; Gupta , Poonam ( 2003 ) . `` Understanding India 's Services Revolution '' ( PDF ) . 12 November 2003 . Retrieved 21 June 2009 . Panagariya , Arvind ( 2004 ) . `` India in the 1980s and 1990s : A Triumph of Reforms '' . Sachs , D. Jeffrey ; Bajpai , Nirupam ; Ramiah , Ananthi ( 2002 ) . `` Understanding Regional Economic Growth in India '' ( PDF ) . Working paper 88 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 1 July 2007 . Srinivasan , T.N. ( 2002 ) . `` Economic Reforms and Global Integration '' ( PDF ) . 17 January 2002 . Retrieved 21 June 2009 . Kurian , N.J. `` Regional disparities in india '' . Retrieved 6 August 2005 . Kaur , Ravinder ( 2012 ) . `` India Inc. and its Moral Discontent '' . Economic and Political Weekly . Kaur , Ravinder ( 2015 ) . `` Good Times , Brought to you by Brand Modi '' . News Ravi S Jha . `` India , the Goliath , Falls with a Thud '' . Archived from the original on 9 May 2013 . `` India says 21 of 29 states to launch new tax '' . Daily Times . 25 March 2005 . Archived from the original on 16 January 2009 . `` Economic structure '' . The Economist. 6 October 2003 . Archived from the original on 6 April 2008 . a `` Regional stock exchanges -- Bulldozed by the Big Two '' . Retrieved 10 August 2005 . `` FinMin considers three single - brand retail FDI proposals '' . Archived from the original on 21 October 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Economy of India . 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what football team is going to las vegas	The Oakland Raiders relocation to Las Vegas was a successful effort by the owner of the Oakland Raiders ( Mark Davis ) to relocate the American football club from its current and longtime home of Oakland , California to Las Vegas , Nevada . The team is scheduled to begin play as the Las Vegas Raiders for the 2020 National Football League ( NFL ) season ( although a move to Las Vegas could happen as soon as 2019 with Sam Boyd Stadium ) , playing home games at the Las Vegas Stadium . NFL team owners voted 31 -- 1 to approve the move , which was announced at the annual league meetings in Phoenix , Arizona on March 27 , 2017 . The Raiders became the third NFL franchise to relocate in the 2010s , following the Rams ' move from St. Louis , Missouri to Los Angeles , California on January 12 , 2016 , and the Chargers ' move from San Diego , California to Los Angeles on January 12 , 2017 . The Raiders ' move to Las Vegas comes after years of failed efforts to renovate or replace the Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum , which has been rated by multiple sources as one of the worst stadiums in the NFL .	Oakland Raiders	Oakland Raiders relocation to Las Vegas	oakland raiders relocation to las vegas	The Oakland Raiders relocation to Las Vegas was a successful effort by the owner of the Oakland Raiders ( Mark Davis ) to relocate the American football club from its current and longtime home of Oakland , California to Las Vegas , Nevada . The team is scheduled to begin play as the Las Vegas Raiders for the 2020 National Football League ( NFL ) season ( although a move to Las Vegas could happen as soon as 2019 with Sam Boyd Stadium ) , playing home games at the Las Vegas Stadium . NFL team owners voted 31 -- 1 to approve the move , which was announced at the annual league meetings in Phoenix , Arizona on March 27 , 2017 . The Raiders became the third NFL franchise to relocate in the 2010s , following the Rams ' move from St. Louis , Missouri to Los Angeles , California on January 12 , 2016 , and the Chargers ' move from San Diego , California to Los Angeles on January 12 , 2017 . The Raiders ' move to Las Vegas comes after years of failed efforts to renovate or replace the Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum , which has been rated by multiple sources as one of the worst stadiums in the NFL .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 The hunt for a home 2.1 2011 : Levi 's Stadium 2.2 2012 − 2013 : Coliseum City 2.3 2013 : Concord , California 2.4 2014 : San Antonio , Texas 2.5 2015 : Raiders attempt to put together a project with Athletics 2.6 2015 : Los Angeles project and losing to the Rams 3 2016 − 2017 : Negotiations to move to Las Vegas and last Oakland stadium effort 3.1 2016 3.2 2017 4 Relocation to Las Vegas 4.1 2018 5 Popular culture 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Background ( edit ) The Oakland Raiders were founded as a charter member of the American Football League ( AFL ) in 1960 . The team joined the NFL as a result of the merger in 1970 . From 1966 until 1981 , it played home games at the Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum , which it shared with Major League Baseball 's Oakland Athletics after that team moved to Oakland in 1968 . In 1980 Al Davis , dissatisfied with the stadium situation in Oakland and seeing luxury boxes as the future of the NFL came to an agreement with the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum commission to move the Raiders to Los Angeles . The NFL had refused to let the team move , but a court over-ruled the league , clearing the way for the Raiders to move to Los Angeles and become the Los Angeles Raiders . In 1982 , the Raiders ( then owned by Al Davis ) were approved to relocate from Oakland to Los Angeles . The Raiders played home games at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum from 1982 to 1994 . In 1995 , after being unable to secure a new stadium in the Los Angeles area and after a proposed move to Sacramento that involved Davis taking ownership of the Sacramento Kings fell apart the Raiders moved back to Oakland . Meanwhile , Las Vegas had been home to a number of other professional football franchises between 1994 and the Raiders ' arrival , none of which were particularly successful . The Las Vegas Posse , part of the Canadian Football League 's effort to enter the U.S. market , lasted one season in 1994 and suffered from poor on - field product and worse attendance figures . The XFL included the Las Vegas Outlaws in its lone 2001 season ; its attendance and on - field performance were respectable , and the team embraced the city 's culture , but the Outlaws ' modest success was overshadowed by the failure of the XFL . The Las Vegas Locomotives of the United Football League were a major on - field success and were one of the UFL 's best teams ; it nonetheless suffered from poor attendance to start that continued to decline throughout the league 's existence to the point that its last home game drew only 600 fans . The Arena Football League included three teams in Las Vegas over the course of its history : the Las Vegas Sting ( 1994 and 1995 ) , Las Vegas Gladiators ( 2003 to 2007 , now the Cleveland Gladiators ) , and another Las Vegas Outlaws ( 2015 ) . The Las Vegas Sin of the Lingerie Football League ( now the Legends Football League ) played in the city from 2011 to 2014 . The hunt for a home ( edit ) Raiders owner Mark Davis Recent efforts to either renovate the Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum or replace it with a new football stadium in Oakland or elsewhere date back to November 18 , 2009 . In 2011 , Al Davis died and control of the team was assumed by his son Mark Davis who made finding a solution to the 3 decade long stadium problem a top priority . The Raiders were free to move after the 2013 NFL season , when its lease on the Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum expired . While exploring possible solutions in the Bay Area and potential relocation candidates , the Raiders signed one - year extensions of its lease on the Coliseum . 2011 : Levi 's stadium ( edit ) There had been discussions for the Raiders to share Levi 's Stadium in Santa Clara , California with the San Francisco 49ers . However , the 49ers went ahead without the Raiders and broke ground on the $1.2 billion stadium on April 19 , 2012 and afterwards sold $670 million worth of seats including 70 % of club and luxury suites , making it more unlikely that the Raiders would continue to explore the idea of sharing the stadium as they would then be secondary tenants with little to no commercial rights over the highly lucrative luxury suites . Mark Davis further increased the unlikelihood of the Raiders and the 49ers to share Levi 's stadium when he told NFL Network reporter Ian Rapoport that he had no plans to share the stadium but that he did recognize the Raiders ' need for a new home and that he hoped the new home would be in Oakland . When Levi 's Stadium had its grand opening on July 17 , 2014 , NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell mentioned to the live crowd that it would make a great home for the Raiders and that it was up for the team to decide whether or not it wanted to play there or build a stadium on the site of the Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum . 2012 − 2013 : Coliseum city ( edit ) On March 7 , 2012 , then - mayor Jean Quan unveiled an ambitious project to the media that was designed to improve the sports facilities of all three major league sports teams in the city ( the Raiders , Major League Baseball ( MLB ) 's Athletics and the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) 's Golden State Warriors ) , as well as attract new businesses to the city . The project , dubbed Coliseum City , had entailed the redevelopment of the existing Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum complex . The redevelopment would have seen the construction of two new stadiums on the present location , a baseball - only stadium and a football - only stadium , while Oracle Arena , home of the Warriors , would have been either rebuilt or undergone extensive renovations . A sum of $3.5 million was committed to preliminary planning on the project . However , no officials from either of Oakland 's major league teams were present at the media conference . According to the San Francisco Business Times , Oakland 's assistant city administrator Fred Blackwell said the Bay Investment Group LLC , an entity being formed by Colony Capital LLC , Rashid Al Malik ( chairman and CEO of HayaH Holdings ) , and the city , had numerous details to continue working out for the prospective $2 billion Coliseum City project , which covered 800 acres surrounding the Oakland -- Alameda Coliseum Complex . The development team also included JRDV Urban International , HKS Architects , and Forest City Real Estate Services . In an ideal situation , construction could have started by the end of 2014 . Meanwhile , the Warriors began to go forward with plans to build a new arena at Mission Bay , not far from AT&T Park , and move back across the Bay from Oakland to San Francisco as soon as 2019 . 2013 : Concord , California ( edit ) The abandoned Concord Naval Weapons Station , 26.6 miles from Oakland , was announced in 2013 as a possible location for a new stadium but developments failed to materialize . 2014 : San Antonio , Texas ( edit ) In July 2014 , San Antonio , Texas , emerged as a potential relocation candidate for the team , after Raiders owner Mark Davis visited an event hosted for former Raiders wide receiver Cliff Branch in the city . San Antonio , while it was in a smaller media market than the San Francisco Bay Area , had the advantage of having a relatively new and NFL - ready stadium in the Alamodome and less sporting competition . On July 29 , 2014 , it was reported by the San Antonio Express - News that Mark Davis met with officials from the city of San Antonio to discuss the possibility of relocating the Raiders to San Antonio after the 2014 -- 15 NFL season . Davis confirmed that he did speak with San Antonio city officials while visiting San Antonio to honor former Raiders wide receiver Cliff Branch 's induction into a local Hall of Fame , but did not comment on whether he was considering relocation to San Antonio . The Raiders would have played at the 65,000 - seat Alamodome until a new stadium could be built . San Antonio remained in contention as a site through at least November 2014 , when Raiders staffers scouted the stadium and began negotiating with San Antonio officials . 2015 : Raiders attempt to put together a project with Athletics ( edit ) It was reported in early 2015 that the Raiders sat down with Athletics owner Lewis Wolff in an effort to create a stadium solution where two separate stadiums ( one for the Raiders and one for the Athletics ) would have been built on the coliseum site . The Athletics balked at the deal . In an interview with J.T. the Brick on KGMZ on April 4 , 2017 , Davis revealed that he offered Wolff ( the owner of the Athletics ) 20 percent of the Raiders in an attempt to get a deal done . Davis further elaborated that the closest that the Raiders came to a deal in Oakland was in 2013 with Colony Capital , before the Athletics agreed to a 10 - year lease extension at the Coliseum with the city of Oakland . 2015 : Los Angeles project and losing to the Rams ( edit ) Main articles : National Football League in Los Angeles , Carson Stadium , Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park , and History of the Los Angeles Raiders § Attempted return to Los Angeles On February 19 , 2015 , the Raiders and the then San Diego Chargers announced that they would build a privately financed $1.78 billion stadium in Carson , California if they were to move back to the Los Angeles market . Both teams stated that they would continue to attempt to get stadiums built in their respective cities . The Carson City Council would bypass the public vote and approved the plan 3 -- 0 . The council voted without having clarified several issues , including who would finance the stadium , how the required three - way land swap would be performed , and how it would raise enough revenue if only one team moved in as tenant . On January 12 , the NFL rejected the Raiders ' relocation request in favor of a competing plan by Stan Kroenke to move the then St. Louis Rams back to Los Angeles and construct a stadium and entertainment district in Inglewood , California . However , the NFL left open the possibility of the Raiders relocating to Los Angeles by 2020 and playing in the new stadium under construction to house the Los Angeles Rams . The San Diego Chargers however had the first option to join the Rams at the new stadium , the Raiders would have been authorized to negotiate an agreement if the Chargers did not exercise their option by January 2017 . The Chargers exercised their choice and announced their relocation to Los Angeles in January 2017 , shutting the Raiders out of the Southern California market . Around this time other markets expressed interest in luring the Raiders . For example Duluth , Minnesota submitted a proposal to construct a new stadium for the team , a proposal that was not taken seriously because of the metro area 's small size , proximity to the Minnesota Vikings and unwillingness to commit money to the stadium proposal . Less than a month after the Chargers announced their move to Los Angeles , Las Vegas had emerged as the most likely destination candidate for the Raiders . 2016 − 2017 : negotiations to move to Las Vegas and last Oakland stadium effort ( edit ) Main article : Las Vegas Stadium 2015 view of the Las Vegas Stadium site , adjacent to Mandalay Bay and Interstate 15 2016 ( edit ) On January 29 , 2016 , Davis met with Las Vegas Sands owner Sheldon Adelson about possibly relocating to a $2.3 billion , 65,000 capacity domed stadium in Las Vegas , Nevada . During Davis ' meeting with Adelson , he also visited the University of Nevada , Las Vegas ( UNLV ) , which included a contingent consisting of the university 's president Len Jessup , former university president Donald Snyder , Steve Wynn , and former Ultimate Fighting Championship ( UFC ) owner Lorenzo Fertitta . The proposed stadium would replace Sam Boyd Stadium and would serve as the home of both the Raiders and the UNLV Rebels college football program . A relocation to Las Vegas would be a long - term proposal , as Sam Boyd Stadium is undersized for the NFL and there are no other professional - caliber stadiums in Nevada . Raiders officials were also in Las Vegas to tour locations in the valley for a potential new home ; they were also on the 42 - acre site of the proposed stadium to ask questions about the site . Interviewed by sports columnist Tim Kawakami of the San Jose Mercury News , Davis said that he had a `` great '' visit in the city he described it as interesting . Davis also said that Las Vegas was a global city and that `` it 's absolutely an NFL city , '' as well as saying that `` the Raider brand would do well '' and `` I think Las Vegas is coming along slowly . '' On March 21 , 2016 , when asked about Las Vegas , Davis said , `` I think the Raiders like the Las Vegas plan , '' and `` it 's a very very very intriguing and exciting plan , '' referring to the stadium plan in Las Vegas . Davis also met with Nevada Governor Brian Sandoval about the stadium plan . On April 1 , 2016 , Davis toured Sam Boyd Stadium to evaluate whether UNLV could serve as a temporary home of the team and was with UNLV football coach Tony Sanchez , athletic director Tina Kunzer - Murphy , adviser Don Snyder and school president Len Jessup to further explore the possibility of the Raiders moving to Las Vegas . On April 28 , 2016 , Davis said he wanted to move the Raiders to Las Vegas and pledged $500 million toward the construction of a proposed $2.4 billion domed stadium . `` Together we can turn the Silver State into the silver and black state , '' Davis said . At a media conference in UNLV 's Stan Fulton Building , Davis also said the club had `` made a commitment to Las Vegas at this point in time and that 's where it stands . '' In an interview with ESPN after returning from a meeting for the 2016 NFL draft he expanded upon reasons why Southern Nevada held a certain appeal over the East Bay of the Oakland -- San Francisco Bay Area , how he tried to make it work in Oakland and why ( as he told Sandoval ) he hopes to turn Nevada into the `` Silver and Black State '' ; he also spoke of the meeting saying , `` It was a positive , well - organized presentation that I believe was well - received '' , and stating , `` It was a very positive step in finding the Raiders a home . '' On May 20 , 2016 , New England Patriots owner Robert Kraft said he would support Davis and the Raiders move to Las Vegas , stating , `` I think it would be good for the NFL . '' On May 23 , 2016 , the San Francisco Chronicle and other media outlets reported that a group led by former San Francisco 49ers safety ( and Pro Football Hall of Fame member ) Ronnie Lott and retired quarterback Rodney Peete were looking into building a new Oakland stadium for the Raiders . The group met with team executives and Oakland city officials to brief them on their proposal . They also met with mayor Libby Schaaf . The Alameda County Board of Supervisors voted to begin negotiations with Lott 's group and with the city of Oakland regarding the `` price and terms of sale '' for the 120 - acre land of the Oakland Coliseum and Oracle Arena . Davis publicly reiterated his commitment to his announced plans to relocate the Raiders franchise to Las Vegas , Nevada with the support of the state of Nevada and casino mogul Sheldon Adelson , and said he did not wish to negotiate further with Oakland while the Las Vegas deal was still actively in progress ; any relocation to Las Vegas needed to be approved by a three - quarters majority of all NFL owners , and NFL commissioner Roger Goodell publicly stated his preference for keeping the Raiders franchise in Oakland if at all possible . However , it was reported that the NFL had issues with the Lott Group 's financier Fortress Investment Group due to past issues the group had . On August 11 , 2016 , Raiders ' officials met with Northern Nevada officials about the possibility of Reno being the site of a new training camp / practice facility and toured several sites including the University of Nevada , Reno , Reno area high schools , and sports complexes . On August 25 , 2016 , the Raiders filed a trademark application for `` Las Vegas Raiders '' on the same day renderings of a new stadium ( located west of Interstate 15 at Las Vegas ) were released to the public . On September 15 , 2016 , the Southern Nevada Tourism Infrastructure Committee unanimously voted to recommend and approve $750 million for the Las Vegas stadium plan . On October 11 , 2016 , the Nevada Senate voted 16 -- 5 to approve the funding bill for the Las Vegas stadium proposal . The Nevada Assembly voted 28 -- 13 three days later to approve the bill to fund the new Las Vegas stadium proposal ; two days later , Sandoval signed the funding bill into law . Davis told ESPN on October 15 , 2016 that even if the Raiders were approved by the league to relocate to the Las Vegas metropolitan area , the club would play the next two seasons at the Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum in 2017 and 2018 , stating `` We want to bring a Super Bowl championship back to the Bay Area . '' The team would then play at a temporary facility in 2019 after its lease at the Coliseum expires . Davis has also indicated a desire to play at least one preseason game in Las Vegas , at Sam Boyd Stadium , as early as the 2017 season . ( The Raiders ' 2017 schedule has both preseason games in Oakland . ) On October 17 , 2016 , Nevada Governor Brian Sandoval signed into law Senate Bill 1 and Assembly Bill 1 which approved a hotel room rate tax increase to accommodate $750 million in public funding for the new stadium . On November 12 , 2016 , a report from the NFL 's own in - house media team outlined how Las Vegas might not be a done deal . The report stated that the majority of owners favored the Raiders staying in Oakland due to market size and stability . The vast majority of the NFL 's revenue comes from TV contracts . So because of that , it made little sense for the other 31 NFL owners to vote in favor of one of their partners abandoning the 6th biggest media market for the 42nd . On November 30 , 2016 , a framework deal to keep the Raiders in Oakland was announced . In addition to the public land , the city of Oakland would commit $200 million to improve the infrastructure of the surrounding area . The Raiders would contribute $500 million to the stadium , while Lott 's group would contribute $400 million ; the NFL already committed $300 million when it rejected the Raiders ' bid to return to Los Angeles in 2015 . Ronnie Lott had no financial or ownership stake in the Raiders ; some sources indicated that Lott was also asking for an ownership stake ( reportedly around 20 percent ) in the Raiders franchise as part of the deal , a condition that was unacceptable to Raiders owner Mark Davis . The Oakland proposal was officially announced in December 2016 , and called for a $1.3 billion , football - only stadium built on the existing Coliseum site . It included mixed use development for possible office or retail space , hotel or residential living and parking , as well as 15 acres set aside for a new baseball - only facility for the Oakland Athletics if the A 's so desired . The site also could have been expanded to include the land Oracle Arena sits on , with the Warriors cleared to move to their new San Francisco arena by the 2019 season . The Ronnie Lott proposal was voted on by the Oakland city and Alameda County elected officials on December 13 , 2016 and approved by Oakland in a 7 -- 0 vote and by Alameda County in a 3 -- 1 vote . 2017 ( edit ) The Raiders officially filed paperwork to relocate from Oakland , California , to Las Vegas , Nevada , on January 19 , 2017 . The Raiders needed 24 of the 32 NFL club owners to vote to officially approve the move to Las Vegas . On January 30 , 2017 , it was announced that Adelson had dropped out of the stadium project , also withdrawing the Las Vegas Sands ' proposed $650 million contribution from the project . Instead , the Raiders would increase their contribution from $500 million to $1.15 billion . One day after Adelson 's announcement , Goldman Sachs ( the company behind the financing to the proposed Las Vegas stadium ) announced its intent to withdraw from the project . On January 31 , 2017 , in the aftermath of Adelson and Goldman Sachs ' withdrawal from the Las Vegas deal , the San Diego Union - Tribune reported that Mayor Kevin Faulconer reached out to an NFL official to let them know they were eager to engage ; a city official also spoke to a Raiders official on the phone . The Union - Tribune noted that any possible Raiders relocation to San Diego or bringing a team to the city would have been aided by a proposal for a soccer - specific stadium and mixed development . NFL commissioner Roger Goodell reiterated , during his State of the NFL address , that San Diego would need a new stadium in order to be a relocation possibility . Another roadblock for a Raiders relocation to the city would have been the owners of the current Los Angeles teams . Stan Kroenke and Dean Spanos would block any team from sharing Southern California , especially if that team is the Raiders ( given the team 's continued popularity in the region ) . San Diego , as an option for the Raiders , was remote . San Diego was previously home to the San Diego Chargers from 1961 until 2016 ( when the team relocated to the Greater Los Angeles Area ) ; a Raiders move there would have been ironic given that the team 's primary rival the Chargers were based in that city . On February 16 , 2017 , the San Diego Union - Tribune obtained a letter from Doug Manchester that stated he had `` assembled a powerful group of associates '' who would develop a 70,000 - seat stadium on the land of Qualcomm Stadium ; the letter also stated the project would provide `` a viable alternative '' to the Raiders in case Las Vegas fell through ; the group also stated that they were `` open to working with the Chargers , Raiders , other NFL owners , or a new ownership group '' ; it also stated an NFL franchise could participate as a partner or tenant : `` Our group will provide the funds previously allocated to be provided by the City of San Diego and guarantee the stadium 's expeditious construction . Accordingly it will not require voter approval . '' It also said they would provide `` new state of the art scoreboards and upgrade Qualcomm Stadium while the new stadium is being constructed '' . On March 1 , 2017 , Fortress Investment Group submitted a tweaked version of the Oakland stadium plan to the NFL . Relocation to Las Vegas ( edit ) On March 6 , 2017 , the Raiders revealed that Bank of America would be replacing Sheldon Adelson 's portion of the funding for the new stadium in Las Vegas . On March 27 , 2017 , the National Football League officially approved the Raiders move from Oakland to Las Vegas in a 31 -- 1 vote , ensuring them a new stadium in the process . However , even though the Raiders were approved to move to Las Vegas , the club will still play the 2017 and 2018 NFL seasons at the Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum and still be known as the Oakland Raiders as long as they play in the San Francisco Bay Area . About one thousand season ticket holders asked for and received refunds after the move to Las Vegas was announced . Their tickets were sold to other fans within hours , and the Raiders ' 53,250 season tickets were all sold out by late May . The league levied a $350 million relocation fee on the Raiders , which will be paid in ten annual installments beginning in 2019 . This figure is slightly more than half of the $650 million fee that the Rams and Chargers each paid to relocate to Los Angeles . On November 13 , 2017 , the Raiders officially broke ground on Las Vegas Stadium . 2018 ( edit ) On January 2 , 2018 , the Henderson city council approved the sale of 55 vacant acres of land to the Raiders for their new headquarters and practice facility near Henderson Executive Airport . In January , construction crews began blasting caliche rock with dynamite to excavate and create the stadium bowl . Popular culture ( edit ) In season 3 of the HBO television series Ballers , which was produced in 2016 and aired in 2017 , Spencer Strasmore ( Dwayne Johnson ) leads an effort to relocate the Raiders to Las Vegas . See also ( edit ) Baltimore Colts relocation to Indianapolis Cleveland Browns relocation controversy National Football League franchise moves and mergers Relocation of professional sports teams National Football League controversies References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Rosenthal , Gregg ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` NFL team owners approve Raiders ' move to Las Vegas '' . National Football League . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Raiders Media Relations ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` Raiders Receive NFL Approval For Las Vegas Relocation '' . Oakland Raiders . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hanzus , Dan ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` Rams to relocate to L.A. ; Chargers first option to join '' . NFL.com . National Football League . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chargers announce decision to relocate to Los Angeles '' . National Football League . January 12 , 2017 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . 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Jump up ^ Around the NFL staff ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` Raiders break ground on new stadium in Las Vegas '' . National Football League . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Velotta , Richard N. ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` Raiders launch work on stadium in Las Vegas '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Henderson City Council votes to sell land to Raiders '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . 2018 - 01 - 03 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ Sapienza , Vince . `` Rock blasting begins on Raiders stadium site '' . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ Dodson , Aaron ( August 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Ballers ' recap : Meet Candace Brewer , the brilliant woman between Spencer and Las Vegas '' . The Undefeated . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Sin City Or Bust -- A profile on how Mark Davis moved the Raiders to Las Vegas from ESPN 's Outside the Lines Las Vegas Raiders from the Oakland Raiders ' official website Oakland Raiders Founded in 1960 Played in Los Angeles ( 1982 -- 94 ) Based in Oakland , California Headquartered in Alameda , California Franchise History in Los Angeles relocation to Las Vegas Seasons Players First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Head coaches Stadiums Kezar Stadium Candlestick Park Frank Youell Field Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Las Vegas Stadium Key personnel Owner / CEO : Mark Davis President : Marc Badain General manager : Reggie McKenzie Head coach : Jon Gruden Culture Oakland Raiderettes Raider Nation The Autumn Wind Mount Davis Ricky 's Sports Theatre and Grill Straight Outta L.A. 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who laid the foundation of portuguese power in india			Afonso de Albuquerque	afonso de albuquerque	Afonso de Albuquerque , Duke of Goa ( Portuguese pronunciation : ( ɐˈfõsu dɨ aɫbuˈkɛɾk ( ɨ ) ) ; c. 1453 -- 16 December 1515 ) ( also spelled Aphonso or Alfonso ) , was a Portuguese general , a `` great conqueror '' , a statesman , and an empire builder .	Afonso advanced the three-fold Portuguese grand scheme of combating Islam , spreading Christianity , and securing the trade of spices by establishing a Portuguese Asian empire . Among his achievements , Afonso was the first European of his Renaissance to raid the Persian Gulf , and he led the first voyage by a European fleet into the Red Sea . His military and administrative works are generally regarded as among the most vital to building and securing the Portuguese Empire in the Orient , the Middle East , and the spice routes of eastern Oceania . Afonso is generally considered a military genius , and `` probably the greatest naval commander of the age '' given his successful strategy -- he attempted to close all the Indian Ocean naval passages to the Atlantic , Red Sea , Persian Gulf , and to the Pacific , transforming it into a Portuguese mare clausum established over the opposition of the Ottoman Empire and its Muslim and Hindu allies . In the expansion of the Portuguese Empire , Afonso initiated a rivalry that would become known as the Ottoman -- Portuguese war , which would endure for many years . Many of the Ottoman -- Portuguese conflicts in which he was directly involved took place in the Indian Ocean , in the Persian Gulf regions for control of the trade routes , and on the coasts of India . It was his military brilliance in these initial campaigns against the much larger Ottoman Empire and its allies that enabled Portugal to become the first global empire in history . He had a record of engaging and defeating much larger armies and fleets . For example , his capture of Ormuz in 1507 against the Persians was accomplished with a fleet of seven ships . Other famous battles and offensives which he led include the conquest of Goa in 1510 and the capture of Malacca in 1511 . He became admiral of the Indian Ocean , and was appointed head of the `` fleet of the Arabian and Persian sea '' in 1506 . During the last five years of his life , he turned to administration , where his actions as the second governor of Portuguese India were crucial to the longevity of the Portuguese Empire . He pioneered European sea trade with China during the Ming Dynasty with envoy Rafael Perestrello , Thailand with Duarte Fernandes as envoy , and with Timor , passing through Malaysia and Indonesia in a voyage headed by António de Abreu and Francisco Serrão . He also aided diplomatic relations with Ethiopia using priest envoys João Gomes and João Sanches , and established diplomatic ties with Persia , during the Safavid dynasty . He became known as `` the Great '' , `` the Terrible '' , `` the Caesar of the East '' , `` the Lion of the Seas '' , and `` the Portuguese Mars '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Early military service 2.1 First expedition to India , 1503 2.2 Second expedition to India , 1506 2.2. 1 First conquest of Socotra and Ormuz , 1507 2.2. 2 Arrest at Cannanore , 1509 3 Governor of Portuguese India , 1509 -- 1515 3.1 Conquest of Goa , 1510 3.2 Conquest of Malacca , 1511 3.2. 1 Shipwreck on the Flor de la mar , 1511 3.3 Missions from Malacca 3.3. 1 Embassies to Pegu , Sumatra and Siam , 1511 3.3. 2 Expedition to the `` spice islands '' ( Maluku islands ) , 1512 3.3. 3 China expeditions , 1513 3.4 Return to Cochin and Goa 3.5 Campaign in the Red Sea , 1513 3.6 Administration and diplomacy in Goa , 1514 3.7 Conquest of Ormuz and Illness 3.7. 1 Death 4 Legacy 4.1 Global legacy 5 Titles and honours 6 Son 7 Ancestry 8 References 9 Bibliography 9.1 In other languages 9.2 Primary sources 10 External links Early life ( edit ) Afonso de Albuquerque was born in 1453 in Alhandra , near Lisbon . He was the second son of Gonçalo de Albuquerque , Lord of Vila Verde dos Francos , and Dona Leonor de Menezes . His father held an important position at court and was connected by remote illegitimate descent with the Portuguese monarchy . He was educated in mathematics and Latin at the court of Afonso V of Portugal , where he befriended Prince John , the future King John II of Portugal . Afonso 's early training is described by Diogo Barbosa Machado : `` D. Alfonso de Albuquerque , surnamed the Great , by reason of the heroic deeds wherewith he filled Europe with admiration , and Asia with fear and trembling , was born in the year 1453 , in the Estate called , for the loveliness of its situation , the Paradise of the Town of Alhandra , six leagues distant from Lisbon . He was the second son of Gonçalo de Albuquerque , Lord of Villaverde , and of D. Leonor de Menezes , daughter of D. Álvaro Gonçalves de Athayde , Count of Atouguia , and of his wife D. Guiomar de Castro , and corrected this injustice of nature by climbing to the summit of every virtue , both political and moral . He was educated in the Palace of the King D. Afonso V , in whose palaestra he strove emulously to become the rival of that African Mars '' . Early military service ( edit ) Afonso served 10 years in North Africa , where he gained military experience in fierce campaigns against Muslim powers and Ottoman Turks . In 1471 , under the command of Afonso V of Portugal , he was present at the conquest of Tangier and Arzila in Morocco , serving there as an officer for some years . In 1476 he accompanied Prince John in wars against Castile , including the Battle of Toro . He participated in the campaign on the Italian peninsula in 1480 to rescue Ferdinand II of Aragon from the Ottoman invasion of Otranto that ended in victory . On his return in 1481 , when Prince John was crowned as King John II , Afonso was made Master of the Horse for his distinguished exploits , chief equerry ( estribeiro - mor ) to the King , a post which he held throughout John 's reign ( 1481 -- 95 ) . In 1489 he returned to military campaigns in North Africa , as commander of defense in the Graciosa fortress , an island in the river Luco near the city of Larache , and in 1490 was part of the guard of King John II , returning to Arzila in 1495 , where his younger brother Martim died fighting by his side . Afonso made his mark under the stern John II , and won military campaigns in Africa and the Mediterranean sea , yet Asia is where he would make his greatest impact . First expedition to India , 1503 ( edit ) Main article : 5th Portuguese India Armada ( Albuquerque , 1503 ) When King Manuel I of Portugal was enthroned , he showed some reticence towards Afonso , a close friend of his dreaded predecessor and seventeen years his senior . Eight years later , on 6 April 1503 , after a long military career and at a mature age , Afonso was sent on his first expedition to India together with his cousin Francisco de Albuquerque . Each commanded three ships , sailing with Duarte Pacheco Pereira and Nicolau Coelho . They engaged in several battles against the forces of the Zamorin of Calicut ( Calecute , Kozhikode ) and succeeded in establishing the King of Cohin ( Cohim , Kochi ) securely on his throne . In return , the King gave them permission to build the Portuguese fort Immanuel ( Fort Kochi ) and establish trade relations with Quilon ( Coulão , Kollam ) . This laid the foundation for the eastern Portuguese Empire . Second expedition to India , 1506 ( edit ) Main article : 8th Portuguese India Armada ( Cunha , 1506 ) Map of the Arabian Peninsula showing the Red Sea with Socotra island ( red ) and the Persian Gulf ( blue ) with the Strait of Hormuz ( Cantino planisphere , 1502 ) Afonso returned home in July 1504 , and was well received by King Manuel I. After he assisted with the creation of a strategy for the Portuguese efforts in the east , King Manuel entrusted him with the command of a squadron of five vessels in the fleet of sixteen sailing for India in early 1506 headed by Tristão da Cunha . Their aim was to conquer Socotra and build a fortress there , hoping to close the trade in the Red Sea . Afonso went as `` chief - captain for the Coast of Arabia '' , sailing under da Cunha 's orders until reaching Mozambique . He carried a sealed letter with a secret mission ordered by the King : after fulfilling the first mission , he was to replace the first viceroy of India , Francisco de Almeida , whose term ended two years later . Before departing , he legitimized a natural son born in 1500 , and made his will . First conquest of Socotra and Ormuz , 1507 ( edit ) Main article : Capture of Ormuz ( 1507 ) The fleet left Lisbon on 6 April 1506 . Afonso piloted his ship himself , having lost his appointed pilot on departure . In Mozambique Channel , they rescued Captain João da Nova , who had encountered difficulties on his return from India ; da Nova and his ship , the Frol de la mar , joined da Cunha 's fleet . From Malindi , da Cunha sent envoys to Ethiopia , which at the time was thought to be closer than it actually is . Those included the priest João Gomes , João Sanches and Tunisian Sid Mohammed who , having failed to cross the region , headed for Socotra ; from there , Afonso managed to land them in Filuk . After successful attacks on Arab cities on the east Africa coast , they conquered Socotra and built a fortress at Suq , hoping to establish a base to stop the Red Sea commerce to the Indian Ocean . However , Socotra was abandoned four years later , as it was not advantageous as a base . The Fort of Our Lady of the Conception , Hormuz Island , Iran At Socotra , they parted ways : Tristão da Cunha sailed for India , where he would relieve the Portuguese besieged at Cannanore , while Afonso took seven ships and 500 men to Ormuz in the Persian Gulf , one of the chief eastern centers of commerce . On his way , he conquered the cities of Curiati ( Kuryat ) , Muscat in July 1507 , and Khor Fakkan , accepting the submission of the cities of Kalhat and Sohar . He arrived at Ormuz on 25 September and soon captured the city , which agreed to become a tributary state of the Portuguese king . A few days later , the King of Ormuz was met by an envoy demanding the payment of tribute to Shah Ismail I from Persia . He was sent back with the answer that the only tribute would be in cannonballs and guns , thus beginning the connection between Alfonso and Shah Ismail I ( often named Xeque Ismael ) . Afonso began building the Fort of Our Lady of Victory ( later renamed Fort of Our Lady of the Conception ) , engaging his men of all ranks in the work . However , some of his officers revolted against the heavy work and climate and , claiming that Afonso was exceeding his orders , departed for India . With the fleet reduced to two ships and left without supplies , he was unable to maintain this position for long . Forced to abandon Ormuz in January 1508 , he raided coastal villages to resupply the settlement of Socotra , returned to Ormuz , and then headed to India . Arrest at Cannanore , 1509 ( edit ) Afonso arrived at Cannanore on the Malabar coast in December 1508 , where he opened before the viceroy , Dom Francisco de Almeida , the sealed letter which he had received from the King , and which named as governor to succeed Almeida . The viceroy , supported by the officers who had abandoned Afonso at Ormuz , had a matching royal order , but declined to yield , protesting that his term ended only in January and stating his intention to avenge his son 's death by fighting the Mamluk fleet of Mirocem , refusing Afonso 's offer to fight him himself . Afonso avoided confrontation , which could have led to civil war , and moved to Kochi , India , to await further instruction from the King , maintaining his entourage himself . He was described by Fernão Lopes de Castanheda as patiently enduring open opposition from the group that had gathered around Almeida , with whom he kept formal contact . Increasingly isolated , he wrote to Diogo Lopes de Sequeira , who arrived in India with a new fleet , but was ignored as Sequeira joined the Viceroy . At the same time , Afonso refused approaches from opponents of the Viceroy , who encouraged him to seize power . On 3 February 1509 , Almeida fought the naval Battle of Diu against a joint fleet of Mamluks , Ottomans , the Zamorin of Calicut , and the Sultan of Gujarat , regarding it as personal revenge for the death of his son . His victory was decisive : the Ottomans and Mamluks abandoned the Indian Ocean , easing the way for Portuguese rule there for the next century . In August , after a petition from Afonso 's former officers with the support of Diogo Lopes de Sequeira claiming him unfit for governance , Afonso was sent in custody to St. Angelo Fort in Cannanore . There he remained under what he considered to be imprisonment . In September 1509 , Sequeira tried to establish contact with the Sultan of Malacca but failed , leaving behind 19 Portuguese prisoners . Governor of Portuguese India , 1509 -- 1515 ( edit ) Afonso was released after three months ' confinement , on the arrival at Cannanore of the Marshal of Portugal with a large fleet . The Portuguese Marshal was the most important Portuguese noble ever to visit India and he brought an armada of fifteen ships and 3,000 men sent by the King to defend Afonso 's rights , and to take Calicut . On 4 November 1509 , Afonso became the second Governor of the State of India , a position he would hold until his death . Almeida having returned home in 1510 , Afonso speedily showed the energy and determination of his character . He intended to dominate the Muslim world and control the Spice trade . Initially King Manuel I and his council in Lisbon tried to distribute the power , outlining three areas of jurisdiction in the Indian Ocean . In 1509 , the nobleman Diogo Lopes de Sequeira was sent with a fleet to Southeast Asia , to seek an agreement with Sultan Mahmud Shah of Malacca , but failed and returned to Portugal . To Jorge de Aguiar was given the region between the Cape of Good Hope and Gujarat . He was succeeded by Duarte de Lemos , but left for Cochin and then for Portugal , leaving his fleet to Afonso . Conquest of Goa , 1510 ( edit ) Main article : Portuguese Conquest of Goa ( 1510 ) Illustration depicts the aftermath of the Portuguese conquest of Goa , from the forces of Yusuf Adil Shah . In January 1510 , obeying the orders from the King and aware of the absence of Zamorin , Afonso advanced on Calicut . The attack was unsuccessful , as Marshal Fernando Coutinho ventured into the inner city against instructions , fascinated by its richness , and was ambushed . During the rescue , Afonso was wounded and had to retreat . Soon after the failed attack , Afonso assembled a fleet of 23 ships and 1200 men . Contemporary reports state that he wanted to fight the Egyptian Mamluk Sultanate fleet in the Red Sea or return to Hormuz . However , he had been informed by Timoji ( a privateer in the service of the Hindu Vijayanagara Empire ) that it would be easier to fight them in Goa , where they had sheltered after the Battle of Diu , and also of the illness of the Sultan Yusuf Adil Shah , and war between the Deccan sultanates . So he relied on surprise in the capture of Goa from the Sultanate of Bijapur . He thus completed another mission , for Portugal wanted not to be seen as an eternal `` guest '' of Kochi and had been coveting Goa as the best trading port in the region . A first assault took place in Goa from 4 March to 20 May 1510 . After initial occupation , feeling unable to hold the city given the poor condition of its fortifications , the cooling of Hindu residents ' support and insubordination among his ranks following an attack by Ismail Adil Shah , Afonso refused a truce offered by the Sultan and abandoned the city in August . His fleet was scattered , and a palace revolt in Kochi hindered his recovery , so he headed to Fort Anjediva . New ships arrived from Portugal , which were intended for the nobleman Diogo Mendes de Vasconcelos at Malacca , who had been given a rival command of the region . Three months later , on 25 November Afonso reappeared at Goa with a renovated fleet . Diogo Mendes de Vasconcelos was compelled to accompany him with the reinforcements for Malacca and about 300 Malabari reinforcements from Cannanore . In less than a day , they took Goa from Ismail Adil Shah and his Ottoman allies , who surrendered on 10 December . It is estimated that 6000 of the 9000 Muslim defenders of the city died , either in the fierce battle in the streets or by drowning while trying to escape . Alfonso regained the support of the Hindu population , although he frustrated the initial expectations of Timoji , who aspired to become governor . Afonso rewarded him by appointing him chief `` Aguazil '' of the city , an administrator and representative of the Hindu and Muslim people , as a knowledgeable interpreter of the local customs . He then made an agreement to lower the yearly tribute . In Goa , Afonso established the first Portuguese mint in the East , after Timoja 's merchants had complained of the scarcity of currency , taking it as an opportunity to solidify the territorial conquest . The new coin , based on the existing local coins , showed a cross on the obverse and an armillary sphere ( or `` esfera '' ) , King Manuel 's badge , on the reverse . Gold cruzados or manueis , silver esferas and alf - esferas , and bronze `` leais '' were issued . Another mint was established at Malacca in 1511 . Albuquerque founded at Goa the Hospital Real de Goa or Royal Hospital of Goa , by the Church of Santa Catarina . Upon hearing that the doctors were extorting the sickly with excessive fees , Albuquerque summoned them , declaring that `` You charge a physicians ' pay and do n't know what disease the men who serve our lord the King suffer from . Thus , I want to teach you what is it that they die from '' and put them to work building the city walls all day till nightfall before releasing them . Despite constant attacks , Goa became the center of Portuguese India , with the conquest triggering the compliance of neighbouring kingdoms : the Sultan of Gujarat and the Zamorin of Calicut sent embassies , offering alliances and local grants to fortify . Afonso then used Goa to secure the Spice trade in favor of Portugal and sell Persian horses to Vijayanagara and Hindu princes in return for their assistance . Conquest of Malacca , 1511 ( edit ) Main article : Capture of Malacca ( 1511 ) Afonso explained to his armies why the Portuguese wanted to capture Malacca : `` The King of Portugal has often commanded me to go to the Straits , because ... this was the best place to intercept the trade which the Moslems ... carry on in these parts . So it was to do Our Lord 's service that we were brought here ; by taking Malacca , we would close the Straits so that never again would the Moslems be able to bring their spices by this route ... I am very sure that , if this Malacca trade is taken out of their hands , Cairo and Mecca will be completely lost . '' ( The Commentaries of the Great Afonso de Albuquerque ) The surviving gate of the A Famosa Portuguese fortress in Malacca In February 1511 , through a friendly Hindu merchant , Nina Chatu , Afonso received a letter from Rui de Araújo , one of the nineteen Portuguese held at Malacca since 1509 . It urged moving forward with the largest possible fleet to demand their release , and gave details of the fortifications . Afonso showed it to Diogo Mendes de Vasconcelos , as an argument to advance in a joint fleet . In April 1511 , after fortifying Goa , he gathered a force of about 900 Portuguese , 200 Hindu mercenaries and about eighteen ships . He then sailed to Malacca against orders and despite the protest of Diogo Mendes , who claimed command of the expedition . Afonso eventually centralized the Portuguese government in the Indian Ocean . After the Malaccan conquest he wrote a letter to the King to explain his disagreement with Diogo Mendes , suggesting that further divisions could be harmful to the Portuguese in India . Under his command was Ferdinand Magellan , who had participated in the failed embassy of Diogo Lopes de Sequeira in 1509 . After a false start towards the Red Sea , they sailed to the Strait of Malacca . It was the richest city that the Portuguese tried to take , and a focal point in the trade network where Malay traders met Gujarati , Chinese , Japanese , Javanese , Bengali , Persian and Arabic , among others , described by Tomé Pires as of invaluable richness . Despite its wealth , it was mostly a wooden - built city , with few masonry buildings but was defended by a mercenary force estimated at 20,000 men and more than 2000 pieces of artillery . Its greatest weakness was the unpopularity of the government of Sultan Mahmud Shah , who favoured Muslims , arousing dissatisfaction amongst other merchants . Afonso made a bold approach to the city , his ships decorated with banners , firing cannon volleys . He declared himself lord of all the navigation , demanded the Sultan release the prisoners and pay for damages , and demanded consent to build a fortified trading post . The Sultan eventually freed the prisoners , but was unimpressed by the small Portuguese contingent . Afonso then burned some ships at the port and four coastal buildings as a demonstration . The city being divided by the Malacca River , the connecting bridge was a strategic point , so at dawn on 25 July the Portuguese landed and fought a tough battle , facing poisoned arrows , taking the bridge in the evening . After fruitlessly waiting for the Sultan 's reaction , they returned to the ships and prepared a junk ( offered by Chinese merchants ) , filling it with men , artillery and sandbags . Commanded by António de Abreu , it sailed upriver at high tide to the bridge . The day after , all had landed . After a fierce fight during which the Sultan appeared with an army of war elephants , the defenders were dispersed and the Sultan fled . Afonso waited for the reaction of the Sultan . Merchants approached , asking for Portuguese protection . They were given banners to mark their premises , a sign that they would not be looted . On 15 August , the Portuguese attacked again , but the Sultan had fled the city . Under strict orders , they looted the city , but respected the banners . Afonso prepared Malacca 's defenses against a Malay counterattack , building a fortress , assigning his men to shifts and using stones from the mosque and the cemetery . Despite the delays caused by heat and malaria , it was completed in November 1511 , its surviving door now known as `` A Famosa '' ( ' the famous ' ) . It was possibly then that Afonso had a large stone engraved with the names of the participants in the conquest . To quell disagreements over the order of the names , he had it set facing the wall , with the single inscription Lapidem quem reprobaverunt aedificantes ( Latin for `` The stone the builders rejected '' , from David 's prophecy , Psalm 118 : 22 -- 23 ) on the front . He settled the Portuguese administration , reappointing Rui de Araújo as factor , a post assigned before his 1509 arrest , and appointing rich merchant Nina Chatu to replace the previous bendahara , representative of the Kafir people and adviser . Besides assisting in the governance of the city and first Portuguese coinage , he provided the junks for several diplomatic missions . Meanwhile , Afonso arrested and had executed the powerful Javanese merchant Utimuti Raja who , after being appointed to a position in the Portuguese administration as representative of the Javanese population , had maintained contacts with the exiled royal family . Afonso arranged for the shipping of many Órfãs d'El - Rei to Portuguese Malacca . Shipwreck on the Flor de la mar , 1511 ( edit ) On 20 November 1511 Afonso sailed from Malacca to the coast of Malabar on the old Flor de la mar carrack that had served to support the conquest of Malacca . Despite its unsound condition , he used it to transport the treasure amassed in the conquest , given its large capacity . He wanted to give the court of King Manuel a show of Malaccan treasures . There were also the offers from the Kingdom of Siam ( Thailand ) to the King of Portugal and all his own fortune . On the voyage the Flor De La Mar was wrecked in a storm , and Afonso barely escaped drowning . Missions from Malacca ( edit ) Embassies to Pegu , Sumatra and Siam , 1511 ( edit ) Most Muslim and Gujarati merchants having fled the city , Afonso invested in diplomatic efforts demonstrating generosity to Southeast Asian merchants , like the Chinese , to encourage good relations with the Portuguese . Trade and diplomatic missions were sent to continental kingdoms : Rui Nunes da Cunha was sent to Pegu ( Burma ) , from where King Binyaram sent back a friendly emissary to Kochi in 1514 and Sumatra , Sumatran kings of Kampar and Indragiri sending emissaries to Afonso accepting the new power , as vassal states of Malacca . Knowing of Siamese ambitions over Malacca , Afonso sent Duarte Fernandes in a diplomatic mission to the Kingdom of Siam ( Thailand ) , returning in a Chinese junk . He was one of the Portuguese who had been arrested in Malacca , having gathered knowledge about the culture of the region . There he was the first European to arrive , establishing amicable relations between the kingdom of Portugal and the court of the King of Siam Ramathibodi II , returning with a Siamese envoy bearing gifts and letters to Afonso and the King of Portugal . Expedition to the `` Spice Islands '' ( maluku Islands ) , 1512 ( edit ) Depiction of Ternate with São João Baptista Fort , built in 1522 In November , after having secured Malacca and learning the location of the then secret `` spice islands '' , Afonso sent three ships to find them , led by trusted António de Abreu with deputy commander Francisco Serrão . Malay sailors were recruited to guide them through Java , the Lesser Sunda Islands and the Ambon Island to Banda Islands , where they arrived in early 1512 . There they remained for a month , buying and filling their ships with nutmeg and cloves . António de Abreu then sailed to Amboina whilst Serrão sailed towards the Moluccas , but he was shipwrecked near Seram . Sultan Abu Lais of Ternate heard of their stranding , and , seeing a chance to ally himself with a powerful foreign nation , brought them to Ternate in 1512 where they were permitted to build a fort on the island , the Forte de São João Baptista de Ternate ( pt , built in 1522 . ) China expeditions , 1513 ( edit ) In early 1513 , Jorge Álvares , sailing on a mission under Afonso 's orders , was allowed to land in Lintin Island , on the Pearl River Delta in southern China . Soon after , Afonso sent Rafael Perestrello to southern China , seeking trade relations with the Ming dynasty . In ships from Portuguese Malacca , Rafael sailed to Canton ( Guangzhou ) in 1513 , and again from 1515 to 1516 to trade with Chinese merchants . These ventures , along with those of Tomé Pires and Fernão Pires de Andrade , were the first direct European diplomatic and commercial ties with China . However , after the death of the Chinese Zhengde Emperor on 19 April 1521 , conservative factions at court seeking to limit eunuch influence rejected the new Portuguese embassy , fought sea battles with the Portuguese around Tuen Mun , and Tomé was forced to write letters to Malacca stating that he and other ambassadors would not be released from prison in China until the Portuguese relinquished their control of Malacca and returned it to the deposed Sultan of Malacca ( who was previously a Ming tributary vassal ) . Nonetheless , Portuguese relations with China became normalized again by the 1540s and in 1557 a permanent Portuguese base at Macau in southern China was established with consent from the Ming court . Return to Cochin and Goa ( edit ) Afonso de Albuquerque as governor of India Afonso returned from Malacca to Cochin , but could not sail to Goa as it faced a serious revolt headed by the forces of Ismael Adil Shah , the Sultan of Bijapur , commanded by Rasul Khan and his countrymen . During Afonso 's absence from Malacca , Portuguese who opposed the taking of Goa had waived its possession , even writing to the King that it would be best to let it go . Held up by the monsoon and with few forces available , Afonso had to wait for the arrival of reinforcement fleets headed by his nephew D. Garcia de Noronha , and Jorge de Mello Pereira . While at Cochin , Albuquerque started a school . In a private letter to King Manuel I , he states that he had found a chest full of books with which to teach the children of married Portuguese settlers ( casados ) and Christian converts to read and write which , according to Albuquerque , there were about a hundred in his time , `` all very sharp and easily learn what they are taught '' . On 10 September 1512 , Afonso sailed from Cochin to Goa with fourteen ships carrying 1,700 soldiers . Determined to recapture the fortress , he ordered trenches dug and a wall breached . But on the day of the planned final assault , Rasul Khan surrendered . Afonso demanded the fort be handed over with its artillery , ammunition and horses , and the deserters to be given up . Some had joined Rasul Khan when the Portuguese were forced to flee Goa in May 1510 , others during the recent siege . Rasul Khan consented , on condition that their lives be spared . Afonso agreed and he left Goa . He did spare the lives of the deserters , but had them horribly mutilated . One such renegade was Fernão Lopes , bound for Portugal in custody , who escaped at the island of Saint Helena and led a ' Robinson Crusoe ' life for many years . After such measures the town became the most prosperous Portuguese settlement in India . Campaign in the Red Sea , 1513 ( edit ) In December 1512 an envoy from Ethiopia arrived at Goa . Mateus was sent by the regent queen Eleni , following the arrival of the Portuguese from Socotra in 1507 , as an ambassador for the king of Portugal in search of a coalition to help face growing Ottoman influence . He was received in Goa with great honour by Afonso , as a long - sought `` Prester John '' envoy . His arrival was announced by King Manuel to Pope Leo X in 1513 . Although Mateus faced the distrust of Afonso 's rivals , who tried to prove he was some impostor or Muslim spy , Afonso sent him to Portugal . The King is described as having wept with joy at their report . In February 1513 , while Mateus was in Portugal , Afonso sailed to the Red Sea with a force of about 1000 Portuguese and 400 Malabaris . He was under orders to secure that channel for Portugal . Socotra had proved ineffective to control the Red Sea entrance and was abandoned , and Afonso 's hint that Massawa could be a good Portuguese base might have been influenced by Mateus ' reports . Knowing that the Mamluks were preparing a second fleet at Suez , he wanted to advance before reinforcements arrived in Aden , and accordingly laid siege to the city . Aden was a fortified city , but although he had scaling ladders they broke and after half a day of fierce battle Afonso was forced to retreat . He cruised the Red Sea inside the Bab al - Mandab , with the first European fleet to have sailed this route . He attempted to reach Jeddah , but the winds were unfavourable and so he sheltered at Kamaran island in May , until sickness among the men and lack of fresh water forced him to retreat . In August 1513 , after a second attempt to reach Aden , he returned to India with no substantial results . In order to destroy the power of Egypt , he is said to have entertained the idea of diverting the course of the Nile river to render the whole country barren . Perhaps most tellingly , he intended to steal the body of the Islamic prophet , Muhammad , and hold it for ransom until all Muslims had left the Holy Land . Administration and diplomacy in Goa , 1514 ( edit ) Coining of money for d'Albuquerque at Goa ( 1510 ) Dürer 's Rhinoceros , woodcut ( 1515 ) In 1514 Afonso devoted himself to governing Goa , concluding peace with Calicut and receiving embassies from Indian governors , strengthening the city and encouraging marriages of Portuguese men and local women . At that time , Portuguese women were barred from traveling overseas . In 1511 under a policy which Afonso promulgated , the Portuguese government encouraged their explorers to marry local women . To promote settlement , the King of Portugal granted freeman status and exemption from Crown taxes to Portuguese men ( known as casados , or `` married men '' ) who ventured overseas and married local women . With Afonso 's encouragement , mixed marriages flourished . He appointed local people for positions in the Portuguese administration and did not interfere with local traditions ( except `` sati '' , the practice of immolating widows , which he banned ) . In March 1514 King Manuel sent to Pope Leo X a huge and exotic embassy led by Tristão da Cunha , who toured the streets of Rome in an extravagant procession of animals from the colonies and wealth from the Indies . His reputation reached its peak , laying foundations of the Portuguese Empire in the East . In early 1514 , Afonso sent ambassadors to Gujarat 's Sultan Muzaffar Shah II , ruler of Cambay , to seek permission to build a fort on Diu , India . The mission returned without an agreement , but diplomatic gifts were exchanged , including an Indian rhinoceros . Alfonso sent the gift , named ganda , and its Indian keeper , Ocem , to King Manuel . In late 1515 , Manuel sent it as a gift , the famous Dürer 's Rhinoceros to Pope Leo X . Dürer never saw the actual rhinoceros , which was the first living example seen in Europe since Roman times . Conquest of Ormuz and illness ( edit ) Afonso de Albuquerque as Viceroy of India In 1513 , at Cannanore , Afonso was visited by a Persian ambassador from Shah Ismail I , who had sent ambassadors to Gujarat , Ormuz and Bijapur . The shah 's ambassador to Bijapur invited Afonso to send back an envoy to Persia . Miguel Ferreira was sent via Ormuz to Tabriz , where he had several interviews with the shah about common goals on defeating the Mamluk sultan . Having returned with rich presents and an ambassador , on the journey back in March 1515 they were met by Afonso at Ormuz . Fueled by the shah 's offers , Afonso had decided to recapture Ormuz . He had learned that after the Portuguese retreat in 1507 , a young king was reigning under the influence of a powerful Persian vizier , Reis Hamed , whom the king greatly feared . At Ormuz , Afonso met the king and asked the vizier to be present . He then had him immediately stabbed and killed by his entourage , thus `` freeing '' the dominated king , so the island in the Persian Gulf yielded to him without resistance and remained a vassal state of the Portuguese Empire . Ormuz itself would not be Persian territory for another century , until a British - Persian alliance finally expelled the Portuguese in 1622 . There in Ormuz , Afonso remained , engaging in diplomatic efforts and receiving envoys while becoming increasingly ill . In November 1515 , he decided to return to Goa , but he fell increasingly ill during the journey and died in the harbour of Goa . Death ( edit ) Afonso 's life ended on a bitter note , with a painful and ignominious close . At this time , his political enemies at the Portuguese court were planning his downfall . They had lost no opportunity in stirring up the jealousy of King Manuel against him , insinuating that Afonso intended to usurp power in Portuguese India . Since at least the beginning of November 1515 , Afonso knew that he had been replaced in the government of India by a political adversary , Lopo Soares de Albergaria . Reportedly , he even received a letter from the ambassador of the Persian potentate Shah Ismael , inviting Afonso to become a leading lord in Persia . His illness was reported as early as September 1515 . While on his return voyage from Ormuz in the Persian Gulf , near the harbor of Goa , he received news of a Portuguese fleet arriving from Europe , bearing dispatches announcing that he was to be replaced by his personal foe , the Portuguese Lopo Soares de Albergaria . Feeling himself near death , he drew up his will , appointed the captain and senior officials of Ormuz , and organized a final council with his captains to decide the main matters affecting the Estado da Índia . He wrote a long letter to King Manuel , voicing his bitterness : `` I am in ill favor with the King for love of men , and with men for love of the King . '' He asked the King to confer onto his natural son `` all of the high honors and rewards '' that were justly due to Afonso . He wrote in dignified and affectionate terms , assuring Manuel of his loyalty . On 16 December 1515 , Afonso de Albuquerque died within sight of Goa . The gentiles were reported as saying , `` It could not be that he was dead , but that God had need of him for some war and had therefore sent for him '' . In Portugal , King Manuel 's zigzagging policies continued , still trapped by the constraints of real - time medieval communication between Lisbon and India and unaware that Afonso was dead . Hearing rumours that the Mamluk Sultan of Egypt was preparing a magnificent army at Suez to prevent the conquest of Ormuz , he repented of having replaced Afonso , and in March 1516 urgently wrote to Albergaria to return the command of all operations to Afonso and provide him with resources to face the Egyptian threat . He organized a new Portuguese navy in Asia , with orders that Afonso ( if he was still in India ) , be made commander - in - chief against the Sultan of Cairo 's armies . Manuel would afterwards learn that Afonso had died many months earlier , and that his reversed decision had been delivered many months too late . Afonso 's body was buried in Goa , according to his will , in the Church of Nossa Senhora da Serra ( Our Lady of the Hill ) , which he had caused to be built in 1513 to thank the Madonna for his escape from Kamaran island . After 51 years , in 1566 , his body was moved to Nossa Senhora da Graça church in Lisbon , which was ruined and rebuilt after the 1755 Great Lisbon earthquake . Legacy ( edit ) Albuquerque Monument on Afonso de Albuquerque Square in Lisbon ( 1902 ) King Manuel I of Portugal was belatedly convinced of Afonso 's loyalty , and endeavoured to atone for his lack of confidence in Afonso by heaping honours upon his son , Brás de Albuquerque ( 1500 -- 1580 ) , whom he renamed `` Afonso '' in memory of the father . Afonso de Albuquerque was a prolific writer , having sent numerous letters to the king during his governorship , covering topics from minor issues to major strategies . In 1557 his son published a collection of his letters under the title Commentarios do Grande Affonso d'Alboquerque - a clear reference to Caesar 's Commentaries - which he reviewed and re-published in 1576 . There Afonso was described as `` a man of middle stature , with a long face , fresh complexion , the nose somewhat large . He was a prudent man , and a Latin scholar , and spoke in elegant phrases ; his conversation and writings showed his excellent education . He was of ready words , very authoritative in his commands , very circumspect in his dealings with the Moors , and greatly feared yet greatly loved by all , a quality rarely found united in one captain . He was very valiant and favoured by fortune . '' In 1572 , Afonso 's feats were described in The Lusiads , the Portuguese main epic poem by Luís Vaz de Camões ( Canto X , strophes 40 -- 49 ) . The poet praises his achievements , but has the muses frown upon the harsh rule of his men , of whom Camões was almost a contemporary fellow . In 1934 , Afonso was celebrated by Fernando Pessoa in Mensagem , a symbolist epic . In the first part of this work , called `` Brasão '' ( Coat - of - Arms ) , he relates Portuguese historical protagonists to each of the fields in the Portuguese coat - of - arms , Afonso being one of the wings of the griffin headed by Henry the Navigator , the other wing being King John II . A variety of mango that he used to bring on his journeys to India has been named in his honour . Numerous homages have been paid to Afonso ; he is featured in the Padrão dos Descobrimentos monument ; there is a square carrying his name in the Portuguese capital of Lisbon , which also features a bronze statue ; two Portuguese Navy ships have been named in his honour : the sloop NRP Afonso de Albuquerque ( 1884 ) and the warship NRP Afonso de Albuquerque , the latter belonging to a sloop class named Albuquerque . Global legacy ( edit ) Portuguese discoveries and explorations : first arrival places and dates ; main Portuguese spice trade routes in the Indian Ocean ( blue ) The fabled Spice Islands were on the imagination of Europe since ancient times . In the 2nd century AD , Malaya was known by the Greek philosopher Ptolemy , who labeled it ' Aurea Chersonesus `` ; and who said that it was believed the fabled area held gold in abundance . Even Indian traders referred to the East Pacific region as `` Land of Gold '' and made regular visits to Malaya in search of the precious metal , tin and sweet scented jungle woods . But neither Ptolemy , nor Rome , nor Alexander was able to see the fabled regions of the East Pacific . Afonso de Albuquerque became the first European to reach the Spice Islands . Upon discovering Malaysia , he proceeded in 1511 to conquer Malacca , then commissioned an expedition under the command of António de Abreu and Vice-Commander Francisco Serrão ( the latter being a cousin of Magellan ) to further explore the extremities of the region in east Indonesia . As a result of these voyages of exploration , the Portuguese became the first Europeans to discover and to reach the fabled Spice Islands of Malaysia , Indonesia and the Indies in addition to discovering their sea routes . Afonso found what had evaded Columbus ' grasp -- the wealth of the Orient . His discoveries did not go unnoticed , and it took little time for Magellan to arrive in the same region a few years later and discover the Philippines for Spain , giving birth to the Papal Treaty of Zaragoza . Afonso 's operations sent a voyage pushing further south which made the European discovery of Timor in the far south of Oceania , and the discovery of Papua New Guinea in 1512 . This was followed up by another Portuguese , Jorge de Menezes in 1526 , who named Papua New Guinea , the `` Island of the Papua '' . Through Alfonso 's diplomatic activities , Portugal opened the sea between Europe and China . As early as 1513 , Jorge de Albuquerque , a Portuguese commanding officer in Malacca , sent his subordinate Jorge Álvares to sail to China on a ship loaded with pepper from Sumatra . After sailing across the sea , Jorge Álvares and his crew dropped anchor in Tamao , an island located at the mouth of the Pearl River . This was the first Portuguese to set foot in the territory known as China , the mythical `` Middle Kingdom '' where they erected a stone Padrão . Álvares is the first European to reach Chinese land by sea , and , the first European to enter Hong Kong . In 1514 Afonso de Albuquerque , the Viceroy of the Estado da India dispatched Rafael Perestrello to sail to China in order to pioneer European trade relations with the Chinese nation . Rafael Perestrelo was quoted as saying , `` being a very good and honest people , the Chinese hope to make friends with the Portuguese . '' In spite of initial harmony and excitement between the two empires , difficulties soon arose . Portugal 's efforts in establishing lasting ties with China did pay off in the long run ; the Portuguese colonized Macau , and established the first European permanent settlement on Chinese soil , which served as a permanent colonial base in southern China , and the two empires maintained an exchange in culture and trade for nearly 500 years . The longest empire in history ( 1515 -- 1999 ) , begun by Alfonso de Albuquerque five centuries earlier , ended when Portugal ceded the government of Macau to China . Allegorical mural of Afonso de Albuquerque and his work Afonso de Albuquerque pioneered trade relations with Thailand , and was as such the first recorded European to contact Thailand . Titles and honours ( edit ) Governor and Captain - General of the Seas of India 2nd Governor of India 1st Duke of Goa ( posthumous ) A knight of the Portuguese Order of Saint James of the Sword Fidalgo of the Royal Household Son ( edit ) Afonso de Albuquerque had a bastard son with an unrecorded woman . He legitimized the boy in February 1506 . Before his death , he asked King Manuel I to leave to the son all his wealth and that the King oversee the son 's education . When Alfonso died , Manuel I renamed the child `` Afonso '' in his father 's memory . Brás Afonso de Albuquerque , or Braz in the old spelling , was born in 1500 and died in 1580 . Ancestry ( edit ) ( show ) Ancestors of Afonso de Albuquerque 16 . Nuno Martins de Gomide 8 . Gonçalo Lourenço de Gomide , Lord of Vila Verde dos Francos 17 . Bartoleza Lourenço Gorjão 4 . João Gonçalves de Gomide , Lord of Vila Verde dos Francos 18 . Estevão Gonçalves Leitão 9 . Inês Leitão 2 . Gonçalo de Albuquerque , Lord of Vila Verde dos Francos 20 . Gonçalo Vaz de Melo 10 . Gonçalo Vaz de Melo , Lord of Castanheira 21 . Constança Martins 5 . Leonor de Albuquerque 22 . Vasco Martins da Cunha , Lord of Tábua 11 . Isabel de Albuquerque 23 . Teresa de Albuquerque 1 . Afonso de Albuquerque , Duke of Goa 24 . Gil Martins de Ataíde 12 . Martim Gonçalves de Ataíde , Alcalde of Chaves 25 . Teresa Vasques de Resende 6 . Álvaro Gonçalves de Ataíde , Count of Atouguia 26 . Vasco Fernandes Coutinho , Count of Leomil 13 . Mécia Vasques Coutinho 27 . Beatriz Gonçalves de Moura 3 . Leonor de Menezes 28 . Álvaro Pires de Castro , Count of Arraiolos , Count of Viana da Foz do Lima 14 . Pedro de Castro , Lord of Cadaval 29 . Maria Ponce de Leon 7 . Guiomar de Castro 30 . João Afonso Telo , 4th Count of Barcelos and 1st Count of Ourém 15 . Leonor de Menezes 31 . Guiomar Lopes Pacheco References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : ( Henry Morse Stephens 1897 , p. 1 ) ^ Jump up to : `` ALBUQUERQUE , ALFONSO DE '' , Vol . I , Fasc. 8 , pp. 823 -- 824 , J. Aubin , Encyclopædia Iranica Jump up ^ The Greenwood Dictionary of World History By John J. Butt , p. 10 Jump up ^ Southeast Asia : A Historical Encyclopedia , from Angkor Wat to East Timor . Vol. 1 , by Keat Gin Ooi ; p. 137 Jump up ^ Southeast Asia : A Historical Encyclopedia , from Angkor Wat to East ... , Volume 1 edited by Keat Gin Ooi . p. 17 Jump up ^ A new collection of voyages and travels . ( 1711 ) ( ed. by J. Stevens ) . 2 vols . Oxford University p. 113 Jump up ^ `` New Year 's resolutions ... '' . algarvedailynews.com . Retrieved 9 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Afonso De Albuquerque ; John Villiers ; Thomas Foster Earle ( 1990 ) . Albuquerque , Caesar of the East : Selected Texts by Afonso de Albuquerque and His Son . Aris & Phillips . p. 7 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85668 - 488 - 3 . 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Jump up ^ ( Damião de Góis , Chronica do Feliçissimo rei dom Manuel ( 1566 ) , Coimbra : Imprensa da Universidade , 1954 , Part III , chapter lix ) and ( Armando Cortesão , Esparsos , Coimbra : Imprensa de Coimbra , 1974 , pp. 25 , 77 -- 81 . ) Jump up ^ `` Afonso de Albuquerque Blog : My Second Expedition to India : First Conquest of Socotra and Hormuz , 1507 '' . afonsodealbuquerqueblog.blogspot.com.au . Retrieved 9 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Couto , Dejanirah ; Loureiro , Rui ( 2008 ) . Revisiting Hormuz : Portuguese Interactions in the Persian Gulf Region in the Early Modern Period . Otto Harrassowitz Verlag . p. 219 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 447 - 05731 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : `` Afonso de Albuquerque '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 22 August 2010 . Jump up ^ The Career and Legend of Vasco Da Gama , by Sanjay Subrahmanyam , p. 365 Jump up ^ Robert Crowley ; Geoffrey Parker ( 1 December 1996 ) . Albuquerque , Afonso de . The Reader 's Companion to Military History . Houghton Mifflin . Jump up ^ ( Henry Morse Stephens 1897 ) ^ Jump up to : Vasco Da Gama , By Kingsley Garland Jayne ; pp. 78 - 79 , Taylor & Francis ( 1970 ) ^ Jump up to : Chisholm 1911 . Jump up ^ Diogo do Couto , Décadas da Ásia , década X , livro I ^ Jump up to : Foundations of the Portuguese empire , 1415 -- 1580 , pp. 239 - 260 , Bailey Wallys Diffie , Boyd C. Shafer , George Davison Winius Jump up ^ Afonso de Albuquerque ; Walter de Gray Birch ( 2000 ) . Commentaries of the Great Afonso -- 4 Vols . ISBN 978 - 81 - 206 - 1514 - 4 . Jump up ^ J.J. Hespeler - Boultbee ( 2006 ) . A Story in Stones : Portugal 's Influence on Culture and Architecture in the Highlands of Ethiopia , 1493 -- 1634 . CCB Publishing . p. 178 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9781162 - 1 - 7 . Jump up ^ Percy Molesworth Sykes ( 2006 ) . History of Persia . HESPERIDES Press . p. 271 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4067 - 2692 - 3 . Jump up ^ According to Brás de Albuquerque it was Xeque Ismael who coined the term `` Lion of the seas '' for Alfonso . Jump up ^ Carter , Laraine Newhouse ( 1 January 1991 ) . Persian Gulf States : Chapter 1B . The Gulf During the Medieval Period . Countries of the World . Bureau Development , Inc . Jump up ^ Afonso , like many others since then , took office as governor : when appointing the Viceroy Francisco de Almeida , the King promised not to appoint another in his lifetime , a vote of confidence in contradiction with the short term of three years he gave him , that may be due to the great fears about the sharing of power that this position represented . Jump up ^ In the first months of 1508 , the son of D. Francisco de Almeida , Lourenço de Almeida , died in dramatic circumstances at the Battle of Chaul and there are reports that the viceroy , an enlightened and incorruptible ruler , turned vindictive and cruel . Jump up ^ Fernão Lopes de Castanheda ( 1833 ) . Historia do Descobrimento e Conquista da India pelos Portugueses . Typographia Rollandiana . 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Manuel I edited by António Baião ( 1942 ) . Letter of April 1 , 1512 Jump up ^ Francis Millet Rogers ( 1962 ) . The Quest for Eastern Christians . University of Minnesota Press . p. 1 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8166 - 0275 - 9 . Jump up ^ M.D.D. Newitt ( 2005 ) . A History of Portuguese Overseas Expansion , 1400 -- 1668 . Routledge . p. 87 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 23979 - 0 . Jump up ^ Andrew James McGregor ( 2006 ) . A Military History of Modern Egypt : From the Ottoman Conquest to the Ramadan War . Praeger Publishers . p. 20 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 98601 - 8 . Jump up ^ Afonso de Albuquerque ( 1999 ) . The Commentaries of the Great Afonso Dalboquerque , Second Viceroy of India . Elibron Classics . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4021 - 9508 - 2 . Jump up ^ Bedini , p. 112 Jump up ^ História do famoso rhinocerus de Albrecht Dürer Archived 18 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine. , Projecto Lambe - Lambe ( in Portuguese ) . Jump up ^ John Holland Rose ; Ernest Alfred Benians ; Arthur Percival Newton ( 1928 ) . 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Jump up ^ Lonely Planet Malaysia , Singapore & Brunei by Simon Richmond , Lonely Planet ( 2010 ) , p. 30 Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Cross-Cultural Alliance - Making and Local Resistance in Maluku during the Revolt of Prince Nuku , 1780 -- 1810 , by Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van Doctor aan de Universiteit Leiden , op gezag van de Rector Magnificus , prof . mr . P.F. van der Heijden , volgens besluit van het College voor Promoties te verdedigen op woensdag 12 september 2007 klokke 15.00 uur . p. 11 Jump up ^ `` Papua New Guinea Expedition '' . Sio.ucsd.edu . Retrieved 18 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Gordon L. Rottman ( 2002 ) . World War Two Pacific Island Guide . Greenwood Press . p. 152 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 31395 - 0 . Jump up ^ McKinnon , Rowan ; Carillet , Jean - Bernard ; Starnes , Dean ( 2008 ) . Papua New Guinea & Solomon Islands . p. 23 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 74104 - 580 - 2 . Jump up ^ Historical Dictionary of the Discovery and Exploration of the Pacific Islands , Max Quanchi , John Robson , Scarecrow Press ( 2005 ) p . XLIII Jump up ^ NEWSLETTER JULY -- DECEMBER 2012 . No11 MACAU SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL CENTRE P.I. MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE , THE MING PORCELAIN BOTTLE OF JORGE ÁLVARES INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM -- MACAU : PAST AND PRESENT . p. 10 . ( online : http://www.cccm.pt/anexos_publicacoes/d20121024230228.pdf ) Jump up ^ Denis Crispin Twitchett ; John King Fairbank ( 1978 ) . The Cambridge History of China . p. 336 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 24333 - 9 . Jump up ^ China and Europe Since 1978 : A European Perspective Cambridge University Press ( 2002 ) p. 1 Jump up ^ The Grove Encyclopedia of Materials and Techniques in Art edited by Gerald W.R. Ward . Oxford University Press ( 2008 ) p. 37 Jump up ^ The Biography of Tea by Carrie Gleason , Crabtree Publishing Company ( 2007 ) p. 12 Jump up ^ Hong Kong & Macau , Andrew Stone , Piera Chen , Chung Wah Chow , Lonely Planet ( 2010 ) pp. 20 , 21 Jump up ^ Hong Kong & Macau by Jules Brown Rough Guides ( 2002 ) p. 195 Jump up ^ `` Tne Portuguese in the Far East '' . Algarvedailynews.com . Retrieved 18 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Portugal 's Discovery in China ' -- ( China Daily ) '' . china.org.cn. 3 February 2005 . Retrieved 9 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` When Portugal Ruled the Seas '' . Smithsonian Magazine . 1 September 2007 . Retrieved 18 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Portugal 's Discovery in China ' on Display '' . China.org.cn. 3 February 2005 . Retrieved 18 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Watercraft on World Coins : America and Asia , 1800 -- 2008 , Yossi Dotan , Sussex Academic Press ( 2010 ) p. 303 Jump up ^ `` Portugal 's AGE OF DISCOVERY '' . Golisbon.com . Retrieved 18 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 10 Greatest Empires In The History Of The World Business Insider Australia '' . Au.businessinsider.com. 1 October 2011 . Retrieved 18 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Portuguese Republic . `` Portugal '' . En.academic.ru . Retrieved 18 April 2013 . Jump up ^ The Bricks of an Empire IMS - 1999 585 Years of Portuguese Emigration , Stanley L. Engennan , Joâo César das Neves ( December 1996 ) p. 2 Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania , Barbara A. West . Infobase Publishing ( 2009 ) p. 800 Bibliography ( edit ) Crowley , Roger . Conquerors : How Portugal Forged the First Global Empire ( 2015 ) online review Henry Morse Stephens ( 1897 ) . Albuquerque . Rulers of India series . Asian Educational Services . ISBN 978 - 81 - 206 - 1524 - 3 . Bailey Wallys Diffie ; George Davison Winius ( 1977 ) . Foundations of the Portuguese Empire : 1415 -- 1580 . University of Minnesota Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8166 - 0782 - 2 . António Henrique R. de Oliveira Marques ( 1976 ) . A History of Portugal . New York : Columbia University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 08353 - 9 . M.D.D. Newitt ( 2005 ) . A History of Portuguese Overseas Expansion , 1400 -- 1668 . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 23980 - 6 . This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Albuquerque , Alphonso d ' '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 1 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . Bandelier , Adolph Francis Alphonse ( 1907 ) . `` Afonzo de Albuquerque '' . In Herbermann , Charles . Catholic Encyclopedia . 1 . New York : Robert Appleton Company . In other languages ( edit ) Afonso de Albuquerque ( 1774 ) . Commentarios do grande Afonso Dalboquerque : capitão geral que foi das Indias Orientaes em tempo do muito poderoso rey D. Manuel , o primeiro deste nome . Na Regia Officina Typografica . Albuquerque , Afonso de , D. Manuel I , António Baião , ( 3 ) `` Cartas para el - rei d . Manuel I '' , Editora Livraria Sá de Costa ( 1957 ) Primary sources ( edit ) Kerr , Robert ( 1824 ) . A General History and Collection of Voyages and Travels , Arranged in Systematic Order . Edinburgh : William Blackwood . ( volume 6 , chapter I ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Afonso de Albuquerque . ( 4 ) Paul Lunde , The coming of the Portuguese , 2006 , Saudi Aramco World Preceded by Francisco de Almeida Viceroy of Portuguese India 1509 -- 1515 Succeeded by Lopo Soares de Albergaria Authority control WorldCat Identities VIAF : 95298370 LCCN : n85187169 ISNI : 0000 0001 2096 6740 GND : 118644416 SUDOC : 030847125 BNF : cb122180943 ( data ) BNE : XX1168242 IATH : w6cv5sns Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afonso_de_Albuquerque&oldid=793722760 '' Categories : Portuguese explorers Explorers of Asia Viceroys of Portuguese India 1453 births 1515 deaths Portuguese admirals Portuguese colonial governors and administrators Portuguese generals Portuguese Renaissance writers People from Vila Franca de Xira Colonial Goa Colonial Kerala Maritime history of Portugal Portuguese in Kerala History of Kollam Shipwreck survivors 1510s in Portuguese India 16th - century Portuguese people Portugal in the Age of Discovery Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with Portuguese - language external links Use dmy dates from December 2015 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from November 2014 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia In other projects Wikimedia Commons Afrikaans العربية Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Latina मराठी Bahasa Melayu Mirandés Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 August 2017 , at 14 : 49 . 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who was cast as alex in the big chill	The Big Chill is a 1983 American comedy - drama film directed by Lawrence Kasdan , starring Tom Berenger , Glenn Close , Jeff Goldblum , William Hurt , Kevin Kline , Mary Kay Place , Meg Tilly , and JoBeth Williams . The plot focuses on a group of baby boomer college friends , who attended the University of Michigan , reunite after 15 years when one of their old comrades , Alex , commits suicide without warning . Kevin Costner was cast as Alex , but all scenes showing his face were cut .	Kevin Costner	The Big Chill ( film )	the big chill ( film )	The Big Chill is a 1983 American comedy - drama film directed by Lawrence Kasdan , starring Tom Berenger , Glenn Close , Jeff Goldblum , William Hurt , Kevin Kline , Mary Kay Place , Meg Tilly , and JoBeth Williams . The plot focuses on a group of baby boomer college friends , who attended the University of Michigan , reunite after 15 years when one of their old comrades , Alex , commits suicide without warning . Kevin Costner was cast as Alex , but all scenes showing his face were cut .	The soundtrack features soul , R&B and pop - rock music from the 1960s and 70s , including tracks by Creedence Clearwater Revival , Aretha Franklin , Marvin Gaye , the Temptations , the Rolling Stones and Three Dog Night . The Big Chill influenced the TV series thirtysomething . Earlier , however , the movie was directly adapted for television as the short - lived 1985 CBS comedy - drama series Hometown . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Reception 3.1 Critical response 3.2 Accolades 4 In popular culture 5 Soundtrack 5.1 Original Motion Picture Soundtrack 5.2 More Songs from The Original Soundtrack 5.3 Deluxe Edition 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Harold Cooper ( Kevin Kline ) is bathing his young son when his wife , Sarah ( Glenn Close ) , receives a phone call at their Richmond home telling her that their friend , Alex , has committed suicide by slashing his wrists in the bathtub of their vacation house in South Carolina , where he had been staying . At the funeral , Harold and Sarah are reunited with college friends from the University of Michigan . They include Sam ( Tom Berenger ) , a famous television actor now living in Los Angeles ; Meg ( Mary Kay Place ) , a chain smoking former public defender who is now a real estate attorney in Atlanta and wants a child ; Michael ( Jeff Goldblum ) , a sex - obsessed People magazine journalist ; Nick ( William Hurt ) , a Vietnam War veteran and former radio host who suffers from impotence ; Karen ( JoBeth Williams ) , a housewife from suburban Detroit who 's unhappy in her marriage to her advertising executive husband , Richard ( Don Galloway ) . Also present is Chloe ( Meg Tilly ) , Alex 's much younger girlfriend . After the burial , everyone goes from the cemetery to Harold and Sarah 's vacation house , where they are invited to stay for the weekend . During the first night there , a bat flies into the attic while Meg and Nick are getting reacquainted . Sam later finds Nick watching television , and they briefly talk about Karen . The two then go into the kitchen and find Richard making a sandwich , and the three make small talk which turns into a discussion about responsibility and adulthood . At the end of the discussion , Richard states , `` Nobody said it was going to be fun . At least , nobody said it to me . '' The next morning Harold and Nick go jogging . Harold tells Nick that his running shoe company is about to be bought out by a large corporation , and that he 's about to become rich . Harold confides in Nick that Sarah and Alex had an affair five years earlier . Nick comforts Harold by saying , `` She did n't marry Alex . '' Richard returns home to look after his kids , but Karen decides to stay in South Carolina for the weekend . Nick , Harold , Michael and Chloe go for a drive ( while `` Good Lovin ' '' by the Rascals plays on the car radio ) , while Sam and Karen go shopping . Meg reveals to Sarah that she wants to have a child , and that she is going to ask Sam to be the father , knowing now that Nick ca n't . Out in the countryside , Harold listens to Michael 's plans to buy a nightclub . Chloe takes Nick to the abandoned house that she and Alex were going to renovate . She tells him that he reminds her of Alex , to which Nick replies , `` I ai n't him . '' During dinner , Sarah starts tearing up over Alex as the group talks about him . Harold puts `` Ai n't Too Proud to Beg '' by the Temptations on the stereo , and everyone dances while cleaning up the dishes . While the others sit around and smoke marijuana , Meg asks Sam to father her baby , but he declines . The next morning Nick , Sam and Harold go jogging , and the subject of Alex 's suicide comes up again . Harold 's surprise arrives : sneakers for everyone to wear during the upcoming Michigan football game . The group , minus Nick , watches the game on TV , while Sarah tells Karen about her brief affair with Alex and how it affected their friendship negatively . During the game , Michael offers to father Meg 's child , alluding to the fact that they had sex in college during the March on Washington . At halftime , Chloe , Sam , Harold and Michael go outside to play touch football . Nick returns , with a police car following him . The officer says that Nick ran a red light and was belligerent , but says that he will drop the charges if Sam would hop into Nick 's Porsche as his TV character , J.T. Lancer , always does . Sam is unsuccessful and hurts himself , but the officer drops the charges anyway and apologizes to Harold . Karen later tells Sam that she loves him , wants to leave Richard and live with Sam and her two sons . When they kiss , Sam pulls away and tells Karen not to leave Richard , as she will regret it in the long run . He confesses that it was `` boredom '' that caused his own marriage to fail , and he does n't want her to make the same mistake . Karen feels misled and angrily storms into the house . Harold is on the phone with his daughter , Molly , and lets Meg talk to her . Observing their interaction on the phone , Sarah decides to let Harold impregnate Meg , but does not tell him yet . The group once again discusses Alex. Nick says , `` Alex died for most of us a long time ago , '' but Sam disagrees and leaves . Karen follows him , and the two have sex outside . Sarah tells Harold about Meg 's situation , while Chloe and Nick go to bed together , even though he warns her of his condition . Meg and Harold then have sex -- she says `` I feel like I got a great break on a used car '' -- while Michael and Sarah joke around and interview each other with a video camera . In the morning while Karen is packing her clothes , she subtly tells Sam that she has decided to stay with Richard . At the breakfast table , Harold reveals that Nick and Chloe will be staying in the guest house for a while so they can renovate the old abandoned house . Sam and Nick then make up from their argument the night before . Nick gives Michael an old clipping of an article he had written about Alex , which Alex had saved . At the end of the movie , Michael states , tongue in cheek , `` Sarah , Harold . We took a secret vote . We 're not leaving . We 're never leaving . '' They all laugh and `` Joy to the World '' plays as the credits roll . Cast ( edit ) Tom Berenger as Sam Weber Glenn Close as Sarah Cooper Jeff Goldblum as Michael Gold William Hurt as Nick Carlton Kevin Kline as Harold Cooper Mary Kay Place as Meg Jones Meg Tilly as Chloe JoBeth Williams as Karen Bowens Don Galloway as Richard Bowens James Gillis as minister Ken Place as Peter the cop Jacob Kasdan as autograph seeker Patricia Gaul as Annie Kevin Costner as Alex Marshall ( scenes deleted ) Muriel Moore as Alex 's mother Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Richard Corliss of Time described The Big Chill as a `` funny and ferociously smart movie , '' stating : These Americans are in their 30s today , but back then they were the Now Generation . Right Now : give me peace , give me justice , gim me good lovin ' . For them , in the voluptuous bloom of youth , the ' 60s was a banner you could carry aloft or wrap yourself inside . A verdant anarchy of politics , sex , drugs and style carpeted the landscape . And each impulse was scored to the rollick of the new music : folk , rock , pop , R&B . The armies of the night marched to Washington , but they boogied to Liverpool and Motown . Now , in 1983 , Harold & Sarah & Sam & Karen & Michael & Meg & Nick -- classmates all from the University of Michigan at the end of our last interesting decade -- have come to the funeral of a friend who has slashed his wrists . Alex was a charismatic prodigy of science and friendship and progressive hell raising who opted out of academe to try social work , then manual labor , then suicide . He is presented as a victim of terminal decompression from the orbital flight of his college years : a worst - case scenario his friends must ponder , probing themselves for symptoms of the disease . Vincent Canby of the New York Times argued that the film is a `` very accomplished , serious comedy '' and an `` unusually good choice to open this year 's ( New York Film Festival ) in that it represents the best of mainstream American film making . '' Roger Ebert gave the film two and a half stars out of four and stated , `` The Big Chill is a splendid technical exercise . It has all the right moves . It knows all the right words . Its characters have all the right clothes , expressions , fears , lusts and ambitions . But there 's no payoff and it does n't lead anywhere . I thought at first that was a weakness of the movie . There also is the possibility that it 's the movie 's message . '' The DVD of the film received a 68 % rating from Rotten Tomatoes ( 23 fresh and 11 rotten reviews ) . Accolades ( edit ) The Big Chill won two major awards : Toronto International Film Festival People 's Choice Award Writers Guild of America Award Best Comedy Written Directly for the Screen It was nominated for three Oscars : Best Actress in a Supporting Role ( Glenn Close ) Best Writing , Screenplay Written Directly for the Screen Best Picture Other nominations include : Directors Guild of America Award BAFTA Award for Best Original Screenplay Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy Golden Globe Award for Best Screenplay In 2004 `` Ai n't Too Proud to Beg '' finished # 94 in AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs poll . In popular culture ( edit ) The film was parodied by T. Coraghessan Boyle in his short story The Little Chill . The story begins , `` Hal had known Rob and Irene , Jill , Harvey , Tottle , and Pesky since elementary school , and they were all 40 going on 60 . '' Soundtrack ( edit ) Ten of the songs from the film were released on the soundtrack album , with four additional songs made available on the CD . The remainder of the film 's songs ( aside from the Rolling Stones ' `` You Ca n't Always Get What You Want '' ) were released in 1984 on a second soundtrack album . In 1998 , both albums were re-mastered , the first without the four additional CD tracks , which had also appeared on More Songs and were left there . In 2004 , Hip - O Records released a Deluxe edition , containing not only sixteen of the eighteen songs from the film ( `` Quicksilver Girl , '' by The Steve Miller Band , was unavailable ) , but three additional film instrumentals . A second `` music of a generation '' disc of nineteen additional tracks was included as well , some of which had appeared both on the original soundtrack and the More Songs release . Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ( edit ) The Big Chill Soundtrack album from the film The Big Chill by Various Artists Released September , 1983 Recorded 1963 - 1971 Genre R&B / Soul Length 43 : 38 Label Motown Records Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Allmusic link Side One Marvin Gaye ( 1968 ) : `` I Heard It Through the Grapevine '' ( extended version ) ( Norman Whitfield , Barrett Strong ) -- 5 : 03 The Temptations ( 1965 ) : `` My Girl '' ( Smokey Robinson , Ronald White ) -- 2 : 55 The Young Rascals ( 1966 ) : `` Good Lovin ' '' ( Rudy Clark , Arthur Resnick ) -- 2 : 28 The Miracles ( 1965 ) : `` The Tracks of My Tears '' ( Robinson , Warren Moore , Marvin Tarplin ) -- 2 : 53 Three Dog Night ( 1970 ) : `` Joy to the World '' ( Hoyt Axton ) -- 3 : 24 Side Two The Temptations ( 1966 ) : `` Ai n't Too Proud to Beg '' ( Whitfield , Edward Holland , Jr . ) -- 2 : 31 Aretha Franklin ( 1968 ) : `` ( You Make Me Feel Like ) A Natural Woman '' ( Gerry Goffin , Carole King , Jerry Wexler ) -- 2 : 41 Smokey Robinson and The Miracles ( 1967 ) : `` I Second That Emotion '' ( Robinson , Al Cleveland ) -- 2 : 46 Procol Harum ( 1967 ) : `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' ( Keith Reid , Gary Brooker , Matthew Fisher ) -- 4 : 03 The Exciters ( 1963 ) : `` Tell Him '' ( Bert Berns ) -- 2 : 29 Extra CD tracks The Four Tops ( 1965 ) : `` It 's the Same Old Song '' ( E. Holland , Lamont Dozier , Brian Holland ) -- 2 : 45 Martha and The Vandellas ( 1964 ) : `` Dancing in the Street '' ( Marvin Gaye , William `` Mickey '' Stevenson ) -- 2 : 38 Marvin Gaye ( 1971 ) : `` What 's Going On '' ( Gaye , Cleveland , Renaldo `` Obie '' Benson ) -- 3 : 52 The Marvelettes ( 1964 ) : `` Too Many Fish in the Sea '' ( Whitfield , E. Holland ) -- 2 : 26 Year Chart Position Billboard Black Albums 40 The Billboard 200 17 Organization Level Date RIAA -- USA Gold December 12 , 1983 RIAA -- USA Platinum March 29 , 1984 RIAA -- USA Double Platinum September 27 , 1985 RIAA -- USA 4x Platinum July 20 , 1998 RIAA -- USA 6x Platinum October 15 , 1998 More Songs from The Original Soundtrack ( edit ) Side One Creedence Clearwater Revival -- `` Bad Moon Rising '' The Beach Boys -- `` Would n't It Be Nice '' Four Tops -- `` It 's the Same Old Song '' Percy Sledge -- `` When a Man Loves a Woman '' Martha and the Vandellas -- `` Dancing in the Street '' Marvin Gaye -- `` What 's Going On '' Side Two The Young Rascals -- `` In the Midnight Hour '' Steve Miller Band -- `` Quicksilver Girl '' The Spencer Davis Group -- `` Gimme Some Lovin ' '' The Marvelettes -- `` Too Many Fish in the Sea '' The Band -- `` The Weight '' Deluxe Edition ( edit ) Disc 1 Marvin Gaye -- `` I Heard It Through The Grapevine '' ( Extended version ) The Temptations -- `` My Girl '' The Young Rascals -- `` Good Lovin ' '' The Miracles -- `` The Tracks of My Tears '' Three Dog Night -- `` Joy to the World '' The Temptations -- `` Ai n't Too Proud to Beg '' Aretha Franklin -- `` ( You Make Me Feel Like A ) Natural Woman '' Smokey Robinson & The Miracles -- `` I Second That Emotion '' Procol Harum -- `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' The Exciters -- `` Tell Him '' Creedence Clearwater Revival -- `` Bad Moon Rising '' Percy Sledge -- `` When a Man Loves a Woman '' The Young Rascals -- `` In the Midnight Hour '' The Spencer Davis Group -- `` Gimme Some Lovin ' '' The Band -- `` The Weight '' The Beach Boys -- `` Would n't It Be Nice '' Bert Kaempfert -- `` Strangers in the Night '' The Rolling Stones -- `` You Ca n't Always Get What You Want '' ( Church version ) `` J.T. Lancer Theme '' Disc 2 Four Tops -- `` It 's the Same Old Song '' Martha & The Vandellas -- `` Dancing in the Street '' Marvin Gaye -- `` What 's Going On '' The Marvelettes -- `` Too Many Fish in the Sea '' Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell -- `` Ai n't Nothing Like the Real Thing '' Jimmy Ruffin -- `` What Becomes of the Brokenhearted '' Jr . Walker & The All Stars -- `` Shotgun '' Isley Brothers -- `` Take Me in Your Arms ( Rock Me a Little While ) '' The Supremes -- `` Ask Any Girl '' Lesley Gore -- `` You Do n't Own Me '' Spanky & Our Gang -- `` Like to Get to Know You '' The Mamas and The Papas -- `` Monday , Monday '' Moody Blues -- `` Nights in White Satin ( The Night ) '' Joe Cocker -- `` Feeling Alright '' Wayne Fontana & The Mindbenders -- `` Game of Love '' James Brown -- `` I Got You ( I Feel Good ) '' Blues Magoos -- `` ( We Ai n't Got ) Nothin ' Yet '' The Zombies -- `` Time of the Season '' Howard Tate -- `` Get It While You Can '' See also ( edit ) Film portal List of American films of 1983 Return of the Secaucus 7 Hometown ( TV series ) Peter 's Friends Indian Summer References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Emmanuel , Susan . `` Thirtysomething '' . Museum of Broadcast Communications . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ Corliss , Richard ( 1983 - 09 - 12 ) . `` Cinema : You Get What You Need '' . Time . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ Canby , Vincent ( September 23 , 1983 ) . `` The Big Chill ( 1983 ) ; Reunion of 60 's Activists '' . New York Times . Retrieved November 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( 1983 - 09 - 30 ) . `` The Big Chill '' . Rogerebert.suntimes.com . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Chill ( 1983 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ Boyle , T. Coraghessan ( 1989 ) `` The Little Chill , '' in If the River Was Whiskey . New York : Viking . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Big Chill ( film ) The Big Chill on IMDb The Big Chill at Rotten Tomatoes The Big Chill at AllMovie ( hide ) Films directed by Lawrence Kasdan Body Heat ( 1981 ) The Big Chill ( 1983 ) Silverado ( 1985 ) The Accidental Tourist ( 1988 ) I Love You to Death ( 1990 ) Grand Canyon ( 1991 ) Wyatt Earp ( 1994 ) French Kiss ( 1995 ) Mumford ( 1999 ) Dreamcatcher ( 2003 ) Darling Companion ( 2012 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Big_Chill_(film)&oldid=797858250 '' Categories : English - language films 1983 films 1980s comedy - drama films American comedy - drama films American films Carson Productions films Class reunions in popular culture Columbia Pictures films Films about suicide Films directed by Lawrence Kasdan Films set in South Carolina Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2017 , at 15 : 52 . 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who hit 50 home runs in a season	Members of the 50 home run club Year Player Team HR Career HR Ref 1920 Babe Ruth New York Yankees 54 714 1921 Babe Ruth ( 2 ) New York Yankees 59 714 1927 Babe Ruth ( 3 ) New York Yankees 60 714 1928 Babe Ruth ( 4 ) New York Yankees 54 714 1930 Hack Wilson Chicago Cubs 56 244 1932 Jimmie Foxx Philadelphia Athletics 58 534 1938 Jimmie Foxx ( 2 ) Boston Red Sox 50 534 1938 Hank Greenberg Detroit Tigers 58 331 1947 Johnny Mize New York Giants 51 359 1947 Ralph Kiner Pittsburgh Pirates 51 369 1949 Ralph Kiner ( 2 ) Pittsburgh Pirates 54 369 1955 Willie Mays New York Giants 51 660 1956 Mickey Mantle New York Yankees 52 536 1961 Mickey Mantle ( 2 ) New York Yankees 54 536 1961 Roger Maris New York Yankees 61 275 1965 Willie Mays ( 2 ) San Francisco Giants 52 660 1977 George Foster Cincinnati Reds 52 348 Cecil Fielder Detroit Tigers 51 319 1995 Albert Belle Cleveland Indians 50 381 Brady Anderson Baltimore Orioles 50 210 Mark McGwire Oakland Athletics 52 583 1997 Ken Griffey Jr . Seattle Mariners 56 630 1997 Mark McGwire ( 2 ) Oakland Athletics St. Louis Cardinals 58 583 1998 Greg Vaughn San Diego Padres 50 355 1998 Ken Griffey Jr. ( 2 ) Seattle Mariners 56 630 1998 Sammy Sosa Chicago Cubs 66 609 1998 Mark McGwire ( 3 ) St. Louis Cardinals 70 583 1999 Sammy Sosa ( 2 ) Chicago Cubs 63 609 1999 Mark McGwire ( 4 ) St. Louis Cardinals 65 583 2000 Sammy Sosa ( 3 ) Chicago Cubs 50 609 2001 Alex Rodriguez Texas Rangers 52 696 2001 Luis Gonzalez Arizona Diamondbacks 57 354 2001 Sammy Sosa ( 4 ) Chicago Cubs 64 609 2001 Barry Bonds San Francisco Giants 73 762 2002 Jim Thome Cleveland Indians 52 612 2002 Alex Rodriguez ( 2 ) Texas Rangers 57 696 2005 Andruw Jones Atlanta Braves 51 434 2006 Ryan Howard Philadelphia Phillies 58 382 2006 David Ortiz Boston Red Sox 54 541 2007 Alex Rodriguez ( 3 ) New York Yankees 54 696 2007 Prince Fielder Milwaukee Brewers 50 319 José Bautista Toronto Blue Jays 54 338 2013 Chris Davis Baltimore Orioles 53 261 2017 Giancarlo Stanton Miami Marlins 59 289 2017 Aaron Judge New York Yankees 52 81		50 home run club	50 home run club	In Major League Baseball ( MLB ) , the 50 home run club is the group of batters who have hit 50 or more home runs in a single season . Babe Ruth was the first to achieve this , doing so in 1920 . By reaching the milestone , he also became the first player to hit 30 and then 40 home runs in a single - season , breaking his own record of 29 from the 1919 season . Ruth subsequently became the first player to reach the 50 home run club on four occasions , repeating the achievement in 1921 , 1927 and 1928 . He remained the only player to accomplish this until Mark McGwire and Sammy Sosa matched his feat in 1999 and 2001 , respectively , thus becoming the only players to achieve four consecutive 50 home run seasons . Barry Bonds hit the most home runs to join the club , collecting 73 in 2001 . The most recent players to reach the milestone are Giancarlo Stanton and Aaron Judge , achieving the feat during the 2017 season .	In total , 29 players have reached the 50 home run club in MLB history and nine have done so more than once . Of these , seventeen were right - handed batters , eleven were left - handed , and one was a switch hitter , meaning he could bat from either side of the plate . Four of these players ( including two active members of the 50 home run club ) have played for only one major league team . The New York Yankees are the only franchise to have five players reach the milestone while on their roster : Ruth , Mickey Mantle , Roger Maris , Alex Rodriguez , and Judge . Ten players are also members of the 500 home run club and two of them ( Willie Mays and Rodriguez ) are also members of the 3,000 hit club . Ten players won the Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) Award in the same year as their 50 home run season . Mantle is the only player to have earned the Major League Triple Crown alongside achieving 50 home runs , leading both leagues in batting average , home runs and runs batted in ( RBI ) . Mantle and Maris -- collectively known as the M&M Boys -- are the only teammates to reach the 50 home run club in the same season , hitting a combined 115 home runs in 1961 and breaking the single - season record for home runs by a pair of teammates . Albert Belle is the only player to amass 50 or more doubles in addition to attaining 50 home runs . Prince Fielder , at 23 years and 139 days , was the youngest player to reach the milestone while Bonds , at age 37 , was the oldest . Due to the infrequent addition of members into the 50 home run club , Baseball Digest called it `` a restrictive fraternity comprising slugging elite '' in 1954 , when there were only six members . Of the seventeen members eligible for the Baseball Hall of Fame , eight have been elected and three were elected on the first ballot . Eligibility requires that a player has `` been retired five seasons '' or deceased for at least six months , disqualifying four active players and five players who have been retired for less than five seasons . Some believe the milestone has become less important with the large number of new members ; fifteen players joined the club on a total of 24 occasions from 1995 to 2010 . Additionally , several of these recent members have had ties to performance - enhancing drugs . Contents 1 Members 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References Members ( edit ) Babe Ruth was the first member of the 50 home run club and joined it in four seasons , a record he shares with Mark McGwire and Sammy Sosa . Jimmie Foxx achieved the 50 home run club and won the MVP Award in 1932 and 1938 . Mickey Mantle ( right ) earned the Triple Crown in addition to achieving the 50 home run club in 1956 . Five years later , he and Roger Maris ( left ) became the only teammates to reach the 50 home run club in the same season . Key Year The year the player 's 50 home run season occurred Player ( X ) Name of the player and number of 50 home run seasons they had accomplished at that point Team The player 's team for his 50 home run season HR Number of home runs in that season Career HR The number of home runs the player hit in his MLB career Denotes single - season home run record progression Elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame Player is active Members of the 50 home run club Year Player Team HR Career HR Ref 1920 Babe Ruth New York Yankees 54 714 1921 Babe Ruth ( 2 ) New York Yankees 59 714 1927 Babe Ruth ( 3 ) New York Yankees 60 714 1928 Babe Ruth ( 4 ) New York Yankees 54 714 1930 Hack Wilson Chicago Cubs 56 244 1932 Jimmie Foxx Philadelphia Athletics 58 534 1938 Jimmie Foxx ( 2 ) Boston Red Sox 50 534 1938 Hank Greenberg Detroit Tigers 58 331 1947 Johnny Mize New York Giants 51 359 1947 Ralph Kiner Pittsburgh Pirates 51 369 1949 Ralph Kiner ( 2 ) Pittsburgh Pirates 54 369 1955 Willie Mays New York Giants 51 660 1956 Mickey Mantle New York Yankees 52 536 1961 Mickey Mantle ( 2 ) New York Yankees 54 536 1961 Roger Maris New York Yankees 61 275 1965 Willie Mays ( 2 ) San Francisco Giants 52 660 1977 George Foster Cincinnati Reds 52 348 Cecil Fielder Detroit Tigers 51 319 1995 Albert Belle Cleveland Indians 50 381 Brady Anderson Baltimore Orioles 50 210 Mark McGwire Oakland Athletics 52 583 1997 Ken Griffey Jr . Seattle Mariners 56 630 1997 Mark McGwire ( 2 ) Oakland Athletics St. Louis Cardinals 58 583 1998 Greg Vaughn San Diego Padres 50 355 1998 Ken Griffey Jr. ( 2 ) Seattle Mariners 56 630 1998 Sammy Sosa Chicago Cubs 66 609 1998 Mark McGwire ( 3 ) St. Louis Cardinals 70 583 1999 Sammy Sosa ( 2 ) Chicago Cubs 63 609 1999 Mark McGwire ( 4 ) St. Louis Cardinals 65 583 2000 Sammy Sosa ( 3 ) Chicago Cubs 50 609 2001 Alex Rodriguez Texas Rangers 52 696 2001 Luis Gonzalez Arizona Diamondbacks 57 354 2001 Sammy Sosa ( 4 ) Chicago Cubs 64 609 2001 Barry Bonds San Francisco Giants 73 762 2002 Jim Thome Cleveland Indians 52 612 2002 Alex Rodriguez ( 2 ) Texas Rangers 57 696 2005 Andruw Jones Atlanta Braves 51 434 2006 Ryan Howard Philadelphia Phillies 58 382 2006 David Ortiz Boston Red Sox 54 541 2007 Alex Rodriguez ( 3 ) New York Yankees 54 696 2007 Prince Fielder Milwaukee Brewers 50 319 José Bautista Toronto Blue Jays 54 338 2013 Chris Davis Baltimore Orioles 53 261 2017 Giancarlo Stanton Miami Marlins 59 289 2017 Aaron Judge New York Yankees 52 81 See also ( edit ) Baseball portal List of Major League Baseball home run champions Major League Baseball single - season home run record List of Major League Baseball home run records Notes ( edit ) References ( edit ) General `` Single - Season Leaders & Records for Home Runs '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Specific Jump up ^ Johnston , Joey ( July 1987 ) . `` Will 50 - Homer Seasons Become Extinct in the Majors ? '' . Baseball Digest . Evanston , IL , USA : Century Publishing . 46 ( 7 ) : 60 -- 61 . ISSN 0005 - 609X . Jump up ^ Smith , Claire ( September 29 , 1997 ) . `` On Baseball ; Numbers Tell It All : 1997 Was Impressive '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Larry Walker ... missed joining McGwire and Griffey in the 50 home run club ( 49 ) . Jump up ^ Bastian , Jordan ( September 19 , 2010 ) . `` Bautista belts 49th as Jays edge Red Sox '' . MLB.com . MLB Advanced Media . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2013 . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Bautista ( 's ) ... next blast will put him in the 50 home run club . Jump up ^ `` Progressive Leaders & Records for Home Runs '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Babe Ruth Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Single - Season Leaders & Records for Home Runs '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kepner , Tyler ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` Aaron Judge Hits 2 More Homers , Breaking Mark McGwire 's Rookie Record '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ryan Howard Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Career Leaders & Records for Home Runs '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Career Leaders & Records for Hits '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Most Valuable Player MVP Awards & Cy Young Awards Winners '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mantle Eligible for ' Hall ' Today '' . Sarasota Herald - Tribune . January 16 , 1974 . p. 24 . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Mantle took the triple crown in 1956 when he batted . 353 with 52 home runs and 130 runs batted in . Jump up ^ `` Mickey Mantle Named Most Valuable Player '' . The Milwaukee Journal . November 15 , 1956 . p. 20 . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Mantle , who won the triple batting crown ... , became the eighth man in history to win the batting , home run and runs batted in titles in one season . ( He ) led the league , both leagues in fact , with a . 353 batting average , 52 homers and 130 runs batted in . Jump up ^ `` 1956 Major League Baseball Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved June 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Singer , Tom ( August 24 , 2011 ) . `` Plenty of duos have look of M&M Boys '' . MLB.com . MLB Advanced Media . Retrieved July 27 , 2012 . ( T ) heir combined total of 115 still stands as the benchmark for teammates . Jump up ^ `` A Short History of the Single - Season Home Run Record '' . National Baseball Hall of Fame . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . ( Maris ) and Mantle ... broke the record for most single - season home runs by a pair of teammates . Jump up ^ Carter , Bob ( September 5 , 2006 ) . `` Belle battled fans , teammates , self '' . ESPN . ESPN Internet Ventures . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2011 . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . In 1995 , ... he became the first player to amass 50 doubles and 50 homers in the same year . Jump up ^ `` Belle is forgotten man '' . The Spokesman - Review . September 27 , 1998 . p . C5 . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . ( H ) e became the first player to hit 50 homers and 50 doubles in 1995 . Jump up ^ `` Prince hits 50 , but it 's 52 he wants to ' shut up ' his dad '' . ESPN . ESPN Internet Ventures . September 26 , 2007 . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball ; Giants ' Bonds Is Fastest to 50 Homers '' . The New York Times . August 12 , 2001 . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Leonard , George K. ( October 1954 ) . `` 37 Stars Hit 50 Homers in Year ! '' . Baseball Digest . Evanston , IL , USA : Century Publishing . 13 ( 9 ) : 43 . ISSN 0005 - 609X . Retrieved July 11 , 2012 . Not as exclusive as the `` Four Homers in One Game Club '' but , nevertheless , a restrictive sort of fraternity is that comprising batters who have blasted 50 -- or more -- home runs in one season . This group of slugging elite ... Jump up ^ `` Rules for Election '' . National Baseball Hall of Fame . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Chass , Murray ( September 30 , 2001 ) . `` Baseball : Notebook ; Measure of Inflation For Home Run Race '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 15 , 2012 . I think it takes some of the luster off the numbers that some of the best players established ... Jump up ^ Schwarz , Alan ( June 9 , 2002 ) . `` Ideas & Trends ; Scoring Hits , Runs and Asterisks '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 15 , 2012 . Where 50 home runs in a season once meant something ( just 18 players did it before 1995 ) , 16 have since ... Jump up ^ Krawczynski , Jon ( October 2 , 2010 ) . `` Bautista 's homer binge brings questions '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 15 , 2012 . McGwire has admitted to using steroids during his career and Sosa and Bonds have been dogged by allegations . Jump up ^ Bloom , Barry M. ( December 13 , 2007 ) . `` Mitchell Report proposes solutions '' . MLB.com . MLB Advanced Media . Retrieved July 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kepner , Tyler ( February 9 , 2009 ) . `` Rodriguez Admits to Use of Performance Enhancers '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schmidt , Michael S. ( July 30 , 2009 ) . `` Ortiz and Ramirez Said to Be on 2003 Doping List '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hack Wilson Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jimmie Foxx Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hank Greenberg Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Mize Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ralph Kiner Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Willie Mays Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mickey Mantle Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Maris Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` George Foster Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cecil Fielder Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Albert Belle Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Brady Anderson Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mark McGwire Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 15 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ken Griffey Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Greg Vaughn Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sammy Sosa Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alex Rodriguez Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Luis Gonzalez Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Barry Bonds Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Thome Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Andruw Jones Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` David Ortiz Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Prince Fielder Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jose Bautista Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Davis Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved September 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Giancarlo Stanton Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Aaron Judge Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Major League Baseball records Baseball statistics ( types of records ) General Record holders Single - game records Single - season records Record breakers by season Records considered unbreakable Titles leaders Batting leaders Career Batting average On - base percentage Times on base Slugging percentage OPS Hits 3,000 club Progressive Singles Doubles Triples Home runs 500 club Progressive Extra base hits RBIs Total bases Walks Intentional HBP Strikeouts Games played At - bats Plate appearances Annual Batting average Doubles Triples Home runs RBI Season Batting average Triples Home run Progressive Game Home runs Hitting for the cycle Grand slams RBI Game Inning Hits Misc Consecutive game hitting streak On - base plus slugging Hits Home runs Doubles Triples RBIs Baserunning leaders Career Runs Stolen bases Annual Runs Stolen bases Game Runs Misc Runs Stolen bases Pitching leaders Career Wins 300 club Losses Games started Games finished Innings pitched Strikeouts 3,000 club Saves Complete games Shutouts ERA WHIP Walks Hit batsmen Wild pitches Batters faced Annual Wins Saves Shutouts Strikeouts ERA Game No - hitters Perfect games Strikeouts Game Inning Immaculate innings Misc Wins Fielding leaders Career Putouts 1B 2B SS 3B OF LF CF RF Errors 1B 2B SS 3B OF LF Assists Passed balls Annual Putouts Errors Managing records Wins and winning percentage Multiple stat records Triple Crown 20 -- 20 -- 20 club 30 -- 30 club 40 -- 40 club Other Consecutive games played Longest winning streaks Longest losing streaks Individual streaks Titles streaks Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=50_home_run_club&oldid=855528280 '' Categories : Major League Baseball statistics Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本語 Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 August 2018 , at 00 : 00 ( UTC ) . 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what was the basic idea behind the anaconda plan	The Anaconda Plan is the name applied to a U.S. Union Army outline strategy for suppressing the Confederacy at the beginning of the American Civil War . Proposed by General - in - Chief Winfield Scott , the plan emphasized a Union blockade of the Southern ports , and called for an advance down the Mississippi River to cut the South in two . Because the blockade would be rather passive , it was widely derided by a vociferous faction of Union generals who wanted a more vigorous prosecution of the war , and who likened it to the coils of an anaconda suffocating its victim . The snake image caught on , giving the proposal its popular name .	emphasized a Union blockade of the Southern ports , and called for an advance down the Mississippi River to cut the South in two	Anaconda plan	anaconda plan	The Anaconda Plan is the name applied to a U.S. Union Army outline strategy for suppressing the Confederacy at the beginning of the American Civil War . Proposed by General - in - Chief Winfield Scott , the plan emphasized a Union blockade of the Southern ports , and called for an advance down the Mississippi River to cut the South in two . Because the blockade would be rather passive , it was widely derided by a vociferous faction of Union generals who wanted a more vigorous prosecution of the war , and who likened it to the coils of an anaconda suffocating its victim . The snake image caught on , giving the proposal its popular name .	In the early days of the Civil War , General - in - Chief Winfield Scott 's proposed strategy for the war against the South had two prominent features : first , all ports in the seceding states were to be rigorously blockaded ; second , a strong column of perhaps 80,000 men should use the Mississippi River as a highway to thrust completely through the Confederacy . A spearhead , a relatively small amphibious force of army troops transported by boats and supported by gunboats , should advance rapidly , capturing the Confederate positions down the river in sequence . They would be followed by a more traditional army , marching behind them to secure the victories . The culminating battle would be for the forts below New Orleans ; when they fell , the river would be in Federal hands from its source to its mouth , and the rebellion would be cut in two . Contents ( hide ) 1 Objections 2 Origin of the plan 3 Development : Mississippi River 4 Development : the blockade 4.1 Atlantic blockade 4.2 Gulf blockade 5 Evaluation 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Objections ( edit ) Scott 's plan had elements similar to a plan created before the Civil War . That antebellum plan was intended to crush a limited domestic insurrection by closing ports and using the Army to pressure civilians to demand surrender . It was not intended to deal with a new political organization with a regular army . The complete strategy could not be implemented immediately , as no warships of the type imagined for the Mississippi campaign existed . The U.S. Navy was also too small to enforce the blockade in the first months of the war . It would take time to gather and train the forces needed to carry out the Mississippi thrust , time that the critics of the plan were unwilling to concede . Hence , Scott 's plan was subjected to a great deal of ridicule . His opponents called for an immediate overland campaign , directed primarily at the Confederate capital of Richmond , Virginia . Their stated belief was that if a few strongholds were taken , the Confederacy would collapse . The conflict was not the brief affair that Scott 's critics imagined . In the four years of war , the Federal Navy enforced a blockade that certainly weakened the South , although its effect on the war effort is still debated . Furthermore , the Confederacy was split in two by a campaign based on the Mississippi River , and a consensus has now been established that this Southern defeat was at least as important in the final collapse of the Rebellion as the land battles in the East that had so long attracted both public and historians ' attention . The form of the Northern victory thus turned out to look very much like what Scott had proposed in the early days . Consequently , the Anaconda has been somewhat rehabilitated , and general histories of the Civil War often credit it with guiding President Abraham Lincoln 's strategy throughout . Origin of the plan ( edit ) The Anaconda had a historical development , both in its origin and the way it played out in the experience of battle . The blockade had already been proclaimed by President Lincoln . On April 19 , 1861 , a week after the bombardment of Fort Sumter that marked the outbreak of the war , he announced that the ports of all the seceded states , from South Carolina through Texas , would be blockaded ; later , when Virginia and North Carolina also seceded , their coastlines were added . This executive order was not rescinded until the end of the war , so the blockade existed independently of Scott 's plan . In the early days of the secession movement , the status of the border states Missouri , Kentucky , Maryland , and Delaware , all of which allowed slavery , was unclear . All except Delaware had strong pro-Southern interests . Missouri was torn by internal conflict that mimicked in miniature the larger war that was convulsing the nation ; Maryland was kept in the Union by jailing many of the opposition faction ; and Kentucky tried to keep the peace by proclaiming its neutrality , whereby it would aid neither the North nor the South if they would agree to leave the state alone . Because Congress was not in session to authorize Presidential initiatives to suppress the rebellion , the burden of raising troops for the war fell on the loyal state governments . Ohio was particularly active in doing so , and early acquired the services of George B. McClellan , who was to serve as the commander of its militia , with rank Major General of Volunteers . In a few weeks , as the state militias were incorporated into the national service , the militias of Indiana and Illinois were added to his command . From this power base , he felt enabled on April 27 , 1861 to write a letter to General Winfield Scott outlining his strategy . He proposed an immediate march on Richmond , by this time the capital of the Confederacy , directed up the Kanawha River ; alternatively , if Kentucky were to leave the Union , a march directly across that state should take Nashville , after which he would `` act on circumstances . '' Scott 's endorsement of McClellan 's letter , which he submitted to the President , shows that he considered it , but not favorably . First , the Kanawha was not suited for water transport , so the march on Richmond would have to be overland , and thus subject to breakdowns of men , horses , and equipment . More serious was that western Virginia ( West Virginia had not yet parted from Virginia ) was still very much pro-Union ; according to Scott 's estimate , its populace stood five out of seven opposed to secession . An invasion as proposed would alienate many of these people , and would subject both enemies and friends to the ravages of war . The same argument could be applied to Kentucky . Perhaps most damaging , the war as proposed would subjugate the Confederacy piecemeal , with by necessity the border states bearing most of the burden , `` instead of enveloping them all ( nearly ) at once by a cordon of ports on the Mississippi to its mouth from its junction with the Ohio , and by blockading ships on the sea board . '' The germ of Scott 's Anaconda Plan for suppressing the insurrection is seen in the endorsement . In a few days , he had given it more thought , and he submitted his own proposal in a letter to McClellan on May 3 , 1861 . A second letter , dated May 21 , was his final outline of the plan . General Scott was not able to impose his strategic vision on the government . Aged and infirm , he had to retire before the year was out . He was replaced as General - in - Chief by none other than George B. McClellan . Development : Mississippi River ( edit ) Battle of Vicksburg , by Kurz and Allison Under McClellan and his eventual successor in the West , Maj. Gen. Henry Wager Halleck , the Mississippi became a somewhat neglected theater for operations in the West . Halleck , with McClellan 's approval , believed in turning the enemy 's Mississippi River strongholds rather than attacking them directly , so he moved away from the river . As he saw it , the Tennessee rather than the Mississippi was the `` great strategic line of the Western campaign . '' The Navy Department , however , remained committed to the idea of opening the Mississippi . The department , in the person of Assistant Secretary of the Navy Gustavus Vasa Fox , early decided on the capture of New Orleans by a naval expedition from the Gulf of Mexico , after which all other towns bordering the river would fall rather than face bombardment . The task of taking New Orleans was entrusted to Captain ( later Admiral ) David Glasgow Farragut , who followed his own plans for the battle ; running his fleet past the forts that defended the city from the south on the night of April 24 , 1862 , he forced the city to surrender . After repairing his ships from the damage they had suffered while passing the forts , he sent them up the river , where they successively sought and obtained the surrender of Baton Rouge and Natchez . The string of easy conquests came to an end at Vicksburg , Mississippi , however , as the Confederate position there occupied bluffs high enough to render them impregnable to the naval gunnery of the day . Following the loss of Island No. 10 shortly before Farragut took New Orleans , the Confederates had abandoned Memphis , Tennessee , leaving only a small rear guard to conduct a delaying operation . In early June , this was swept aside by the gunboats of the Western Gunboat Flotilla ( soon thereafter to be transformed into the Mississippi River Squadron ) and a collection of War Department rams , and the Mississippi was open down to Vicksburg . Thus that city became the only point on the river not in Federal hands . Again , the Army under Halleck did not grasp the opportunity that was provided . He failed to send even a small body of troops to aid the ships , and soon Farragut was forced by falling water levels to withdraw his deep - draft vessels to the vicinity of New Orleans . The Army did not attempt to take Vicksburg until November , and then it was under the leadership of Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant , after Halleck had been called to Washington to replace McClellan as General - in - Chief . By the time that Grant became commander in the West , the Confederate Army had been able to fortify Vicksburg and Port Hudson to the south . This 130 miles stretch ( 210 km measured along roads , somewhat longer on the river ) , including the confluence of the Red River with the Mississippi , became the last contact between the eastern Confederacy and the Trans - Mississippi . Having no doubt of its importance , the government of Confederate President Jefferson Davis in Richmond strengthened both positions . Command at Vicksburg in particular passed from Brig. Gen. Martin L. Smith to Maj. Gen. Earl Van Dorn to Lt. Gen. John C. Pemberton ; the size of the defending army increased in step with the advancing rank of its commander . The campaign for Vicksburg eventually settled into a siege , terminated on July 4 , 1863 , with Pemberton 's surrender of all the forces under his command . At that time , his army numbered approximately 29,500 men . When word of the loss of Vicksburg reached the garrison at Port Hudson , Maj. Gen. Franklin Gardner , the commander there , knew that further resistance was pointless . On July 9 , 1863 , he surrendered the post and its garrison to the Federal Army of the Gulf and its commander , Maj. Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks . Henceforth , in the phrase of Abraham Lincoln , `` The Father of Waters again goes unvexed to the sea . '' Development : the blockade ( edit ) USS Kanawha cutting out a blockade runner at the entrance to Mobile Bay The Anaconda Plan as proposed by Scott relied on the blockade , as he stated it , `` so as to envelop the insurgent States and bring them to terms with less bloodshed than by any other plan . '' Insofar as he foresaw direct combat , it was to be more or less confined to the central thrust down the Mississippi River . Almost surely he did not anticipate the level of violence that it provoked . For that matter , the blockade itself had to be modified by events , provoking much of the bloodshed that he hoped to avoid . Scott 's proposal for the blockade was not properly a strategy , although it is often referred to as such by historians . It did not estimate the forces that would be needed to guard the 3000 or more miles ( 4800 km ) of coastline in the seceded states . It did not consider an allocation of resources . It did not set out a time line , or even name points of particular concern . Much of this was later done by the Blockade Strategy Board , a group meeting at the request of the Navy Department but also with representatives from both the Army and the Treasury Department ( Coast Survey ) . During the summer of 1861 , the board issued a series of reports recommending how best to maintain the blockade , taking into account the topography of the coast , the relative merits of the various southern ports , the opposition likely to be encountered , and the nature of the ships that would be used by both sides . The board recommendations concerning the Gulf coast were rather rudimentary and largely ignored , but the blockade on the Atlantic coast followed their plan reasonably closely . -- See also : Blockade runners of the American Civil War . Atlantic blockade ( edit ) All parties recognized from the start that the blockading ships would have to be powered by steam . The limited endurance of steamships then implied that one of the first requirements would be possession of a harbor that would serve as a coaling station near the southern end of the blockading line , as otherwise blockaders would spend too much of their time going to and from home port seeking replenishment . All suitable harbors south of the Chesapeake Bay , however , were held by seceded states . In order to establish the blockade , therefore , at least one of them would have to be taken by the Federal forces . Thus , the blockade was immediately transformed from a purely open - water operation to one of at least limited occupation of enemy territory . Although the board recommended that Fernandina , Florida be taken as the southern anchor of the blockade , two other positions were captured before Fernandina . A pair of minor forts on the Outer Banks of North Carolina near Cape Hatteras were taken by Union forces on August 28 -- 29 , 1861 , and on November 7 a major fleet operation at Port Royal , South Carolina resulted in the capture of a deep - water harbor midway between Savannah and Charleston . The Hatteras expedition had been planned as a raid ; the plan called for it to be held only long enough to block up Hatteras Inlet . However , it was transformed into an incursion , and led early in the next year to a full invasion ( the so - called Burnside Expedition , which included the capture of Roanoke Island ) that established the Army permanently in eastern North Carolina . Port Royal in Union hands was soon used a base to make the blockade of Savannah almost complete , but Charleston was not so easily sealed off . Use of its harbor by blockade runners was curtailed , but to close it completely required some of the bitterest and most persistent ground action of the war . When Fernandina was seized in early March 1862 , the war was almost a year old , and some important changes had taken place . Following the Confederate defeats at Forts Henry and Donelson in Tennessee and Roanoke Island in North Carolina , the War Department in Richmond decided to concentrate its armies in vital interior areas , removing them from much of the coast . Only a few major ports would be defended . Only three of these were on the Atlantic seaboard : Wilmington , Charleston , and Savannah . In fact , only the first two were consequential ; a mere eight steam - powered blockade runners entered Georgia or northern Florida ports throughout the entire war . The blockade of Charleston merged into the campaign against the city waged by both the Army and the Navy , not completed until the last days of the war . Rather early in the war , the Federal Navy tried to block the harbor entrance by sinking ballast - laden hulks in the channels , but this proved ineffective or worse . Later , ships used in the blockade were used for the abortive assault on Fort Sumter on April 7 , 1863 . They also provided artillery support for the infantry attacks on Battery Wagner on July 11 and July 18 , 1863 . After both of these attempts to take the battery failed , the ships remained active in the ensuing siege that eventually resulted in its capture . Following this , the Union was able to mount its own guns at the mouth of the harbor , and although the city continued to resist , it was no longer the preferred terminus for blockade runners . While all this was going on , the local defenders were not passive . Extensive efforts to break the blockade included the use of torpedoes ( mines ) and armored ships to sink or otherwise render inoperative the Federal vessels . Imaginative methods to achieve the same end resulted in the development and deployment of submarines and torpedo boats . By contrast , the blockade of Wilmington was fairly conventional , and is the focus of most debate concerning the efficacy of the blockade . After the middle of July 1863 , when Charleston was largely sealed off , most of the trade between the Confederacy and northern Europe was conducted through Wilmington . The port retained its primacy until near the end of the Rebellion , when Fort Fisher , at the mouth of the Cape Fear River , was captured by Union forces in January 1865 . Gulf blockade ( edit ) The blockade of Confederate ports on the Gulf of Mexico was less important than that on the Atlantic . Not only were they farther from the centers of blockade - running activity in Bermuda and Nassau , but ships trying to reach them from the Atlantic Ocean would have to run past the Florida Keys , which remained in Federal control throughout the war and served as the base for the Gulf ( later , East Gulf ) Blockading Squadron . The same decision by the Confederate War Department that led to the abandonment of most of the Atlantic coast except for the major ports applied to the Gulf as well , with the result that only Mobile , New Orleans , and Galveston were defended . ( Brownsville , Texas / Matamoros , Tamaulipas , Mexico , at the mouth of the Rio Grande , is a special case that will not be treated here because of its international implications . ) Galveston was captured by Federal forces on October 4 , 1862 , but was retaken by the Rebels on New Year 's Day of the next year . It remained accessible to blockade runners for the rest of the war but , like all of the Trans - Mississippi , was rendered worthless to the Rebellion when the loss of Vicksburg completed Federal control of the Mississippi River . The Blockade Strategy Board had recommended that Ship Island , which lies in the Gulf between Mobile and New Orleans , be taken and used as a base for the ( West ) Gulf Blockading Squadron . This was easily done , as on September 16 , 1861 it was abandoned by its Rebel defenders , who feared that they might be cut off from the mainland . Their fears were justified ; the next day , USS Massachusetts arrived and offloaded Federal troops to take possession . Almost immediately , however , the island was transformed from base and coaling station to a more important function ; it became the staging area for the approaching attack on the Mississippi River forts that shielded New Orleans . After New Orleans fell to the Union fleet under Farragut on April 29 , 1862 , Mobile was the only serious problem for the blockade . It remained so , much like Wilmington , until late in the war . In August 1864 , Farragut got permission from the Navy Department and troops from the War Department to seize the forts at the entrance to Mobile Bay . Following his famous `` Damn the torpedoes '' run past the forts , they fell and were occupied by Federal soldiers . Mobile itself remained in Confederate control , but it was no longer useful as a port . Evaluation ( edit ) Although a century and a half has elapsed since the end of the Civil War , the importance of the Anaconda Plan remains to some extent a matter of debate . Clearly , the war was not the relatively bloodless affair that General Scott promised in his original proposal . Most historians regard this as merely a modification of the basic strategy in the course of events . At least one serious historian , however , denies that there ever was anything like a coherent strategy for subduing the South . Rowena Reed contends that the central government in Washington was unable to impose its will on the field commanders , so that the war was a series of independent campaigns , each of which was conducted according to the whims of whatever general happened to be in charge . According to her view , the Anaconda is a later , conceptual imposition of order on events for which order did not exist at the time that they took place . For the historians who contend that a rational plan did exist , the debate , like the plan itself , has two parts . The importance of the campaign to capture the Mississippi River , and thereby lop off the Trans - Mississippi , is acknowledged . Virtually all present - day historians agree that the Union 's Western campaign was at least as significant as that in the East . To the extent that fighting in the West before mid-1863 can be regarded as preparing for or culminating in the capture of Vicksburg , the Anaconda has been validated . The worth of the Union blockade , however , remains controversial . No one seriously contends that it alone would have won the war for the North . But while it is conceded not to have been sufficient , the question remains : Was it necessary ? That is , would the South have endured had not the blockade sapped the strength of the Rebel armies beyond the tipping point ? Those who deny the importance of the blockade advance two principal arguments . First , it was never very effective . Over the course of the war , more than three - quarters of all attempts to evade the blockade were successful . The one - quarter that did not get through can be written off as operational losses . This was because the blockade runners were small , and built for speed rather than capacity . Second and perhaps more important , the Southern armies were not hamstrung for lack of material , at least owing to the blockade . The supply problems they did face were most often caused by the poor condition of Confederate railroads in the American Civil War . Those who believe that the blockade was decisive argue that the Southern forces were strangled at the end . They point out that the collapse of the Army of Northern Virginia , which in 1865 was virtually all that remained of the Confederacy , followed soon after the loss of Wilmington to the Union . The timing , they contend , was not merely coincidental . Furthermore , the defeat of its armies was not the only way the South lost . The purpose of the blockade was not only to capture the ships that attempted to evade it , but also to discourage others . The blockade runners may have been numerous , but they were built for speed rather than the ability to carry cargo . The more conventional cargo vessels , and their spacious holds , went elsewhere . Unable to sell goods ( particularly cotton ) on the world market , the Confederate government was already strained financially as early as 1862 . As its economy steadily degenerated , it suffered from a general loss of confidence on the part of its citizens . See also ( edit ) Union blockade Blockade runners of the American Civil War Blockade mail of the Confederacy Ships captured in the American Civil War Bibliography of American Civil War naval history Notes ( edit ) Abbreviations used in these notes : ORA ( Official records , armies ) : War of the Rebellion : a compilation of the official records of the Union and Confederate Armies . ORN ( Official records , navies ) : Official records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion . Jump up ^ Wolfe , B. Anaconda Plan . ( 2011 , May 9 ) . Retrieved from Encyclopedia Virginia Web . 17 Oct. 2015 Jump up ^ ORA I , v. 51 / 1 , pp. 369 -- 370 , 387 Jump up ^ Carol Reardon , `` The Military Experience , '' in The Civil War Remembered , National Park Service Handbook , Virginia Beach , VA : The Donning Company Publishers , ISBN 978 - 1 - 57864 - 662 - 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ORN I , v. 4 , pp. 156 -- 157 , 340 . Jump up ^ Virginia , also a border state , had already seceded by the time the Anaconda was proposed . Jump up ^ ORA I , V. 51 / 1 , pp. 338 -- 339 . Jump up ^ ORA I , v. 51 / 1 , p. 339 . Jump up ^ ORN I , v. 22 , pp. 700 -- 701 . Jump up ^ ORA I , v. 10 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Gideon Welles , `` Admiral Farragut and New Orleans : with an account of the origin and command of the first three naval expeditions of the war , '' The Galaxy , v. 12 , pp. 669 -- 683 , 817 -- 832 ( November and December 1871 ) . ( 1 ) ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Dufour , Charles L. , The night the war was lost , pp. 265 -- 286 . Jump up ^ ORN I , v. 23 , pp. 118 -- 140 . Jump up ^ Shea and Winschel , Vicksburg is the key , pp. 17 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Halleck was called to the East to become the new General - in - Chief in mid-July , about the time that Farragut had to leave Vicksburg . Jump up ^ Shea and Winschel , Vicksburg is the key , pp. 20 , 36 . Jump up ^ Shea and Winschel , Vicksburg is the key , p. 178 . Jump up ^ Shea and Winschel , Vicksburg is the key , p. 200 . Jump up ^ ORA I , 51 / 1 , 369 , 387 . Jump up ^ According to historian Rowena Reed , much of the impetus for the Blockade Board came from Treasury Secretary Salmon P. Chase ; the US Revenue Service , which would be strongly affected by the blockade , was a part of the Treasury Department . See Reed , Rowena , Combined operations in the Civil War , p. 7 . Jump up ^ ORN I , v. 12 , pp , 195 -- 198 , 198 -- 201 , 201 -- 206 ; v. 16 , pp. 618 -- 630 , 651 -- 655 , 680 -- 681 . Jump up ^ Browning , Robert M. Jr , From Cape Charles to Cape Fear pp. 12 -- 15. ; ORN I , V. 6 , pp. 119 -- 145 ; ORA I , v. 4 , pp. 579 -- 594 . Jump up ^ Browning , Robert M. Jr. , Success is all that was expected , pp. 23 -- 42 . Interested readers may wish to compare Browning 's ( correct ) account of the bombardment of the forts at Port Royal with the Official Records ( ORN I , v. 12 , pp. 261 -- 265 ) . Flag Officer S.F. Du Pont misrepresented the motions of his ships . Unfortunately , many historians continue to follow Du Pont 's report . Jump up ^ Wise , Stephen R. , Lifeline of the Confederacy , pp. 122 -- 124 . Jump up ^ ORA I , v. 6 , p. 398 . Jump up ^ Wise , Stephen R. , Lifeline of the Confederacy , p. 260 ( Appendix 9 ) . Jump up ^ Simson , Jay W. , Naval strategies of the Civil War. , p. 70 . ORN I , v. 12 , pp. 416 -- 424 , 510 -- 515 . Jump up ^ Browning , Robert M. Jr. , Success is all that was expected , pp. 172 -- 180 . Jump up ^ Browning , Robert M. Jr. , Success is all that was expected , pp. 220 -- 234 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Spencer C. , Blue and gray navies . pp. 259 -- 267 . Jump up ^ Browning , Robert M. Jr. , From Cape Charles to Cape Fear , pp. 218 -- 248 . Jump up ^ Most of the trade of ports on the Gulf was with Havana ; see Wise , Lifeline of the Confederacy , pp. 262 -- 275 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Bern , By sea and by river , pp. 228 -- 230 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Spencer C. , Blue and gray navies . pp. 323 -- 327 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Spencer C. , Blue and gray navies , p. 186 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Spencer C. , Blue and gray navies , pp. 329 -- 426 ; ORN I , v. 21 , pp. 397 -- 601 . Jump up ^ Reed , Rowena , Combined operations in the Civil War . Jump up ^ The blockade was successfully evaded more than 1000 times , compared with about 1300 attempts : Wise , Stephen R. , Lifeline of the Confederacy , p. 221 . The lack of railroad iron may have been one result of the blockade . Jump up ^ Anderson , Bern , By sea and by river , pp. 230 -- 231 . References ( edit ) Anderson , Bern , By sea and by river : the naval history of the Civil War . New York : Knopf , 1962 ; reprint , New York : Da Capo Press , n.d. Browning , Robert M. Jr. , From Cape Charles to Cape Fear : the North Atlantic Blockading Squadron during the Civil War . Tuscaloosa : Univ. of Alabama Press , 1993 . Browning , Robert M. Jr. , Success is all that was expected : the South Atlantic Blockading Squadron during the Civil War . Dulles , VA : Brassey 's , 2002 . Dufour , Charles L. , The night the war was lost . Garden City , New York : Doubleday , 1960 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 6599 - 8 . Elliott , Charles Winslow , Winston Scott : the soldier and the man . Macmillan , 1937 . McPherson , James M. , Battle cry of freedom : The Civil War era ( Oxford History of the United States ) . Oxford University Press , 1988 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 503863 - 0 . Reed , Rowena , Combined Operations in the Civil War . Naval Institute Press , 1978 . Shea , William L. , and Winschel , Terrence J. , Vicksburg is the key : the struggle for the Mississippi River . Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press , 2003 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 9344 - 1 . Simson , Jay W. , Naval strategies of the Civil War : Confederate innovations and Federal opportunism . Nashville : Cumberland House , 2001 . Tucker , Spencer C. , Blue and gray navies : the Civil War afloat . Annapolis : Naval Institute Press , 2006 . Wise , Stephen R. , Lifeline of the Confederacy : blockade running during the Civil War . Columbia : Univ. of South Carolina Press , 1988 . US Navy Department , Official records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion . Series I : 27 volumes . Series II : 3 volumes . Washington : Government Printing Office , 1894 -- 1922 . US War Department , A compilation of the official records of the Union and Confederate Armies . Series I : 53 volumes . Series II : 8 volumes . Series III : 5 volumes . Series IV : 4 volumes . Washington : Government Printing Office , 1886 -- 1901 . The War of the Rebellion External links ( edit ) Anaconda Plan in Encyclopedia Virginia ( hide ) American Civil War Origins Origins Issues Timeline leading to the War Antebellum era Bleeding Kansas Border states Compromise of 1850 Dred Scott v. Sandford Lincoln - Douglas debates Missouri Compromise Popular sovereignty Secession States ' rights President Lincoln 's 75,000 volunteers Slavery African Americans Cornerstone Speech Emancipation Proclamation Fugitive slave laws Plantations in the American South Slave Power Slavery in the United States Treatment of slaves in the United States Uncle Tom 's Cabin Abolitionism Susan B. Anthony John Brown Frederick Douglass William Lloyd Garrison Elijah Parish Lovejoy J. 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nfl rush zone guardians unleashed the return of sudden death			List of NFL Rush Zone episodes	list of nfl rush zone episodes	This is a list of episodes for the series NFL Rush Zone .	Contents 1 Series overview 2 Season 1 : 2010 - 2011 : Guardians of the Core 3 Season 2 : 2012 -- 2013 : Season of the Guardians 4 Season 3 : 2013 -- 2014 : Guardians Unleashed 5 References Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 22 September 6 , 2010 February 5 , 2011 24 November 30 , 2012 October 6 , 2013 20 November 20 , 2013 October 22 , 2014 Season 1 : 2010 - 2011 : Guardians of the Core ( edit ) # Title Original air date Production Code `` A Hero is Born '' September 6 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 06 ) 101 At school , Ish is not picked for football during recess ( something that happens to him on a regular basis ) . Later , while playing his football video game at home , he meets OT who tells him that he is just the person he is looking for and that everything Ish needs to know will be explained at the Chargers ' home game on Sunday ( which Ish and his mom `` coincidentally '' won tickets to ) . At the game , he follows the hot dog seller ( Turns out to be the Chargers Rusher Bolt in disguise ) and discovers a BlitzBot that is there to steal the Chargers ' shard , but Ish defeats the BlitzBot with Bolt 's help and gets back to his mom unnoticed . Pilot Episode NFL team / s : San Diego Chargers Rusher / s : Bolt `` Legacy of the Shards '' September 13 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 13 ) 102 After school , Ish revisits the Chargers ' stadium where he learns about the history of the Shards , the Rusherz and a powerful object called the Core : The Rusherz ' home planet which held the Core was peaceful , until an evil overlord named Sudden Death attacked the planet to take the Core for himself . The Rusherz stopped Sudden Death by drilling to the Core at the center of the planet and freeing it , which destroyed the planet in the process and cast both the Core and the Rusherz into space . The Rusherz followed the Core to Earth , where it crashed upon landing and broke into 32 Shards ( which are recognized as the symbols of the 32 NFL teams ) . Knowing Sudden Death would not stop until he had the Core , the Rusherz each took a Shard , built the 32 NFL stadiums to hide each one in and assigned the 32 teams to guard their respective Shard in those stadiums . It is explained that Sudden Death 's goal is to retrieve all the Shards to rebuild the core , then to use the Core 's power to turn everything into BlitzBotz . Following this , Ish meets Norv Turner , who takes him and Bolt under the stadium ground . NFL team / s : San Diego Chargers Rusher / s : Bolt `` Meet the Sub '' September 20 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 20 ) 103 Ish is led to a secret room beneath the Chargers ' stadium , where he meets his `` sub , '' a humanoid robot he will operate from a special control console to help the NFL teams protect the shards . Ish also gets a special pair of `` guardian glasses '' from Bolt . Later that night , he meets the Gameballz for the first time . NFL team / s : San Diego Chargers Rusher / s : Bolt `` Battle on the Bayou '' September 27 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 27 ) 104 Ish receives a lock from the Gameballz that can teleport him from his locker at school to the locker room of any NFL stadium in the country . With it , he goes to New Orleans , where he attempts and fails to protect the Saints ' shard from an army of corkscrew BlitzBots and a saw - armed BlitzBot . NFL team / s : New Orleans Saints and Dallas Cowboys Rusher / s : Alto and Lasso 5 `` A Giant Showdown '' October 4 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 04 ) 105 Ish heads to The Big Apple , where he protects the Giants ' Shard from the dreaded flying blitzbot disguised as a group of blimps . Note : This is OT 's third appearance in the series . NFL team / s : New York Giants and Minnesota Vikings Rusher / s : Liberty and Thor 6 `` Mile High Mayhem '' October 11 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 11 ) 106 Ish 's Mom ( who thinks Ish is on the school football team ) starts to get suspicious of Ish running off to guard the Shards . Later , Ish defends the Broncos ' Shard from a fast - and - fierce blitzbot and a heavy - duty blitzbot during a Broncos vs. Titans game , but the defeated heavy - duty blitzbot uses the last of its energy to hit Steed with a Corruption Football , turning him into a Blitzbot . Thus , he takes the Broncos ' Shard , and when Ish gets home , he is caught by his mom coming out of his locker . NFL team / s : Denver Broncos and Tennessee Titans Rusher / s : Steed and Cyclops 7 `` A Hero is Grounded '' October 18 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 18 ) 107 Ish does n't tell his mom why he was in his locker , so she `` grounds '' him . Because of this , Ish is unable to protect the Colts ' Shard from being stolen by a swarm of Free Football BlitzBotz . NFL team / s : Indianapolis Colts and Washington Redskins Rusher / s : None 8 `` Fantasy Football Bot '' October 25 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 25 ) 108 Ish finds and destroys the fantasy football Blitzbot disguised as Calvin Johnson while protecting the Lions ' shard , but after he goes back home , he accidentally leaves his locker open and one of his school bullies goes inside it . Note : The bully that goes inside Ish 's locker is the same bully that was picking football plays in the pilot episode . NFL team / s : Detroit Lions Rusher / s : Beast 9 `` Air Attack '' November 1 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 01 ) 109 With his lock stolen by the school bullies who are intent on finding out what is really going on , Ish must get help from the Rusherz to get from school to the NFL stadiums to defend the shards . To make matters worse , his Sub is damaged while defending the Seahawks ' shard from a massive Air - And - Land Blitzbot attack and the shard is stolen , despite additional back - up from the Rusherz of the Falcons , Eagles , Ravens , and Cardinals . NFL team / s : Seattle Seahawks , Atlanta Falcons , Philadelphia Eagles , Baltimore Ravens and Arizona Cardinals Rusher / s : Freefall , Talon , Swoop , Scavenger and Peck 10 `` Trespassing In St. Louis '' November 8 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 08 ) 110 Ish stands up to the school bullies and takes his lock back , but before he can use it to go to St. Louis , the bullies force their way into Ish 's locker and end up going to St. Louis instead of Ish . The bullies find the Rams ' shard , but one of them accidentally uses it to unleash a gigantic stadium Blitzbot . NFL team / s : St. Louis Rams Rusher / s : None 11 `` Who 's The Bully Now '' November 15 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 15 ) 111 The bullies flee from the stadium blitzbot and Rampage tries to hold it off , only to succumb to its barrage of corruption footballs and become a blitzbot . The Gameballz bring Ish to the battle and he attempts to stop the stadium blitzbot , but he fails and is forced to retreat with the bullies as the two blitzbots steal the Rams ' shard . Worse , Sudden Death learns Ish 's true identity . When Ish gets home , OT tells Ish to go to the pro football Hall of Fame for training . NFL team / s : St. Louis Rams Rusher / s : Rampage 12 `` The Hall Of Legends '' November 27 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 27 ) 112 Ish `` wins '' a trip to the pro football Hall of Fame and is chaperoned there by Marcus Allen . During his visit , O.T. reveals to Ish the secret of blitzbots living among humans and begins to teach Ish how to harness the power of the Rush Zone . NFL team / s : None Rusher / s : None 13 `` The Guardian 's Playbook '' November 29 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 29 ) 113 Ish continues his training at the pro football Hall of Fame by battling simulated blitzbots from different Super Bowl scenarios that are initiated by pulling out special rings from their display platforms and is supervised by Pack and Arrow Head , but when Ish pulls out the last ring , he finds a secret chamber with an amazing discovery within it ; the Guardian 's Playbook ! NFL team / s : Green Bay Packers and Kansas City Chiefs Rusher / s : Pack and Arrow Head 14 `` The Return of the Sub '' December 6 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 06 ) 114 Ish returns from the pro football Hall of Fame , but starts to experience visions of Sudden Death defeating him . Thanks to the Guardian 's Playbook , though , he is now extremely skilled at football ( and the school bullies now properly respect Ish ) . Later , he visits the New England Patriots and Wes Welker shows him his new Sub , the Sub 2.0 . Unbeknownst to any of them , Sudden Death has learned how Ish uses his locker to get from his school to the NFL stadiums and is now plotting something . NFL team / s : New England Patriots Rusher / s : Freedom 15 `` Ash Meet Ish '' December 13 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 13 ) 115 Sub 2.0. is put to the test when colossus blitzbots attempt to steal the Patriots ' shard and it proves to be more powerful than the first . Later at school , a new kid named Ash makes a big impact at football during recess , and not only is Ash good at football , she 's also a girl ! NFL team / s : New England Patriots and Houston Texans Rusher / s : Freedom and Toro 16 `` Rivalry Week '' December 20 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 20 ) 116 Ish realizes that he has a crush on Ash , but there may be more to her then meets the eye . Meanwhile , during rivalry week , tempers flare among the Rusherz in Pittsburgh . NFL team / s : Pittsburgh Steelers and Cincinnati Bengals Rusher / s : Blowtorch and Fang 17 `` The Agony of Deceit '' December 27 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 27 ) 117 A heavy - duty Blitzbot attacks a Dolphins game , and Ish is shocked to find Ash at the game , but the biggest shock is when it turns out that Ash is working for Sudden Death ! Things get worse when Ash calls in another blitzbot to take Ish to the evil villain ! NFL team / s : Miami Dolphins and San Francisco 49ers Rushers / s : Sonar and Pick Ax 18 `` A Dark Day For Ish '' January 3 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 03 ) 118 Ish is captured by Sudden Death and his mom , Shandra , discovers that Ish was n't being honest to her about being on the school football team . John Madden and O.T. provide her with some answers as they escort her to safety . Meanwhile , Grizzly , Claw , Peg Leg and K - 9 board Sudden Death 's starship to save Ish , but after freeing him , they get cornered by some Blitzbots , Ash and Sudden Death himself . To make matters worse , Peg Leg has planted a football bomb in the ship and time is starting to run out ! NFL team / s : Chicago Bears , Carolina Panthers , Tampa Bay Buccaneers and Cleveland Browns Rusher / s : Grizzly , Claw , Peg leg and K - 9 19 `` The Guardian Escapes '' January 10 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 10 ) 119 Sudden Death orders his blitzbots to destroy Ish and the rushers while Ash remembers how OT thought she was the guardian but was wrong so she joined Sudden Death . Ish then puts on his guardian glasses and sees an escape pod through a wall . He tells the rushers to get him through the wall so Grizzly runs forward and the blitzbots shoot at him , blasting apart the wall in the process . Ish and the rushers then get in the escape pod and leave just as the football bomb goes off , destroying Sudden Death 's ship , but when Ish looks back , he sees the head of the ship fly off . He returns to the charger 's stadium to find his mom with all the rushers and some NFL players and coaches waiting for him . The stadium 's televised screen then shows the head of Sudden Death 's ship coming toward earth , and Ish tells them all that Sudden Death is coming and that they will stop him . NFL team / s : All Rusher / s : All 20 `` The Gathering Storm '' January 24 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 24 ) 120 The Panthers , Raiders , Bills , and Jaguars ' shards are all stolen and their rushers corrupted . Sudden Death then targets the last shard , the shard of the Dallas Cowboys , but Ash is having second thoughts about serving Sudden Death . Meanwhile Ish , his mom , and all the remaining Rushers listen as Michael Strahan gives a speech . They then see a huge dark shadow fall over the stadium . Note : The two teams that made it to the Super Bowl were the Dallas Cowboys and the New York Jets , when in reality , the Super Bowl teams were the Green Bay Packers and the Pittsburgh Steelers . The New York Jets were defeated in the AFC Championship Playoff game and the Dallas Cowboys failed to qualify for the playoffs . NFL team / s : All Rusher / s : All 21 `` Super Bowl Goal Line Stand '' January 31 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 31 ) 121 During Super Bowl Sunday , Ish , the players , and the remaining Rusherz make a last stand to defend the Cowboys shard from Sudden Death . Positioning the head of his ship above the stadium , he sends in the first wave of blitzbots , which is easily defeated by Ish and the Rusherz . Angered , Sudden Death sends in a team of blitzbots that assemble into a super blitzbot . Ish and the Rusherz try to get away , but the super blitzbot crushes the Sub . Ish becomes uncertain of what to do next , but Shandra gets an idea ... Note # 1 : Cowboys ' owner Jerry Jones makes an appearance in this episode . Note # 2 : The two teams that made it to the Super Bowl were the Dallas Cowboys and the New York Jets , when in reality , the Super Bowl teams were the Green Bay Packers and the Pittsburgh Steelers . The New York Jets were defeated in the AFC Championship Playoff game and the Dallas Cowboys failed to qualify for the playoffs . NFL team / s : Dallas Cowboys , New York Jets Rusher / s : All 22 `` Guardians of the Core '' February 5 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 05 ) 122 The movie begins with the previous 21 episodes running from the first episode until the point Sub 2.0. is destroyed . In the present , Ish comes out onto the field to fight the super Blitzbot with the Rusherz and players . He does so by transforming the goal posts on the field into guardian bots . The guardian bots defeat the super blitzbot , but the final shard is revealed in the process . Sudden Death then comes out onto the field and obtains the shard , and it is during this time that Ish 's father arrives to support his son , but Sudden Death mocks them both and reassembles the Core . However , he learns from Ash that what everyone thought was the final shard was a fake and the real one was hidden in a place where Sudden Death least expected it . With that , Ash helps Ish to get Sudden Death 's battle axe and he uses it to destroy Sudden Death once and for all . After Sudden Death is destroyed , the six Rusherz that were turned into Blitzbotz are then returned to normal and as a flying blitzbot flies off with what is left of Sudden Death , Ish and Ash reassemble the Core with the real final shard , and celebrate their victory with the Rusherz and the NFL players . Later at school , Ish is picking teams for football during recess . A variety of kids are in front of him , but Ish picks a small child and puts on a new pair of guardian glasses . Season Finale Note # 1 : This is the only episode with a running time of more than 5 : 30 . Also , this is a television movie . Note # 2 : The two teams that made it to the Super Bowl were the Dallas Cowboys and the New York Jets , when in reality , the Super Bowl teams were the Green Bay Packers and the Pittsburgh Steelers . The New York Jets were defeated in the AFC Championship Playoff game ( By the Steelers 24 - 19 ) and the Dallas Cowboys failed to qualify for the playoffs. ( 6 - 10 ) NFL team / s : Dallas Cowboys , New York Jets Rusher / s : All Season 2 : 2012 -- 2013 : season of the Guardians ( edit ) A second season , titled NFL Rush Zone : Season of the Guardians , was announced by Nickelodeon and the NFL on September 6 , 2012 . The new season ran 24 episodes , and was produced by Rollman Entertainment , Inc . In the new season , Ish is now 11 and living in Canton , Ohio , and must protect the NFL from a new enemy called `` Wildcard '' . To stop this new enemy , Ish is given new abilities and is assisted by his old friend Ash and four other preteens . The new season began airing on Nicktoons November 30 , 2012 at 9 : 00PM . The show resumed airing new episodes in July 2013 . At that time , episodes also saw a same - week premiere on Saturday mornings on NFL Network . No . Title Original air date Production code `` Lions , Texans , and Turkeys '' November 30 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 30 ) 201 Ish , now a teen living with his family in Canton , Ohio , is playing with his new friends Troy , Tua , and Marty on the football field . Ash comes over to greet Ish , and , after showing her football throwing prowess to the guys , walks with Ish to his home , lamenting her time working for Sudden Death along the way . The two are confronted by Wild Card , a new adversary , en route . Ish then heads to the Canton Pro Football Hall of Fame to see OT and drop off Ash with his mom . There , his questioning of OT leads him to reveal his true form of RZ 6.0 . He explains the situation , gives Ish his Shield Coin , and sends him off to Ford Field in Detroit . After making a temporary retreat , he returns with Ash , who snuck into the Command Center with him , and together , they successfully protect Detroit 's Megacore . ( The Megacores are vessels that were created to house and channel the power of the shards . ) Unbeknownst to them , Detroit 's opponent Houston had their Megacore stolen in the meantime . NFL guest star : Calvin Johnson `` A Change of Plans '' November 30 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 30 ) 202 Ish is at home with his parents and Ash enjoying Thanksgiving football games when he hears a news report saying how football players in Houston are falling ill . This is due to the absence of Houston 's Megacore . Ish and Ash head to RZ 's where Ash is formally introduced and given a trial run on being a Guardian . After heading to Dallas and fending off a Scorpion BlitzBot , Ash tells Ish she ca n't remain a Guardian because her dad found work and the two will be moving . Ish wants Ash to ask her dad to reconsider and she says she 'll try . During the car ride home , Ash and her father are attacked by Wild Card . She manages to fend him off long enough to where Wild Card retreats due to his failing energy . Ash then returns to Dallas to assist Ish in defeating Drop Kick and his Megacore enhanced Scorpion BlitzBot , protecting a Megacore while regaining the one previously lost and gaining her Shield Coin in the process . They then return to Ish 's house where Ash 's dad informs her that they wo n't be moving after all . NFL guest star : Demarcus Ware `` Kick It Up a Notch '' December 7 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 07 ) 203 At the end of a game with five seconds on the clock , Ash fails to make a game winning kick and she berates herself . Troy admonishes her for it , before being called out by Tua and the other guys . This weight of failure carries over to the mission in Foxborough , where she loses to a Mimic BlitzBot , embarrassing herself . She seemingly gets embarrassed further while meeting Don Cervantes and his son , and the Bulldogs future opponent , Ricky who bring up her not so stellar previous performance . During the game the next day , they return to Foxborough in anticipation for another attack from the Mimic BlitzBot . There , Ash meets Stephen Gostkowski and obtains advice and wisdom from him . Ish confronts the Mimic and ends up immobilized , leaving Ash to take it down on her own . With her new peace of mind , Ash defeats the Mimic BlitzBot by reflecting its freeze ray back at it . Later , during the Hall of Fame game , Troy apologizes to Ash for his earlier behavior . Finding herself in a similar situation as before , Ash scores the kick that wins the game for the Bulldogs against Ricky and the Tigers . NFL guest stars : Stephen Gostkowski and Rob Gronkowski `` Team Up '' December 14 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 14 ) 204 Ish and Ash are called in for a mission to New Orleans when RZ introduces them to a potential new Guardian in Troy . Ish is less than thrilled by this , however , because of an earlier dispute due to Troy not following Ish 's game plan and costing them the game . Though he 's sent out alone at first , Ish is overwhelmed by the threat , so Ash and Troy go in to assist . However , Troy 's inexperience shows deeply when he ca n't control the weapons on his NFL - R and ends up trapped unmorphed in the Megacore vault with Drop Kick . He retrieves the Megacore , but to no real avail since , due to the limited air supply , he 'll pass out leaving the Megacore easy pickings for Drop Kick . In a moment of realization , Troy decides to use the Megacore to blast their way free . With some help from Drop Kick , whom Troy convinces to help with a pep talk , Troy suits up with his last bit of energy and the two use the Megacore to blast through the door . In the end , Drop Kick grabs the Saints ' Megacore in the aftermath and escapes before Troy or the others can catch him . NFL guest stars : Drew Brees and Jimmy Graham 5 `` Frost and Ten '' December 21 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 21 ) 205 After completing a mission protecting Green Bay 's Megacore from a Drill BlitzBot , no thanks at all to Troy , Troy 's day worsens when , during a winning game , Coach Jones replaces him for Turner so the latter can get some on - field experience . Turner fumbles the play , though the Bulldogs still win , and Troy fumes at the situation . These events weighing on him , the three Guardians are called back to Green Bay to guard the newly moved Megacore in an ice sculpture in front of Lambeau Field during the game . Before it starts , the three are introduced to Greg Jennings , who proceeds to give Troy much needed insight . Using this insight , Troy comes up with a plan to distract and weaken the Flair Thrower BlitzBot and earns his Shield Coin in the process . After saving two passengers on a blimp recording the game that was hit by a stray attack , Troy and the others work together using the blimp to take down the Flair Thrower BlitzBot , protecting Green Bay 's Megacore and procuring the New Orleans Megacore powering it that was previously lost . Later on , Troy , now an official Guardian , helps Turner practice his moves on the school field . NFL guest star : Greg Jennings 6 `` Sound Advice '' December 28 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 28 ) 206 Drop Kick breaks into a guarded warehouse and steals the Sonic Molten Matter inside , though his getaway is impeded by the Guardians . However , Drop Kick manages to flee the scene with the tanker by endangering the guards and distracting the Guardians in the process . During class the next day , Ms. Jarvis hands out graded math tests to the students . Of note is Tua 's ' D ' that was received , a result that prompts Ms. Jarvis to ask Tua to see her after class . Tua later vents his frustrations by showing his strong suit , blocking , on the football field . The day after , Ish learns that Tua 's mom has disallowed him from playing football until he gets his grades by up . Ish 's offer of help in Tua 's studies is turned down . Meanwhile , Drop Kick goes uninterrupted in his theft of an experimental race car . At the Hall of Fame , Tua takes to heart the speech given by Rex Ryan and is later given tickets to Sunday 's Jets game . He invites Ish , who declines due to Guardian obligations , upsetting Tua who is n't in the know . On the way , they are attacked by Drop Kick in the stolen vehicle who is after the Megacore Rex Ryan brought with him . One thing leads to another , and Tua grabs the Megacore and runs off with it in the hopes of protecting it , only to be cornered by Drop Kick against a cliff - drop and saved by Ish . Ish brings Tua to the stadium and , on RZ 's instruction , reveals his identity to Tua and gives him an NFL - R , thus making Tua a trial Guardian . Together , the two manage to thwart Drop Kick 's grab for the Megacore , and with a little help from Rex , destroy the stolen race car . Later , Tua informs his friends that his mother has allowed him to play football again thanks to his new - found sense of perseverance in his schoolwork . NFL guest stars : Rex Ryan and Sione Pouha 7 `` Gridiron Ringers '' January 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 11 ) 207 Due to a negligent guard , a disguised Drop Kick is able to enter Soldier Field and infest the stadium with Nano BlitzBots before leaving mostly undetected . At the school football field , Tua practices catching Ash 's throws . His ability impresses Ash , but Tua feels he is n't agile enough to request playing a non-frontline tackle position , so Ash decides to take Tua to a dance session to help him limber - up . Wild Card scolds Drop Kick for leaving the stadium by flying over a jam - packed expressway in his hover vehicle since it may have given a suspicious signal to the Guardians . After getting called to the Hall of Knowledge , RZ informs the Guardians of the newly - found Nano BlitzBotz and sends Ish and Tua to Chicago . Split up , Tua finds the Nano BlitzBotz seemingly dismantling the stadium and grabs their attention . They form a single BlitzBot and attack Tua who is unable to transform and is eventually saved by Ish . The two head back to RZ who fixes Tua 's voice - recognition chip . Meanwhile , in downtown Chicago , Ash and Troy spot two BlitzBotz atop a skyscraper . They take them on , but are overwhelmed until Ish and Tua arrive , with the latter taking down said BlitzBotz single - handed , though they unfortunately overlook the BlitzBotz completed objective . Tua and Ish are sent back to Soldier Field where Wild Card sends another swarm of Nano BlitzBotz that form a giant BlitzBot and steals the Bears and Viking 's Megacores . Wild Card then activates the magnet atop the skyscraper that forms a barrier around the stadium as a means of hindering the Guardians . Thanks to Tua 's NFL - R , with the help of Richard Dent and Mike Ditka 's Super Bowl rings , the barrier is shattered and Tua prevents Wild Card from retreating with the Megacores . He receives his Shield Coin from Ish in the aftermath . Later , during a school game , Ash convinces Ish to let Tua play tight end , a play that works out successfully in the end . NFL guest stars : Richard Dent and Mike Ditka 8 `` Spirit and Inspiration '' January 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 18 ) 208 During a speech given at the beginning of the ' Turn Pike Rivalry ' , which the Guardians are attending , Wild Card attacks while also releasing bubbles of negative energy on the crowd that cause them to start arguments for their favorite teams , which the Guardians manage to quell . Drop Kick also kidnaps the Steelers and Browns ' Rushers in the distraction . Later , at school football practice , Marty is notably distracted by the events that transpired , since the Browns are his favorite team , and Coach Jones announces the Bulldogs are going up against the so far undefeated MiniSteelers . After practice , RZ sends the Guardians to the Cleveland Browns ' stadium to guard the vulnerable Megacores while Wild Card and Drop Kick attempt to siphon energy from the kidnapped Rushers . Meanwhile , in the Hall of Fame , Marty happens upon Shandra while looking for Ish who then offers to give Marty a tour in the meantime . At the stadium , Drop Kick releases more negative energy bubbles that pit the Browns fans and Steelers fans against themselves for who 's the better fan which causes a ruckus . Ash and Troy try to stop it only to be affected as well and attack each other . Tua fails to stop Drop Kick , ending up captured for his troubles , when he proceeds to steal the two Megacores after Ish is sent to stop Ash and Troy . It 's at this point that RZ decides to have Shandra bring in Marty , inducting him as the fifth Guardian . Back at the stadium , Drop Kick sics some BlitzBotz on the Guardians when Marty , now in his Guardians form , takes back the Steelers ' Megacore from Drop Kick . The captured Tua uses some extra power from the weakened Rushers to break them all free and cause Drop Kick to flee , while Marty expertly destroys the source of the negative energy bubbles , collectively winning the day . At the school field , Jim Brown arrives and gives the Bulldogs a pep talk before they face off against the MiniSteelers . NFL guest stars : Jim Brown and Josh Cribbs 9 `` Oh Brother '' January 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 25 ) 209 After a Guardian practice session , Ish , Ash , Troy , and Tua participate in the try - outs for Canton 's ' Punt , Pass , and Kick ' competition with Marty as the biased announcer , something Ricky Cervantes calls him out on which Marty does n't deny . Ash passes in the girls ' division and Ish does so in the boy 's , despite an ill - timed sneeze into Marty 's microphone from Ricky . At the Symbol of Sportsmanship award ceremony , coach brothers John Harbaugh and Jim Harbaugh wish each other good luck before John gets hit by a dart from a hidden Drop Kick and takes it back in front of the entire audience . This prompts RZ to send the Guardians to keep an eye on the two coaches . Ish , Ash , and Coach Jim are attacked by a BlitzBot when Ish takes a dart from Drop Kick in Jim 's stead . Drop Kick flees , and Ish is left feeling uncharacteristically angry and aggressive . After nearly getting into a fight with Ricky that was prevented by Ish 's father , Ish proceeds to steal the 49ers ' Megacore for Wild Card , who is now controlling Ish through the Dart . Ish gives it to John , who is also being controlled and gives it to Wild Card , seemingly at will and on camera for the world to see . The other Guardians show up only to be attacked by the brainwashed Ish . Marty goes to save a now abandoned John from falling into the nearby currents and notices and removes the chip on his neck that was fired from Drop Kick 's dart . He uses this knowledge to free Ish as well , earning his Shield Coin soon after . In a better state of mind , Ish apologizes to Ricky for his earlier behavior , wishing Ricky good luck at the Sectionals since he wo n't be able to attend , and taking Ricky aback as a result , before he and the other Guardians head to Candlestick Park for the game , and the imminent attack from Wild Card . They succeed in repelling the attack and regaining the 49ers ' Megacore which allows the two coach brothers to mend things in time for the game . Though it seemed as if Ish and Ash had missed the Sectionals , Ricky informs them that he had his dad postpone it so that he 'll be able to face and beat Ish fair and square . NFL guest stars : John Harbaugh and Jim Harbaugh 10 - 11 `` Mystery Guardian '' February 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 01 ) 210 , 211 The Guardians head to the Super Bowl and find a mysterious Guardian working for Wild Card . NFL guest stars : Justin Tuck and Von Miller Note : The two teams that made it to the Super Bowl were the New York Giants and the Denver Broncos , when in reality , the Super Bowl teams were the Baltimore Ravens and the San Francisco 49ers . The Denver Broncos were defeated in the AFC Divisional Playoff game ( by the Ravens in two overtimes , 38 -- 35 ) and the New York Giants failed to qualify for the playoffs ( 9 -- 7 ) . 12 `` Mystery Solved '' July 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 14 ) 212 An apparent betrayal leads to Wild Card confronting RZ face to face , and a new member of the Guardians . Soon , the Guardians learn the origins of Wild Card and RZ , as well as that of themselves . NFL guest stars : Patrick Peterson 13 `` Test of Friendship '' July 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 21 ) 213 Wild Card targets the Indianapolis Colts ' Megacore at the NFL Combine , where the teams evaluate draft prospects . Meanwhile , Ash is going on a trip to San Diego and can bring only one friend with her , which causes the other Guardians to compete for the ticket . NFL guest stars : Andrew Luck and Reggie Wayne 14 `` Bands and BlitzBotz '' July 28 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 28 ) 214 Marty and his older brother , Harper , sort out their sibling differences with the help of Cincinnati quarterback Andy Dalton and tight end Jermaine Gresham before Drop Kick can add the Bengals ' Megacore to his collection . NFL guest stars : Andy Dalton and Jermaine Gresham 15 `` There 's Snow Place Like Home '' August 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 04 ) 215 Wild Card uses a BlitzBot to wreak havoc with the weather , causing snow and ice to form in San Diego . Can this threat to the San Diego Chargers ' training camp be stopped ? NFL guest stars : Antonio Gates , Nick Hardwick , and Philip Rivers 16 `` Cheer Up , Troy '' August 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 11 ) 216 Troy is at the Tennessee Titans ' cheerleading camp ! With some inspiring words from running back Chris Johnson , Troy uses his new skills to foil Wild Card 's plans . NFL guest star : Chris Johnson 17 `` Broken Dreams '' August 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 18 ) 217 As the Guardians begin to perform community service , Wild Card targets their dreams to find out their deepest fears . The Guardians must combine their energy into one dream to wake up . NFL guest stars : Arian Foster , Pete Carroll , and Tony Gonzalez 18 `` Send in the Clones '' August 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 25 ) 218 When Wild Card creates evil clones of the Guardians , the public no longer trusts the real ones ! Can the Guardians defeat the clones and earn back the public 's trust ? NFL guest stars : Jared Allen and Brian Orakpo 19 `` BlitzBotz , Bills and Bucs '' September 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 01 ) 219 Ish 's mother is kidnapped by Wild Card , and Ish must act fast to save her . Meanwhile , the rest of the Guardians must team up with the Bills to protect their Megacore from BlitzBotz . NFL guest stars : N / A 20 `` Ninja Nightmare '' September 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 08 ) 220 The Guardians battle Wild Card 's army of Ninja BlitzBotz . NFL guest stars : N / A 21 `` Marty 's Mistake '' September 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 15 ) 221 Marty accidentally causes RZ 6.0 to reboot which leads to the discovery of startling information about the past . Meanwhile , Wild Card targets the game between the Philadelphia Eagles and the Pittsburgh Steelers at Heinze Field . Can Marty recover from his mistakes in time to help his fellow Guardians ? NFL guest stars : Antonio Brown and DeSean Jackson 22 `` Drop Kick 's Double Cross '' September 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 22 ) 222 Drop Kick takes matters into his own hands and unleashes a BlitzBot with the ability to siphon energy . At the same time , Ish becomes jealous of Ricky 's acclaim after his team wins a game against the Bulldogs . Will Ish put aside his competitive spirit in order to help his fellow Guardians ? NFL guest stars : Darren McFadden and Jamaal Charles 23 `` Drop Kick 's Downfall '' September 29 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 29 ) 223 Following the events from the previous episode , Drop Kick and Wild Card have become bitter enemies , and while at it Drop Kick tries to destroy the Core at Pro Football Hall of Fame . NFL guest star : Greg Olsen 24 `` Wild Card 32 , Guardians 0 '' October 6 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 06 ) 224 Wild Card manages to obtain all of the Megacores and absorb their power using tech that he used for cloning the Guardians in Send in the Clones , leading to a final showdown between Wild Card and the Guardians , who must act fast to come up with a plan to stop him . In the end , Ish sacrifices his guardian powers to save the Core and the NFL . NFL guest stars : Josh Freeman and Maurice Jones - Drew Season 3 : 2013 -- 2014 : Guardians Unleashed ( edit ) Season 3 , NFL Rush Zone : Guardians Unleashed was announced by Nickelodeon and NFL on July 11 , 2013 . Shortly after the last episode of Season 2 premiered , a promo was released signifying that Sudden Death would return , and that the Guardians would get new suits after the first few episodes . Another change was that this season they used CGI to animate the Rusherz instead of regular 2D animation . No . Title Original air date Production code `` The Return of Sudden Death '' November 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 20 ) 301 As Season 3 opens , Guardian Leader Ish Taylor is still without his powers , having sacrificed them for the greater good of the NFL and the world . Ash , Troy , Marty , Ricky and Tua do their best to keep Ish part of the group . Even Cleveland Browns ' cornerback Joe Haden , and San Diego Chargers running back Ryan Mathews lend their support , but Ish still struggles with not being a full Guardian anymore . Despite this , Ish takes the time to reassure Jackson , Coach Jones 's new stepson , and invites him to hang with him and the others . Meanwhile , the stakes are raised when a mysterious spaceship crash - lands in a lake near Canton , carrying three evil Anticorians - Angkoro , Stellaria , and Zich - and their army of ferocious Blitz Borgz . They 've come to Earth to join their supreme leader , Sudden Death , a vicious cyborg who nearly captured the Core in Season 1 , but was defeated by Ish . Now Sudden Death is back , and looking for revenge . He captures Ish , and offers to restore his powers , if he will prove his loyalty to him , by stealing the Browns and Chargers Megacores . NFL Guest Stars : Joe Haden and Ryan Mathews NFL Teams Featured : Cleveland Browns and San Diego Chargers `` Ish 's Audible '' November 27 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 27 ) 302 When Ish attempts to trick the Anticorians and later rejects joining the villains ' side , the Anticorians fit him with an Anticorian Cuff , a device that allows Sudden Death to control Ish 's mind and actions . They send Ish out to steal the Detroit Lions Megacore . The rest of the Guardians confront him , and are nearly defeated , as they discover the Anticorian Blitz Borgz can drain their powers . Ricky also overhears the Anticorians ' plan : steal the 32 Megacores for Sudden Death before the next solar alignment or risk being trapped on Earth forever . While the Guardians retreat to recharge , RZ 6.0 issues an NFL Rush Zone Red Alert that Ish must be stopped . Ricky takes it upon himself to confront the Anticorians and Blitz Borgz with the Shrink Ray received from Ish earlier that returns the Blitz Borgs to their capsule form . With Detroit Lions Wide Receiver Calvin Johnson 's help and reverse encouragement from Sudden Death 's harsh words , Ish is able to find his inner strength and partially recovers his Guardian powers long enough to escape Sudden Death , and retrieve the stolen Megacores . The Guardians welcome Ish back , and get a glimpse of his new enhanced powers , if only he can find a way to make them permanent . NFL Guest Star : Calvin Johnson NFL Team Featured : Detroit Lions `` Redzone Retaliation '' December 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 04 ) 303 After a game of Redzone Retaliation between Marty and Jackson , with the latter as the winner , Marty and Troy are offered special controllers by two individuals , only to be trapped in a virtual Redzone Retaliation by the disguised Angkoro and Stellaria . Ish and the others notice something 's wrong when they fail to meet up online for their fantasy football meeting despite Jackson saying he was just with them . Their investigation with RZ leads them to Pittsburgh . While Ish gets some good advice from Head Coaches Mike Tomlin and Marvin Lewis in that being on the sidelines does n't mean being sidelined , Ash and Tua are successfully captured by the Anticorians . Ish decides to ask Jackson for some Redzone Retaliation pointers and discovers some of his notes on game plays which he suggests Jackson should show Coach Jones . Meanwhile , Ricky , now at Hines Field , is also captured , along with the Steelers and Bengals Rusherz . With the info and custom controller from Jackson , Ish logs on and faces Sudden Death 's team in a game of sudden death for his friend 's freedom . They win , but Sudden Death attempts to use energy beams to destroy the Guardians , which Ish then uses to his advantage as a means of transporting the Guardians out . Sudden Death tries to make this backfire by sending the energy straight to Ish , but this allows Ish to transform and free the others anyway , regaining his powers in the process . Later , at a school game against the MiniSteelers , Ish thanks Jackson for his tips , and Jackson , who took Ish 's advice and let Coach Jones in on his gameplay ideas , becomes his Stepdad 's new Assistant Coach , all the while the Anticorians are punished by Sudden Death for failing to steal the Steelers ' Megacore , even though they manage to steal the Bengal 's Megacore . NFL Guest Stars : Mike Tomlin and Marvin Lewis NFL Teams Featured : Pittsburgh Steelers and Cincinnati Bengals `` Downstream Revenge '' December 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 11 ) 304 Green Bay Packers Jordy Nelson aids Tua with some family matters just as the Anticorians use the elements at hand to launch a major attack on Lambeau Field . The Miami Dolphins Ryan Tannehill helps the Guardians save the day . NFL Guest Stars : Jordy Nelson and Ryan Tannehill NFL Teams Featured : Green Bay Packers and Miami Dolphins 5 `` Gone Viral '' December 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 18 ) 305 Sudden Death unleashes a diabolical virus to ruin the holidays . Kansas City Chiefs Jamaal Charles and New York Giants Justin Tuck jump in to help , and RZ6. 0 gives the Guardians new suits and new powers as Christmas gifts to stop Sudden Death . NFL Guest Stars : Jamaal Charles and Justin Tuck NFL Teams Featured : Kansas City Chiefs and New York Giants 6 `` White Out '' January 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 01 ) 306 Ricky gets some bad news from his dad that he lost his job , so Ricky tries to make money by snow shoveling until his dad can find a new job . Meanwhile , the Anticorians use a snowstorm to launch an attack ; The Guardians get a lesson in toughness from Chicago Bears Julius Peppers and Matt Forte and Seattle Seahawks Russell Wilson . NFL Guest Stars : Julius Peppers , Matt Forte , and Russell Wilson NFL Teams Featured : Chicago Bears and Seattle Seahawks 7 `` Web of Deceit '' January 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 08 ) 307 Determined to become second in command , Stellaria captures Megacores , along with Ash and Denver Broncos Eric Decker , using a secret weapon . With the help of the Baltimore Ravens Ray Rice , the Guardians unravel Stellaria 's plan . NFL Guest Stars : Eric Decker and Ray Rice NFL Teams Featured : Denver Broncos and Baltimore Ravens 8 `` Rivals Revisited '' January 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 15 ) 308 The Guardians get a lesson in rivalry on and off the field from Washington Redskins Robert Griffin III and Dallas Cowboys DeMarcus Ware as Ricky saves the world from Sudden Death 's intergalactic evil plot . NFL Guest Stars : Robert Griffin III and DeMarcus Ware NFL Teams Featured : Washington Redskins and Dallas Cowboys 9 `` All - Star Deception '' January 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 22 ) 309 NFL Legends Cincinnati Bengals Cris Collinsworth and Dallas Cowboys Michael Irvin coach the kids ' All - Star game , while Troy makes an `` all - star '' play of his own by saving the Super Bowl teams ' Megacores . NFL Guest Stars : Cris Collinsworth and Michael Irvin NFL Teams Featured : None in specific 10 `` Sudden Death Showdown '' February 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 01 ) 310 Houston Texans ' J.J. Watt and San Francisco 49ers ' Vernon Davis help the Guardians defeat Sudden Death to keep him from hurling the Earth into deep space . NFL Guest Stars : J.J. Watt and Vernon Davis NFL Teams Featured : Houston Texans and San Francisco 49ers Note : The two teams that made it to the Super Bowl were the San Francisco 49ers and the Houston Texans , when in reality , the Super Bowl teams were the Seattle Seahawks and the Denver Broncos . The San Francisco 49ers were defeated in the NFC Championship Playoff game ( by the Seahawks , 23 -- 17 ) and the Houston Texans failed to qualify for the playoffs ( 2 -- 14 ) . 11 - 12 `` Knights of the Sky '' May 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 07 ) 311 , 312 The Guardians embark on a space adventure ; the Guardians set out to find the missing pieces of the Anti-Core ; RZ6. 0 summons the help of Nick Mangold , Robert Griffin III , Cris Collinsworth and Michael Irvin to defend against Sudden Death . NFL Guest Stars : Nick Mangold , Robert Griffin III , Cris Collinsworth , and Michael Irvin NFL Teams Featured : None in specific 13 `` The Return of Drop Kick '' September 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 03 ) 313 New England Patriots ' Danny Amendola and Atlanta Falcons ' Matt Ryan must come to Tua 's rescue . Meanwhile , Sudden Death reveals he has rebuilt Drop Kick , and has plans for him . NFL Guest Stars : Danny Amendola and Matt Ryan NFL Teams Featured : New England Patriots and Atlanta Falcons 14 `` Troy 's Comeback '' September 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 10 ) 314 Minnesota Vikings ' Adrian Peterson teaches Troy how to safely come back from an injury . Jared Allen helps the Guardians recover the Vikings ' stolen megacore , meanwhile Drop Kick breaks Wild Card out of prison for Sudden Death 's latest plan . NFL Guest Stars : Adrian Peterson and Jared Allen NFL Team Featured : Minnesota Vikings 15 `` A Chip of the Old Blocker '' September 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 17 ) 315 Oakland Raiders Hall of Famer Howie Long gives Ish some fatherly advice about expectations . But with the Hall of Fame game under attack it 's RZ6. 0 who must confront the unexpected when he learns his son Wild Card is back . NFL Guest Star : Howie Long NFL Team Featured : Oakland Raiders 16 `` Anticorian Unrest '' September 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 24 ) 316 When the Anticorians attack , Carolina Panthers Greg Olsen and Indianapolis Colts Andrew Luck help out , and Ash finds her future step mom Linda is accidentally caught up in the action . NFL Guest Stars : Greg Olsen and Andrew Luck NFL Teams Featured : Carolina Panthers and Indianapolis Colts 17 `` Rumors Run Wild '' October 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 01 ) 317 Drop Kick captures Buffalo Bills C.J. Spiller and Sudden Death makes an evil clone from his DNA . The Guardians , who struggle to get past a rumor that threatens to come between Ish and Ash , turn to Tennessee Titans Kendall Wright for help . NFL Guest Stars : C.J. Spiller and Kendall Wright NFL Teams Featured : Buffalo Bills and Tennessee Titans 18 `` Anticorians Outplayed '' October 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 08 ) 318 A framed double - cross by Wild Card tricks Sudden Death into turning on the Anticorians , and leaves the Guardians unsure who to trust . Philadelphia Eagles Brent Celek and Arizona Cardinals Larry Fitzgerald give Ish and Marty advice on facing the unexpected . NFL Guest Stars : Brent Celek and Larry Fitzgerald NFL Teams Featured : Philadelphia Eagles and Arizona Cardinals 19 `` Never Underestimate the Wild Card '' October 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 15 ) 319 Wedding bells ring for Ash 's dad , and after secrets get tougher to keep from Ash 's step mom , she confesses to Linda that she is a guardian , leaving her concerned for Ash 's safety . Ash considers giving up being a guardian . Meanwhile , Sudden Death attempts to steal the New Orleans Saints ' Super Bowl XLIV rings to fuel his latest plan , so the Guardians , New Orleans Saints Marques Colston and St. Louis Rams James Laurinaitis , attempt to save them . Later , Sudden Death is tricked by Wild Card and Drop Kick , but their plan fails , and Sudden Death gets back the rings , which also ends in the destruction of his own lair . NFL Guest Stars : Marques Colston and James Laurinaitis NFL Teams Featured : New Orleans Saints and St. Louis Rams 20 `` The Final Betrayal '' October 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 22 ) 320 In the Season Finale , Jacksonville Jaguars Marcedes Lewis and Tampa Bay Buccaneers Gerald McCoy help the Guardians at the International Series game in London when Sudden Death unleashes his biggest weapon yet . But can they trust Wild Card to help ? NFL Guest Stars : Marcedes Lewis and Gerald McCoy NFL Teams Featured : Jacksonville Jaguars and Tampa Bay Buccaneers Note : The two teams that face off in the International Series game are the Jacksonville Jaguars and the Tampa Bay Buccaneers , when in reality , there were three International Series games . The Jaguars were defeated in their game by the Dallas Cowboys 31 -- 17 . While the Buccaneers did not participate in the International Series . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Anderson , Paul ( September 6 , 2012 ) . `` Nick Teams With NFL ... Again ! '' . Big Cartoon News . Retrieved September 6 , 2012 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_NFL_Rush_Zone_episodes&oldid=853229974 '' Categories : Lists of American children 's animated television series episodes Hidden categories : Episode list using the default LineColor Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 3 August 2018 , at 08 : 33 ( UTC ) . 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2 types of metal that cause food poisoning			Metal toxicity	metal toxicity	Metal toxicity or metal poisoning is the toxic effect of certain metals in certain forms and doses on life . Some metals are toxic when they form poisonous soluble compounds . Certain metals have no biological role , i.e. are not essential minerals , or are toxic when in a certain form . In the case of lead , any measurable amount may have negative health effects . Often heavy metals are thought as synonymous , but lighter metals may also be toxic in certain circumstances , such as beryllium and lithium . Not all heavy metals are particularly toxic , and some are essential , such as iron . The definition may also include trace elements when in abnormally high doses may be toxic . An option for treatment of metal poisoning may be chelation therapy , which is a technique which involves the administration of chelation agents to remove metals from the body .	Toxic metals sometimes imitate the action of an essential element in the body , interfering with the metabolic process resulting in illness . Many metals , particularly heavy metals are toxic , but some heavy metals are essential , and some , such as bismuth , have a low toxicity . Most often the definition of toxic metals includes at least cadmium , manganese , lead , mercury and the radioactive metals . Metalloids ( arsenic , polonium ) may be included in the definition . Radioactive metals have both radiological toxicity and chemical toxicity . Metals in an oxidation state abnormal to the body may also become toxic : chromium ( III ) is an essential trace element , but chromium ( VI ) is a carcinogen . Toxicity is a function of solubility . Insoluble compounds as well as the metallic forms often exhibit negligible toxicity . The toxicity of any metal depends on its ligands . In some cases , organometallic forms , such as methylmercury and tetraethyl lead , can be extremely toxic . In other cases , organometallic derivatives are less toxic such as the cobaltocenium cation . Decontamination for toxic metals is different from organic toxins : because toxic metals are elements , they can not be destroyed . Toxic metals may be made insoluble or collected , possibly by the aid of chelating agents , or through bioremediation . Alternatively , they can be diluted into a sufficiently large reservoir , such as the sea , because immediate toxicity is a function of concentration rather than amount . Toxic metals can bioaccumulate in the body and in the food chain . Therefore , a common characteristic of toxic metals is the chronic nature of their toxicity . This is particularly notable with radioactive heavy metals such as radium , which imitates calcium to the point of being incorporated into human bone , although similar health implications are found in lead or mercury poisoning . The exceptions to this are barium and aluminium , which can be removed efficiently by the kidneys . Contents ( hide ) 1 Testing for poisoning 2 Treatment for poisoning 3 Specific types of poisoning 3.1 Aluminium phosphide poisoning 3.2 Arsenic poisoning 3.3 Beryllium poisoning 3.4 Cadmium poisoning 3.5 Copper toxicity 3.6 Iron poisoning 3.7 Lead poisoning 3.8 Lithium poisoning 3.9 Manganese poisoning , or manganism 3.10 Mercury poisoning 3.11 Silver poisoning , or Argyria 3.12 Thallium poisoning 3.13 Tin poisoning 3.14 Zinc toxicity 4 Society and culture 5 References 6 External links Testing for poisoning ( edit ) People are continually exposed to metals in the environment . Medical tests can detect metals often , but this is to be expected and alone is not evidence that a person is poisoned . Metal screening tests should not be used unless there is reason to believe that a person has had excessive exposure to metals . People should seek medical testing for poisoning only if they are concerned for a particular reason , and physicians should consider a patient 's history and physical examination before conducting tests to detect metals . Treatment for poisoning ( edit ) Chelation therapy is a medical procedure that involves the administration of chelating agents to remove heavy metals from the body . Chelating agents are molecules that have multiple electron - donating groups , which can form stable coordination complexes with metal ions . Complexation prevents the metal ions from reacting with molecules in the body , and enable them to be dissolved in blood and eliminated in urine . It should only be used in people who have a diagnosis of metal intoxication . That diagnosis should be validated with tests done in appropriate biological samples . Chelation therapy is administered under very careful medical supervision due to various inherent risks . When the therapy is administered properly , the chelation drugs have significant side effects . Chelation administered inappropriately can cause neurodevelopmental toxicity , increase risk of developing cancer , and cause death ; chelation also removes essential metal elements and requires measures to prevent their loss . Specific types of poisoning ( edit ) Aluminium phosphide poisoning ( edit ) Main article : Aluminium phosphide poisoning Aluminium has no known biological role and its classification into toxic metals is controversial . Acute aluminium phosphide poisoning ( AAlPP ) is a large , though under - reported , problem in the Indian subcontinent . Aluminium phosphide ( AlP ) , which is readily available as a fumigant for stored cereal grains , sold under various brand names such as QuickPhos and Celphos , is highly toxic , especially when consumed from a freshly opened container . Death results from profound shock , myocarditis and multi-organ failure . Aluminium phosphide has a fatal dose of between 0.15 and 0.5 grams ( 0.0053 and 0.0176 oz ) . It has been reported to be the most common cause of suicidal death in North India . The very high toxicity of aluminium phosphide is attributed to the phosphine content and is not related to aluminium . Calcium phosphide and zinc phosphide are similar poisons . Arsenic poisoning ( edit ) Main article : arsenic poisoning Arsenic poisoning is a medical condition caused by elevated levels of arsenic in the body . The dominant basis of arsenic poisoning is from ground water that naturally contains high concentrations of arsenic . A 2007 study found that over 137 million people in more than 70 countries are probably affected by arsenic poisoning from drinking water . Beryllium poisoning ( edit ) Main article : Beryllium poisoning Beryllium poisoning is illness resulting from the toxic effect of beryllium in its elemental form or in various chemical compounds . The toxicity of beryllium depends upon the duration , intensity and frequency of exposure ( features of dose ) , as well as the form of beryllium and the route of exposure ( i.e. inhalation , dermal , ingestion ) . According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer ( IARC ) , beryllium and beryllium compounds are Category 1 carcinogens ; they are carcinogenic to both animals and humans . Cadmium poisoning ( edit ) Main article : Cadmium poisoning Cadmium is an extremely toxic metal commonly found in industrial workplaces . Due to its low permissible exposure limit , overexposures may occur even in situations where trace quantities of cadmium are found . Cadmium is used extensively in electroplating , although the nature of the operation does not generally lead to overexposures . Cadmium is also found in some industrial paints and may represent a hazard when sprayed . Operations involving removal of cadmium paints by scraping or blasting may pose a significant hazard . Cadmium is also present in the manufacturing of some types of batteries . Exposures to cadmium are addressed in specific standards for the general industry , shipyard employment , construction industry , and the agricultural industry . Copper toxicity ( edit ) Main article : Copper toxicity Copper toxicity , also called copperiedus , refers to the consequences of an excess of copper in the body . Copperiedus can occur from eating acid foods cooked in uncoated copper cookware , or from exposure to excess copper in drinking water , as a side - effect of estrogen birth control pills , or other environmental sources . It can also result from the genetic condition Wilson 's disease . Iron poisoning ( edit ) Main article : Iron poisoning Iron poisoning is an iron overload caused by a large excess of iron intake and usually refers to an acute overload rather than a gradual one . The term has been primarily associated with young children who consumed large quantities of iron supplement pills , which resemble sweets and are widely used , including by pregnant women -- see overnutrition ( approximately 3 grams is lethal for a 2 year old ) . Targeted packaging restrictions in the US for supplement containers with over 250 mg elemental iron have existed since 1978 , and recommendations for unit packaging have reduced the several iron poisoning fatalities per year to almost nil since 1998 . No known cases of iron poisoning have been identified that are associated with iron mining . Lead poisoning ( edit ) Main article : Lead poisoning Lead poisoning is a medical condition in humans and other vertebrates caused by increased levels of the heavy metal lead in the body . Lead interferes with a variety of body processes and is toxic to many organs and tissues including the heart , bones , intestines , kidneys , and reproductive and nervous systems . It interferes with the development of the nervous system and is therefore particularly toxic to children , causing potentially permanent learning and behavior disorders . Symptoms include abdominal pain , confusion , headache , anemia , irritability , and in severe cases seizures , coma , and death . Lithium poisoning ( edit ) Lithium is used in some medications , specifically to treat bipolar disorder . The level of `` sufficient '' medication is thought by many physicians to be close to toxic tolerance for kidney function . Therefore , the patient is often monitored for this purpose . Manganese poisoning , or manganism ( edit ) Main article : Manganism Manganism or manganese poisoning is a toxic condition resulting from chronic exposure to manganese and first identified in 1837 by James Couper . Mercury poisoning ( edit ) Main article : Mercury poisoning Mercury poisoning is a disease caused by exposure to mercury or its compounds . Mercury ( chemical symbol Hg ) is a heavy metal occurring in several forms , all of which can produce toxic effects in high enough doses . Its zero oxidation state Hg exists as vapor or as liquid metal , its mercurous state Hg exists as inorganic salts , and its mercuric state Hg may form either inorganic salts or organomercury compounds ; the three groups vary in effects . Toxic effects include damage to the brain , kidney , and lungs . Mercury poisoning can result in several diseases , including acrodynia ( pink disease ) , Hunter - Russell syndrome , and Minamata disease . Symptoms typically include sensory impairment ( vision , hearing , speech ) , disturbed sensation and a lack of coordination . The type and degree of symptoms exhibited depend upon the individual toxin , the dose , and the method and duration of exposure . Silver poisoning , or argyria ( edit ) A 92 - year - old Caucasian man ( right ) with pigmentary changes had used nose drops containing silver for many years . His skin biopsy showed silver deposits in the dermis , confirming the diagnosis of generalized argyria . Main article : Argyria Argyria or argyrosis is a condition caused by inappropriate exposure to chemical compounds of the element silver , or to silver dust . The most dramatic symptom of argyria is that the skin turns blue or bluish - grey . It may take the form of generalized argyria or local argyria . Generalized argyria affects large areas over much of the visible surface of the body . Local argyria shows in limited regions of the body , such as patches of skin , parts of the mucous membrane or the conjunctiva . Thallium poisoning ( edit ) Main article : Thallium poisoning Thallium and its compounds are often highly toxic . Contact with skin is dangerous , and adequate ventilation should be provided when melting this metal . Many thallium ( I ) compounds are highly soluble in water and are readily absorbed through the skin . Exposure to them should not exceed 0.1 mg per m of skin in an 8 - hour time - weighted average ( 40 - hour work week ) . Thallium is a suspected human carcinogen . Tin poisoning ( edit ) Main article : Tin poisoning Tin poisoning refers to the toxic effects of tin and its compounds . Cases of poisoning from tin metal , its oxides , and its salts are `` almost unknown '' ; on the other hand certain organotin compounds are almost as toxic as cyanide . Zinc toxicity ( edit ) Main article : Zinc toxicity Even though zinc is an essential requirement for a healthy body , excess zinc can be harmful , and cause zinc toxicity . Such toxicity levels have been seen to occur at ingestion of greater than 225 mg of Zinc . Excessive absorption of zinc can suppress copper and iron absorption . The free zinc ion in solution is highly toxic to bacteria , plants , invertebrates , and even vertebrate fish . Society and culture ( edit ) It is difficult to differentiate the effects of low level metal poisoning from the environment with other kinds of environmental harms , including nonmetal pollution . Generally , increased exposure to heavy metals in the environment increases risk of developing cancer . Without a diagnosis of metal toxicity and outside of evidence - based medicine , but perhaps because of worry about metal toxicity , some people seek chelation therapy to treat autism , cardiovascular disease , Alzheimer 's disease , or any sort of neurodegeneration . Chelation therapy does not improve outcomes for those diseases . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` A Metals Primer '' . Dartmouth Toxic Metals Superfund Research Program . 2012 - 05 - 30 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 30 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Announcement : Response to the Advisory Committee on Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention Report , Low Level Lead Exposure Harms Children : A Renewed Call for Primary Prevention '' . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . 2012 - 05 - 25 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 04 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : American College of Medical Toxicology ; American Academy of Clinical Toxicology ( February 2013 ) , `` Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question '' , Choosing Wisely : an initiative of the ABIM Foundation , American College of Medical Toxicology and American Academy of Clinical Toxicology , archived from the original on 4 December 2013 , retrieved 5 December 2013 ^ Jump up to : American College of Medical Toxicology ; American Academy of Clinical Toxicology ( February 2013 ) , `` Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question '' , Choosing Wisely : an initiative of the ABIM Foundation , American College of Medical Toxicology and American Academy of Clinical Toxicology , archived from the original on 4 December 2013 , retrieved 5 December 2013 , which cites Medical Letter consultants ( September 20 , 2010 ) . `` Nonstandard uses of chelation therapy '' . The Medical Letter on Drugs and Therapeutics . 52 ( 1347 ) : 75 -- 6 . PMID 20847718 . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2014 . Kosnett , MJ ( 2010 ) . `` Chelation for Heavy Metals ( Arsenic , Lead , and Mercury ) : Protective or Perilous ? '' . Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics . 88 ( 3 ) : 412 -- 415 . doi : 10.1038 / clpt. 2010.132 . ISSN 0009 - 9236 . Jump up ^ Atwood , K.C. , IV ; Woeckner , E. ; Baratz , R.S. ; Sampson , W.I. ( 2008 ) . `` Why the NIH Trial to Assess Chelation Therapy ( TACT ) should be abandoned '' . Medscape Journal of Medicine . 10 ( 5 ) : 115 . PMC 2438277 . PMID 18596934 . Jump up ^ Chugh , SN ; Dushyant ; Ram , S ; Arora , B ; Malhotra , KC ( 1991 ) . `` Incidence & outcome of aluminium phosphide poisoning in a hospital study '' . The Indian journal of medical research . 94 : 232 -- 5 . PMID 1937606 . Jump up ^ Singh S , Singh D , Wig N , Jit I , Sharma BK ; Singh ; Wig ; Jit ; Sharma ( 1996 ) . `` Aluminum phosphide ingestion -- a clinico - pathologic study '' . J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 34 ( 6 ) : 703 -- 6 . doi : 10.3109 / 15563659609013832 . PMID 8941200 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Mathai , Ashu ; Bhanu , Madhuritasingh ( 2010 ) . `` Acute aluminium phosphide poisoning : Can we predict mortality ? '' . Indian Journal of Anaesthesia. 54 ( 4 ) : 302 -- 7 . doi : 10.4103 / 0019 - 5049.68372 . PMC 2943698 . PMID 20882171 . Jump up ^ A Wahab ; MS Zaheer ; S Wahab ; RA Khan . `` Acute aluminium phosphide poisoning : an update '' ( PDF ) . Hong Kong Journal of Emergency Medicine : 152 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2012 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ Siwach , SB ; Gupta , A ( 1995 ) . `` The profile of acute poisonings in Harayana - Rohtak Study '' . The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India . 43 ( 11 ) : 756 -- 9 . PMID 8773034 . Jump up ^ See : `` Arsenic in drinking water seen as threat , '' USAToday.com , August 30 , 2007 . See page 6 of : Peter Ravenscroft , `` Predicting the global distribution of arsenic pollution in groundwater . '' Archived 2013 - 07 - 01 at the Wayback Machine . Paper presented at : `` Arsenic -- The Geography of a Global Problem , '' Archived 2013 - 07 - 01 at the Wayback Machine . Royal Geographic Society Arsenic Conference held at : Royal Geographic Society , London , England , August 29 , 2007 . This conference is part of The Cambridge Arsenic Project Archived 2012 - 11 - 17 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ `` IARC Monograph , Volume 58 '' . International Agency for Research on Cancer . 1993 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 31 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Safety and Health Topics Cadmium '' . Osha.gov . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 06 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Plants Poisonous to Livestock - Cornell University Department of Animal Science '' . Ansci.cornell.edu . Archived from the original on 2012 - 02 - 05 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ Tenenbein , Milton ( 2005 ) . `` Unit - Dose Packaging of Iron Supplements and Reduction of Iron Poisoning in Young Children '' . Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine . 159 ( 6 ) : 557 -- 60 . doi : 10.1001 / archpedi. 159.6. 557 . PMID 15939855 . Jump up ^ AAPCC Annual Reports , American Association of Poison Control Centers . Archived May 22 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Lithium Nephropathy at eMedicine Jump up ^ Markowitz , Glen S. ; Radhakrishnan , Jai ; Kambham , Neeraja ; Valeri , Anthony M. ; Hines , William H. ; D'Agati , Vivette D. ( 2000 ) . `` Lithium Nephrotoxicity : A Progressive Combined Glomerular and Tubulointerstitial Nephropathy '' . Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 11 ( 8 ) : 1439 -- 48 . PMID 10906157 . Jump up ^ Couper , J. ( 1837 ) . `` Sur les effets du peroxide de manganèse '' . Journal de chimie médicale , de pharmacie et de toxicologie. 3 : 223 -- 225 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ James , William D. ; Berger , Timothy G. ; Elston , Dirk M. ; Odom , Richard B. ( 2006 ) . Andrews ' diseases of the skin : clinical dermatology . Saunders Elsevier . p. 858 . ISBN 0 - 7216 - 2921 - 0 . OCLC 62736861 . Jump up ^ Thallium Toxicity at eMedicine ^ Jump up to : `` Biology of Thallium '' . webelemnts . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 10 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ Graf , Günter G. ( 2000 ) . `` Tin , Tin Alloys , and Tin Compounds '' . Ullmann 's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry . Wiley . doi : 10.1002 / 14356007. a27_049 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 527 - 30673 - 2 . Jump up ^ Fosmire , Gary J ( 1990 ) . `` Zinc toxicity '' . The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 51 ( 2 ) : 225 -- 7 . PMID 2407097 . Jump up ^ Rout , Gyana Ranjan ; Das , Premananda ( 2009 ) . `` Effect of Metal Toxicity on Plant Growth and Metabolism : I. Zinc '' . In Lichtfouse , Eric ; Navarrete , Mireille ; Debaeke , Philippe ; Véronique , Souchere ; Alberola , Caroline . Sustainable Agriculture . pp. 873 -- 84 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 90 - 481 - 2666 - 8_53 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 481 - 2666 - 8 . INIST : 14709198 . Jump up ^ Smith , SE ; Larson , EJ ( 1946 ) . `` Zinc toxicity in rats ; antagonistic effects of copper and liver '' . The Journal of Biological Chemistry . 163 : 29 -- 38 . PMID 21023625 . Jump up ^ Muyssen , Brita T.A. ; De Schamphelaere , Karel A.C. ; Janssen , Colin R. ( 2006 ) . `` Mechanisms of chronic waterborne Zn toxicity in Daphnia magna '' . Aquatic Toxicology. 77 ( 4 ) : 393 -- 401 . doi : 10.1016 / j. aquatox. 2006.01. 006 . PMID 16472524 . Jump up ^ Liu , J ; Lewis , G ( Jan -- Feb 2014 ) . `` Environmental toxicity and poor cognitive outcomes in children and adults '' . Journal of environmental health . 76 ( 6 ) : 130 -- 8 . PMID 24645424 . Jump up ^ Tabrez , Shams ; Priyadarshini , Medha ; Priyamvada , Shubha ; Khan , Mohd Shahnawaz ; NA , Arivarasu ; Zaidi , Syed Kashif ( 2014 ) . `` Gene -- environment interactions in heavy metal and pesticide carcinogenesis '' . Mutation Research / Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis. 760 : 1 -- 9 . doi : 10.1016 / j. mrgentox. 2013.11. 002 . External links ( edit ) Dartmouth Toxic Metals Superfund Research Program Toxic Metals ( OSHA ) Poisoning Toxicity Overdosing ( T36 -- T65 , 960 -- 989 ) History of poison Inorganic Metals Toxic metals Beryllium Cadmium Lead Mercury Nickel Silver Thallium Tin Dietary minerals Chromium Cobalt Copper Iron Manganese Zinc Metalloids Arsenic Nonmetals Sulfuric acid Selenium Chlorine Fluoride Organic Phosphorus Pesticides Aluminium phosphide Organophosphates Nitrogen Cyanide Nicotine Nitrogen dioxide poisoning CHO alcohol Ethanol Ethylene glycol Methanol Carbon monoxide Oxygen Toluene Pharmaceutical Drug overdoses Nervous Anticholinesterase Aspirin Barbiturates Benzodiazepines Opioids Paracetamol Tricyclic antidepressants Cardiovascular Digoxin Dipyridamole Vitamin poisoning Vitamin A Vitamin D Vitamin E Biological Fish / seafood Ciguatera Haff disease Ichthyoallyeinotoxism Scombroid Shellfish poisoning Amnesic Diarrhetic Neurotoxic Paralytic Other vertebrates amphibian venom Batrachotoxin Bombesin Bufotenin Physalaemin birds / quail Coturnism snake venom Alpha - Bungarotoxin Ancrod Batroxobin Arthropods Arthropod bites and stings bee sting / bee venom Apamin Melittin scorpion venom Charybdotoxin spider venom Latrotoxin / Latrodectism Loxoscelism tick paralysis Plants / fungi Cinchonism Ergotism Lathyrism Locoism Mushrooms Strychnine including venoms , toxins , foodborne illnesses . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metal_toxicity&oldid=816011218 '' Categories : Metals Element toxicology Toxic effects of metals Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Webarchive template wayback links All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from August 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia Slovenščina Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 17 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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what general led the confederate army into pennsylvania	The Gettysburg Campaign was a military invasion of Pennsylvania by the main Confederate army under General Robert E. Lee in summer 1863 . The Union won a decisive victory at Gettysburg July 1 -- 3 , with heavy casualties on both sides . Lee managed to escape back to Virginia with most of his army . It was a turning point in the American Civil War , with Lee increasingly pushed back toward Richmond until his surrender in April 1865 . After his victory in the Battle of Chancellorsville , Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia moved north for a massive raid designed to obtain desperately needed supplies , to undermine civilian morale in the North , and to encourage anti-war elements . The Union Army of the Potomac was commanded by Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker and then ( from June 28 ) by Maj. Gen. George G. Meade .	Robert E. Lee	Gettysburg Campaign	gettysburg campaign	The Gettysburg Campaign was a military invasion of Pennsylvania by the main Confederate army under General Robert E. Lee in summer 1863 . The Union won a decisive victory at Gettysburg July 1 -- 3 , with heavy casualties on both sides . Lee managed to escape back to Virginia with most of his army . It was a turning point in the American Civil War , with Lee increasingly pushed back toward Richmond until his surrender in April 1865 . After his victory in the Battle of Chancellorsville , Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia moved north for a massive raid designed to obtain desperately needed supplies , to undermine civilian morale in the North , and to encourage anti-war elements . The Union Army of the Potomac was commanded by Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker and then ( from June 28 ) by Maj. Gen. George G. Meade .	Lee 's army slipped away from Federal contact at Fredericksburg , Virginia , on June 3 , 1863 . The largest predominantly cavalry battle of the war was fought at Brandy Station on June 9 . The Confederates crossed the Blue Ridge Mountains and moved north through the Shenandoah Valley , capturing the Union garrison at Winchester , Virginia , in the Second Battle of Winchester , June 13 -- 15 . Crossing the Potomac River , Lee 's Second Corps advanced through Maryland and Pennsylvania , reaching the Susquehanna River and threatening the state capital of Harrisburg . However , the Army of the Potomac was in pursuit and had reached Frederick , Maryland , before Lee realized his opponent had crossed the Potomac. Lee moved swiftly to concentrate his army around the crossroads town of Gettysburg . The Battle of Gettysburg was the largest of the war . Starting as a chance meeting engagement on July 1 , the Confederates were initially successful in driving Union cavalry and two infantry corps from their defensive positions , through the town , and onto Cemetery Hill . On July 2 , with most of both armies now present , Lee launched fierce assaults on both flanks of the Union defensive line , which were repulsed with heavy losses on both sides . On July 3 , Lee focused his attention on the Union center . The defeat of his massive infantry assault , Pickett 's Charge , caused Lee to order a retreat that began the evening of July 4 . The Confederate retreat to Virginia was plagued by bad weather , difficult roads , and numerous skirmishes with Union cavalry . However , Meade 's army did not maneuver aggressively enough to prevent Lee from crossing the Potomac to safety on the night of July 13 -- 14 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Lee 's plans 2 Opposing forces 2.1 Confederate forces 2.2 Union forces 3 Campaign timeline 4 Lee 's advance to Gettysburg 4.1 Brandy Station 4.2 Winchester 4.3 Hooker 's pursuit 4.4 The invasion of Pennsylvania 4.5 Stuart 's raid 4.6 Dix 's advance against Richmond 4.7 Meade assumes command 4.8 Lee concentrates his army 5 Battle of Gettysburg 6 Lee 's retreat to Virginia 7 Aftermath 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading Background ( edit ) Lee 's plans ( edit ) Main article : Battle of Chancellorsville Further information : Eastern Theater of the American Civil War and American Civil War Northern Virginia , Maryland and Pennsylvania ( 1861 - 1865 ) . Gettysburg Campaign , ( 1863 ) . Shortly after Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia defeated Hooker 's Army of the Potomac during the Chancellorsville Campaign ( April 30 -- May 6 , 1863 ) , Lee decided upon a second invasion of the North . Such a move would upset Union plans for the summer campaigning season , give Lee the ability to maneuver his army away from its defensive positions behind the Rappahannock River , and allow the Confederates to live off the bounty of the rich northern farms while giving war - ravaged Virginia a much needed rest . Lee 's army could also threaten Philadelphia , Baltimore , and Washington , and encourage the growing peace movement in the North . Lee had numerous misunderstandings that shaped his strategy . Lee misread Northern opinion by his reliance on anti-war Copperhead newspapers for northern public opinion . Reading them , he assumed the Yankees must be just as war weary as southerners , and did not appreciate the determination of the Lincoln Administration . Lee did know he was seriously short of supplies for his own army , so he planned the campaign primarily as a full - scale raid that would seize supplies . He wrote : If we can baffle them ( Yankees ) in their various designs this year & our people are true to our cause ... our success will be certain ... ( and ) next year there will be a great change in public opinion at the North . The Republicans will be destroyed ( in the 1864 presidential election ) & I think the friends of peace will become so strong as that the next administration will go in on that basis . We have only therefore to resist manfully . Lee was overconfident of the morale and equipment of his `` invincible '' veterans ; he fantasized about a definitive war - winning triumph : ( The Yankees will be ) broken down with hunger and hard marching , strung out on a long line and much demoralized when they come into Pennsylvania . I shall throw an overwhelming force on their advance , crush it , follow up the success , drive one corps back on another , and by successive repulses and surprises , before they can concentrate , create a panic and virtually destroy the army . ( Then ) the war will be over and we shall achieve the recognition of our independence . The Confederate government had a different strategy . It wanted Lee to reduce Union pressure threatening their garrison at Vicksburg , Mississippi , but he rejected its suggestions to send troops to provide direct aid , arguing for the value of a concentrated blow in the Northeast . In essence , Lee 's strategy was identical to the one he employed in the Maryland Campaign of 1862 . Furthermore , after Chancellorsville he had supreme confidence in the men of his army , assuming they could handle any challenge he gave them . Opposing forces ( edit ) Further information : Battle of Gettysburg § Opposing forces Confederate forces ( edit ) Lee 's movement started on the first of June and within a short time was well on its way through Maryland , with General George Meade , the new Union commander , moving north along parallel lines . Lee 's cavalry , under General Jeb Stuart had the primary mission of gathering intelligence on where the enemy position was , but Stuart failed and instead raided some supply trains . He did not rejoin Lee until the battle was underway . Stuart had taken all Lee 's best cavalry , leaving the main army with two third - rate , ill - equipped , poorly led brigades that could not handle the reconnaissance challenge in hostile country . Lee 's armies threatened Harrisburg , Washington , Baltimore and even Philadelphia . Local militia units hurriedly formed to oppose Lee , but they were inconsequential in the face of a large , battle - hardened attack force . Gettysburg was a crossroads junction in heavily wooded areas . Over three days , July 1 -- 3 , Confederate forces arrived piecemeal from the northwest , while Union forces arrived piecemeal from the east . By July 1 Meade was to the south of Lee -- Lee 's retreat was cut off and he had to fight , and had to win . Union forces ( edit ) Joseph Hooker , commanding the Army of the Potomac , was , as Lee had calculated , indeed tardy and afraid to fight Lee . He wanted to attack Richmond , but Lincoln vetoed that idea as impossible of success and replaced Hooker with George Meade . The new commander brooked no delay in chasing the rebels north . Lee underestimated his new foe , expecting him to be a day late and a division short , like Hooker . Lee was blinded for a week by the failure of Jeb Stuart 's cavalry to provide timely reconnaissance . `` Where on earth is my cavalry ? '' he kept asking every day . In fact Stuart was miles away sacking a mule - drawn supply train . Stuart had trouble finding Lee ; he solved his intelligence problem by reading a Philadelphia newspaper that accurately reported Lee 's location . The news was a day old , however , and Stuart , slowed down by booty , did not arrive at Gettysburg until July 2 . The Confederates were often aided by uncensored newspaper reports of the movements of Union forces . Hooker tried to censor the newspapers , but reporters and editors evaded his restrictions and the South often had accurate reports of Union strength . Meanwhile , Meade was close behind Lee , and had cut off the line of retreat back to Virginia . Lee had to fight , but first he had to rush to reassemble his scattered forces at the crossroads town of Gettysburg before Meade defeated them piecemeal. Lee had 60,000 infantry and 10,200 cavalry ( Meade 's staff estimated Lee had 140,000 ) . Would this be enough to challenge the United States on its home ground ? This time it was Lee 's turn to be fooled ; he gullibly swallowed misinformation that suggested Meade had twice as many soldiers , when in fact he had 86,000 . Even though the main Confederate army was marching through Pennsylvania , Lincoln was unable to give Meade more firepower . The vast majority of the 700,000 Federal soldiers ( except for Grant 's 70,000 near Vicksburg ) were noncombatants , held static defensive posts that Lincoln feared to uncover , or like Rosecrans at Nashville , they were afraid to move . Urgently the President called for 100,000 civilian militiamen to turn out for the emergency ; being unorganized , untrained , unequipped and poorly led , they were more trouble than they were worth . When the battle began they broke and ran away . Campaign timeline ( edit ) The battles of the Gettysburg Campaign were fought in the following sequence ; they are described in the context of logical , sometimes overlapping divisions of the campaign . Action Dates Section of campaign Battle of Brandy Station June 9 , 1863 Brandy Station Second Battle of Winchester June 13 -- 15 Winchester Battle of Aldie June 17 Hooker 's pursuit Battle of Middleburg June 17 -- 19 Hooker 's pursuit Battle of Upperville June 21 Hooker 's pursuit Battle of Fairfax Court House June 27 Stuart 's ride Skirmish of Sporting Hill June 30 Invasion of Pennsylvania Battle of Hanover June 30 Stuart 's ride Battle of Gettysburg July 1 -- 3 Gettysburg Battle of Carlisle July 1 Stuart 's ride Battle of Hunterstown July 2 Stuart 's ride Battle of Fairfield July 3 Retreat Battle of Monterey Pass July 4 -- 5 Retreat Battle of Williamsport July 6 -- 16 Retreat Battle of Boonsboro July 8 Retreat Battle of Funkstown July 10 Retreat Battle of Manassas Gap July 23 Retreat Lee 's advance to Gettysburg ( edit ) Gettysburg Campaign ( through July 3 ) Confederate Union Cavalry movements are shown with dashed lines . On June 3 , 1863 , Lee 's army began to slip away northwesterly from Fredericksburg , Virginia , leaving A.P. Hill 's Corps in fortifications above Fredericksburg to protect the Confederate rear as it withdrew . By June 5 , Longstreet 's and Ewell 's corps were camped in and around Culpeper , and Hooker had caught wind of the Confederate movement . Accordingly , he ordered Sedgwick to conduct a reconnaissance in force across the Rappahannock River to Hill 's line , which resulted in a skirmish that convinced him Lee still occupied his old line around Fredericksburg . As a precaution , Lee temporarily halted Ewell 's Corps , but when he saw that Hooker would not press the Fredericksburg line to bring on a battle , he ordered Ewell to continue . On June 9 , Lee ordered Stuart to cross the Rappahannock and raid Union forward positions , screening the Confederate Army from observation or interference as it moved north . Anticipating this imminent offensive action , Stuart ordered his troopers into bivouac around Brandy Station . Brandy Station ( edit ) Further information : Battle of Brandy Station Overview of the Battle of Brandy Station Hooker interpreted Stuart 's presence around Culpeper to be indicative of preparations for a raid on his army 's supply lines . In reaction to this , he ordered Alfred Pleasonton 's combined arms force of 8,000 cavalrymen and 3,000 infantry on a `` spoiling raid , '' to `` disperse and destroy '' the 9,500 Confederates . Pleasonton 's attack plan called for a double envelopment of the enemy . The wing under Brigadier General John Buford would cross the river at Beverly 's Ford , two miles ( 3 km ) northeast of Brandy Station ; at the same time , David McM . Gregg 's wing would cross at Kelly 's Ford , six miles ( 10 km ) downstream to the southeast . However , Pleasonton was unaware of the precise disposition of the enemy and he incorrectly assumed that his force was substantially larger than the Confederates he faced . About 4 : 30 a.m. on June 9 , Buford 's column crossed the Rappahannock River in a dense fog , surprising Grumble Jones 's brigade , which rode to the scene partially dressed and often riding bareback . They struck Buford 's leading brigade and temporarily checked its progress , just short of where Stuart 's Horse Artillery was camped and was vulnerable to capture . The artillery unlimbered on two knolls on either side of the Beverly 's Ford Road . Most of Jones 's command rallied to the left of this Confederate artillery line , while Hampton 's brigade formed to the right . The 6th Pennsylvania Cavalry unsuccessfully charged the guns at St. James Church , suffering the greatest casualties of any regiment in the battle . Buford tried to turn the Confederate left and dislodge the artillery that was blocking the direct route to Brandy Station and sustained heavy losses displacing Rooney Lee 's brigade from a stone wall on Yew Ridge . Then , to the amazement of Buford 's men , the Confederates began pulling back . They were reacting to the arrival of Gregg 's cavalry division of about 2,800 men , which was the second major surprise of the day . Although Gregg had intended to cross at Kelly 's Ford at dawn , in concert with Buford 's crossing at Beverly 's , his men were delayed two hours . Between Gregg and the St. James battle was a prominent ridge called Fleetwood Hill , which had been Stuart 's headquarters the previous night . Stuart and most of his staff had departed for the front by this time , but a few shots from a 6 - pounder howitzer delayed the advance of Col. Percy Wyndham 's brigade as they sent out skirmishers and returned cannon fire . When Gregg 's men charged up the western slope of Fleetwood and neared the crest , the lead elements of Jones 's brigade , which had just withdrawn from St. James Church , rode over the crown . Gregg 's next brigade , led by Col. Judson Kilpatrick , swung around east of Brandy Station and attacked up the southern end and the eastern slope of Fleetwood Hill , only to discover that their appearance coincided with the arrival of Hampton 's brigade . A series of confusing charges and countercharges swept back and forth across the hill . The Confederates finally cleared the hill . Col. Alfred N. Duffié 's small 1,200 - man division was delayed by two Confederate regiments in the vicinity of Stevensburg and arrived on the field too late to affect the action . While Jones and Hampton withdrew from their initial positions to fight at Fleetwood Hill , Rooney Lee continued to confront Buford , falling back to the northern end of the hill . Reinforced by Fitzhugh Lee 's brigade , Rooney Lee launched a counterattack against Buford at the same time as Pleasonton had called for a general withdrawal near sunset , and the ten - hour battle was over . Brandy Station was the largest predominantly cavalry fight of the war , and the largest to take place on American soil . It was a tactical draw , although Pleasonton withdrew before finding the location of Lee 's infantry nearby and Stuart claimed a victory , attempting to disguise the embarrassment of a cavalry force being surprised as it was by Pleasonton . The battle established the emerging reputation of the Union cavalry as a peer of the Confederate mounted arm . Winchester ( edit ) Further information : Second Battle of Winchester After Brandy Station , Lee 's infantry forces began crossing the Blue Ridge Mountains and headed north , `` down '' the Shenandoah Valley . Ewell 's Corps , in the lead , crossed at Chester Gap on June 12 and then through Front Royal toward Winchester , Virginia . Longstreet 's Corps ( accompanied by General Lee ) moved to protect Ashby 's Gap and Snicker 's Gap . A.P. Hill waited until Hooker had withdrawn from Fredericksburg on June 14 and then followed Ewell 's route across the mountains , leapfrogging Longstreet 's Corps , which then brought up the rear of the army . Stuart 's cavalry remained to the east of the Blue Ridge to screen Lee 's army . The Union garrison at Winchester stood directly in Ewell 's path . It was commanded by Maj. Gen. Robert H. Milroy , who had 7,000 men in three brigades -- two in Winchester and one ten miles ( 16 km ) to the east at Berryville . Three forts with interconnecting trenches had been constructed to defend the town . General - in - chief Henry W. Halleck had since May ordered Milroy 's superior , Maj. Gen. Robert C. Schenck of the Middle Department , to withdraw Milroy 's men to Harpers Ferry , but Schenck believed that these were only instances of Halleck 's typical suggestions rather than direct orders and did not act on them until explicitly threatened with removal on June 14 . By then it was too late . As Allegheny Johnson 's division approached Winchester from the south on June 14 and Jubal Early approached from the west , Ewell ordered Rodes 's division to Berryville and then to Martinsburg , north of Winchester . These movements effectively surrounded the Federal garrison . At 6 p.m. on June 14 , Confederate artillery opened fire on the Union 's West Fort and the brigade of Brig. Gen. Harry T. Hays led the charge that captured the fort and a Union battery . As darkness fell , Milroy belatedly decided to retreat from his two remaining forts . Anticipating the movement , Ewell ordered Johnson to march northwest and block the Union escape route . At 3 : 30 a.m. on June 15 , Johnson 's column intercepted Milroy 's on the Charles Town Road . Although Milroy ordered his men to fight their way out of the situation , when the Stonewall Brigade arrived just after dawn to cut the turnpike to the north , Milroy 's men began to surrender in large numbers . Milroy escaped personally but the Second Battle of Winchester cost the Union about 4,450 casualties ( 4,000 captured ) out of 7,000 engaged , while the Confederates lost only 250 of 12,500 engaged . Ewell began crossing the Potomac River near Hagerstown , Maryland , late on June 15 , along with Jenkins 's cavalry brigade . Hill 's and Longstreet 's corps followed on June 24 and June 25 . Hooker 's pursuit ( edit ) Further information : Battle of Aldie , Battle of Middleburg , and Battle of Upperville `` Fighting Joe '' Hooker did not know Lee 's intentions , and Stuart 's cavalry masked the Confederate army 's movements behind the Blue Ridge effectively . He initially conceived the idea of reacting to Lee 's absence by seizing unprotected Richmond , Virginia , the Confederate capital . But President Abraham Lincoln sternly reminded him that Lee 's army was the true objective . His orders were to pursue and defeat Lee but to stay between Lee and Washington and Baltimore . On June 14 , the Army of the Potomac departed Fredericksburg and reached Manassas Junction on June 16 . Hooker dispatched Pleasonton 's cavalry again to punch through the Confederate cavalry screen to find the main Confederate army , which led to three minor cavalry battles from June 17 through June 21 in the Loudoun Valley . Pleasonton ordered David McM . Gregg 's division from Manassas Junction westward down the Little River Turnpike to Aldie . Aldie was tactically important in that near the village the Little River Turnpike intersected both of the turnpikes leading through Ashby 's Gap and Snickers Gap into the Valley . The Confederate cavalry brigade of Col. Thomas T. Munford was entering Aldie from the west , preparing to bivouac , when three brigades of Gregg 's division entered from the east at about 4 p.m. on June 17 , surprising both sides . The resulting Battle of Aldie was a fierce mounted fight of four hours with about 250 total casualties . Munford withdrew toward Middleburg . While the fighting occurred at Aldie , the Union cavalry brigade of Col. Alfred N. Duffié arrived south of Middleburg in the late afternoon and drove in the Confederate pickets . Stuart was in the town at the time and managed to escape before his brigades under Munford and Beverly Robertson routed Duffié in an early morning assault on June 18 . The primary action of the Battle of Middleburg occurred on the morning of June 19 when Col. J. Irvin Gregg 's brigade advanced west from Aldie and attacked Stuart 's line on a ridge west of Middleburg . Stuart repulsed Gregg 's charge , counterattacked , then fell back to defensive positions one - half mile ( 800 m ) to the west . On June 21 , Pleasonton again attempted to break Stuart 's screen by advancing on Upperville , nine miles ( 14 km ) to the west of Middleburg . The cavalry brigades of Irvin Gregg and Judson Kilpatrick were accompanied by infantry from Col. Strong Vincent 's brigade on the Ashby 's Gap Turnpike . Buford 's cavalry division moved northwest against Stuart 's left flank , but made little progress against Grumble Jones 's and John R. Chambliss 's brigades . The Battle of Upperville ended as Stuart conducted a fierce fighting withdrawal and took up a strong defensive position in Ashby 's Gap . After successfully defending his screen for almost a week , Stuart found himself motivated to begin the most controversial adventure of his career , Stuart 's raid around the eastern flank of the Union Army . Hooker 's significant pursuit with the bulk of his army began on June 25 , after he learned that the Army of Northern Virginia had crossed the Potomac River . He ordered the Army of the Potomac to cross into Maryland and concentrate at Middletown ( Slocum 's XII Corps ) and Frederick ( the rest of the army , led by Reynolds 's advance wing -- the I , III , and XI Corps ) . The invasion of Pennsylvania ( edit ) Further information : Skirmish of Sporting Hill President Lincoln issued a proclamation calling for 100,000 volunteers from four states to serve a term of six months `` to repel the threatened and imminent invasion of Pennsylvania . '' Pennsylvania Governor Andrew Curtin called for 50,000 volunteers to take arms as volunteer militia ; only 7,000 initially responded , and Curtin asked for help from the New York State Militia . Gov. Joel Parker of New Jersey also responded by sending troops to Pennsylvania . The War Department created the Department of the Susquehanna , commanded by Maj. Gen. Darius N. Couch , to coordinate defensive efforts in Pennsylvania . Pittsburgh , Harrisburg , and Philadelphia were considered potential targets and defensive preparations were made . In Harrisburg , the state government removed its archives from the town for safekeeping . ( In much of southern Pennsylvania , the Gettysburg campaign became widely known as the `` Emergency of 1863 . '' The military campaign resulted in the displacement of thousands of refugees from Maryland and Pennsylvania who fled northward and eastward to avoid the oncoming Confederates , and resulted in a shift in demographics in several southern Pennsylvania boroughs and counties . ) Although a primary purpose of the campaign was for the Army of Northern Virginia to accumulate food and supplies outside of Virginia , Lee gave strict orders ( General Order 72 ) to his army to minimize any negative impacts on the civilian population . Food , horses , and other supplies were generally not seized outright , although quartermasters reimbursing Northern farmers and merchants using Confederate money were not well received . Various towns , most notably York , Pennsylvania , were required to pay indemnities in lieu of supplies , under threat of destruction . During the invasion , the Confederates seized some 40 northern African Americans , a few of whom were escaped fugitive slaves but most were freemen . They were sent south under guard into slavery . Ewell 's corps continued to push deeper into Pennsylvania , with two divisions heading through the Cumberland Valley to threaten Harrisburg , while Jubal Early 's division of Ewell 's Corps marched eastward over the South Mountain range , occupying Gettysburg on June 26 after a brief series of skirmishes with state emergency militia and two companies of cavalry . Early laid the borough under tribute but did not collect any significant quantities of supplies . Soldiers burned several railroad cars and a covered bridge , and they destroyed nearby rails and telegraph lines . The following morning , Early departed for adjacent York County . The brigade of Brig. Gen. John B. Gordon of Early 's division reached the Susquehanna on June 28 , where militia guarded the 5,629 - foot - long ( 1,716 m ) covered bridge at Wrightsville . Gordon 's artillery fire caused the well fortified militiamen to retreat and burn the bridge . Confederate cavalry under the command of Brig. Gen. Albert G. Jenkins raided nearby Mechanicsburg on June 28 and skirmished with militia at Sporting Hill on the west side of Camp Hill on June 29 . The Confederates then pressed on to the outer defenses of Fort Couch , where they skirmished with the outer picket line for over an hour , the northernmost engagement of the Gettysburg Campaign . They later withdrew in the direction of Carlisle . Stuart 's raid ( edit ) Further information : Battle of Hanover , Battle of Carlisle , and Battle of Hunterstown Jeb Stuart enjoyed the glory of circumnavigating an enemy army , which he had done on two previous occasions in 1862 , during the Peninsula Campaign and at the end of the Maryland Campaign . It is possible that he had the same intention when he spoke to Robert E. Lee following the Battle of Upperville . He certainly needed to erase the stain on his reputation represented by his surprise and near defeat at the Battle of Brandy Station . The exact nature of Lee 's order to Stuart on June 22 has been argued by the participants and historians ever since , but the essence was that he was instructed to guard the mountain passes with part of his force while the Army of Northern Virginia was still south of the Potomac and that he was to cross the river with the remainder of the army and screen the right flank of Ewell 's Second Corps . Instead of taking a direct route north near the Blue Ridge Mountains , however , Stuart chose to reach Ewell 's flank by taking his three best brigades ( those of Wade Hampton , Fitzhugh Lee , and John R. Chambliss , the latter replacing the wounded W.H.F. `` Rooney '' Lee ) between the Union army and Washington , moving north through Rockville to Westminster and on into Pennsylvania , hoping to capture supplies along the way and cause havoc near the enemy capital . Stuart and his three brigades departed Salem Depot at 1 a.m. on June 25 . Unfortunately for Stuart 's plan , the Union army 's movement was underway and his proposed route was blocked by columns of Federal infantry from Hancock 's II Corps , forcing him to veer farther to the east than either he or General Lee had anticipated . This prevented Stuart from linking up with Ewell as ordered and deprived Lee of the use of his prime cavalry force , the `` eyes and ears '' of the army , while advancing into unfamiliar enemy territory . Stuart 's command reached Fairfax Court House , where they were delayed for half a day by the small but spirited Battle of Fairfax Court House ( June 1863 ) on June 27 , and crossed the Potomac River at Rowser 's Ford at 3 a.m. on June 28 . Upon entering Maryland , the cavalrymen attacked the C & O Canal , one of the major supply lines for the Army of the Potomac , capturing canal boats and cargo . They entered Rockville on June 28 , also a key wagon supply road between the Union Army and Washington , tearing down miles of telegraph wire and capturing a wagon train of 140 brand new , fully loaded wagons and mule teams . This wagon train would prove to be a logistical hindrance to Stuart 's advance , but he interpreted Lee 's orders as placing importance on gathering supplies . The proximity of the Confederate raiders provoked some consternation in the national capital and Meade dispatched two cavalry brigades and an artillery battery to pursue the Confederates . Stuart supposedly told one of his prisoners from the wagon train that were it not for his fatigued horses `` he would have marched down the 7th Street Road ( and ) took Abe & Cabinet prisoners . '' Stuart had planned to reach Hanover , Pennsylvania , by the morning of June 28 , but rode into Westminster , Maryland , instead late on the afternoon of June 29 . Here his men clashed briefly with and overwhelmed two companies of the 1st Delaware Cavalry under Maj . Napoleon B. Knight , chasing them a long distance on the Baltimore road , which Stuart claimed caused a `` great panic '' in the city of Baltimore . Meanwhile , Union cavalry commander Alfred Pleasonton ordered his divisions to spread out in their movement north with the army , looking for Confederates . Judson Kilpatrick 's division was on the right flank of the advance and passed through Hanover on the morning of June 30 . The head of Stuart 's column encountered Kilpatrick 's rear as it passed through town and scattered it . The Battle of Hanover ended after Kilpatrick 's men regrouped and drove the Confederates out of town . Stuart 's brigades had been better positioned to guard their captured wagon train than to take advantage of the encounter with Kilpatrick . To protect his wagons and prisoners , he delayed until nightfall and then detoured around Hanover by way of Jefferson to the east , increasing his march by five miles ( 8 km ) . After a 20 - mile ( 32 km ) trek in the dark , his exhausted men reached Dover on the morning of July 1 , the same time that his Confederate infantry colleagues began to fight Union cavalrymen under John Buford at Gettysburg . Leaving Hampton 's Brigade and the wagon train at Dillsburg , Stuart headed for Carlisle , hoping to find Ewell . Instead , he found nearly 3,000 Pennsylvania and New York militia occupying the borough . After lobbing a few shells into town during the early evening of July 1 and burning the Carlisle Barracks , Stuart concluded the so - called Battle of Carlisle and withdrew after midnight to the south towards Gettysburg . The fighting at Hanover , the long march through York County with the captured wagons , and the brief encounter at Carlisle slowed Stuart considerably in his attempt to rejoin the main army . Stuart and the bulk of his command reached Lee at Gettysburg the afternoon of July 2 . He ordered Wade Hampton to take a position to cover the left rear of the Confederate battle lines . Hampton moved into position astride the Hunterstown Road four miles ( 6 km ) northeast of town , blocking access for any Union forces that might try to swing around behind Lee 's lines . Two brigades of Union cavalry from Judson Kilpatrick 's division under Brig . Gens . George Armstrong Custer and Elon J. Farnsworth were probing for the end of the Confederate left flank . Custer attacked Hampton in the Battle of Hunterstown on the road between Hunterstown and Gettysburg , and Hampton counterattacked . When Farnsworth arrived with his brigade , Hampton did not press his attack , and an artillery duel ensued until dark . Hampton then withdrew towards Gettysburg to rejoin Stuart . Dix 's advance against Richmond ( edit ) As Lee 's offensive strategy became clear , Union general - in - chief Maj. Gen. Henry W. Halleck planned a countermove that could take advantage of the now lightly defended Confederate capital of Richmond . He ordered the Union Department of Virginia , two corps under Maj. Gen. John A. Dix , to move on Richmond from its locations on the Virginia Peninsula ( around Yorktown and Williamsburg ) and near Suffolk . However , Halleck made the mistake of not explicitly ordering Dix to attack Richmond . The orders were to `` threaten Richmond , by seizing and destroying their railroad bridges over the South and North Anna Rivers , and do them all the damage possible . '' Dix , a well - respected politician , was not an aggressive general , but he eventually contemplated attacking Richmond despite the vagueness of Halleck 's instructions . On June 27 , his men conducted a successful cavalry raid on Hanover Junction , led by Col. Samuel P. Spear , which defeated the Confederate regiment guarding the railroad junction , destroyed the bridge over the South Anna River and the quartermaster 's depot , capturing supplies , wagons , and 100 prisoners including General Lee 's son , Brig. Gen. W.H.F. `` Rooney '' Lee . On June 29 , at a council of war , Dix and his lieutenants expressed concerns about their limited strength ( about 32,000 men ) and decided to limit themselves to threatening gestures . Confederate Maj. Gen. D.H. Hill wrote that the Union advance on Richmond was `` not a feint but a faint . '' The net effect of the operation was primarily psychological , causing the Confederates to hold back some troops from Lee 's offensive to guard the capital . Meade assumes command ( edit ) On the evening of June 27 , Lincoln sent orders relieving Hooker . Hooker had argued with Halleck about defending the garrison at Harpers Ferry and petulantly offered to resign , which Halleck and Lincoln promptly accepted . George Meade , a Pennsylvanian who was commanding the V Corps , was ordered to assume command of the Army of the Potomac early on the morning of June 28 in Frederick , Maryland . Meade was surprised by the change of command order , having previously expressed his lack of interest in the army command . In fact , when an officer from Washington woke him with the order , he assumed he was being arrested for some transgression . Despite having little knowledge of what Hooker 's plans had been or the exact locations of the three columns moving quickly to the northwest , Meade kept up the pace . He telegraphed to Halleck , in accepting his new command , that he would `` Move toward the Susquehanna , keeping Washington and Baltimore well covered , and if the enemy is checked in his attempt to cross the Susquehanna or if he turns toward Baltimore , to give him battle . '' Map showing the position of Big Pipe Creek in relation to Gettysburg . On June 30 , Meade 's headquarters advanced to Taneytown , Maryland , and he issued two important orders . The first directed that a general advance in the direction of Gettysburg begin on July 1 , a destination that was from 5 to 25 miles ( 8 to 40 km ) away from each of his seven infantry corps . The second order , known as the Pipe Creek Circular , established a prospective line on Big Pipe Creek , which had been surveyed by his engineers as a strong defensive position . Meade had the option of occupying this position and hoping that Lee would attack him there ; alternatively , it would represent a fall back position if the army got into trouble at Gettysburg . Lee concentrates his army ( edit ) The lack of Stuart 's cavalry intelligence kept Lee unaware that his army 's normally sluggish foe had moved as far north as it had . It was only after a spy hired by Longstreet , Henry Thomas Harrison , reported it that Lee found out his opponent had crossed the Potomac and was following him nearby . By June 29 , Lee 's army was strung out in an arc from Chambersburg 28 miles ( 45 km ) northwest of Gettysburg ) to Carlisle 30 miles ( 48 km ) north of Gettysburg ) to near Harrisburg and Wrightsville on the Susquehanna River . Ewell 's Corps had almost reached the Susquehanna River and was prepared to menace Harrisburg , the Pennsylvania state capital . Early 's Division occupied York , which was the largest Northern town to fall to the Confederates during the war . Longstreet and Hill were near Chambersburg . Lee ordered a concentration of his forces around Cashtown , located at the eastern base of South Mountain and 8 miles ( 13 km ) west of Gettysburg . On June 30 , while part of Hill 's Corps was in Cashtown , one of Hill 's brigades , North Carolinians under Brig. Gen. J. Johnston Pettigrew , ventured toward Gettysburg . The memoirs of Maj. Gen. Henry Heth , Pettigrew 's division commander , claimed that he sent Pettigrew to search for supplies in town -- especially shoes . When Pettigrew 's troops approached Gettysburg on June 30 , they noticed Union cavalry under Brig. Gen. John Buford arriving south of town , and Pettigrew returned to Cashtown without engaging them . When Pettigrew told Hill and Heth about what he had seen , neither general believed that there was a substantial Federal force in or near the town , suspecting that it had been only Pennsylvania militia . Despite General Lee 's order to avoid a general engagement until his entire army was concentrated , Hill decided to mount a significant reconnaissance in force the following morning to determine the size and strength of the enemy force in his front . Around 5 a.m. on Wednesday , July 1 , two brigades of Heth 's division advanced to Gettysburg . Battle of Gettysburg ( edit ) Further information : Battle of Gettysburg , First Day , Second Day , Little Round Top , Cemetery Hill , Culp 's Hill , Pickett 's Charge , Third Day cavalry battles Battlefield of Gettysburg ( 1863 ) Battle of Gettysburg , July 1 , 1863 Battle of Gettysburg , July 2 Battle of Gettysburg , July 3 The two armies began to collide at Gettysburg on July 1 , 1863 . The first day proceeded in three phases as combatants continued to arrive at the battlefield . In the morning , two brigades of Confederate Maj. Gen. Henry Heth 's division ( of Hill 's Third Corps ) were delayed by dismounted Union cavalrymen under Brig. Gen. John Buford . As infantry reinforcements arrived under Maj. Gen. John F. Reynolds from the I Corps , the Confederate assaults down the Chambersburg Pike were repulsed , although Gen. Reynolds was killed . By early afternoon , the Union XI Corps had arrived , and the Union position was in a semicircle from west to north of the town . Ewell 's Second Corps began a massive assault from the north , with Maj. Gen. Robert E. Rodes 's division attacking from Oak Hill and Maj. Gen. Jubal A. Early 's division attacking across the open fields north of town . The Union lines generally held under extremely heavy pressure , although the salient at Barlow 's Knoll was overrun . The third phase of the battle came as Rodes renewed his assault from the north and Heth returned with his entire division from the west , accompanied by the division of Maj. Gen. W. Dorsey Pender . Heavy fighting in Herbst 's Woods ( near the Lutheran Theological Seminary ) and on Oak Ridge finally caused the Union line to collapse . Some of the Federals conducted a fighting withdrawal through the town , suffering heavy casualties and losing many prisoners ; others simply retreated . They took up good defensive positions on Cemetery Hill and waited for additional attacks . Despite discretionary orders from Robert E. Lee to take the heights `` if practicable , '' Richard Ewell chose not to attack . Historians have debated ever since how the battle might have ended differently if he had found it practicable to do so . On the second day , Lee attempted to capitalize on his first day 's success by launching multiple attacks against the Union flanks . After a lengthy delay to assemble his forces and avoid detection in his approach march , Longstreet attacked with his First Corps against the Union left flank . His division under Maj. Gen. John Bell Hood attacked Little Round Top and Devil 's Den . To Hood 's left , Maj. Gen. Lafayette McLaws attacked the Wheatfield and the Peach Orchard . Although neither prevailed , the Union III Corps was effectively destroyed as a combat organization as it attempted to defend a salient over too wide a front . Gen. Meade rushed as many as 20,000 reinforcements from elsewhere in his line to resist these fierce assaults . The attacks in this sector concluded with an unsuccessful assault by the Third Corps division of Maj. Gen. Richard H. Anderson against the Union center on Cemetery Ridge . That evening , Ewell 's Second Corps turned demonstrations against the Union right flank into full - scale assaults on Culp 's Hill and East Cemetery Hill , but both were repulsed . The Union army had occupied strong defensive positions , and Meade handled his forces well , resulting in heavy losses for both sides but leaving the disposition of forces on both sides essentially unchanged . After attacks on both Union flanks had failed the day and night before , Lee was determined to strike the Union center on the third day . He decided to support this attack with a renewed thrust on the Union right that was supposed to start in concert with his assault on the center . However , the fighting on Culp 's Hill resumed early in the morning with a Union counterattack , hours before Longstreet could begin his attack on the center . The Union troops on fortified Culp 's Hill had been reinforced and the Confederates made no progress after multiple , futile assaults that lasted until noon . The infantry assault on Cemetery Ridge known as Pickett 's Charge was preceded by a massive artillery bombardment at 1 p.m. that was meant to soften up the Union defense and silence its artillery , but it was largely ineffective . Approximately 12,500 men in nine infantry brigades advanced over open fields for three - quarters of a mile ( 1,200 m ) under heavy Union artillery and rifle fire . Although some Confederates were able to breach the low stone wall that shielded many of the Union defenders , they could not maintain their hold and were repulsed with over 50 % casualties . During and after Pickett 's Charge on the third day , two significant cavalry battles also occurred : one approximately three miles ( 5 km ) to the east , in the area known today as East Cavalry Field , the other southwest of the ( Big ) Round Top mountain ( sometimes called South Cavalry Field ) . The East Cavalry Field fighting was an attempt by Maj. Gen. J.E.B. Stuart 's Confederate cavalry to get into the Federal rear and exploit any success that Pickett 's Charge may have generated . Union cavalry under Brig . Gens . David McM . Gregg and George Armstrong Custer repulsed the Confederate advances . In South Cavalry Field , after Pickett 's Charge had been defeated , reckless cavalry charges against the right flank of the Confederate Army , ordered by Brig. Gen. Judson Kilpatrick , were easily repulsed . The three - day battle in and around Gettysburg resulted in the largest number of casualties in the American Civil War -- between 46,000 and 51,000 . In conjunction with the Union victory at Vicksburg on July 4 , Gettysburg is frequently cited as the war 's turning point . Lee 's retreat to Virginia ( edit ) Further information : Retreat from Gettysburg Lee managed to escape back to Virginia after a harrowing forced march in the face of flooded rivers . Meade took the blame for the failure to capture Lee 's highly vulnerable and outnumbered army . Following Pickett 's Charge , the Confederates returned to their positions on Seminary Ridge and prepared fortifications to receive a counterattack . When the Union attack had not occurred by the evening of July 4 , Lee realized that he could accomplish nothing more in his campaign and that he had to return his battered army to Virginia . Lee started his Army of Northern Virginia in motion late the evening of July 4 towards Fairfield and Chambersburg . Cavalry under Brig. Gen. John D. Imboden was entrusted to escort the miles - long wagon train of supplies and wounded men that Lee wanted to take back to Virginia with him , using the route through Cashtown and Hagerstown to Williamsport , Maryland . Thousands of more seriously wounded soldiers were left behind in the Gettysburg area , along with medical personnel . However , despite casualties of over 20,000 men , including a number of senior officers , the morale of Lee 's army remained high and their respect for the commanding general was not diminished by their reverses . Unfortunately for the Confederate Army , however , once they reached the Potomac they would find it difficult to cross . Torrential rains that started on July 4 flooded the river at Williamsport , making fording impossible . Four miles ( 6 km ) downstream at Falling Waters , Union cavalry destroyed Lee 's lightly guarded pontoon bridge on July 4 . The only way to cross the river was a small ferry at Williamsport . The Confederates could potentially be trapped , forced to defend themselves against Meade with their backs to the river . Gettysburg Campaign ( July 5 -- 14 ) The route of the bulk of Lee 's army was through Fairfield and over Monterey Pass to Hagerstown . A small but important action that occurred while Pickett 's Charge was still underway , the Battle of Fairfield , prevented the Union from blocking this route . Brig. Gen. Wesley Merritt 's brigade departed from Emmitsburg with orders to strike the Confederate left and rear along Seminary Ridge . Merritt dispatched about 400 men from the 6th U.S. Cavalry to seize foraging wagons that had been reported in the area . Before they were able to reach the wagons , the 7th Virginia Cavalry , leading a column under Confederate Brig. Gen. William E. `` Grumble '' Jones , intercepted the regulars , but the U.S. cavalrymen repulsed the Virginians . Jones sent in the 6th Virginia Cavalry , which successfully charged and swarmed over the Union troopers . There were 242 Union casualties , primarily prisoners , and 44 casualties among the Confederates . Imboden 's journey was one of extreme misery , conducted during the torrential rains that began on July 4 , in which the 8,000 wounded men were forced to endure the weather and the rough roads in wagons without suspensions . The train was harassed throughout its march . At dawn on July 5 , civilians in Greencastle ambushed the train with axes , attacking the wheels of the wagons , until they were driven off . That afternoon at Cunningham 's Cross Roads , Union cavalry attacked the column , capturing 134 wagons , 600 horses and mules , and 645 prisoners , about half of whom were wounded . These losses so angered Stuart that he demanded a court of inquiry to investigate . Early on July 4 Meade sent his cavalry to strike the enemy 's rear and lines of communication so as to `` harass and annoy him as much as possible in his retreat . '' Eight of nine cavalry brigades ( except Col. John B. McIntosh 's of Brig. Gen. David McM . Gregg 's division ) took to the field . Col. J. Irvin Gregg 's brigade ( of his cousin David Gregg 's division ) moved toward Cashtown via Hunterstown and the Mummasburg Road , but all of the others moved south of Gettysburg . Brig. Gen. John Buford 's division went directly from Westminster to Frederick , where they were joined by Merritt 's division on the night of July 5 . Late on July 4 , Meade held a council of war in which his corps commanders agreed that the army should remain at Gettysburg until Lee acted , and that the cavalry should pursue Lee in any retreat . Meade decided to have Brig. Gen. Gouverneur K. Warren take a division from Sedgwick 's VI Corps to probe the Confederate line and determine Lee 's intentions . By the morning of July 5 , Meade learned of Lee 's departure , but he hesitated to order a general pursuit until he had received the results of Warren 's reconnaissance . The Battle of Monterey Pass began as Brig. Gen. Judson Kilpatrick 's cavalry division easily brushed aside Brig. Gen. Beverly Robertson 's pickets and encountered a detachment of 20 men from the Confederate 1st Maryland Cavalry Battalion , under Capt . G.M. Emack , that was guarding the road to Monterey Pass . Aided by a detachment of the 4th North Carolina Cavalry and a single cannon , the Marylanders delayed the advance of 4,500 Union cavalrymen until well after midnight . Kilpatrick ordered Brig. Gen. George A. Custer to charge the Confederates with the 6th Michigan Cavalry , which broke the deadlock and allowed Kilpatrick 's men to reach and attack the wagon train . They captured or destroyed numerous wagons and captured 1,360 prisoners -- primarily wounded men in ambulances -- and a large number of horses and mules . As Meade 's infantry began to march in earnest in pursuit of Lee on the morning of July 7 , Buford 's division departed from Frederick to destroy Imboden 's train before it could cross the Potomac . At 5 p.m. on July 7 his men reached within one - half mile ( 800 m ) of the parked trains , but Imboden 's command repulsed their advance . Buford heard Kilpatrick 's artillery in the vicinity and requested support on his right . Kilpatrick 's men had moved toward Hagerstown and pushed out the two small brigades of Chambliss and Robertson . However , infantry commanded by Brig. Gen. Alfred Iverson drove Kilpatrick 's men through the streets of town . Stuart 's remaining brigades came up and were reinforced by two brigades of Hood 's Division and Hagerstown was recaptured by the Confederates . Kilpatrick chose to respond to Buford 's request for assistance and join the attack on Imboden at Williamsport . Stuart 's men pressured Kilpatrick 's rear and right flank from their position at Hagerstown and Kilpatrick 's men gave way and exposed Buford 's rear to the attack . Buford gave up his effort when darkness fell . Lee 's rear guard cavalry clashed with Federal cavalry in the South Mountain passes in the Battle of Boonsboro on July 8 , delaying Union pursuit . In the Battle of Funkstown on July 10 , Stuart 's cavalry continued its efforts to delay Federal pursuit in an encounter near Funkstown , Maryland , which resulted in nearly 500 casualties on both sides . The fight also marked the first time since the Battle of Gettysburg that Union infantry engaged Confederate infantry in the same engagement . Stuart was successful in delaying Pleasonton 's cavalry for another day . By July 9 most of the Army of the Potomac was concentrated in a five - mile ( 8 km ) line from Rohrersville to Boonsboro . Other Union forces were in position to protect the outer flanks at Maryland Heights and at Waynesboro . By July 11 the Confederates occupied a six - mile ( 10 km ) , highly fortified line on high ground with their right resting on the Potomac River near Downsville and the left about 1.5 miles ( 2.4 km ) southwest of Hagerstown , covering the only road from there to Williamsport . Meade telegraphed to general - in - chief Henry W. Halleck on July 12 that he intended to attack the next day , `` unless something intervenes to prevent it . '' He once again called a council of war with his subordinates on the night of July 12 , which resulted in a postponement of an attack until reconnaissance of the Confederate position could be performed , which Meade conducted the next morning . By that time , Lee became frustrated waiting for Meade to attack him and was dismayed to see that the Federal troops were digging entrenchments of their own in front of his works . Confederate engineers had completed a new pontoon bridge over the Potomac , which had also subsided enough to be forded. Lee ordered a retreat to start after dark , with Longstreet 's and Hill 's corps and the artillery to use the pontoon bridge at Falling Waters and Ewell 's corps to ford the river at Williamsport . On the morning of July 14 , advancing Union skirmishers found that the entrenchments were empty . Cavalry under Buford and Kilpatrick attacked the rearguard of Lee 's army , Maj. Gen. Henry Heth 's division , which was still on a ridge about 1.5 miles ( 2.4 km ) from Falling Waters . The initial attack caught the Confederates by surprise after a long night with little sleep , and hand - to - hand fighting ensued . Kilpatrick attacked again and Buford struck them in their right and rear . Heth 's and Pender 's divisions lost numerous prisoners . Brig. Gen. J. Johnston Pettigrew , who had survived Pickett 's Charge with a minor hand wound , was mortally wounded at Falling Waters . This minor success against Heth did not make up for the extreme frustration in the Lincoln administration about allowing Lee to escape . The president was quoted as saying , `` We had them within our grasp . We had only to stretch forth our hands and they were ours . And nothing I could say or do could make the Army move . '' The two armies did not take up positions across from each other on the Rappahannock River for almost two weeks . On July 16 the cavalry brigades of Fitzhugh Lee and Chambliss held the fords on the Potomac at Shepherdstown to prevent crossing by the Federal infantry . The cavalry division under David Gregg approached the fords and the Confederates attacked them , but the Union cavalrymen held their position until dark before withdrawing . The Army of the Potomac crossed the Potomac River at Harpers Ferry and Berlin ( now named Brunswick ) on July 17 -- 18 . They advanced along the east side of the Blue Ridge Mountains , trying to interpose themselves between Lee 's army and Richmond . On July 23 , in the Battle of Manassas Gap , Meade ordered French 's III Corps to cut off the retreating Confederate columns at Front Royal , by forcing passage through Manassas Gap . At first light , French began slowly pushing the Stonewall Brigade back into the gap . About 4 : 30 p.m. , a strong Union attack drove the Confederates until they were reinforced by Maj. Gen. Robert E. Rodes 's division and artillery . By dusk , the poorly coordinated Union attacks were abandoned . During the night , Confederate forces withdrew into the Luray Valley . On July 24 , the Union army occupied Front Royal , but Lee 's army was safely beyond pursuit . Aftermath ( edit ) The Gettysburg Campaign represented the final major offensive by Robert E. Lee in the Civil War . Afterward , all combat operations of the Army of Northern Virginia were in reaction to Union initiatives . Lee suffered over 27,000 casualties during the campaign , a price very difficult for the Confederacy to pay . The campaign met only some of its major objectives : it had disrupted Union plans for a summer campaign in Virginia , temporarily protecting the citizens and economy of that state , and it had allowed Lee 's men to live off the bountiful Maryland and Pennsylvania countryside and plunder vast amounts of food and supplies that they carried back with them and that would allow them to continue the war . However , the myth of Lee 's invincibility had been shattered and not a single Union soldier was removed from the Vicksburg Campaign to react to Lee 's invasion of the North . ( Vicksburg surrendered on July 4 , the day Lee ordered his retreat . ) Union campaign casualties were approximately 30,100 . Meade was severely criticized for allowing Lee to escape , just as Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan had been after the Battle of Antietam . Under pressure from Lincoln , he launched two campaigns in the fall of 1863 -- Bristoe and Mine Run -- that attempted to defeat Lee . Both were failures . He also suffered humiliation at the hands of his political enemies in front of the Joint Congressional Committee on the Conduct of the War , questioning his actions at Gettysburg and his failure to defeat Lee during the retreat to the Potomac . On November 19 , 1863 , Abraham Lincoln spoke at the dedication ceremonies for the national cemetery created at the Gettysburg battlefield . His Gettysburg Address redefined the war , calling for a `` new birth of freedom '' in the nation , which established the destruction of slavery as an implied goal . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gettysburg campaign . Troop engagements of the American Civil War , 1863 List of costliest American Civil War land battles Gettysburg Cyclorama , a painting by the French artist Paul Philippoteaux depicting Pickett 's Charge Gettysburg Address Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Official Records , Series I , Volume XXVII , Part 1 , pages 155 - 168 Jump up ^ Official Records , Series I , Volume XXVII , Part 2 , pages 283 - 291 Jump up ^ Official Records , Series I , Volume XXVII , Part 1 , pages 151 - 152 Jump up ^ 90,000 according to Eicher , pp. 502 -- 503 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 503 . Jump up ^ Official Records , Series I , Volume XXVII , Part 1 , pages 193 - 194 Jump up ^ See also Aftermath . Jump up ^ See Gettysburg Campaign : Aftermath and Battle of Gettysburg : Casualties . ^ Jump up to : Sears , p. 498 . In addition to Gettysburg itself , there were approximately 4,500 casualties on the march north and during the retreat . Jump up ^ See James M. McPherson , `` To Conquer a Peace ? Lee 's Goals in the Gettysburg Campaign . '' Civil War Times ( 2007 ) 46 ( 2 ) : 26 - 33 . Jump up ^ Edward H. Bonekemper , III ( 2012 ) . Grant and Lee : Victorious American and Vanquished Virginian . Regnery . pp. 158 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Sears , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Lee 3 : 58 3 : 23 Jump up ^ Coddington , pp. 5 -- 7 ; Sears , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Sears , pp. 13 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Mark Nesbitt , Saber and Scapegoat : JEB Stuart and the Gettysburg Controversy ( Stackpole Books , 2001 ) . Jump up ^ Sears , Gettysburg pp 59 - 124 Jump up ^ Edwin B. Coddington , `` Lincoln 's Role in the Gettysburg Campaign . '' Pennsylvania History 34.3 ( 1967 ) : 250 - 265 . online Jump up ^ Thomas J. Ryan ( May 19 , 2015 ) . Spies , Scouts , and Secrets in the Gettysburg Campaign : How the Critical Role of Intelligence Impacted the Outcome of Lee 's Invasion of the North , June - July 1863 . Savas Beatie . pp. 63 -- 64 . Jump up ^ Edwin B. Coddington ( 1968 ) . The Gettysburg Campaign : A Study in Command . Simon and Schuster . pp. 249 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Allen C. Guelzo ( 2013 ) . Gettysburg : The Last Invasion . Alfred A. Knopf . p. 107 . Jump up ^ Salmon , pp. 193 -- 94 ; Loosbrock , p. 272 . Jump up ^ Salmon , p. 193 ; Sears , p. 60 ; Gottfried , p. 2 ; Mingus , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Salmon , p. 193 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , p. 204 ; NPS website Archived March 5 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Longacre , pp. 62 -- 63 ; Sears , pp. 64 -- 65 ; Gottfried , p. 6 . Jump up ^ NPS Archived March 5 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine. ; Loosbrock , p. 272 ; Longacre , pp. 66 -- 73 ; Kennedy , p. 204 ; Sears , pp. 65 -- 67 ; Salmon , pp. 194 , 198 ; Eicher , p. 492 . Jump up ^ NPS Archived March 5 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine. ; Longacre , pp. 74 -- 78 ; Sears , pp. 68 -- 70 ; Gottfried , p. 6 ; Salmon , pp. 199 -- 201 . Jump up ^ NPS Archived March 5 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine. ; Longacre , pp. 78 -- 85 ; Sears , pp. 71 -- 72 ; Gottfried , p. 6 ; Kennedy , p. 204 ; Salmon , p. 202 ; Eicher , p. 492 . Jump up ^ Brandy Station Foundation Archived September 28 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... Of the 20,500 men engaged , approximately 3,000 were Union infantrymen . The Battle of Trevilian Station in 1864 was the largest all - cavalry battle of the war . According to the Civil War Preservation Trust Brandy Station was the largest battle of its kind on American soil . Jump up ^ Sears , pp. 73 -- 74 ; Longacre , pp. 87 -- 90 ; Salmon , p. 203 ; Loosbrock , p. 274 . Jump up ^ Sears , p. 74 ; Salmon , p. 203 . Jump up ^ Salmon , pp. 204 -- 205 ; Gottfried , pp. 44 -- 47 ; Sears , pp. 77 -- 78 . Jump up ^ Gottfried , pp. 48 -- 51 ; Sears , pp. 78 -- 81 ; Salmon , pp. 205 -- 206 . Jump up ^ Trudeau , pp. 45 , 66 ; Gottfried , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Sears , pp. 83 -- 84 ; Longacre , p. 103 ; Gottfried , pp. 12 -- 17 ; Salmon , pp. 196 -- 97 . Jump up ^ Longacre , pp. 104 -- 110 ; Salmon , pp. 207 -- 209 ; Gottfried , p. 18 ; Sears , pp. 97 -- 98 . Jump up ^ Longacre , pp. 111 -- 12 , 119 -- 24 ; Gottfried , p. 18 ; Sears , p. 98 ; Salmon , pp. 210 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Longacre , pp. 125 -- 32 ; Gottfried , p. 24 ; Sears , pp. 99 -- 100 ; Salmon , pp. 212 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Salmon , p. 197 ; Longacre , p. 101 . Jump up ^ Coddington , pp. 124 -- 25 ; Sears , p. 120 ; Gottfried , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Mingus , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Sears , pp. 91 -- 92 , 109 -- 10 ; Mingus , pp. 17 , 22 , 29 . Jump up ^ Woodworth , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Symonds , pp. 49 -- 54 ; Mingus , pp. 90 , 204 -- 207 ; Sears pp. 111 -- 12 . Jump up ^ David G. Smith gives a higher number , estimating that several hundred were captured in Pennsylvania and perhaps more than one thousand were captured if black civilians captured earlier in the campaign in Maryland and Virginia are included , Smith , David G. `` Race and Retaliation , the Capture of African Americans during the Gettysburg Campaign '' in Wallenstein , Peter , and Bertram Wyatt - Brown . Virginia 's Civil War . University of Virginia Press , 2005 . Jump up ^ Nye , pp. 272 -- 78 ; Mingus , pp. 126 -- 95 ; Gottfried , p. 30 ; Sears , pp. 102 , 113 . Jump up ^ Gottfried , pp. 34 -- 36 ; Mingus , pp. 40 , 324 -- 83 ; Boyd , Neil , `` The Confederate Invasion of Central Pennsylvania and the Battle of Sporting Hill '' Archived 2009 - 06 - 02 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Sears , pp. 104 -- 106 ; Longacre , pp. 148 -- 52 ; Gottfried , p. 28 ; Eicher , p. 506 ; Coddington , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Coddington , pp. 108 -- 13 ; Longacre , pp. 152 -- 53 ; Sears , p. 106 ; Gottfried , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Wittenberg & Petruzzi , Plenty of Blame , pp. 19 -- 32 ; Longacre , pp. 154 -- 56 ; Sears , pp. 106 , 130 -- 31 ; Gottfried , pp. 32 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Coddington , pp. 199 -- 200 ; Longacre , pp. 156 -- 58 ; Wittenberg & Petruzzi , Plenty of Blame , pp. 47 -- 64 ; Gottfried , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Coddington , pp. 200 -- 201 ; Wittenberg & Petruzzi , Plenty of Blame , pp. 65 -- 117 ; Longacre , pp. 161 , 172 -- 79 ; Gottfried , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Wittenberg & Petruzzi , Plenty of Blame , pp. 139 -- 56 ; Longacre , pp. 193 -- 98 ; Gottfried , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Wittenberg & Petruzzi , Plenty of Blame , pp. 162 -- 78 ; Longacre , pp. 198 -- 202 ; Gottfried , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Coddington , pp. 100 -- 102 . Jump up ^ Coddington , pp. 209 , 219 -- 20 ; Sears , pp. 121 -- 23 ; Gottfried , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Coddington , pp. 239 -- 40 ; Sears , pp. 149 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Symonds , pp. 41 -- 43 ; Gottfried , p. 36 ; Sears , pp. 103 -- 106 , 124 ; Esposito , text for Map 94 ; Eicher , pp. 504 -- 507 ; McPherson , p. 649 . Jump up ^ Coddington , pp. 181 , 189 . Jump up ^ Eicher , pp. 508 -- 509 , discounts Heth 's claim because the previous visit by Early to Gettysburg would have made the lack of shoe factories or stores obvious . However , many mainstream historians accept Heth 's account : Sears , p. 136 ; Foote , p. 465 ; Clark , p. 35 ; Tucker , pp. 97 -- 98 ; Martin , p. 25 ; Gottfried , pp. 36 -- 38 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 508 ; Sears , pp. 137 , 162 ; Tucker , pp. 99 -- 102 ; Gottfried , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Eicher , pp. 510 -- 21 . Jump up ^ Eicher , pp. 521 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Eicher , pp. 540 -- 49 ; Sears , pp. 467 -- 68 . Jump up ^ Longacre , pp. 226 -- 31 , 237 -- 39 , 240 -- 44 ; Eicher , pp. 540 -- 50 . Jump up ^ The Battle of Antietam , the culmination of Lee 's first invasion of the North , had the largest number of casualties in a single day , about 23,000 . Jump up ^ Rawley , p. 147 . Sauers , p. 827 . McPherson , p. 665 ; McPherson cites the combination of Gettysburg and Vicksburg as the turning point . Jump up ^ Kent Masterson Brown , Retreat from Gettysburg : Lee , Logistics , and the Pennsylvania Campaign ( 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Coddington , pp. 535 -- 36 ; Wittenberg et al. , One Continuous Fight , p. 39 ; Longacre , p. 246 ; Brown , pp. 9 -- 11 ; Sears , p. 471 . Jump up ^ Wittenberg et al. , One Continuous Fight , pp. 160 -- 61 ; Longacre , p. 247 ; Sears , p. 481 . Jump up ^ Longacre , pp. 235 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Wittenberg et al. , One Continuous Fight , pp. 5 -- 26 ; Sears , pp. 471 , 481 . Jump up ^ Wittenberg et al. , One Continuous Fight , pp. 152 -- 55 ; Gottfried , p. 278 ; Coddington , p. 543 . Jump up ^ Coddington , pp. 544 -- 48 ; Wittenberg et al. , One Continuous Fight , pp. 46 -- 47 , 79 -- 80 ; Gottfried , p. 280 . Jump up ^ Huntington , pp. 131 -- 33 ; Wittenberg et al. , One Continuous Fight , 49 -- 74 ; Sears , pp. 480 -- 81 ; Brown , pp. 128 -- 36 , 184 ; Coddington , p. 548 ; Gottfried , pp. 278 -- 81 ; Longacre , pp. 249 -- 50 . A historical marker on East Cemetery Hill at Gettysburg Battlefield uses the term `` Fight '' for the `` Monterey Gap '' action , Longacre uses `` skirmish '' . All of the other references use the name `` Monterey Pass '' . The number of wagons captured is disputed . Brown reports that local residents cited `` 400 or 500 '' . Longacre cites sources for 40 ( Stuart ) and 150 ( Union Col. Pennock Huey ) . Huntington cites 300 . Jump up ^ Coddington , pp. 552 -- 53 ; Sears , pp. 482 -- 83 ; Gottfried , pp. 282 -- 85 . Jump up ^ Sears , p. 484 . Jump up ^ Coddington , pp. 555 , 556 , 564 . Jump up ^ Coddington , pp. 565 -- 66 ; Gottfried , p. 286 . Jump up ^ Coddington , pp. 567 -- 70 ; Wittenberg et al. , One Continuous Fight , pp. 258 -- 64 , 271 -- 74 ; Gottfried , p. 288 ; Sears , pp. 488 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Coddington , pp. 570 -- 73 ; Sears , pp. 490 -- 93 ; Gottfried , p. 288 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , p. 213 ; Wittenberg et al. , One Continuous Fight , p. 345 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , pp. 213 -- 14 ; Sears , pp. 496 -- 97 ; Eicher , p. 596 ; Wittenberg et al. , One Continuous Fight , pp. 345 -- 46 . Jump up ^ Coddington , p. 573 . Jump up ^ Sears , p. 496 . Casualties outside of Gettysburg , including the large capture of Union troops at Winchester , were 7,300 . Jump up ^ Eicher , pp. 597 -- 98 , 618 -- 19 ; Wittenberg et al. , One Continuous Fight , pp. 342 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Sears , pp. 511 -- 15 . References ( edit ) Brown , Kent Masterson . Retreat from Gettysburg : Lee , Logistics , & the Pennsylvania Campaign . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 2005 . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 2921 - 8 . Busey , John W. , and David G. Martin . Regimental Strengths and Losses at Gettysburg . 4th ed . Hightstown , NJ : Longstreet House , 2005 . ISBN 0 - 944413 - 67 - 6 . Clark , Champ , and the Editors of Time - Life Books . Gettysburg : The Confederate High Tide . Alexandria , VA : Time - Life Books , 1985 . ISBN 0 - 8094 - 4758 - 4 . Coddington , Edwin B . The Gettysburg Campaign ; a study in command . New York : Scribner 's , 1968 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 84569 - 5 . Eicher , David J. The Longest Night : A Military History of the Civil War . New York : Simon & Schuster , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 84944 - 5 . Esposito , Vincent J. West Point Atlas of American Wars . New York : Frederick A. Praeger , 1959 . OCLC 5890637 . The collection of maps ( without explanatory text ) is available online at the West Point website . Gottfried , Bradley M. The Maps of Gettysburg : An Atlas of the Gettysburg Campaign , June 3 -- June 13 , 1863 . New York : Savas Beatie , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 932714 - 30 - 2 . Huntington , Tom . Pennsylvania Civil War Trails : The Guide to Battle Sites , Monuments , Museums and Towns . Mechanicsburg , PA : Stackpole Books , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8117 - 3379 - 3 . Kennedy , Frances H. , ed . The Civil War Battlefield Guide . 2nd ed . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Co. , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 395 - 74012 - 6 . Longacre , Edward G . The Cavalry at Gettysburg . Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press , 1986 . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 7941 - 8 . Loosbrock , Richard D. `` Battle of Brandy Station . '' In Encyclopedia of the American Civil War : A Political , Social , and Military History , edited by David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler . New York : W.W. Norton & Company , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 04758 - X . McPherson , James M. Battle Cry of Freedom : The Civil War Era . Oxford History of the United States . New York : Oxford University Press , 1988 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 503863 - 0 . Martin , David G. Gettysburg July 1 . rev . ed . Conshohocken , PA : Combined Publishing , 1996 . ISBN 0 - 938289 - 81 - 0 . Mingus , Scott L. , Sr. Flames beyond Gettysburg : The Gordon Expedition , June 1863 . Ironclad Publishing , 2009 . ISBN 0 - 9673770 - 8 - 0 . Nye , Wilbur S. Here Come the Rebels ! Dayton , OH : Morningside House , 1984 . ISBN 0 - 89029 - 080 - 6 . First published in 1965 by Louisiana State University Press . Salmon , John S . The Official Virginia Civil War Battlefield Guide . Mechanicsburg , PA : Stackpole Books , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 8117 - 2868 - 4 . Sauers , Richard A. `` Battle of Gettysburg . '' In Encyclopedia of the American Civil War : A Political , Social , and Military History , edited by David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler . New York : W.W. Norton & Company , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 04758 - X . Sears , Stephen W. Gettysburg . Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 395 - 86761 - 4 . Symonds , Craig L. American Heritage History of the Battle of Gettysburg . New York : HarperCollins , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 019474 - X . Wittenberg , Eric J. , and J. David Petruzzi . Plenty of Blame to Go Around : Jeb Stuart 's Controversial Ride to Gettysburg . New York : Savas Beatie , 2006 . ISBN 1 - 932714 - 20 - 0 . Wittenberg , Eric J. , J. David Petruzzi , and Michael F. Nugent . One Continuous Fight : The Retreat from Gettysburg and the Pursuit of Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia , July 4 -- 14 , 1863 . New York : Savas Beatie , 2008 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 932714 - 43 - 2 . Woodworth , Steven E. Beneath a Northern Sky : A Short History of the Gettysburg Campaign . Wilmington , DE : SR Books ( scholarly Resources , Inc . ) , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 8420 - 2933 - 8 . National Park Service battle descriptions External video Animated History of the Gettysburg Campaign Further reading ( edit ) Bearss , Edwin C. Receding Tide : Vicksburg and Gettysburg : The Campaigns That Changed the Civil War . Washington DC : National Geographic Society , 2010 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4262 - 0510 - 1 . Boritt , Gabor S. , ed . The Gettysburg Nobody Knows . New York : Oxford University Press , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 510223 - 1 . Brown , Kent Masterson . Retreat from Gettysburg : Lee , Logistics , and the Pennsylvania Campaign ( U of North Carolina Press ; 2011 ) . Desjardins , Thomas A. These Honored Dead : How the Story of Gettysburg Shaped American Memory . New York : Da Capo Press , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 81267 - 3 . Frassanito , William A. Early Photography at Gettysburg . Gettysburg , PA : Thomas Publications , 1995 . ISBN 1 - 57747 - 032 - X . Foote , Shelby . The Civil War : A Narrative . Vol. 2 , Fredericksburg to Meridian . New York : Random House , 1958 . ISBN 0 - 394 - 49517 - 9 . Fremantle , Arthur J.L. The Fremantle Diary : A Journal of the Confederacy . Edited by Walter Lord . Short Hills , NJ : Burford Books , 2002 . ISBN 1 - 58080 - 085 - 8 . First published 1954 by Capicorn Books . Freeman , Douglas S. Lee 's Lieutenants : A Study in Command . 3 vols . New York : Scribner , 1946 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 85979 - 3 . Freeman , Douglas S. R.E. Lee , A Biography. 4 vols . New York : Scribner , 1934 . Gallagher , Gary W. , ed . The Third Day at Gettysburg and Beyond . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 4753 - 4 . Gallagher , Gary W. , ed . Three Days at Gettysburg : Essays on Confederate and Union Leadership . Kent , OH : Kent State University Press , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 87338 - 629 - 9 . Gottfried , Bradley M. Brigades of Gettysburg . New York : Da Capo Press , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 81175 - 8 . Gottfried , Bradley M. The Artillery of Gettysburg . Nashville , TN : Cumberland House Publishing , 2008 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58182 - 623 - 4 . Hall , Jeffrey C. The Stand of the U.S. Army at Gettysburg . Bloomington : Indiana University Press , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 253 - 34258 - 9 . Harman , Troy D. Lee 's Real Plan at Gettysburg . Mechanicsburg , PA : Stackpole Books , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 8117 - 0054 - 2 . Laino , Philip , Gettysburg Campaign Atlas . 2nd ed . Dayton , OH : Gatehouse Press 2009 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 934900 - 45 - 1 . Longstreet , James . From Manassas to Appomattox : Memoirs of the Civil War in America . New York : Da Capo Press , 1992 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 80464 - 6 . First published in 1896 by J.B. Lippincott and Co . Orrison , Robert , and Dan Welch . The Last Road North : A Guide to the Gettysburg Campaign , 1863 . Emerging Civil War Series . El Dorado Hills , CA : Savas Beatie , 2016 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61121 - 243 - 3 . Petruzzi , J. David , and Steven Stanley . The Complete Gettysburg Guide . New York : Savas Beatie , 2009 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 932714 - 63 - 0 . Pfanz , Harry W. Gettysburg -- The First Day . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 2624 - 3 . Pfanz , Harry W. Gettysburg -- The Second Day . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 1987 . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 1749 - X . Pfanz , Harry W. Gettysburg : Culp 's Hill and Cemetery Hill . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 1993 . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 2118 - 7 . Sears , Stephen W. Gettysburg ( 2004 ) . Tagg , Larry . The Generals of Gettysburg . Campbell , CA : Savas Publishing , 1998 . ISBN 1 - 882810 - 30 - 9 . Trudeau , Noah Andre . Gettysburg : A Testing of Courage . New York : HarperCollins , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 019363 - 8 . Tucker , Glenn . High Tide at Gettysburg . Dayton , OH : Morningside House , 1983 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 914427 - 82 - 7 . First published 1958 by Bobbs - Merrill Co . Wert , Jeffry D. Gettysburg : Day Three . New York : Simon & Schuster , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 85914 - 9 . 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who plays the female sloth in ice age 5	Jessie J as Brooke , a ground sloth who is a resident of Geotopia and the love interest of Sid	Jessie J	Ice Age : Collision Course	ice age : collision course	Ice Age : Collision Course is a 2016 American computer animated comedy film produced by Blue Sky Studios . It is the fifth installment in the Ice Age film series and the sequel to Ice Age : Continental Drift ( 2012 ) . It was directed by Mike Thurmeier and co-directed by Galen Tan Chu , and written by Michael Wilson , Michael Berg and Yoni Brenner .	Ray Romano , John Leguizamo , Denis Leary , Queen Latifah , Seann William Scott , Josh Peck and Chris Wedge again all reprise their roles from the previous films , with Simon Pegg who reprises his role as Buck from Ice Age : Dawn of the Dinosaurs ( 2009 ) and Keke Palmer , Jennifer Lopez and Wanda Sykes who reprise their roles as Peaches , Shira and Granny in Ice Age : Continental Drift . They are joined by Jesse Tyler Ferguson , Adam DeVine , Nick Offerman , Max Greenfield , Stephanie Beatriz , Melissa Rauch , Michael Strahan , Jessie J and Neil deGrasse Tyson , who voice the new characters introduced in this film . In this film , while trying to bury his acorn , Scrat discovers a UFO and launches it into space and accidentally sends thousands of deadly meteors to earth , causing problems for The Herd . When Manny and the others meet up with Buck and learn that a very deadly meteor is coming to earth , they must go on a life or death mission to find a way to stop it . The film premiered at the Sydney Film Festival on June 19 , 2016 , and was released in the United States on July 22 , 2016 , by 20th Century Fox . The film grossed $408 million worldwide on a $105 million budget . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Supporting 3 Production 4 Soundtrack 4.1 Track listing 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Cosmic Scrat - tastrophe 7 Scrat : Spaced Out 8 Reception 8.1 Box office 8.2 Critical response 9 Sequel 10 References 11 External links Plot ( edit ) Scrat , trying to bury his acorn , accidentally activates an abandoned alien ship that takes him into deep space , where he unwittingly sends several asteroids en route to a collision with Earth . Meanwhile , Manny is worried about the upcoming marriage between Peaches and her fiancé , Julian . Diego and his wife Shira want to start a family , but their fierce appearance tends to scare kids . Sid is dumped by his girlfriend , Francine , just as he is about to propose to her , and he laments his solitude . During Manny and Ellie 's wedding anniversary party ( which Manny had forgotten prior to the event ) , some of the asteroids strike the place and The Herd barely escape with their lives . Meanwhile , at the underground cavern , Buck returns a dinosaur egg back to its rightful owner after it was stolen by a trio of dromaeosaurs named Gavin , Gertie , and Roger . Buck discovers an ancient stone pillar and takes it to the surface , where he meets Manny and the others . Buck explains to The Herd that according to the pillar , the asteroids had caused several extinctions in the past and with a massive one still incoming , he believes that the only place they could find a clue to stop it is on the site of the impact of the previous ones , as according to its engravings , they always fall at the same place . However , the three dromaeosaurs overhear their conversation , and Gavin and Gertie decide to stop them , believing that they could be safe from the impact , as they can fly , thus not only getting their revenge on Buck , but also killing all mammals and securing domination over Earth for their species . Roger is reluctant , but Gavin and Gertie strong - arm him into cooperating . As The Herd travels to the crash site , they discover that the asteroids have electro - magnetic properties . Buck theorizes that if a huge quantity of smaller asteroids should be gathered and launched into orbit , they could attract the main asteroid as well and prevent it from falling on Earth . After facing several obstacles and the interference of the dromaeosaurs , The Herd arrives at `` Geotopia '' , a community of immortal animals formed inside one of the asteroids that have fallen long ago , where Sid meets Brooke , a female ground sloth who falls in love with him . However , Shangri Llama , the leader of Geotopia , refuses to cooperate with Buck 's plan to send the city 's crystals into space in order to prevent the imminent impact , as they are the key to the residents ' longevity . Sid inadvertently destroys the entire city when he attempts to remove one of the crystals to present Brooke with , immediately aging them to their real ages and revealing their true crone - like appearances . Once Brooke convinces the Geotopians that preventing the asteroid 's fall is more important than their lost youth , they and The Herd help with Buck 's plan , which is to fill up a geyser with the crystals so that the pressure launches them into space to draw the asteroid away . The dromaeosaurs attempt to intervene , but Buck convinces Roger that they will not be able to survive the asteroid , and he in turn convinces Gavin and Gertie to help . The plan works , and the asteroid is pulled back into space . The Herd then departs back home , including Sid , who parts ways from Brooke , but just after they leave , an asteroid piece falls inside a hot spring , giving it rejuvenating properties and making the Geotopians and Sid 's grandmother , who stayed behind with them , regain their youth . After The Herd returns , Manny reconciles with Julian , Peaches and Julian celebrate their wedding , Diego and Shira become heroes to the kids who were scared of them before , and a rejuvenated Brooke appears during the ceremony to reunite with Sid . In the film 's epilogue , Scrat keeps struggling to control the alien ship until it crashes on Mars , destroying all life on the planet . In a mid-credits scene , Scrat finds his acorn , but gets beaten by some doors . Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of Ice Age characters Main ( edit ) Ray Romano as Manny , a woolly mammoth and the leader of The Herd John Leguizamo as Sid , a ground sloth and the founder of The Herd Denis Leary as Diego , a saber tooth tiger and the member of The Herd Adam DeVine as Julian , a woolly mammoth and Peaches 's fiancé Jesse Tyler Ferguson as Shangri Llama , a yoga - loving llama and the spiritual leader of Geotopia Max Greenfield as Roger , a freaky and cowardly dromaeosaur and Gavin 's son Jessie J as Brooke , a ground sloth who is a resident of Geotopia and the love interest of Sid Nick Offerman as Gavin , a handsome dromaeosaur and the father of Roger and Gertie Keke Palmer as Peaches , a young female woolly mammoth -- Manny and Ellie 's daughter Josh Peck as Eddie , a opossum and a brother of Ellie Simon Pegg as Buck , a one - eyed weasel and a dinosaur hunter who reunites with The Herd to warn them of the coming asteroid . Pegg also voices Pythagoras Buck and Robo Buck who exist in his mind alongside with Neil deBuck Weasel Seann William Scott as Crash , a opossum and the other brother of Ellie Wanda Sykes as Granny , an aging ground sloth and Sid 's grandmother Jennifer Lopez as Shira , a female saber tooth tiger -- Diego 's wife and former first mate pirate Queen Latifah as Ellie , a female woolly mammoth -- Manny 's wife Stephanie Beatriz as Gertie , a dromaeosaur and Gavin 's daughter Supporting ( edit ) Neil deGrasse Tyson as Neil deBuck Weasel , a weasel astronomer who exists in Buck 's mind alongside with Pythagoras Buck and Robo Buck Lilly Singh as Bubbles and Misty , a pair of `` minicorns '' who reside in Geotopia Michael Strahan as Teddy , a fearless rabbit and a resident of Geotopia Melissa Rauch as Francine , a ground sloth who has a close relationship with Sid as she is his former girlfriend Chris Wedge as Scrat , a saber tooth squirrel Production ( edit ) The concept of Collision Course was deeply rooted in a scene from the first Ice Age film where Manny and his friends are walking through an ice cave and they spot a spaceship that 's encased in ice , an item that inspired this film in the series . As with the third film , which was also inspired by the ice cave scene in which The Herd comes across a dinosaur that was incased in ice , the team went back to the first film to search for a possible inspiration for this next installment . The characters were first hand - drawn on animation software , complete with color and animated clips of the characters doing specific actions . They were then sent to be hand - sculpted with clay , and ultimately scanned into CGI software and animated around the model . The `` Figaro 's Aria '' sequence which involved Buck saving an egg from a trio of dromaeosaurs proved to be one of the most challenging sequences for Blue Sky Studios ' animators , as it involved a continuous uninterrupted shot that ran for around two minutes long . It was one of the first scenes put into production but also one of the last to exit production due to its time - consuming and difficult structure , as the team would only be able to produce three or four seconds of footage a week . The recording session took place in Los Angeles , California since most of the actors live there while the studio is based in New York City . Director Mike and co-director Galen T. Chu would take turns travelling to L.A. to head the recording sessions . In the film , Simon Pegg sang a rendition of `` Pigaro '' . Jesse Tyler Ferguson was offered the role after the producers saw his performance in Modern Family . It is his first time working in an animated film . Ferguson blew out his voice on the first day of the recording session because he did a lot of yelling . He then took a few days off and came back later to finish his part . He admitted that he struggled the first time he heard his voice come out of his character 's mouth . As a result , he decided to stop watching interviews of himself on television because he found them to be `` too weird '' . A promotional poster , shown in June 2015 , at the Licensing Expo , revealed the film 's full title : Ice Age : Collision Course . Soundtrack ( edit ) Ice Age : Collision Course Film score by John Debney Released July 19 , 2016 Recorded 2016 Genre Score Label Varèse Sarabande John Debney film scores chronology Mother 's Day ( 2016 ) Mother 's Day 2016 Ice Age : Collision Course ( 2016 ) Hacksaw Ridge ( 2016 ) Hacksaw Ridge 2016 Track listing ( edit ) The film was composed by John Debney , who replaced John Powell from the previous three films due to Powell being busy with other projects . However , most Powell 's score from the third was included in the film , along with David Newman 's score from the first film . Release ( edit ) Initially the film was scheduled for release on July 15 , 2016 . However , the release was delayed to July 22 , to avoid competition with the Ghostbusters reboot that was also scheduled for July 15 . An extended sneak peek of the movie in the form of a short film called Cosmic Scrat - tastrophe was attached to theatrical showings of Blue Sky Studio 's The Peanuts Movie on November 6 , 2015 . The teaser poster of the film was revealed on November 6 , 2015 with the words `` Bring Scrat Home '' spoofing The Martian . The short film was released later on November 9 , 2015 , on 20th Century Fox 's official YouTube page . Home media ( edit ) Ice Age : Collision Course was released by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment on DVD , Blu - ray , Blu - ray 3D , 4K Blu - ray and digital download on October 11 , 2016 . Special features include a new short film titled Scrat : Spaced Out , which is primarily made up of Scrat 's scenes from the film , with a few unique scenes at the end . Cosmic Scrat - tastrophe ( edit ) Cosmic Scrat - tastrophe is a five - minute short film , with the majority of its footage , minus the closing scene , taken from the beginning of Ice Age : Collision Course . Directed by Michael Thurmeier and Galen Chu , the short premiered on November 6 , 2015 , along with the film The Peanuts Movie . In the short , Scrat , trying to bury his acorn , accidentally activates an abandoned alien ship that takes him into deep space , where he unwittingly sends several asteroids en route to a collision with Earth . Scrat : Spaced out ( edit ) Scrat : Spaced Out is a 15 - minute short film that compiles all Scrat 's scenes from Ice Age : Collision Course with a few unique scenes at the end . The short was included on the film 's home media releases . Following the events of Ice Age : Collision Course , Scrat is heading back to Earth in the saucer . An acorn - shaped ship appears and pulls the acorn , with Scrat holding onto it . In the ship , three alien squirrels ( A.K.A Scratzons ) are surprised by finding Scrat , and blast him away from the acorn . Scrat tries to take it back with a tractor beam in a nearby saucer , but the alien leader pulls it back with another tractor beam . Being pulled to both sides , the nutrogen inside the acorn snaps , creating a massive explosion , which destroys the ship and creates a black hole sucking everything nearby into it . Scrat jumps out of the saucer , knocks the Scratzon alien leader into the black hole while trying to save the acorn , but gets pulled in the hole nonetheless . He emerges in space along with the acorn , only for the black hole appearing again , snatching the acorn and leaving Scrat alone again . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Ice Age : Collision Course grossed $64 million in North America and $344 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $408 million , against a budget of $105 million . In terms of total earnings , its biggest markets outside of North America were China ( $66 million ) ( with the country being also its largest territory overall ) , France ( $26.3 million ) , Brazil ( $25 million ) , Germany ( $24.7 million ) and Mexico ( $22.2 million ) . In the United States and Canada Ice Age : Collision Course opened on July 22 , 2016 , alongside Star Trek Beyond and Lights Out , and was projected to gross $30 -- 35 million in its opening weekend . It made $850,000 from Thursday night previews and $7.8 million on its first day . It had a $21 million debut in its opening weekend , finishing fourth at the box office . The film finished its theatrical run with a domestic gross of $64 million . Produced on a budget of $105 million , the film became the lowest - grossing film of the franchise as well as Blue Sky 's lowest - grossing film . The film began its international theatrical run two weeks prior to its North American release , earning $18 million from seven markets on about 5,286 screens . In its second weekend , it added $32.2 million from 25 countries . As a result , it only topped the international box office for a non-Chinese film but also helped Fox pass the $2 billion mark internationally , making this the eighth consecutive calendar year Fox has surpassed this milestone , and the 10th time in the studio 's history . The film came in third place overall , behind the two Chinese films Cold War 2 and Big Fish & Begonia . By its third weekend , after grossing another $53.5 million from 15,132 screens in a total 51 markets , it finally topped the international box office and became the biggest grosser of the weekend . It recorded the biggest opening of all time for Fox in Argentina ( $3.77 million ) , where its debut is also the third - biggest of all time behind Furious 7 and Captain America : Civil War ; Colombia ( $2.18 million ) , Central America ( $2.2 million ) , and Uruguay ( $620,618 ) ; the second - biggest in Mexico ( $8.4 million ) , behind Ice Age : Continental Drift ; Peru , Chile , and Ecuador ; the biggest opening among the series in Brazil ( $4.5 million ) and the biggest non-holiday animated opening ever in India ( $1.66 million ) . Elsewhere , it had No. 1 openings in Russia ( $5.9 million ) , Italy ( $4.5 million ) , Germany ( $4.2 million ) , Austria ( $893,350 ) , and Switzerland ( $514,789 ) and No. 5 in Australia ( $3.1 million ) . In France , it opened amidst the 2016 Nice attack and delivered an opening weekend of $7.1 million . In the United Kingdom and Ireland , it debuted in second place with $5.2 million , behind Ghostbusters which also opened the same weekend . In China , it opened on Tuesday , August 23 , alongside Jason Bourne and delivered a six - day opening of $42.7 million and a Friday to Sunday debut of $23.1 million . The debut makes it the top non-local animated opening in the country this year and is also the franchise 's best debut . It has so far grossed a total of $63.6 million there . Critical response ( edit ) On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has a rating of 15 % based on 109 reviews and an average rating of 4.1 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Unoriginal and unfunny , Ice Age : Collision Course offers further proof that not even the healthiest box office receipts can keep a franchise from slouching toward creative extinction . '' Rotten Tomatoes also ranks it as the worst - reviewed film in the Ice Age franchise . On Metacritic , the film has a score of 34 out of 100 based on 27 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B + '' on an A+ to F scale . Katie Walsh of Los Angeles Times wrote , `` Collision Course is simply a perfunctory , watered - down entry in the series that feels like it should have been released on home video . '' Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film one out of four stars , saying , `` The fifth entry in the Ice Age series is a loud , lazy , laugh - starved cash grab that cynically exploits its target audience ( I use the term advisedly ) by serving them scraps and calling it yummy . '' Owen Gleiberman of Variety wrote , `` The long - running series returns to form with an infectious chatterbox comedy about the end of the world as we know it . '' Sequel ( edit ) On the possibility of a potential sequel , in June 2016 , Galen T. Chu , co-director of the film , stated that there were some ideas for the sixth installment . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Truitt , Brian ( November 5 , 2015 ) . `` Jesse Tyler Ferguson is a limber llama in new ' Ice Age ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Gleiberman , Owen ( June 18 , 2016 ) . `` Film Review : ' Ice Age : Collision Course ' '' . Variety . Retrieved November 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` John Debney to Score ' Ice Age : Collision Course ' '' . Film Music Reporter . Film Music Reporter . March 27 , 2016 . Retrieved March 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ice Age : Collision Course ( U ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . July 5 , 2016 . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ice Age : Collision Course ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sarto , Dan ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` Manny , Diego , Sid and Scrat Return in ' Ice Age : Collision Course ' '' . Animation World Network . Retrieved October 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Brown , Dwight ( July 20 , 2016 ) . `` Ice Age : Collision Course '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved November 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Truitt , Brian ( October 22 , 2015 ) . `` Exclusive : ' Ice Age ' squirrel to make Macy 's debut '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Devine , Adam ( November 5 , 2015 ) . `` Look at me Mom I 'm a walking talking Woolly Mammoth ! I 'm playing Julian in the new # IceAge movie # CollisionCourse ! '' . Twitter . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Greenfield , May ( November 5 , 2015 ) . `` IM A DINOSAUR Follow # CollisionCourse to see who 's joining my dino bird family in # IceAge ! '' . Twitter . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ J , Jessie ( November 5 , 2015 ) . `` You ' Herd ' it here first ! I 'm in # IceAge ! Follow # CollisionCourse to see who 's joining me ! So excited ! '' . Twitter . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Palmer , Keke ( November 5 , 2015 ) . `` Ice , Ice , Baby . Follow # CollisionCourse today to see who 's joining me in the # IceAge '' . Twitter . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pegg , Simon ( November 5 , 2015 ) . `` Buck 's back in the herd ! Follow # collisioncourse and keep an eye out for who else is joining the Ice Age family . '' . Twitter . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sykes , Wanda ( November 6 , 2015 ) . `` Granny 's back ! Follow # CollisionCourse today to see who 's joining me in # IceAge ! '' . Twitter . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` This is # Gertie . She 's a dino bird in the next # IceAge movie # CollisionCourse AND IM HER VOICE ! ! ! also in the fam are # maxgreenfield as my bro and # nickofferman as our pops ! Ca n't wait for you to see it : coming July 22 , 2016 ! ! '' . Instagram . Retrieved April 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Strahan , Michael ( November 5 , 2015 ) . `` Ready to get this party HOP'n . Lol . Follow # CollisionCourse to see who else is joining the # IceAge cast ! '' . Twitter . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rauch , Melissa ( November 6 , 2015 ) . `` So excited to join the cast of # IceAge # CollisionCourse as Francine ... Gotta say , I 've never looked better . '' . Twitter . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Micah Phillips ( July 5 , 2016 ) . `` HeyUGuys visit Blue Sky Studios to go ' on set ' with Ice Age Collision Course '' . HeyUGuys . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott J. Davis ( July 8 , 2016 ) . `` Exclusive interview with Galen Chu , co-director of Ice Age : Collision Course , about the new adventure , Simon Pegg 's return and the franchise 's continued popularity '' . Flickering Myth . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Cassam Looch ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` ICE AGE : COLLISION COURSE INTERVIEW WITH CO-DIRECTOR GALEN T. CHU '' . Flickreel . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Paulette Cohn ( July 12 , 2016 ) . `` Photos : Ice Age : Collision Course : Will a Meteor End Their World ? '' . Parade . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( June 9 , 2015 ) . `` Exclusive Promo Poster Gallery from Licensing Expo 2015 ! '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( December 20 , 2013 ) . `` ' Ice Age 5 ' to Hit Theaters Summer 2016 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Kinsey ( August 7 , 2015 ) . `` ' Ice Age 5 ′ Gets Title , Date Change ; Weinstein Co . Adjusts ' About Ray ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved August 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Truitt , Brian ( November 6 , 2015 ) . `` Sneak peek : Scrat heads to space for ' Ice Age ' short '' . USA Today . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hunter , Craig ( November 6 , 2015 ) . `` Scrat In Space As First ICE AGE : COLLISION COURSE Poster Riffs THE MARTIAN '' . Screen Relish . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fox Family Entertainment ( November 9 , 2015 ) . `` Ice Age : Collision Course `` Cosmic Scrat - tastrophe '' Animated Short ( HD ) FOX Family `` . YouTube . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Ice Age : Collision Course ' Lands on Blue - ray October 11 '' . Animation World Network . September 22 , 2016 . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Christopher ( 2016 ) . `` HomeMovies Ice Age : Collision Course Review '' . Film School Rejects . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Noyes , Mike ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` DVD Review : Ice Age : The Great Egg - Scapade '' . Inside Pulse . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jacobson , Colin ( October 17 , 2016 ) . `` Ice Age : Collision Course ( Blu - Ray 3D ) ( 2016 ) '' . DVD Movie Guide . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ice Age : Collision Course ( 2016 ) - International Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Trek Beyond ' To Blast Off Fueled By Comic - Con World Premiere -- Box Office Preview '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dave McNarry ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Star Trek Beyond ' Blasts Off With $5.5 Million on Thursday '' . Variety . Retrieved July 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Star Trek Beyond ' Debuts at # 1 , ' Lights Out ' Opens Strong and ' Ice Age 5 ' Bombs - Box Office Mojo '' . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( July 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' Tarzan ' Takes $19.3 M In First Offshore Swing ; ' Resurgence ' Rises To $175.8 M ; China Shells Out For ' TMNT2 ' -- Intl B.O. Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( July 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Ice Age ' Leads Studio Pics ; Chinese Summer & ' Sultan ' Kick Off -- Intl B.O. Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patrick Brzeski ( July 10 , 2016 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Cold War 2 ' Leads Weekend Dominated by Local Films '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patrick Frater ( July 10 , 2016 ) . `` China Box Office Weekend : ' Cold War II ' Heads Trio of Local Winners '' . Variety . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( July 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Ice Age ' Charts $53.5 M Course To Lead Frame ; ' Ghostbusters ' Calls Up $19.1 M In Offshore Bow -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( August 28 , 2016 ) . `` ' Bourne ' Back At # 1 ; ' Ice Age ' Skates Across $300 M Offshore ; ' Pets ' Prances Past $700 M WW -- Intl Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patrick Brzeski ( August 29 , 2016 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Jason Bourne , ' ' Ice Age ' Neck - and - Neck as Hollywood Releases Return After Blackout Period '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` China Box Office ( August 26 -- 28 , 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anita Busch ( September 11 , 2016 ) . `` Warner Bros . ' Weekend Trifecta With ' Mil - Jeong , ' ' Sully ' And ' Suicide Squad ' -- Int'l Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ice Age : Collision Course ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Franchises - Ice Age '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ice Age : Collision Course reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( July 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Trek Beyond ' Launches To $59 M ; ' Lights Out ' Electrifies ; ' Ice Age ' Tepid ; ' Ghostbusters ' No Cinderella Story -- Box Office Final '' . Deadline . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . The fifthquel earned a B+ , ... Jump up ^ Walsh , Katie . `` The fifth ' Ice Age ' cometh , but feel free to misseth '' . Jump up ^ `` ' Ice Age : Collision Course ' Review : Thaw and Order '' . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Ice Age : Collision Course Official website Ice Age : Collision Course on IMDb Ice Age : Collision Course at The Big Cartoon DataBase Ice Age : Collision Course at Rotten Tomatoes Ice Age : Collision Course at Metacritic Ice Age : Collision Course at Box Office Mojo Ice Age Feature films Ice Age ( 2002 ) The Meltdown ( 2006 ) Dawn of the Dinosaurs ( 2009 ) Continental Drift ( 2012 ) Collision Course ( 2016 ) Short films Gone Nutty ( 2002 ) No Time for Nuts ( 2006 ) Surviving Sid ( 2008 ) Video games Ice Age Ice Age 2 : The Meltdown Ice Age : Dawn of the Dinosaurs Other Characters A Mammoth Christmas ( 2011 ) The Great Egg - Scapade ( 2016 ) Blue Sky Studios Feature films Released Ice Age ( 2002 ) Robots ( 2005 ) Ice Age : The Meltdown ( 2006 ) Dr. Seuss ' Horton Hears a Who ! ( 2008 ) Ice Age : Dawn of the Dinosaurs ( 2009 ) Rio ( 2011 ) Ice Age : Continental Drift ( 2012 ) Epic ( 2013 ) Rio 2 ( 2014 ) The Peanuts Movie ( 2015 ) Ice Age : Collision Course ( 2016 ) Upcoming Ferdinand ( 2017 ) Spies in Disguise ( 2019 ) Short films Bunny ( 1998 ) Gone Nutty ( 2002 ) Aunt Fanny 's Tour of Booty ( 2005 ) No Time for Nuts ( 2006 ) Surviving Sid ( 2008 ) Cosmic Scrat - tastrophe ( 2015 ) Scrat : Spaced Out ( 2016 ) Television specials Ice Age : A Mammoth Christmas ( 2011 ) Ice Age : The Great Egg - Scapade ( 2016 ) Franchises Ice Age ( 2002 -- present ) People Chris Wedge Cartoon portal 2010s portal Animation portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ice_Age:_Collision_Course&oldid=804265791 '' Categories : 2016 films English - language films American films 2010s American animated films 2010s adventure films 2010s comedy science fiction films 2010s disaster films 2010s sequel films 2016 3D films 2016 computer - animated films American 3D films American adventure films American animated science fiction films American children 's comedy films American children 's fantasy films American comedy science fiction films American computer - animated films American disaster films American space adventure films American sequel films Animated space adventure films Animated films about animals Animated films about squirrels Animated films about revenge Apocalyptic films Directorial debut films Film scores by John Debney Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films set in outer space Films set in prehistory Ice Age ( franchise ) films Impact event films Science fiction adventure films 20th Century Fox animated films Blue Sky Studios films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Scots Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 October 2017 , at 21 : 14 . 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night bus from central to tsim sha tsui			List of bus routes in Hong Kong	list of bus routes in hong kong	The following is a list of current franchised bus routes in Hong Kong , sorted according to bus companies . All current franchised bus routes are operated by air - conditioned buses only and fares are paid through flat fares . Note that Hong Kong Island , Kowloon and New Territories and Lantau Island have their own , separate route numbering systems .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Hong Kong Island 2 Kowloon , New Kowloon and New Territories routes 2.1 Kowloon Motor Bus 2.1. 1 Kowloon and New Kowloon routes 2.1. 2 New Territories routes 2.2 New World First Bus and Citybus routes 2.3 MTR East Rail Line Feeder Bus routes 2.4 MTR Bus ( Northwest New Territories ) 3 Cross Harbour routes 3.1 Cross-Harbour Tunnel 3.2 Eastern Harbour Crossing 3.3 Western Harbour Crossing 4 North Lantau routes 4.1 Airbuses 4.2 External Routes ( including Night Buses ) 4.3 Disneyland routes 4.4 Shuttle routes 4.5 AsiaWorld - Expo special services 5 Lantau Island routes 6 Cross-Border routes 7 References 8 See also Hong Kong Island ( edit ) Route Terminal Notes & Remarks Felix Villas ↔ Happy Valley ( Upper ) 1P Wong Nai Chung Road ( Broadwood Road ) → Central Market MON - FRI A.M Peak Hour Central → Happy Valley ( Upper ) MON - FRI P.M Peak Hour Grand Promenade ↔ Central ( Macau Ferry ) 2A Yiu Tung Estate ↔ Wan Chai North 2X Shau Kei Wan ↔ Wan Chai North Express 3A Central ( Star Ferry ) ↔ Felix Villas Peak Hours Only MON - FRI Wah Fu ( South ) ↔ Central Circular Tin Wan → Wah Fu ( South ) Morning Peak Hours only Via Central 4X Wah Fu ( South ) ↔ Central ( Exchange Square ) Express Circular , MON - SAT Via Rumsey Street Flyover to Wah Fu in the A.M. Peak Hour 5B Kennedy Town ↔ Causeway Bay 5X Kennedy Town ↔ Causeway Bay ( Whitfield Road ) Express Via Rumsey Street Flyover 6 Stanley Prison ↔ Central ( Exchange Square ) Via Wong Nai Chung Gap Road , Repulse Bay Stanley Prison ( Via Ma Hang ) ↔ Central ( Exchange Square ) ( Via Ma Hang ) Via Wong Nai Chung Gap Road , Repulse Bay , Ma Hang ( Stanley Plaza ) Stanley Depart : 0615 Central Depart : 2000 , 2100 , 2200 , 2300 , 0010 , 0030 , 0100 6A Stanley Fort ( Gate ) ↔ Central ( Exchange Square ) Peak Hours Only Via Deep Water Bay , Repulse Bay 6X Stanley Prison ↔ Central ( Exchange Square ) Express Via Deep Water Bay , Repulse Bay , Ma Hang 7 Shek Pai Wan ↔ Central Ferry Piers Via Wah Fu Estate / Chi Fu Fa Yuen 8 Heng Fa Chuen ↔ Wan Chai North Express Via Island Eastern Corridor 8H Siu Sai Wan ( Island Resort ) ↔ Tung Wah Eastern Hospital 8P Siu Sai Wan ( Island Resort ) ↔ Wan Chai North Express Via Island Eastern Corridor 8S Happy Valley Racecourse → Siu Sai Wan ( Island Resort ) Racecourse Service 8X Siu Sai Wan ( Island Resort ) ↔ Happy Valley ( Lower ) Express Via Island Eastern Corridor 9 Shek O ↔ Shau Kei Wan 10 Kennedy Town ↔ North Point Ferry Pier 11 Central Ferry Piers ↔ Jardine 's Lookout Circular Central Ferry Piers → Tai Hang Drive Morning Peak Hours only 12 Central Ferry Piers ↔ Robinson Road Circular -- the first circular route in Hong Kong . Service started by China Motor Bus on 16 August 1955 , transferred to Citybus on 1 September 1993 . 12A Admiralty ( Tamar Street ) ↔ MacDonnell Road Circular 12M Admiralty ( Tamar Street ) ↔ Park Road Circular 13 Central ( City Hall ) ↔ Kotewall Road ( Mid-levels ) 14 Grand Promenade ↔ Stanley Fort ( Gate ) Grand Promenade ↔ Ma Hang ( Stanley Plaza ) A.M. Peak Hours Special Service 15 The Peak ↔ Central ( Pier 5 ) Terminate / Depart from Exchange Square at A.M. Peak Hours The Peak ↔ Central ( Exchange Square ) Special Service Terminate / Depart in Exchange Square in A.M. Peak Hour 15B The Peak ↔ Wan Chai ( HKCEC Extension ) Service on Public Holidays Only 15C Garden Road ( Lower Peak Tram Terminus ) ↔ Central ( Star Ferry ) One open - top bus was deployed on this route between 17 January 2000 and 27 September 2014 ( DA66 was officially de-registered on 12 November 2014 after completing 18 years of lifespan ) . Formerly route 626 , this has been absorbed by NWFB route 15C on 17 January 2000 . 18 North Point ( Healthy Street Central ) ↔ Sheung Wan Peak Hours only 18P Kennedy Town ( Belcher Bay ) ↔ North Point ( Healthy Street Central ) Express Via Rumsey Street Flyover 18X Kennedy Town ( Belcher Bay ) ↔ Shau Kei Wan Express Chai Wan Station → Kennedy Town ( Belcher Bay ) Express Morning Peak Hours only 19 Siu Sai Wan ( Island Resort ) ↔ Happy Valley ( Upper ) 19P Shau Kei Wan → Happy Valley ( Upper ) Morning Peak Hours only , Available on School Days 23 Pokfield Road ↔ North Point Ferry Pier 23B Braemar Hill → Robinson Road Peak Hours only , Available on School Days Park Road → Braemar Hill 25 Central ( Pier 5 ) ↔ Braemar Hill Circular 25A Wan Chai ( HKCEC Extension ) ↔ Braemar Hill Circular 26 Lai Tak Tsuen ↔ Hollywood Road Circular 27 North Point Ferry Pier ↔ Braemar Hill Circular 30X Cyberport ↔ Central ( Exchange Square ) Express Circular Via Rumsey Street Flyover 37A Chi Fu Fa Yuen ↔ Central Circular 37B Chi Fu Fa Yuen ↔ Admiralty Circular Central ( Exchange Square ) → Chi Fu Fa Yuen Evening Peak Hours only 37X Chi Fu Fa Yuen ↔ Admiralty Circular Morning Peak Hours only 38 Chi Fu Fa Yuen ↔ North Point Ferry Pier 40 Wah Fu ( North ) ↔ Wan Chai North Via Robinson Road 40M Wah Fu ( North ) ↔ Admiralty ( Central Government Offices ) Via Caine Road 40P Wah Fu ( North ) → Robinson Road Morning Peak Hours only , Available on School Days Wah Kwai → Robinson Road Sham Wan → Robinson Road 41A Wah Fu ( Central ) ↔ North Point Ferry Pier Via Tai Hang Road and Nam Fung Road Wah Fu ( Central ) ↔ North Point Ferry Pier School Day Special Service Via Braemar Hill 42 Wah Fu ( South ) ↔ North Point Ferry Pier Via Aberdeen Tunnel 42C Cyberport ↔ North Point Ferry Pier Peak Hours only 43M Tin Wan ↔ Shek Tong Tsui Circular 47P Kennedy Town ( Belcher Bay ) → Wong Chuk Hang Morning Peak Hours only 48 Sham Wan ↔ Wah Fu ( North ) Circular Ocean Park ↔ Wah Fu ( North ) Circular Weekends & Holiday Special Service Sham Wan → Wah Fu ( North ) Morning Peak Hours only 63 Stanley Prison ↔ North Point Ferry Pier Monday to Saturday only 65 Stanley Market ↔ North Point Ferry Pier Express Sundays and Public Holidays only 66 Stanley Plaza ( Ma Hang ) ↔ Central ( Exchange Square ) Peak Hours only 70 Wah Kwai ↔ Central ( Exchange Square ) Express 70A Central ( Exchange Square ) → Aberdeen Express Evening Peak Hours only 70P Shek Pai Wan → Central ( Exchange Square ) Express Morning Peak Hours only 71 Wong Chuk Hang ↔ Central ( Wing Wo Street ) Circular 71P Sham Wan → Central Ferry Piers Morning Peak Hours only 72 Wah Kwai Estate ↔ Causeway Bay ( Moreton Terrace ) 72A Sham Wan ↔ Causeway Bay ( Moreton Terrace ) 73 Cyberport ↔ Stanley Prison Wah Fu ( North ) ↔ Stanley Prison Morning Peak Hours only 73P Aberdeen → Cyberport Morning Peak Hours only , Available on School Days 75 Sham Wan ↔ Central ( Exchange Square ) 76 Shek Pai Wan ↔ Causeway Bay Circular 77 Tin Wan ↔ Shau Kei Wan 77X Wah Kwai Estate → Sai Wan Ho Express Morning Peak Hours only 78 Wong Chuk Hang ↔ Wah Kwai Estate Circular 81 Hing Wah Estate ↔ Lai Tak Tsuen 81A Hing Wah Estate ↔ Lai Tak Tsuen Peak Hours only , Available on School Days 81S Siu Sai Wan ( Harmony Garden ) → Braemar Hill Morning Peak Hours only , Available on School Days 82 Siu Sai Wan ( Island Resort ) ↔ North Point Ferry Pier 82M Chai Wan Station ↔ Siu Sai Wan ( Island Resort ) Monday to Friday only Siu Sai Wan ( Harmony Garden ) → Chai Wan Station Morning Peak Hours only 82S Siu Sai Wan ( Island Resort ) ↔ Yiu Tung ( Wai Hang Street ) Morning Peak Hours only , Available on School Days 82X Siu Sai Wan ( Island Resort ) ↔ Quarry Bay Express Circular 85 Siu Sai Wan ( Island Resort ) ↔ Braemar Hill Circular Via A Kung Ngam Siu Sai Wan ( Island Resort ) ↔ North Point Ferry Pier Service after 2210 Via A Kung Ngam 85A Shau Kei Wan ↔ Braemar Hill / North Point Peak Hours only , Available on School Days Aldrich Bay → Braemar Hill Morning Peak Hours only 85P Siu Sai Wan ( Island Resort ) ↔ Braemar Hill Peak Hours only , Available on School Days 88X Siu Sai Wan ( Island Resort ) → Kennedy Town ( Belcher Bay ) Express Morning Peak Hours only 90 Ap Lei Chau Estate ↔ Central ( Exchange Square ) 90B South Horizons ↔ Admiralty ( East ) 90C Ap Lei Chau Main Street → Central ( Jardine House ) Morning Peak Hours only 91 Ap Lei Chau Estate ↔ Central Ferry Piers South Horizons ( Mei Hong Court ) → Central Ferry Piers Morning Peak Hours only 91A Ap Lei Chau Estate ↔ Wah Fu ( South ) Morning Peak Hours Only , Available on School Days 93 Ap Lei Chau Estate → Robinson Road Morning Peak Hours only , Available on School Days South Horizons → Robinson Road 93A Lei Tung Estate → Robinson Road Morning Peak Hours only , Available on School Days 93C Tin Wan → Caine Road Morning Peak Hours only , Available on School Days Ap Lei Chau Main Street → Caine Road 94 Lei Tung Estate ↔ Central Ferry Piers Morning Peak Hours only 94A Wah Fu ( Central ) ↔ Lei Tung Estate Circular 95 Ap Lei Chau ( Lee Nam Road Industrial Area ) ↔ Shek Pai Wan Circular , weekdays Morning to Evening Special Service ( evening journey terminates at Ap Lei Chau Estate ) Ap Lei Chau Estate ↔ Shek Pai Wan Circular , weekdays early morning ( some journeys terminate at Lee Nam Road ) , night and holiday service Ap Lei Chau Estate ↔ Aberdeen ( Lok Yeung Street ) Circular , weekdays A.M. Peak Hour Special Service 95C Ap Lei Chau Estate ↔ Chi Fu Fa Yuen Circular 95P Tin Wan → Ap Lei Chau Estate Afternoon Peak Hours only , Available on School Days 96 Lei Tung Estate ↔ Causeway Bay ( Moreton Terrace ) 97 Lei Tung Estate ↔ Central ( Exchange Square ) 97A Lei Tung Estate ↔ Sham Wan Circular Morning Peak Hours only Ap Lei Chau Main Street ↔ Sham Wan Circular Peak Hours only , via Lei Tung 98 Lei Tung Estate ↔ Aberdeen ( Chengtu Road ) 99 South Horizons ↔ Shau Kei Wan 99X South Horizons → Sai Wan Ho Express Morning Peak Hours only Ap Lei Chau Main Street → Sai Wan Ho 260 Stanley Prison ↔ Central ( Exchange Square ) Express 314 Siu Sai Wan ( Island Resort ) ↔ Stanley Prison Service on specified Sundays and Public Holidays only 511 Tai Hang Drive → Central Ferry Piers Morning Peak Hours only 590 South Horizons ↔ Central ( Exchange Square ) Express 592 South Horizons ↔ Causeway Bay ( Moreton Terrace ) 595 South Horizons ↔ Aberdeen Circular 629 Central ( Star Ferry ) → Ocean Park Morning Peak Hours only 720 Grand Promenade ↔ Central ( Macau Ferry ) Eastern Corridor Express Grand Promenade ↔ Central ( Gilman Street ) Special Service Eastern Corridor Express 720A Shau Kei Wan ( Grand Promenade ) ↔ Admiralty ( Central Government Offices ) Express Circular Morning Peak Hours only Via Eastern Corridor 720P Tai Koo Shing ↔ Central ( Glman Street ) Express Circular Morning Peak Hours only Via Eastern Corridor 722 Yiu Tung Estate ↔ Central Ferry Piers Express Circular Eastern Corridor Express Yiu Tung Estate ↔ Central ( Pier 3 ) Express Circular Morning Peak Hours only Eastern Corridor Express Yiu Tung Estate → Central ( Exchange Square ) Morning Peak Hours only Eastern Corridor Express Yiu Tung Estate → Central Ferry Piers Special Departures Eastern Corridor Express 780 Chai Wan ( East ) ↔ Central Ferry Piers Eastern Corridor Express 780P Hing Wah → Central Ferry Piers Morning Peak Hours only Via Eastern Corridor 788 Siu Sai Wan ( Island Resort ) ↔ Central Ferry Piers Eastern Corridor Express 789 Siu Sai Wan ( Island Resort ) ↔ Admiralty ( Rodney Street ) Eastern Corridor Express N8 Wan Chai North ↔ Heng Fa Chuen Overnight Service Circular Via Shau Kei Wan , Yiu Tung N8P Siu Sai Wan ( Island Resort ) ↔ Wan Chai ( Harbour Road ) Overnight Service Circular Eastern Corridor Express N8X Siu Sai Wan ( Island Resort ) ↔ Central ( Macau Ferry ) Overnight Service Circular Via Shau Kei Wan N72 Wah Kwai Estate ↔ Quarry Bay ( Hoi Chak Street ) Overnight Service N90 South Horizons ↔ Central ( Macau Ferry ) Overnight Service Kowloon , New Kowloon and New Territories routes ( edit ) Kowloon Motor Bus ( edit ) Kowloon and New Kowloon routes ( edit ) Route Terminals Type of service Notes Star Ferry ↔ Chuk Yuen Estate Local 1A Star Ferry ↔ Sau Mau Ping ( Central ) Local Star Ferry ↔ So Uk Local 2A Mei Foo ↔ Lok Wah Local 2B Cheung Sha Wan ↔ Chuk Yuen Estate Local 2D Chak On Estate ↔ Tung Tau Estate Local 2E Kowloon City Ferry ↔ Pak Tin Local 2F Tsz Wan Shan ( North ) ↔ Cheung Sha Wan Local 2X Mei Foo ↔ Kowloon Bay ( Choi Fook ) Express 3B Hung Hom Ferry ↔ Tsz Wan Shan ( Central ) Local 3C China Ferry Terminal ↔ Tsz Wan Shan ( North ) Local 3D Kwun Tong ( Yue Man Square ) ↔ Tsz Wan Shan ( Central ) Local Kwun Tong ( Yue Man Square ) ↔ Tsz Wan Shan ( South ) AM Peak hours only 3M Choi Wan ↔ Tsz Wan Shan ( North ) Local 3S Diamond Hill Station ↺ Diamond Hill Cemetery Local Selected days during the Ching Ming Festival and Chung Yeung Festival only 3X Tsz Wan Shan ( North ) → Nathan Road ( Public Square Street ) Express AM Peak Hours only 5 Star Ferry ↔ Fu Shan Local 5A Star Ferry ↔ Kowloon City ( Shing Tak Street ) Local Peak hours only 5C Star Ferry ↔ Tsz Wan Shan ( Central ) Local Yuk Wah Street → Star Ferry AM Peak hours only 5D Telford Gardens ↺ Hung Hom Local 5M Kai Tak ( Tak Long Estate ) ↺ Kowloon Bay Station Local 5P Tsz Wan Shan ( Central ) ↔ Star Ferry Local Peak hours only 5R Kai Tak Cruise Terminal ↺ Kwun Tong ( apm ) Local 5X Tsz Wan Shan ( Central ) ↔ Star Ferry Express Peak hours only 6 Star Ferry ↔ Lai Chi Kok Local 6C Kowloon City Ferry ↔ Mei Foo Local 6D Mei Foo ↔ Ngau Tau Kok Local 6F Lai Kok ↔ Kowloon City Ferry Local 6P So Uk ↔ Lei Yue Mun Estate Local Peak hours only 7 Star Ferry ↔ Lok Fu Local 7B Hung Hom Ferry ↔ Lok Fu Local 7M Lok Fu ↺ Chuk Yuen Estate Local 8 Star Ferry ↔ Kowloon Station Local 8A Whampoa Garden ↺ Tsim Sha Tsui Local 8P Laguna Verde ↺ Tsim Sha Tsui Local Laguna Verde → Tsim Sha Tsui ( Hankow Road ) AM Peak hours only Whampoa Garden → Star Ferry AM Peak hours only 9 Choi Fook ↔ Tsim Sha Tsui East ( Mody Road ) Local 10 Choi Wan ↺ Tai Kok Tsui Local 11 Kowloon Station ↔ Diamond Hill Station Local 11B Kwun Tong ( Tsui Ping Road ) ↔ Kowloon City Ferry Pier Local 11C Sau Mau Ping ( Upper ) ↔ Chuk Yuen Estate Local 11D Lok Fu ↔ Kwun Tong Ferry Local 11K Chuk Yuen Estate ↔ Hung Hom Station Local 11X Sau Mau Ping ( Upper ) ↔ Hung Hom Station Express 12 Hoi Lai Estate ↔ Tsim Sha Tsui East ( Mody Road ) Local 12A Whampoa Garden ↔ Cheung Sha Wan ( Sham Mong Road ) Local 13D Island Harbourview ↔ Po Tat Local 13M Kwun Tong ( Elegance Road ) ↺ Po Tat Local Po Tat → Kwun Tong Station AM Peak hours only 13P Po Tat → Lai Kok Local AM Peak hours only 13X Tsim Sha Tsui East ↔ Po Tat Express Choi Fook → Tsim Sha Tsui East AM Peak hours only 14 China Ferry Terminal ↔ Lei Yue Mun Estate Local 14B Ngau Tau Kok ↔ Lam Tin ( Kwong Tin Estate ) Local 14D Choi Hung ↔ Yau Tong Local Peak hours only Lam Tin ( Kwong Tin Estate ) → Choi Hung AM Peak hours only 14H Yau Tong ↺ Shun Lee Local 14S Yau Tong ↔ Tseung Kwan O Chinese Permanent Cemetery Local Circular route , Selected days during the Ching Ming Festival and Chung Yeung Festival only 14X Yau Tong ( Shung Tak Wai ) / Lei Yue Mun ↺ Tsim Sha Tsui Express 15 Hung Hom Ferry ↔ Ping Tin Local 15A Tsz Wan Shan ( North ) ↔ Ping Tin Local 15X Lam Tin ( Kwong Tin Estate ) ↔ Hung Hom Station Express Peak hours only 16 Lam Tin ( Kwong Tin Estate ) ↔ Mong Kok ( Park Avenue ) Local Ping Tin → Mong Kok ( Park Avenue ) AM Peak hours only 16M Kwun Tong Station ↺ Lam Tin ( Hong Wah Court ) Local 16X Lam Tin ( Kwong Tin Estate ) → Mong Kok ( Park Avenue ) Express AM Peak Hours only 17 Kwun Tong ( Yue Man Square ) ↔ Oi Man Local 18 Cheung Sha Wan ( Sham Mong Road ) ↺ Oi Man Local 21 Choi Wan ↔ Hung Hom Station Local 23 Kwun Tong Ferry ↺ Shun Lee Local Shun Tin → Kwun Tong Ferry AM Peak hours only 23M Lok Wah ↺ Shun Lee Local 24 Kai Yip ↺ Mong Kok Local 26 Shun Tin ↔ Tsim Sha Tsui East Local 26M Choi Hung ↺ Kwun Tong Local 27 Shun Tin ↺ Mong Kok Local 28 Star Ferry ↔ Lok Wah Local 28B Kowloon Bay ( Choi Fook ) ↔ Kai Tak ( Kai Ching Estate ) Local 28S Yue Man Square → Lok Wah Local AM Peak hours only 29M Shun Lee ↺ San Po Kong Local 203C Tai Hang Tung ↔ Tsim Sha Tsui East ( Mody Road ) Local 203E Choi Hung ↔ Kowloon Station Local 203S Chak On Estate → Tsim Sha Tsui East ( Mody Road ) Local AM Peak hours only 205M Tsz Wan Shan ( Central ) → Wong Tai Sin Local AM Peak hours only 208 Tsim Sha Tsui East ↔ Broadcast Drive Local 211 Tsui Chuk Garden ↺ Wong Tai Sin Station Local 213D Sau Mau Ping ( Central ) ↺ Mong Kok Local 213M On Tai ↺ Lam Tin Station Local 213S On Tat ↺ Lam Tin Station Local AM Peak hours only 213X On Tai ( South ) ↺ Tsim Sha Tsui Express 214 Yau Tong ↔ Cheung Sha Wan ( Kom Tsun Street ) Local Po Tat → Cheung Sha Wan ( Kom Tsun Street ) AM Peak hours only 215P Lam Tin ( Kwong Tin Estate ) → Kowloon Station Express AM Peak hours only 215X Kowloon Station ↔ Lam Tin ( Kwong Tin Estate ) Express 216M Lam Tin Station ↺ Yau Tong Station Local 219X Laguna City ↺ Tsim Sha Tsui Express 224X Kai Yip ↺ Tsim Sha Tsui Express Peak hours only Kai Tak ( Kai Ching Estate ) → Kai Yip AM Peak hours only ( via Tsim Sha Tsui ) N216 Hung Hom Station ↔ Yau Tong Local Night service New Territories routes ( edit ) Route Terminals Type of service Notes 30 Tsuen Wan ( Allway Gardens ) ↔ Cheung Sha Wan Local 30X Tsuen Wan ( Allway Gardens ) ↔ Whampoa Garden Express 31 Tsuen Wan West Station ↺ Shek Lei ( Lei Pui Street ) Local 31B Olympic Station ↔ Shek Lei ( Tai Loong Street ) Local 31M Kwai Fong Station ↔ Shek Lei ( Lei Pui Street ) Local 32 Shek Wai Kok ↔ Olympic Station Local 32H Cheung Shan ↔ Lai Chi Kok Local 32M Kwai Fong Station ↺ Cheung Shan Local 32S Tsuen Wan ( Castle Peak Road ) ↔ Tung Po To Local Selected days during the Ching Ming Festival and Chung Yeung Festival only 33A Mong Kok ( Park Avenue ) ↔ Tsuen Wan ( Nina Tower ) Local 34 Kwai Shing ( Central ) ↔ Tsuen Wan ( Bayview Garden ) Local 34M Tsuen Wan ( Bayview Garden ) ↺ Tsuen Wan Station Local 35A Tsim Sha Tsui East ↔ On Yam Local 35X On Yam ↔ Tsim Sha Tsui East Express Peak Hours only 36 Tsuen Wan West Station ↺ Lei Muk Shue Local Lei Muk Shue → Tsuen Wan West Station AM Peak Hours only 36A Lei Muk Shue ↔ Cheung Sha Wan ( Sham Mong Road ) Local 36B Lei Muk Shue ↔ Jordan ( To Wah Road ) Local 36M Lei Muk Shue ↔ Kwai Fong Station Local 36X Lei Muk Shue → Jordan ( To Wah Road ) Express AM Peak Hours only 37 Olympic Station ↔ Kwai Shing ( Central ) Local 37M Kwai Hing Station ↺ Kwai Shing ( Central ) Local 38 Kwai Shing ( East ) ↔ Ping Tin Express 38A Mei Foo ↔ Riviera Gardens Local 38B Riviera Gardens ↔ Shek Mun Estate Express Peak Hours only 38P Kwai Chung Estate → Ping Tin Express AM Peak Hours only 38S Kwai Fong Station ↔ Tsuen Wan Chinese Permanent Cemetery Local Selected days during the Ching Ming Festival and Chung Yeung Festival only 39A Tsuen Wan West Station ↺ Allway Gardens Local 39M Allway Gardens ↺ Tsuen Wan Station Local 40 Tsuen Wan ( Belvedere Garden ) ↔ Laguna City Express 40A Kwai Hing Station ↔ Kwun Tong Express Peak Hours only 40P Shek Wai Kok ↔ Kwun Tong Ferry Pier Express Peak Hours only 40X Kwai Chung Estate ↔ Wu Kai Sha Station Express Ma On Shan Town Centre → Kwai Chung Estate AM Peak Hours only 41 Kowloon City Ferry ↔ Cheung Ching Local 41A Tsim Sha Tsui East ↔ Cheung On Express 41M Tsuen Wan Station ↔ Tsing Yi Estate Local 41P Tsuen Wan Station ↔ Tsing Yi Ferry Pier Local Peak Hours only 41R Hong Kong Coliseum → Cheung Ching Local After large events at Hong Kong Coliseum only 42 Cheung Hong ↔ Shun Lee Local 42A Cheung Hang ↔ Jordan ( To Wah Road ) Local 42C Cheung Hang ↔ Lam Tin Station Express 42M Cheung Wang ↔ Tsuen Wan ( Discovery Park ) Local 43 Cheung Hong ↔ Tsuen Wan West Station Local 43A Cheung Wang ↔ Shek Lei ( Tai Loong Street ) Local 43B Cheung Ching ↔ Tsuen Wan West Station Local 43C Cheung Hong → Island Harbourview Local AM Peak Hours only Island Harbourview → Cheung Hang PM Peak Hours only 43D Cheung Wang → Kwai Shing ( Central ) Local AM Peak Hours only 43M Kwai Fong Station ↺ Cheung Ching Local 43P Tsuen Wan West Station → Hong Kong Science Park Phase III Express AM Peak Hours only Hong Kong Science Park → Tsuen Wan West Station PM Peak Hours only 43X Tsuen Wan West Station ↔ Ma On Shan ( Yiu On Estate ) Express Po Tai Street → Tsuen Wan West Station AM Peak Hours only 44 Mong Kok East Station ↔ Tsing Yi Estate Local Cheung On → Mong Kok East Station AM Peak Hours only 44M Cheung On ↔ Kwai Chung Estate Local Cheung On → Kwai Hing Station AM Peak Hours Only 45 Kowloon City Ferry ↔ Lai Yiu Local 46 Jordan ( To Wah Road ) ↔ Lai Yiu Local 46P Tai Wai ( Mei Tin Estate ) → Kwai Fong Station Express AM Peak Hours only Tai Wai ( Mei Tin Estate ) ↔ Kwai Fong Station Circular Route , PM Peak Hours only 46X Hin Keng ↔ Mei Foo Express 47A Shui Chuen O ↔ Kwai Chung ( Kwai Fong Estate ) Express AM Peak hours only 47X Chun Shek ↔ Kwai Shing ( East ) Express 48P Wo Che ↔ Tsing Lung Tau Express Peak Hours only 48X Wo Che ↔ Bayview Garden Express 49P Sha Tin Central → Tsing Yi Ferry Pier Express PM Peak Hours only 49X Sha Tin ( Kwong Yuen Estate ) ↔ Tsing Yi Ferry Pier Express Sha Tin Central → Tsing Yi Ferry Pier AM Peak Hours only 51 Tsuen Wan West Station ↺ Sheung Tsuen Local Sheung Tsuen → Tsuen Wan West Station AM Peak Hours only 52X Tuen Mun Central ↔ Mong Kok ( Park Avenue ) Express So Kwun Wat → Mong Kok ( Park Avenue ) AM Peak Hours only 53 Tsuen Wan West Station ↔ Yuen Long Station Local 54 Yuen Long ( West ) ↺ Sheung Tsuen Local 57M Tuen Mun ( Shan King ) ↔ Lai King ( North ) Express 58M Tuen Mun ( Leung King Estate ) ↔ Kwai Fong Station Express Kin Sang → Kwai Fong Station AM Peak Hours only Po Tin → Kwai Fong Station AM Peak Hours only 58P Kwai Fong Station → Tin King Estate ( Tin Yue House ) Express PM Peak Hours only 58X Tuen Mun ( Leung King Estate ) ↔ Mong Kok East Station Express Kin Sang → Mong Kok East Station AM Peak Hours only 59A Tuen Mun Ferry Pier ↔ Kwai Chung ( Kwai Fong Estate ) Express Peak Hours only 59M Tuen Mun Ferry Pier ↔ Tsuen Wan Station Express Sun Tuen Mun Centre → Tsuen Wan Station AM Peak Hours only Tuen Mun ( Yuet Wu Villa ) → Tsuen Wan Station AM Peak Hours only 59X Tuen Mun Ferry Pier ↔ Mong Kok East Station Express Sun Tuen Mun Centre → Mong Kok East Station AM Peak Hours only Tuen Mun ( Lung Mun Oasis ) → Mong Kok East Station AM Peak Hours only 60M Tuen Mun Station ↔ Tsuen Wan Station Express 60X Tuen Mun Central ↔ Jordan ( To Wah Road ) Express 61M Tuen Mun Yau Oi ( South ) ↔ Lai King ( North ) Express Kwai Hing Station → Tuen Mun Yau Oi ( South ) PM Peak Hours only 61X Tuen Mun Central ↔ Kowloon City Ferry Pier Express 62X Tuen Mun Central ↔ Lei Yue Mun Estate Express Peak Hours only 63X Hung Shui Kiu ( Hung Fuk Estate ) ↔ Jordan ( To Wah Road ) Express 64K Yuen Long ( West ) ↔ Tai Po Market Station Express Lam Kam Road ( Kadoorie Farm ) → Tai Wo AM Peak Hours only 64S Sheung Tsuen Playground → Kam Sheung Road Station Local AM Peak Hours only 65K Lam Kam Road ( Kadoorie Farm ) → Tai Po Central Local AM Peak Hours only 66M Tuen Mun ( Tai Hing Estate ) ↔ Tsuen Wan Station Express 66X Tuen Mun ( Tai Hing Estate ) ↔ Olympic Station Express 67M Tuen Mun ( Siu Hong Court ) ↔ Kwai Fong Station Express 67X Tuen Mun ( Siu Hong Court ) ↔ Mong Kok East Station Express 68A Yuen Long ( Long Ping Estate ) ↔ Tsing Yi Station Express 68E Yuen Long Park ↔ Tsing Yi Station Express 68F Yuen Long Park ↺ Park YOHO Local 68M Yuen Long ( West ) ↔ Tsuen Wan Station Express 68X Hung Shui Kiu ( Hung Fuk Estate ) ↔ Mong Kok ( Park Avenue ) Express Yuen Long ( West ) → Mong Kok ( Park Avenue ) AM Peak Hours only 69C Tin Shui Wai ( Tin Yan ) ↔ Kwun Tong Ferry Pier Express Peak Hours only 69M Tin Shui Wai Town Centre ↔ Kwai Fong Station Express 69P Tin Shui Wai ( Tin Yiu Estate ) → Kwai Fong Station Express AM Peak Hours only 69X Tin Shui Wai ( Tin Shui Estate ) ↔ Jordan ( To Wah Road ) Express Tin Shui Wai ( Tin Yiu Estate ) → Jordan ( To Wah Road ) AM Peak Hours only 70K Fanling ( Wah Ming ) ↺ Sheung Shui ( Ching Ho Estate ) Local Sheung Shui ( Ching Ho Estate ) → Fanling ( Wah Ming ) Dawn only 70S Wo Hop Shek ↔ Hung Hom Station Local Selected days during the Ching Ming Festival and Chung Yeung Festival only 71A Tai Po ( Fu Heng ) ↔ Tai Po Market Station Local 71B Tai Po ( Fu Heng ) ↺ Tai Po Central Local 71K Tai Wo ↔ Tai Po Market Station Local 71S Tai Po ( Fu Shin ) ↺ Kwong Fuk Local Sundays and public holidays only 72 Cheung Sha Wan ↔ Tai Wo Local 72A Tai Wai Station ↔ Tai Po Industrial Estate Local 72C Tai Po ( Shuen Wan ) → Tai Po Market Station Local AM Peak Hours only 72X Tai Po Central ↔ Mong Kok ( Park Avenue ) Express 73 Fanling ( Wah Ming ) ↔ Tai Po Industrial Estate Local Weekdays morning to evening only Fanling ( Wah Ming ) ↔ Tai Po Central Weekdays early night , weekends and holidays only 73A Fanling ( Wah Ming ) ↔ Sha Tin ( Yu Chui Court ) Local 73K Sheung Shui ↔ Man Kam To Local 73X Fu Shin Estate ↔ Tsuen Wan ( Nina Tower ) Express Kwong Fuk Market → Tsuen Wan ( Nina Tower ) AM Peak Hours only 74A Tai Wo ↔ Kai Yip Local 74B Tai Po Central → Kwun Tong Ferry Pier Express AM Peak Hours only Kowloon Bay → Tai Po Central PM Peak Hours only 74C Tai Po ( Kau Lung Hang ) → Kwun Tong Ferry Pier Express AM Peak Hours only 74D Tai Po ( Kau Lung Hang ) ↔ Kwun Tong Ferry Pier Express via Hong Kong Science Park 74E Tai Mei Tuk → Kwun Tong Ferry Pier Express AM Peak Hours only 74K Tai Po Market Station ↺ Sam Mun Tsai Local via Hong Kong Institute of Education 74P Kwun Tong Ferry Pier → Tai Po Central Express AM Peak Hours only ( via Hong Kong Science Park ) 74S Wo Hop Shek ↔ Ping Tin Local Selected days during the Ching Ming Festival and Chung Yeung Festival only 74X Tai Po Central ↔ Kwun Tong Ferry Pier Express Wan Tau Tong → Kwun Tong Ferry Pier AM Peak Hours only Kwong Fuk → Kwun Tong Ferry Pier AM Peak Hours only 75K Tai Mei Tuk ↔ Tai Po Market Station Local 75P Tai Mei Tuk → Tai Po Market Station Express AM Peak Hours only 75X Tai Po ( Fu Shin ) ↔ Kowloon City Ferry Pier Express 76K Yuen Long ( Long Ping Estate ) ↔ Sheung Shui ( Ching Ho Estate ) Local Fanling ( Wah Ming ) → Yuen Long ( Long Ping Estate ) AM Peak Hours only 76S Wo Hop Shek ↔ Fanling Station Local Selected days during the Ching Ming Festival and Chung Yeung Festival only 77K Yuen Long ( Fung Cheung Road ) ↔ Sheung Shui Local Ping Kong → Yuen Long ( West ) AM Peak Hours only 78K Sheung Shui ↔ Sha Tau Kok Local Sha Tau Kok → Fanling ( Wah Ming ) AM Peak Hours only 79K Sheung Shui ↔ Ta Kwu Ling ( Tsung Yuen Ha ) Local 80 Mei Lam ↔ Kwun Tong Ferry Pier Local 80A Mei Lam → Kwun Tong Ferry Pier Local AM Peak Hours only 80K Sun Chui ↔ Yu Chui Court Local 80M Sui Wo Court ↔ Kowloon Tong Station Local 80P Hin Keng → Kwun Tong Ferry Pier Local AM Peak Hours only 80X Tai Wai ( Chun Shek ) ↔ Kwun Tong Ferry Pier Express 81 Sha Tin ( Wo Che ) ↔ Jordan ( To Wah Road ) Local 81C Ma On Shan ( Yiu On ) ↔ Tsim Sha Tsui East ( Mody Road ) Local 81K Sha Tin ( Sui Wo Court ) ↔ Sun Tin Wai Local 81S Mei Tin → Nathan Road ( Public Square Street ) Local AM Peak Hours only 82B Tai Wai Station ↔ Mei Chung Court Local Circular Route Mei Tin → Tai Wai Station AM Peak Hours only 82C Sha Tin ( Kwong Yuen ) → Hong Kong Science Park Phase III Local AM Peak Hours only 82K Tai Wai ( Mei Lam ) ↔ Sha Tin ( Wong Nai Tau ) Local 82P Sha Tin ( Kwong Yuen ) ↔ Diamond Hill Station Express Circular Route , AM Peak Hours only Wong Tai Sin → Sha Tin ( Yu Chui Court ) PM Peak Hours only 82X Sha Tin ( Ravana Garden ) ↺ Wong Tai Sin Express 83A Shui Chuen O → Kwun Tong Ferry Pier Express AM Peak Hours only 83K Sha Tin ( Wong Nai Tau ) ↺ Sha Tin Central Local 83S Sha Tin ( Wong Nai Tau ) ↔ Sha Tin Central Local Peak Hours only 83X Shui Chuen O ↔ Kwun Tong Ferry Pier Express Non-Peak Hours only Wong Nai Tau ↔ Kwun Tong Ferry Pier AM Peak Hours only 84M Ma On Shan ( Chevalier Garden ) ↔ Lok Fu Express 85 Fo Tan ( Shan Mei Street ) ↔ Kowloon City Ferry Pier Local 85A Sha Tin ( Kwong Yuen ) ↔ Kowloon City Ferry Pier Local 85B Tai Wai ( Chun Shek ) ↔ Kowloon City Ferry Pier Local 85K Ma On Shan ( Heng On ) ↔ Sha Tin Station Local Ma On Shan ( Chevalier Garden ) → Sha Tin Station AM Peak Hours only 85M Ma On Shan ( Kam Ying Court ) ↺ Wong Tai Sin Express 85S Ma On Shan ( Yiu On ) → Hung Hom Ferry Pier Express AM Peak Hours only 85X Ma On Shan Town Centre ↔ Hung Hom Ferry Pier Express 86 Wong Nai Tau ↔ Mei Foo Local 86A Cheung Sha Wan ( Kom Tsun Street ) ↔ Sha Tin Wai Local 86C Lee On ↔ Cheung Sha Wan Local 86K Kam Ying Court ↔ Sha Tin Station Local 86P Nai Chung → Sha Tin Station Local AM Peak Hours onlly 86S Kam Ying Court ↔ Sha Tin Station Local Peak Hours only 87B Island Harbourview ↔ Sun Tin Wai Local 87D Kam Ying Court ↔ Hung Hom Station Express Ma On Shan Town Centre → Hung Hom Station AM Peak Hours only 87E Nai Chung → Tsim Sha Tsui ( Middle Road ) Express AM Peak Hours only 87K University Station ↺ Ma On Shan ( Kam Ying Court ) Local Ma On Shan Town Centre → University Station AM Peak Hours only 87P Lee On → Chung On Local AM Peak Hours only 87S Kam Ying Court ↺ University Station Local Peak Hours only 88 Tai Wai Station ↔ Sau Mau Ping ( Central ) Express 88K Hin Keng ↔ Royal Ascot Local 88X Fo Tan Station ↺ Lam Tin ( Ping Tin ) Express 89 Lek Yuen ↔ Kwun Tong Station Local 89B Sha Tin Wai ↔ Kwun Tong Station Local 89C Heng On ↔ Kwun Tong ( Tsui Ping Road ) Express 89D Wu Kai Sha Station ↔ Lam Tin Station Express 89P Ma On Shan Town Centre → Lam Tin Station Express AM Peak Hours only Yiu Him House Yiu On Estate → Lam Tin Station 89S Wong Nai Tau ↺ Wu Kai Sha Station Local Wong Nai Tau → Wu Kai Sha Station AM Peak Hours only 89X Kwun Tong Station ↔ Sha Tin Station Express 91 Diamond Hill Station ↔ Clear Water Bay Local Choi Hung → Clear Water Bay Dawn only 91M Diamond Hill Station ↔ Po Lam Local Hong Kong University of Science and Technology ( North ) → Po Lam PM Peak Hours only 91P Diamond Hill Station → Hong Kong University of Science and Technology ( North ) Local AM Peak Hours only Hong Kong University of Science and Technology ( South ) → Choi Hung Station PM Peak Hours only 91R Clear Water Bay → Tseung Kwan O ( Choi Ming ) Local Specified Sundays and Public Holidays only 91S Clear Water Bay → Hang Hau Station Local AM Peak Hours only 92 Diamond Hill Station ↔ Sai Kung Local 93A Kwun Tong Ferry Pier ↔ Po Lam Local 93K Mong Kok East Station ↔ Po Lam Local 93M Tseung Kwan O ( Choi Ming ) → Po Lam Local AM Peak Hours only ( via Lam Tin ) 94 Sai Kung ↔ Wong Shek Ferry Pier Local 95 Jordan ( To Wah Road ) ↔ Tseung Kwan O ( Tsui Lam ) Local 95M Kwun Tong ( Elegance Road ) ↔ Tseung Kwan O ( Tsui Lam ) Local 96R Diamond Hill Station ↔ Wong Shek Ferry Pier Local Sundays and public holidays only 98A Hang Hau ( North ) ↺ Ngau Tau Kok Station Local Hang Hau ( North ) → Kwun Tong Station AM Peak Hours only 98C Mei Foo ↔ Hang Hau ( North ) Express 98D Tsim Sha Tsui East ↔ Hang Hau ( North ) Express LOHAS Park Station → Tsim Sha Tsui East AM Peak Hours only 98P Tseung Kwan O ( Hong Sing Garden ) → Tsim Sha Tsui East Express AM Peak Hours only Tsim Sha Tsui East → Hang Hau ( North ) PM Peak Hours only 98S Mei Foo ↔ LOHAS Park Station Express Peak Hours only 99 Ma On Shan ( Heng On ) ↔ Sai Kung Local 99R University Station ↔ Sai Kung ( North ) Local Sundays and public holidays only 230X Tsuen Wan ( Allway Gardens ) → Whampoa Garden Express AM Peak Hours only 234A Sea Crest Villa ↔ Tsuen Wan West Station Express via Tuen Mun Road 234B Sea Crest Villa ↔ Tsuen Wan West Station Express via Castle Peak Road 234C Sham Tseng ↔ Kwun Tong Station Express Peak Hours only 234D Tsing Lung Tau ↔ Kwun Tong Station Express Peak Hours only 234P Bayview Garden → Star Ferry Express AM Peak Hours only 234X Bayview Garden ↔ Tsim Sha Tsui East ( Mody Road ) Express 235 Kwai Chung ( On Yam ) ↺ Tsuen Wan Local 235M Kwai Chung ( On Yam ) ↔ Kwai Fong Station Local 237A Kwai Shing ( Central ) → Tsim Sha Tsui East ( Mody Road ) Express AM Peak Hours only 238M Tsuen Wan ( Riviera Gardens ) ↔ Tsuen Wan Station Local 238P Tsuen Wan ( Riviera Gardens ) → China Ferry Terminal Express AM Peak Hours only 238X Tsuen Wan ( Riviera Gardens ) ↔ China Ferry Terminal Express 240X Wong Nai Tau ↔ Kwai Hing Station Express Peak Hours only 241X Cheung Ching → Oi Man Express AM Peak Hours only 242X Cheung Hang → Tsim Sha Tsui ( Middle Road ) Express AM Peak Hours only 243M Mayfair Gardens ↔ Tsuen Wan ( Discovery Park ) Local 243P Mayfair Gardens → Tsuen Wan ( Discovery Park ) Local AM Peak Hours only 248M Cheung Wang ↔ Tsing Yi Station Local 249M Tsing Yi Station ↺ Mayfair Gardens Local 249X Tsing Yi Station ↔ Sha Tin Central Express 251A Kam Sheung Road Station ↺ Sheung Tsuen Local 251B Pat Heung Road ↺ Sheung Tsuen Local 251M Sheung Tsuen → Tsuen Wan Station Express AM Peak Hours only 252B Handsome Court → Tsim Sha Tsui Express AM Peak Hours only 252X Handsome Court → Lam Tin Station Express AM Peak Hours only Lam Tin Station → Chi Lok Fa Yuen ( Castle Peak Road ) PM Peak Hours only 258A Hung Shui Kiu ( Hung Fuk Estate ) → Lam Tin Station Express AM Peak Hours only 258D Po Tin ↔ Lam Tin Station Express 258P Hung Shui Kiu ( Hung Fuk Estate ) → Lam Tin Station Express AM Peak Hours only Lam Tin Station → Hung Fuk Estate Hung Tin Road PM Peak Hours only 258S Shan King → Lam Tin Station Express 258X Po Tin ↔ Kwun Tong Ferry Express Peak Hours only 259B Tuen Mun Ferry Pier → Tsim Sha Tsui ( Middle Road ) Express AM Peak Hours only 259C Sun Tuen Mun Centre → Tsim Sha Tsui ( Middle Road ) Express AM Peak Hours only 259D Lung Mun Oasis ↔ Lei Yue Mun Estate Express Tuen Mun Ferry Pier ( Siu Hei Court ) → Lei Yue Mun Estate AM Peak Hours only 259E Tuen Mun ( Lung Mun Oasis ) → Tsuen Wan Station Express AM Peak Hours only Glorious Garden → Tsuen Wan Station 259R Hong Kong Coliseum → Tuen Mun Ferry Pier Express After large events at Hong Kong Coliseum only 259X Lung Mun Oasis ↔ Kwun Tong Ferry Express Peak Hours only 260B Tuen Mun Central → Tsim Sha Tsui Express AM Peak Hours only 260C Tuen Mun ( Sam Shing ) ↔ Kwai Fong Station Express Peak Hours only 260R Hong Kong Coliseum → Tuen Mun ( Siu Hong Court ) Express After large events at Hong Kong Coliseum only 260X Tuen Mun ( Po Tin ) ↔ Hung Hom Station Express 261 Sam Shing ↔ Tin Ping Estate Express 261B Sam Shing → Kowloon Station Express AM Peak Hours only So Kwun Wat → Kowloon Station 261P Ng Lau Road ( Tsing Lun Road ) → Tin Ping Estate Express AM Peak Hours only Tin Ping Estate → Siu Hong Court PM Peak Hours only 263 Tuen Mun Station ↔ Sha Tin Station Express 263A Tuen Mun Station ↔ Hong Kong Science Park Phase III Express Peak Hours only 264R Yuen Long ( West ) ↔ Tai Po Market Station Express Saturdays , Sundays and Public Holidays only 265B Tin Shui Wai ( Tin Heng ) ↔ Mong Kok ( Park Avenue ) Express 265M Tin Shui Wai ( Tin Heng ) ↔ Lai King ( Lai Yiu ) Express 265S Tin Shui Wai Town Centre ↔ Tai Po Industrial Estate Express AM Peak Hours only 267X Siu Hong Court ↔ Lam Tin Station Express Peak Hours only 268A Long Ping Estate → Kwun Tong Ferry Pier Express AM Peak Hours only 268B Long Ping Station ↔ Hung Hom Ferry Pier Express Peak Hours only 268C Long Ping Station ↔ Kwun Tong Ferry Pier Express Yuen Long Park → Kwun Tong Ferry Pier AM Peak Hours only 268P Yuen Long ( Shan Shui House ) → Kwun Tong Ferry Pier Express AM Peak Hours only Kwun Tong Ferry Pier → Long Ping Station PM Peak Hours only 268X Hung Shui Kiu ( Hung Fuk Estate ) ↔ Jordan ( To Wah Road ) Express 269A Tin Shui Wai ( Tin Sau Road ) → Kwai Chung ( Kwai Fong Estate ) Express AM Peak Hours only 269B Tin Shui Wai Town Centre ↔ Hung Hom Ferry Pier Express Tin Shui Wai ( Tin Yan ) → Hung Hom Ferry Pier AM Peak Hours only 269C Tin Shui Wai Town Centre ↔ Kwun Tong Ferry Pier Express Tin Shui Wai ( Tin Tsz ) → Kwun Tong Ferry Pier AM Peak Hours only 269D Tin Shui Wai ( Tin Fu ) ↔ Sha Tin ( Lek Yuen ) Express 269M Tin Shui Wai ( Tin Yan ) ↔ Lai King ( Cho Yiu ) Express 269P Kwai Chung ( Kwai Fong Estate ) → Tin Shui Wai ( Tin Heng ) Express PM Peak Hours only 269R Hong Kong Coliseum → Tin Shui Wai ( Tin Heng ) Express After large events at Hong Kong Coliseum only 269S Tin Shui Wai Town Centre → Kwun Tong Ferry Pier Express AM Peak hours only 270 Tsui Lai Garden ↺ Tin Ping Estate Local Tin Ping Estate → Tsui Lai Garden AM Peak Hours only 270A Sheung Shui ↔ Tsim Sha Tsui East ( Mody Road ) Express 270B Sheung Shui ↔ Sham Shui Po Express Peak Hours only 270C Fanling ( Luen Wo Hui ) → Tsim Sha Tsui East ( Mody Road ) Express AM Peak Hours only 270D Fanling ( Luen Wo Hui ) → Sham Shui Po Express AM Peak Hours only 270P Sheung Shui → Kowloon Station Express AM Peak Hours only 270S Tsim Sha Tsui East ( Mody Road ) → Luen Wo Hui Express Night service , via Sheung Shui 271 Fu Heng ↔ Tsim Sha Tsui ( Canton Road ) Express Tai Po Central → Tsim Sha Tsui ( Canton Road ) AM Peak Hours only 271B Fu Heng ↔ Tsim Sha Tsui ( Middle Road ) Local Peak Hours only , via Hong Kong Science Park 271P Kau Lung Hang → Tsim Sha Tsui ( Canton Road ) Express AM Peak Hours only 271S Hung Hom Station → Fu Heng Express Night service 271X Tsim Sha Tsui ( Peking Road ) → Fu Heng Express PM Peak Hours only 272A University Station ↺ Pak Shek Kok Local 272E Tai Wo → Sham Shui Po Express AM Peak Hours only Sham Shui Po ( Yen Chow Street ) → Tai Wo PM Peak Hours only 272K University Station ↺ Hong Kong Science Park Local 272P Fu Heng → Kwai Hing Station Express AM Peak Hours only 272S Diamond Hill Station → Hong Kong Science Park Phase III Express AM Peak Hours only Hong Kong Science Park → Diamond Hill Station PM Peak Hours only 272X Tai Po Central → Mong Kok Express AM Peak Hours only 273 Fanling ( Wah Ming ) ↺ Fanling Station Local 273A Sheung Shui ( Choi Yuen ) ↺ Fanling ( Wah Ming ) Local Fanling ( Wah Ming ) → Sheung Shui ( Choi Yuen ) Dawn only 273B Sheung Shui ( Ching Ho ) ↺ Sheung Shui Station Local 273C Tai Po ( Kau Lung Hang ) → Tsuen Wan West Station Express AM Peak Hours only 273D Sheung Shui ↺ Fanling ( Wah Ming ) Local 273P Tai Wo → Tsuen Wan West Station Express AM Peak Hours only 273S Wah Ming ( Hong Ming House ) → Fanling Station Local AM Peak Hours only Fanling Station → Fanling ( Wah Ming ) PM Peak Hours only 274P Wu Kai Sha Station ↔ Tai Po Industrial Estate Express Peak Hours only 274X Kwun Tong Ferry Pier → Tai Po Central Express PM Peak Hours only 275R Tai Po Market Station ↔ Bride 's Pool Local Sundays and Public Holidays only 276 Tin Shui Wai ( Tin Tsz ) ↔ Sheung Shui Express 276A Tin Heng Estate ↔ Tai Ping Express Yan Fu House Tin Fu Court → Tai Ping AM Peak Hours only 276B Tin Shui Wai ( Tin Fu ) ↔ Sheung Shui ( Choi Yuen ) Express via Lok Ma Chau 276P Tin Shui Wai Station ↔ Sheung Shui Express 277E Sheung Shui ( Tin Ping ) ↔ Lam Tin Station Express 277P Sheung Shui ( Tin Ping ) ↔ Lam Tin Station Express Peak Hours only , via Fanling , Wong Tai Sin , and San Po Kong 277X Fanling ( Luen Wo Hui ) ↔ Lam Tin Station Express 278A Fanling ( Luen Wo Hui ) → Tsuen Wan ( Nina Tower ) Express AM Peak Hours only 278K Fanling ( Luen Wo Hui ) ↺ Fanling Station Local 278P Sheung Shui ( Tai Ping ) → Tsuen Wan ( Nina Tower ) Express AM Peak Hours only 278X Sheung Shui ↔ Tsuen Wan ( Nina Tower ) Express 279A Luen Wo Hui → Tsing Yi Station Express AM Peak Hours only 279X Luen Wo Hui ↔ Tsing Yi Station Express 280X Sui Wo Court ↔ Tsim Sha Tsui East ( Mody Road ) Express Royal Ascot → Tsim Sha Tsui East ( Mody Road ) AM Peak Hours only 281A Sha Tin ( Kwong Yuen ) ↔ Kowloon Station Express Kowloon Central Post Office → Sha Tin ( Kwong Yuen ) PM Peak Hours only 281B Sha Tin ( Shek Mun Estate ) → Tsim Sha Tsui East ( Mody Road ) Local AM Peak Hours only 281M Sha Tin ( Sun Tin Wai ) ↔ Kowloon Tong Station Local 281X Ma On Shan ( Yiu On ) → Tsim Sha Tsui East ( Mody Road ) Express AM Peak Hours only 282 Sha Tin Central ↺ Sha Tin ( Sun Tin Wai ) Local 283 Sha Tin Central ↺ Mei Chung Court Local 284 Sha Tin Central ↺ Sha Tin ( Ravana Garden ) Local 286C Ma On Shan ( Lee On ) ↔ Sham Shui Po Express Peak Hours only 286M Ma On Shan Town Centre ↺ Diamond Hill Station Express 286P Sha Tin ( Mei Chung Court ) → Cheung Sha Wan Express AM Peak Hours only 286X Hin Keng ↺ Sham Shui Po Express 287X Shui Chuen O ↺ Jordan Express Mongkok Market Complex → Shui Chuen O PM Peak Hours only 288 Shui Chuen O ↺ Sha Tin Central Local 288A Shui Chuen O ↺ Sha Tin Central Local AM Peak Hours only , not via Shui Chuen O Phase I 288B Shui Chuen O → Wo Che Local AM Peak Hours only 289K University Station ↺ Chevalier Garden Local 290 Tseung Kwan O ( Choi Ming ) ↔ Tsuen Wan West Station Express 290A Tseung Kwan O ( Choi Ming ) ↔ Tsuen Wan West Station Express via Sau Mau Ping , Shun Lee 290B Tseung Kwan O Industrial Estate → Tsuen Wan West Station Express PM Peak Hours only 290X LOHAS Park Station ↔ Tsuen Wan West Station Express Peak Hours only 292P Sai Kung → Kwun Tong Local AM Peak Hours only 293S Hang Hau ( Ngan O Road ) ↔ Mong Kok East Station Express Night Service 296A Sheung Tak ↺ Ngau Tau Kok Station Local 296C Sheung Tak ↔ Cheung Sha Wan ( Sham Mong Road ) Express 296D Sheung Tak ↔ Kowloon Station Express 296M Hang Hau Station ↔ Tseung Kwan O ( Hong Sing Garden ) Local Tong Ming Court → Tseung Kwan O ( Hong Sing Garden ) AM Peak Hours only 296P Sheung Tak ↺ Mong Kok Express Peak Hours only 297 Hang Hau ( North ) ↔ Hung Hom Ferry Pier Express 297P Hang Hau ( North ) → Hung Hom Ferry Pier Express AM Peak Hours only , not via Kowloon Bay 298E Hang Hau Station ↺ Tseung Kwan O Industrial Estate Local Hang Hau Station ↔ Pak Shing Kok Circular Route , Peak Hours only 299X Sha Tin Central ↔ Sai Kung Express 848 Sha Tin Racecourse → Kwai Fong Station Local Racing days at occurring racecourse only 868 Sha Tin Racecourse ↔ Tuen Mun Central Local Racing days at occurring racecourse only 869 Sha Tin Racecourse → Tin Shui Wai Town Centre Local Racing days at occurring racecourse only 872 Sha Tin Racecourse → Tai Po Central Local Racing days at occurring racecourse only , via Tai Po Road 872X Sha Tin Racecourse → Tai Po Central Express Racing days at occurring racecourse only , via Tolo Highway 885 Sha Tin Racecourse → Ma On Shan ( Lee On ) Local Racing days at occurring racecourse only 886 Sha Tin Racecourse → Mei Foo Local Racing days at occurring racecourse only 887 Sha Tin Racecourse → Mong Kok ( Park Avenue ) Local Racing days at occurring racecourse only 888 Sha Tin Racecourse → Sha Tin Station Local Racing days at occurring racecourse only 889 Sha Tin Racecourse ↔ Lam Tin ( Ping Tin ) Local Racing days at occurring racecourse only 891 Sha Tin Racecourse → Kowloon City Ferry Pier Local Racing days at occurring racecourse only 893 Sha Tin Racecourse → Tseung Kwan O ( Hong Sing Garden ) Local Racing days at occurring racecourse only T270 Cheung Wah → Tsim Sha Tsui East ( Mody Road ) Express AM Peak Hours only T277 Sheung Shui ↔ Lam Tin Station Express Peak Hours only X42C Cheung Hang → Yau Tong Express AM Peak Hours only Hong Cheung House Cheung Hong Estate → Yau Tong X42P Cheung On → Lam Tin Station Express AM Peak Hours only X89D Wu Kai Sha Station → Kwun Tong Ferry Pier Express AM Peak Hours only N36 Tsuen Wan Station ↺ Lei Muk Shue Local Night Service N39 Tsuen Wan Station ↺ Allway Gardens Local Night Service N41X Hung Hom Station → Cheung Wang Local Night Service N73 Sha Tin Central ↔ Lok Ma Chau Local Night Service N237 Mei Foo ↺ Kwai Shing Local Night Service N241 Cheung Wang ↔ Hung Hom Station Local Night Service N260 Mei Foo ↔ Tuen Mun Ferry Pier Local Night Service N269 Mei Foo ↔ Tin Shui Wai ( Tin Tsz ) Local Night Service N271 Tai Po ( Fu Heng ) ↔ Hung Hom Station Local Night Service N281 Kam Ying Court ↔ Hung Hom Station Local Night Service N283 Tsim Sha Tsui East ( Mody Road ) → Wong Nai Tau Local Night Service N287 Tsim Sha Tsui East ( Mody Road ) → Wu Kai Sha Station Local Night Service N293 Tseung Kwan O ( Sheung Tak ) ↔ Mong Kok East Station Local Night Service New World First Bus and Citybus routes ( edit ) Route Terminals Type of service Notes 20 Kai Tak ( Muk Ning Street ) ↔ Tai Kok Tsui ( Island Harbourview ) Local 701 Hoi Lai Estate / Nam Cheong Station ↺ Mong Kok Express 701S Hoi Lai Estate / Nam Cheong Station ↺ Mong Kok Express Late Night Service 702 Hoi Lai Estate / Nam Cheong Station ↺ Festival Walk Local 702A Aqua Marine ↔ Pak Tin Estate Local Peak Hours only , Available on Schooldays 702S So Uk ↺ Cheung Sha Wan ( Sham Shing Road ) / Fu Cheong Estate Local Peak Hours only , Available on Schooldays 792M Tseung Kwan O Station ↔ Sai Kung Local 796C Oscar by the Sea ↔ So Uk Express 796E Tseung Kwan O Industrial Estate → So Uk Express AM Peak Hours only 796P Lohas Park → Tsim Sha Tsui ( Canton Road ) Express Peak Hours only Tsim Sha Tsui ( East ) → Lohas Park 796S Tseung Kwan O Station ↺ Ngau Tau Kok Station Local Overnight Service 796X Tseung Kwan O Industrial Estate ↔ Tsim Sha Tsui ( East ) Express Tseung Kwan O Station ↔ Tsim Sha Tsui ( East ) AM Peak Hours only 797M Tseung Kwan O Station ↺ Tseung Kwan O Industrial Estate Local 798 Tiu Keng Leng Station ↔ Fo Tan ( Shan Mei Street ) Express 798A Tseung Kwan O ( Hong Sing Garden ) → Sha Tin Station Express Peak Hours only Sha Tin Central → Tseung Kwan O ( Hong Sing Garden ) 798B Lohas Park → Sha Tin Station Express Peak Hours only Sha Tin Central → Lohas Park N796 Tseung Kwan O Station ↺ Tsim Sha Tsui Local Overnight Service Tseung Kwan O Station → Lohas Park Overnight Service , Special Departure , via Tsim Sha Tsui Tsim Sha Tsui → Lohas Park Overnight Service , Special Departure MTR East Rail Line Feeder Bus routes ( edit ) Route Terminals Type of service Notes K12 Tai Po ( Eightland Garden ) ↔ Tai Po Market Station Local K14 Tai Po Central → Tai Po Market Station Local Morning Peak Hours Only K17 Fu Shin Estate ↔ Tai Po Market Station Local No service on Sundays and public holidays K18 Kwong Fuk Estate ↔ Tai Po Market Station Local No service on Sundays and public holidays MTR bus ( northwest New Territories ) ( edit ) These routes are not franchised routes , but the areas served by the LRT are a franchised area of the KCR Corporation / MTR Corporation Limited , and other bus companies were not allowed to run similar local routes in the northwestern New Territories until this restriction was lifted in 2006 . No . Terminals Route Map Notes 506 Tuen Mun Ferry Pier ↺ Siu Lun ( 1 ) Circular Route . It was a Light Rail route before , so it has the prefix 5 , rather than K for other routes . K51 Fu Tai ↔ Tai Lam ( 2 ) K52 Tuen Mun Station ↔ Lung Kwu Tan ( 3 ) K53 Tuen Mun Station ↺ So Kwun Wat ( 4 ) Circular Route , Peak hours only K58 Fu Tai ↔ Castle Peak Bay ( 5 ) Peak hours only K65 Yuen Long Station ↔ Lau Fau Shan ( 6 ) K66 Tai Tong ↔ Long Ping ( 7 ) K68 Yuen Long Industrial Estate ↺ Yuen Long Town Park ( 8 ) Circular Route K73 Tin Heng ↔ Yuen Long West ( 9 ) K74 Tin Shui ↺ Au Tau ( 10 ) Circular Route , Peak hours only K75 Tin Shui Wai Station ↺ Hung Shui Kiu ( 11 ) Circular Route K75A Tin Shui Wai Station ↺ Hung Shui Kiu ( 12 ) Circular Route K75P Tin Shui ↺ Hung Shui Kiu ( 13 ) Circular Route K75S Tin Shui Wai Station ↺ Hung Shui Kiu ( Hung Fuk Estate ) Circular Route , Peak hours only K76 Tin Heng ↔ Tin Shui Wai Station ( 14 ) Cross Harbour routes ( edit ) All cross harbour routes have 3 digit route numbers . Routes travelling through the Cross-Harbour Tunnel begin with a `` 1 '' , and are shaded red . Routes travelling through the Eastern Harbour Tunnel begin with a `` 6 '' , and are shaded red . Western Harbour Tunnel Routes begin with a `` 9 '' , and are shaded green . Most routes that begin with a `` 3 '' are morning express routes , with the exception of route 307 . Note that special services of routes are not listed . Cross-Harbour Tunnel ( edit ) Route Terminals Operator ( s ) Notes 101 Kennedy Town ↔ Kwun Tong ( Yue Man Square ) NWFB , KMB 101R Happy Valley Racecourse → Kwun Tong ( Yue Man Square ) NWFB , KMB Racing days at occurring racecourse only 101X Kennedy Town ↔ Kwun Tong ( Yue Man Square ) NWFB , KMB Express route , Peak Hours only 102 Shau Kei Wan ↔ Mei Foo CTB , KMB via Aldrich Bay 102P Shau Kei Wan ↔ Mei Foo CTB , KMB Express route , Peak Hours only 102R Happy Valley Racecourse → Mei Foo NWFB , KMB Racing days at occurring racecourse only 103 Pokfield Road ↔ Chuk Yuen Estate CTB , KMB 103P Pokfield Road → Mong Kok ( Yim Po Fong Street ) CTB , KMB Express route , Morning Peak Hours only 104 Kennedy Town ↔ Pak Tin NWFB , KMB Chak On Estate → Central Market Morning Peak Hours only Cross-Harbour Tunnel → Central Market Morning Peak Hours only Admiralty Station → Pak Tin Evening Peak Hours only Immigration Tower → Pak Tin Evening Peak Hours only 104R Central Pier 5 ↔ Mong Kok NWFB , KMB Only operates during Cheung Chau Bun Festival 105R Wan Chai HKCEC ↔ Mei Foo NWFB , KMB Only operates after Hong Kong Book Fair 106 Siu Sai Wan ( Island Resort ) ↔ Wong Tai Sin NWFB , KMB 106A Wong Tai Sin → Tai Koo ( Kornhill Plaza ) NWFB Morning Peak Hours only 106P Siu Sai Wan ( Island Resort ) ↔ Wong Tai Sin NWFB , KMB Express route , Morning and Evening Peak Hours only 107 Wah Kwai ↔ Kowloon Bay CTB , KMB 107P Laguna Verde ↔ Cyberport CTB , KMB Express Route , Morning and Evening Peak Hours only 108 Kowloon Bay ( Kai Yip ) ↔ Braemar Hill KMB 109 Central ( Macau Ferry ) ↔ Ho Man Tin NWFB , KMB 110 Shau Kei Wan ↔ Tsim Sha Tsui East ( Mody Road ) NWFB , KMB Circular route Cross-Harbour Tunnel → North Point ( Tin Chiu Street ) Morning Peak Hours only 111 Central ( Macau Ferry ) ↔ Ping Shek NWFB , KMB 111P Choi Fook → Central ( Macau Ferry ) NWFB , KMB Morning Peak Hours only 112 North Point ↔ So Uk NWFB , KMB 113 Kennedy Town ( Belcher Bay ) ↔ Choi Hung NWFB , KMB 115 Central ( Macau Ferry ) ↔ Kowloon City Ferry NWFB , KMB Express Route towards Central only 115P Laguna Verde → Central ( Macau Ferry ) NWFB , KMB Morning Peak Hours only 116 Quarry Bay ↔ Tsz Wan Shan ( Central ) NWFB , KMB 117 Happy Valley ( Lower ) ↔ Sham Shui Po ( Yen Chow Street ) CTB , KMB 117R Hong Kong Stadium → Mong Kok CTB , KMB After large events at Hong Kong Stadium only 118 Siu Sai Wan ( Island Resort ) ↔ Cheung Sha Wan ( Sham Mong Road ) CTB , KMB Express route Hong Man Street → Cheung Sha Wan ( Sham Mong Road ) Morning Peak Hours only 118P Siu Sai Wan ( Island Resort ) ↔ Cheung Sha Wan ( Sham Mong Road ) CTB , KMB Express Route , Morning and Evening Peak Hours only via Heng Fa Chuen 170 Wah Fu ( Central ) ↔ Sha Tin Station CTB , KMB 171 South Horizons ↔ Lai Chi Kok CTB , KMB 171A Lei Tung Estate → Lai Chi Kok CTB , KMB Morning Peak Hours only 171P South Horizons → Lai Chi Kok CTB , KMB Morning Peak Hours only omit Wong Chuk Hang 171R Ocean Park → Mong Kok CTB , KMB On specific days only 182 Central ( Macau Ferry ) ↔ Sha Tin ( Yu Chui Court ) CTB , KMB 182X Central ( Macau Ferry ) → Yu Chui Court CTB , KMB Evening Peak Hours only via Shui Chuen O 301 Cross-Harbour Tunnel → Sheung Wan NWFB , KMB Morning Peak Hours only 802 Sha Tin Racecourse → Siu Sai Wan ( Island Resort ) KMB , NWFB Racing days at occurring racecourse only 811 Sha Tin Racecourse → Kennedy Town KMB , NWFB Racing days at occurring racecourse only H1 Central ( Star Ferry ) ↔ Tsim Sha Tsui ( Hankow Road ) NWFB Daytime service H1A Central ( Star Ferry ) → Tsim Sha Tsui ( Hankow Road ) NWFB One departure only H2 Central ( Star Ferry ) ↔ Tsim Sha Tsui ( Hankow Road ) NWFB Evening service N118 Siu Sai Wan ( Island Resort ) ↔ Cheung Sha Wan ( Sham Mong Road ) CTB , KMB Night Service N121 Central ( Macau Ferry ) ↔ Ngau Tau Kok NWFB , KMB Night Service N122 Shau Kei Wan ↔ Mei Foo NWFB , KMB Night Service , via Aldrich Bay N170 Wah Fu ↔ Sha Tin Central CTB , KMB Night Service N171 Ap Lei Chau Estate ↔ Lai Chi Kok CTB , KMB Night Service N182 Central ( Macau Ferry ) ↔ Sha Tin ( Kwong Yuen ) CTB , KMB Night Service N368 Central ( Macau Ferry ) ↔ Yuen Long ( West ) KMB Night Service Eastern Harbour Crossing ( edit ) Route Terminals Operator ( s ) Notes 302 Tsz Wan Shan ( North ) → Sheung Wan NWFB , KMB Express Route , Morning Peak Hours Only , via Kowloon Bay 302A Tsz Wan Shan ( North ) → North Point ( Healthy Village ) NWFB , KMB Express Route , Morning Peak Hours Only 307 Central Ferry Piers ↔ Tai Po Central CTB , KMB Express Tai Po Central → Sheung Wan Morning Peak Hours Only 307A Tai Po ( Tai Po Tau ) → Sheung Wan CTB , KMB Express Route , Morning Peak Hours Only 307B Tai Po ( Wan Tau Tong ) → Sheung Wan CTB , KMB Express Route , Morning Peak Hours Only 307P Causeway Bay ( Tin Hau ) ↔ Tai Po ( Ting Tai Road ) CTB , KMB Express Route , Peak Hours Only , via Quarry Bay and North Point 373 Sheung Shui ↔ Central ( Hong Kong Station ) KMB Express Route , Peak Hours Only 601 Admiralty Station ( East ) ↔ Po Tat NWFB , KMB 601P Po Tat ↔ Sheung Wan NWFB , KMB Express Route , Peak Hours Only Hiu Lai Court → Sheung Wan Morning Peak Hours Only 603 Central Ferry Piers ↔ Ping Tin KMB Express Route , via Yau Tong Ping Tin → Admiralty Express Route , Morning Peak Hours Only Central ( Rumsey Street ) → Ping Tin Express Route , Evening Peak Hours Only 603A Ping Tin → Central Market KMB Express Route , Morning Peak Hours Only 603P Central Ferry Piers → Ping Tin KMB Express Route , Evening Peak Hours Only , omit Causeway Bay 603S Ping Tin → Central ( Gilman Street ) KMB Express Route , Morning Peak Hours Only 606 Choi Wan ↔ Siu Sai Wan ( Island Resort ) CTB , KMB via Yiu Tung Estate 606A Choi Wan ↔ Yiu Tung Estate CTB , KMB Morning Peak Hours Only 606X Kowloon Bay ↔ Siu Sai Wan ( Island Resort ) CTB , KMB Express Route , Morning Peak Hours Only Kai Yip → Siu Sai Wan ( Island Resort ) 613 On Tai ( West ) ↔ Shau Kei Wan KMB 619 Shun Lee ↔ Central ( Macau Ferry ) CTB , KMB 619P Shun Lee → Central ( Macau Ferry ) CTB , KMB Morning Peak Hours Only 619X Shun Lee ↔ Central ( Macau Ferry ) CTB , KMB Express Peak Hours only 621 Laguna City ↔ Central ( Hong Kong Station ) CTB , KMB Express Peak Hours only 641 Central ( Macau Ferry ) ↔ Kai Tak ( Kai Ching Estate ) NWFB , KMB Express Peak Hours only 671 Ap Lei Chau ( Lee Lok Street ) ↔ Diamond Hill Station CTB , KMB 673 Sheung Shui ↔ Central ( Hong Kong Station ) KMB Express Route 673P Sheung Shui → Central ( Rumsey Street ) KMB Express Morning Peak Hours Only 678 Sheung Shui ↔ Causeway Bay ( Eastern Hospital Road ) CTB , KMB Peak Hours only 680 Ma On Shan ( Lee On Estate ) ↔ Admiralty Station ( East ) rowspan = `` 2 '' NWFB , KMB Express Ma On Shan ( Chung On ) → Admiralty Station ( East ) Morning Peak Hours Only 680A Ma On Shan ( Lee On Estate ) → Admiralty Station ( East ) NWFB Morning Peak Hours Only 680B Ma On Shan ( Chevalier Garden ) → Admiralty Station ( East ) NWFB , KMB Morning Peak Hours Only 680P Wu Kai Sha Station → Admiralty Station ( East ) NWFB , KMB Morning Peak Hours Only 680X Wu Kai Sha Station ↔ Central ( Macau Ferry ) NWFB , KMB Express Peak Hours Only 681 Ma On Shan Town Centre ↔ Central ( Hong Kong Station ) CTB , KMB Express 681P Ma On Shan ( Yiu On ) ↔ Sheung Wan CTB , KMB Express Peak Hours Only , via Kam Tai Court 682 Ma On Shan ( Wu Kai Sha Station ) ↔ Chai Wan ( East ) NWFB Express Route , via Siu Sai Wan Ma On Shan ( Lee On Estate ) ↔ Chai Wan ( East ) Morning Peak Hours Only 682A Ma On Shan Town Centre → Chai Wan ( East ) NWFB Morning Peak Hours Only , via Kam Tai Court Chai Wan ( East ) → Nai Chung Evening Peak Hours only , via Kam Tai Court 682B Sha Tin ( Shui Chuen O Estate ) ↔ Chai Wan ( East ) NWFB Peak Hours Only 682C City One Shatin ↔ North Point NWFB Peak Hours Only 682P Ma On Shan ( Wu Kai Sha Station ) → Chai Wan ( East ) NWFB Express Morning Peak Hours Only Ma On Shan ( Lee On Estate ) → Chai Wan ( East ) Nai Chung → Chai Wan ( East ) 690 Tseung Kwan O ( Hong Sing Garden ) ↔ Central ( Exchange Square ) CTB , KMB via Po Lam Estate and Tsui Lam Estate 690P Tseung Kwan O ( Hong Sing Garden ) → Central ( Exchange Square ) CTB , KMB Express Morning Peak Hours Only 692P Hang Hau ( North ) → Central ( Exchange Square ) NWFB , KMB Express Morning Peak Hours Only 694 Siu Sai Wan Estate ↔ Tiu Keng Leng Station NWFB Express Route N619 Shun Lee ↔ Central ( Macau Ferry ) CTB , KMB Night Service N680 Ma On Shan ( Kam Ying Court ) ↔ Central ( Macau Ferry ) NWFB , KMB Night Service N691 Central ( Macau Ferry ) ↔ Tiu Keng Leng ( King Ling Road ) NWFB , KMB Night Service Western Harbour Crossing ( edit ) Route Terminals Operator ( s ) Notes & Remarks 307C Tai Po ( Tai Po Tau ) → Wan Chai ( Convention Centre ) CTB , KMB Express Morning Peak Hours only 904 Lai Chi Kok ↔ Kennedy Town ( Belcher Bay ) NWFB , KMB 905 Lai Chi Kok ↔ Wan Chai North NWFB , KMB via Sai Ying Pun 905P Lai Chi Kok → Wan Chai ( Harbour Road ) NWFB , KMB Morning Peak Hours only 914 Hoi Lai Estate ↔ Causeway Bay ( Tin Hau ) NWFB , KMB via Tai Kok Tsui 914P Hoi Lai Estate → Causeway Bay ( Tin Hau ) KMB Express Morning Peak Hours only 914X Hoi Lai Estate → Causeway Bay ( Tin Hau ) NWFB , KMB Express Morning Peak Hours only 930 Tsuen Wan ( Discovery Park ) ↔ Wan Chai North CTB via Tai Wo Hau Estate and Kwai Chung Estate Tsuen Wan West Station ↔ Wan Chai North Specific service Hours only Applicable during 930X service hours Tsuen Wan West Station → Wan Chai ( Fleming Road ) Morning Peak Hours only via Kwai Shing Circuit 930A Tsuen Wan West Station → Wan Chai North CTB Express via Yeung Uk Road via Shek Tong Tsui ( Tsuen Wan Bound only ) Special Trip Peak Hours only Wan Chai North → Tsuen Wan ( Discovery Park ) 930X Tsuen Wan ( Discovery Park ) ↔ Causeway Bay ( Moreton Terrace ) CTB Express via Sha Tsui Road and Ma Tau Pa Road Specific service Hours only 934 Bayview Garden ↔ Wan Chai KMB Express Specific service Hours only 934A Allway Gardens ↔ Wan Chai KMB Express Peak Hours only 935 Shek Lei ↔ Wan Chai KMB Express Peak Hours only On Yam → Wan Chai Morning Peak Hours only 936 Lei Muk Shue ↔ Causeway Bay ( Cotton Path ) KMB Express Specific service Hours only 948 Cheung On / Cheung Wang → Causeway Bay ( Tin Hau ) NWFB , KMB Morning Peak Hours only Greenfield Garden → Causeway Bay ( Tin Hau ) Morning Peak Hours only Causeway Bay ( Tin Hau ) → Cheung Wang Evening Peak Hours only 948P Cheung On → Causeway Bay ( Tin Hau ) NWFB , KMB Express Morning Peak Hours only 948X Cheung Wang → Causeway Bay ( Tin Hau ) NWFB , KMB Express Morning Peak Hours only 960 Tuen Mun ( Kin Sang ) ↔ Wan Chai North KMB Express 960A Central → Hung Shui Kiu ( Hung Fuk Estate ) KMB Express Evening Peak Hours only 960B Quarry Bay ( King 's Road ) → Hung Shui Kiu ( Hung Fuk Estate ) KMB Express Evening Peak Hours only 960C Fu Tai Estate → Wan Chai North KMB Morning Peak Hours only 960P Hung Shui Kiu ( Hung Yuen Road ) → Wan Chai North KMB Express Specific service Hours only 960S Fu Tai Estate → Wan Chai North KMB Morning Peak Hours only 960X Hung Shui Kiu ( Hung Yuen Road ) → Quarry Bay ( King 's Road ) KMB Express Morning Peak Hours only 961 Tuen Mun ( Shan King ) ↔ Wan Chai ( Convention Centre ) KMB Express 961P Tuen Mun ( Leung King Estate ) → Wan Chai ( Convention Centre ) KMB Express Morning Peak Hours only 962 Tuen Mun ( Lung Mun Oasis ) ↔ Causeway Bay ( Moreton Terrace ) CTB Express via Hong Kong Gold Coast Peak Hours only 962A Tuen Mun ( Yuet Wu Villa ) → Admiralty ( Cotton Tree Drive ) CTB Express Morning Peak Hours only 962B Tuen Mun ( Chi Lok Fa Yuen ) ↔ Causeway Bay ( Moreton Terrace ) CTB Express via Sham Tseng Tuen Mun ( Chi Lok Fa Yuen ) → Admiralty ( West ) Express Morning Peak Hours only Hong Kong Garden → Admiralty ( West ) Express Morning Peak Hours only Wan Chai ( Fleming Road ) → Tuen Mun ( Chi Lok Fa Yuen ) Express Evening Peak Hours only 962C Tuen Mun ( Lung Mun Oasis ) → Tai Koo ( Kornhill Plaza ) CTB Morning Peak Hours only Sam Shing → Tai Koo ( Kornhill Plaza ) Morning Peak Hours only Quarry Bay → Tuen Mun ( Lung Mun Oasis ) Evening Peak Hours only 962E So Kwun Wat → Tai Koo ( Kornhill Plaza ) CTB Morning Peak Hours only Quarry Bay → So Kwun Wat Evening Peak Hours only 962P Tuen Mun ( Lung Mun Oasis ) → Causeway Bay ( Moreton Terrace ) CTB Express Morning Peak Hours only 962S Tuen Mun ( Chi Lok Fa Yuen ) → Causeway Bay ( Moreton Terrace ) CTB Express Morning Peak Hours only 962X Tuen Mun ( Lung Mun Oasis ) ↔ Causeway Bay ( Moreton Terrace ) CTB Express X962 Central → Tuen Mun ( Lung Mun Oasis ) CTB Express Evening Peak Hours only 967 Tin Shui Wai ( Tin Yan Estate ) ↔ Admiralty ( West ) CTB Express via Hong Kong Wetland Park 967X Tin Shui Wai ( Tin Yan Estate ) ↔ Causeway Bay CTB Express Peak Hours only 968 Yuen Long ( West ) ↔ Causeway Bay ( Tin Hau ) KMB Express Yuen Long Park → Causeway Bay ( Tin Hau ) Express Morning Peak Hours only Fleming Road → Yuen Long ( West ) Express Evening Peak Hours only 968A Yuen Long ( West ) → Causeway Bay ( Tin Hau ) KMB Express via Long Ping Estate Morning Peak Hours only 968X Yuen Long ( West ) ↔ Quarry Bay ( King 's Road ) KMB Express Peak Hours only 969 Tin Shui Wai Town Centre ↔ Causeway Bay ( Moreton Terrace ) CTB Express Kingswood Villas ( Locwood Court ) → Causeway Bay ( Moreton Terrace ) Morning Peak Hours only 969A Tin Shui Wai Town Centre → Admiralty CTB Peak Hours only Wan Chai → Tin Shui Wai Town Centre 969B Tin Shui Wai Town Centre ↔ Wan Chai CTB Peak Hours only Kingswood Villas ( Locwood Court ) → Wan Chai Morning Peak hours only 969C Tin Shui Wai ( Maywood Court ) → Tai Koo ( Kornhill Plaza ) CTB Morning Peak Hours only Quarry Bay → Tin Shui Wai ( Tin Shui ) Evening Peak Hours only 969P Tin Shui Wai Town Centre → Causeway Bay ( Moreton Terrace ) CTB Morning Peak Hours only 969X Tin Shui Wai Town Centre → Causeway Bay CTB Express via Tin Shui Wai South Morning Peak Hours only 970 So Uk ↔ Cyberport NWFB Express via Wah Fu Estate and Sai Ying Pun 970X So Uk ↔ Aberdeen NWFB Express via Chi Fu Fa Yuen Tin Wan → So Uk Special Service Peak Hours only 971 Hoi Lai Estate ↔ Aberdeen ( Shek Pai Wan ) NWFB via Victoria Road 973 Tsim Sha Tsui ( Mody Road ) ↔ Stanley Market CTB via Aberdeen 978 Fanling ( Wah Ming ) ↔ Wan Chai North KMB Express 978A Fanling ( Luen Wo Hui ) → Wan Chai North KMB Express Morning Peak Hours only 978B Chi Fuk Circuit Fanling → Wan Chai North KMB Express Morning Peak Hours only 980A Shek Mun Estate → Wan Chai ( Fleming Road ) NWFB , KMB Morning Peak Hours only 980X Wu Kai Sha Station → Wan Chai ( Fleming Road ) NWFB , KMB Morning Peak Hours only Admiralty Station ( East ) → Wu Kai Sha Station Evening Peak Hours only 981P Yiu On → Wan Chai ( Fleming Road ) CTB , KMB Morning Peak Hours only Admiralty Station ( East ) → Yiu On Evening Peak Hours only 982X Yu Chui Court → Wan Chai ( Fleming Road ) CTB , KMB Express Morning Peak Hours only Shui Chuen O → Wan Chai ( Fleming Road ) 985 Mei Tin ( Mei Chi House ) → Wan Chai NWFB , KMB Express Morning Peak Hours only N962 Tuen Mun ( Lung Mun Oasis ) ↔ Causeway Bay ( Moreton Terrace ) CTB Night Service N969 Tin Shui Wai Town Centre ↔ Causeway Bay ( Moreton Terrace ) CTB Night Service North Lantau routes ( edit ) These routes serve Northern Lantau Island , namely Tung Chung , Disneyland , Airport and AsiaWorld - Expo . Most of them link Lantau with Kowloon and Hong Kong Island . Routes are divided into Airbus Routes ( with a prefix `` A '' ) , External Routes ( with a prefix `` E '' ) , Night Bus Routes ( with a prefix `` N '' ) , Disneyland Routes ( with a prefix `` R '' ) , Shuttle Routes ( with a prefix `` S '' ) and AsiaWorld - Expo Special Routes ( with a prefix `` X '' ) . All North Lantau routes are either served by Citybus or Long Win Bus ( LWB ) . Airbuses ( edit ) Route Terminals Operator Notes & Remarks A10 Ap Lei Chau ( Lee Lok Street ) ↔ Airport CTB NA10 Ap Lei Chau ( Lee Lok Street ) ↔ Airport CTB Late Night Service Seasonal Service A11 North Point Ferry Pier ↔ Airport CTB NA11 North Point Ferry Pier ↔ Airport CTB Late Night service A12 Siu Sai Wan ( Island Resort ) ↔ Airport CTB NA12 Siu Sai Wan ( Island Resort ) ↔ Airport CTB Late Night Service Seasonal Service A20 Hung Hom Station ↔ Airport CTB via Sham Shui Po , Mei Foo A21 Hung Hom Station ↔ Airport CTB NA21 Airport → Tai Kok Tsui ( Hoi Fai Road ) CTB Late Night service A22 Lam Tin Station ↔ Airport CTB A26 Yau Tong ↔ Airport CTB A29 Tseung Kwan O ( Po Lam ) ↔ Airport CTB A29P Tseung Kwan O Station ↔ Airport CTB NA29 Tseung Kwan O ( Po Lam ) ↔ Airport CTB Late Night service A31 Tsuen Wan ( Nina Tower ) ↔ Airport LWB A31P Tsuen Wan ( Discovery Park ) ↔ Airport LWB via Sham Tseng A32 Kwai Chung Estate ↔ Airport LWB A33 Tuen Mun ( Yuet Wu Villa ) ↔ Airport LWB via Hong Kong Gold Coast , Castle Peak Road A33P Tuen Mun ( Chung Uk Tsuen ) → Airport LWB Morning Peak Hours only A33X Tuen Mun ( Fu Tai ) ↔ Airport LWB Express NA33 Tuen Mun ( Fu Tai ) ↔ Airport LWB Night service NA34 Tin Shui Wai Town Centre ↔ Airport LWB Night service A36 Long Ping Station ↔ Airport LWB A37 Hung Shui Kiu ( Hung Yuen Road ) ↔ Airport LWB via Tin Shui Wai NA40 Wu Kai Sha Station ↔ Airport LWB Night service A41 Sha Tin ( Yu Chui Court ) ↔ Airport LWB Wong Nai Tau → Airport Morning Peak Hours only A41P Wu Kai Sha Station ↔ Airport LWB NA41 Sha Tin ( Shui Chuen O ) ↔ Airport LWB Night service A43 Fanling ( Luen Wo Hui ) ↔ Airport LWB A43P Fanling ( Luen Wo Hui ) ↔ Airport LWB via Lok Ma Chau NA43 Fanling ( Luen Wo Hui ) ↔ Airport LWB Night service A47X Tai Po ( Fu Heng ) ↔ Airport LWB External Routes ( including Night Buses ) ( edit ) Route Terminals Operator ( s ) Notes & Remarks E11 Tin Hau Station ↔ AsiaWorld - Expo CTB E11A Tin Hau Station ↔ AsiaWorld - Expo CTB via Tung Chung North E11S Kui Yat House Yat Tung Estate → Tin Hau Station CTB Morning Peak hours only N11 Central ( Macau Ferry ) ↔ Airport CTB Overnight Night Service E21 Tai Kok Tsui ( Island Harbourview ) ↔ AsiaWorld - Expo CTB E21A Ho Man Tin ( Oi Man Estate ) ↔ Tung Chung ( Yat Tung Estate ) CTB via Tung Chung North E21C Tai Kok Tsui ( Island Harbourview ) ↔ Aircraft Maintenance Area CTB Peak hours only E21X Tung Chung ( Yat Tung Estate ) → Hung Hom Station CTB Morning Peak hours only N21 Tsim Sha Tsui ( Star Ferry ) ↔ Airport CTB Overnight Night Service N21A Tsim Sha Tsui ( Star Ferry ) ↔ Airport CTB Night Service , via Tung Chung North and Yat Tung Estate E22 Lam Tin ( North ) ↔ AsiaWorld - Expo CTB E22A Tseung Kwan O ( Hong Sing Garden ) ↔ AsiaWorld - Expo CTB E22C Tiu Keng Leng Station ↔ Aircraft Maintenance Area CTB Peak hours only E22P Yau Tong ↔ AsiaWorld - Expo CTB Peak hours only , via Sau Mau Ping , Cathay City and Dragonair - CNAC Towers E22S Kui Yat House Yat Tung Estate → Tseung Kwan O ( Po Lam ) CTB Morning Peak hours only E22X Yau Tong ↔ AsiaWorld - Expo CTB Peak hours only , via Kwun Tong Road , Cathay City and Dragonair - CNAC Towers E23 Tsz Wan Shan ( South ) ↔ Airport CTB via Hung Hom N23 Tsz Wan Shan ( North ) ↔ Tung Chung Station / Airport CTB Night Service N26 Yau Tong ↔ Tung Chung Station / Airport CTB Night Service , via Sau Mau Ping N29 Tseung Kwan O ( Hong Sing Garden ) ↔ Tung Chung Station / Airport CTB Night Service N30 Yuen Long Station → Tung Chung Station LWB Night Service , via Tuen Mun Airport → Yuen Long Station N30P Hung Kiu ↔ Tung Chung Station LWB Night Service N30S Yuen Long Station ↔ Tung Chung Station LWB Night Service E31 Tsuen Wan ( Discovery Park ) ↔ Tung Chung ( Yat Tung Estate ) LWB via Tung Chung North N31 Tsuen Wan ( Discovery Park ) ↔ Airport LWB Night Service , via Tung Chung , Airfreight Terminal & Chek Lap Kok South E32 Kwai Fong Station ↔ AsiaWorld - Expo LWB E32A Kwai Fong Station ↔ Tung Chung Development Pier LWB Peak Hours only E33 Tuen Mun Central ↔ Airport LWB E33P Siu Hong Station ( South ) ↔ Airport LWB Peak hours only Blossom Garden → Airport Morning Peak hours only E34A Tin Shui Wai Town Centre ↔ Airport LWB Tin Shui Wai ( Tin Shui Estate ) → Airport Dawn only Chung Ki House Tin Chung Court → Airport Weekdays morning peak hours only Tin Shui Wai ( Tin Chung Court ) → Airport Sundays and holidays morning peak hours only E34B Yuen Long ( Ma Wang Road ) ↔ Airport LWB E34P Tin Shui Wai Town Centre ↔ Tung Chung ( Yat Tung Estate ) LWB Peak hours only , via Yuen Long E34X Tin Shui Wai Town Centre → Tung Chung ( Yat Tung Estate ) LWB Morning peak hours only , omit Yuen Long E41 Tai Po ( Tai Po Tau ) ↔ AsiaWorld - Expo LWB E42 Sha Tin ( Pok Hong ) ↔ Airport LWB Tung Chung ( Yat Tung Estate ) → Sha Tin ( Pok Hong ) Morning peak hours only N42 Ma On Shan ( Yiu On ) ↔ Tung Chung Railway Station / Airport LWB Night Service N42A Fanling ( Luen Wo Hui ) ↔ Tung Chung Railway Station LWB Night Service N42P Sheung Shui Station → Airport LWB Night Service Disneyland routes ( edit ) Route Terminals Operator ( s ) Notes R8 Disneyland ↔ Lantau Link Toll Plaza CTB , LWB R33 Tuen Mun Station ↔ Disneyland LWB R42 Tai Wai Station ↔ Disneyland LWB Shuttle routes ( edit ) Route Terminals Operator ( s ) Notes S1 Tung Chung Station ↔ Airport CTB , LWB Circular Route S52 Tung Chung ( Yat Tung Estate ) ↔ Aircraft Maintenance Area CTB S52P Tung Chung ( Yat Tung Estate ) ↔ Chun Ping Road ( Asia Airfreight Terminal ) CTB Circular Route , Morning Peak Hours only S56 Tung Chung Station ↔ Airport CTB Circular Route S64 Tung Chung ( Yat Tung Estate ) ↔ Airport LWB Circular Route S64C Tung Chung ( Yat Tung Estate ) ↔ Catering Road East LWB Circular Route , Morning Peak Hours only S64P Tung Chung ( Ying Tung Estate ) ↔ Catering Road East LWB Circular Route , Peak Hours only S64X Tung Chung ( Yat Tung Estate ) ↔ Airport LWB Circular Route , Morning Peak Hours only N64 Airport → Tung Chung ( Yat Tung Estate ) LWB Night Service AsiaWorld - Expo special services ( edit ) These routes only depart for the AsiaWorld - Expo before large - scale events start , or return to the urban areas after large - scale events have ended . Route Terminus Operator ( s ) Notes & Remarks X1 Tung Chung Station ↔ AsiaWorld - Expo CTB , LWB X11 AsiaWorld - Expo → Causeway Bay CTB via Mong Kok X21 Tsim Sha Tsui ( Middle Road ) → AsiaWorld - Expo CTB X22 AsiaWorld - Expo → Lam Tin Station CTB via Jordan X33 AsiaWorld - Expo → Tuen Mun ( Fu Tai Estate ) LWB X34 AsiaWorld - Expo → Tin Shui Wai Town Centre LWB X35 AsiaWorld - Expo → Mui Wo NLB X41 AsiaWorld - Expo → Sha Tin ( Yu Chui Court ) LWB X48 Tai Wai Station → AsiaWorld - Expo LWB Lantau Island routes ( edit ) Bus routes that link different parts of Lantau are operated by the New Lantao Bus Company . Note that the service types `` North - South Lantau '' or `` South Lantau '' have different fare between weekdays and holidays , and routes labelled chartered service are only available to pre-booked packaged tours . Route Terminals Type of service Notes Mui Wo Tai O South Lantau N1 Mui Wo Tai O South Lantau Night Ride Service 1R Hung Hom Ferry Concourse Ngong Ping North - South Lantau Sundays and public holidays service only 1S Mui Wo Tai O South Lantau Chartered service Mui Wo Ngong Ping South Lantau Ngong Ping 2S Mui Wo Ngong Ping South Lantau Ngong Ping Chartered service 3M Mui Wo Tung Chung Town Centre North - South Lantau 3R Tung Chung Town Centre Pui O North - South Lantau Circular route , Saturdays , Sundays and public holidays service only Mui Wo Tong Fuk South Lantau 11 Tung Chung Town Centre Tai O North - South Lantau 11A Tung Chung Town Centre Shek Pik North - South Lantau Saturdays , Sundays and public holidays service only 11S Tung Chung Town Centre Tai O North - South Lantau Chartered service 13S Tung Chung Town Centre Mui Wo North - South Lantau Chartered service 21 Tai O Ngong Ping South Lantau Ngong Ping 21S Tai O Ngong Ping South Lantau Ngong Ping Chartered service 23 Tung Chung Town Centre Ngong Ping North - South Lantau Ngong Ping 23S Tung Chung Town Centre Ngong Ping North - South Lantau Ngong Ping Chartered service 34 Tung Chung Town Centre Shek Mun Kap North Lantau A35 Mui Wo Airport ( Terminals 1 & 2 ) North - South Lantau N35 Mui Wo Airport ( Terminals 1 & 2 ) North - South Lantau Night Ride Service , via Tung Chung 36 Tung Chung Town Centre Siu Ho Wan Vehicles Detention Pound North Lantau 37 Tung Chung ( Yat Tung Estate ) Tung Chung North ( Caribbean Coast ) North Lantau 37H North Lantau Hospital Tung Chung North ( Caribbean Coast ) North Lantau 37M Tung Chung MTR Station The Visionary North Lantau Circular route 37P Tung Chung ( Yat Tung Estate Yu Tung Road ) Tung Chung North ( Caribbean Coast ) North Lantau School days only N37 Ying Tung Estate Tung Chung MTR Station North Lantau Circular route , Night Ride Service 38 Tung Chung ( Yat Tung Estate ) Tung Chung Town Centre North Lantau Circular route 38X Tung Chung ( Yat Tung Estate Yu Tung Road ) Tung Chung Town Centre North Lantau Circular route , weekday morning peak hour service only N38 Yat Tung Estate Tung Chung MTR Station North Lantau Night Ride Service Cross-border routes ( edit ) These routes travel to border checkpoints at Lok Ma Chau and Shenzhen Bay Port , the latter through the Hong Kong - Shenzhen Western Corridor . Since the destinations are within the restricted area , passengers are required to bring a valid travel document with them . The section fare below means the minimum fare to take a passenger into or out of a border restricted area . Route Terminals Notes & Remarks B1 Tin Tsz ↔ Lok Ma Chau Station KMB Ma Wang Road ( Shan Shui House ) ↔ Lok Ma Chau Station KMB B2 Yuen Long Station ↔ Shenzhen Bay Port NLB B2P Tin Shui Wai ( Tin Tsz Estate ) ↔ Shenzhen Bay Port NLB B2X Tin Shui Wai ( Tin Yiu Estate ) ↔ Shenzhen Bay Port NLB B3 Tuen Mun Ferry Pier ↔ Shenzhen Bay Port CTB B3A Shan King Estate ( King Lok House ) ↔ Shenzhen Bay Port CTB B3M Shenzhen Bay Port ↔ Tuen Mun Station CTB B3X Tuen Mun Town Centre ↔ Shenzhen Bay Port CTB References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stanley . The Development of Hong Kong Island Bus Routes in 20th century . See also ( edit ) Hong Kong bus route numbering Transport in Hong Kong Bus companies of Hong Kong Bus services Bus route numbering History of bus transport Franchised Citybus Kowloon Motor Bus Long Win Bus New Lantao Bus New World First Bus Non-franchised Big Bus Tours MTR Bus ( Northwest New Territories ) / MTR Feeder Bus Park Island Transport Former China Motor Bus Stagecoach Transport in Hong Kong Public light bus Bus terminuses List of bus routes Franchised bus routes in Hong Kong Bus services Bus route numbering History of bus transport Bus Companies ( CTB & Cityflyer , KMB , LWB , MTR , NLB , NWFB ) Hong Kong Island 1P 2A 2X 3A 4X 5B 5X 6 6A 6X 7 8 8P 8S 8X 9 10 11 12 12A 12M 13 14 15 15B 15C 18 18P 18X 19 19P 23 23B 25 25A 26 27 30X 37A 37B 37X 38 40 40M 40P 41A 42 42C 43M 47P 48 63 65 66 70 70P 71 71P 72 72A 73 73P 75 76 77 77X 78 81 81A 81S 82 82M 82S 82X 85 85A 85P 90 90B 90C 91 91A 93 93A 93C 94 94A 94X 95 95B 95C 95P 96 97 97A 98 99 99X 260 314 347 511 590 590A 592 595 629 629A 629S 720 720A 720P 722 780 780P 788 789 N8 N8P N8X N72 N90 Kowloon and New Territories 1A 2A 2B 2D 2E 2F 3B 3C 3D 3M 3P 5 5A 5C 5D 5M 5P 5R 5S 6 6C 6D 6F 7 7B 7M 8 8A 8P 9 10 11 11B 11C 11D 11K 11X 12 12A 13D 13M 13P 13S 13X 14 14B 14D 14X 15 15A 15X 16 16M 17 18 21 23 23M 24 26 26M 27 28 28B 28S 29M 30 30X 31 31B 31M 32 32M 33A 34 34M 35A 35X 36 36A 36B 36M 36X 37 37M 38 38A 39A 39M 40 40P 40X 41 41A 41M 41P 42 42A 42C 42M 43 43A 43B 43C 43M 43P 43X 44 44M 45 46 46P 46X 47X 48X 49P 49X 51 52X 53 54 57M 58M 58P 58X 59A 59M 59X 60M 60X 61M 61X 62X 63X 64K 64S 65K 66M 66X 67M 67X 68A 68E 68M 68X 69M 69P 69X 70K 71A 71B 71K 71S 72 72A 72C 72X 73 73A 73K 73X 74A 74B 74C 74D 74K 74P 74X 75K 75P 75X 76K 77K 79K 80 80K 80M 80P 80X 81 81C 81K 81S 82B 82C 82K 82P 82X 83K 83S 83X 84M 85 85A 85B 85K 85M 85S 85X 86 86A 86C 86K 86S 87B 87D 87K 87P 87S 88K 88X 89 89B 89C 89D 89P 89X 91 91M 91P 91R 92 93A 93K 93M 94 95 95M 96R 98A 98C 98D 98P 98S 99 99R 203C 203E 203S 208 211 212 213M 215P 215X 216M 219X 224X 230X 234A 234B 234C 234P 234X 235 235M 237A 238M 238P 238S 238X 240X 242X 243M 243P 248M 249M 249X 251A 251B 251M 252B 258D 258P 258S 259B 259C 259D 259E 260B 260C 260X 261 261B 261P 263 265B 265M 265S 267S 268B 268C 268X 269A 269B 269C 269D 269M 269P 270 270A 270B 270P 270S 271 271P 272A 272K 272P 272S 272X 273 273A 273B 273C 273D 273P 273S 274P 275R 276 276A 276B 276P 277E 277P 277X 278K 278P 278X 279X 280X 281A 281B 281M 281X 282 283 284 286C 286M 286P 286X 287X 288 289K 290 290A 292P 296A 296C 296D 296M 297 297P 298E 299X 506 701 701S 702 702A 702S 792M 796C 796P 796S 796X 797M 798 848 868 869 872 885 886 887 888 889 891 893 K12 K14 K17 K18 K51 K52 K53 K58 K65 K66 K68 K73 K74 K75 K75P K76 N73 N216 N237 N241 N260 N269 N271 N281 N293 N796 T270 T277 X42C Lantau Island 1R 3M 11 21 23 34 36 37 37P 38 38X N1 N38 Northern Lantau and Airport A10 A11 A12 A22 A29 A31 A33 A35 A41 A41P A43 E11 E11S E21 E21A E21X E22 E22A E22P E22S E22X E23 E31 E32 E33 E33P E34A E34B E34P E41 E42 N11 N21 N21A N23 N26 N29 N30 N30P N30S N31 N35 N42 N42A N64 R8 R33 R42 S1 S52 S52P S56 S64 S64C S64P S64X X1 X11 X21 X22 X33 X34 X35 X41 X48 Cross Harbor Routes 101 101R 101X 102 102P 102R 103 103P 104 106 106A 106P 107 107P 108 109 110 111 111P 112 113 115 115P 116 117 117R 118 118P 170 171 171A 171P 182 301 302 302A 305 307 307A 307B 307C 307P 373 373A 601 601P 603 603P 603S 606 606A 606X 619 619P 619X 621 641 671 678 680 680A 680B 680P 680X 681 681P 682 682A 682B 682C 682P 690 690P 692P 694 802 811 904 905 914 914P 914X 930 930A 934 935 936 948 948P 948X 960 960A 960B 960P 960S 960X 961 961P 962A 962B 962C 962P 962S 962X 967 967X 968 968X 969 969A 969B 969C 969P 969X 970 970X 971 973 973P 982X H1 N118 N121 N122 N170 N171 N182 N368 N619 N680 N691 N962 N969 X962 Cross Border B1 B2 B2P B2X B3 B3A B3M B3X Cancelled Routes Citybus Route 3B Citybus Route 5 KMB Route 66 KMB Route 70 Transport in Hong Kong Hong Kong bus route numbering Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_bus_routes_in_Hong_Kong&oldid=841636882 '' Categories : Bus routes in Hong Kong Lists of bus routes Hong Kong transport - related lists Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing style editing from December 2017 All articles needing style editing Talk Contents About Wikipedia 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 May 2018 , at 02 : 04 . 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where are the incisions made for a vasectomy	The traditional incision approach of vasectomy involves numbing of the scrotum with local anesthetic ( although some men 's physiology may make access to the vas deferens more difficult in which case general anesthesia may be recommended ) after which a scalpel is used to make two small incisions , one on each side of the scrotum at a location that allows the surgeon to bring each vas deferens to the surface for excision . The vasa deferentia are cut ( sometimes a section may be removed altogether ) , separated , and then at least one side is sealed by ligating ( suturing ) , cauterizing ( electrocauterization ) , or clamping . There are several variations to this method that improve healing , effectiveness , and which help mitigate long - term pain such as post-vasectomy pain syndrome ( PVPS ) or epididymitis .	on each side of the scrotum at a location that allows the surgeon to bring each vas deferens to the surface for excision	Vasectomy	vasectomy	Vasectomy is a surgical procedure for male sterilization or permanent contraception . During the procedure , the male vas deferens are cut and tied or sealed so as to prevent sperm from entering into the urethra and thereby prevent fertilization . Vasectomies are usually performed in a physician 's office , medical clinic , or , when performed on an animal , in a veterinary clinic -- hospitalization is not normally required as the procedure is not complicated , the incisions are small , and the necessary equipment routine .	There are several methods by which a surgeon might complete a vasectomy procedure , all of which occlude ( i.e. , `` seal '' ) at least one side of each vas deferens . To help reduce anxiety and increase patient comfort , men who have an aversion to needles may consider a `` no - needle '' application of anesthesia while the `` no - scalpel '' or `` open - ended '' techniques help to accelerate recovery times and increase the chance of healthy recovery . Due to the simplicity of the surgery , a vasectomy usually takes less than thirty minutes to complete . After a short recovery at the doctor 's office ( usually less than an hour ) , the patient is sent home to rest . Because the procedure is minimally invasive , many vasectomy patients find that they can resume their typical sexual behavior within a week , and do so with little or no discomfort . Because the procedure is considered a permanent method of contraception and is not easily reversed , men are usually counseled / advised to consider how the long - term outcome of a vasectomy might affect them both emotionally and physically . The procedure is not often encouraged for young single childless men as their chances for biological parenthood are thereby more or less permanently reduced to almost zero . It is seldom performed on dogs ( castration , a different procedure , remains the preferred reproductive control option for canines ) but is regularly performed on bulls . Contents ( hide ) 1 Medical uses 1.1 Efficacy 2 Complications 2.1 Postvasectomy pain 2.2 Psychological effects 2.3 Dementia 3 Procedure 3.1 Other techniques 3.1. 1 Vas occlusion techniques 3.2 Recovery 4 Conceiving after vasectomy 4.1 Vasectomy reversal 5 Prevalence 6 History 7 Society and culture 7.1 Availability and legality 7.2 Ideological issues 7.3 Tourism 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Medical uses ( edit ) A vasectomy is done to prevent fertility in males . It ensures that in most cases the person will be sterile after confirmation of success following surgery . The procedure is regarded as permanent because vasectomy reversal is costly and often does not restore the male 's sperm count or sperm motility to prevasectomy levels . Men with vasectomies have a very small ( nearly zero ) chance of successfully impregnating a woman , but a vasectomy has no effect on rates of sexually transmitted infections . After vasectomy , the testes remain in the scrotum where Leydig cells continue to produce testosterone and other male hormones that continue to be secreted into the blood - stream . Some studies have found that sexual desire after vasectomy may be somewhat diminished . When the vasectomy is complete , sperm can not exit the body through the penis . Sperm are still produced by the testicles , but they are soon broken down and absorbed by the body . Much fluid content is absorbed by membranes in the epididymis , and much solid content is broken down by the responding macrophages and reabsorbed via the blood stream . Sperm is matured in the epididymis for about a month before leaving the testicles . After vasectomy , the membranes must increase in size to absorb and store more fluid ; this triggering of the immune system causes more macrophages to be recruited to break down and reabsorb more solid content . Within one year after vasectomy , sixty to seventy per cent of vasectomized men develop antisperm antibodies . In some cases , vasitis nodosa , a benign proliferation of the ductular epithelium , can also result . The accumulation of sperm increases pressure in the vas deferens and epididymis . The entry of the sperm into the scrotum can cause sperm granulomas to be formed by the body to contain and absorb the sperm which the body will treat as a foreign biological substance ( much like a virus or bacterium ) . Efficacy ( edit ) Vasectomy is the most effective permanent form of contraception available to men . In nearly every way that vasectomy can be compared to tubal ligation it has a more positive outlook . Vasectomy is more cost effective , less invasive , has techniques that are emerging that may facilitate easier reversal , and has a much lower risk of postoperative complications . Early failure rates , i.e. pregnancy within a few months after vasectomy , typically result from unprotected sexual intercourse too soon after the procedure while some sperm continue to pass through the vasa deferentia . Most physicians and surgeons who perform vasectomies recommend one ( sometimes two ) postprocedural semen specimens to verify a successful vasectomy ; however , many men fail to return for verification tests citing inconvenience , embarrassment , forgetfulness , or certainty of sterility . In January 2008 , the F.D.A. cleared a home test called SpermCheck Vasectomy that allows patients to perform postvasectomy confirmation tests themselves ; however , compliance for postvasectomy semen analysis in general remains low . Late failure , i.e. pregnancy following spontaneous recanalization of the vasa deferentia , has also been documented . The Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists states there is a generally agreed - upon rate of late failure of about one in 2000 vasectomies -- better than tubal ligations for which the failure rate is one in every 200 to 300 cases . A 2005 review including both early and late failures described a total of 183 recanalizations from 43,642 vasectomies ( 0.4 % ) , and sixty pregnancies after 92,184 vasectomies ( 0.07 % ) . Complications ( edit ) Short - term possible complications include infection , bruising and bleeding into the scrotum resulting in a collection of blood known as a hematoma . A study in 2012 demonstrated an infection rate of 2.5 % postvasectomy . The stitches on the small incisions required are prone to irritation , though this can be minimized by covering them with gauze or small adhesive bandages . The primary long - term complications are chronic pain conditions or syndromes that can affect any of the scrotal , pelvic or lower - abdominal regions , collectively known as post-vasectomy pain syndrome . Though vasectomy results in increases in circulating immune complexes , these increases are transient . Data based on animal and human studies indicate these changes do not result in increased incidence of atherosclerosis . The risk of prostate and testicular cancer is not affected by vasectomy . According to one study long - term postvasectomy discomfort is experienced at a frequency which ranges between 15 % and 33 % of vasectomy patients . Postvasectomy pain ( edit ) Main article : Post-vasectomy pain syndrome Post-vasectomy pain syndrome ( P.V.P.S. ) is a chronic and sometimes debilitating condition that may develop immediately or several years after vasectomy . One survey cites studies that estimate incidence at one case in every ten to thirty vasectomies . The pain can be constant orchialgia or epididymal pain ( epididymitis ) , or it can be pain that occurs only at particular times such as with sexual intercourse , ejaculation , or physical exertion . Psychological effects ( edit ) Approximately 90 % are generally reported in reviews as being satisfied with having had a vasectomy , while 7 -- 10 % of men regret their decision . Regret was less common when both people in the relationship agreed on the procedure . Men who are of a younger age at the time of having a vasectomy are significantly more likely to regret and seek a reversal of their vasectomy , with one study showing men for example in their twenties being 12.5 times more likely to undergo a vasectomy reversal later in life ( and including some who chose sterilization at a young age ) ; prevasectomy counseling is therefore of particular importance in younger patients . Dementia ( edit ) An association between vasectomy and primary progressive aphasia , a rare variety of frontotemporal dementia , was reported . However , it is unclear if there is a causal relationship . The putative mechanism is a cross-reactivity between brain and sperm , including the shared presence of neural surface antigens . In addition , the cytoskeletal tau protein has been found only to exist outside of the CNS in the manchette of sperm . Procedure ( edit ) The traditional incision approach of vasectomy involves numbing of the scrotum with local anesthetic ( although some men 's physiology may make access to the vas deferens more difficult in which case general anesthesia may be recommended ) after which a scalpel is used to make two small incisions , one on each side of the scrotum at a location that allows the surgeon to bring each vas deferens to the surface for excision . The vasa deferentia are cut ( sometimes a section may be removed altogether ) , separated , and then at least one side is sealed by ligating ( suturing ) , cauterizing ( electrocauterization ) , or clamping . There are several variations to this method that improve healing , effectiveness , and which help mitigate long - term pain such as post-vasectomy pain syndrome ( PVPS ) or epididymitis . Fascial interposition : Recanalization of the vas deferens is a known cause of vasectomy failure ( s ) . Fascial interposition ( `` FI '' ) , in which a tissue barrier is placed between the cut ends of the vas by suturing , may help to prevent this type of failure , increasing the overall success rate of vasectomy while leaving the testicular end within the confines of the fascia . The fascia is a fibrous protective sheath that surrounds the vas deferens as well as all other body muscle tissue . This method , when combined with intraluminal cautery ( where one or both sides of the vas deferens are electrically `` burned '' closed to prevent recanalization ) , has been shown to increase the success rate of vasectomy procedures . No - needle anesthesia : Fear of needles for injection of local anesthesia is well known . In 2005 , a method of local anesthesia was introduced for vasectomy which allows the surgeon to apply it painlessly with a special jet - injection tool , as opposed to traditional needle application . The numbing agent is forced / pushed onto and deep enough into the scrotal tissue to allow for a virtually pain - free surgery . Initial surveys show a very high satisfaction rate amongst vasectomy patients . Once the effects of no - needle anesthesia set in , the vasectomy procedure is performed in the routine manner . No - scalpel vasectomy ( NSV ) : Also known as a `` key - hole '' vasectomy , is a vasectomy in which a sharp hemostat ( as opposed to a scalpel ) is used to puncture the scrotum . This method has come into widespread use as the resulting smaller `` incision '' or puncture wound typically limits bleeding and hematomas . Also the smaller wound has less chance of infection , resulting in faster healing times compared to the larger / longer incisions made with a scalpel . The surgical wound created by the No - Scalpel method usually does not require stitches . NSV is the most commonly performed type of minimally invasive vasectomy , and both describe the method of vasectomy that leads to access of the vas deferens . Open - ended vasectomy : In this procedure the testicular end of the vas deferens is not sealed , which allows continued streaming of sperm into the scrotum . This method may avoid testicular pain resulting from increased back - pressure in the epididymis . Studies suggest that this method may reduce long - term complications such as post-vasectomy pain syndrome . Vas irrigation : Injections of sterile water or euflavine ( which kills sperm ) are put into the distal portion of the vas at the time of surgery which then brings about a near - immediate sterile ( `` azoospermatic '' ) condition . The use of euflavine does however , tend to decrease time ( or , number of ) ejaculations to azoospermia vs. the water irrigation by itself . This additional step in the vasectomy procedure , ( and similarly , fascial interposition ) , has shown positive results but is not as prominently in use , and few surgeons offer it as part of their vasectomy procedure . Other techniques ( edit ) The following vasectomy methods have purportedly had a better chance of later reversal but have seen less use by virtue of known higher failure rates ( i.e. , recanalization ) . An earlier clip device , the VasClip , is no longer on the market , due to unacceptably high failure rates . The VasClip method , though considered reversible , has had a higher cost and resulted in lower success rates . Also , because the vasa deferentia are not cut or tied with this method , it could technically be classified as other than a vasectomy . Vasectomy reversal ( and the success thereof ) was conjectured to be higher as it only required removing the Vas - Clip device . This method achieved limited use , and scant reversal data are available . Vas occlusion techniques ( edit ) Injected plugs : There are two types of injected plugs which can be used to block the vasa deferentia . Medical - grade polyurethane ( M.P.U. ) or medical - grade silicone rubber ( MSR ) starts as a liquid polymer that is injected into the vas deferens after which the liquid is clamped in place until is solidifies ( usually in a few minutes ) . Intra-vas device : The vasa deferentia can also be occluded by an intra-vas device ( IVD ) . A small cut is made in the lower abdomen after which a soft silicone or urethane plug is inserted into each vas tube thereby blocking ( occluding ) sperm . This method allows for the vas to remain intact . IVD technique is done in an out - patient setting with local anesthetic , similar to a traditional vasectomy . IVD reversal can be performed under the same conditions making it much less costly than vasovasostomy which can require general anesthesia and longer surgery time . Both vas occlusion techniques require the same basic patient setup : local anesthesia , puncturing of the scrotal sac for access of the vas , and then plug or injected plug occlusion . The success of the aforementioned vas occlusion techniques is not clear and data are still limited . Studies have shown , however , that the time to achieve sterility is longer than the more prominent techniques mentioned in the beginning of this article . The satisfaction rate of patients undergoing IVD techniques has a high rate of satisfaction with regard to the surgery experience itself . Recovery ( edit ) A post-vasectomy scrotum , showing typical post-operative bruising , incision stitches and a shaved scrotum . Sexual intercourse can usually be resumed in about a week ( depending on recovery ) ; however , pregnancy is still possible as long as the sperm count is above zero . Another method of contraception must be relied upon until a sperm count is performed either two months after the vasectomy or after ten to twenty ejaculations have occurred . After a vasectomy , contraceptive precautions must be continued until azoospermia is confirmed . Usually two semen analyses at three and four months are necessary to confirm azoospermia . The British Andrological Society has recommended that a single semen analysis confirming azoospermia after sixteen weeks is sufficient . Conceiving after vasectomy ( edit ) In order to allow the possibility of reproduction via artificial insemination after vasectomy , some men opt for cryopreservation of sperm before sterilization . It is advised that all men having a vasectomy consider freezing some sperm before the procedure . Dr Allan Pacey ( senior lecturer in andrology at Sheffield University and secretary of the British Fertility Society ) notes that men who he sees for a vasectomy reversal which has not worked , express wishing they knew they could have stored sperm . Pacey notes , `` The problem is you 're asking a man to foresee a future where he might not necessarily be with his current partner -- and that may be quite hard to do when she 's sitting next to you . '' The cost of cryopreservation ( sperm banking ) itself may also be substantially less ( approximately every five years ) than alternative vaso - vasectomy procedure ( s ) , compared to the costs of in - vitro fertilization which usually run to US $15,000 . Intracytoplasmic sperm injection : Sperm can be aspirated from the testicles or the epididymis , and while there is not enough for successful artificial insemination , there is enough to fertilize an ovum by ICSI This avoids the problem of antisperm antibodies and may result in a faster pregnancy . IVF ( In - vitro fertilization ) may be less costly ( see aforementioned text ) per cycle than reversal in some health - care systems , but a single I.V.F. cycle is often insufficient for conception . Disadvantages include the need for procedures on the woman , and the standard potential side - effects of I.V.F. for both the mother and the child . Vasectomy reversal ( edit ) Main article : Vasectomy reversal Although men considering vasectomies should not think of them as reversible , and most men and their partners are satisfied with the operation , life circumstances and outlooks can change , and there is a surgical procedure to reverse vasectomies using vasovasostomy ( a form of microsurgery first performed by Earl Owen in 1971 ) . Vasovasostomy is effective at achieving pregnancy in a variable percentage of cases , and total out - of - pocket costs in the United States are often upwards of $10,000 . The typical success rate of pregnancy following a vasectomy reversal is around 55 % if performed within 10 years , and drops to around 25 % if performed after 10 years . After reversal , sperm counts and motility are usually much lower than pre-vasectomy levels . There is evidence that men who have had a vasectomy may produce more abnormal sperm , which would explain why even a mechanically successful reversal does not always restore fertility . The higher rates of aneuploidy and diploidy in the sperm cells of men who have undergone vasectomy reversal may lead to a higher rate of birth defects . Some reasons that men seek vasectomy reversals include wanting a family with a new partner following a relationship break - down / divorce , their original wife / partner dying and subsequently going on to repartner and to want children , the unexpected death of a child , or a long - standing couple changing their minds some time later , often prompted by situations such as improved finances or existing children approaching the age of school or leaving home . Patients often comment that they never anticipated the possibility of a relationship break - down or death ( of their partner or child ) , or how that may affect their situation at the time of having their vasectomy . A small number of vasectomy reversals are also performed in attempts to relieve postvasectomy pain syndrome . Prevalence ( edit ) Internationally , vasectomy rates are vastly different . While female sterilisation is the most widely used method worldwide , with 223 million women relying on it , only 28 million women rely on their partner 's vasectomy . In the world 's 69 least developed countries less than 0.1 % of men use vasectomies on average . Of 54 African countries , only ten report measurable vasectomy use and only Swaziland , Botswana , and South Africa exceed 0 1 % prevalence . country vasectomy usage notes Canada 22 % `` of all women rely on vasectomy '' UK 17 % - 21 % only range given New Zealand 17 % to 21 % only range given South Korea 17 % to 21 % only range given Australia ~ 10 % Belgium ~ 10 % Denmark ~ 10 % Spain ~ 10 % Switzerland ~ 10 % Swaziland 0.3 % Botswana 0.4 % South Africa 0.7 % In North America and Europe vasectomy usage is on the order of 10 % with some countries reaching 20 % . Despite its high efficacy , in the United States , vasectomy is utilized less than half the rate of the alternative female tubal ligation . According to the research , vasectomy is least utilized among black and Latin populations , the U.S. groups that have the highest rates of female sterilization . New Zealand , in contrast to the U.S. , has higher levels of vasectomy than tubal ligation uptake. 18 % of all men , and 25 % of all married men have had a vasectomy . The age cohort with the highest level of vasectomy was 40 -- 49 , where 57 % of men had taken it up . Canada , the UK , Bhutan and the Netherlands all have similar levels of uptake . History ( edit ) The first recorded vasectomy was performed on a dog in 1823 . A short time after that , R. Harrison of London performed the first human vasectomy ; however the surgery was not done for sterilization purposes , but to bring about atrophy of the prostate . Soon , however , it was believed to have benefits for eugenics . The first case report of vasectomy in the U.S. was in 1897 , by A.J. Ochsner , a surgeon in Chicago , in a paper titled , `` Surgical treatment of habitual criminals . '' He believed vasectomy to be a simple , effective means for stemming the tide of racial degeneration widely believed to be occurring . In 1902 , Harry C. Sharp , the surgeon at the Indiana Reformatory , reported that he had sterilized 42 inmates , in an effort to both reduce criminal behavior in those individuals and prevent the birth of future criminals . However , some vasectomies were not performed with the goal of sterilization in mind . Eugen Steinach ( 1861 -- 1944 ) , an Austrian physician , believed that a unilateral vasectomy ( severing only one of the two vas deferentia ) in older men could restore general vigor and sexual potency , shrink enlarged prostates , and cure various ailments by somehow boosting the hormonal output of the vasectomied testicle . This surgery , which became very popular in the 1920s , was undertaken by many wealthy men , including Sigmund Freud and W.B. Yeats . Since these operations lacked rigorous controlled trials , any rejuvenating effect was likely due to the Placebo Effect , and with the later development of synthetic injectable hormones , this operation fell out of vogue . Vasectomy began to be regarded as a method of consensual birth control during the Second World War . The first vasectomy program on a national scale was launched in 1954 in India . Society and culture ( edit ) Availability and legality ( edit ) Vasectomy costs are ( or may be ) covered in different countries , as a method of both contraception or population control , with some offering it as a part of a national health insurance . The Affordable Care Act of the U.S. does not cover vasectomy . Vasectomy was generally considered illegal in France until 2001 , due to provisions in the Napoleonic Code forbidding `` self - mutilation '' . No French law specifically mentioned vasectomy until a 2001 law on contraception and foeticide permitted the procedure . Ideological issues ( edit ) The emphasis on `` shared responsibility '' has been taken up in recent research and articles by Terry and Braun , who regard much of the earlier psychological research on vasectomy as seemingly negative , or ' suspicious ' in tone . In research based on 16 New Zealand men ( chosen for their enthusiasm on the topic of vasectomy ) , researchers extracted primary themes from their interviews of `` taking responsibility '' and `` vasectomy as an act of minor heroism '' . The need to `` target men 's involvement in reproductive and contraceptive practices '' was historically raised on a global scale at the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development ( ICPD ) in Cairo , in relation to both population control and decreasing the levels of inequality in the ' contraceptive burden ' , which has traditionally placed responsibility for contraception unfairly upon women . Vigoya has referred to a global `` cultura anticonceptiva femenina '' -- a female contraceptive culture , where , despite the possibility of men taking more responsibility for contraception , there is virtually nowhere in the world where true contraceptive equality exists . Critical health researchers emphasize the positive identities that men can take up post vasectomy , as a `` man who takes on responsibility for the contraceptive task '' and a man who is willing to `` sacrifice '' his fertility for his partner and family 's sake . Often these sorts of accounts are constructed within the ' contraceptive economy ' of a relationship , in which women have maintained responsibility of the contraceptive task up until the point of the operation . Terry notes that a man undergoing a vasectomy may also mean he receives a high degree of gratitude and positive reinforcement for making the choice to be sterilised , perhaps more so than a woman who has been on an oral contraceptive or similar for years prior . Tourism ( edit ) Main article : Medical tourism Medical tourism , where a patient travels to a less developed location where a procedure is cheaper to save money and combine convalescence with a vacation , is infrequently used for vasectomy due to its low cost , but is more likely to be used for vasectomy reversal . Many overseas hospitals list vasectomy as one of their qualified surgical procedures . Medical tourism has come under the scrutiny of some governments for quality of care and postoperative care issues . See also ( edit ) Male contraceptive Sperm granuloma Testicular sperm extraction Orchiectomy List of surgeries by type World Vasectomy Day References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Popenoe P ( 1934 ) . `` The progress of eugenic sterilization '' . Journal of Heredity. 25 ( 1 ) : 19 . ^ Jump up to : Trussell , James ( 2011 ) . `` Contraceptive efficacy '' . In Hatcher , Robert A. ; Trussell , James ; Nelson , Anita L. ; Cates , Willard Jr. ; Kowal , Deborah ; Policar , Michael S. ( eds . ) . Contraceptive technology ( 20th revised ed . ) . New York : Ardent Media . pp. 779 -- 863 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59708 - 004 - 0 . ISSN 0091 - 9721 . OCLC 781956734 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Table 26 -- 1 = Table 3 -- 2 Percentage of women experiencing an unintended pregnancy during the first year of typical use and the first year of perfect use of contraception , and the percentage continuing use at the end of the first year . United States . Jump up ^ Dean A. Hendrickson ; A.N. Baird ( 5 June 2013 ) . Turner and McIlwraith 's Techniques in Large Animal Surgery . John Wiley & Sons . p. 541 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 68404 - 7 . Jump up ^ Nielsen CM , Genster HG ( 1980 ) . `` Male sterilization with vasectomy . The effect of the operation on sex life '' . Ugeskrift for Lægerer. 142 ( 10 ) : 641 -- 643 . PMID 7368333 . Jump up ^ Dias , P.L.R. ( 1983 ) . `` The long - term effects of vasectomy on sexual behaviour '' . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 67 ( 5 ) : 333 -- 338 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1600 - 0447.1983. tb00350. x . PMID 6869041 . Jump up ^ Hattikudur , S. ; Shanta , S. RAO ; Shahani , S.K. ; Shastri , P.R. ; Thakker , P.V. ; Bordekar , A.D. ( 2009 ) . `` Immunological and Clinical Consequences of Vasectomy * '' . Andrologia. 14 ( 1 ) : 15 -- 22 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0272.1982. tb03089. x . PMID 7039414 . Jump up ^ Deshpande RB , Deshpande J , Mali BN , Kinare SG ( 1985 ) . `` Vasitis nodosa ( a report of 7 cases ) '' . J Postgrad Med. 31 ( 2 ) : 105 -- 8 . PMID 4057111 . Jump up ^ Hirschowitz , L ; Rode , J ; Guillebaud , J ; Bounds , W ; Moss , E ( 1988 ) . `` Vasitis nodosa and associated clinical findings '' . Journal of Clinical Pathology. 41 ( 4 ) : 419 -- 423 . doi : 10.1136 / jcp. 41.4. 419 . PMC 1141468 . PMID 3366928 . ^ Jump up to : Christiansen C , Sandlow J ( 2003 ) . `` Testicular Pain Following Vasectomy : A Review of Post vasectomy Pain Syndrome '' . Journal of Andrology. 24 ( 3 ) : 293 -- 8 . PMID 12721203 . Jump up ^ Christensen , R.E. ; Maples , D.C. ( 2005 ) . `` Postvasectomy Semen Analysis : Are Men Following Up ? '' . The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine . 18 : 44 -- 47 . doi : 10.3122 / jabfm. 18.1. 44 . Jump up ^ Klotz , Kenneth L. ; Coppola , Michael A. ; Labrecque , Michel ; Brugh Vm , Victor M. ; Ramsey , Kim ; Kim , Kyung - ah ; Conaway , Mark R. ; Howards , Stuart S. ; Flickinger , Charles J. ; Herr , John C. ( 2008 ) . `` Clinical and Consumer Trial Performance of a Sensitive Immunodiagnostic Home Test That Qualitatively Detects Low Concentrations of Sperm Following Vasectomy '' . The Journal of Urology. 180 ( 6 ) : 2569 -- 2576 . doi : 10.1016 / j. juro. 2008.08. 045 . PMC 2657845 . PMID 18930494 . Jump up ^ Philp , T ; Guillebaud , J ; Budd , D ( 1984 ) . `` Late failure of vasectomy after two documented analyses showing azoospermic semen '' . BMJ. 289 ( 6437 ) : 77 -- 79 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 289.6437. 77 . PMC 1441962 . PMID 6428685 . Jump up ^ Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists . `` Sterilisation for women and men : what you need to know '' . Jump up ^ Griffin , T ; Tooher , R ; Nowakowski , K ; Lloyd , M ; Maddern , G ( 2005 ) . `` HOW LITTLE IS ENOUGH ? THE EVIDENCE FOR POST-VASECTOMY TESTING '' . The Journal of Urology. 174 ( 1 ) : 29 -- 36 . doi : 10.1097 / 01. ju. 0000161595.82642. fc . PMID 15947571 . Jump up ^ Nevill et al ( 2013 ) Surveillance of surgical site infection post vasectomy . Journal of Infection Prevention . January 2013 . Vol 14 ( 1 ) http://bji.sagepub.com/content/14/1/14.abstract Jump up ^ Schwingl , Pamela J ; Guess , Harry A ( 2000 ) . `` Safety and effectiveness of vasectomy '' . Fertility and Sterility. 73 ( 5 ) : 923 -- 936 . doi : 10.1016 / S0015 - 0282 ( 00 ) 00482 - 9 . PMID 10785217 . Jump up ^ `` AUA Responds to Study Linking Vasectomy with Prostate Cancer '' . American Urological Association . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 31 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ Bhindi , Bimal ; Wallis , Christopher J.D. ; Nayan , Madhur ; Farrell , Ann M. ; Trost , Landon W. ; Hamilton , Robert J. ; Kulkarni , Girish S. ; Finelli , Antonio ; Fleshner , Neil E. ; Boorjian , Stephen A. ; Karnes , R. Jeffrey ( 17 July 2017 ) . `` The Association Between Vasectomy and Prostate Cancer : A Systematic Review and Meta - analysis '' . JAMA Internal Medicine . doi : 10.1001 / jamainternmed. 2017.2791 . Jump up ^ McMahon AJ , Buckley J , Taylor A , Lloyd SN , Deane RF , Kirk D ( February 1992 ) . `` Chronic testicular pain following vasectomy '' ( PDF ) . Br J Urol . Blackwell Publishing Ltd. 69 ( 2 ) : 188 -- 91 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1464 - 410X. 1992. tb15494. x . PMID 1537032 . Jump up ^ Nangia , Ajay K. ; Myles , Jonathan L. ; Thomas Aj , Anthony J. ( 2000 ) . `` VASECTOMY REVERSAL FOR THE POST-VASECTOMY PAIN SYNDROME : : A CLINICAL AND HISTOLOGICAL EVALUATION '' . The Journal of Urology. 164 ( 6 ) : 1939 -- 1942 . doi : 10.1016 / S0022 - 5347 ( 05 ) 66923 - 6 . PMID 11061886 . Jump up ^ Potts , Jeannette M. ( 2008 ) . `` Genitourinary Pain And Inflammation '' . Current Clinical Urology : 201 -- 209 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 60327 - 126 - 4_13 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58829 - 816 - 4 . chapter = ignored ( help ) Jump up ^ THONNEAU , P. ; D'ISLE , BÉATRICE ( 1990 ) . `` Does vasectomy have long - term effects on somatic and psychological health status ? '' . International Journal of Andrology. 13 ( 6 ) : 419 -- 432 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2605.1990. tb01050. x . PMID 2096110 . Jump up ^ Labrecque , Michel ; Paunescu , Cristina ; Plesu , Ioana ; Stacey , Dawn ; Légaré , France ( 2010 ) . `` Evaluation of the effect of a patient decision aid about vasectomy on the decision - making process : a randomized trial '' . Contraception. 82 ( 6 ) : 556 -- 562 . doi : 10.1016 / j. contraception. 2010.05. 003 . PMID 21074020 . ^ Jump up to : Köhler TS , Fazili AA , Brannigan RE ( August 2009 ) . `` Putative health risks associated with vasectomy '' . Urol . Clin. North Am. 36 ( 3 ) : 337 -- 45 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ucl. 2009.05. 004 . PMID 19643236 . Jump up ^ POTTS , J.M. ; PASQUALOTTO , F.F. ; NELSON , D. ; THOMAS , A.J. ; AGARWAL , A. ( June 1999 ) . `` PATIENT CHARACTERISTICS ASSOCIATED WITH VASECTOMY REVERSAL '' ( PDF ) . The Journal of Urology. 161 ( 6 ) : 1835 -- 1839 . doi : 10.1016 / S0022 - 5347 ( 05 ) 68819 - 2 . PMID 10332448 . Jump up ^ Köhler , TS. ; Choy , JT. ; Fazili , AA. ; Koenig , JF. ; Brannigan , RE . ( Nov 2012 ) . `` A critical analysis of the reported association between vasectomy and frontotemporal dementia '' . Asian J Androl. 14 ( 6 ) : 903 -- 4 . doi : 10.1038 / aja. 2012.94 . PMC 3720109 . PMID 23064682 . ^ Jump up to : Rogalski E , Weintraub S , Mesulam MM ( 2013 ) . `` Are there susceptibility factors for primary progressive aphasia ? '' . Brain Lang . 127 ( 2 ) : 135 -- 8 . doi : 10.1016 / j. bandl. 2013.02. 004 . PMC 3740011 . PMID 23489582 . ^ Jump up to : Cook , LA ; Pun , A ; Gallo , MF ; Lopez , LM ; Van Vliet , HA ( 30 March 2014 ) . `` Scalpel versus no - scalpel incision for vasectomy '' . The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews ( 3 ) : CD004112 . doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD004112. pub4 . PMID 24683021 . Jump up ^ [email protected] ( 2007 - 09 - 14 ) . `` Recanalization of the vas deferens '' . Vasectomy-information.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ Sokal , David ; Irsula , Belinda ; Hays , Melissa ; Chen - Mok , Mario ; Barone , Mark A ; Investigator Study , Group ( 2004 ) . `` Vasectomy by ligation and excision , with or without fascial interposition : a randomized controlled trial ISRCTN77781689 '' . BMC Medicine . 2 ( 1 ) : 6 . doi : 10.1186 / 1741 - 7015 - 2 - 6 . PMC 406425 . PMID 15056388 . ^ Jump up to : Weiss , RS ; Li , PS ( 2005 ) . `` No - needle jet anesthetic technique for no - scalpel vasectomy '' . The Journal of Urology. 173 ( 5 ) : 1677 -- 80 . doi : 10.1097 / 01. ju. 0000154698.03817. d4 . PMID 15821547 . Jump up ^ Panel Members : Ira D. Sharlip , M.D. , Panel Co-Chair Clinical Professor Department of Urology University of California , San Francisco , CA San Francisco , CA Arnold M. Belker , M.D. , Panel Co-Chair Emeritus Clinical Professor Department of Urology University of Louisville School of Medicine Louisville , Kentucky Stanton Honig , M.D. Professor of Surgery / Urology University of Connecticut Farmington CT The Urology Center New Haven , CT Michel Labrecque , M.D. , Ph. D. Professor Department of Family and Emergency Medicine Université Laval Quebec City , Canada Joel L. Marmar , M.D. Professor of Urology Cooper Medical School of Rowan University Camden , NJ Lawrence S. Ross , M.D. Clarence C. Saelhof Professor Emeritus Department of Urology University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago , IL Jay I. Sandlow , M.D. Professor of Urology Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee , WI David C. Sokal , MD Senior Scientist Clinical Sciences Department FHI 360 Durham , NC ( January 2015 ) . `` American Urology Association Vasectomy guideline 2012 ( amended 2015 ) '' ( PDF ) . American Urology Association . American Urological Association Education and Research . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 29 January 2017 . Retrieved 1 February 2017 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Moss , WM ( December 1992 ) . `` A comparison of open - end versus closed - end vasectomies : a report on 6220 cases '' . Contraception. 46 ( 6 ) : 521 -- 5 . doi : 10.1016 / 0010 - 7824 ( 92 ) 90116 - B. PMID 1493712 . Jump up ^ Shapiro , EI ; Silber , SJ ( November 1979 ) . `` Open - ended vasectomy , sperm granuloma , and postvasectomy orchialgia '' . Fertility and Sterility. 32 ( 5 ) : 546 -- 50 . PMID 499585 . ^ Jump up to : Cook , Lynley A. ; Van Vliet , Huib AAM ; Lopez , Laureen M ; Pun , Asha ; Gallo , Maria F ( 2007 ) . Cook , Lynley A. , ed . `` Vasectomy occlusion techniques for male sterilization '' . Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews . doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD003991. pub3 . Jump up ^ Levine , LA ; Abern , MR ; Lux , MM ( 2006 ) . `` Persistent motile sperm after ligation band vasectomy '' . 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Jump up ^ Shridharani , Anand ; Sandlow , Jay I ( 2010 ) . `` Vasectomy reversal versus IVF with sperm retrieval : which is better ? '' . Current Opinion in Urology. 20 ( 6 ) : 503 -- 509 . doi : 10.1097 / MOU. 0b013e32833f1b35 . PMID 20852426 . Jump up ^ Landry E , Ward V ( 1997 ) . `` Perspectives from Couples on the Vasectomy Decision : A Six - Country Study '' ( PDF ) . Reproductive Health Matters . ( special issue ) : 58 -- 67 . Jump up ^ Jamieson , D ( 2002 ) . `` A comparison of women 's regret after vasectomy versus tubal sterilization '' . Obstetrics & Gynecology. 99 ( 6 ) : 1073 -- 1079 . doi : 10.1016 / S0029 - 7844 ( 02 ) 01981 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` About Vasectomy Reversal '' . Professor Earl Owen 's homepage . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 06 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ Owen ER ( 1977 ) . `` Microsurgical vasovasostomy : a reliable vasectomy reversal '' . Urology. 167 ( 2 Pt 2 ) : 1205 . doi : 10.1016 / S0022 - 5347 ( 02 ) 80388 - 3 . PMID 11905902 . Jump up ^ Vasectomy Reversal http://www.epigee.org/guide/vasectomy_reversal.html Jump up ^ Cited in Laurance , Jeremy ( 2009 ) `` Vasectomy Reversal : First Cut Is n't Final '' in The Independent 30 March 2009 https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/health-news/vasectomy-reversal-first-cut-isnt-final-1657039.html ^ Jump up to : Sukcharoen , Nares ; Ngeamvijawat , J ; Sithipravej , T ; Promviengchai , S ( 2003 ) . `` High sex chromosome aneuploidy and diploidy rate of epididymal spermatozoa in obstructive azoospermic men '' . Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics . 20 ( 5 ) : 196 -- 203 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1023674110940 . PMC 3455301 . PMID 12812463 . Jump up ^ Abdelmassih , V. ; Balmaceda , JP ; Tesarik , J ; Abdelmassih , R ; Nagy , ZP ( 2002 ) . `` Relationship between time period after vasectomy and the reproductive capacity of sperm obtained by epididymal aspiration '' . Human Reproduction. 17 ( 3 ) : 736 -- 740 . doi : 10.1093 / humrep / 17.3. 736 . PMID 11870128 . Jump up ^ Horovitz , D. ( February 2012 ) . `` Vasectomy reversal provides long - term pain relief for men with the post-vasectomy pain syndrome '' . National Center for Biotechnology Information , U.S. National Library of Medicine . 187 : 613 -- 7 . doi : 10.1016 / j. juro. 2011.10. 023 . PMID 22177173 . ^ Jump up to : Jacobstein , Roy ( December 2015 ) . `` The kindest cut : global need to increase vasectomy availability '' . The Lancet . Global Health . 3 ( 12 ) : e733 -- 734 . doi : 10.1016 / S2214 - 109X ( 15 ) 00168 - 0 . ISSN 2214 - 109X . PMID 26545447 . Jump up ^ `` Contraceptive Use 2011 '' . UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Population Division , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Shih G , Turok DK , Parker WJ ( April 2011 ) . `` Vasectomy : the other ( better ) form of sterilization '' . Contraception. 83 ( 4 ) : 310 -- 5 . doi : 10.1016 / j. contraception. 2010.08. 019 . PMID 21397087 . Jump up ^ Sneyd , Mary Jane ; Cox , Brian ; Paul , Charlotte ; Skegg , David C.G. ( 2001 ) . `` High prevalence of vasectomy in New Zealand '' . Contraception. 64 ( 3 ) : 155 -- 159 . doi : 10.1016 / S0010 - 7824 ( 01 ) 00242 - 6 . Jump up ^ Pile , John M. ; Barone , Mark A. ( 2009 ) . `` Demographics of Vasectomy -- USA and International '' . Urologic Clinics of North America . 36 ( 3 ) : 295 -- 305 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ucl. 2009.05. 006 . PMID 19643232 . Jump up ^ Leavesley , JH ( 1980 ) . `` Brief history of vasectomy '' . Family planning information service . 1 ( 5 ) : 2 -- 3 . PMID 12336890 . Jump up ^ Reilly , Phillip ( 1991 ) . The Surgical Solution : A History of Involuntary Sterilization in the United States . Johns Hopkins University Press . pp. 30 -- 33 . ^ Jump up to : Schultheiss , Dirk ; Engel , Rainer M. ( 2003 - 11 - 01 ) . `` G. Frank Lydston ( 1858 -- 1923 ) revisited : androgen therapy by testicular implantation in the early twentieth century '' . World Journal of Urology. 21 ( 5 ) : 356 -- 363 . doi : 10.1007 / s00345 - 003 - 0370 - z . ISSN 0724 - 4983 . Jump up ^ Ellmann , Richard . `` Yeats 's Second Puberty '' . The New York Review of Books . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ McLaren , Angus ( 2012 - 03 - 09 ) . Reproduction by Design : Sex , Robots , Trees , and Test - Tube Babies in Interwar Britain . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 9780226560694 . Jump up ^ Sharma , Sanjay ( April -- June 2014 ) . `` A Study of Male Sterilization with No Scalpel Vasectomy '' ( PDF ) . JK Science . 16 ( 2 ) : 67 . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Latham , Melanie ( 2002 - 07 - 05 ) . Regulating reproduction : a century of conflict in Britain and France . Manchester University Press . ISBN 0 - 7190 - 5699 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Terry , Gareth ; Braun , Virginia ( 2011 ) . `` ' I 'm committed to her and the family ' : positive accounts of vasectomy among New Zealand men '' . Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology . 29 ( 3 ) : 276 -- 291 . doi : 10.1080 / 02646838.2011. 592976 . ^ Jump up to : Terry , G. ; Braun , V. ( 2011 ) . `` ' It 's kind of me taking responsibility for these things ' : Men , vasectomy and ' contraceptive economies ' '' ( PDF ) . Feminism & Psychology . 21 ( 4 ) : 477 -- 495 . doi : 10.1177 / 0959353511419814 . Jump up ^ Mundigo A ( 2000 ) Re-conceptualizing the role of men in the post-Cairo era '' Culture , Health & Sexuality 2 ( 3 ) 323 -- 337 ; cited in Terry , G and Braun , V ( 2011 ) . ' It 's kind of me taking responsibility for these things ' : men , vasectomy and ' contraceptive economies ' Feminism & Psychology 21 ( 4 ) , pp. 477 -- 495 . Available online at : http://oro.open.ac.uk/34285/1/It%27s%20kind%20of%20me%20taking%20responsbility%20for%20these%20things.pdf Jump up ^ cited in Terry , G and Braun , V ( 2011 ) . ' It 's kind of me taking responsibility for these things ' : men , vasectomy and ' contraceptive economies ' Feminism & Psychology 21 ( 4 ) , p. 1 Available online at : http://oro.open.ac.uk/34285/1/It%27s%20kind%20of%20me%20taking%20responsbility%20for%20these%20things.pdf Jump up ^ Lunt , Neil ; Carrera , Percivil ( 2010 ) . `` Medical tourism : Assessing the evidence on treatment abroad '' . Maturitas. 66 ( 1 ) : 27 -- 32 . doi : 10.1016 / j. maturitas. 2010.01. 017 . PMID 20185254 . External links ( edit ) Vasectomy : Procedure MedlinePlus Encyclopedia How to treat : vasectomy and reversal , Australian Doctor , 2 July 2014 Birth control methods ( G02B , G03A ) Comparison Comparison of birth control methods Long - acting reversible contraception ( LARC ) Behavioral Avoiding vaginal intercourse : Abstinence Anal sex Masturbation Non-penetrative sex Oral sex Including vaginal intercourse : Breastfeeding infertility ( LAM ) Calendar - based methods ( rhythm , etc . ) Fertility awareness ( Billings ovulation method Creighton Model , etc . ) Withdrawal Barrier and / or spermicidal Cervical cap Condom Contraceptive sponge Diaphragm Female condom Spermicide Hormonal ( formulations ) Combined estrogen - progestogen Contraceptive patch Extended cycle Injectable Combined vaginal ring Pill Progestogen - only Depo - Provera Etonogestrel implant ( Nexplanon ) Levonorgestrel implant ( Norplant ) Progestogen - only pill Progesterone vaginal ring Anti-estrogen Ormeloxifene ( Centchroman ) Post-intercourse Emergency contraception ( Ulipristal acetate Yuzpe regimen Levonorgestrel ) Intrauterine device Copper IUDs Hormonal IUDs ( progestogens ) Sterilization Female : Essure Tubal ligation Male : Vasectomy Experimental Reversible inhibition of sperm under guidance ( Vasalgel ) Long - acting reversible contraception ( LARC ) Intrauterine device ( Hormonal IUD Copper IUD ) Contraceptive implant ( Etonogestrel implant , Levonorgestrel implant ) Male genital surgical and other procedures : reproductive system ( ICD - 9 - CM V3 60 -- 64 , ICD - 10 - PCS 0V ) Internal Prostate Transurethral incision of the prostate Prostate biopsy Transrectal biopsy Transurethral biopsy Prostatectomy Transurethral resection of the prostate Radical retropubic prostatectomy Transurethral microwave thermotherapy Transurethral needle ablation of the prostate Brachytherapy Prostate brachytherapy Prostate massage seminal vesicles : Spermatocelectomy Vas deferens Vasectomy Vasectomy reversal Vasovasostomy Vasoepididymostomy Testes Orchiectomy Castration Orchiopexy External Penis Circumcision Penectomy Penile prosthesis Preputioplasty Penile plethysmograph Postage stamp test Frenuloplasty of prepuce of penis Tests Semen analysis Medical imaging Transscrotal ultrasound Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vasectomy&oldid=843594318 '' Categories : Sterilization Contraception for males 1897 introductions Male genital surgery Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list CS1 errors : chapter ignored CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from July 2011 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar मराठी Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Suomi Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 25 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 04 : 51 . 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the whole numbers are also known as the natural numbers	Some definitions , including the standard ISO 80000 - 2 , begin the natural numbers with 0 , corresponding to the non-negative integers 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , ... , whereas others start with 1 , corresponding to the positive integers 1 , 2 , 3 , ... . Texts that exclude zero from the natural numbers sometimes refer to the natural numbers together with zero as the whole numbers , but in other writings , that term is used instead for the integers ( including negative integers ) .		Natural number	natural number	In mathematics , the natural numbers are those used for counting ( as in `` there are six coins on the table '' ) and ordering ( as in `` this is the third largest city in the country '' ) . In common language , words used for counting are `` cardinal numbers '' and words used for ordering are `` ordinal numbers '' .	Some definitions , including the standard ISO 80000 - 2 , begin the natural numbers with 0 , corresponding to the non-negative integers 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , ... , whereas others start with 1 , corresponding to the positive integers 1 , 2 , 3 , ... . Texts that exclude zero from the natural numbers sometimes refer to the natural numbers together with zero as the whole numbers , but in other writings , that term is used instead for the integers ( including negative integers ) . The natural numbers are the basis from which many other number sets may be built by extension : the integers , by including ( if not yet in ) the neutral element 0 and an additive inverse ( − n ) for each nonzero natural number n ; the rational numbers , by including a multiplicative inverse ( 1 / n ) for each nonzero integer n ( and also the product of these inverses by integers ) ; the real numbers by including with the rationals the limits of ( converging ) Cauchy sequences of rationals ; the complex numbers , by including with the real numbers the unresolved square root of minus one ( and also the sums and products thereof ) ; and so on . These chains of extensions make the natural numbers canonically embedded ( identified ) in the other number systems . Properties of the natural numbers , such as divisibility and the distribution of prime numbers , are studied in number theory . Problems concerning counting and ordering , such as partitioning and enumerations , are studied in combinatorics . In common language , for example in primary school , natural numbers may be called counting numbers both to intuitively exclude the negative integers and zero , and also to contrast the discreteness of counting to the continuity of measurement , established by the real numbers . The natural numbers can , at times , appear as a convenient set of names ( labels ) , that is , as what linguists call nominal numbers , foregoing many or all of the properties of being a number in a mathematical sense . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Ancient roots 1.2 Modern definitions 2 Notation 3 Properties 3.1 Addition 3.2 Multiplication 3.3 Relationship between addition and multiplication 3.4 Order 3.5 Division 3.6 Algebraic properties satisfied by the natural numbers 4 Generalizations 5 Formal definitions 5.1 Peano axioms 5.2 Constructions based on set theory 5.2. 1 Von Neumann construction 5.2. 2 Other constructions 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) Ancient roots ( edit ) The Ishango bone ( on exhibition at the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences ) is believed to have been used 20,000 years ago for natural number arithmetic . The most primitive method of representing a natural number is to put down a mark for each object . Later , a set of objects could be tested for equality , excess or shortage , by striking out a mark and removing an object from the set . The first major advance in abstraction was the use of numerals to represent numbers . This allowed systems to be developed for recording large numbers . The ancient Egyptians developed a powerful system of numerals with distinct hieroglyphs for 1 , 10 , and all the powers of 10 up to over 1 million . A stone carving from Karnak , dating from around 1500 BC and now at the Louvre in Paris , depicts 276 as 2 hundreds , 7 tens , and 6 ones ; and similarly for the number 4,622 . The Babylonians had a place - value system based essentially on the numerals for 1 and 10 , using base sixty , so that the symbol for sixty was the same as the symbol for one , its value being determined from context . A much later advance was the development of the idea that 0 can be considered as a number , with its own numeral . The use of a 0 digit in place - value notation ( within other numbers ) dates back as early as 700 BC by the Babylonians , but they omitted such a digit when it would have been the last symbol in the number . The Olmec and Maya civilizations used 0 as a separate number as early as the 1st century BC , but this usage did not spread beyond Mesoamerica . The use of a numeral 0 in modern times originated with the Indian mathematician Brahmagupta in 628 . However , 0 had been used as a number in the medieval computus ( the calculation of the date of Easter ) , beginning with Dionysius Exiguus in 525 , without being denoted by a numeral ( standard Roman numerals do not have a symbol for 0 ) ; instead nulla ( or the genitive form nullae ) from nullus , the Latin word for `` none '' , was employed to denote a 0 value . The first systematic study of numbers as abstractions is usually credited to the Greek philosophers Pythagoras and Archimedes . Some Greek mathematicians treated the number 1 differently than larger numbers , sometimes even not as a number at all . Independent studies also occurred at around the same time in India , China , and Mesoamerica . Modern definitions ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 19th century Europe , there was mathematical and philosophical discussion about the exact nature of the natural numbers . A school of Naturalism stated that the natural numbers were a direct consequence of the human psyche . Henri Poincaré was one of its advocates , as was Leopold Kronecker who summarized `` God made the integers , all else is the work of man '' . In opposition to the Naturalists , the constructivists saw a need to improve the logical rigor in the foundations of mathematics . In the 1860s , Hermann Grassmann suggested a recursive definition for natural numbers thus stating they were not really natural but a consequence of definitions . Later , two classes of such formal definitions were constructed ; later , they were shown to be equivalent in most practical applications . Set - theoretical definitions of natural numbers were initiated by Frege and he initially defined a natural number as the class of all sets that are in one - to - one correspondence with a particular set , but this definition turned out to lead to paradoxes including Russell 's paradox . Therefore , this formalism was modified so that a natural number is defined as a particular set , and any set that can be put into one - to - one correspondence with that set is said to have that number of elements . The second class of definitions was introduced by Giuseppe Peano and is now called Peano arithmetic . It is based on an axiomatization of the properties of ordinal numbers : each natural number has a successor and every non-zero natural number has a unique predecessor . Peano arithmetic is equiconsistent with several weak systems of set theory . One such system is ZFC with the axiom of infinity replaced by its negation . Theorems that can be proved in ZFC but can not be proved using the Peano Axioms include Goodstein 's theorem . With all these definitions it is convenient to include 0 ( corresponding to the empty set ) as a natural number . Including 0 is now the common convention among set theorists and logicians . Other mathematicians also include 0 although many have kept the older tradition and take 1 to be the first natural number . Computer scientists often start from zero when enumerating items like loop counters and string - or array - elements . Notation ( edit ) The double - struck capital N symbol , often used to denote the set of all natural numbers ( see List of mathematical symbols ) . Mathematicians use N or N ( an N in blackboard bold ) to refer to the set of all natural numbers . Older texts have also occasionally employed J as the symbol for this set . This set is countably infinite : it is infinite but countable by definition . This is also expressed by saying that the cardinal number of the set is aleph - naught ( א ) . To be unambiguous about whether 0 is included or not , sometimes an index ( or superscript ) `` 0 '' is added in the former case , and a superscript `` * '' or subscript `` > 0 '' is added in the latter case : N = N = ( 0 , 1 , 2 , ... ) N = N = N = N = ( 1 , 2 , ... ) . Alternatively , natural numbers may be distinguished from positive integers with the index notation , but it must be understood by context that since both symbols are used , the natural numbers contain zero . N = ( 0 , 1 , 2 , ... ) . Z = ( 1 , 2 , ... ) . Properties ( edit ) Addition ( edit ) One can recursively define an addition operator on the natural numbers by setting a + 0 = a and a + S ( b ) = S ( a + b ) for all a , b . Here S should be read as `` successor '' . This turns the natural numbers ( N , + ) into a commutative monoid with identity element 0 , the so - called free object with one generator . This monoid satisfies the cancellation property and can be embedded in a group ( in the mathematical sense of the word group ) . The smallest group containing the natural numbers is the integers . If 1 is defined as S ( 0 ) , then b + 1 = b + S ( 0 ) = S ( b + 0 ) = S ( b ) . That is , b + 1 is simply the successor of b . Multiplication ( edit ) Analogously , given that addition has been defined , a multiplication operator × can be defined via a × 0 = 0 and a × S ( b ) = ( a × b ) + a . This turns ( N , × ) into a free commutative monoid with identity element 1 ; a generator set for this monoid is the set of prime numbers . Relationship between addition and multiplication ( edit ) Addition and multiplication are compatible , which is expressed in the distribution law : a × ( b + c ) = ( a × b ) + ( a × c ) . These properties of addition and multiplication make the natural numbers an instance of a commutative semiring . Semirings are an algebraic generalization of the natural numbers where multiplication is not necessarily commutative . The lack of additive inverses , which is equivalent to the fact that N is not closed under subtraction ( i.e. , subtracting one natural from another does not always result in another natural ) , means that N is not a ring ; instead it is a semiring ( also known as a rig ) . If the natural numbers are taken as `` excluding 0 '' , and `` starting at 1 '' , the definitions of + and × are as above , except that they begin with a + 1 = S ( a ) and a × 1 = a . Order ( edit ) In this section , juxtaposed variables such as ab indicate the product a × b , and the standard order of operations is assumed . A total order on the natural numbers is defined by letting a ≤ b if and only if there exists another natural number c where a + c = b . This order is compatible with the arithmetical operations in the following sense : if a , b and c are natural numbers and a ≤ b , then a + c ≤ b + c and ac ≤ bc . An important property of the natural numbers is that they are well - ordered : every non-empty set of natural numbers has a least element . The rank among well - ordered sets is expressed by an ordinal number ; for the natural numbers , this is denoted as ω ( omega ) . Division ( edit ) In this section , juxtaposed variables such as ab indicate the product a × b , and the standard order of operations is assumed . While it is in general not possible to divide one natural number by another and get a natural number as result , the procedure of division with remainder is available as a substitute : for any two natural numbers a and b with b ≠ 0 there are natural numbers q and r such that a = bq + r and r < b . The number q is called the quotient and r is called the remainder of the division of a by b . The numbers q and r are uniquely determined by a and b . This Euclidean division is key to several other properties ( divisibility ) , algorithms ( such as the Euclidean algorithm ) , and ideas in number theory . Algebraic properties satisfied by the natural numbers ( edit ) The addition ( + ) and multiplication ( × ) operations on natural numbers as defined above have several algebraic properties : Closure under addition and multiplication : for all natural numbers a and b , both a + b and a × b are natural numbers . Associativity : for all natural numbers a , b , and c , a + ( b + c ) = ( a + b ) + c and a × ( b × c ) = ( a × b ) × c . Commutativity : for all natural numbers a and b , a + b = b + a and a × b = b × a . Existence of identity elements : for every natural number a , a + 0 = a and a × 1 = a . Distributivity of multiplication over addition for all natural numbers a , b , and c , a × ( b + c ) = ( a × b ) + ( a × c ) . No nonzero zero divisors : if a and b are natural numbers such that a × b = 0 , then a = 0 or b = 0 ( or both ) . Generalizations ( edit ) Two important generalizations of natural numbers arise from the two uses of counting and ordering : cardinal numbers and ordinal numbers . A natural number can be used to express the size of a finite set ; more precisely , a cardinal number is a measure for the size of a set , which is even suitable for infinite sets . This concept of `` size '' relies on maps between sets , such that two sets have the same size , exactly if there exists a bijection between them . The set of natural numbers itself , and any bijective image of it , is said to be countably infinite and to have cardinality aleph - null ( א ) . Natural numbers are also used as linguistic ordinal numbers : `` first '' , `` second '' , `` third '' , and so forth . This way they can be assigned to the elements of a totally ordered finite set , and also to the elements of any well - ordered countably infinite set . This assignment can be generalized to general well - orderings with a cardinality beyond countability , to yield the ordinal numbers . An ordinal number may also be used to describe the notion of `` size '' for a well - ordered set , in a sense different from cardinality : if there is an order isomorphism ( more than a bijection ! ) between two well - ordered sets , they have the same ordinal number . The first ordinal number that is not a natural number is expressed as ω ; this is also the ordinal number of the set of natural numbers itself . Many well - ordered sets with cardinal number א have an ordinal number greater than ω ( the latter is the lowest possible ) . The least ordinal of cardinality א ( i.e. , the initial ordinal ) is ω . For finite well - ordered sets , there is a one - to - one correspondence between ordinal and cardinal numbers ; therefore they can both be expressed by the same natural number , the number of elements of the set . This number can also be used to describe the position of an element in a larger finite , or an infinite , sequence . A countable non-standard model of arithmetic satisfying the Peano Arithmetic ( i.e. , the first - order Peano axioms ) was developed by Skolem in 1933 . The hypernatural numbers are an uncountable model that can be constructed from the ordinary natural numbers via the ultrapower construction . Georges Reeb used to claim provocatively that The naïve integers do n't fill up N. Other generalizations are discussed in the article on numbers . Formal definitions ( edit ) Peano axioms ( edit ) Main article : Peano axioms Many properties of the natural numbers can be derived from the Peano axioms . Axiom One : 0 is a natural number . Axiom Two : Every natural number has a successor . Axiom Three : 0 is not the successor of any natural number . Axiom Four : If the successor of x ( \ displaystyle x ) equals the successor of y ( \ displaystyle y ) , then x ( \ displaystyle x ) equals y ( \ displaystyle y ) . Axiom Five ( the axiom of induction ) : If a statement is true of 0 , and if the truth of that statement for a number implies its truth for the successor of that number , then the statement is true for every natural number . These are not the original axioms published by Peano , but are named in his honor . Some forms of the Peano axioms have 1 in place of 0 . In ordinary arithmetic , the successor of x ( \ displaystyle x ) is x + 1 ( \ displaystyle x + 1 ) . Replacing Axiom Five by an axiom schema one obtains a ( weaker ) first - order theory called Peano Arithmetic . Constructions based on set theory ( edit ) Main article : Set - theoretic definition of natural numbers Von Neumann construction ( edit ) In the area of mathematics called set theory , a special case of the von Neumann ordinal construction defines the natural numbers as follows : Set 0 = ( ) , the empty set , Define S ( a ) = a ∪ ( a ) for every set a . S ( a ) is the successor of a , and S is called the successor function . By the axiom of infinity , there exists a set which contains 0 and is closed under the successor function . Such sets are said to be ' inductive ' . The intersection of all such inductive sets is defined to be the set of natural numbers . It can be checked that the set of natural numbers satisfies the Peano axioms . It follows that each natural number is equal to the set of all natural numbers less than it : 0 = ( ) , 1 = 0 ∪ ( 0 ) = ( 0 ) = ( ( ) ) , 2 = 1 ∪ ( 1 ) = ( 0 , 1 ) = ( ( ) , ( ( ) ) ) , 3 = 2 ∪ ( 2 ) = ( 0 , 1 , 2 ) = ( ( ) , ( ( ) ) , ( ( ) , ( ( ) ) ) ) , n = n − 1 ∪ ( n − 1 ) = ( 0 , 1 , ... , n − 1 ) = ( ( ) , ( ( ) ) , ... , ( ( ) , ( ( ) ) , ... ) ) , etc . With this definition , a natural number n is a particular set with n elements , and n ≤ m if and only if n is a subset of m . Also , with this definition , different possible interpretations of notations like R ( n - tuples versus mappings of n into R ) coincide . Even if one does not accept the axiom of infinity and therefore can not accept that the set of all natural numbers exists , it is still possible to define any one of these sets . Other constructions ( edit ) Although the standard construction is useful , it is not the only possible construction . Zermelo 's construction goes as follows : Set 0 = ( ) Define S ( a ) = ( a ) , It then follows that 0 = ( ) , 1 = ( 0 ) = ( ( ) ) , 2 = ( 1 ) = ( ( ( ) ) ) , n = ( n − 1 ) = ( ( ( ... ) ) ) , etc . Each natural number is then equal to the set containing just the natural number preceding it . See also ( edit ) Mathematics portal Integer Set - theoretic definition of natural numbers Peano axioms Canonical representation of a positive integer Countable set Number # Classification for other number systems ( rational , real , complex etc . ) Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Standard number sets and intervals '' . ISO 80000 - 2 : 2009 . International Organization for Standardization . p. 6 . Jump up ^ Weisstein , Eric W. `` Natural Number '' . MathWorld . Jump up ^ `` natural number '' , Merriam-Webster.com , Merriam - Webster , retrieved 4 October 2014 Jump up ^ Carothers ( 2000 ) says : `` N is the set of natural numbers ( positive integers ) '' ( p. 3 ) ^ Jump up to : Mac Lane & Birkhoff ( 1999 ) include zero in the natural numbers : ' Intuitively , the set N = ( 0 , 1 , 2 , ... ) of all natural numbers may be described as follows : N contains an `` initial '' number 0 ; ... ' . They follow that with their version of the Peano Postulates . ( p. 15 ) Jump up ^ Jack G. Ganssle & Michael Barr ( 2003 ) . Embedded Systems Dictionary . p. 138 ( integer ) , 247 ( signed integer ) , & 276 ( unsigned integer ) . ISBN 1578201209 . integer 1 . n . Any whole number . Jump up ^ Mendelson ( 2008 ) says : `` The whole fantastic hierarchy of number systems is built up by purely set - theoretic means from a few simple assumptions about natural numbers . '' ( Preface , p. x ) Jump up ^ Bluman ( 2010 ) : `` Numbers make up the foundation of mathematics . '' ( p. 1 ) Jump up ^ Weisstein , Eric W. `` Counting Number '' . MathWorld . Jump up ^ Introduction , Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences , Brussels , Belgium . Jump up ^ Flash presentation , Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences , Brussels , Belgium . Jump up ^ The Ishango Bone , Democratic Republic of the Congo , on permanent display at the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences , Brussels , Belgium . UNESCO 's Portal to the Heritage of Astronomy Jump up ^ Georges Ifrah , The Universal History of Numbers , Wiley , 2000 , ISBN 0 - 471 - 37568 - 3 Jump up ^ `` A history of Zero '' . MacTutor History of Mathematics . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 23. ... a tablet found at Kish ... thought to date from around 700 BC , uses three hooks to denote an empty place in the positional notation . Other tablets dated from around the same time use a single hook for an empty place Jump up ^ Mann , Charles C. ( 2005 ) , 1491 : New Revelations Of The Americas Before Columbus , Knopf , p. 19 , ISBN 9781400040063 . Jump up ^ Evans , Brian ( 2014 ) , `` Chapter 10 . Pre-Columbian Mathematics : The Olmec , Maya , and Inca Civilizations '' , The Development of Mathematics Throughout the Centuries : A Brief History in a Cultural Context , John Wiley & Sons , ISBN 9781118853979 . Jump up ^ Michael L. Gorodetsky ( 2003 - 08 - 25 ) . `` Cyclus Decemnovennalis Dionysii -- Nineteen year cycle of Dionysius '' . Hbar.phys.msu.ru . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ This convention is used , for example , in Euclid 's Elements , see Book VII , definitions 1 and 2 . Jump up ^ Morris Kline , Mathematical Thought From Ancient to Modern Times , Oxford University Press , 1990 ( 1972 ) , ISBN 0 - 19 - 506135 - 7 Jump up ^ The English translation is from Gray . In a footnote , Gray attributes the German quote to : `` Weber 1891 / 92 , 19 , quoting from a lecture of Kronecker 's of 1886 . '' Gray , Jeremy ( 2008 ) , Plato 's Ghost : The Modernist Transformation of Mathematics , Princeton University Press , p. 153 Weber , Heinrich L. 1891 - 2 . Kronecker . Jahresbericht der Deutschen Mathematiker - Vereinigung 2 : 5 - 23 . ( The quote is on p. 19 . ) Jump up ^ `` Much of the mathematical work of the twentieth century has been devoted to examining the logical foundations and structure of the subject . '' ( Eves 1990 , p. 606 ) Jump up ^ Eves 1990 , Chapter 15 Jump up ^ L. Kirby ; J. Paris , Accessible Independence Results for Peano Arithmetic , Bulletin of the London Mathematical Society 14 ( 4 ) : 285 . doi : 10.1112 / blms / 14.4. 285 , 1982 . Jump up ^ Bagaria , Joan . `` Set Theory '' . The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( Winter 2014 Edition ) . Jump up ^ Goldrei , Derek ( 1998 ) . `` 3 '' . Classic set theory : a guided independent study ( 1 . ed. , 1 . print ed . ) . Boca Raton , Fla. ( u.a. ) : Chapman & Hall / CRC . p. 33 . ISBN 0 - 412 - 60610 - 0 . Jump up ^ This is common in texts about Real analysis . See , for example , Carothers ( 2000 , p. 3 ) or Thomson , Bruckner & Bruckner ( 2000 , p. 2 ) . Jump up ^ Brown , Jim ( 1978 ) . `` In Defense of Index Origin 0 '' . ACM SIGAPL APL Quote Quad. 9 ( 2 ) : 7 . doi : 10.1145 / 586050.586053 . Retrieved 19 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Hui , Roger . `` Is Index Origin 0 a Hindrance ? '' . jsoftware.com . Retrieved 19 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Rudin , W. ( 1976 ) . Principles of Mathematical Analysis ( PDF ) . New York : McGraw - Hill . p. 25 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 054235 - 8 . Jump up ^ Weisstein , Eric W. `` Cardinal Number '' . MathWorld . Jump up ^ Grimaldi , Ralph P. ( 2003 ) . A review of discrete and combinatorial mathematics ( 5th ed . ) . Boston , MA : Addison - Wesley . p. 133 . ISBN 978 - 0201726343 . Jump up ^ G.E. Mints ( originator ) , `` Peano axioms '' , Encyclopedia of Mathematics , Springer , in cooperation with the European Mathematical Society , retrieved 8 October 2014 Jump up ^ Hamilton ( 1988 ) calls them `` Peano 's Postulates '' and begins with `` 1 . 0 is a natural number . '' ( p. 117f ) Halmos ( 1960 ) uses the language of set theory instead of the language of arithmetic for his five axioms . He begins with `` ( I ) 0 ∈ ω ( where , of course , 0 = ∅ '' ( ω is the set of all natural numbers ) . ( p. 46 ) Morash ( 1991 ) gives `` a two - part axiom '' in which the natural numbers begin with 1 . ( Section 10.1 : An Axiomatization for the System of Positive Integers ) Jump up ^ Von Neumann 1923 References ( edit ) Bluman , Allan ( 2010 ) , Pre-Algebra DeMYSTiFieD ( Second ed . ) , McGraw - Hill Professional Carothers , N.L. ( 2000 ) , Real analysis , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0 - 521 - 49756 - 6 Clapham , Christopher ; Nicholson , James ( 2014 ) , The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Mathematics ( Fifth ed . ) , Oxford University Press Dedekind , Richard ( 1963 ) , Essays on the Theory of Numbers , Dover , ISBN 0 - 486 - 21010 - 3 Dedekind , Richard ( 2007 ) , Essays on the Theory of Numbers , Kessinger Publishing , LLC , ISBN 0 - 548 - 08985 - X Eves , Howard ( 1990 ) , An Introduction to the History of Mathematics ( 6th ed . ) , Thomson , ISBN 978 - 0 - 03 - 029558 - 4 Halmos , Paul ( 1960 ) , Naive Set Theory , Springer Science & Business Media Hamilton , A.G. ( 1988 ) , Logic for Mathematicians ( Revised ed . ) , Cambridge University Press James , Robert C. ; James , Glenn ( 1992 ) , Mathematics Dictionary ( Fifth ed . ) , Chapman & Hall Landau , Edmund ( 1966 ) , Foundations of Analysis ( Third ed . ) , Chelsea Pub Co , ISBN 0 - 8218 - 2693 - X Mac Lane , Saunders ; Birkhoff , Garrett ( 1999 ) , Algebra ( 3rd ed . ) , American Mathematical Society Mendelson , Elliott ( 2008 ) ( 1973 ) , Number Systems and the Foundations of Analysis , Dover Publications Morash , Ronald P. ( 1991 ) , Bridge to Abstract Mathematics : Mathematical Proof and Structures ( Second ed . ) , Mcgraw - Hill College Musser , Gary L. ; Peterson , Blake E. ; Burger , William F. ( 2013 ) , Mathematics for Elementary Teachers : A Contemporary Approach ( 10th ed . ) , Wiley Global Education , ISBN 978 - 1118457443 Szczepanski , Amy F. ; Kositsky , Andrew P. ( 2008 ) , The Complete Idiot 's Guide to Pre-algebra , Penguin Group Thomson , Brian S. ; Bruckner , Judith B. ; Bruckner , Andrew M. ( 2008 ) , Elementary Real Analysis ( Second ed . ) , ClassicalRealAnalysis.com , ISBN 9781434843678 Von Neumann , Johann ( 1923 ) , `` Zur Einführung der transfiniten Zahlen '' , Acta litterarum ac scientiarum Ragiae Universitatis Hungaricae Francisco - Josephinae , Sectio scientiarum mathematicarum , 1 : 199 -- 208 Von Neumann , John ( January 2002 ) ( 1923 ) , `` On the introduction of transfinite numbers '' , in Jean van Heijenoort , From Frege to Gödel : A Source Book in Mathematical Logic , 1879 - 1931 ( 3rd ed . ) , Harvard University Press , pp. 346 -- 354 , ISBN 0 - 674 - 32449 - 8 - English translation of von Neumann 1923 . External links ( edit ) Hazewinkel , Michiel , ed. ( 2001 ) ( 1994 ) , `` Natural number '' , Encyclopedia of Mathematics , Springer Science + Business Media B.V. / Kluwer Academic Publishers , ISBN 978 - 1 - 55608 - 010 - 4 Axioms and Construction of Natural Numbers Essays on the Theory of Numbers by Richard Dedekind at Project Gutenberg Number systems Countable sets Natural numbers ( N ) Integers ( Z ) Rational numbers ( Q ) Constructible numbers Algebraic numbers ( A ) Periods Computable numbers Definable real numbers Arithmetical numbers Gaussian integers Division algebras Real numbers ( R ) Complex numbers ( C ) Quaternions ( H ) Octonions ( O ) Split Composition algebras over R : Split - complex numbers Split - quaternions Split - octonions over C : Bicomplex numbers Biquaternions Bioctonions Other hypercomplex Dual numbers Dual quaternions Hyperbolic quaternions Sedenions ( S ) Split - biquaternions Multicomplex numbers Other types Cardinal numbers Irrational numbers Fuzzy numbers Hyperreal numbers Levi - Civita field Surreal numbers Transcendental numbers Ordinal numbers p - adic numbers Supernatural numbers Superreal numbers Classification List Classes of natural numbers Powers and related numbers Achilles Power of 2 Power of 10 Square Cube Fourth power Fifth power Sixth power Seventh power Perfect power Powerful Prime power Of the form a × 2 ± 1 Cullen Double Mersenne Fermat Mersenne Proth Thabit Woodall Other polynomial numbers Carol Hilbert Idoneal Kynea Leyland Lucky numbers of Euler Repunit Recursively defined numbers Fibonacci Jacobsthal Leonardo Lucas Padovan Pell Perrin Possessing a specific set of other numbers Knödel Riesel Sierpinski Expressible via specific sums Nonhypotenuse Polite Practical Primary pseudoperfect Ulam Wolstenholme Generated via a sieve Lucky Code related Meertens Figurate numbers 2 - dimensional centered Centered triangular Centered square Centered pentagonal Centered hexagonal Centered heptagonal Centered octagonal Centered nonagonal Centered decagonal Star non-centered Triangular Square Square triangular Pentagonal Hexagonal Heptagonal Octagonal Nonagonal Decagonal Dodecagonal 3 - dimensional centered Centered tetrahedral Centered cube Centered octahedral Centered dodecahedral Centered icosahedral non-centered Tetrahedral Octahedral Dodecahedral Icosahedral Stella octangula pyramidal Square pyramidal Pentagonal pyramidal Hexagonal pyramidal Heptagonal pyramidal 4 - dimensional centered Centered pentachoric Squared triangular non-centered Pentatope Pseudoprimes Carmichael number Catalan pseudoprime Elliptic pseudoprime Euler pseudoprime Euler -- Jacobi pseudoprime Fermat pseudoprime Frobenius pseudoprime Lucas pseudoprime Somer -- Lucas pseudoprime Strong pseudoprime Combinatorial numbers Bell Cake Catalan Dedekind Delannoy Euler Fuss -- Catalan Lazy caterer 's sequence Lobb Motzkin Narayana Ordered Bell Schröder Schröder -- Hipparchus Arithmetic functions By properties of σ ( n ) Abundant Almost perfect Arithmetic Colossally abundant Descartes Hemiperfect Highly abundant Highly composite Hyperperfect Multiply perfect Perfect Practical number Primitive abundant Quasiperfect Refactorable Sublime Superabundant Superior highly composite Superperfect By properties of Ω ( n ) Almost prime Semiprime By properties of φ ( n ) Highly cototient Highly totient Noncototient Nontotient Perfect totient Sparsely totient By properties of s ( n ) Amicable Betrothed Deficient Semiperfect Euclid Fortunate Dividing a quotient Wieferich Wall -- Sun -- Sun Wolstenholme prime Wilson Other prime factor or divisor related numbers Blum Erdős -- Nicolas Erdős -- Woods Friendly Frugal Giuga Harmonic divisor Lucas -- Carmichael Pronic Regular Rough Smooth Sociable Sphenic Størmer Super-Poulet Zeisel Recreational mathematics Base - dependent numbers Automorphic Cyclic Digit - reassembly Dudeney Equidigital Extravagant Factorion Friedman Happy Harshad Kaprekar Keith Lychrel Missing - digit sum Narcissistic Palindromic Pandigital Parasitic Pernicious Polydivisible Primeval Repdigit Repunit Self Self - descriptive Smarandache -- Wellin Strictly non-palindromic Strobogrammatic Sum - product Transposable Trimorphic Undulating Vampire Aronson 's sequence Ban Pancake number Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Natural_number&oldid=818228474 '' Categories : Cardinal numbers Elementary mathematics Integers Number theory Numbers Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from October 2014 All articles needing additional references All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from March 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés অসমীয়া Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Galego 贛語 Хальмг 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Ирон IsiXhosa Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių La . lojban . 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what's the name of the donkey on shrek	Donkey is a fictional fast - talking donkey created by William Steig and adapted by DreamWorks Animation for the Shrek franchise . The character is voiced by Eddie Murphy .	Donkey	Donkey ( Shrek )	donkey ( shrek )		Donkey Shrek character Donkey as he appears in Shrek 2 First appearance Shrek ! ( 1990 book ) Shrek ( 2001 film adaptation ) Voiced by Eddie Murphy ( films , Father of the Pride , Far Far Away Idol , Shrek the Halls , Donkey 's Christmas Shrektacular , Shrek 4 - D ) Mark Moseley ( video games , singing voice in Shrek in the Swamp Karaoke Dance Party , Far Far Away Idol , Shrek the Halls ) Dean Edwards ( Scared Shrekless , Thriller Night ) Information Species Donkey Gender Male Family Unnamed Grandmother Spouse ( s ) Dragon Children Debbie , Coco , Bananas , Peanut , Parfait , Eclair Donkey is a fictional fast - talking donkey created by William Steig and adapted by DreamWorks Animation for the Shrek franchise . The character is voiced by Eddie Murphy . Contents 1 Donkey in Shrek films 1.1 Shrek ( 2001 ) 1.2 Shrek 2 ( 2004 ) 1.3 Shrek the Third ( 2007 ) 1.4 Shrek Forever After ( 2010 ) 2 Other appearances 3 Creation 4 Reception 5 References Donkey in Shrek films Shrek ( 2001 ) Main article : Shrek Donkey first makes his debut at a sale of mythical characters from beloved fairy - tales being sold to the evil Lord Farquaad 's knights . An old woman attempts to sell Donkey , but magic pixie dust accidentally is unleashed upon him from a caged fairy , thus giving him the temporary ability to fly . However , the spell unleashed upon Donkey then breaks and he falls to the ground , being chased by Farquaad 's knights into the woods , where he meets Shrek . Shrek is at first reluctant to meet the talkative and annoying Donkey , who begins following him around . Donkey requests to stay with Shrek since he has no one else . Shrek refuses , but finally gives in due to Donkey 's constant begging , however , he only allows him to stay outside of his house and only for one night . When Shrek discovers all the fairy tale creatures are residing in his swamp , Donkey denies bringing them to the swamp , and the creatures reveal that Lord Farquaad evicted them there . Seeing how Donkey knows where Farquaad is and is the only one who is willing to help Shrek , he accompanies Shrek to Duloc , Farquaad 's kingdom . When they arrive , however , Farquaad has his men try to kill Shrek in an arena to find the perfect champion to find and bring him back Princess Fiona , whom he wants to make his bride . Donkey and Shrek easily defeat Farquaad 's men , and Farquaad decides to have Shrek be his champion instead . However , Shrek shows no interest , and only demands his swamp back . When Farquaad offers Shrek a deal to return him his swamp if he agrees to go on the quest , Shrek agrees , and Donkey follows Shrek on his quest to find Fiona . While coming to the castle , Donkey unintentionally catches the unwanted attention of the fire - breathing dragon . Shrek escapes , but Donkey is caught and cornered . Before the dragon attempts to doom him , he tries to avoid his fate by complimenting the dragon , whom he discovers is a female , and the dragon is greatly flattered by Donkey 's compliments . She takes him to her lair to be intimate with him . However , Shrek rescues Donkey before things become too personal , and the two narrowly escape with the Princess . One night , during camp , Donkey asks Shrek why he hates everyone so much , and Shrek angrily reveals that everyone judges him a scary monster before getting to actually know him . Donkey acknowledges that he already knew that there was more to Shrek 's character when they met . Donkey begins to notice a romance between Fiona and Shrek , despite their denials . The next night , Donkey goes inside a windmill to talk to the Princess , only to discover that she becomes an ogre herself after sunset . Shrek overhears them talking , and misinterprets the conversation as Fiona insulting him . The next day , Shrek berates her for what she said and Lord Farquaad comes to take her . Donkey tries to clear things up with Shrek , but Shrek berates Donkey as well , and even insults him . Hurt and angered , Donkey claims his half of the swamp for his hard work helping him . The two get into a heated fallout , whereupon Donkey finally explains that Fiona did not say that Shrek was ugly . Hearing this , the two make up and become friends . Donkey then has the dragon , whom he reconnected with earlier , take him and Shrek to Fiona 's wedding to clear things up with each other . After Shrek saves Fiona from marrying Lord Farquaad and Dragon swallows Farquaad , Donkey sings `` I 'm a Believer '' at Shrek and Fiona 's wedding reception and takes his love , Dragon , as his wife . On Shrek in the Swamp Karaoke Dance Party ! , he sings `` Baby Got Back '' by Sir Mixalot . Shrek 2 ( 2004 ) Main article : Shrek 2 Donkey first appears in the film , having been remaining at Shrek 's house while Shrek and Fiona were away on their honeymoon . When they return , Shrek tells Donkey to leave , but Donkey is hesitant . Fiona suggests that he should return for Dragon 's sake , but then reveals that he is having troubles in his relationship with Dragon as she was acting strangely , but he could not determine the cause , so he decides to move back in with them . However , Shrek makes him leave . As Shrek and Fiona begin to have a moment , Donkey abruptly returns and interrupts , claiming that a chariot of royal men have arrived . A messenger appears and tells the newlywed couple that Fiona 's parents have invited them to a royal ball to celebrate their marriage , as well as her father to give his royal blessing . Shrek is completely hesitant to accept , as he knows that her parents will never accept them as Ogres , though he eventually gives up and goes , accompanied by Donkey to the Far Far Away kingdom but keeps on asking every second `` Are we there yet ? '' Shrek and Fiona keep answering no . He then meets Puss in Boots and becomes jealous as he is spending a lot of time with Shrek . By the end of the film they are great friends . At one point in the film , he reveals that he was the donkey traded by Jack for the magic beans , which greatly offended him . He and Shrek ended up drinking the `` Happily Ever After '' potion from the Fairy Godmother 's workshop and while Shrek transformed into a human , Donkey became a magnificently bred and handsome white stallion ( albeit with the same buck teeth and voice , and on the bottle it says that it is not for those with nervous disorders . After which Shrek and everyone else stares at Donkey as it is strongly hinted that he has one , but Donkey remains clueless as to the reason of why everyone is staring at him . ) Donkey rides Shrek and Puss back to the castle . When Shrek goes inside , Fiona ( who had also changed back to human form ) comes running out to find Shrek . Donkey then explains why they changed , and that Shrek went inside looking for her . However , Shrek comes back outside heartbroken after Fiona went back in , as Charming and Fairy Godmother beat them both to it : Charming tricking Fiona into thinking he is Shrek , and Fairy Godmother convincing Shrek that Fiona is better off with Charming . Shrek , Donkey and Puss lament in a bar called `` The Poison Apple , '' only to discover Fiona 's father Harold secretly talking to Fairy Godmother , revealing the scam . Unfortunately , they are both caught when Donkey 's talking habits causes him to accidentally blurt out , completely exposing them . They are eventually caught and captured by Godmother 's men , and are arrested . However , the other fairy tale creatures witness this , and break them out , and Gingerbread Man has The Muffin Man create a giant , Godzilla - sized Gingerbread man called `` Mongo , '' which Donkey helps lead to the castle . They succeed with getting in , but Mongo is defeated by the castle 's guards . After the trio finished their mission with victory , both return to their normal forms , though Donkey seemed to be quite disappointed at returning to his original form although Shrek told Donkey he still sees Donkey as a noble steed , he later sings `` Livin ' La Vida Loca '' along with Puss during the party . After the credits , Donkey and Dragon are reunited and he meets their newborn children , flying flame breathing miniature Donkeys . He later sings `` Disco Inferno '' on Far Far Away Idol . Shrek the Third ( 2007 ) Main article : Shrek the Third Donkey is enjoying fatherhood in Shrek the Third , and he is still first and foremost Shrek 's sidekick and closest friend . When Far Far Away is in need of a new king , Donkey ventures off with Shrek in search of Fiona 's cousin Arthur Pendragon , known simply as Artie at the Worcestershire boarding school where he resides . In their magical transport back to Far Far Away ( aided by a slightly off - kilter Merlin ) , Donkey and Puss accidentally switch bodies ( most likely from holding hands , Shrek recognizes the switch from his voice ) , and Puss finds Donkey 's quadrupedal form hideous . Donkey , meanwhile , ca n't figure out how Puss can walk with such fancy accoutrements . They must put that aside and work together , however , if they are to save Far Far Away from a vindictive Prince Charming . After Charming is defeated , the same sorcerer comes to change them back , it works , but switches their tails ( in the next scene , their tails have been corrected as well ) . He later is seen playing with Shrek 's newborn ogre triplets Donkey is last seen in the credits performing `` Thank You ( Falettinme Be Mice Elf Agin ) '' , along with Puss , to the ogre triplets . Shrek Forever after ( 2010 ) Main article : Shrek Forever After In the fourth film , Donkey brings his Donkey children over often , much to Shrek 's annoyance at the ensuing daily chaos . He takes part in innocently ruining Shrek 's babies ' birthday party . In Rumplestiltskin 's alternate reality , Donkey first meets Shrek when he pulled a wagon the ogre was imprisoned in , forced to sing ( reminiscent of a car stereo ) by the witches , who whip him to change songs . After being taken to Rumplestiltskin , Shrek escapes and takes Donkey with him , much to the latter 's chagrin . At first , Donkey fears Shrek and runs away , but returns after seeing Shrek crying over his babies ' toy . Having never seen an ogre cry before , Donkey decides to trust Shrek and befriends him . Donkey also proves to be highly intelligent , and helps Shrek find a loophole in Rumplestiltskin 's contract , comparing Shrek 's situation to The Twilight Zone . The duo meet Fiona , Puss , and the rebellion of ogres in the woods , and Donkey befriends Puss in Boots and the ogres as well . Donkey later saves Shrek and Fiona from the Pied Piper ( at Puss ' urging ) , and then leads the assault on Rumplestiltskin 's castle . He also attempts to seduce the Dragon , having learned from Shrek that she is his wife in the other reality , to stop her from eating Shrek and Fiona but he fails to do so , luckily , none of them are harmed . After Rumplestiltskin is defeated , Donkey sadly watches as Shrek begins to turn into pixie dust when his time is up . In the ending , with reality restored , Donkey celebrates Shrek 's children 's birthday . Later on , he is seen with Dragon , who playfully gobbles him up , and then he , along with the other characters , is last seen making a mud angel . This is the first film where Donkey did not perform any pop culture song , although he is briefly heard singing Hit Me with Your Best Shot in one scene . Other appearances Donkey was also seen in the 2007 Christmas special Shrek The Halls where he is trying to help Shrek get his Christmas Spirit . Donkey was voiced by original voice actor Eddie Murphy . He also appeared in the 2010 Halloween special Scared Shrekless where Shrek challenges his friends to spend the night in Lord Farquaad 's castle while telling scary stories . He is voiced by Dean Edwards , marking the first time that main cast member Eddie Murphy did not reprise his role . Another appearance Donkey made was in a short , which was released along with Shrek Forever After . Donkey also appears in Shrek the Musical . The role was originated on Broadway by Tony Award nominee Daniel Breaker . Alan Mingo , Jr. plays the role on the United States national tour , and Richard Blackwood plays the role in the West End production . Donkey also made an appearance in an episode of Father of the Pride , again voiced by Eddie Murphy . Two Donkeys appeared : One Donkey 's stunt double and the other being the actual Donkey . In this episode , Donkey is portrayed as arrogant and self - centered actor , who plays his Shrek counterpart in the film series . He mistakenly claims that Shrek the Third is coming out in 2006 . Donkey is the focus of the Donkey Live ! attraction at the Universal Studios Singapore theme park . The show is a digital puppetry presentation in which Donkey , along with a live actor , interacts with the audience in the format of a stand - up comedy performance . Donkey also appears in many YouTube DreamWorks originals videos , voiced by Jason Lewis . Creation Perry , a miniature donkey in Palo Alto , California , was used as the model for Donkey . Reception This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( August 2012 ) Empire listed Donkey as No. 21 on their `` 50 Best Animated Movie Characters '' . References Jump up ^ Barney , Chuck ( November 27 , 2015 ) . `` Palo Alto donkey is a true screen gem '' . Vallejo Times Herald . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 50 Best Animated Movie Characters '' . Empire . p. 30 . Retrieved February 5 , 2012 . Shrek Films Main films Shrek ( 2001 ) Shrek 2 ( 2004 ) Shrek the Third ( 2007 ) Shrek Forever After ( 2010 ) Shrek 5 ( TBA ) Spin - off films Puss in Boots ( 2011 ) Shorts Shrek the Halls ( 2007 ) Scared Shrekless ( 2010 ) The Three Diablos ( 2012 ) TV series The Adventures of Puss in Boots ( 2015 -- 2018 ) Attractions Shrek 4 - D Donkey 's Photo Finish Enchanted Airways Shrek 's Faire Faire Away Characters Shrek Donkey Princess Fiona Puss in Boots Lord Farquaad Video games Shrek Treasure Hunt Hassle at the Castle Shrek Super Party Shrek 2 Shrek SuperSlam Shrek Smash n ' Crash Racing Shrek the Third Shrek Forever After DreamWorks Super Star Kartz Puss in Boots Miscellaneous Shrek ! by William Steig Shrek The Musical Music Fandom Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Donkey_(Shrek)&oldid=851970398 '' Categories : Fictional anthropomorphic characters Fictional characters introduced in 1990 Fictional donkeys Film sidekicks Male characters in animation Male characters in film Shrek characters Eddie Murphy Universal Studios cartoons and characters Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Articles to be expanded from August 2012 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Français Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands Polski Português Română Svenska 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 July 2018 , at 19 : 29 ( UTC ) . 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what happened to mcgee's sister on ncis			Timothy McGee	timothy mcgee	Timothy `` Tim '' Farragut McGee ( / mæˈɡiː , mə - / ) is a fictional character from the CBS television series NCIS . He is portrayed by Sean Murray . McGee specializes in cybersecurity and computer crime , and is a graduate of Johns Hopkins University and MIT .	Murray appeared as a guest star in eight episodes of the first season of NCIS ; in season two he joined the main cast and was added to the opening credits . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Development 2.1 Characterization 2.2 Appearance 2.3 Hobbies 2.3. 1 Deep Six series 3 Relationships 3.1 Romantic 3.2 Field Team 3.3 Abby Sciuto 3.4 Doctor Donald Mallard 3.5 Director Vance 3.6 Family 4 Notable episodes 5 Reception 6 References Background ( edit ) McGee was born in Bethesda , Maryland , on September 13 , 1978 , to an Irish American family . He spent his childhood in Alameda , California , as his father was a naval officer stationed there . His parents bought him his first car -- a 1984 Camaro Z28 5 - speed -- the day he turned sixteen . However , he crashed into a bus while trying to figure out how to use the windshield wipers . He got a student pass the day he got out of traction . He earned a Bachelor of Science degree in biomedical engineering from Johns Hopkins University and a Master of Science degree in computer forensics from MIT . His college GPA was 3.9 , as he failed a fencing class in his sophomore year . He worked at the NCIS field office in Norfolk , Virginia , before being transferred to the headquarters in the Washington Navy Yard , a move made permanent at the end of the season two episode `` See No Evil . '' McGee has a younger sister , Sarah , who is played by Troian Bellisario ( Murray 's stepsister in real life ) . Sarah attends Waverly College and intends to be a writer like her older brother . Development ( edit ) Characterization ( edit ) Special Agent Timothy McGee , commonly referred to by Special Agent Tony DiNozzo as `` Probie '' , `` McGeek '' , `` McQueen '' , `` McGoo '' , `` Probie wan kenobi '' , or even `` Baldy McBald '' ( referring to his less - haired appearance ) is part of a major case squad led by Special Agent Gibbs . He gained his field agent status when he was transferred to Washington from Norfolk . In addition to responding to crime scenes and conducting investigations ( along with the rest of the field team ) , McGee also serves as Gibbs ' computer consultant and sometimes assists Abby Sciuto in the forensics lab when necessary . Since Ziva David became an agent , Tony began calling her `` Probie '' or `` Probette '' , but still uses variations of Tim 's last name , such as `` McGeek '' and other names . During the first few seasons , McGee was portrayed as timid and inexperienced . In the Season 3 episode `` Probie '' , he was visibly shaken after killing his first victim , even though it was in self - defense and his teammates backed him in the subsequent investigation ; when questioned about McGee 's guilt , Gibbs commented that McGee `` does n't know how to lie '' . His character was almost entirely altered by episode 6.12 `` Caged '' , evolving into a bolder and more assertive character . Following Gibbs ' brief retirement and Tony 's subsequent promotion he becomes the senior field agent . He takes on the role very seriously , gaining Tony 's respect . Tony later stops calling him `` Probie '' and starts calling him `` Tim '' . He is shown to be very protective of his younger sister , Sarah , especially when she shows up after apparently committing a murder ; wherein he hides the case from his own team in order to protect her while simultaneously launching an investigation into the case in the episode `` Twisted Sister '' until he was caught when Agent Gibbs answered his sister 's cell phone in Abby 's lab . Appearance ( edit ) Timothy McGee has green eyes and brownish - blond hair . He was overweight until the end of Season 6 ; during the seventh season , he was shown to be losing weight . When DiNozzo pesters him about it , McGee replies that he has lost 15 pounds . McGee 's weight loss led to speculation that Sean Murray , the actor who portrays McGee , was ill ; in October 2010 Murray , via his Twitter account , explained that it was a deliberate weight loss via dieting , consuming only organic food and abstaining from alcohol and sugar . Murray has lost 25 pounds . Hobbies ( edit ) McGee has a passion for jet packs , computers and enjoys playing games relating to tactical warfare and covert infiltration . This is shown to be an interest shared by his sister Sarah , as seen in the episode `` Red Cell '' , when she takes over his live war game as he leaves his apartment . In the episode `` Broken Bird '' , his first computer was revealed to have been a Mac SE , followed by a PowerBook , and finally a PC . He uses a Logitech Y - SAE71 - SK - 2930 keyboard to carry out his everyday work . In the episode `` Ignition '' , he discusses his fascination with jet packs , even going so far as to show Gibbs a film he has made about them ( produced under his pen name `` Thom E. Gemcity '' , an anagram of Timothy McGee ) . Gibbs allows McGee to take the lead in the case because of this knowledge . McGee is also shown to be an expert tracker , being able to find a cadaver without the assistance of dogs by reading changes in the land and observing bird droppings . He revealed he was a scout , which occupied his time while his father was deployed . He even said `` I love the outdoors '' , much to the chagrin of the more city - like DiNozzo . However , at least twice McGee has encountered poison ivy and suffered severe rashes . Deep Six series ( edit ) In the episode `` Dead Man Talking '' , it is revealed that McGee writes mystery / crime stories , and in the episode `` Twisted Sister '' , it is revealed he has published a book entitled Deep Six . It became known in the episode `` Cover Story '' that McGee has been successful as a writer , and garnered a fanbase . It was kept a secret from the NCIS team for a long time . Under his pseudonym `` Thom E. Gemcity '' ( an anagram of `` Timothy McGee '' ) , he has penned at least two novels as part of the Deep Six series , one published and one in progress . The title of the first book , Deep Six : The Continuing Adventures of L.J. Tibbs ( whose name and character are based on Leroy Jethro Gibbs ) suggests there have been previous novels , but these have yet to be named , though the cover of McGee 's first revealed book states that it is volume one . The next of McGee 's books to be released , and sequel to its predecessor is entitled Deep Six : Rock Hollow . Sean Murray commented , `` As Thom E. Gemcity , he takes many liberties . I do n't know if he knew the first book was going to be as successful as it was . But now he 's got to run with it . I 'm sure success has just increased his level of anxiety . '' In the episode `` Cover Story '' , Rock Hollow becomes a focus point in that the NCIS team are investigating two murders ( both committed because their killer thought they had robbed a convenience store and killed the clerk , as it was written in the book ) , when McGee is pressured to , and reveals everything that has taken place has been part of the book he is currently writing . It is then discovered that the story was stolen from the typewriter ribbon McGee threw away , and that Abby could be the next victim . McGee 's writing has given him enough fame to be feted as a minor celebrity and he can enjoy perks such as VIP clubbing , as seen in the episode `` Friends and Lovers '' . McGee has ostensibly used the profits from his writing to purchase a Porsche Boxster ( seen in the episode `` Twisted Sister '' ) and an Armani leather jacket ( seen in the episode `` Dead Man Walking '' ) . He later mentions that he put the rest into a hedge fund , which crashed . The characters in McGee 's books are actually based on the NCIS team , with Leroy Jethro Gibbs as L.J. Tibbs , Anthony DiNozzo as Tommy , Ziva David as Lisa , Abby Sciuto as Amy Sutton , Jimmy Palmer as Pimmy Jalmer , and himself as McGregor . In the episode `` Smoked '' , it is shown that in his novel Deep Six , McGee portrays `` Tommy '' and `` Lisa '' as lovers , `` Pimmy '' as a necrophiliac ( a reference to Jimmy 's job as Ducky 's assistant in the autopsy room ) and `` Tibbs '' as in love with a Lt. Col. ( mirroring Gibbs ' brief relationship with Lt Col Hollis Mann ) . Unimpressed , Tony and Ziva subject McGee to relentless teasing and tormenting for the rest of the episode . Jimmy especially disliked his portrayal and refuses to give McGee a ride back to NCIS headquarters . Relationships ( edit ) Romantic ( edit ) In the Season 11 premiere , McGee began dating Delilah Fielding ( Margo Harshman ) , a Department of Defense `` cryptologist in a dark office '' the team meets while investigating a case . In the episode `` Alleged '' , Tony claims that McGee has been `` emancipated from coupledom '' but McGee clarifies that Delilah has actually `` ( landed ) a dream job half - way around the world '' . Delilah had been assigned to Dubai and McGee gave her a copy of his house key , which she accepts , reiterating her intent to move in with him after her assignment is over . Delilah returns to Washington in season 12 and they resume their relationship . He proposes to her in the episode `` Love Boat '' , which she happily accepts . They are married in `` Something Blue '' shortly after finding out that they 're expecting . Field team ( edit ) As the junior field agent of the team , McGee is often subject to teasing from DiNozzo and Kate and Ziva , often together ( though Kate and Ziva 's teasing is not as mean - spirited as DiNozzo 's ) , and , to some extent , Gibbs , though he does n't come to head - smack him until later , unlike Kate and DiNozzo , who do so simultaneously on the day of his promotion almost immediately after Tim mentioned the word ' hazing ' . In one episode , Gibbs walked into the lab , found him lying on the floor on his back while working on the underside of Abby 's hotbox , and quipped , `` Special Agent Goodwrench ? '' In `` Forced Entry '' , he is tricked by Tony and Kate into drinking Gibbs ' coffee , which is considered a major taboo . In subsequent episodes , Tony often pulls his seniority card by taking advantage of McGee 's naivete and tricking him into performing less desirable tasks such as searching for a gun in a muddy ditch with only a metal detector and bagging bear poo while investigating a bear attack , brushing off McGee 's protests with `` because I can '' . In `` Singled Out '' , a frustrated McGee futilely tells Tony to stop calling him `` probie '' ; Gibbs later tells McGee that his former mentor Mike Franks still calls him `` probie '' even though he retired nearly a decade ago . McGee 's most notable nicknames come from DiNozzo , either `` Probie '' , due to his junior ( probational ) status on the team , or `` McGeek '' , alluding to McGee 's intelligence . DiNozzo uses multiple variations on both of these names to make fun of McGee , some of which are clever but not demeaning ( McGPS , McProof , The Great McOz ) , some which are mocking ( McLawyer , McGiggle , McGoo , McNerd , McFlowerPower ) , some of which seem irrelevant ( McTim ) , and some intended to deliberately cause offense ( Baldy McBald ) . When Tony discovers that McGee 's online gaming name was `` Elf Lord '' , it is often referenced by the team members through jokes and light - hearted teasing ; Gibbs has occasionally called him Elf Lord in Season 5 . As with most new agents who had experience with Gibbs , McGee finds him difficult to work with due to his unorthodox management style and unpredictable temperament , with Tony constantly giving him tips on how to get along with Gibbs . Initially he is intimidated by Gibbs , especially after incurring his wrath having accidentally drunk or spilled his coffee several times during his earlier seasons . Gibbs himself is shown to gain more respect of McGee over time , as his personality matures and he becomes a more assertive character . Gibbs has also shown substantial trust and faith in his abilities over the course of time . In the episode `` Witness '' , Gibbs sent McGee to check out a possible murder of a Navy Petty Officer and let him decide whether to call an investigation . He let McGee accompany him into the interrogation room while still a `` probie '' and allows him interrogate a suspect alone as early as the Season 3 episode `` Deception '' . McGee is always shown as a computer consultant to Gibbs . Ziva has had a friendly relationship with McGee since her start at NCIS . It resembles one of brother and sister . While Ziva teases McGee a great deal , often with Tony , they remain on friendly terms ( Ziva 's teasing is far more playful than Tony 's , who takes a much more sadistic approach to the pranks he pulls on McGee ) . McGee was the first person to point out that Ziva was avoiding Tony at the start of season 7 and that sooner or later she would have to straighten out that relationship . He is much more comfortable and confident around Ziva than her predecessor , Kate Todd . McGee lives near Ziva , in Silver Spring ( a Maryland suburb of DC ) . When Ziva was in Israel between seasons 5 and 6 , she and McGee e-mailed each other once a week . McGee has been to Ziva 's house at least once , he was invited to her dinner party in season 3 . McGee was also the one to show Ziva some ways to work from the area they live , and in return she gave him an apple -- which Tony immediately stole before McGee was aware of the gift . Throughout season 7 as Ziva prepares to become an American citizen McGee supports her , even testing her , and attends her naturalization ceremony . When McGee was introduced in `` Sub Rosa '' , Todd protested DiNozzo 's apparent abuse of authority when he ordered McGee to stay on a crime scene until someone else can come to relieve him . Todd and McGee were partnered for a very short time during the episode `` UnSEALed '' , during which he came to her help when she was tied up by a former Navy SEAL . Throughout Season 2 , DiNozzo and Todd would sometimes gang up on McGee to tease him , but Todd generally disapproved of DiNozzo 's pranks and hazing of McGee . After the murder of a witness under McGee 's watch , Todd was the first to try to comfort him . In the episode `` See No Evil '' , the air conditioning of the building is down . McGee tries to personally upgrade the network wiring since the union wo n't do it due to the heat . When Kate discovers him under her desk , she believes McGee is trying to look up her skirt and despite McGee 's protests , drags him up from underneath by his ears . Seconds later , McGee tells Tony he did n't look and Tony says he believes him , only for him to ask if Kate is a `` pantyhose or a thong girl '' but McGee does n't reply as Kate responds by elbowing DiNozzo in the stomach . After Todd 's death , like the rest of the grief - stricken team , McGee had to cope with the loss of a friend , and like DiNozzo would fantasize about her . Later , McGee is shown mourning with DiNozzo over Todd 's dead body . Following Gibbs ' retirement , McGee is promoted to Senior Field Agent after DiNozzo was promoted to Team Leader , after which Tony displays increased respect for McGee . With Ziva 's departure in the episode `` Aliyah '' , McGee is promoted to be Tony 's partner in the field , and their relationship in the episode `` Truth or Consequences '' is shown to be friendly . For example , Tony used McGee 's first name , Tim , more often and has n't called him ' Probie ' since season seven began . However , despite his junior status on the team , it is apparent that , despite teasing , he is on friendly , even familial , terms with every member of the team . In `` Probie '' , McGee , who was deeply shaken after killing someone ( later revealed to be an undercover policeman ) in self - defense , later confesses to Tony feelings of inferiority to the rest of the team as he is the only field agent on Gibbs ' team to have little experience in using weapons compared to his colleagues ( Tony was a cop , Gibbs was a sniper , Kate was previously in the Secret Service while Ziva was a highly skilled Mossad operative ) . In Season 11 , with the transfer of Ellie Bishop from NSA to NCIS , McGee has begun to assert to seniority , now that Tony has stopped calling him `` probie '' . He used some of Tony 's old pranks on Bishop , such using a trick coin when tossing to see who has to retrieve a corpse from a septic tank . In the Season 13 finale episode , `` Family First '' , with DiNozzo having resigned from the team for good , McGee is promoted to Senior Field Agent . Abby Sciuto ( edit ) McGee had an extended relationship with forensics technician Abby Sciuto in season one , but there is no direct reference to their relationship ending . However , despite this , they are still very close and often tease each other about their previous relationship / dates ( sexual jokes , suggestive comments , etc . ) , and in some instances Abby has shown jealousy of attention women have given McGee . In contrast to Tony DiNozzo , McGee has had few relationships , or possible ones , almost all of which have begun and ended in the same episode . In `` Sub Rosa '' , McGee 's first appearance in Season 1 , McGee asks Tony about Abby . Tony responds that she is not his type , stating that as he has never had the urge to tattoo his butt , they would have little in common . At the end of the episode , McGee tells Tony that he went to get the word ' Mom ' tattooed on his butt to impress Abby . In Season 5 McGee has issues with a girl who stole his heart and his credit , when he asks for help from Abby she tells him `` I love you McGee and that should be enough '' , which hints that Abby has feelings for McGee . When in stressful or uncomfortable situations , as seen in the episode `` Grace Period '' , while trying to deal with the death of a friend , McGee will often retreat to the forensics lab for reassurance from Abby . McGee owns a dog called Jethro , that was accused of murdering a Petty Officer during the Season 5 episode , `` Dog Tags '' . Abby looked after him and named him after Gibbs , but because her landlord would n't let her have a dog in her apartment , she forced McGee to take him much to his dismay as the dog had attacked McGee at the beginning of `` Dog Tags '' , forcing him to shoot it in the side , a through - and - through flesh wound . Aside from Gibbs ' basement , McGee 's home has been shown in the most number of episodes of all the series ' characters . Various characters have been inside at one point or another ; namely Tony DiNozzo , Ziva David , Caitlin Todd , Sarah McGee , Abby Sciuto and Abby 's previous boyfriend / stalker , Mikel . At the end of Season 8 , however , there is a very tender moment between the two of them and McGee tells Abby `` If something ever happened to you I would . '' This indicates that he has feelings for Abby and worries about her , also that he cares and wants to protect her . In the Season 9 episode , `` Life Before His Eyes '' Abby and McGee are shown as a happy couple in the alternate reality scenarios . Doctor Donald mallard ( edit ) Ducky is one of the few individuals to use McGee 's full given name of Timothy as illustrated in `` See No Evil '' . As with Abby , Ducky at times adopts a fatherly attitude towards Tim as demonstrated in the season four episode `` Smoked '' . It seems that Ducky 's fatherly relationship with McGee mellows into one of mutual respect . Director Vance ( edit ) In the episode `` Collateral Damage '' a discussion occurred between Gibbs and Director Vance in which , they discussed what qualities the ideal NCIS agent should possess . During the discussion Director Vance told Gibbs that in his view McGee exemplified the model NCIS agent , in sharp contrast to Gibbs who prefers agents in the mold of DiNozzo . During `` Enemies Domestic '' , McGee seemed pretty shaken - up and almost distraught after seeing the extent of Vance 's injuries following the explosion . Family ( edit ) Several members of McGee 's family have appeared in the series over the years . His younger sister , Sarah , first mentioned in the Season 2 episode , `` See No Evil '' , plays a prominent role in the fourth season episode `` Twisted Sister '' . The two seem to differ greatly in personality but are still very close . McGee helps clear Sarah as a potential murder suspect and is willing to risk his NCIS career to do so . Sarah McGee is portrayed by Troian Bellisario , Murray 's real - life step - sister , and daughter of series creator and former executive producer Donald P. Bellisario . In `` Hide and Seek '' , it is revealed that McGee 's father is a naval officer , and stationed in California . In `` The Penelope Papers '' , it is revealed that McGee 's maternal grandmother , Penelope Langston ( played by Lily Tomlin ) is still alive and was close to McGee when he was young . While talking to Penelope , McGee reveals that he and his father have not spoken in seven years ; Penelope and McGee agree that McGee 's father is like Gibbs , in that both love McGee , but have difficulty expressing their affection . The casting of Jamey Sheridan as McGee 's father was announced in February 2013 . The role was described as `` complex and layered '' by executive producer Gary Glasberg , and in the late March episode `` Squall '' , Sheridan appeared as Admiral John McGee . The admiral is initially considered as a prime suspect ; only to reveal that he has been sick for a while and tried to keep it quiet . Tony has described McGee 's family situation as akin to the film The Great Santini -- a `` military brat '' brought up in a strict household -- in `` The Penelope Papers '' and several other episodes and the admiral himself admitted to Tim his regret in not spending as much time as he should have with his family . Notable episodes ( edit ) Some episodes are particularly insightful to McGee and reveal certain facets of his personality or his past : `` Witness '' : McGee must investigate when a single woman said she witnessed a murder . `` Probie '' : During a protection mission , McGee kills a policeman . He takes it pretty hard , seeing as he believed the policeman was a drug dealer trying to kill him when in fact he was an undercover DC Metro officer . `` Twisted Sister '' : McGee 's sister Sarah shows up at McGee 's door , her hands bloodied and thinking she killed her ex-boyfriend , a Navy Petty Officer . McGee hides evidence of his sister 's supposed crime and launches a secret investigation into the affair . `` Cover Story '' : A man is inspired to commit murder by McGee 's book ; McGee is pressured to determine where the murderer will strike next . `` Caged '' : McGee is taken hostage in a women 's prison . `` Defiance '' : NCIS is assigned to protect the daughter of an important politician whose attempted assassination resulted in the death of a U.S. Marine . Aside from the sparks flying between her and McGee , Adriana is only interested in keeping her independence . Things take a turn for the worse when she is supposedly kidnapped . `` Kill Screen '' : A dead Marine 's girlfriend becomes a key witness to a murder investigation , and McGee 's computer skills become important in solving the murder . `` The Penelope Papers '' : McGee 's grandmother Penelope Langston is a person of interest , and almost a victim , in a murder investigation . `` Squall '' : McGee 's father ( a four star admiral ) is seen for the first time and their complicated past is revealed . `` House Rules '' : McGee 's father dies of cancer . `` Something Blue '' : McGee marries Delilah , and Gibbs gives McGee his watch that his father gave him when he got married . `` Ready or Not '' : During a hostage situation in the hospital that NCIS and McGee end up in unexpectedly , Delilah gives birth to twins , John ( a boy ) , named after McGee 's father Admiral John McGee and Morgan ( a girl ) , named after ER Guard ( and former Law Enforcement Officer ) Morgan Cade who was shot trying to help McGee arrest an Arms Dealer the team was hunting and later died of his wounds ; McGee is unharmed and eventually is able to be with Delilah when she gives birth . Reception ( edit ) The character 's seeming inexperience in the field during early seasons was noted by critics , with Bill Keveney of USA Today describing him as `` a wet - behind - the - ears computer expert '' in 2005 . A few months later , Noel Holston from Sun Sentinel styled McGee as the `` newer , nerdier agent '' of the group . In 2007 , television historian Tim Brooks described him as `` the earnest , conservative probationary agent with invaluable computer skills who was often the victim of Tony 's pranks '' . The Daily News referred to McGee as `` the requisite tech wizard '' of the show . Alyssa Rosenberg from The Washington Monthly suggested that the characters of McGee , `` an MIT - educated geek who writes thinly veiled novels about the team '' , and Abby Sciuto appear as `` liberal stand - ins '' in contrast to more conservative figures on NCIS , such as Gibbs and Tony DiNozzo . None of the characters ' political beliefs are specified within the series , and Rosenberg stated that , as a result , the show does not `` demand that the audience take sides in divisive issues '' . References ( edit ) This article relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( December 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Jump up ^ `` Voice Of Special Agent Timothy McGee - NCIS : The Video Game Behind The Voice Actors '' . Behind The Voice Actors . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Check mark indicates role has been confirmed using screenshots of closing credits and other reliable sources Jump up ^ http://www.tvfanatic.com/quotes/shows/ncis/episodes/react/ Jump up ^ Season 13 , Episode 15 `` Scope '' Jump up ^ Season 13 , Episode 24 `` Family First '' Jump up ^ http://www.ew.com/recap/ncis-season-13-episode-15 Jump up ^ Season 7 , Episode 3 `` The Inside Man '' Jump up ^ Season 6 , Episode 19 `` Hide and Seek '' Jump up ^ Season 2 , Episode 21 `` Hometown Hero '' ^ Jump up to : Season 1 , Episode 7 `` Sub Rosa '' ^ Jump up to : `` NCIS Character Analysis -- Agent Tim McGee '' . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on January 10 , 2014 . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Probie '' is common slang for a `` probationary '' or newer team member , according to CBS ' NCIS Glossary Jump up ^ Season 2 , Episode 1 `` See No Evil '' Jump up ^ `` ' NCIS 's Tony and McGee : A Friendship of Ups and Downs '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved February 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Heldenfels , Rich ( October 14 , 2010 ) . `` Murray on ' NCIS ' says he wanted to lose weight '' . Akron Beacon Journal . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Twitter - Login or Sign up '' . Retrieved January 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Season 5 , Episode 8 `` Designated Target '' Jump up ^ Season 1 , Episode 19 `` Dead Man Talking '' Jump up ^ Season 4 , Episode 9 `` Twisted Sister '' ^ Jump up to : Season 4 , Episode 20 `` Cover Story '' ^ Jump up to : O'Hare , Kate ( April 10 , 2007 ) . `` Writing Is Murder for McGee on ' NCIS ' '' . Zap2it . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Season 4 , Episode 10 `` Smoked '' Jump up ^ `` Page Not Found '' . NCIS . Season 11 . Episode 20 . April 8 , 2014 . CBS . ^ Jump up to : `` The Admiral 's Daughter '' . NCIS . Season 11 . Episode 23 . May 6 , 2014 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Status Update '' . NCIS . Season 12 . Episode 18 . March 24 , 2015 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Love Boat '' . NCIS . Season 14 . Episode 4 . October 11 , 2016 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Something Blue '' . NCIS . Season 14 . Episode 23 . May 9 , 2017 . CBS . Jump up ^ Season 2 , Episode 4 `` Lt. Jane Doe '' Jump up ^ Season 3 , Episode 17 `` Ravenous '' Jump up ^ `` Ignition '' . NCIS . Season 7 . Episode 11 . January 5 , 2010 . 37 : 15 minutes in . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Fun Facts About Ziva David of ' NCIS ' '' . Yahoo ! Inc . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 5 Most Touching `` NCIS '' Moments `` . Yahoo ! Inc . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2013 . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Season 1 , Episode 18 `` UnSEALed '' Jump up ^ Season 2 , Episode 3 `` Vanished '' Jump up ^ Season 2 , Episode 9 `` Forced Entry '' Jump up ^ Season 2 , Episode 14 `` Witness '' Jump up ^ Season 3 , Episode 1 `` Kill Ari ( Part 1 ) '' Jump up ^ Season 3 , Episode 2 `` Kill Ari ( Part 2 ) '' Jump up ^ `` ' NCIS ' scoop : McGee 's grandma is ... '' Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Webb Mitovich , Matt ( February 25 , 2013 ) . `` NCIS Exclusive : Homeland 's Jamey Sheridan Cast as McGee 's Father '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Keveney , Bill ( January 11 , 2005 ) . `` ' NCIS ' : CBS ' invisible success '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Holston , Noel ( November 29 , 2005 ) . `` Cowboy Mentality Helps Ncis Grow In Numbers '' . Sun Sentinel . Retrieved June 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Tim ; Earle Marsh ( 2007 ) . The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows ( 1946 -- Present ) : Ninth Edition . U.S.A. : Ballantine Books . p. 954 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 49773 - 4 . Jump up ^ Hinckley , David ( February 13 , 2013 ) . `` With little fanfare , the steady procedural ' NCIS ' has become a massive hit for CBS '' . The Daily News ( New York ) . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Rosenberg , Alyssa ( May -- June 2011 ) . `` NCIS : Bureaucrats with Guns '' . The Washington Monthly . Retrieved May 25 , 2013 . ( hide ) NCIS franchise NCIS Characters Leroy Jethro Gibbs Caitlin `` Kate '' Todd Anthony `` Tony '' DiNozzo Abigail `` Abby '' Sciuto Timothy `` Tim '' McGee Ziva David Cast list Episodes Introductory `` Ice Queen '' Season 1 `` Yankee White '' Season 2 `` Twilight '' Season 3 `` Kill Ari ( Parts I & II ) '' `` Under Covers '' `` Hiatus ( Parts I & II ) '' Season 4 `` Grace Period '' `` Angel of Death '' Season 5 `` Requiem '' Season 6 `` Last Man Standing '' `` Aliyah '' Season 7 `` Truth or Consequences '' `` Good Cop , Bad Cop '' Season 8 `` Enemies Foreign '' `` Freedom '' `` A Man Walks Into a Bar ... '' `` One Last Score '' `` Baltimore '' Season 9 `` Nature of the Beast '' `` Enemy on the Hill '' `` Devil 's Triangle '' `` Newborn King '' `` Housekeeping '' `` A Desperate Man '' `` Life Before His Eyes '' `` Secrets '' `` Psych Out '' `` Need to Know '' `` The Tell '' `` The Good Son '' `` The Missionary Position '' `` Rekindled '' `` Playing with Fire '' `` Up in Smoke '' `` Till Death Do Us Part '' Season 10 `` Extreme Prejudice '' `` Recovery '' `` Phoenix '' `` Lost at Sea '' `` The Namesake '' `` Shell Shock ( Part I ) '' `` Shell Shock ( Part II ) '' `` Gone '' `` Devil 's Trifecta '' `` You Better Watch Out '' `` Shabbat Shalom '' `` Shiva '' `` Hit and Run '' `` Canary '' `` Hereafter '' `` Detour '' `` Prime Suspect '' `` Seek '' `` Squall '' `` Chasing Ghosts '' `` Berlin '' `` Revenge '' `` Double Blind '' `` Damned If You Do '' Season 11 `` Whiskey Tango Foxtrot '' `` Past , Present , and Future '' `` Under the Radar '' `` Anonymous Was a Woman '' `` Once a Crook '' `` Oil & Water '' `` Better Angels '' `` Alibi '' `` Gut Check '' `` Devil 's Triad '' Season 12 Season 13 Season 14 Season 15 Related Tony DiNozzo and Ziva David Ziva David captivity storyline Other media Home video releases Soundtrack NCIS : Los Angeles Characters G. Callen Kensi Blye Sam Hanna Episodes Introductory Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 Notable episodes `` Identity '' `` Blye , K. , Part 2 '' Other media Home video releases NCIS : New Orleans Characters Episodes Season 1 Related JAG Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timothy_McGee&oldid=835424259 '' Categories : Crossover characters in television Fictional American people of Irish descent Fictional characters introduced in 2003 Fictional characters from Maryland Fictional hackers Fictional military brats Fictional Naval Criminal Investigative Service personnel Fictional writers NCIS ( TV series ) characters Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2013 Articles that may contain original research from October 2009 All articles that may contain original research Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from March 2011 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Articles with multiple maintenance issues Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from June 2015 Articles lacking reliable references from December 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Français Italiano Magyar Edit links This page was last edited on 8 April 2018 , at 16 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy%20McGee	2,402
when did the australian healthcare system start and why			Health care in Australia	health care in australia	Health care in Australia is largely provided by private medical practitioners or by private or government operated hospitals , with costs of medical services paid by private insurance or government agencies , and the balance payable by the patient . Medicare is Australia 's universal health care system , which is the primary health scheme that subsidises most medical costs in Australia for all Australian citizens and permanent residents . A number of other schemes cover the medical costs in specific circumstances , such as for veterans or indigenous Australians , motor vehicle insurance , and workers ' compensation schemes , besides other . Medical costs of visitors to Australia may be covered by travel insurance or under a reciprocal health agreement . In addition , people who are not covered by the Medicare scheme or wish to be covered for out - of - pocket medical or hospital costs can take out voluntary private health insurance , which is also subsidised by the federal government . In addition to Medicare , there is a separate Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme funded by the federal government which considerably subsidises a range of prescription medications .	Medicare is financed by a Medicare levy , which is compulsory and administered through the tax system . The federal Minister for Health , currently Greg Hunt , administers national health policy , and state and territory governments administer elements of health care within their jurisdictions , such as the operation of hospitals . The funding model for health care in Australia has seen political polarisation , with governments being crucial in shaping national health care policy . Contents ( hide ) 1 Statistics 2 Medicare 3 Health insurance 4 Programs and bodies 4.1 Federal initiatives 4.2 State programmes 4.3 Non-government organisations 5 Issues 5.1 Workforce 5.2 Quality of care 5.3 Rural and Remote Health Care 6 Initiatives 7 Peak bodies 8 See also 9 References Statistics ( edit ) Healthcare cost comparison between Australia and other developed nations In 2005 / 2006 Australia had ( on average ) 1 doctor per 322 people and 1 hospital bed per 244 people . At the 2011 Australian Census 70,200 medical practitioners ( including doctors and specialist medical practitioners ) and 257,200 nurses were recorded as currently working . In a sample of 13 developed countries Australia was eighth in its population weighted usage of medication in 14 classes in 2009 and also in 2013 . The drugs studied were selected on the basis that the conditions treated had high incidence , prevalence and / or mortality , caused significant long - term morbidity and incurred high levels of expenditure and significant developments in prevention or treatment had been made in the last 10 years . The study noted considerable difficulties in cross border comparison of medication use . Australia 's health expenditure to GDP ratio ( ~ 9.5 % ) in 2011 - 2012 , was slightly above average compared with other OCED countries . Medicare ( edit ) Financial year % of GDP Current price ( $ billions ) 1981 -- 82 6.3 10.8 1991 -- 92 7.2 30.5 2001 -- 02 8.4 63.1 2008 -- 09 9.0 114.4 2009 -- 10 9.4 121.7 2010 -- 11 9.3 131.6 2011 -- 12 9.5 142.0 2012 -- 13 9.7 147.0 2013 -- 14 9.8 154.6 2014 -- 15 10.0 161.6 Source : Australian Institute of Health and Welfare Australia 's universal health care system is primarily funded by Medicare , which funds a large part of the cost of health services , including those in public hospitals . Medicare is funded partly by a 2 % Medicare levy ( with exceptions for low - income earners ) , with any shortfall being met by the government from general revenue . The amount paid by Medicare includes : patient health costs based on the Medicare benefits schedule . Typically , Medicare covers 75 % of general practitioner , 85 % of specialist and 100 % of public in - hospital costs . patients may be entitled to other concessions or benefits patients may be entitled to further benefits once they have crossed a so - called safety net threshold , based on total health expenditure for the year . Government expenditure on health care is about 67 % of the total , below the OECD average of 72 % . The remainder of health costs ( called out of pocket costs or the copayment ) are paid by the patient , unless the provider of the service chooses to use bulk billing , charging only the scheduled fee , leaving the patient with no out of pocket costs . Where a particular service is not covered , such as dentistry , optometry , and ambulance transport , patients must pay the full amount , unless they hold a Health Care card , which may entitle them to subsidised access . Services not covered by Medicare may be covered , in whole or in part , by health insurance . Health insurance ( edit ) An additional levy of 1 % is imposed on high - income earners without health insurance . Individuals can take out health insurance to cover out - of - pocket costs , with either a plan that covers just selected services , to a full coverage plan . In practice , a person with health insurance may still be left with out - of - pocket payments , as services in private hospitals often cost more than the insurance payment . The government encourages individuals with income above a set level to privately insure . This is done by charging these ( higher income ) individuals a surcharge of 1 % to 1.5 % of income if they do not take out health insurance , and a means - tested rebate . This is to encourage individuals who are perceived as able to afford private insurance not to resort to the public health system , even though people with valid private health insurance may still elect to use the public system if they wish . Funding of the health system in Australia is a combination of government funding and private health insurance . Government funding is through the Medicare scheme , which subsidises out - of - hospital medical treatment and funds free universal access to hospital treatment . Medicare is funded by a 2 % tax levy on taxpayers with incomes above a threshold amount , with an extra 1 % levy on high income earners without private health insurance , and the balance being provided by the government from general revenue. . Healthcare is only 9 % of Australia 's GDP . Health insurance funds private health and is provided by a number of health insurance organisations , called health funds . The largest health fund with a 30 % market share is Medibank . Medibank was set up to provide competition to private `` for - profit '' health funds . Although government owned , the fund has operated as a government business enterprise since 2009 , operating as a fully commercialised business paying tax and dividends under the same regulatory regime as do all other registered private health funds . Highly regulated regarding the premiums it can set , the fund was designed to put pressure on other health funds to keep premiums at a reasonable level . The Coalition Howard Government had announced that Medibank would be sold in a public float if it won the 2007 election , however they were defeated by the Australian Labor Party under Kevin Rudd which had already pledged that it would remain in government ownership . The Coalition under Tony Abbott made the same pledge to privatise Medibank if it won the 2010 election but was again defeated by Labor . Privatisation was again a Coalition policy for the 2013 election , which the Coalition won . However , public perception that privatisation would lead to reduced services and increased costs makes privatising Medibank a `` political hard sell . '' Some health insurers are `` for profit '' enterprises , and some are non-profit organisations such as HCF Health Insurance and CBHS Health Fund . Some have membership restricted to particular groups , some focus on specific regions -- like HBF which centres on Western Australia , but the majority have open membership as set out in the PHIAC annual report . Membership to most of these funds is also accessible using a comparison websites or the decision assistance sites . These sites operate on a commission - basis by agreement with their participating health funds and allow consumers to compare policies before joining online . Most aspects of health insurance in Australia are regulated by the Private Health Insurance Act 2007 . Complaints and reporting of the health industry is carried out by an independent government agency , the Private Health Insurance Ombudsman . The ombudsman publishes an annual report that outlines the number and nature of complaints per health fund compared to their market share . The private health system in Australia operates on a `` community rating '' basis , whereby premiums do not vary solely because of a person 's previous medical history , current state of health , or ( generally speaking ) their age ( but see Lifetime Health Cover below ) . Balancing this are waiting periods , in particular for pre-existing conditions ( usually referred to within the industry as PEA , which stands for `` pre-existing ailment '' ) . Funds are entitled to impose a waiting period of up to 12 months on benefits for any medical condition the signs and symptoms of which existed during the six months ending on the day the person first took out insurance . They are also entitled to impose a 12 - month waiting period for benefits for treatment relating to an obstetric condition , and a 2 - month waiting period for all other benefits when a person first takes out private insurance . Funds have the discretion to reduce or remove such waiting periods in individual cases . They are also free not to impose them to begin with , but this would place such a fund at risk of `` adverse selection '' , attracting a disproportionate number of members from other funds , or from the pool of intending members who might otherwise have joined other funds . It would also attract people with existing medical conditions , who might not otherwise have taken out insurance at all because of the denial of benefits for 12 months due to the PEA Rule . The benefits paid out for these conditions would create pressure on premiums for all the fund 's members , causing some to drop their membership , which would lead to further rises , and a vicious cycle would ensue . There are a number of other matters about which funds are not permitted to discriminate between members in terms of premiums , benefits or membership -- these include racial origin , religion , sex , sexual orientation , nature of employment , and leisure activities . Premiums for a fund 's product that is sold in more than one state can vary from state to state , but not within the same state . The Australian government has introduced a number of incentives to encourage adults to take out private hospital insurance . These include : Lifetime Health Cover : If a person has not taken out private hospital cover by 1 July after their 31st birthday , then when ( and if ) they do so after this time , their premiums must include a loading of 2 % per annum . Thus , a person taking out private cover for the first time at age 40 will pay a 20 % loading . The loading continues for 10 years . The loading applies only to premiums for hospital cover , not to ancillary ( extras ) cover . Medicare Levy Surcharge : People whose taxable income is greater than a specified amount ( in the 2011 / 12 financial year $80,000 for singles and $168,000 for couples ) and who do not have an adequate level of private hospital cover must pay a 1 % surcharge on top of the standard 1.5 % Medicare Levy . The rationale is that if the people in this income group are forced to pay more money one way or another , most would choose to purchase hospital insurance with it , with the possibility of a benefit in the event that they need private hospital treatment -- rather than pay it in the form of extra tax as well as having to meet their own private hospital costs . The Australian government announced in May 2008 that it proposes to increase the thresholds to $100,000 for singles and $150,000 for families . These changes require legislative approval . A bill to change the law was introduced but was not passed by the Senate . A changed version was passed on 16 October 2008 . There have been criticisms that the changes will cause many people to drop their private health insurance , causing a further burden on the public hospital system , and a rise in premiums for those who stay with the private system . Other commentators believe the effect will be minimal . Private Health Insurance Rebate : The government subsidises the premiums for all health insurance cover , including hospital and ancillary ( extras ) , by 10 % , 20 % or 30 % . In May 2009 , The Rudd Labor government announced that as of June 2010 , the rebate would become means - tested and offered on a sliding scale . Programs and bodies ( edit ) Federal initiatives ( edit ) Diphtheria immunisation in Brisbane , 1940 Medicare Australia is responsible for administering Medicare , which provides subsidies for health services . It is primarily concerned with the payment of doctors and nursing staff , and the financing of state - run hospitals . The Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme provides subsidised medications to patients . The level of subsidy depends on the above noted tests . Low income earners may receive a card that entitles the holder to cheaper medicines under the PBS . A National Immunisation Program Schedule that provides many immunisations free of charge by the federal government , the Australian Organ Donor Register , a national register which registers those who elect to be organ donors . Registration is voluntary in Australia and is commonly recorded on a driver 's licence or proof of age card are also managed by the federal government . The Therapeutic Goods Administration is the regulatory body for medicines and medical devices in Australia . At the borders the Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service is responsible for maintaining a favourable health status by minimising risk from goods and people entering the country . The Australian Institute of Health and Welfare ( AIHW ) is Australia 's national agency for health and welfare statistics and information . Its biennial publication Australia 's Health is a key national information resource in the area of health care . The Institute publishes over 140 reports each year on various aspects of Australia 's health and welfare . The Food Standards Australia New Zealand and Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency also play a role in protecting and improving the health of Australians . State programmes ( edit ) See also : Medicare Australia The Alfred Hospital , Melbourne Public Hospitals Each state is responsible for the operation of public hospitals . Healthcare Initiatives State based projects are regularly set up to target specific problems such as breast cancer screening programs , indigenous youth health programs or school dental health Non-government organisations ( edit ) The Australian Red Cross Blood Service collects blood donations and provides them to Australian Healthcare Providers . Other health services such as Medical imaging ( MRI and so on ) are often provided by private corporations , but patients can still claim from the government if they are covered by the Medicare Benefits Schedule . The National Health and Medical Research Council ( NHMRC ) funds competitive health and medical research , and develops statements on policy issues . Issues ( edit ) Royal Adelaide Hospital Workforce ( edit ) In a report published by HealthWorkforce Australia in March 2012 , a shortage of nearly 3,000 doctors , over 100,000 nurses and more than 80,000 registered nurses was predicted in the year 2025 . In the conclusion of the report , the HWA explains : `` For nurses , given the size of the projected workforce shortages presented in this report , HWA will conduct an economic analysis to quantify the cost to allow an assessment of the relative affordability of the modelled scenarios to close the projected gap . '' Governments , Higher Education and Training , Professions and Employers are also identified as key players in the process of addressing future challenges . Quality of care ( edit ) In an international comparative study of the health care systems in six countries ( Australia , Canada , Germany , New Zealand , the United Kingdom and the United States ) , found that `` Australia ranks highest on healthy lives , scoring first or second on all of the indicators '' , although its overall ranking in the study was below the UK and Germany systems , tied with New Zealand 's and above those of Canada and far above the U.S. A global study of end of life care , conducted by the Economist Intelligence Unit , part of the group which publishes The Economist magazine , published the compared end of life care , gave the highest ratings to Australia and the UK out of the 40 countries studied , the two country 's systems receiving a rating of 7.9 out of 10 in an analysis of access to services , quality of care and public awareness . Rural and remote health care ( edit ) Health care services , their availability and the health outcomes of those who live in rural and remote parts of Australia can differ greatly from metropolitan areas . In recent reports , the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare noted that `` compared with those in Major Cities , people in regional and remote areas were less likely to report very good or excellent health '' , with life expectancy decreasing with increasing remoteness : `` ( c ) ompared with Major Cities , the life expectancy in regional areas is 1 -- 2 years lower and in remote areas is up to 7 years lower . '' It was also noted that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples experienced worse health than non-Indigenous Australians . See also : Rural Health Care in Australia Initiatives ( edit ) DisabilityCare Australia Healthdirect -- Healthdirect provides easy access to trusted , quality health information . Healthdirect is funded by the Australian Governments . DoctorConnect -- To encourage overseas doctors to work in Australia . HealthcareLink -- Australia 's first healthcare and medical job board was created to eliminate the challenges faced by many Australian healthcare employers and employees in both sourcing quality candidates and finding suitable job opportunity . Peak bodies ( edit ) Australian Medical Association Royal Australian College of General Practitioners See also ( edit ) Australia portal Health portal Australian paradox Emergency medical services in Australia Rural health care in Australia Private Health Insurance Ombudsman Euthanasia in Australia Health care compared Health care systems Medical education in Australia Nursing in Australia Paramedics in Australia References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Behan , Pamela ( 2007 ) . Solving the Health Care Problem : How Other Nations Have Succeeded and Why The United States Has Not . SUNY Press . p. 53 . ISBN 0791468380 . Retrieved 29 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Britannica World Data , Australia '' . 2009 Book of the Year . Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc. ( 2009 . pp. 516 -- 517 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59339 - 837 - 8 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Doctors and Nurses '' . 4102.0 -- Australian Social Trends , April 2013 . Australian Bureau of Statistics . 24 July 2013 . Retrieved 4 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Office of health Economics . `` International Comparison of Medicines Usage : Quantitative Analysis '' ( PDF ) . Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry . Retrieved 2 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Institute of Health and Welfare '' . Jump up ^ Australian Institute of Health and Welfare : Expenditure data . Retrieved on 26 May 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.ato.gov.au/Individuals/Medicare-levy/ ^ Jump up to : Thresholds and Concession Calculated Amounts . Medicare Australia . Jump up ^ Britnell , Mark ( 2015 ) . In Search of the Perfect Health System . London : Palgrave . p. 53 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 137 - 49661 - 4 . Jump up ^ Examples of Services Not Covered by Medicare . Medicare Australia . Jump up ^ `` Medicare Levy Surcharge '' . Private Health Insurance Ombudsman . Retrieved 11 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Australian Health Care System : The national healthcare funding system '' . The Medicare Levy . Australian Department of Health and Aging. 4 February 2005 . Retrieved 20 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` How does National Health Insurance works in Australia ? '' . Retrieved 2 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Opposition plans to sell Medibank Private '' . ABC News . 21 February 2010 . Retrieved 29 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Reece , Nicholas ( 16 February 2013 ) . `` Hanging on to Medibank is a national health hazard '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 29 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Ben Packham ( 13 September 2006 ) . `` Election fight over $2 b Medibank plan '' . The Herald Sun . News Limited . Retrieved 29 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Private Health Insurance Administration Council , Annual Report 2009 - 10 ( PDF ) , Private Health Insurance Administration Council , retrieved 18 March 2012 Jump up ^ Private Health Insurance Ombudsman ( PHIO ) Jump up ^ PHIO 's Annual Reports ^ Jump up to : Private Health Insurance in Australia Jump up ^ Medicare Levy Surcharge . Private Health Insurance Ombudsmen . Retrieved on 10 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Medicare levy surcharge effect ' trivial ' : inquiry ABC News . 12 August 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Louise Fleming , Mary ; Elizabeth Anne Parker ( 2011 ) . Introduction to Public Health . Elsevier Australia . pp. 16 -- 17 . ISBN 072954091X . Retrieved 11 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Health Workforce 2025 Doctors , Nurses and Midwives -- Volume 1 '' ( PDF ) . HealthWorkforce Australia . Health Workforce 2025 -- Doctors , Nurses and Midwives . March 2012 . Retrieved 15 April 2014 . Jump up ^ rnational_update_final. pdf Figure 2 . Six Nation Summary Scores on Health System Performance Jump up ^ Davis , Karen ; Cathy Schoen ; et al. ( May 2007 ) . l_update_final. pdf `` MIRROR , MIRROR ON THE WALL : AN INTERNATIONAL UPDATE ON THE COMPARATIVE PERFORMANCE OF AMERICAN HEALTH CARE '' Check url = value ( help ) ( pdf ) . The Commonwealth Fund . Jump up ^ UK comes top on end of life care -- report Jump up ^ Healthdirect Jump up ^ DoctorConnect Jump up ^ HealthcareLink Health in Oceania Sovereign states Australia Federated States of Micronesia Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Associated states of New Zealand Cook Islands Niue Dependencies and other territories American Samoa Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Easter Island French Polynesia Guam Hawaii New Caledonia Norfolk Island Northern Mariana Islands Pitcairn Islands Tokelau Wallis and Futuna Australia articles History Timeline Bibliography Prehistory Archaeology European Exploration 1788 -- 1850 1851 -- 1900 1901 -- 1945 Since 1945 By topic Constitutional Diplomatic Economic Federation Immigration Indigenous Military Monarchy Railway Geography Climate Continent Deserts Environment issues Earthquakes Flora Fauna Forests Geology Islands Mountains Regions Protected areas Rivers Subdivisions States and Territories Capitals Cities Politics Constitution Courts Elections Donations Electoral system Parties Federal budget Foreign relations Government Governor - General Human rights Intersex LGBT Intelligence and security Law Constitution Judiciary Enforcement Military Monarchy National debt Parliament Public Service Women Government leaders Government ministers Economy Agriculture Dollar ( currency ) Energy Gross state product Home ownership Public housing Household income Manufacturing Media Mining Poverty Reserve Bank Stock Exchange Superannuation Taxation Telecommunications Tourism Transportation Welfare system Society Crime Demographics Education Ethnic groups Healthcare Homelessness Immigration Languages Religion Women Culture Architecture Art Arts Australian English Cinema Cuisine Dance Literature Music Public holidays Radio Sport Symbols Television Theatre Outline Index Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Health_care_in_Australia&oldid=795773550 '' Categories : Healthcare in Australia Demographics of Australia Public policy in Australia Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Pages with URL errors Use Australian English from September 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Use dmy dates from June 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages 日本語 Português Edit links This page was last edited on 16 August 2017 , at 11 : 03 . 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what president is named in the theme song to all in the family	And you knew where you were then Girls were girls , and men were men Mister , we could use a man like Herbert Hoover again	Herbert Hoover	All in the Family	all in the family	All in the Family is an American sitcom TV - series that was originally broadcast on the CBS television network for nine seasons , from January 1971 to April 1979 . The following September , it was retitled Archie Bunker 's Place , which picked up where All in the Family had ended and ran for four more seasons .	All in the Family was produced by Norman Lear and Bud Yorkin . It starred Carroll O'Connor , Jean Stapleton , Sally Struthers , and Rob Reiner . The show revolves around the life of a working - class bigot and his family . The show broke ground in its depiction of issues previously considered unsuitable for a U.S. network television comedy , such as racism , infidelity , homosexuality , women 's liberation , rape , religion , miscarriages , abortion , breast cancer , the Vietnam War , menopause , and impotence . Through depicting these controversial issues , the series became arguably one of television 's most influential comedic programs , as it injected the sitcom format with more dramatic moments and realistic , topical conflicts . Based on the BBC1 sitcom Till Death Us Do Part ( with Archie Bunker modeled after Alf Garnett ) , All in the Family is often regarded in the United States as one of the greatest television series of all time . Following a lackluster first season , the show soon became the most watched show in the United States during summer reruns and afterwards ranked number one in the yearly Nielsen ratings from 1971 to 1976 . It became the first television series to reach the milestone of having topped the Nielsen ratings for five consecutive years . The episode `` Sammy 's Visit '' was ranked number 13 on TV Guide 's 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time . TV Guide 's 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time ranked All in the Family as number four . Bravo also named the show 's protagonist , Archie Bunker , TV 's greatest character of all time . In 2013 , the Writers Guild of America ranked All in the Family the fourth - best written TV series ever , and TV Guide ranked it as the fourth - greatest show of all time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast 2.1 Main characters 2.2 Supporting characters 2.3 Recurring characters 3 History and production 3.1 Theme song 3.2 Setting and location 4 Episodes 4.1 Syndication 5 Ratings 6 Spin - offs 7 Specials 8 Home media 9 Cultural impact 10 Awards and nominations 10.1 Primetime Emmy awards and nominations 10.2 Golden Globe Awards and Nominations 10.3 TCA Heritage Award 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Premise ( edit ) All in the Family is about a typical white working - class family living in Queens , New York . Its patriarch is Archie Bunker ( O'Connor ) , an outspoken , narrow - minded man , seemingly prejudiced against everyone who is not like him or his idea of how people should be . Archie 's wife Edith ( Jean Stapleton ) is sweet and understanding , though somewhat naïve and uneducated ; her husband sometimes disparagingly calls her `` dingbat '' . Their one child , Gloria ( Sally Struthers ) , is generally kind and good - natured like her mother , but displays traces of her father 's stubbornness ; unlike them , however , she is a feminist . Gloria is married to college student Michael Stivic ( Reiner ) -- referred to as `` Meathead '' by Archie -- whose values are likewise influenced and shaped by the counterculture of the 1960s . The two couples represent the real - life clash of values between the Greatest Generation and Baby Boomers . For much of the series , the Stivics live in the Bunkers ' home to save money , providing abundant opportunity for them to irritate each other . The show is set in the Corona section of Queens , with the vast majority of scenes taking place in the Bunkers ' home at 704 Hauser Street . Occasional scenes take place in other locations , especially during later seasons , such as Kelsey 's Bar , a neighborhood tavern where Archie spends a good deal of time and which he eventually buys , and the Stivics ' home after Mike and Gloria move to the house next door . The house seen in the opening is at 89 - 70 Cooper Avenue near the junction of the Glendale , Middle Village , and Rego Park sections of Queens . Supporting characters represent the demographics of the neighborhood , especially the African American Jeffersons , who live in the house next door in the early seasons . Cast ( edit ) Main characters ( edit ) The Bunkers and the Stivics : standing , Gloria ( Sally Struthers ) and Michael ( Rob Reiner ) ; seated , Archie ( Carroll O'Connor ) and Edith ( Jean Stapleton ) with baby Joey Carroll O'Connor as Archie Bunker : Frequently called a `` lovable bigot '' , Archie was an assertively prejudiced blue - collar worker . A World War II veteran , Archie longs for better times when people sharing his viewpoint were in charge , as evidenced by the nostalgic theme song `` Those Were the Days '' ( also the show 's original title ) . Despite his bigotry , he is portrayed as loving and decent , as well as a man who is simply struggling to adapt to the changes in the world , rather than someone motivated by hateful racism or prejudice . His ignorance and stubbornness seem to cause his malapropism - filled arguments to self - destruct . He often rejects uncomfortable truths by blowing a raspberry . Former child actor Mickey Rooney was Lear 's first choice to play Archie , but Rooney declined the offer because of the strong potential for controversy , and in Rooney 's opinion , a poor chance for success . Scott Brady , formerly of the Western series Shotgun Slade , also declined the role of Archie Bunker , but appeared four times on the series in 1976 in the role of Joe Foley . O'Connor appears in all but seven episodes of the series ' run . Jean Stapleton as Edith Bunker , née Baines : Edith is Archie 's ditzy but kind - hearted wife . Archie often tells her to `` stifle '' herself and calls her a `` dingbat '' , and although Edith generally defers to her husband 's authority and endures his insults , on the rare occasions when Edith takes a stand , she proves to have a simple but profound wisdom . Despite their different personalities , they love each other deeply . Stapleton developed Edith 's distinctive voice . Stapleton remained with the show through the original series run , but decided to leave at that time . During the first season of Archie Bunker 's Place , Edith was seen in four episodes in guest appearances . After that point , Edith was written out as having suffered a stroke and died off - camera , leaving Archie to deal with the death of his beloved `` dingbat '' . Stapleton appeared in all but four episodes of All in the Family . In the series ' first episode , Edith is portrayed as being less of a dingbat and even sarcastically refers to her husband as `` Mr. Religion , here ... '' after they come home from church , something her character would not be expected to say later . Sally Struthers as Gloria Stivic , née Bunker : The Bunkers ' college - aged daughter who is married to Michael Stivic . She has the generally kind nature of her mother , but the stubbornness of her father , which early in the series manifests as childishness , later as a more mature feminism . Gloria frequently attempts to mediate between her father and husband , generally siding with the latter . The roles of the Bunkers ' daughter and son - in - law ( then named `` Dickie '' ) initially went to Candice Azzara and Chip Oliver . However , after seeing the show 's pilot , ABC requested a second pilot expressing dissatisfaction with both actors . Lear later recast the roles of Gloria and Dickie with Struthers and Reiner . Penny Marshall ( Reiner 's wife , whom he married in April 1971 , shortly after the program began ) was also considered for the role of Gloria . During the earlier seasons of the show , Struthers was known to be discontented with how static her part was and , in 1974 , sued to get out of her contract . But the character became more developed , satisfying her . Struthers appeared in 157 of the 202 episodes during the first eight seasons -- from January 12 , 1971 to March 19 , 1978 . She later reprised the role in the spin - off series Gloria , which lasted for a single season in 1982 -- 1983 . Rob Reiner as Michael Stivic : Gloria 's Polish - American hippie husband is part of the counterculture of the 1960s . While good - hearted and well - meaning , he constantly spars with Archie , and is equally stubborn , although his moral views are generally presented as being more ethical and his logic somewhat sounder . He is the most - educated person in the household , a fact which gives him a self - assured arrogance , and despite his intellectual belief in progressive social values , he tends to expect Gloria to defer to him as her husband . As discussed in All in the Family retrospectives , Richard Dreyfuss sought the part , but Norman Lear was convinced to cast Reiner . Harrison Ford turned down the role , citing Archie Bunker 's bigotry . Reiner appeared in 174 of the 202 episodes of the series during the first eight seasons -- from January 12 , 1971 to March 19 , 1978 . Reiner is also credited with writing three of the series ' episodes . Danielle Brisebois as the cute nine - year - old daughter of one of Edith 's cousins , Stephanie Mills , who is a regular throughout the ninth season . Despite being cute and having a sweet side , she is smart , clever , and does give her own few remarks at Archie from time to time . The Bunkers take her in after the child 's father , Floyd Mills , abandons her on their doorstep in 1978 ( he later extorts money from them to let them keep her ) . She remained with the show through its transition to Archie Bunker 's Place , and appeared in all four seasons of the latter show . Supporting characters ( edit ) When Archie visits a local blood bank to make a donation , he meets his neighbor , Lionel Jefferson , who is there to do the same thing . Sherman Hemsley as George Jefferson , Isabel Sanford as his wife Louise , and Mike Evans as their son Lionel , Archie 's black neighbors : George is Archie 's combative black counterpart , while Louise is a smarter , more assertive version of Edith . Lionel first appeared in the series ' premiere episode `` Meet the Bunkers '' , with Louise appearing later in the first season . Although George had been mentioned many times , he was not seen until 1973 . Hemsley , who was Norman Lear 's first choice to play George , was performing in the Broadway musical Purlie and did not want to break his commitment to that show . However , Lear kept the role waiting for him until he had finished with the musical . Plots frequently find Archie and George at odds with one another , while Edith and Louise attempt to join forces to bring about a resolution . They later moved to an apartment in Manhattan in their own show , The Jeffersons . Mel Stewart , as George 's brother Henry Jefferson : The two appeared together only once , in the 1973 episode in which the Bunkers host Henry 's going - away party , marking Stewart 's final episode and Hemsley 's first . After the Jeffersons were spun off into their own show in 1975 , Stewart 's character was rarely referred to again and was never seen . In the closing credits of `` The First and Last Supper '' episode , Mel Stewart is incorrectly credited as playing George Jefferson . Stewart was actually playing George 's brother , Henry Jefferson , who was pretending to be George for most of the episode . ( Season 1 - 4 , 8 episodes ) Bea Arthur as Edith 's cousin Maude : Maude was white - collared and ultra-liberal , the perfect foil to Archie , and one of his main antagonists . She appeared in only two episodes , `` Cousin Maude 's Visit '' , where she took care of the Bunker household when all four were sick , and `` Maude '' from the show 's second season , which was basically a backdoor pilot . Her spin - off series , Maude , began in fall 1972 . ( Season 2 , 2 episodes ) Betty Garrett and Vincent Gardenia as the liberal and Roman Catholic next - door neighbors Irene and Frank Lorenzo : Both first appeared as a married couple as Irene was trying to use the Bunker 's phone . During an argument earlier in the episode , Archie and Mike had broken the phone wire . Irene being a ' handyman ' of sorts with her own tools , which she carried in her purse , fixed it . Irene fixed many things at the Bunker house during her time on the show . She also had a sister who was a nun and appeared in one episode . `` Edith 's Christmas Story '' reveals that Irene has had a mastectomy . Archie got her a job as a forklift operator at the plant where he worked . Irene was a strong - willed woman of Irish heritage , and Frank was a jovial Italian househusband who loved cooking and singing . He also was a salesman , but what he sold was never said . Gardenia , who also appeared as Jim Bowman in episode eight of season one ( as the man who sold his house to the Jeffersons ) and as Curtis Rempley in episode seven of season three ( as a swinger opposite Rue McClanahan ) , became a semiregular along with Garrett in 1973 . Gardenia only stayed for one season as Frank Lorenzo , but Garrett remained until her character was phased out in late 1975 . ( Season 4 - 6 ) Allan Melvin as Archie 's neighbor and good friend Barney Hefner : Barney started appearing in 1972 as a recurring character . Over time , he appeared progressively more often until he became a regular . He appeared as a regular in all four seasons of Archie Bunker 's Place . He also appeared in the first season as a desk sergeant at a police precinct . Recurring characters ( edit ) James Cromwell as Jerome `` Stretch '' Cunningham ( 1973 -- 1976 ) `` The Funniest Man in The World '' , Archie 's friend and co-worker from the loading dock ( Archie claims that he is known as the `` Bob Hope '' of the loading platform ) : What Archie did not know was that Stretch was Jewish , evident only after Stretch died and Archie went to the funeral . Archie 's eulogy ( or `` urology '' as he called it ) for his friend is often referred to as a rare occasion when he was capable of showing the humanity he tried so earnestly to hide . In the episode titled `` Archie in the Cellar '' , Billy Sands is referred to as Stretch Cunningham , the voice on the tape recorder telling jokes . Sands also appeared as other characters on the show during its run , in Kelsey 's Bar as a patron . ( Season 5 , 3 episodes ) Liz Torres as Theresa Betancourt ( 1976 -- 1977 ) : A Puerto Rican nursing student who meets Archie when he is admitted to the hospital for surgery . She later rents Mike and Gloria 's former room at the Bunker house . She called Archie `` Papi '' . Torres had just completed the first season of the CBS sitcom Phyllis in the spring of 1976 before being dropped from the cast . ( She had replaced the late actress Barbara Colby in the role of Julie Erskine . ) Torres joined All in the Family in the fall of 1976 , but her character was not popular with viewers , and the role was phased out before the end of the season . ( Season 7 , 7 episodes ) Billy Halop as Mr. Munson ( 1971 -- 74 ) , the cab driver who lets Archie use his cab to make extra money . ( Season 1 - 3 & 5 - 6 , 10 episodes ) Bob Hastings as Kelcy or Tommy Kelsey , who owns the bar Archie frequents and later buys : Kelcy was also played by Frank Maxwell in the episode `` Archie Gets The Business '' . The name of the establishment is Kelcy 's Bar ( as seen in the bar window in various episodes ) . However , due to a continuity error , the end credits of episodes involving the bar owner spell the name `` Kelcy '' for the first two seasons and `` Kelsey '' thereafter , although the end credits show `` Kelcy '' in the `` Archie Gets the Business '' episode . Jason Wingreen as Harry Snowden , a bartender at Kelcy 's Bar who continues to work there after Archie purchases it as his business partner : Harry had tried to buy the bar from Kelcy , but Archie was able to come up with the money first , by taking a mortgage out on his house , which the Bunkers owned outright . Gloria LeRoy as Mildred `` Boom - Boom '' Turner , a buxom , middle - aged secretary at the plant where Archie works : Her first appearance was when Archie is lost on his way to a convention and Mike and Gloria suspect he and she could be having an affair . Archie gave her that moniker as she was walking by the loading dock . He said when she walked , `` Boom - Boom '' . She is not fond of Archie because he and Stretch leer at her and because of their sexist behavior , but later becomes friendly with him , occasionally working as a barmaid at Archie 's Place . Gloria LeRoy also appeared in a third - season episode as `` Bobbi Jo '' Loomis , the wife of Archie 's old war buddy `` Duke '' . Barnard Hughes as Father Majeskie , a local Catholic priest who was suspected by Archie one time of trying to convert Edith : He appeared in multiple episodes . The first time was when Edith accidentally hit Majeskie 's car near the local supermarket with a can of cling peaches in heavy syrup . ( Season 2 , 3 & 4 , 3 episodes ) Eugene Roche appeared as practical jokester friend and fellow lodge member `` Pinky Peterson '' , one of Archie Bunker 's buddies , in three episodes , first in the episode `` Beverly Rides Again '' , then the memorable Christmas Day episode called `` The Draft Dodger '' ( episode 146 , 1976 ) , and finally the episode `` Archie 's Other Wife '' . ( Season 7 & 9 , 3 episodes ) Sorrell Booke as Lyle Sanders , personnel manager at Archie Bunker 's workplace , Prendergast Tool and Die Company : He had appeared on the series as Lyle Bennett , the manager of a local television station , in the episode `` Archie and the Editorial '' in season three . Lori Shannon played Beverly La Salle , a transvestite entertainer , who appeared in three episodes : `` Archie the Hero '' , `` Beverly Rides Again '' , and `` Edith 's Crisis of Faith '' . In that third episode , Mike and Beverly are attacked , and he dies in a hospital from injuries suffered during the fight . Estelle Parsons as Blanche Hefner ( 1977 -- 1979 ) , Barney 's second wife : Blanche and Archie are not fond of one another , though Edith likes her very much . The character is mentioned throughout much of the series after Barney 's first wife , Mabel , had died , though she only appeared in a handful of episodes during the last few seasons . Estelle Parsons also appeared in the season - seven episode `` Archie 's Secret Passion '' as Dolores Fencel . ( Season 7 & 9 ) Bill Quinn as Mr. Edgar van Ranseleer ( Mr. van R ) , a blind patron and regular at the bar : He was almost never referred to by his first name . In a running joke , Archie usually waves his hand in front of Mr. van R 's face when he speaks to him . His role was later expanded on Archie Bunker 's Place , where he appeared in all four seasons . Burt Mustin as Justin Quigley , a feisty octogenarian / nonagenarian : Mr. Quigley first appeared in the episode : `` Edith Finds an Old Man '' ( season four , episode three , Sept 23 , 1973 ) where he runs away from an old age home . He temporarily moves in with the Bunkers but quickly leaves to share an apartment with his friend Josephine `` Jo '' Nelson , played by Ruth McDevitt . He appeared in several other episodes , including `` Archie 's Weighty Problem '' . Mr. Mustin previously appeared in a first - season episode as Harry Feeney , the night watchman at Archie 's workplace . ( 1 , 4 - 6 , 5 episodes ) Nedra Volz as Aunt Iola : Edith 's aunt , she was mentioned several times in the eighth season and stayed with the Bunkers for two weeks . Edith wanted her to move in , but Archie would not allow it , though when he thought Iola did not have any place to go , he told her privately that she could always stay with them . Francine Beers and Jane Connell as Sybil Gooley , who worked at Ferguson 's Market : Frequently mentioned , usually by Edith , Sybil predicted that Gloria and Mike were having a baby boy by performing a ring on a string `` swing test '' over Gloria 's abdomen . Sybil also appeared in the episode `` Edith 's 50th Birthday '' and spilled the beans on her surprise party because she had not been invited . Archie and she did not get along , and he referred to her as a `` Big Mouth '' . Rae Allen and Elizabeth Wilson as Cousin Amelia : Archie detested Amelia and her husband , Russ , who were both wealthy . Once , she sent Edith a mink and Archie wanted to send it back , until he found out how much it was worth . In another episode , Amelia and her husband visit the Bunkers to bring them gifts from a recent trip to Hawaii , but in a private moment , Amelia shares with Edith that , despite appearances , she and Russ are considering a divorce . The character was played by two different actresses in three episodes of the show . Richard Dysart and George S. Irving as Russ DeKuyper , Amelia 's husband . He is a plumbing contractor who continued the business started by Amelia 's father and uncles . He constantly flaunts his monetary wealth in front of Archie and looks askance at the way Archie lives , forgetting that he walked into a profitable plumbing business . He appeared in two of the episodes that featured Amelia Clyde Kusatsu as Reverend Chong appeared in three episodes . He refused to baptize little Joey in season six , and then remarried Archie and Edith , and Mike and Gloria in season eight , and gave counsel to Stephanie in season nine as it was learned that she was Jewish . ( Season 6 , 8 & 9 , 3 episodes ) Ruth McDevitt as Josephine `` Jo '' Nelson : She played the girlfriend of Justin Quigley , the older man Edith found walking around the supermarket . She appeared in three episodes from seasons four through six . Gloria and Mike adopted them as their godgrandparents . Of most of the characters , Archie took a liking to Justin and Jo. She died following the end of the sixth season . ( Season 4 & 5 , 3 episodes ) William Benedict as Jimmy McNabb : The Bunkers ' neighbor , he appeared in two episodes during the first and second seasons , and was referred to many times during the first few seasons . Jack Grimes as Mr. Whitehead : A member of Archie 's lodge , he was the local funeral director . The death of Archie 's cousin Oscar in a season - two episode of All in the Family brings the very short , white - haired , and silver - tongued Whitehead with his catalog of caskets . ( Season 2 & 4 , 2 episodes ) History and production ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The show came about when Norman Lear read an article in Variety magazine on Till Death Us Do Part and its success in the United Kingdom . He immediately knew it portrayed a relationship just like the one between his father and him . Lear bought the rights to the show and incorporated his own family experiences with his father into the show . Lear 's father would tell Lear 's mother to `` stifle herself '' and she would tell Lear 's father `` you are the laziest white man I ever saw '' ( two `` Archieisms '' that found their way onto the show ) . The original pilot was titled Justice for All and was developed for ABC . Tom Bosley , Jack Warden , and Jackie Gleason were all considered for the role of Archie Bunker . In fact , CBS wanted to buy the rights to the original show and retool it specifically for Gleason , who was under contract to them , but producer Lear beat out CBS for the rights and offered the show to ABC . In the pilot , Carroll O'Connor and Jean Stapleton played Archie and Edith Justice . Kelly Jean Peters played Gloria and Tim McIntire played her husband , Richard . It was taped in October 1968 in New York City . After screening the first pilot , ABC gave the producers more money to shoot a second pilot , titled Those Were the Days , which was taped in February 1969 in Hollywood . Candice Azzara played Gloria and Chip Oliver played Richard . D'Urville Martin played Lionel Jefferson in both pilots . After stations ' and viewers ' complaints caused ABC to cancel Turn - On after only one episode in February 1969 , the network became uneasy about airing a show with a `` foul - mouthed , bigoted lead '' character , and rejected the series at about the time Richard Dreyfuss sought the role of Michael . Rival network CBS was eager to update its image and was looking to replace much of its then popular `` rural '' programming ( Mayberry R.F.D. , The Beverly Hillbillies , Petticoat Junction , and Green Acres ) with more `` urban '' , contemporary series and was interested in Lear 's project . CBS bought the rights from ABC and retitled the show All in the Family . The pilot episode CBS developed had the final cast and was the series ' first episode . Lear wanted to shoot in black and white as Till Death Us Do Part had been . While CBS insisted on color , Lear had the set furnished in neutral tones , keeping everything relatively devoid of color . As costume designer Rita Riggs described in her 2001 Archive of American Television interview , Lear 's idea was to create the feeling of sepia tones , in an attempt to make viewers feel as if they were looking at an old family album . All in the Family was the first major American series to be videotaped in front of a live studio audience . In the 1960s , most sitcoms had been filmed in the single - camera format without audiences , with a laugh track simulating an audience response . Lear employed the multiple - camera format of shooting in front of an audience , but used tape , whereas previous multiple - camera shows like Mary Tyler Moore had used film . Due to the success of All in the Family , videotaping sitcoms in front of an audience became a common format for the genre during the 1970s , ' 80s , and ' 90s . The use of videotape also gave All in the Family the look and feel of early live television , including the original live broadcasts of The Honeymooners , to which All in the Family is sometimes compared . For the show 's final season , the practice of being taped before a live audience changed to playing the already taped and edited show to an audience and recording their laughter to add to the original sound track . Thus , the voice - over during the end credits was changed from Rob Reiner 's `` All in the Family was recorded on tape before a live audience '' to Carroll O'Connor's `` All in the Family was played to a studio audience for live responses '' . ( Typically , the audience was gathered for a taping of One Day at a Time , and got to see All In the Family as a bonus . ) Throughout its run , Norman Lear took pride in the fact that canned laughter was never used ( mentioning this on many occasions ) ; the laughter heard in the episodes was genuine . Theme song ( edit ) The series ' opening theme song `` Those Were The Days '' , was written by Lee Adams ( lyrics ) and Charles Strouse ( music ) . It was presented in a way that was unique for a 1970s series : Carroll O'Connor and Jean Stapleton were seated at a console or spinet piano ( played by Stapleton ) and sang the tune together on - camera at the start of every episode , concluding with live - audience applause . ( The song dates back to the first Justice For All pilot , although on that occasion O'Connor and Stapleton performed the song off - camera and at a faster tempo than the series version . ) Six different performances were recorded over the run of the series , including one version that includes additional lyrics . The song is a simple , pentatonic melody ( that can be played exclusively with black keys on a piano ) in which Archie and Edith wax nostalgic for the simpler days of yesteryear . A longer version of the song was released as a single on Atlantic Records , reaching number 43 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and number 30 on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart in early 1972 ; the additional lyrics in this longer version lend the song a greater sense of sadness , and make poignant reference to social changes taking place in the 1960s and early 1970s . Those Were The Days Boy , the way Glenn Miller played Songs that made the hit parade Guys like us , we had it made Those were the days ! And you knew where you were then Girls were girls , and men were men Mister , we could use a man like Herbert Hoover again Did n't need no welfare state Everybody pulled his weight Gee , our old LaSalle ran great Those were the days ! In the original 1968 pilot episode an additional verse was sung : Had my twelve - tube radio Loved The Eddie Cantor Show Oh where did all that beauty go ? Those were the days ! A few perceptible drifts can be observed when listening to each version chronologically . In the original version , the lyric `` Those Were The Days '' was sung over the tonic ( root chord of the song 's key ) , and the piano strikes a dominant 7th passing chord in transition to the next part , which is absent from subsequent versions . Jean Stapleton 's screeching high note on the line `` And you knew who you WEEERRE then '' became louder , longer , and more comical , although only in the original version did the line draw a laugh from the audience . Carroll O'Connor's pronunciation of `` welfare state '' gained more of Archie 's trademark whining enunciation , and the closing lyrics ( especially `` Gee , our old LaSalle ran great '' ) were sung with increasingly deliberate articulation , as viewers had complained that they could not understand the words . Also in the original version , the camera angle was shot slightly from the right side of the talent as opposed to the straight on angle of the next version . Jean Stapleton performed the theme song without glasses beginning in season 6 . In addition to O'Connor and Stapleton singing , footage is also shown beginning with aerial shots of Manhattan , and continuing to Queens , progressively zooming in , culminating with a still shot of a lower middle - class semidetached home , presumably representing the Bunkers ' house in Astoria . The house shown in the opening credits , however , is actually located at 89 -- 70 Cooper Avenue in the Glendale section of Queens , New York . A notable difference exists , however , between the Cooper Avenue house and the All in the Family set : the Cooper Avenue house has no porch , while the Bunkers ' home featured a front porch . The footage for the opening had been shot back in 1968 for the series ' first pilot , thus the establishing shot of the Manhattan skyline was completely devoid of the World Trade Center towers , which had not yet been built . When the series aired two years later , the Trade Center towers , although under construction , had still not yet risen high enough to become a prominent feature on the Manhattan skyline ( this did not happen until the end of 1971 ) . Despite this change in the Manhattan skyline , the original 1968 footage continued to be used for the series opening until the series transitioned into Archie Bunker 's Place in 1979 . At that time , a new opening with current shots of the Manhattan skyline was used with the Trade Center towers being seen in the closing credits . This opening format -- showing actual footage of the cities and neighborhoods in which the show was set -- became the standard for most of Norman Lear 's sitcoms , including Maude , Good Times , and The Jeffersons . At the end of the opening , the camera then returns to a few final seconds of O'Connor and Stapleton , as they finish the song . At the end of the original version , Edith smiles at Archie and Archie smiles off at a slight distance . In the longest running version ( from season 2 to season 5 ) , Edith smiles blissfully at Archie , and Archie puts a cigar in his mouth and returns a rather cynical , sheepish look to Edith . From season 6 through the season 8 , Edith smiles and rests her chin on Archie 's shoulder . In the final season , Edith hugs Archie at the conclusion . Additionally , in the first three versions of the opening , Archie is seen wearing his classic trademark white shirt . In the last version of the opening for the series ' ninth season , Archie is seen wearing a grey sweater - jacket over his white shirt . In all versions of the opening , the song 's conclusion is accompanied by applause from the studio audience . The opening for the animated series Family Guy begins with Peter and Lois Griffin singing at the piano , a tribute to the All in the Family opening . As with `` Those Were the Days '' , the lyrics to the Family Guy theme song also seem to imply that things have changed for the worse since the old days ( `` But where are those good old fashioned values / On which we used to rely ? '' ) . The All in the Family opening is also parodied in The Simpsons ninth - season episode `` Lisa 's Sax '' , as Homer and Marge Simpson sit at a piano and perform `` Those Were the Days '' with altered lyrics pertaining to the episode 's plot . In interviews , Norman Lear stated that the idea for the piano song introduction was a cost - cutting measure . After completion of the pilot episode , the budget would not allow an elaborate scene to serve as the sequence played during the show 's opening credits . Lear decided to have a simple scene of Archie and Edith singing at the piano . The closing theme ( an instrumental ) was `` Remembering You '' played by Roger Kellaway with lyrics co-written by Carroll O'Connor . It was played over footage of the same row of houses in Queens as in the opening ( but moving in the opposite direction down the street ) , and eventually moving back to aerial shots of Manhattan , suggesting the visit to the Bunkers ' home has concluded . O'Connor recorded a vocal version of `` Remembering You '' for a record album , but though he performed it several times on TV appearances , the lyrics ( about the end of a romance ) were never heard in the actual series . Except for some brief instances in the first season , no background or transitional music was used . Setting and location ( edit ) The house featured in the opening credits sequence , as it appeared in late 2013 Lear and his writers set the series in the Queens neighborhood of Astoria . The location of the Bunkers ' house at 704 Hauser Street is fictitious ( no Hauser Street exists in Queens ) . The address is not presented the way addresses are given in Queens : most address numbers are hyphenated , containing the number of the nearest cross street . Nevertheless , many episodes reveal that the Bunkers live near the major thoroughfare Northern Boulevard , which was the location of Kelsey 's Bar and later Archie Bunker 's Place . The façade of the house shown at the show opening is a home located at 89 - 70 Cooper Avenue , Glendale , Queens , New York , across from St. John Cemetery ( 40 ° 42 ′ 45 '' N 73 ° 51 ′ 39 '' W / 40.712492 ° N 73.860784 ° W / 40.712492 ; - 73.860784 ) . Many real Queens institutions are mentioned throughout the series . Carroll O'Connor , a Queens native from Forest Hills , said in an interview with the Archive of American Television that he suggested to the writers many of the locations to give the series authenticity . For example , Archie is revealed to have attended Flushing High School , a real high school located in Flushing , Queens ( although in the `` Man Of The Year '' episode of Archie Bunker 's Place , Archie attended Bryant High School in Long Island City , graduating in 1940 ) . As another example , the 1976 episode `` The Baby Contest '' deals with Archie entering baby Joey in a cutest baby contest sponsored by the Long Island Daily Press , a then - operating local newspaper in Queens and Long Island . The writers of All in the Family continued throughout the series to have the Bunkers and other characters use telephone exchange names when giving a telephone number ( most other series at the time , such as The Mary Tyler Moore Show , were using the standard fake 555 telephone number ) at a time when AT&T was trying to discontinue them . At different times throughout the series , the telephone exchanges Ravenswood and Bayside were used for the Bunkers ' telephone number . Both exchanges were and still are applicable names for phone numbers in the neighborhoods of Astoria and Bayside . This may have had to do with the fact that at the time many major cities in the United States , such as New York , were resisting the dropping of telephone exchange names in favor of all - number calling , and were still printing their telephone books with exchange names . Actual residents of the Bunkers ' age continued using exchange names into the early 1980s . This fact is referred to in the 1979 episode `` The Appendectomy '' , when Edith , while dialing a telephone number , uses the Parkview exchange name only to correct herself by saying that she keeps forgetting that it is all - number dialing now . However , she comes to the conclusion that the number is exactly the same either way . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of All in the Family episodes Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Rating Pilots 1968 1969 N / A N / A 13 January 12 , 1971 ( 1971 - 01 - 12 ) April 6 , 1971 ( 1971 - 04 - 06 ) N / A N / A 24 September 18 , 1971 ( 1971 - 09 - 18 ) March 11 , 1972 ( 1972 - 03 - 11 ) 34.0 24 September 16 , 1972 ( 1972 - 09 - 16 ) March 24 , 1973 ( 1973 - 03 - 24 ) 33.3 24 September 15 , 1973 ( 1973 - 09 - 15 ) March 16 , 1974 ( 1974 - 03 - 16 ) 31.2 5 23 September 14 , 1974 ( 1974 - 09 - 14 ) March 8 , 1975 ( 1975 - 03 - 08 ) 30.2 6 24 September 8 , 1975 ( 1975 - 09 - 08 ) March 8 , 1976 ( 1976 - 03 - 08 ) 30.1 7 25 September 22 , 1976 ( 1976 - 09 - 22 ) March 12 , 1977 ( 1977 - 03 - 12 ) 12 22.9 8 24 October 2 , 1977 ( 1977 - 10 - 02 ) March 19 , 1978 ( 1978 - 03 - 19 ) 24.4 9 24 September 24 , 1978 ( 1978 - 09 - 24 ) April 8 , 1979 ( 1979 - 04 - 08 ) 9 24.9 Jump up ^ Tied with 60 Minutes and Charlie 's Angels Jump up ^ Tied with Taxi `` Sammy 's Visit , '' first broadcast in February 1972 , is a particularly notable episode , whose famous episode - ending scene produced the longest sustained audience laughter in the history of the show . Guest star Sammy Davis , Jr. plays himself in the episode . Davis leaves a briefcase behind in Archie 's taxi ( Archie is moonlighting as a cab driver ) and goes to the Bunker home to pick it up . After hearing Archie 's racist remarks , Davis asks for a photograph with him . At the moment the picture is taken , Davis suddenly kisses a stunned Archie on the cheek . The ensuing laughter went on for so long that it had to be severely edited for network broadcast , as Carroll O'Connor still had one line ( `` Well , what the hell -- he said it was in his contract ! '' ) to deliver after the kiss . ( The line is usually cut in syndication . ) Syndication ( edit ) During the show 's sixth season , starting on December 1 , 1975 , CBS began showing reruns on weekdays at 3 pm ( EST ) , replacing long - running soap opera The Edge of Night , which had been purchased by ABC . It would later move to 3 : 30 pm and in September 1978 , 10 am . This lasted until September 1979 , when the reruns entered off - network syndication by Viacom . The show was picked up in most television markets as such . In 1991 , the show began to be syndicated by Columbia Pictures Television and has been by their heirs since then . Since the late 1980s , All in the Family has been rerun on various cable and satellite networks including TBS ( although they had the rights locally in Atlanta , as well ) , TV Land , and Nick at Nite . From January 3 , 2011 to December 31 , 2017 , the show aired on Antenna TV . As of January 1 , 2018 , the show now airs on GetTV . The cast settled their residual rights for a cash payout early in the production run . Ratings ( edit ) All in the Family is one of three television shows ( The Cosby Show and American Idol being the others ) that have been number one in the Nielsen ratings for five consecutive TV seasons . The show remained in the top 10 for seven of its nine seasons . Season Time Nielsen Ratings Rank Rating 1 ( 1970 -- 71 ) Tuesday at 9 : 30 - 10 : 00 pm on CBS # 34 18.9 2 ( 1971 -- 72 ) Saturday at 8 : 00 - 8 : 30 pm on CBS # 1 34.0 3 ( 1972 -- 73 ) 33.3 4 ( 1973 -- 74 ) 31.2 5 ( 1974 -- 75 ) 30.2 6 ( 1975 -- 76 ) Monday at 9 : 00 - 9 : 30 pm on CBS 30.1 7 ( 1976 -- 77 ) Wednesday at 9 : 00 - 9 : 30 pm on CBS ( September 22 -- October 27 , 1976 ) Saturday at 9 : 00 - 9 : 30 pm on CBS ( November 6 , 1976 -- March 12 , 1977 ) # 12 22.9 8 ( 1977 -- 78 ) Sunday at 9 : 00 - 9 : 30 pm on CBS # 4 24.4 ( Tied with 60 Minutes and Charlie 's Angels ) 9 ( 1978 -- 79 ) Sunday at 9 : 00 - 9 : 30 pm on CBS ( September 24 -- October 1 , 1978 ) Sunday at 8 : 00 - 8 : 30 pm on CBS ( October 8 , 1978 -- April 8 , 1979 ) # 9 24.9 ( Tied with Taxi ) The series finale was seen by 40.2 million viewers . Spin - offs ( edit ) According to The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows 1946 -- Present , All in the Family has the most spin - offs for a prime - time television series , spawning five other shows , three of which were very successful and two of which are spin - offs from spin - offs . The first spin - off was Maude , which debuted in September 1972 . It features Edith 's acerbic cousin Maude Findlay ( Bea Arthur ) , who first appeared on All in the Family in the December 1971 episode `` Cousin Maude 's Visit '' , visiting to take care of the influenza - suffering Bunkers . In March 1972 , at the end of the series ' second season , the character was again featured in the episode `` Maude '' . In this episode , a `` back door pilot '' for a new series , Archie and Edith visit her home in Westchester County to attend the wedding of her daughter Carol . Bill Macy played Maude 's husband Walter and Marcia Rodd played Carol ; Rodd was replaced by Adrienne Barbeau for the series . The show lasted for six seasons and 141 episodes , airing its final episode in April 1978 . Good Times is considered by some to be a spin off of Maude , as the show 's focus was Florida Evans , a character first appearing on Maude during its initial seasons as the Findlays maid . But the character 's history and situation were changed for the new show . According to producer Allan Manings , `` It was n't really a spin - off . '' The show features no reference to Maude , changes the name of Florida 's husband from Henry to James , and sets the show in a Chicago housing project . It ran for six seasons from February 1974 to August 1979 . The second and longest - lasting spin - off of All in the Family was The Jeffersons . Debuting on CBS in January 1975 , The Jeffersons lasted 11 seasons and 253 episodes ( more than All in the Family 's nine seasons and 208 episodes ) . The main characters were the Bunkers ' former next - door neighbors George and Louise Jefferson ( Sherman Hemsley and Isabel Sanford ) . George was the owner of seven successful dry - cleaning stores , and the series featured their life after moving from the Bunkers ' working - class neighborhood to a luxury high - rise apartment building in Manhattan 's Upper East Side . Checking In was spun off from The Jeffersons , focusing on the Jeffersons ' maid Florence Johnston , working as an executive housekeeper at the St. Frederick Hotel in Manhattan . It only lasted four weeks in April 1981 , and the character returned to her old job as the Jeffersons ' maid . Gloria was the third spin - off of All in the Family , focusing on now - divorced Gloria , starting a new life as an assistant trainee to a couple of veterinarians in Foxridge , New York . It premiered in September 1982 , and ran for one season . Archie Bunker 's Place was technically a spin - off , but was essentially a renamed continuation of the series , beginning in September 1979 following the final season of the original . It was primarily set in the titular neighborhood tavern which Archie Bunker purchased in the eighth - season of All in the Family . It aired for four seasons , until April 1983 . 704 Hauser features the Bunkers ' house with a new family . It was an inversion of the formula of the original , featuring a liberal African - American couple with a conservative son , who is dating a white Jewish woman . Gloria and Mike 's son Joey Stivic , now in his twenties , makes a brief appearance in the first episode . Five episodes aired in April and May 1994 . Specials ( edit ) At the height of the show 's popularity , Henry Fonda hosted a special one - hour retrospective of All in the Family and its impact on American television . Included were clips from the show 's most memorable episodes up to that time . It was titled The Best of `` All in the Family '' , and aired on December 21 , 1974 . A 90 - minute retrospective , All in the Family 20th Anniversary Special , was produced to commemorate the show 's 20th anniversary and aired on CBS on February 16 , 1991 . It was hosted by Norman Lear , and featured a compilation of clips from the show 's best moments , and interviews with the four main cast members . The special was so well received by the viewing audience CBS aired reruns of All in the Family during their summer schedule in 1991 , garnering higher ratings than the new series scheduled next to it , Norman Lear 's sitcom Sunday Dinner . The latter was Lear 's return to TV series producing after a seven - year absence , and was cancelled after the six - week tryout run . Home media ( edit ) Sony Pictures Home Entertainment ( formerly Columbia TriStar Home Entertainment ) released the first six seasons of All in the Family on DVD in Region 1 between 2002 and 2007 . No further seasons were released , because the sales figures did not match Sony 's expectations . On June 23 , 2010 , Shout ! Factory announced that it had acquired the rights to the series , and has since released the remaining three seasons . On October 30 , 2012 , Shout ! Factory released All in the Family - The Complete Series on DVD in Region 1 . The 28 - disc boxed set features all 208 episodes of the series , as well as bonus features . On February 6 , 2018 , Sony released All in the Family - Seasons 1 - 5 on DVD in Region 1 . The 15 - disc set features all episodes from the first five seasons . Vincent Gardenia ( before becoming a regular cast member as Frank Lorenzo ) and Rue McClanahan played a `` wife - swapping '' couple who meet the unsuspecting Bunkers in a 1972 episode . L-R : McClanahan , Carroll O'Connor , Jean Stapleton , and Gardenia . DVD Name Ep # Release Date The Complete First Season 13 March 26 , 2002 The Complete Second Season 24 February 4 , 2003 The Complete Third Season 24 July 20 , 2004 The Complete Fourth Season 24 April 12 , 2005 The Complete Fifth Season 25 January 3 , 2006 The Complete Sixth Season 24 February 13 , 2007 The Complete Seventh Season 25 October 5 , 2010 The Complete Eighth Season 24 January 11 , 2011 The Complete Ninth Season 24 May 17 , 2011 The Complete Series 208 October 30 , 2012 Cultural impact ( edit ) Archie and Edith Bunker 's chairs on display in the Smithsonian National Museum of American History As one of US television 's most acclaimed and groundbreaking programs , All in the Family has been referenced or parodied in countless other forms of media . References on other sitcoms include That ' 70s Show and The Simpsons . The animated series Family Guy pays homage to All in the Family in the opening sequence which features Peter and Lois Griffin playing the piano and singing a lament on the loss of traditional values and also paid tribute to the ending credits of the show at the end of the episode `` Stewie Loves Lois '' . Popular T - shirts , buttons , and bumper stickers showing O'Connor's image and farcically promoting `` Archie Bunker for President '' appeared around the time of the 1972 presidential election . In 1998 , All in the Family was honored on a 33 - cent stamp by the USPS . Archie and Edith Bunker 's chairs are on display in the Smithsonian National Museum of American History . The originals had been purchased by the show 's set designer for a few dollars at a local Goodwill thrift store , and were given to the Smithsonian ( for an exhibit on American television history ) in 1978 . It cost producers thousands of dollars to create replicas to replace the originals . Then - US President Richard Nixon can be heard discussing the show ( specifically the 1971 episodes `` Writing the President '' and `` Judging Books by Covers '' ) on one of the infamous Watergate tapes . Rapper Redman has made references to Archie Bunker in a few of his songs , specifically his smoking of large cigars . Awards and nominations ( edit ) All in the Family is the first of four sitcoms in which all the lead actors ( O'Connor , Stapleton , Struthers , and Reiner ) won Primetime Emmy Awards . The other three are The Golden Girls , The Simpsons , and Will and Grace . Primetime Emmy Awards and nominations ( edit ) 1971 Outstanding New Series ( Won ) Outstanding Series - Comedy ( Won ) Outstanding Continued Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role in a Comedy Series : Carroll O'Connor ( Nominated ) Outstanding Continued Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role in a Comedy Series : Jean Stapleton ( Won ) Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Comedy : John Rich for `` Gloria 's Pregnant '' ( Nominated ) Outstanding Writing Achievement in Comedy : Norman Lear for `` Meet the Bunkers '' ( Nominated ) Stanley Ralph Ross for `` Oh , My Aching Back '' ( Nominated ) 1972 Outstanding Series - Comedy ( Won ) Outstanding Single Program - Drama or Comedy for `` Sammy 's Visit '' ( Nominated ) Outstanding Achievement in Live or Tape Sound Mixing : Norman Dewes for `` The Elevator Story '' ( Won ) Outstanding Continued Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role in a Comedy Series : Carroll O'Connor ( Won ) Outstanding Continued Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role in a Comedy Series : Jean Stapleton ( Won ) Outstanding Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role in a Comedy Series : Rob Reiner ( Nominated ) Outstanding Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role in a Comedy Series : Sally Struthers ( Won ) Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Comedy : John Rich for `` Sammy 's Visit '' ( Won ) Outstanding Writing Achievement in Comedy : Burt Styler for `` Edith 's Problem '' ( Won ) Alan J. Levitt and Philip Mishkin for `` Mike 's Problem '' ( Nominated ) Norman Lear and Burt Styler for `` The Saga of Cousin Oscar '' ( Nominated ) 1973 Outstanding Comedy Series ( Won ) Outstanding Continued Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role in a Comedy Series : Carroll O'Connor ( Nominated ) Outstanding Continued Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role in a Comedy Series : Jean Stapleton ( Nominated ) Outstanding Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role in a Comedy Series : Rob Reiner ( Nominated ) Outstanding Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role in a Comedy Series : Sally Struthers ( Nominated ) Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Comedy : Bob LaHendro and John Rich for `` The Bunkers and the Swingers '' ( Nominated ) Outstanding Writing Achievement in Comedy : Lee Kalcheim & Michael Ross & Bernie West for `` The Bunkers and the Swingers '' ( Won ) Outstanding Comedy Series ( Nominated ) Best Lead Actor in a Comedy Series : Carroll O'Connor ( Nominated ) Best Lead Actress in a Comedy Series : Jean Stapleton ( Nominated ) Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series : Rob Reiner ( Won ) Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series : Sally Struthers ( Nominated ) Outstanding Comedy Series ( Nominated ) Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series : Carroll O'Connor ( Nominated ) Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series : Jean Stapleton ( Nominated ) Outstanding Continuing Performance by a Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series : Rob Reiner ( Nominated ) 1976 Outstanding Comedy Series ( Nominated ) 1977 Outstanding Comedy Series ( Nominated ) Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series : Carroll O'Connor ( Won ) Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series : Jean Stapleton ( Nominated ) Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series : Paul Bogart for `` The Draft Dodger '' ( Nominated ) Outstanding Art Direction or Scenic Design for a Comedy Series : Don Roberts for `` The Unemployment Story '' ( Nominated ) 1978 Outstanding Comedy Series ( Won ) Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series : Carroll O'Connor ( Won ) Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series : Jean Stapleton ( Won ) Outstanding Continuing Performance by a Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series : Rob Reiner ( Won ) Outstanding Continuing Performance by a Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series : Sally Struthers ( Nominated ) Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series : Paul Bogart for `` Edith 's 50th Birthday '' ( Won ) Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series : Bob Schiller and Bob Weiskopf for `` Edith 's 50th Birthday '' ( Nominated ) Larry Rhine & Erik Tarloff & Mel Tolkin for `` Edith 's Crisis of Faith '' ( Nominated ) Harve Brosten & Barry Harman & Bob Schiller & Bob Weiskopf for `` Cousin Liz '' ( Won ) 1979 Outstanding Comedy Series ( Nominated ) Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series : Carroll O'Connor ( Won ) Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series : Jean Stapleton ( Nominated ) Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy , Comedy - Variety , or Music Series : Sally Struthers ( Won ) Outstanding Directing for a Comedy , Comedy - Variety , or Music Series : Paul Bogart for `` California , Here We Are '' ( Nominated ) Outstanding Writing for a Comedy , Comedy - Variety , or Music Series : Milt Josefsberg & Bob Schiller & Phil Sharp & Bob Weiskopf for `` California , Here We Are '' ( Nominated ) Outstanding Video Tape Editing for a Series : Harvey W. Berger and Hal Collins for `` The 200th Episode Celebration of ' All in the Family ' '' ( Nominated ) Golden Globe Awards and Nominations ( edit ) 1972 Best TV Show - Musical / Comedy ( Won ) Best TV Actor - Musical / Comedy : Carroll O'Connor ( Won ) Best TV Actress - Musical / Comedy : Jean Stapleton ( Nominated ) Best Supporting Actor - Television : Rob Reiner ( Nominated ) Best Supporting Actress - Television : Sally Struthers ( Nominated ) 1973 Best TV Show - Musical / Comedy ( Won ) Best TV Actor - Musical / Comedy : Carroll O'Connor ( Nominated ) Best TV Actress - Musical / Comedy : Jean Stapleton ( Won ) Best Supporting Actor - Television : Rob Reiner ( Nominated ) Best Supporting Actress - Television : Sally Struthers ( Nominated ) Best TV Show - Musical / Comedy ( Won ) Best TV Actor - Musical / Comedy : Carroll O'Connor ( Nominated ) Best TV Actress - Musical / Comedy : Jean Stapleton ( Won ) Best Supporting Actor - Television : Rob Reiner ( Nominated ) Best Supporting Actress - Television : Sally Struthers ( Nominated ) Best TV Show - Musical / Comedy ( Nominated ) Best TV Actor - Musical / Comedy : Carroll O'Connor ( Nominated ) Best TV Actress - Musical / Comedy : Jean Stapleton ( Nominated ) Best Supporting Actress - Television : Betty Garrett ( Won ) 1976 Best TV Actor - Musical / Comedy : Carroll O'Connor ( Nominated ) Best Supporting Actor - Television : Rob Reiner ( Nominated ) 1977 Best Supporting Actor - Television : Rob Reiner ( Nominated ) Best Supporting Actress - Television : Sally Struthers ( Nominated ) 1978 Best TV Series - Musical / Comedy ( Won ) Best TV Actor - Musical / Comedy : Carroll O'Connor ( Nominated ) Best TV Actress - Musical / Comedy : Jean Stapleton ( Nominated ) 1979 Best TV Series - Musical / Comedy ( Nominated ) Best TV Actress - Musical / Comedy : Jean Stapleton ( Nominated ) 1980 Best TV Actress - Musical / Comedy : Jean Stapleton ( Nominated ) TCA Heritage Award ( edit ) In 2013 , the Television Critics Association honored All in the Family with its Heritage Award for its cultural and social impact on society . See also ( edit ) All in a Family List of American television shows based on foreign shows List of All in the Family writers References ( edit ) Jump up ^ All in the Family TV Show - Videos , Actors , Photos and Episodes from the Classic Television Show Archived November 10 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` All - TIME 100 TV Shows '' . Time . Time Inc . Retrieved 14 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Cowan , Geoffrey ( 28 March 1980 ) . `` See No Evil '' . Simon and Schuster -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Leonard , David J. ; Guerrero , Lisa ( 23 April 2013 ) . `` African Americans on Television : Race - ing for Ratings '' . ABC - CLIO -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Special Collector 's Issue : 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time '' . TV Guide ( June 28 -- July 4 ) . 1997 . Jump up ^ The 100 Greatest TV Characters at Bravo.com Archived January 10 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` 101 Best Written TV Series List '' . wga.org . Jump up ^ Fretts , Bruce ; Roush , Matt . `` The Greatest Shows on Earth '' . TV Guide Magazine . 61 ( 3194 - 3195 ) : 16 -- 19 . Jump up ^ `` USPS.com ® - ZIP Code Lookup '' . Retrieved 20 April 2015 . Jump up ^ This is an allusion to an early 20th - century comic strip , The Dingbat Family ( fr ) , by cartoonist George Herriman . Jump up ^ Lear , Norman ( June 5 , 2013 ) . `` Norman Lear Pens New Personal Tribute to Jean Stapleton '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` Gloria Bunker - Stivic '' . ShareTV.org . Retrieved 19 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rob Reiner '' . TV.com . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Revealed in `` Stretch Cunningham , Goodbye '' episode . Jump up ^ Source : The end credits of season three episodes , and onward , mention Tommy Kelsey as the character playing the bar owner . Jump up ^ `` All in the Family 08 13 Edith 's Crisis of Faith 1 '' . YouTube . Retrieved 12 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Nussbaum , Emily ( April 7 , 2014 ) . `` The Great Divide : Norman Lear , Archie Bunker , and the Rise of the Bad Fan '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved 28 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Norman Lear credits the British TV sitcom Till Death Do Us Part as being the inspiration for All in the Family '' . Jump up ^ Justice for All ( unaired pilot # 1 ) on YouTube Jump up ^ Those Were the Days ( unaired pilot # 2 ) on YouTube Jump up ^ Neuwirth , Allan ( 2006 ) . They 'll never put that on the air : an oral history of taboo - breaking TV comedy . Allworth Communications , Inc . pp. 132 -- 133 . ISBN 1 - 58115 - 417 - 8 . Jump up ^ Gitlin , Todd ( 2000 ) . Inside Prime Time . University of California Press . p. 212 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 21785 - 3 . Jump up ^ Wikiquote : All in the Family # Theme song ^ Jump up to : Yee , Vivian ( June 2 , 2013 ) . `` Stifled by Time 's Passage , Fewer Fans Visit the Bunkers ' TV Home '' . New York Times . p . A16 . Jump up ^ 89 - 70 Cooper Ave ( 1970 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Location of the target house as per Google Maps '' . Maps.google.ca . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Tim ; Marsh , Earle ( 2007 ) . The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows 1946 - Present ( Ninth Edition ) . Ballantine Books . p. 1686 - 1688 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 49773 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Classic TV Sales - All in the Family '' . Atari Fun . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2012 . Retrieved 19 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' All in the Family ' star Jean Stapleton dead at 90 '' . EW.com . Jump up ^ http://www.revealshot.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/ALL-IN-THE-FAMILY-RATINGS-1970-79-2.pdf Jump up ^ `` Ratings archive 1971 '' . Classictvhits.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings archive 1972 '' . Classictvhits.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings archive 1973 '' . Classictvhits.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings archive 1974 '' . Classictvhits.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings archive 1975 '' . Classictvhits.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings archive 1976 '' . Classictvhits.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Ratings archives 1977 ( 1 ) ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Ratings archives 1978 ( 3 ) ( 4 ) Jump up ^ Quotenmeter.de - Das Online - Fernsehmagazin ( 2005 - 05 - 23 ) . `` Die erfolgreichsten Serien - Finale '' . Quotenmeter.de . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Tim ( 2007 ) . The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows : 1946 - Present ( Ninth Edition ) . Ballantine Books . pp. 1707 -- 1709 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 49773 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Ebony '' . Jump up ^ Du Brow , Rick ( 1991 - 07 - 20 ) . `` Will Someone Please Fix the Emmy Awards ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` All in the Family DVD news : DVD Plans for All in the Family '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` All in the Family DVD news : Announcement for All in the Family - The Complete 7th Season '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` All in the Family DVD news : Announcement for All in the Family - The Complete 8th Season '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com. 2007 - 05 - 25 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` All in the Family DVD news : Announcement for All in the Family - The Complete 9th Season '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` All in the Family DVD news : Announcement for All in the Family - The Complete Series - TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . Retrieved 20 April 2015 . Jump up ^ ( http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/news/Family-Seasons-1-through-5/23958 Sony to Release a ' Seasons 1 - 5 ' DVD Set ) Jump up ^ All in the Family , episode `` The Bunkers and the Swingers '' ( 1972 ) on IMDb Jump up ^ All in the Family stamp at National Postal Museum , Smithsonian Institution Arago.si.edu Jump up ^ `` NMAH , The Bunker 's Chairs '' . Americanhistory.si.edu . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ CNN ( 24 July 2013 ) . `` Richard Nixon discusses homosexuality '' . Retrieved 15 May 2017 -- via YouTube . In a clip from the 1970s , Richard Nixon is heard complaining that the sitcom `` All in the Family '' glorifies homosexuality . Jump up ^ James Warren ( 1999 - 11 - 07 ) . `` Nixon on Tape Expounds on Welfare and Homosexuality '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Redman - How To Roll A Blunt Lyrics - MetroLyrics '' . Retrieved 20 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : All in the Family - Awards & Nominations at IMDb Jump up ^ `` The Television Critics Association Announces 2013 TCA Awards Winners '' . Television Critics Association . August 3 , 2013 . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2013 . Retrieved August 4 , 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) Adler , Richard P. , ed. ( 1979 ) . All in the Family : A Critical Appraisal . New York : Praeger . ISBN 0275903265 . OCLC 5853047 . Garner , Joe ( 2002 ) . Stay Tuned : Television 's Unforgettable Moments . Kansas City , Mo. : Andrews McMeel Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7407 - 2693 - 5 . OCLC 60671579 . McCrohan , Donna ( 1988 ) . Archie & Edith , Mike & Gloria : The Tumultuous History of All in the Family . New York : Workman Publishing . ISBN 0 - 89480 - 527 - 4 . OCLC 759882713 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : All in the Family Wikimedia Commons has media related to All in the Family . Encyclopedia of Television entry on All in the Family All in the Family on IMDb All in the Family on emmys.com All in the Family on TVLand.com All in the Family on TV.Com All in the Family sit.com website All in the Family - related interview videos at the Archive of American Television Preceded by The Wonderful World of Disney 1977 All in the Family Super Bowl lead - out program 1978 Succeeded by Brothers and Sisters 1979 All in the Family Main characters Archie Bunker Edith Bunker Gloria Stivic Michael Stivic Stephanie Mills Recurring characters Joey Stivic George Jefferson Louise Jefferson Lionel Jefferson Henry Jefferson Episodes `` Maude '' `` Cousin Liz '' `` Edith 's 50th Birthday '' `` Edith 's Crisis of Faith '' `` The 200th Episode Celebration of All in the Family '' Related series Based on Till Death Us Do Part Spin - offs Maude ( 1972 -- 1978 ) ( episodes ) Good Times ( 1974 -- 1979 ) ( episodes ) The Jeffersons ( 1975 -- 1985 ) ( episodes ) Checking In ( 1981 ) Gloria ( 1982 -- 1983 ) Sequels Archie Bunker 's Place ( 1979 -- 1983 ) ( episodes ) 704 Hauser ( 1994 ) Till Death Us Do Part Characters Alf Garnett Episodes List of episodes Films Till Death Us Do Part The Alf Garnett Saga Sequels Till Death ... In Sickness and in Health Adaptations Ein Herz und eine Seele All in the Family Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series The Red Skelton Show ( 1952 ) I Love Lucy ( 1953 ) I Love Lucy ( 1954 ) Make Room for Daddy ( 1955 ) The Phil Silvers Show ( 1956 ) The Phil Silvers Show ( 1957 ) The Phil Silvers Show ( 1958 ) The Jack Benny Program ( 1959 ) The Art Carney Special ( 1960 ) The Jack Benny Program ( 1961 ) The Bob Newhart Show ( 1962 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show ( 1963 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show ( 1964 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show ( 1965 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show ( 1966 ) The Monkees ( 1967 ) Get Smart ( 1968 ) Get Smart ( 1969 ) My World and Welcome to It ( 1970 ) All in the Family ( 1971 ) All in the Family ( 1972 ) All in the Family ( 1973 ) M * A * S * H ( 1974 ) The Mary Tyler Moore Show ( 1975 ) The Mary Tyler Moore Show ( 1976 ) The Mary Tyler Moore Show ( 1977 ) All in the Family ( 1978 ) Taxi ( 1979 ) Taxi ( 1980 ) Taxi ( 1981 ) Barney Miller ( 1982 ) Cheers ( 1983 ) Cheers ( 1984 ) The Cosby Show ( 1985 ) The Golden Girls ( 1986 ) The Golden Girls ( 1987 ) The Wonder Years ( 1988 ) Cheers ( 1989 ) Murphy Brown ( 1990 ) Cheers ( 1991 ) Murphy Brown ( 1992 ) Seinfeld ( 1993 ) Frasier ( 1994 ) Frasier ( 1995 ) Frasier ( 1996 ) Frasier ( 1997 ) Frasier ( 1998 ) Ally McBeal ( 1999 ) Will & Grace ( 2000 ) Sex and the City ( 2001 ) Friends ( 2002 ) Everybody Loves Raymond ( 2003 ) Arrested Development ( 2004 ) Everybody Loves Raymond ( 2005 ) The Office ( 2006 ) 30 Rock ( 2007 ) 30 Rock ( 2008 ) 30 Rock ( 2009 ) Modern Family ( 2010 ) Modern Family ( 2011 ) Modern Family ( 2012 ) Modern Family ( 2013 ) Modern Family ( 2014 ) Veep ( 2015 ) Veep ( 2016 ) Veep ( 2017 ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding New Series Make Room for Daddy / The United States Steel Hour ( 1954 ) Playhouse 90 ( 1957 ) The Seven Lively Arts ( 1958 ) Room 222 ( 1970 ) All in the Family ( 1971 ) Elizabeth R ( 1972 ) America : A Personal History of the United States ( 1973 ) Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy The Governor & J.J. ( 1969 ) The Carol Burnett Show ( 1970 ) All in the Family , season 1 / season 2 ( 1971 ) All in the Family , season 2 / season 3 ( 1972 ) All in the Family , season 3 / season 4 ( 1973 ) Rhoda , season 1 ( 1974 ) Barney Miller , season 1 / season 2 ( 1975 ) Barney Miller , season 2 / season 3 ( 1976 ) All in the Family , season 7 / season 8 ( 1977 ) Taxi , season 1 ( 1978 ) Alice / Taxi , season 1 / season 2 ( 1979 ) Taxi , season 2 / season 3 ( 1980 ) M * A * S * H , season 9 / season 10 ( 1981 ) Fame ( 1982 ) Fame ( 1983 ) The Cosby Show , season 1 ( 1984 ) The Golden Girls , season 1 ( 1985 ) The Golden Girls , season 1 / season 2 ( 1986 ) The Golden Girls , season 2 / season 3 ( 1987 ) The Wonder Years , season 1 / season 2 ( 1988 ) Murphy Brown ( 1989 ) Cheers , season 8 / season 9 ( 1990 ) Brooklyn Bridge ( 1991 ) Roseanne , season 4 / season 5 ( 1992 ) Seinfeld , season 4 / season 5 ( 1993 ) Frasier , season 1 / season 2 & Mad About You ( 1994 ) Cybill ( 1995 ) 3rd Rock from the Sun , season 1 / season 2 ( 1996 ) Ally McBeal , season 1 ( 1997 ) Ally McBeal , season 1 / season 2 ( 1998 ) Sex and the City , season 2 ( 1999 ) Sex and the City , season 3 ( 2000 ) Sex and the City , season 4 ( 2001 ) Curb Your Enthusiasm ( 2002 ) The Office ( UK ) ( 2003 ) Desperate Housewives , season 1 ( 2004 ) Desperate Housewives , season 1 / season 2 ( 2005 ) Ugly Betty , season 1 ( 2006 ) Extras ( 2007 ) 30 Rock , season 2 / season 3 ( 2008 ) Glee , season 1 ( 2009 ) Glee , season 1 / season 2 ( 2010 ) Modern Family , season 2 / season 3 ( 2011 ) Girls , season 1 ( 2012 ) Brooklyn Nine - Nine , season 1 ( 2013 ) Transparent , season 1 ( 2014 ) Mozart in the Jungle , season 1 ( 2015 ) Atlanta , season 1 ( 2016 ) The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel , season 1 ( 2017 ) TCA Heritage Award The Simpsons ( 2002 ) Buffy the Vampire Slayer ( 2003 ) 60 Minutes ( 2004 ) Nightline ( 2005 ) The West Wing ( 2006 ) The Sopranos ( 2007 ) The Wire ( 2008 ) ER ( 2009 ) M * A * S * H ( 2010 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show ( 2011 ) Cheers ( 2012 ) All in the Family ( 2013 ) Saturday Night Live ( 2014 ) Late Show / Late Night with David Letterman ( 2015 ) The Mary Tyler Moore Show ( 2016 ) Seinfeld ( 2017 ) Nielsen Media Research top - rated United States network television show 1950s 50 -- 51 : Texaco Star Theater 51 -- 52 : Arthur Godfrey 's Talent Scouts 52 -- 53 , 53 -- 54 , 54 -- 55 : I Love Lucy 55 -- 56 : The $64,000 Question 56 -- 57 : I Love Lucy 57 -- 58 , 58 -- 59 , 59 -- 60 : Gunsmoke 1960s 60 -- 61 : Gunsmoke 61 -- 62 : Wagon Train 62 -- 63 , 63 -- 64 : The Beverly Hillbillies ( S1 , S2 ) 64 -- 65 , 65 -- 66 , 66 -- 67 : Bonanza 67 -- 68 : The Andy Griffith Show ( S8 ) 68 -- 69 , 69 -- 70 : Rowan & Martin 's Laugh - In 1970s 70 -- 71 : Marcus Welby , M.D. 71 -- 72 , 72 -- 73 , 73 -- 74 , 74 -- 75 , 75 -- 76 : All in the Family ( S2 , S3 , S4 , S5 , S6 ) 76 -- 77 : Happy Days ( S4 ) 77 -- 78 , 78 -- 79 : Laverne & Shirley ( S3 , S4 ) 79 -- 80 : 60 Minutes 1980s 80 -- 81 , 81 -- 82 : Dallas ( S4 , S5 ) 82 -- 83 : 60 Minutes 83 -- 84 : Dallas ( S7 ) 84 -- 85 : Dynasty 85 -- 86 , 86 -- 87 , 87 -- 88 , 88 -- 89 : The Cosby Show ( S2 , S3 , S4 , S5 ) 89 -- 90 : Roseanne ( S2 ) / The Cosby Show ( S6 ) 1990s 90 -- 91 : Cheers ( S9 ) 91 -- 92 , 92 -- 93 , 93 -- 94 : 60 Minutes 94 -- 95 : Seinfeld ( S6 ) 95 -- 96 , 96 -- 97 : ER ( S2 , S3 ) 97 -- 98 : Seinfeld ( S9 ) 98 -- 99 : ER ( S5 ) 99 -- 2000 : Who Wants to Be a Millionaire 2000s 00 -- 01 : Survivor ( S2 - AO ) 01 -- 02 : Friends ( S8 ) 02 -- 03 , 03 -- 04 , 04 -- 05 , : CSI : Crime Scene Investigation ( S3 , S4 , S5 ) 05 -- 06 , 06 -- 07 , 07 -- 08 , 08 -- 09 , 09 -- 10 : American Idol ( S5 , S6 , S7 , S8 , S9 ) 2010s 10 -- 11 : American Idol ( S10 ) 11 - 12 : NBC Sunday Night Football 12 - 13 : NCIS ( S10 ) 13 - 14 , 14 - 15 , 15 - 16 , 16 -- 17 : NBC Sunday Night Football Shows produced or created by Norman Lear The Deputy ( 1959 -- 61 ) All in the Family ( 1971 -- 79 ) Sanford and Son ( 1972 -- 78 ) Maude ( 1972 -- 78 ) Good Times ( 1974 -- 79 ) The Jeffersons ( 1975 -- 85 ) Hot l Baltimore ( 1975 ) One Day at a Time ( 1975 -- 84 ) Mary Hartman , Mary Hartman ( 1976 -- 78 ) The Dumplings ( 1976 ) All 's Fair ( 1976 -- 77 ) The Nancy Walker Show ( 1976 ) All That Glitters ( 1977 ) Fernwood 2 Night ( 1977 ) A Year at the Top ( 1977 ) Sanford Arms ( 1977 ) America 2 - Night ( 1978 ) In the Beginning ( 1978 ) Apple Pie ( 1978 ) Hanging In ( 1979 ) The Baxters ( 1979 -- 81 ) Palmerstown , U.S.A. ( 1980 -- 81 ) a.k.a. Pablo ( 1984 ) E / R ( 1984 -- 85 ) Sunday Dinner ( 1991 ) The Powers That Be ( 1992 -- 93 ) 704 Hauser ( 1994 ) Channel Umptee - 3 ( 1997 -- 98 ) One Day at a Time ( 2017 -- present ) Guess Who Died ? ( 2018 ) Works by Johnny Speight TV Sykes and a ... ( 1960 ) Till Death Us Do Part ( 1966 -- 75 ) Justice For All ( US , 1968 ) Curry and Chips ( 1969 ) Those Were The Days ( US , 1969 ) All in the Family ( US , 1971 -- 79 ) Ein Herz und eine Seele ( Germany , 1973 -- 76 ) For Richer ... For Poorer ( 1975 ) Spooner 's Patch ( 1979 - 1982 ) ( With Ray Galton ) Till Death ... ( 1981 ) The Lady Is a Tramp ( 1983 - 84 ) In Sickness and in Health ( 1985 -- 92 ) Films Privilege ( 1967 ) Till Death Us Do Part ( film ) ( 1969 ) The Alf Garnett Saga ( 1972 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=All_in_the_Family&oldid=836861824 '' Categories : All in the Family characters 1970s American sitcoms 1971 American television series debuts 1979 American television series endings American television series based on British television series Best Musical or Comedy Series Golden Globe winners CBS network shows English - language television programs Media portrayals of the working class Nielsen ratings winners Peabody Award - winning television programs Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series winners Social realism Super Bowl lead - out programs Television series created by Norman Lear Television series by CBS Television Studios Television series by Sony Pictures Television Television series about dysfunctional families Television shows set in New York City Till Death Us Do Part ( British TV series ) Queens , New York in fiction Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Interlanguage link template link number Articles needing additional references from January 2015 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2015 Articles using Template : EmmyTVLegends title Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Deutsch Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands Polski Português Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 April 2018 , at 08 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All%20in%20the%20Family	1,594
where is the walk of fame in california	The Hollywood Walk of Fame comprises more than 2,600 five - pointed terrazzo and brass stars embedded in the sidewalks along 15 blocks of Hollywood Boulevard and three blocks of Vine Street in Hollywood , California . The stars are permanent public monuments to achievement in the entertainment industry , bearing the names of a mix of actors , musicians , directors , producers , musical and theatrical groups , fictional characters , and others . The Walk of Fame is administered by the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce and maintained by the self - financing Hollywood Historic Trust . It is a popular tourist destination , with a reported 10 million visitors in 2003 .	along 15 blocks of Hollywood Boulevard and three blocks of Vine Street in Hollywood , California	Hollywood Walk of Fame	hollywood walk of fame		Entertainment hall of fame in Hollywood , Los Angeles Hollywood Walk of Fame 6801 Hollywood Boulevard near the Dolby Theatre Hollywood Walk of Fame Location of the Hollywood Walk of Fame , at its center at Hollywood and Vine , within Central Los Angeles Established 1958 Location Hollywood Blvd. and Vine St . Hollywood , Los Angeles 34 ° 06 ′ 06 '' N 118 ° 19 ′ 36 '' W / 34.101630 ° N 118.326684 ° W / 34.101630 ; - 118.326684 Type Entertainment hall of fame Visitors 10 million annually Public transit access Hollywood / Vine Hollywood / Highland Website Official website Los Angeles Historic - Cultural Monument Designated July 5 , 1978 Reference no . 194 The Hollywood Walk of Fame comprises more than 2,600 five - pointed terrazzo and brass stars embedded in the sidewalks along 15 blocks of Hollywood Boulevard and three blocks of Vine Street in Hollywood , California . The stars are permanent public monuments to achievement in the entertainment industry , bearing the names of a mix of actors , musicians , directors , producers , musical and theatrical groups , fictional characters , and others . The Walk of Fame is administered by the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce and maintained by the self - financing Hollywood Historic Trust . It is a popular tourist destination , with a reported 10 million visitors in 2003 . Contents 1 Description 1.1 Categorization 1.2 Special stars 2 History 2.1 Origin 2.2 Selection and construction 2.3 Stagnation and revitalization 2.4 Expansion 2.5 Restoration 3 The Walk of Fame today 3.1 Multiple stars 3.2 Controversial additions 3.3 Stars with the same name 3.4 Bending the rules 3.5 Unique and unusual 3.6 Fictional characters and their creators 3.7 Star locations 3.8 Errors and mysteries 3.9 Theft and vandalism 3.10 Four Ladies of Hollywood 4 Nomination process 5 Homage 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Description ( edit ) The Walk of Fame runs 1.3 miles ( 2.1 km ) east to west on Hollywood Boulevard from Gower Street to La Brea Avenue , plus a short segment of Marshfield Way that runs diagonally between Hollywood and La Brea ; and 0.4 miles ( 0.64 km ) north to south on Vine Street between Yucca Street and Sunset Boulevard . According to a 2003 report by the market research firm NPO Plog Research , the Walk attracts about 10 million visitors annually -- more than Sunset Strip , TCL Chinese Theatre ( formerly Grauman 's ) , the Queen Mary , and the Los Angeles County Museum of Art -- and has played an important role in making tourism the largest industry in Los Angeles County . Categorization ( edit ) As of 2017 , the Walk of Fame comprises over 2,600 stars , spaced at 6 - foot ( 1.8 m ) intervals . The monuments are coral - pink terrazzo five - point stars rimmed with brass ( not bronze , an oft - repeated inaccuracy ) inlaid into a charcoal - colored terrazzo background . In the upper portion of each star field the name of the honoree is inlaid in brass block letters . Below the inscription , in the lower half of the star field , a round inlaid brass emblem indicates the category of the honoree 's contributions . The emblems symbolize five categories within the entertainment industry : Classic film camera representing motion pictures Television receiver representing broadcast television Phonograph record representing audio recording or music Radio microphone representing broadcast radio Comedy / tragedy masks representing theatre / live performance ( added in 1984 ) Of all the stars on the Walk to date , 47 % have been awarded in the motion pictures category , 24 % in television , 17 % in audio recording , 10 % in radio , and less than 2 % in the live performance category . Approximately 20 new stars are added to the Walk each year . Special stars ( edit ) Special category stars recognize various contributions by corporate entities , service organizations , and special honorees , and display emblems unique to those honorees . For example , former Los Angeles mayor Tom Bradley 's star displays the Seal of the City of Los Angeles ; the Los Angeles Police Department ( LAPD ) star emblem is a replica of a Hollywood Division badge ; and stars representing corporations , such as Victoria 's Secret and the Los Angeles Dodgers , display the honoree 's corporate logo . The `` Friends of the Walk of Fame '' monuments are charcoal terrazzo squares rimmed by miniature pink terrazzo stars displaying the five standard category emblems , along with the sponsor 's corporate logo , with the sponsor 's name and contribution in inlaid brass block lettering . Special stars and Friends monuments are granted by the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce or the Hollywood Historic Trust , but are not part of the Walk of Fame proper and are located nearby on private property . The monuments for the Apollo 11 mission to the Moon are uniquely shaped : Four identical circular moons , bearing the names of the three astronauts ( Neil A. Armstrong , Edwin E. Aldrin Jr. , Michael Collins ) the date of the first Moon landing ( `` 7 / 20 / 69 '' ) , and the words `` Apollo XI '' , are set on each of the four corners of the intersection of Hollywood and Vine . The moons are silver and grey terrazzo circles rimmed in brass on a square pink terrazzo background , with the television emblem inlaid at the top of each circle . History ( edit ) Origin ( edit ) The Walk of Fame at the 6800 block of Hollywood Boulevard , looking eastward . The Dolby Theatre is in the foreground at left . In the upper left quadrant is the famous intersection of Hollywood and Highland Center . The Hollywood Chamber of Commerce credits E.M. Stuart , its volunteer president in 1953 , with the original idea for creating a Walk of Fame . Stuart reportedly proposed the Walk as a means to `` maintain the glory of a community whose name means glamour and excitement in the four corners of the world . '' Harry Sugarman , another Chamber member and president of the Hollywood Improvement Association , receives credit in an independent account . A committee was formed to flesh out the idea , and an architectural firm was retained to develop specific proposals . By 1955 the basic concept and general design had been agreed upon , and plans were submitted to the Los Angeles City Council . Multiple accounts exist for the origin of the star concept . According to one , the historic Hollywood Hotel -- which stood for more than 50 years on Hollywood Boulevard at the site now occupied by the Hollywood and Highland complex and the Dolby ( formerly Kodak ) Theatre -- displayed stars on its dining room ceiling above the tables favored by its most famous celebrity patrons , and that may have served as an early inspiration . By another account , the stars were `` inspired ... by Sugarman 's ( Tropics Restaurant ) drinks menu , which featured celebrity photos framed in gold stars . '' In February 1956 a prototype was unveiled featuring a caricature of an example honoree ( John Wayne , by some accounts ) inside a blue star on a brown background . However , caricatures proved too expensive and difficult to execute in brass with the technology available at the time ; and the brown and blue motif was vetoed by Charles E. Toberman , the legendary real estate developer known as `` Mr. Hollywood '' , because the colors clashed with a new building he was erecting on Hollywood Boulevard . Selection and construction ( edit ) By March 1956 the final design and coral - and - charcoal color scheme had been approved , and between the spring of 1956 and the fall of 1957 , 1,558 honorees were selected by committees representing the four major branches of the entertainment industry at that time : motion pictures , television , audio recording , and radio . The committees met at the Brown Derby restaurant , and included such prominent names as Cecil B. DeMille , Samuel Goldwyn , Jesse L. Lasky , Walt Disney , Hal Roach , Mack Sennett , and Walter Lantz . Woodward 's star , contrary to popular belief , was not the first . A requirement stipulated by the original audio recording committee ( and later rescinded ) specified minimum sales of one million records or 250,000 albums for all music category nominees . The committee soon realized that many important recording artists would be excluded from the Walk by that requirement . As a result , the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences was formed for the purpose of creating a separate award system for the music business . The first Grammy Awards were presented in Beverly Hills in 1959 . Construction of the Walk began in 1958 but two lawsuits delayed completion . The first was filed by local property owners challenging the legality of the $ 1.25 million tax assessment levied upon them to pay for the Walk , along with new street lighting and trees . In October 1959 the assessment was ruled legal . The second lawsuit , filed by Charles Chaplin , Jr. , sought damages for the exclusion of his father , whose nomination had been withdrawn due to pressure from multiple quarters ( see Controversial additions ) . Chaplin 's suit was dismissed in 1960 , paving the way for completion of the project . While Joanne Woodward is often singled out as the first to receive a star on the Walk of Fame , in fact there was no `` first '' recipient ; the original stars were installed as a continuous project , with no individual ceremonies . Woodward 's name was one of eight drawn at random from the original 1,558 and inscribed on eight prototype stars that were built while litigation was still holding up permanent construction . The eight prototypes were installed temporarily on the northwest corner of Hollywood Boulevard and Highland Avenue in August 1958 to generate publicity and to demonstrate how the Walk would eventually look . The other seven names were Olive Borden , Ronald Colman , Louise Fazenda , Preston Foster , Burt Lancaster , Edward Sedgwick , and Ernest Torrence . Official groundbreaking took place on February 8 , 1960 . On March 28 , 1960 , the first permanent star , director Stanley Kramer 's , was completed on the easternmost end of the new Walk near the intersection of Hollywood and Gower . The Joanne Woodward legend may have originated , according to one source , because she was the first to pose with her star for photographers . Stagnation and revitalization ( edit ) Though the Walk was originally conceived in part to encourage redevelopment of Hollywood Boulevard , the 1960s and 1970s were periods of protracted urban decay in the Hollywood area as residents moved to suburbs . After the initial installation of approximately 1,500 stars in 1960 and 1961 , eight years passed without the addition of a new star . In 1962 the Los Angeles City Council passed an ordinance naming the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce `` the agent to advise the City '' about adding names to the Walk , and the Chamber , over the following six years , devised rules , procedures , and financing methods to do so . In December 1968 , Richard D. Zanuck was awarded the first star in eight years in a presentation ceremony hosted by Danny Thomas . In July 1978 the City of Los Angeles designated the Hollywood Walk of Fame a Los Angeles Historic - Cultural Monument . Johnny Grant , center , at producer Joe Pasternak 's presentation ceremony in 1991 . At left is Gene Kelly . Radio personality , television producer and Chamber member Johnny Grant is generally credited with implementing the changes that resuscitated the Walk and established it as a significant tourist attraction . Beginning in 1968 , he stimulated publicity and encouraged international press coverage by requiring that each recipient personally attend his or her star 's unveiling ceremony . Grant later recalled that `` it was tough to get people to come accept a star '' until the neighborhood finally began its recovery in the 1980s . In 1980 he instituted a fee of $2,500 , payable by the person or entity nominating the recipient , to fund the Walk of Fame 's upkeep and minimize further taxpayer burden . The fee has increased incrementally over time ; by 2002 it had reached $15,000 , and stood at $30,000 in 2012 . The current ( 2017 ) fee is $40,000 . Grant was awarded a star in 1980 for his television work . In 2002 , he received a second star in the `` special '' category to acknowledge his pivotal role in improving and popularizing the Walk . He was also named chairman of the Selection Committee and Honorary Mayor of Hollywood ( a ceremonial position previously held by Art Linkletter and Monty Hall , among others ) . He remained in both offices from 1980 until his death in 2008 and hosted the great majority of unveiling ceremonies during that period . His unique special - category star , with its emblem depicting a stylized `` Great Seal of the City of Hollywood '' , is located at the entrance to the Dolby Theatre adjacent to Johnny Grant Way . Expansion ( edit ) In 1984 a fifth category , Live Theatre , was added to permit acknowledgment of contributions from the live performance branch of the entertainment industry , and a second row of stars was created on each sidewalk to alternate with the existing stars . Hollywood Boulevard , 7000 block , north side , looking westward In 1994 the Walk of Fame was extended one block to the west on Hollywood Boulevard , from Sycamore Avenue to North LaBrea Avenue ( plus the short segment of Marshfield Way that connects Hollywood and La Brea ) , where it now ends at the silver `` Four Ladies of Hollywood '' gazebo and the special `` Walk of Fame '' star . At the same time , Sophia Loren was honored with the 2,000 th star on the Walk . During construction of tunnels for the Los Angeles subway system in 1996 , the Metropolitan Transportation Authority removed and stored more than 300 stars . Controversy arose when the MTA proposed a money - saving measure of jackhammering the 3 - by - 3 - foot terrazzo pads , preserving only the brass lettering , surrounds , and medallions , then pouring new terrazzo after the tunnels were completed ; but the Cultural Heritage Commission ruled that the star pads were to be removed intact . Restoration ( edit ) In 2008 a long - term restoration project began with an evaluation of all 2,365 stars on the Walk at the time , each receiving a letter grade of A , B , C , D , or F. Honorees whose stars received F grades , indicating the most severe damage , were Joan Collins , Peter Frampton , Dick Van Patten , Paul Douglas , Andrew L. Stone , Willard Waterman , Richard Boleslavsky , Ellen Drew , Frank Crumit , and Bobby Sherwood . Fifty celebrities ' stars received `` D '' grades . The damage ranged from minor cosmetic flaws caused by normal weathering to holes and fissures severe enough to constitute a walking hazard . At least 778 stars will eventually be repaired or replaced during the ongoing project at an estimated cost of $4 million to $4.2 million . The restoration is a collaboration among the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce and various Los Angeles city and county governmental offices , along with the MTA , which operates the Metro Red Line that runs beneath the Walk , since earth movement due to the presence of the subway line is thought to be partly responsible for the damage . To encourage supplemental funding for the project by corporate sponsors , the `` Friends of Walk of Fame '' program was inaugurated . Absolut Vodka became the first Friend with a donation of $1 million , followed by L'Oréal . Friends are recognized with honorary plaques adjacent to the Walk of Fame in front of the Dolby Theatre . The program received some criticism . Alana Semuels of the Los Angeles Times described it as `` just the latest corporate attempt to buy some good buzz , '' and , quoting an area brand strategist , `` I think Johnny Grant would roll over in his grave . '' Karen Fondu , President of L'Oréal Paris , countered that the association was `` a natural affinity . '' The Walk of Fame today ( edit ) Multiple stars ( edit ) The original selection committees chose to recognize some entertainers ' contributions in multiple categories with multiple stars . Gene Autry is the only honoree with stars in all five categories . Bob Hope , Mickey Rooney , Roy Rogers , and Tony Martin each have stars in four categories -- Rooney has three of his own and a fourth with his eighth and final wife , Jan , while Rogers also has three of his own , and a fourth with his band , Sons of the Pioneers . Thirty - three people , including Bing Crosby , Frank Sinatra , Jo Stafford , Dean Martin , Dinah Shore , Gale Storm , Danny Kaye , Douglas Fairbanks Jr. , and Jack Benny , have stars in three categories . Seven recording artists have two stars in the same category for distinct achievements : Michael Jackson , as a soloist and as a member of The Jackson 5 ; Diana Ross , as a member of The Supremes and for her solo work ; Smokey Robinson , as a solo artist and as a member of The Miracles ; and John Lennon , Ringo Starr , George Harrison , and Paul McCartney as individuals and as members of The Beatles . Cher forfeited her opportunity by declining to schedule the mandatory personal appearance when she was selected in 1983 . She did attend the unveiling of the Sonny & Cher star in 1998 as a tribute to her recently deceased ex-husband , Sonny Bono . George Eastman is the only honoree with two stars in the same category for the same achievement , the invention of roll film . In 1977 , country singer Loretta Lynn was the first of her genre to receive a star on the Walk of Fame . Controversial additions ( edit ) Charlie Chaplin 's star , selected in 1956 , installed in 1972 Charlie Chaplin is the only honoree to be selected twice for the same star on the Walk . He was unanimously voted into the initial group of 500 in 1956 but the Selection Committee ultimately excluded him , ostensibly due to questions regarding his morals ( he had been charged with violating the Mann Act -- and exonerated -- during the White Slavery hysteria of the 1940s ) , but more likely due to his left - leaning political views . The rebuke prompted an unsuccessful lawsuit by his son , Charles Chaplin Jr . His star was finally added to the Walk in 1972 , the same year he received his Academy Award ; but even then , 16 years later , the Chamber of Commerce received angry letters from across the country protesting its decision to include him . The committee 's Chaplin difficulties reportedly contributed to its decision in 1978 against awarding a star to Paul Robeson , a controversial opera singer , actor , athlete , writer , lawyer , and social activist . The resulting outcry from the entertainment industry , civic circles , local and national politicians , and many other quarters was so intense that the decision was reversed and Robeson was awarded a star in 1979 . Following sexual assault allegations involving comedian Bill Cosby , actor Kevin Spacey , President Donald Trump , and producer - director Brett Ratner , the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce released a statement regarding inquiries as to the removal of stars : The Hollywood Chamber of Commerce has received inquiries asking whether we are planning to remove the stars of Walk of Famers because of alleged misconduct . The answer is no ... The Hollywood Walk of Fame is a registered historic landmark . Once a star has been added to the Walk , it is considered a part of the historic fabric of the Hollywood Walk of Fame . Because of this , we have never removed a star from the Walk . As of 2018 , this has been the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce 's only statement regarding the removal of stars . On August 6 , 2018 , the West Hollywood City Council passed a resolution asking for the removal of the star for Donald Trump . The Mayor of West Hollywood , John Duran , stated that `` the council unanimously passes the resolution to remove his star , '' however the West Hollywood City Council has no jurisdiction over the Walk of Fame . Stars with the same name ( edit ) Two pairs of stars share identical names representing different people . There are two Harrison Ford stars , honoring the silent film actor ( at 6665 Hollywood Boulevard ) , and the present - day actor ( in front of the Dolby Theatre at 6801 Hollywood Boulevard ) . Two Michael Jackson stars represent the singer / dancer / songwriter ( at 6927 Hollywood Boulevard ) , and the radio personality ( at 1597 Vine Street ) . When the recording artist Jackson died in 2009 , fans mistakenly began leaving flowers , candles , and other tributes at the Vine Street star . Upon learning of this , the radio host wrote on his website , `` I am willingly loan ( ing ) it to him and , if it would bring him back , he can have it . '' The most common surname , with sixteen stars , is Williams : Andy Williams , Bill Williams , Billy Dee Williams , Cindy Williams , Earle Williams , Esther Williams , Guy Williams , Hank Williams , Joe Williams , Kathlyn Williams , Paul Williams , Pharrell Williams , Robin Williams , Roger Williams , Tex Williams and Vanessa Williams . There are fourteen stars with the surname Moore , twelve with Jones , and seven with Smith . The largest collection of stars honoring one group of blood relatives is the widely scattered set of seven representing the Barrymore family : John Barrymore , his brother Lionel ( who has two ) , and sister Ethel , their uncle Sidney Drew , John 's son John Drew Barrymore , and John Drew 's daughter Drew Barrymore . Bending the rules ( edit ) One of the four monuments recognizing the Apollo 11 astronauts at the corners of Hollywood and Vine Walk of Fame rules prohibit consideration of nominees whose contributions fall outside the five major entertainment categories , but the selection committee has been known to conjure some interesting rule interpretations to justify a selection . The Walk 's four round Moon landing monuments at the corners of Hollywood and Vine , for example , officially recognize the Apollo 11 astronauts for `` contributions to the television industry '' . Johnny Grant acknowledged , in 2005 , that classifying the first Moon landing as a television entertainment event was `` a bit of a stretch '' . Magic Johnson 's considerable basketball skills had no direct connection to movies , music , TV , radio , or theater , but the committee added him to the motion picture category , based on his ownership of the Magic Johnson Theatre chain , citing as precedent Sid Grauman , builder of Grauman 's ( now TCL ) Chinese Theatre . `` ( Now ) people want Orville Redenbacher , '' Grant quipped in the 2005 interview , `` because his popcorn is in all the theaters . '' Muhammad Ali 's star was granted after the committee decided that boxing could be considered a form of `` live performance '' . Its placement , on a wall of the Dolby Theatre , makes it the only star mounted on a vertical surface , acceding to Ali 's request that his name not be walked upon . All living honorees have been required since 1968 to personally attend their star 's unveiling , and approximately 40 have declined the honor due to this condition . The only recipient to date who failed to appear after agreeing to do so was Barbra Streisand , in 1976 . Her star was unveiled anyway , near the intersection of Hollywood and Highland . Streisand did attend when her husband , James Brolin , unveiled his star in 1998 two blocks to the east . Unique and unusual ( edit ) Fifteen stars are identified with a one - word stage name : Cantinflas , Houdini , Liberace , Mako , Meiklejohn , Paderewski , Parkyakarkus , Roseanne , RuPaul , Sabu , Shakira , Slash , Sting , Thalía , and Usher . The largest group of individuals represented by a single star is the estimated 122 adults and 12 children collectively known as the Munchkins , from the landmark 1939 film The Wizard of Oz . Clayton Moore is so inextricably linked with his Lone Ranger character , even though he played other roles during his career , that he is one of only two actors to have his character 's name alongside his own on his star . The other is Tommy Riggs , whose star reads , `` Tommy Riggs & Betty Lou . '' For more than 40 years , singer Jimmy Boyd was the youngest star recipient at age 20 , but he lost that distinction in 2004 to 18 - year - old twins Mary - Kate and Ashley Olsen . Their joint star ( the only one shared by twins ) is outside the Dolby Theatre , near the Hollywood and Highland Center . The Westmores received the first star honoring contributions in theatrical make - up . Other make - up artists on the walk are Max Factor , John Chambers and Rick Baker . Three stars recognize experts in special effects : Ray Harryhausen , Dennis Muren , and Stan Winston . Only one costume designer has received a star , eight - time Academy Award winner Edith Head . Sidney Sheldon is one of two novelists with a star , which he earned for writing screenplays such as The Bachelor and the Bobby - Soxer before turning to novels . The other is Ray Bradbury , whose books and stories have formed the basis of dozens of movies and television programs over a nearly 60 - year period . Ten inventors have stars on the Walk : George Eastman ( as mentioned ) ; Thomas Edison , inventor of the first true film projector and holder of numerous patents related to motion - picture technology ; Lee de Forest , inventor of the vacuum tube , which made radio and TV possible , and Phonofilm , which made sound movies possible ; Merian C. Cooper , co-inventor of the Cinerama process ; Herbert Kalmus , inventor of Technicolor ; Auguste and Louis Lumière , inventors of important components of the motion picture camera ; Mark Serrurier , inventor of the technology used for film editing ; Hedy Lamarr , co-inventor of a frequency - hopping radio guidance system that was a precursor to Wi - Fi networks and cellular telephone systems ; and Ray Dolby , co-developer of the video tape recorder and inventor of the Dolby noise reduction system . A few star recipients moved on after their entertainment careers to political notability . Two Presidents of the United States , Ronald Reagan ( 40th President ) and Donald Trump ( 45th President ) have stars on the Walk . Reagan is also one of two Governors of California with a star ; the other is Arnold Schwarzenegger . One U.S. senator ( George Murphy ) and two members of the U.S. House of Representatives ( Helen Gahagan and Sonny Bono ) have stars . Ignacy Paderewski , who served as Prime Minister of Poland between the World Wars , is the only European head of government represented . Film and stage actor Albert Dekker served one term in the California State Assembly during the 1940s , which was notable for his outspoken public criticism of Senator Joseph McCarthy 's anti-communism demagoguery , leading to his blacklisting . On its 50th anniversary in 2005 , Disneyland received a star adjacent to the Walk of Fame near Disney 's Soda Fountain on Hollywood Boulevard . While not technically part of the Hollywood Walk of Fame ( a city ordinance prohibits putting corporate names on sidewalks ) , the star was installed adjacent to the Walk of Fame , and was thought of by Johnny Grant , the proverbial `` Mayor of Hollywood . '' Roger Ebert said of the star `` If you stop to think about what Disneyland has achieved and what a revolutionary idea it was to begin with , of course it deserve ( s ) a star . '' In lieu of the traditional icon indicating the specific achievement ( s ) of the honoree , Disneyland 's star has an icon of Sleeping Beauty Castle , and a plaque beneath the star reading : `` Award of Excellence Special achievement for 50 years of magical entertainment Hollywood Historic Trust July 14 , 2005 . Johnny Grant , Chairman . '' Fictional characters and their creators ( edit ) Main article : List of fictional characters with stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame Mickey Mouse 's star was the first awarded to an animated character In 1978 , in honor of his 50th anniversary , Mickey Mouse became the first animated character to receive a star . Other animated recipients are Bugs Bunny , Donald Duck , Minnie Mouse , Woody Woodpecker , Snow White , Tinker Bell , Winnie the Pooh , Shrek , The Simpsons , the Rugrats , and Snoopy . The star inscribed Charlie Tuna honors not the animated advertising mascot , but Art Ferguson , the long - time radio personality and game show announcer . Other fictional characters on the Walk include the Munchkins ( as mentioned ) , two individual Muppets ( Kermit the Frog and Big Bird ) and the Muppets as a group , one monster ( Godzilla ) , and three non-animated canine characters ( Strongheart , Lassie , and Rin Tin Tin ) . Ten stars recognize cartoonists and animators : Walt Disney , Chuck Jones , Friz Freleng , Walter Lantz , Hanna -- Barbera , Charles M. Schulz , Jay Ward , Dr. Seuss , Matt Groening and John Lasseter . Two puppeteers have stars : Jim Henson and Shari Lewis , as does Fran Allison , who appeared with Burr Tillstrom 's puppets on the TV show Kukla , Fran and Ollie . Star locations ( edit ) Locations of individual stars are not necessarily random or arbitrary . Stars of most legendary and world - famous celebrities -- the so - called `` show business royalty '' -- are found in front of TCL ( formerly Grauman 's ) Chinese Theatre . Oscar - winners ' stars are usually placed near the Dolby Theatre , site of the annual Academy Awards presentations . Decisions are occasionally made with a dollop of whimsy : Mike Myers 's star , for example , lies in front of an adult store called the International Love Boutique , an association with his Austin Powers roles ; Roger Moore 's star is located at 7007 Hollywood Boulevard in recognition of his seven James Bond 007 films ; Ed O'Neill 's star is located outside a shoe store in reference to his character 's occupation on the TV show Married ... with Children ; and the last star , at the very end of the westernmost portion of the Walk , belongs to The Dead End Kids . Honorees may request a specific location for their star , although final decisions remain with the Chamber . Jay Leno , for example , requested a spot near the corner of Hollywood Blvd. and Highland Ave . because he was twice picked up at that location by police for vagrancy ( though never actually charged ) shortly after his arrival in Hollywood . George Carlin chose to have his star placed in front of the KDAY radio station near the corner of Sunset Blvd. and Vine St. , where he first gained national recognition . Carol Burnett explained her choice in her 1986 memoir : While working as an usherette at the historic Warner Brothers Theatre ( now the Hollywood Pacific Theatre ) during the 1951 run of Alfred Hitchcock 's film Strangers on a Train , she took it upon herself to advise a couple arriving during the final few minutes of a showing to wait for the next showing , to avoid seeing ( and spoiling ) the ending . The theater manager fired her on the spot for `` insubordination '' and humiliated her by stripping the epaulets from her uniform in the theater lobby . Twenty - six years later , at her request , Burnett 's star was placed at the corner of Hollywood and Wilcox -- in front of the theater . Errors and mysteries ( edit ) In 2010 , Julia Louis - Dreyfus 's star was constructed with the name `` Julia Luis Dreyfus '' . The actress was reportedly amused , and the error was corrected . A similar mistake was made on Dick Van Dyke 's star in 1993 ( `` Vandyke '' ) , and rectified . `` Motion Picture '' category , `` TV '' emblem Film and television actor Don Haggerty 's star originally displayed the first name `` Dan '' . The mistake was fixed , but years later the television actor Dan Haggerty ( of Grizzly Adams fame , no relation to Don ) also received a star . The confusion eventually sprouted an urban legend that Dan Haggerty was the only honoree to have a star removed from the Walk of Fame . For 28 years , the star intended to honor Mauritz Stiller , the Helsinki - born pioneer of Swedish film who brought Greta Garbo to the United States , read `` Maurice Diller '' , possibly due to mistranscription of verbal dictation . The star was finally remade with the correct name in 1988 . Three stars remain misspelled : opera diva Lotte Lehmann 's first name is spelled `` Lottie '' ; Cinerama co-inventor and King Kong creator , director , and producer Merian C. Cooper 's first name is spelled `` Meriam '' ; and cinematography pioneer Auguste Lumière 's first name is listed as `` August '' . Monty Woolley , the veteran film and stage actor best known for The Man Who Came to Dinner ( 1942 ) and the classic line `` Time flies when you 're having fun '' , is officially listed in the motion picture category , but his star on the Walk of Fame bears the television emblem . Woolley did appear on the small screen late in his career , but his TV contributions were eclipsed by his extensive stage , film , and radio work . Similarly , the star of film actress Carmen Miranda bears the TV emblem , although her official category is motion pictures . Radio and television talk show host Larry King is officially a television honoree , but his star displays a film camera . The Los Angeles Times , which documented and photographed the Walk as part of its Hollywood Star Walk project , reported that it could not find two stars , honoring Richard Crooks and the film career of Geraldine Farrar . ( Farrar 's music star is located on the 1700 block of Vine Street . ) Theft and vandalism ( edit ) Acts of vandalism occur on the Walk on a regular basis , ranging from profanity and political statements written on stars with markers to attempted removal of brass emblems with chisels . Closed circuit surveillance cameras have been installed on the stretch of Hollywood Boulevard between La Brea Avenue and Vine Street in an effort to discourage mischievous activities . Four of the stars , which weigh about 300 pounds ( 140 kg ) each , have been stolen from the Walk of Fame . In 2000 , James Stewart 's and Kirk Douglas 's stars disappeared from their locations near the intersection of Hollywood and Vine , where they had been temporarily removed for a construction project . Police recovered them in the suburban community of South Gate when they arrested a man involved in an incident there and searched his house . The suspect was a construction worker employed on the Hollywood and Vine project . The stars had been badly damaged , and had to be remade . One of Gene Autry 's five stars ( it is not clear which one ) was also stolen from a construction area . Johnny Grant later received an anonymous phone tip that the missing star was in Iowa , but it was never found . `` Someday , it will end up on eBay , '' Grant once joked . The most brazen and ambitious theft occurred in 2005 when thieves used a concrete saw to remove Gregory Peck 's star from its Hollywood Boulevard site at the intersection of North El Centro Avenue , near North Gower . The star was replaced almost immediately , but the original was never recovered and the perpetrators never caught . In late 2009 , rumors circulated widely on media outlets and the Internet that John Lennon 's star had been stolen , but it was merely being relocated farther south on Vine Street to an area near the circular Capitol Records Building , adjacent to the stars of bandmates George Harrison and Ringo Starr . Paul McCartney 's star was installed in the same location in 2012 . Donald Trump 's star was repaired soon after it was destroyed on July 25 , 2018 . Donald Trump 's star -- received as host of The Apprentice television series -- was repeatedly defaced during the 2016 presidential campaign . In late October , near the end of the race , a man named Jamie Otis ( who claimed to be an heir to the Otis Elevator fortune ) used a sledge hammer and a pickaxe to destroy all of the star 's brass inlays . He readily admitted to the vandalism , which he described as `` civil disobedience '' and `` freedom of expression '' , and told reporters that he originally planned to remove the entire star and auction it to raise money for the women who accused Trump of sexually assaulting them . Otis was arrested three weeks after the incident , charged with one count of felony vandalism , and sentenced to three years ' probation plus $3,400 in restitution payments . The star itself was repaired , serving as the site of pro-Trump demonstrations until it was destroyed a second time in July 2018 by a man named Austin Clay . Clay later surrendered himself to the police and was bailed out by Jamie Otis . Four Ladies of Hollywood ( edit ) The Four Ladies of Hollywood gazebo at the Walk of Fame 's west end The Four Ladies of Hollywood gazebo -- known officially as the Hollywood and La Brea Gateway -- stands upon a small triangular island formed by the confluence of Hollywood Boulevard , Marshfield Way , and North La Brea Avenue at the westernmost extension of the Walk of Fame . It was commissioned in 1993 by the Los Angeles Community Redevelopment Agency Art Program and created by the architect , production designer , and film director Catherine Hardwicke as a tribute to the multi-ethnic women of Hollywood . The gazebo is a stainless steel stylized Art Deco lattice structure . The roof is an arched square supporting a circular dome , which is topped by a central obelisk with descending neon block letters spelling `` Hollywood '' on each of its four sides . Atop the obelisk is a small gilded weathervane - style sculpture of Marilyn Monroe in her iconic billowing skirt pose from The Seven Year Itch . The domed structure is held aloft by four caryatids sculpted by Harl West to represent the African - American actress Dorothy Dandridge , Asian - American actress Anna May Wong , Mexican actress Dolores del Río , and the multi-ethnic , Brooklyn - born actress Mae West . The gazebo was dedicated on February 1 , 1994 , to a mixed reception . Los Angeles Times art critic Christopher Knight called it `` the most depressingly awful work of public art in recent years '' , representing the opposite of Hardwicke 's intended tribute to women . `` Sex , as a woman 's historic gateway to Hollywood '' , he wrote , `` could n't be more explicitly described '' . Independent writer and film producer Gail Choice called it a fitting tribute to a group of pioneering and courageous women who `` carried a tremendous burden on their feminine shoulders . Never in my wildest dreams did I believe I 'd ever see women of color immortalized in such a creative and wonderful fashion . '' Hardwicke contended that critics had missed the `` humor and symbolism '' of the structure , which `` embraces and pokes fun at the glamour , the polished metallic male form of the Oscar , and the pastiche of styles and dreams that pervades Tinseltown . '' Nomination process ( edit ) Director James Cameron unveiling his star , 2009 Each year an average of 200 nominations are submitted to the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce Walk of Fame selection committee . Anyone , including fans , can nominate anyone active in the field of entertainment as long as the nominee or his or her management approves the nomination ( a letter of agreement from the nominated celebrity or representative must accompany the application ) . Nominees must have a minimum of five years ' experience in the category for which they are nominated and a history of `` charitable contributions . '' Posthumous nominees must have been deceased at least five years . At a meeting each June , the committee selects approximately 20 to 24 celebrities to receive stars on the Walk of Fame . One posthumous award is given each year as well . The nominations of those not selected are rolled over to the following year for reconsideration ; those not selected two years in a row are dropped , and must be renominated to receive further consideration . Living recipients must agree to personally attend a presentation ceremony within two years of selection . If the ceremony is not scheduled within two years , a new application must be submitted . A relative of deceased recipients must attend posthumous presentations . Presentation ceremonies are open to the public . A fee of $40,000 ( as of 2018 ) , payable at time of selection , is collected to pay for the creation and installation of the star , as well as general maintenance of the Walk of Fame . The fee is usually paid by the nominating organization , which may be a fan club , or a film studio , record company , broadcaster , or other sponsor involved with the prospective honoree . The Starz cable network , for example , paid for Dennis Hopper 's star as part of the promotion for its series Crash . The star was unveiled in March 2010 shortly before Hopper 's death . Actor Matt Damon 's star under construction , August 2007 Numerous major entertainment figures and legendary show business acts are not included on the Walk of Fame for a variety of reasons . Some , such as Julia Roberts and Clint Eastwood , have declined to participate ; nominations can not proceed without the nominee 's consent . Others , such as George Clooney and John Denver , were nominated , but would not agree to the mandatory personal appearance at the unveiling ceremony ; however , Denver received a posthumous star in late 2014 . Others have simply never been nominated , or do not have a nominator willing or able to pay the selection fee , or have less than the required five years ' minimum involvement in their designated field . Probability also plays a role as only about 10 % of nominees are selected each year . Traditionally , the identities of selection committee members , other than its chairman , have not been made public in order to minimize conflicts of interest and to discourage lobbying by celebrities and their representatives ( a significant problem during the original selections in the late 1950s ) . However , in 1999 , in response to intensifying charges of secrecy in the selection process , the chamber disclosed the members ' names : Johnny Grant , the longtime chair and representative of the television category ; Earl Lestz , president of Paramount Studio Group ( motion pictures ) ; Stan Spero , retired manager with broadcast stations KMPC and KABC ( radio ) ; Kate Nelson , owner of the Palace Theatre ( live performance ) ; and Mary Lou Dudas , vice president of A&M Records ( recording industry ) . Since that 1999 announcement the chamber has revealed only that Lestz ( who received his own star in 2004 ) became chairman after Grant died in 2008 . Their current official position is that `` each of the five categories is represented by someone with expertise in that field . '' In 2010 , Lestz was replaced as chairman by John Pavlik , former Director of Communications for the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . While no public announcement was made to that effect , he was identified as chairman in the chamber 's press release announcing the 2011 star recipients . The current chair , according to the chamber 's 2016 selection announcement , is film producer Maureen Schultz . Homage ( edit ) Michael Jackson 's star , about two weeks after his death in 2009 Some fans show respect for star recipients both living and dead by laying flowers or other symbolic tributes at their stars . Others show their support in other ways ; the star awarded to Julio Iglesias , for example , is kept in `` pristine condition ( by ) a devoted band of elderly women ( who ) scrub and polish it once a month '' . The Hollywood Chamber of Commerce has adopted the tradition of placing flower wreaths at the stars of newly deceased awardees ; for example Bette Davis in 1989 , Katharine Hepburn in 2003 , and Jackie Cooper in 2011 . The stars of other deceased celebrities , such as Michael Jackson , Elizabeth Taylor , Richard Pryor , Ricardo Montalbán , James Doohan , Frank Sinatra , Robin Williams , Joan Rivers and George Harrison have become impromptu memorial and vigil sites as well , and some continue to receive anniversary remembrances . See also ( edit ) Greater Los Angeles portal List of stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame List of actors with Hollywood Walk of Fame motion picture stars List of halls and walks of fame References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Upcoming Star Ceremonies '' . walkoffame.com . Hollywood Chamber of Commerce . February 10 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2017 . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Dedication of the 2,601 st star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame Jump up ^ Martín , Hugo ( 2010 - 02 - 06 ) . `` Golden milestone for the Hollywood Walk of Fame '' . Los Angeles Times . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ Martin , Hugo ( February 8 , 2010 ) . `` Golden milestone for the Hollywood Walk of Fame '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Walk of Fame Frequently Asked Questions '' . Hollywood Chamber of Commerce . Retrieved May 13 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Special Stars -- Page 1 -- Hollywood Star Walk '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mayor gets Hollywood star '' . The Albany Herald . AP . June 26 , 1993 . p. 2A . Jump up ^ Lohdan , Tom . `` Hollywood Walk Of Fame Stars -- Mayor Tom Bradley '' . Flickr.com . Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Beck , Charlie ( Chief ) ( May 10 , 2006 ) . `` Memorial Remembrance -- Hollywood Area '' . Los Angeles Police Department . Jump up ^ `` The Star Categories '' . hwof.com . HWOF LLC . Retrieved May 17 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Semuels , Alana ( July 22 , 2008 ) . `` Hollywood , brought to you by ... '' Los Angeles Times . p . B6 . Jump up ^ `` L'Oreal Paris receives Friend of the Walk of Fame award -- presentation '' . Life . October 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Torrance , Kelly Jane ( August 29 , 2008 ) . `` Fame has its price '' . The Washington Times . Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Star Walk : Apollo Landing '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of the Walk of Fame '' . walkoffame.com . Hollywood Chamber of Commerce . Retrieved May 16 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Rozbrook , Roslyn . `` The Real Mr. Hollywood '' . Los Angeles Magazine ( February 1998 ) : 20 . Retrieved June 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Garcia , Courtney ( June 11 , 2012 ) `` Out with Kodak , in with Dolby at home of Oscars '' . Reuters . Retrieved December 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Hollywood Walk of Fame A brief history in photos '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Townsend , Martin . `` Los Angeles History -- Extinct Restaurants & Cafes S-Z '' . LATimeMachines.com . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2006 . Retrieved June 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Thomson , David ( 2006 ) . The Whole Equation : A History of Hollywood . Vintage . p. 149 . ISBN 0 - 375 - 70154 - 0 . Jump up ^ Williams , Gregory Paul ( 2006 ) . The Story of Hollywood : An Illustrated History . BL Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9776299 - 0 - 9 . Retrieved July 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Cohen , Sandy ( June 30 , 2006 ) . `` Price of Fame in Hollywood ? $15,000 '' . The Arizona Republic . Retrieved June 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bronze Stars Begot Grammy '' . The Robesonian . Lumberton , N.C. February 22 , 1976 . p. 13 . Retrieved May 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Judge Refuses Chaplin Walk of Fame Request '' . Los Angeles Times . August 11 , 1960 . p . B2 . Retrieved June 11 , 2010 . ( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : `` Why does n't Clint Eastwood have a star ? '' . Los Angeles Times . 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Bradley Cooper , Quentin Tarantino Among Hollywood Walk of Fame 2016 Honorees . Variety.com archive , retrieved December 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Halpern , Jake ( 2006 ) . Fame junkies : the hidden truths behind America 's favorite addiction . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . p. 159 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 45369 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Floral Tribute to Late Actress '' . The Union Democrat . October 10 , 1989 . p. 5A -- via Google News . Jump up ^ `` ' Superman ' Daily Planet actor Jackie Cooper dies '' . Google News . ( AFP ) . May 4 , 2011 . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Elizabeth Taylor : Walk of Fame deluged by flowers '' . The Telegraph ( UK ) . March 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Thomas , George M. ( December 15 , 2005 ) . `` Richard Pryor Influence Is Unforgettable '' . The Vindicator . Knight - Ridder . p . D5 . ( Google News arch ) Jump up ^ `` Sinatra 's death brings sales surge for his music '' . Star - News . May 18 , 1998 . p. 2A -- via Google News . 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Route map : Google KML file ( edit help ) Display on Google Maps Template : Attached KML / Hollywood Walk of Fame KML is from Wikidata Official website Hollywood Chamber of Commerce Walk of Fame videos - YouTube Hollywood Chamber of Commerce Hollywood Star Walk map : LA Times Hollywood Star Walk list : LA Times Greater Hollywood Districts and neighborhoods Beachwood Canyon Cahuenga Pass Colegrove East Hollywood Hollywood Hollywood Dell Hollywood Hills Laurel Canyon Little Armenia Melrose District Melrose Hill Nichols Canyon Outpost Estates Spaulding Square Thai Town Whitley Heights Yucca Corridor Points of interest Dolby Theatre Griffith Park Grauman 's Chinese Theatre Hollywood and Highland Center Hollywood Boulevard Hollywood Sign Walk of Fame La Brea Tar Pits Pantages Theatre Sunset Bronson Studios Sunset Gower Studios Neighboring cities and communities Beverly Hills Universal City West Hollywood LA Regions Crescenta Valley Downtown Eastside Harbor Area Greater Hollywood Northeast LA Northwest LA San Fernando Valley South LA Westside Wilshire Mid-City West Mid-Wilshire Cinema of the United States Films Films by year Awards and events National Board of Review Awards ( 1929 ) Academy Awards ( 1929 ) New York Film Critics Circle ( 1935 ) Golden Globe Awards ( 1944 ) National Society of Film Critics Awards ( 1966 ) Los Angeles Film Critics Awards ( 1975 ) Golden Raspberry Awards ( 1981 ) Independent Spirit Awards ( 1985 ) American Society of Cinematographers Awards ( 1986 ) Critics ' Choice Movie Awards ( 1996 ) Hollywood Film Awards ( 1997 ) Guild Awards Directors Guild of America Awards ( 1936 ) Writers Guild of America Awards ( 1951 ) Producers Guild of America Awards ( 1962 ) Cinema Audio Society Awards ( 1964 ) Screen Actors Guild Awards ( 1995 ) Art Directors Guild Awards ( 1996 ) Costume Designers Guild Awards ( 1998 ) Location Managers Guild Awards ( 2014 ) Theaters Movie theater chains Industry by state Alaska Arizona Connecticut Florida Georgia Hawaii Louisiana Michigan New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico North Carolina Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Puerto Rico Virginia Industry by city Atlanta Baltimore Chicago Cleveland Jacksonville Kansas City Las Vegas Lone Pine Long Island Los Angeles ( Hollywood ) Monument Valley New York City Harlem Palm Springs Pittsburgh Riverside San Diego Seattle Sonora Stamford Vasquez Rocks Organizations Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences Alliance of Motion Picture and Television Producers American Society of Cinematographers Hollywood Foreign Press Association Motion Picture Association of America Miscellaneous Box office AFI 100 Years ... series National Film Registry Pre-Code Hollywood Classical Hollywood cinema New Hollywood List of living actors from the Golden Age of Hollywood List of surviving silent film actors Los Angeles Historic - Cultural Monuments Downtown Los Angeles East and Northeast Sides Harbor Area Hollywood San Fernando Valley Silver Lake , Angelino Heights and Echo Park South Los Angeles Westside Wilshire and Westlake Areas Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hollywood_Walk_of_Fame&oldid=854392849 '' Categories : Hollywood Walk of Fame Walks of fame Hollywood Hollywood Boulevard Hollywood history and culture Entertainment halls of fame Halls of fame in California Landmarks in Los Angeles 1958 establishments in California Los Angeles Historic - Cultural Monuments Tourist attractions in Los Angeles Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Use mdy dates from July 2017 Articles with short description Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2018 Articles using KML from Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Bikol Central Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar მარგალური Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 51 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 00 : 56 ( UTC ) . 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what is the difference between republic of korea and south korea			South Korea	south korea		Republic in East Asia Coordinates : 36 ° N 128 ° E / 36 ° N 128 ° E / 36 ; 128 Republic of Korea 대한민국 / 大韓民國 Daehan Minguk Flag Emblem Motto : `` 홍익 인간 ( 弘益人間 ) '' ( Korean ) ( de facto ) `` Benefit broadly in the human world / Devotion to the Welfare of Humanity '' Anthem : Aegukga `` 애국가 ( 愛國歌 ) '' ( Korean ) ( de facto ) `` Patriotic Song '' Government Emblem 대한민국 정부 상징 문양 ( Korean ) Government Emblem of the Republic of Korea Area controlled by South Korea is shown in dark green ; South Korean - claimed but uncontrolled regions shown in light green . Capital and largest city Seoul 37 ° 33 ′ N 126 ° 58 ′ E / 37.550 ° N 126.967 ° E / 37.550 ; 126.967 Official languages Korean Korean Sign Language Official script Hangul Ethnic groups Predominantly Korean . No official statistics Religion 56.9 % Unaffiliated 27.6 % Christianity -- 19.7 % Protestant -- 7.9 % Catholic 15.5 % Korean Buddhism Demonym South Korean Korean Government Unitary presidential constitutional republic President Moon Jae - in Prime Minister Lee Nak - yeon Speaker of the National Assembly Moon Hee - sang Chief Justice Kim Myeong - soo President of Constitutional Court Lee Jin - sung Legislature National Assembly Formation First Kingdom c. 7th century BC Three Kingdoms 18 BC North - South Kingdoms 698 Goryeo dynasty 918 Joseon dynasty 1392 Korean Empire 13 October 1897 Japan - Korea Treaty August 29 , 1910 Declaration of Independence March 1 , 1919 Provisional Government April 11 , 1919 Independence from Japan August 15 , 1945 First Republic August 15 , 1948 Current constitution February 25 , 1988 Admitted to the United Nations September 17 , 1991 Area Total 100,210 km ( 38,690 sq mi ) ( 107th ) Water ( % ) 0.3 ( 301 km / 116 mi ) Population 2017 estimate 51,446,201 ( 27th ) Density 507 / km ( 1,313.1 / sq mi ) ( 23rd ) GDP ( PPP ) 2018 estimate Total $2.138 trillion ( 14th ) Per capita $41,388 ( 32nd ) GDP ( nominal ) 2018 estimate Total $1.693 trillion ( 12th ) Per capita $32,775 ( 29th ) Gini ( 2015 ) 29.5 low HDI ( 2015 ) 0.901 very high 18th Currency South Korean won ( ₩ ) ( KRW ) Time zone Korea Standard Time ( UTC + 9 ) Date format yyyy 년 m 월 d 일 yyyy . m.d. ( CE ) Drives on the right Calling code + 82 ISO 3166 code KR Internet TLD . kr . 한국 Website www.korea.net South Korea `` South Korea '' in Hangul ( top ) and Hanja ( bottom ) scripts . Hangul 한국 Hanja 韓國 Revised Romanization Han ( - ) guk McCune -- Reischauer Han'guk Republic of Korea Hangul 대한민국 Hanja 大韓民國 Revised Romanization Daehan Min ( - ) guk McCune -- Reischauer Taehan Min'guk South Korea , officially the Republic of Korea is a country in East Asia , constituting the southern part of the Korean Peninsula and lying east to the Asian mainland . The name Korea is derived from Goguryeo which was one of the great powers in East Asia during its time , ruling most of the Korean Peninsula , Manchuria , parts of the Russian Far East and Inner Mongolia , under Gwanggaeto the Great . South Korea lies in the north temperate zone and has a predominantly mountainous terrain . It comprises an estimated 51.4 million residents distributed over 99,392 km ( 38,375 sq mi ) . The capital and largest city is Seoul , with a population of 10 million . Archaeology indicates that the Korean Peninsula was inhabited by early humans starting from the Lower Paleolithic period ( 2.6 Ma -- 300 Ka ) . The history of Korea begins with the foundation of Gojoseon in 2333 BC by the legendary king Dangun . Following the unification of the Three Kingdoms of Korea under Unified Silla in AD 668 , Korea was subsequently ruled by the Goryeo dynasty ( 918 -- 1392 ) and the Joseon dynasty ( 1392 -- 1910 ) . It was annexed by the Empire of Japan in 1910 . At the end of World War II , Korea was divided into Soviet and U.S. zones of occupations . A separate election was held in the U.S. zone in 1948 which led to the creation of the Republic of Korea ( ROK ) , while the Democratic People 's Republic of Korea ( DPRK ) was established in the Soviet zone . The United Nations at the time passed a resolution declaring the ROK to be the only lawful government in Korea . The Korean War began in 1950 when forces from the North invaded the South . The war lasted three years and involved the U.S. , China , the Soviet Union and several other nations . The border between the two nations remains the most heavily fortified in the world . Under long - time military leader Park Chung - hee , the South Korean economy grew significantly and the country was transformed into a G - 20 major economy . Military rule ended in 1987 , and the country is now a presidential republic consisting of 17 administrative divisions . South Korea is a developed country and a high - income economy , with a `` very high '' Human Development Index , ranking 18th in the world . The country is considered a regional power and is the world 's 11th largest economy by nominal GDP and the 12th largest by PPP as of 2010 . South Korea is a global leader in the industrial and technological sectors , being the world 's 5th largest exporter and 8th largest importer . Its export - driven economy primarily focuses production on electronics , automobiles , ships , machinery , petrochemicals and robotics . South Korea is a member of the ASEAN Plus mechanism , the United Nations , Uniting for Consensus , G20 , the WTO and OECD and is a founding member of APEC and the East Asia Summit . Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Ancient Korea 2.2 Three Kingdoms of Korea 2.3 Unified Dynasties 2.4 Modern history 2.4. 1 Korean War 2.4. 2 Post-Korean War ( 1960 - 1990 ) 2.4. 3 Modern South Korea 3 Geography , climate and environment 3.1 Geography 3.2 Climate 3.3 Environment 4 Government 5 Administrative divisions 6 Demographics 6.1 Education 6.2 Language 6.3 Religion 6.4 Health 7 Foreign relations 7.1 North Korea 7.2 China 7.3 Japan 7.4 European Union 7.5 United States 8 Military 8.1 United States contingent 8.2 Conscientious objection 9 Economy 9.1 Transportation , energy and infrastructure 9.2 Tourism 9.3 South Korean National Pension System 10 Science and technology 10.1 Cyber security 10.2 Aerospace engineering 10.3 Robotics 10.4 Biotechnology 11 Culture 11.1 Art 11.2 Architecture 11.3 Cuisine 11.4 Entertainment 11.5 Holidays 11.6 Sports 12 See also 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links Etymology See also : Names of Korea The name Korea is derived from Goguryeo , also known as Koryŏ , one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea The name Korea derives from the name Goryeo . The name Goryeo itself was first used by the ancient kingdom of Goguryeo in the 5th century as a shortened form of its name . The 10th - century kingdom of Goryeo succeeded Goguryeo , and thus inherited its name , which was pronounced by visiting Persian merchants as `` Korea '' . The modern spelling of Korea first appeared in the late 17th century in the travel writings of the Dutch East India Company 's Hendrick Hamel . Despite the coexistence of the spellings Corea and Korea in 19th century publications , some Koreans believe that Imperial Japan , around the time of the Japanese occupation , intentionally standardised the spelling on Korea , making Japan appear first alphabetically . After Goryeo was replaced by Joseon in 1392 , Joseon became the official name for the entire territory , though it was not universally accepted . The new official name has its origin in the ancient country of Gojoseon ( Old Joseon ) . In 1897 , the Joseon dynasty changed the official name of the country from Joseon to Daehan Jeguk ( Korean Empire ) . The name Daehan , which means `` Great Han '' literally , derives from Samhan ( Three Hans ) , referring to the Three Kingdoms of Korea , not the ancient confederacies in the southern Korean Peninsula . However , the name Joseon was still widely used by Koreans to refer to their country , though it was no longer the official name . Under Japanese rule , the two names Han and Joseon coexisted . There were several groups who fought for independence , the most notable being the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea ( 대한민국 임시 정부 / 大韓民國臨時政府 ) . Following the surrender of Japan , in 1945 , the Republic of Korea ( 대한민국 / 大韓民國 , IPA : ˈtɛ̝ːɦa̠nminɡuk̚ , literally `` Great Korean people 's country '' ; listen ) was adopted as the legal English name for the new country . Since the government only controlled the southern part of the Korean Peninsula , the informal term South Korea was coined , becoming increasingly common in the Western world . While South Koreans use Han ( or Hanguk ) to refer to the entire country , North Koreans and ethnic Koreans living in China and Japan use the term Joseon as the name of the country . The Korean name `` Daehan Minguk '' is sometimes used by South Koreans as a metonym to refer to the Korean ethnicity ( or `` race '' ) as a whole , rather than just the South Korean state . History Main article : History of Korea Ancient Korea Seokguram Grotto from the Silla era , a UNESCO World Heritage Site Balhae ( violet ) and Silla ( blue ) , circa 830 CE The oldest surviving metal movable type book , the Jikji , was printed in 1377 , and Goryeo created the world 's first metal - based movable type in 1234 . The Tripitaka Koreana -- the Buddhist canon ( Tripiṭaka ) carved onto roughly 80,000 woodblocks and stored ( and still remaining ) at Haeinsa , also a UNESCO World Heritage Site The history of Korea begins with the founding of Joseon ( also known as `` Gojoseon '' , or Old Joseon , to differentiate it with the 14th century dynasty ) in 2333 BC by Dangun , according to Korea 's foundation mythology . Gojoseon expanded until it controlled the northern Korean Peninsula and parts of Manchuria . Gija Joseon was purportedly founded in the 12th century BC , but its existence and role have been controversial in the modern era . In 108 BC , the Han dynasty defeated Wiman Joseon and installed four commanderies in the northern Korean peninsula . Three of the commanderies fell or retreated westward within a few decades . As Lelang commandery was destroyed and rebuilt around this time , the place gradually moved toward Liadong . Thus , its force was diminished and it only served as a trade center until it was conquered by Goguryeo in 313 . Three Kingdoms of Korea During the period known as the Proto -- Three Kingdoms of Korea , the states of Buyeo , Okjeo , Dongye and Samhan occupied the whole Korean peninsula and southern Manchuria . From them , Goguryeo , Baekje and Silla emerged to control the peninsula as the Three Kingdoms of Korea . Goguryeo , the largest and most powerful among them , was a highly militaristic state , and competed with various Chinese dynasties during its 700 years of history . Goguryeo experienced a golden age under Gwanggaeto the Great and his son Jangsu , who both subdued Baekje and Silla during their times , achieving a brief unification of the Three Kingdoms of Korea and becoming the most dominant power on the Korean Peninsula . In addition to contesting for control of the Korean Peninsula , Goguryeo had many military conflicts with various Chinese dynasties , most notably the Goguryeo -- Sui War , in which Goguryeo defeated a huge force said to number over a million men . Baekje was a great maritime power ; its nautical skill , which made it the Phoenicia of East Asia , was instrumental in the dissemination of Buddhism throughout East Asia and continental culture to Japan . Baekje was once a great military power on the Korean Peninsula , especially during the time of Geunchogo , but was critically defeated by Gwanggaeto the Great and declined . Silla was the smallest and weakest of the three , but it used cunning diplomatic means to make opportunistic pacts and alliances with the more powerful Korean kingdoms , and eventually Tang China , to its great advantage . The unification of the Three Kingdoms by Silla in 676 led to the North South States Period , in which much of the Korean Peninsula was controlled by Later Silla , while Balhae controlled the northern parts of Goguryeo . Balhae was founded by a Goguryeo general and formed as a successor state to Goguryeo . During its height , Balhae controlled most of Manchuria and parts of the Russian Far East , and was called the `` Prosperous Country in the East '' . Later Silla was a golden age of art and culture , as evidenced by the Hwangnyongsa , Seokguram , and Emille Bell . Relationships between Korea and China remained relatively peaceful during this time . Later Silla carried on the maritime prowess of Baekje , which acted like the Phoenicia of medieval East Asia , and during the 8th and 9th centuries dominated the seas of East Asia and the trade between China , Korea and Japan , most notably during the time of Jang Bogo ; in addition , Silla people made overseas communities in China on the Shandong Peninsula and the mouth of the Yangtze River . Later Silla was a prosperous and wealthy country , and its metropolitan capital of Gyeongju was the fourth largest city in the world . Buddhism flourished during this time , and many Korean Buddhists gained great fame among Chinese Buddhists and contributed to Chinese Buddhism , including : Woncheuk , Wonhyo , Uisang , Musang , and Kim Gyo - gak , a Silla prince whose influence made Mount Jiuhua one of the Four Sacred Mountains of Chinese Buddhism . However , Later Silla weakened under internal strife and the revival of Baekje and Goguryeo , which led to the Later Three Kingdoms period in the late 9th century . Unified dynasties Changdeok Palace , one of the Five Grand Palaces built during the Joseon Dynasty and another UNESCO World Heritage Site . In 936 , the Later Three Kingdoms were united by Wang Geon , a descendant of Goguryeo nobility , who established Goryeo as the successor state of Goguryeo . Balhae had fallen to the Khitan Empire in 926 , and a decade later the last crown prince of Balhae fled south to Goryeo , where he was warmly welcomed and included into the ruling family by Wang Geon , thus unifying the two successor nations of Goguryeo . Like Silla , Goryeo was a highly cultural state , and invented the metal movable type printing press . After defeating the Khitan Empire , which was the most powerful empire of its time , in the Goryeo -- Khitan War , Goryeo experienced a golden age that lasted a century , during which the Tripitaka Koreana was completed and there were great developments in printing and publishing , promoting learning and dispersing knowledge on philosophy , literature , religion , and science ; by 1100 , there were 12 universities that produced famous scholars and scientists . However , the Mongol invasions in the 13th century greatly weakened the kingdom . Goryeo was never conquered by the Mongols , but exhausted after three decades of fighting , the Korean court sent its crown prince to the Yuan capital to swear allegiance to Kublai Khan , who accepted , and married one of his daughters to the Korean crown prince . Henceforth , Goryeo continued to rule Korea , though as a tributary ally to the Mongols for the next 86 years . During this period , the two nations became intertwined as all subsequent Korean kings married Mongol princesses , and the last empress of the Yuan dynasty was a Korean princess . In the mid-14th century , Goryeo drove out the Mongols to regain its northern territories , briefly conquered Liaoyang , and defeated invasions by the Red Turbans . However , in 1392 , General Yi Seong - gye , who had been ordered to attack China , turned his army around and staged a coup . Yi Seong - gye declared the new name of Korea as `` Joseon '' in reference to Gojoseon , and moved the capital to Hanseong ( one of the old names of Seoul ) . The first 200 years of the Joseon dynasty were marked by peace , and saw great advancements in science and education , as well as the creation of Hangul by Sejong the Great to promote literacy among the common people . The prevailing ideology of the time was Neo-Confucianism , which was epitomized by the seonbi class : nobles who passed up positions of wealth and power to lead lives of study and integrity . Between 1592 and 1598 , Toyotomi Hideyoshi launched invasions of Korea , but his advance was halted by Korean forces ( most notably the Joseon Navy led by Admiral Yi Sun - sin and his renowned `` turtle ship '' ) with assistance from Righteous Army militias formed by Korean civilians , and Ming dynasty Chinese troops . Through a series of successful battles of attrition , the Japanese forces were eventually forced to withdraw , and relations between all parties became normalized . However , the Manchus took advantage of Joseon 's war - weakened state and invaded in 1627 and 1637 , and then went on to conquer the destabilized Ming dynasty . After normalizing relations with the new Qing dynasty , Joseon experienced a nearly 200 - year period of peace . Kings Yeongjo and Jeongjo particularly led a new renaissance of the Joseon dynasty during the 18th century . In the 19th century , the royal in - law families gained control of the government , leading to mass corruption and weakening of the state , and severe poverty and peasant rebellions throughout the country . Furthermore , the Joseon government adopted a strict isolationist policy , earning the nickname `` the hermit kingdom '' , but ultimately failed to protect itself against imperialism and was forced to open its borders . After the First Sino - Japanese War and the Russo - Japanese War , Korea was occupied by Japan ( 1910 -- 45 ) . At the end of World War II , the Japanese surrendered to Soviet and U.S. forces who occupied the northern and southern halves of Korea , respectively . Modern History Main article : History of South Korea War Memorial of Korea , built in remembrance of the Korean War ( 1950 -- 1953 ) Between 1962 and 1994 , the South Korean economy grew at an average of 10 % annually , fueled by annual export growth of 20 % , in a period called the Miracle on the Han River Despite the initial plan of a unified Korea in the 1943 Cairo Declaration , escalating Cold War antagonism between the Soviet Union and the United States eventually led to the establishment of separate governments , each with its own ideology , leading to the division of Korea into two political entities in 1948 : North Korea and South Korea . In the South , Syngman Rhee , an opponent of communism , who had been backed and appointed by the United States as head of the provisional government , won the first presidential elections of the newly declared Republic of Korea in May . In the North , however , a former anti-Japanese guerrilla and communist activist , Kim Il - sung was appointed premier of the Democratic People 's Republic of Korea in September . In October the Soviet Union declared Kim Il - sung 's government as sovereign over both parts . The UN declared Rhee 's government as `` a lawful government having effective control and jurisdiction over that part of Korea where the UN Temporary Commission on Korea was able to observe and consult '' and the Government `` based on elections which was observed by the Temporary Commission '' in addition to a statement that `` this is the only such government in Korea . '' Both leaders began an authoritarian repression of their political opponents inside their region , seeking for a unification of Korea under their control . While South Korea 's request for military support was denied by the United States , North Korea 's military was heavily reinforced by the Soviet Union . Korean War On June 25 , 1950 , North Korea invaded South Korea , sparking the Korean War , the Cold War 's first major conflict , which continued until 1953 . At the time , the Soviet Union had boycotted the United Nations ( UN ) , thus forfeiting their veto rights . This allowed the UN to intervene in a civil war when it became apparent that the superior North Korean forces would unify the entire country . The Soviet Union and China backed North Korea , with the later participation of millions of Chinese troops . After an ebb and flow that saw both sides almost pushed to the brink of extinction , and massive losses among Korean civilians in both the north and the south , the war eventually reached a stalemate . The 1953 armistice , never signed by South Korea , split the peninsula along the demilitarized zone near the original demarcation line . No peace treaty was ever signed , resulting in the two countries remaining technically at war . Over 1.2 million people died during the Korean War . Post-Korean War ( 1960 - 1990 ) President Park Chung - hee played a pivotal role in rapidly developing the South Korean economy through export - oriented industrialization In 1960 , a student uprising ( the `` April 19 Revolution '' ) led to the resignation of the autocratic President Syngman Rhee . A period of political instability followed , broken by General Park Chung - hee 's May 16 coup against the weak and ineffectual government the next year . Park took over as president until his assassination in 1979 , overseeing rapid export - led economic growth as well as implementing political repression . Park was heavily criticised as a ruthless military dictator , who in 1972 extended his rule by creating a new constitution , which gave the president sweeping ( almost dictatorial ) powers and permitted him to run for an unlimited number of six - year terms . However , the Korean economy developed significantly during Park 's tenure and the government developed the nationwide expressway system , the Seoul subway system , and laid the foundation for economic development during his 17 - year tenure . The years after Park 's assassination were marked again by political turmoil , as the previously suppressed opposition leaders all campaigned to run for president in the sudden political void . In 1979 there came the Coup d'état of December Twelfth led by General Chun Doo - hwan . Following the Coup d'état , Chun Doo - hwan planned to rise to power through several measures . On May 17 , Chun Doo - hwan forced the Cabinet to expand martial law to the whole nation , which had previously not applied to the island of Jejudo . The expanded martial law closed universities , banned political activities and further curtailed the press . Chun 's assumption of the presidency in the events of May 17 , triggered nationwide protests demanding democracy , in particular in the city of Gwangju , to which Chun sent special forces to violently suppress the Gwangju Democratization Movement . Chun subsequently created the National Defense Emergency Policy Committee and took the presidency according to his political plan . Chun and his government held South Korea under a despotic rule until 1987 , when a Seoul National University student , Park Jong - chul , was tortured to death . On June 10 , the Catholic Priests Association for Justice revealed the incident , igniting the June Democracy Movement around the country . Eventually , Chun 's party , the Democratic Justice Party , and its leader , Roh Tae - woo announced the 6.29 Declaration , which included the direct election of the president . Roh went on to win the election by a narrow margin against the two main opposition leaders , Kim Dae - Jung and Kim Young - Sam . Seoul hosted the Olympic Games in 1988 , widely regarded as successful and a significant boost for South Korea 's global image and economy . South Korea was formally invited to become a member of the United Nations in 1991 . The transition of Korean from autocracy to modern democracy was marked in 1997 by the election of Kim Dae - jung , who was sworn in as the eighth president of South Korea , on February 25 , 1998 . His election was significant given that he had in earlier years been a political prisoner sentenced to death ( later commuted to exile ) . He won against the backdrop of the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis , where he took IMF advice to restructure the economy and the nation soon recovered its economic growth , albeit at a slower pace . Modern South Korea President Kim Dae - jung , the 2000 Nobel Peace Prize recipient for advancing democracy and human rights in South Korea and East Asia and for reconciliation with North Korea , was sometimes called the `` Nelson Mandela of Asia '' In June 2000 , as part of president Kim Dae - jung 's `` Sunshine Policy '' of engagement , a North -- South summit took place in Pyongyang , the capital of North Korea . Later that year , Kim received the Nobel Peace Prize `` for his work for democracy and human rights in South Korea and in East Asia in general , and for peace and reconciliation with North Korea in particular '' . However , because of discontent among the population for fruitless approaches to the North under the previous administrations and , amid North Korean provocations , a conservative government was elected in 2007 led by President Lee Myung - bak , former mayor of Seoul . Meanwhile , South Korea and Japan jointly co-hosted the 2002 FIFA World Cup . However , South Korean and Japanese relations later soured because of conflicting claims of sovereignty over the Liancourt Rocks . Korea was the first chair of the G - 20 during the 2010 Seoul summit In 2010 , there was an escalation in attacks by North Korea . In March 2010 the South Korean warship ROKS Cheonan was sunk with the loss of 46 South Korean sailors , allegedly by a North Korean submarine . In November 2010 Yeonpyeong island was attacked by a significant North Korean artillery barrage , with 4 people losing their lives . The lack of a strong response to these attacks from both South Korea and the international community ( the official UN report declined to explicitly name North Korea as the perpetrator for the Cheonan sinking ) caused significant anger with the South Korean public . South Korea saw another milestone in 2012 with the first ever female president Park Geun - hye elected and assuming office . Daughter of another former president , Park Chung - hee , she carried on a conservative brand of politics . President Park Geun - hye 's administration was formally accused of corruption , bribery , and influence - peddling for the involvement of close friend Choi Soon - sil in state affairs . There followed a series of massive public demonstrations from November 2016 and she was removed from office . After the fallout of President Park 's impeachment and dismissal , new elections were held and Moon Jae - in of the Democratic party won the presidency , assuming office on the 10th May 2017 . His tenure so far has seen an improving political relationship with North Korea , some increasing divergence in the military alliance with the United States , and the successful hosting of the Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang . Geography , climate and environment Geography Main article : Geography of South Korea Topography of South Korea South Korea occupies the southern portion of the Korean Peninsula , which extends some 1,100 km ( 680 mi ) from the Asian mainland . This mountainous peninsula is flanked by the Yellow Sea to the west , and the Sea of Japan to the east . Its southern tip lies on the Korea Strait and the East China Sea . The country , including all its islands , lies between latitudes 33 ° and 39 ° N , and longitudes 124 ° and 130 ° E. Its total area is 100,032 square kilometres ( 38,622.57 sq mi ) . South Korea can be divided into four general regions : an eastern region of high mountain ranges and narrow coastal plains ; a western region of broad coastal plains , river basins , and rolling hills ; a southwestern region of mountains and valleys ; and a southeastern region dominated by the broad basin of the Nakdong River . South Korea 's terrain is mostly mountainous , most of which is not arable . Lowlands , located primarily in the west and southeast , make up only 30 % of the total land area . About three thousand islands , mostly small and uninhabited , lie off the western and southern coasts of South Korea . Jeju - do is about 100 kilometres ( 62 miles ) off the southern coast of South Korea . It is the country 's largest island , with an area of 1,845 square kilometres ( 712 square miles ) . Jeju is also the site of South Korea 's highest point : Hallasan , an extinct volcano , reaches 1,950 metres ( 6,400 feet ) above sea level . The easternmost islands of South Korea include Ulleungdo and Liancourt Rocks ( Dokdo / Takeshima ) , while Marado and Socotra Rock are the southernmost islands of South Korea . South Korea has 20 national parks and popular nature places like the Boseong Tea Fields , Suncheon Bay Ecological Park , and the first national park of Jirisan . Climate Main article : Climate of South Korea Seoul Climate chart ( explanation ) J J J O 22 − 6 24 − 4 46 10 77 18 7 102 23 13 133 27 18 328 29 22 348 30 22 138 26 17 49 20 10 53 12 25 − 3 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° C Precipitation totals in mm Source : show Imperial conversion J J J O 0.9 35 21 0.9 39 25 1.8 50 34 64 45 73 55 5.2 80 64 13 84 71 14 85 72 5.4 78 62 1.9 67 50 2.1 53 37 40 26 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° F Precipitation totals in inches South Korea tends to have a humid continental climate and a humid subtropical climate , and is affected by the East Asian monsoon , with precipitation heavier in summer during a short rainy season called jangma ( 장마 ) , which begins end of June through the end of July . Winters can be extremely cold with the minimum temperature dropping below − 20 ° C ( − 4 ° F ) in the inland region of the country : in Seoul , the average January temperature range is − 7 to 1 ° C ( 19 to 34 ° F ) , and the average August temperature range is 22 to 30 ° C ( 72 to 86 ° F ) . Winter temperatures are higher along the southern coast and considerably lower in the mountainous interior . Summer can be uncomfortably hot and humid , with temperatures exceeding 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) in most parts of the country . South Korea has four distinct seasons ; spring , summer , autumn and winter . Spring usually lasts from late March to early May , summer from mid-May to early September , autumn from mid-September to early November , and winter from mid-November to mid-March . Rainfall is concentrated in the summer months of June through September . The southern coast is subject to late summer typhoons that bring strong winds , heavy rains and sometime floods . The average annual precipitation varies from 1,370 millimetres ( 54 in ) in Seoul to 1,470 millimetres ( 58 in ) in Busan . Environment Main article : Environment of South Korea Jeju Island is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and one of the New7Wonders of Nature Cheonggyecheon river is a modern public recreation space in downtown Seoul , South Korea During the first 20 years of South Korea 's growth surge , little effort was made to preserve the environment . Unchecked industrialization and urban development have resulted in deforestation and the ongoing destruction of wetlands such as the Songdo Tidal Flat . However , there have been recent efforts to balance these problems , including a government run $84 billion five - year green growth project that aims to boost energy efficiency and green technology . The green - based economic strategy is a comprehensive overhaul of South Korea 's economy , utilizing nearly two percent of the national GDP . The greening initiative includes such efforts as a nationwide bike network , solar and wind energy , lowering oil dependent vehicles , backing daylight savings and extensive usage of environmentally friendly technologies such as LEDs in electronics and lighting . The country -- already the world 's most wired -- plans to build a nationwide next - generation network that will be 10 times faster than broadband facilities , in order to reduce energy usage . The renewable portfolio standard program with renewable energy certificates runs from 2012 to 2022 . Quota systems favor large , vertically integrated generators and multinational electric utilities , if only because certificates are generally denominated in units of one megawatt - hour . They are also more difficult to design and implement than a Feed - in tariff . Around 350 residential micro combined heat and power units were installed in 2012 . Seoul 's tap water recently became safe to drink , with city officials branding it `` Arisu '' in a bid to convince the public . Efforts have also been made with afforestation projects . Another multibillion - dollar project was the restoration of Cheonggyecheon , a stream running through downtown Seoul that had earlier been paved over by a motorway . One major challenge is air quality , with acid rain , sulfur oxides , and annual yellow dust storms being particular problems . It is acknowledged that many of these difficulties are a result of South Korea 's proximity to China , which is a major air polluter . South Korea is a member of the Antarctic - Environmental Protocol , Antarctic Treaty , Biodiversity Treaty , Kyoto Protocol ( forming the Environmental Integrity Group ( EIG ) , regarding UNFCCC , with Mexico and Switzerland ) , Desertification , Endangered Species , Environmental Modification , Hazardous Wastes , Law of the Sea , Marine Dumping , Comprehensive Nuclear - Test - Ban Treaty ( not into force ) , Ozone Layer Protection , Ship Pollution , Tropical Timber 83 , Tropical Timber 94 , Wetlands , and Whaling . Government Main article : Government of South Korea Moon Jae - in 20th President Lee Nak - yeon 45th Prime Minister Under its current constitution the state is sometimes referred to as the Sixth Republic of South Korea . Like many democratic states , South Korea has a government divided into three branches : executive , judicial , and legislative . The executive and legislative branches operate primarily at the national level , although various ministries in the executive branch also carry out local functions . Local governments are semi-autonomous , and contain executive and legislative bodies of their own . The judicial branch operates at both the national and local levels . South Korea is a constitutional democracy . The National Assembly of South Korea The South Korean government 's structure is determined by the Constitution of the Republic of Korea . This document has been revised several times since its first promulgation in 1948 at independence . However , it has retained many broad characteristics and with the exception of the short - lived Second Republic of South Korea , the country has always had a presidential system with an independent chief executive . The first direct election was also held in 1948 . Although South Korea experienced a series of military dictatorships from the 1960s up until the 1980s , it has since developed into a successful liberal democracy . Today , the CIA World Factbook describes South Korea 's democracy as a `` fully functioning modern democracy '' . South Korea is ranked 37th on the Corruption Perceptions Index , with moderate control on corruption . Separation of powers and the election system of South Korea Administrative divisions Main article : Administrative divisions of South Korea See also : Provinces of South Korea , Special cities of South Korea , and Provinces of Korea The major administrative divisions in South Korea are eight provinces , one special self - governing province , six metropolitan cities ( self - governing cities that are not part of any province ) , one special city and one metropolitan autonomous city . Map Name Hangul Hanja Population Gangwon Seoul Incheon Gyeonggi S . Chungcheong N . Chungcheong Sejong Daejeon N. Gyeongsang N. Jeolla Daegu Ulsan Busan S. Gyeongsang Gwangju S. Jeolla Jeju North Korea Japan Yellow Sea Korea Strait ( Busan Strait ) Korea Strait ( Tsushima Strait ) Sea of Japan ( East Sea ) Special city ( Teukbyeolsi ) Seoul 서울 특별시 서울 特別市 9,830,452 Metropolitan city ( Gwangyeoksi ) Busan 부산 광역시 釜山廣域市 3,460,707 Daegu 대구 광역시 大邱廣域市 2,471,136 Incheon 인천 광역시 仁川廣域市 2,952,476 Gwangju 광주 광역시 光州廣域市 1,460,972 Daejeon 대전 광역시 大田廣域市 1,496,123 Ulsan 울산 광역시 蔚山廣域市 1,161,303 Metropolitan autonomous city ( Teukbyeol - jachisi ) Sejong 세종 특별 자치 시 世宗特別自治市 295,041 Province ( Do ) Gyeonggi 경기도 京畿道 12,941,604 Gangwon 강원도 江原道 1,545,452 North Chungcheong 충청북도 忠淸北道 1,595,164 South Chungcheong 충청남도 忠淸南道 2,120,666 North Jeolla 전라북도 全羅北道 1,847,089 South Jeolla 전라남도 全羅南道 1,890,412 North Gyeongsang 경상북도 慶尙北道 2,682,897 South Gyeongsang 경상남도 慶尙南道 3,377,126 Special self - governing province ( Teukbyeoljachi - do ) Jeju 제주 특별 자치도 濟州特別自治道 661,511 Revised Romanisation ; See Names of Seoul ; May As of 2018 . Demographics Main article : Demographics of South Korea See also : Koreans In April 2016 , South Korea 's population was estimated to be around 50.8 million by National Statistical Office , with continuing decline of working age population and total fertility rate . The country is noted for its population density , which was an estimated 505 per square kilometer in 2015 , more than 10 times the global average . Most South Koreans live in urban areas , because of rapid migration from the countryside during the country 's quick economic expansion in the 1970s , 1980s and 1990s . The capital city of Seoul is also the country 's largest city and chief industrial center . According to the 2005 census , Seoul had a population of 10 million inhabitants . The Seoul National Capital Area has 24.5 million inhabitants ( about half of South Korea 's entire population ) making it the world 's second largest metropolitan area . Other major cities include Busan ( 3.5 million ) , Incheon ( 3.0 million ) , Daegu ( 2.5 million ) , Daejeon ( 1.4 million ) , Gwangju ( 1.4 million ) and Ulsan ( 1.1 million ) . Koreans in traditional dress The population has also been shaped by international migration . After World War II and the division of the Korean Peninsula , about four million people from North Korea crossed the border to South Korea . This trend of net entry reversed over the next 40 years because of emigration , especially to the United States and Canada . South Korea 's total population in 1955 was 21.5 million , and has more than doubled , to 50 million , by 2010 . South Korea is considered one of the most ethnically homogeneous societies in the world with ethnic Koreans representing approximately 96 % of total population . Precise numbers are difficult since statistics do not record ethnicity and given many immigrants are ethnically Korean themselves , whilst some Korean citizens are not ethnically Korean . South Korea is nevertheless becoming a more multi-ethnic society over time due to immigration . The percentage of foreign nationals has been growing rapidly . As of 2016 , South Korea had 1,413,758 foreign residents , 2.75 % of the population ; however , many of them are ethnic Koreans with a foreign citizenship . For example , migrants from China ( PRC ) make up 56.5 % of foreign nationals , but approximately 70 % of the Chinese citizens in Korea are Joseonjok ( 조선족 ) , PRC citizens of Korean ethnicity . Regardless of the ethnicity , there are 28,500 US military personnel serving in South Korea , most serving a one - year unaccompanied tour ( though approximately 10 % serve longer tours accompanied by family ) , according to the Korea National Statistical Office . In addition , about 43,000 English teachers from English - speaking countries reside temporarily in Korea . Currently , South Korea has one of the highest rates of growth of foreign born population , with about 30,000 foreign born residents obtaining South Korean citizenship every year since 2010 . South Korea 's birthrate was the world 's lowest in 2009 . If this continues , its population is expected to decrease by 13 % to 42.3 million in 2050 . South Korea 's annual birthrate is approximately 9 births per 1000 people . However the birthrate has increased by 5.7 % since 2010 and Korea no longer has the world 's lowest birthrate . According to a 2011 report from The Chosun Ilbo , South Korea 's total fertility rate ( 1.23 children born per woman ) is higher than those of Taiwan ( 1.15 ) and Japan ( 1.21 ) . The average life expectancy in 2008 was 79.10 years , ( which was 34th in the world ) but by 2015 it had increased to around 81 . South Korea has the steepest decline in working age population of the OECD nations . In 2015 , National Statistical Office estimated that the population of the country will have reached its peak by 2035 . Largest cities or towns in South Korea 2015 Population and Housing Census Rank Name Province Pop . Rank Name Province Pop . Seoul Busan Seoul Seoul 9,904,312 11 Yongin Gyeonggi 971,327 Incheon Daegu Busan Busan 3,448,737 12 Seongnam Gyeonggi 948,757 Incheon Incheon 2,890,451 13 Bucheon Gyeonggi 843,794 Daegu Daegu 2,446,052 14 Cheongju North Chungcheong 833,276 5 Daejeon Daejeon 1,538,394 15 Ansan Gyeonggi 747,035 6 Gwangju Gwangju 1,502,881 16 Jeonju North Jeolla 658,172 7 Suwon Gyeonggi 1,194,313 17 Cheonan South Chungcheong 629,062 8 Ulsan Ulsan 1,166,615 18 Namyangju Gyeonggi 629,061 9 Changwon South Gyeongsang 1,059,241 19 Hwaseong Gyeonggi 608,725 10 Goyang Gyeonggi 990,073 20 Anyang Gyeonggi 585,177 Education Main article : Education in South Korea The front of the science library , Daejeon campus of KAIST , depicting the statue of Jang Young Sil , a Korean scientist A centralized administration in South Korea oversees the process for the education of children from kindergarten to the third and final year of high school . The school year is divided into two semesters , the first of which begins at the beginning of March and ends in mid-July , the second of which begins in late August and ends in mid-February . The schedules are not uniformly standardized and vary from school to school . Most South Korean middle schools and high schools have school uniforms , modeled on western - style uniforms . Boys ' uniforms usually consist of trousers and white shirts , and girls wear skirts and white shirts ( this only applies in middle schools and high schools ) . The country adopted a new educational program to increase the number of their foreign students through 2010 . According to the Ministry of Education , Science and Technology , the number of scholarships for foreign students in South Korea would have ( under the program ) doubled by that time , and the number of foreign students would have reached 100,000 . South Korea is one of the top - performing OECD countries in reading literacy , maths and sciences with the average student scoring 542 and has one of the worlds most highly educated labour forces among OECD countries . The country is well known for its highly feverish outlook on education , where its national obsession with education has been called `` education fever '' . This obsession with education has catapulted the resource poor nation consistently atop the global education rankings where in 2014 national rankings of students ' math and science scores by the Organization for Economic and Cooperation and Development ( OECD ) , South Korea ranked second place worldwide , after Singapore . Higher education is a serious issue in South Korea society , where it is viewed as one of the fundamental cornerstones of South Korean life . Education is regarded with a high priority for South Korean families as success in education holds a cultural status as well as a necessity to improve one 's socioeconomic position in South Korean society . Academic success is often a source of pride for families and within South Korean society at large . South Koreans view education as the main propeller of social mobility for themselves and their family as a gateway to the South Korean middle class . Graduating from a top university is the ultimate marker of prestige , high socioeconomic status , promising marriage prospects , and a respectable career path . An average South Korean child 's life revolves around education as pressure to succeed academically is deeply ingrained in South Korean children from an early age . Not having a university degree carries a major cultural stigma as those who lack a formal university education face social prejudice and are often looked down upon by others . In 2015 , the country spent 4.7 % of its GDP on all levels of education -- roughly equal to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development ( OECD ) average of 4.7 % also . A strong investment in education , a militant drive for success as well as the passion for excellence has helped the resource poor country rapidly grow its economy over the past 60 years from a war torn wasteland . South Korea 's zeal for education and its students ' desires to get into a prestigious university is one of the highest in the world , as the entrance into a top tier higher educational institution leads to a prestigious , secure and well - paid white collar job with the government , banks , a major South Korean conglomerate such as Samsung , Hyundai or LG Electronics . With incredible pressure on high school students to secure places at the nation 's best universities , its institutional reputation and alumni networks are strong predictors of future career prospects . The top three universities in South Korea , often referred to as `` SKY '' , are Seoul National University , Korea University and Yonsei University . Intense competition for top grades and academic pressure to be the top student is deeply ingrained in the psyche of South Korean students at a young age . Yet with only so many places at universities and even fewer places at top - tier companies , many young people remain disappointed and are often unwilling to lower their sights with the result of many feeling as underachievers . There is a major cultural taboo in South Korean society attached to those who have not achieved formal university education where those who do n't hold university degrees face social prejudice and are often looked down by others as second - class citizens resulting in fewer opportunities for employment , improvement of one 's socioeconomic position and prospects for marriage . International opinion regarding the South Korean education system has been divided . It has been praised for various reasons , including its comparatively high test results and its major role in ushering South Korea 's economic development creating one of the world 's most educated workforces . South Korea 's highly enviable academic performance has persuaded British education ministers to actively remodel their own curriculums and exams to try to emulate Korea 's militant drive and passion for excellence and high educational achievement . Former U.S. President Barack Obama has also praised the country 's rigorous school system , where over 80 percent of South Korean high school graduates go on to university . The nation 's high university entrance rate has created a highly skilled workforce making South Korea among the most highly educated countries in the world with one of the highest percentages of its citizens holding a tertiary education degree . Bachelor 's degrees are held by 68 percent of South Koreans aged 25 -- 34 , the most in the OECD . The system 's rigid and hierarchical structure has been criticized for stifling creativity and innovation ; described as intensely and `` brutally '' competitive , the system is often blamed for the high suicide rate in the country , particularly the growing rates among those aged 10 -- 19 . Various media outlets attribute the country 's high suicide rate to the nationwide anxiety around the country 's college entrance exams , which determine the trajectory of students ' entire lives and careers . Former South Korean hagwon teacher Se - Woong Koo wrote that the South Korean education system amounts to child abuse and that it should be `` reformed and restructured without delay '' . The system has also been criticized for producing an excess supply of university graduates creating an overeducated and underemployed labor force ; in the first quarter of 2013 alone , nearly 3.3 million South Korean university graduates were jobless , leaving many graduates overqualified for jobs requiring less education . Further criticism has been stemmed for causing labor shortages in various skilled blue collar labor and vocational occupations , where many go unfilled as the negative social stigma associated with vocational careers and not having a university degree continues to remain deep - rooted in South Korean society . Language Main articles : Korean language and Korean dialects Korean is the official language of South Korea , and is classified by most linguists as a language isolate . Korean is not related to any Chinese languages , although it incorporates a number of words that are Chinese in origin . Additionally , Korean spoken in South Korea uses a significant number of loan words from English and other European languages . Korean uses an indigenous writing system called Hangul , created in 1446 by King Sejong to provide a convenient alternative to the Classical Chinese Hanja characters that were difficult to learn and did not fit the Korean language well . South Korea still uses some Chinese Hanja characters in limited areas , such as print media and legal documentation . The Korean language in South Korea has a standard dialect known as Seoul ( after the capital city ) , with an additional 4 Korean language dialect groups in use around the country . Almost all South Korean students today learn English throughout their education , with some optionally choosing Japanese or Mandarin as well . Religion Main article : Religion in South Korea Religion in South Korea ( 2015 census ) Unaffiliated , Sindo , Korean Confucianism , unregistered groups ( 56.9 % ) Protestantism ( 19.7 % ) Korean Buddhism ( 15.5 % ) Catholic Church ( 7.9 % ) According to the results of the census of 2015 more than half of the South Korean population ( 56.9 % ) declared themselves not affiliated with any religious organizations . Korean shamanism ( also known as Sindo or Muism ) is the native religion of the Koreans , and it may represent a large part of the unaffiliated . Indeed , according to a 2012 survey , only 15 % of the population declared themselves not religious in the sense of `` atheism '' . Of the people who are affiliated with a religious organization , most are Christians and Buddhists . According to the 2015 census , 27.6 % of the population were Christians ( 19.7 % identified themselves as Protestants , 7.9 % as Roman Catholics ) , and 15.5 % were Buddhists . Other religions include Islam ( 130,000 Muslims , mostly migrant workers from Pakistan and Bangladesh but including some 35,000 Korean Muslims , ) the homegrown sect of Wonbuddhism , and a variety of indigenous religions , including Cheondoism ( a Confucianizing religion ) , Jeungsanism , Daejongism , Daesun Jinrihoe and others . Freedom of religion is guaranteed by the constitution , and there is no state religion . Overall , between the 2005 and 2015 censuses there has been a slight decline of Christianity ( down from 29 % to 27.6 % ) , a sharp decline of Buddhism ( down from 22.8 % to 15.5 % ) , and a rise of the unaffiliated population ( from 47.2 % to 56.9 % ) . Christianity is South Korea 's largest organized religion , accounting for more than half of all South Korean adherents of religious organizations . There are approximately 13.5 million Christians in South Korea today ; about two thirds of them belonging to Protestant churches , and the rest to the Roman Catholic Church . The number of Protestants has been stagnant throughout the 1990s and the 2000s , but increased to a peak level throughout the 2010s . Roman Catholics increased significantly between the 1980s and the 2000s , but declined throughout the 2010s . Christianity , unlike in other East Asian countries , found fertile ground in Korea in the 18th century , and by the end of the 18th century it persuaded a large part of the population as the declining monarchy supported it and opened the country to widespread proselytism as part of a project of Westernization . The weakness of Korean Sindo , which , unlike Japanese Shinto and China 's religious system , never developed into a national religion of high status , combined with the impoverished state of Korean Buddhism ( after 500 years of suppression at the hands of the Joseon state , by the 20th century it was virtually extinct ) left a free hand to Christian churches . Christianity 's similarity to native religious narratives has been studied as another factor that contributed to its success in the peninsula . The Japanese colonization of the first half of the 20th century further strengthened the identification of Christianity with Korean nationalism , as the Japanese coopted native Korean Sindo into the Nipponic Imperial Shinto that they tried to establish in the peninsula . Widespread Christianization of the Koreans took place during State Shinto , after its abolition , and then in the independent South Korea as the newly established military government supported Christianity and tried to utterly oust native Sindo . Buddha 's Birthday celebration in Seoul Among Christian denominations , Presbyterianism is the largest . About nine million people belong to one of the hundred different Presbyterian churches ; the biggest ones are the HapDong Presbyterian Church , TongHap Presbyterian Church , the Koshin Presbyterian Church . South Korea is also the second - largest missionary - sending nation , after the United States . Buddhism was introduced to Korea in the 4th century . It became soon a dominant religion in the southeastern kingdom of Silla , the region that hitherto hosts the strongest concentration of Buddhists in South Korea . In the other states of the Three Kingdoms Period , Goguryeo and Baekje , it was made the state religion respectively in 372 and 528 . It remained the state religion in Later Silla ( North South States Period ) and Goryeo . It was later suppressed throughout much of the subsequent history under the unified kingdom of Joseon ( 1392 -- 1897 ) , which officially adopted a strict Korean Confucianism . Today , South Korea has about 7 million Buddhists , most of them affiliated to the Jogye Order . Most of the National Treasures of South Korea are Buddhist artifacts . Health Main article : Health in South Korea Lee Jong - wook , former director - general of the World Health Organization , who was dedicated to combating tuberculosis and HIV / AIDS , along with eradicating polio South Korea has a universal healthcare system . Suicide in South Korea is a serious and widespread problem and the country ranks poorly on world happiness reports for a high - income state . The suicide rate was the highest in the G20 in 2015 ( 24.1 deaths per 100,000 persons ) . South Korean hospitals have advanced medical equipment and facilities readily available , ranking 4th for MRI units per capita and 6th for CT scanners per capita in the OECD . It also had the OECD 's second largest number of hospital beds per 1000 people at 9.56 beds . Life expectancy has been rising rapidly and South Korea ranked 11th in the world for life expectancy at 82.3 years by the WHO in 2015 . Foreign relations Main article : Foreign relations of South Korea The former Secretary - General of the United Nations ( 2007 -- 2016 ) , Ban Ki - moon South Korea maintains diplomatic relations with more than 188 countries . The country has also been a member of the United Nations since 1991 , when it became a member state at the same time as North Korea . On January 1 , 2007 , Former South Korean Foreign Minister Ban Ki - moon served as UN Secretary - General from 2007 to 2016 . It has also developed links with the Association of Southeast Asian Nations as both a member of ASEAN Plus three , a body of observers , and the East Asia Summit ( EAS ) . In November 2009 South Korea joined the OECD Development Assistance Committee , marking the first time a former aid recipient country joined the group as a donor member . South Korea hosted the G - 20 Summit in Seoul in November 2010 , a year that saw South Korea and the European Union conclude a free trade agreement ( FTA ) to reduce trade barriers . South Korea went on to sign a Free Trade Agreements with Canada and Australia in 2014 , and another with New Zealand in 2015 . North Korea Main article : North Korea -- South Korea relations Korean Demilitarized Zone Both North and South Korea claim complete sovereignty over the entire peninsula and outlying islands . Despite mutual animosity , reconciliation efforts have continued since the initial separation between North and South Korea . Political figures such as Kim Koo worked to reconcile the two governments even after the Korean War . With longstanding animosity following the Korean War from 1950 to 1953 , North Korea and South Korea signed an agreement to pursue peace . On October 4 , 2007 , Roh Moo - Hyun and North Korean leader Kim Jong - il signed an eight - point agreement on issues of permanent peace , high - level talks , economic cooperation , renewal of train services , highway and air travel , and a joint Olympic cheering squad . North Korean leader Kim Jong - un and South Korean President Moon Jae - in shake hands inside the Peace House . Despite the Sunshine Policy and efforts at reconciliation , the progress was complicated by North Korean missile tests in 1993 , 1998 , 2006 , 2009 , and 2013 . As of early 2009 , relationships between North and South Korea were very tense ; North Korea had been reported to have deployed missiles , ended its former agreements with South Korea , and threatened South Korea and the United States not to interfere with a satellite launch it had planned . North and South Korea are still technically at war ( having never signed a peace treaty after the Korean War ) and share the world 's most heavily fortified border . On May 27 , 2009 , North Korean media declared that the Armistice is no longer valid because of the South Korean government 's pledge to `` definitely join '' the Proliferation Security Initiative . To further complicate and intensify strains between the two nations , the sinking of the South Korean warship Cheonan in March 2010 , is affirmed by the South Korean government to have been caused by a North Korean torpedo , which the North denies . President Lee Myung - bak declared in May 2010 that Seoul would cut all trade with North Korea as part of measures primarily aimed at striking back at North Korea diplomatically and financially , except for the joint Kaesong Industrial Project , and humanitarian aid . North Korea initially threatened to sever all ties , to completely abrogate the previous pact of non-aggression , and to expel all South Koreans from a joint industrial zone in Kaesong , but backtracked on its threats and decided to continue its ties with South Korea . Despite the continuing ties , Kaesong industrial zone has seen a large decrease in investment and manpower as a result of this military conflict . In February 2016 , the Kaesong complex was closed by Seoul in reaction to North Korea 's launch of a rocket earlier in the month unanimously condemned by the United Nations security council . The 2017 election of President Moon Jae - in has seen a change in approach towards the North , and both sides used the South Korean held 2018 Winter Olympics as an opportunity for engagement , with a very senior North Korean political delegation sent to the games , along with a reciprocal visit by senior South Korean cabinet members to the North soon afterwards . China Main articles : China -- South Korea relations and South Korea -- Taiwan relations Historically , Korea had close relations with the dynasties in China , and some Korean kingdoms were members of the Imperial Chinese tributary system. The Korean kingdoms also ruled over some Chinese kingdoms including the Kitan people and the Manchurians before the Qing dynasty and received tributes from them.In modern times , before the formation of South Korea , Korean independence fighters worked with Chinese soldiers during the Japanese occupation . However , after World War II , the People 's Republic of China embraced Maoism while South Korea sought close relations with the United States . The PRC assisted North Korea with manpower and supplies during the Korean War , and in its aftermath the diplomatic relationship between South Korea and the PRC almost completely ceased . Relations thawed gradually and South Korea and the PRC re-established formal diplomatic relations on August 24 , 1992 . The two countries sought to improve bilateral relations and lifted the forty - year - old trade embargo , and South Korean -- Chinese relations have improved steadily since 1992 . The Republic of Korea broke off official relations with the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) upon gaining official relations with the People 's Republic of China , which does n't recognise Taiwan 's sovereignty . China has become South Korea 's largest trading partner by far , sending 26 % of South Korean exports in 2016 worth $124 billion , as well as an additional $32 billion worth of exports to Hong Kong . South Korea is also China 's 4th largest trading partner , with $93 billion of Chinese imports in 2016 . The 2017 deployment of THAAD defence missiles by the United States military in South Korea in response to North Korean missile tests has been protested strongly by the Chinese government , concerned that the technologically advanced missile defence could be used more broadly against China . Relations between the governments have cooled in response , with South Korean commercial and cultural interests in China having been targeted , and Chinese tourism to South Korea having been curtailed . The situation was largely resolved by South Korea making significant military concessions to China in exchange for THAAD , including not deploying any more anti-ballistic missile systems in South Korea and not participating in an alliance between the United States and Japan . Japan Main article : Japan -- South Korea relations See also : History of Japan -- Korea relations and Japan -- Korea disputes Liancourt Rocks has become an issue known as the Liancourt Rocks dispute Korea and Japan have had difficult relations since ancient times , but also significant cultural exchange , with Korea acting as the gateway between Asia and Japan . Contemporary perceptions of Japan are still largely defined by Japan 's 35 year colonization of Korea in the 20th century , which is generally regarded in South Korea as having been very negative . Japan is today South Korea 's third largest trading partner , with 12 % ( $46 billion ) of exports in 2016 . There were no formal diplomatic ties between South Korea and Japan directly after independence the end of World War II in 1945 . South Korea and Japan eventually signed the Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea in 1965 to establish diplomatic ties . There is heavy anti-Japanese sentiment in South Korea because of a number of unsettled Japanese - Korean disputes , many of which stem from the period of Japanese occupation after the Japanese annexation of Korea . During World War II , more than 100,000 Koreans served in the Imperial Japanese Army . Korean women were coerced and forced to serve the Imperial Japanese Army as sexual slaves , called comfort women , in both Korea and throughout the Japanese war fronts . Longstanding issues such as Japanese war crimes against Korean civilians , the negationist re-writing of Japanese textbooks relating Japanese atrocities during World War II , the territorial disputes over the Liancourt Rocks , known in South Korea as `` Dokdo '' and in Japan as `` Takeshima '' , and visits by Japanese politicians to the Yasukuni Shrine , honoring Japanese people ( civilians and military ) killed during the war continue to trouble Korean - Japanese relations . The Liancourt Rocks were the first Korean territories to be forcibly colonized by Japan in 1905 . Though it was again returned to Korea along with the rest of its territory in 1951 with the signing of the Treaty of San Francisco , Japan does not recant on its claims that the Liancourt Rocks are Japanese territory . In response to then - Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi 's visits to the Yasukuni Shrine , former President Roh Moo - hyun suspended all summit talks between South Korea and Japan in 2009 . A summit between the nations ' leaders was eventually held on February 9th , 2018 during the Korean held Winter Olympics . European Union Main article : South Korea -- European Union relations The European Union ( EU ) and South Korea are important trading partners , having negotiated a free trade agreement for many years since South Korea was designated as a priority FTA partner in 2006 . The free trade agreement was approved in September 2010 , and took effect on July 1 , 2011 . South Korea is the EU 's tenth largest trade partner , and the EU has become South Korea 's fourth largest export destination . EU trade with South Korea exceeded € 90 billion in 2015 and has enjoyed an annual average growth rate of 9.8 % between 2003 and 2013 . The EU has been the single largest foreign investor in South Korea since 1962 , and accounted for almost 45 % of all FDI inflows into Korea in 2006 . Nevertheless , EU companies have significant problems accessing and operating in the South Korean market because of stringent standards and testing requirements for products and services often creating barriers to trade . Both in its regular bilateral contacts with South Korea and through its FTA with Korea , the EU is seeking to improve this situation . United States Main article : South Korea -- United States relations President Moon Jae - in with U.S. President Donald Trump in the Rose Garden of the White House in Washington , D.C. on June 30 , 2017 The close relationship began directly after World War II , when the United States temporarily administrated Korea for three years ( mainly in the South , with the Soviet Union engaged in North Korea ) after Japan . Upon the onset of the Korean War in 1950 , U.S. forces were sent to defend against an invasion from North Korea of the South , and subsequently fought as the as the largest contributor of UN troops . The United States participation was critical for preventing the near defeat of the Republic of Korea by northern forces , as well as fighting back for the territory gains that define the South Korean nation today . Following the Armistice , South Korea and the U.S. agreed to a `` Mutual Defense Treaty '' , under which an attack on either party in the Pacific area would summon a response from both . In 1967 , South Korea obliged the mutual defense treaty , by sending a large combat troop contingent to support the United States in the Vietnam War . The US has over 23,000 troops stationed in South Korea , including the U.S. Eighth Army , Seventh Air Force , and U.S. Naval Forces Korea . The two nations have strong economic , diplomatic , and military ties , although they have at times disagreed with regard to policies towards North Korea , and with regard to some of South Korea 's industrial activities that involve usage of rocket or nuclear technology . There had also been strong anti-American sentiment during certain periods , which has largely moderated in the modern day . The two nations also share a close economic relationship , with the U.S being South Korea 's second largest trading partner , receiving $66 billion in exports in 2016 . In 2007 , a free trade agreement known as the Republic of Korea - United States Free Trade Agreement ( KORUS FTA ) was signed between South Korea and the United States , but its formal implementation was repeatedly delayed , pending approval by the legislative bodies of the two countries . On October 12 , 2011 , the U.S. Congress passed the long - stalled trade agreement with South Korea . It went into effect on March 15 , 2012 . Military Main article : Republic of Korea Armed Forces This section 's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out - of - date information . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( March 2012 ) The unresolved tension with North Korea have prompted South Korea to allocate 2.6 % of its GDP and 15 % of all government spending to its military ( Government share of GDP : 14.967 % ) , while maintaining compulsory conscription for men . Consequently , South Korea has the world 's seventh largest number of active troops ( 630,000 in 2017 ) , the world 's highest number of reserve troops ( 7,500,000 in 2017 ) and the tenth largest defense budget . The South Korean military consists of the Army ( ROKA ) , the Navy ( ROKN ) , the Air Force ( ROKAF ) , and the Marine Corps ( ROKMC ) , and reserve forces . Many of these forces are concentrated near the Korean Demilitarized Zone . All South Korean males are constitutionally required to serve in the military , typically 21 months . Previous exceptions for South Korean citizens of mixed race no longer apply since 2011 . ROKN Sejong the Great , a King Sejong the Great - class guided - missile destroyer built by Hyundai Heavy Industries In addition to male conscription in South Korea 's sovereign military , 1,800 Korean males are selected every year to serve 21 months in the KATUSA Program to further augment the United States Forces Korea ( USFK ) . In 2010 , South Korea was spending ₩ 1.68 trillion in a cost - sharing agreement with the US to provide budgetary support to the US forces in Korea , on top of the ₩ 29.6 trillion budget for its own military . The South Korean - developed K2 Black Panther built by Hyundai Rotem The South Korean army has 2,500 tanks in operation , including the K1A1 and K2 Black Panther , which form the backbone of the South Korean army 's mechanized armor and infantry forces . A sizable arsenal of many artillery systems , including 1,700 self - propelled K55 and K9 Thunder howitzers and 680 helicopters and UAVs of numerous types , are assembled to provide additional fire , reconnaissance , and logistics support . South Korea 's smaller but more advanced artillery force and wide range of airborne reconnaissance platforms are pivotal in the counter-battery suppression of North Korea 's large artillery force , which operates more than 13,000 artillery systems deployed in various state of fortification and mobility . The South Korean navy has made its first major transformation into a blue - water navy through the formation of the Strategic Mobile Fleet , which includes a battle group of Chungmugong Yi Sun - sin class destroyers , Dokdo class amphibious assault ship , AIP - driven Type 214 submarines , and King Sejong the Great class destroyers , which is equipped with the latest baseline of Aegis fleet - defense system that allows the ships to track and destroy multiple cruise missiles and ballistic missiles simultaneously , forming an integral part of South Korea 's indigenous missile defense umbrella against the North Korean military 's missile threat . The South Korean air force operates 840 aircraft , making it world 's ninth largest air force , including several types of advanced fighters like F - 15K , heavily modified KF - 16C / D , and the indigenous F / A-50 , supported by well - maintained fleets of older fighters such as F - 4E and KF - 5E / F that still effectively serve the air force alongside the more modern aircraft . In an attempt to gain strength in terms of not just numbers but also modernity , the commissioning of four Boeing 737 AEW&C aircraft , under Project Peace Eye for centralized intelligence gathering and analysis on a modern battlefield , will enhance the fighters ' and other support aircraft 's ability to perform their missions with awareness and precision . In May 2011 , Korea Aerospace Industries Ltd. , South Korea 's largest plane maker , signed a $400 million deal to sell 16 T - 50 Golden Eagle trainer jets to Indonesia , making South Korea the first country in Asia to export supersonic jets . ROKAF FA - 50 , a supersonic combat aircraft developed by Korea Aerospace Industries From time to time , South Korea has sent its troops overseas to assist American forces . It has participated in most major conflicts that the United States has been involved in the past 50 years . South Korea dispatched 325,517 troops to fight alongside American , Australian , Filipino , New Zealand and South Vietnamese soldiers in the Vietnam War , with a peak strength of 50,000 . In 2004 , South Korea sent 3,300 troops of the Zaytun Division to help re-building in northern Iraq , and was the third largest contributor in the coalition forces after only the US and Britain . Beginning in 2001 , South Korea had so far deployed 24,000 troops in the Middle East region to support the War on Terrorism . A further 1,800 were deployed since 2007 to reinforce UN peacekeeping forces in Lebanon . ROKS Dokdo , the lead ship of the Dokdo - class amphibious assault ships built by Hanjin Heavy Industries United States contingent The United States has stationed a substantial contingent of troops to defend South Korea . There are approximately 28,500 U.S. Military personnel stationed in Korea , most of them serving one year unaccompanied tours . The American troops , which are primarily ground and air units , are assigned to USFK and mainly assigned to the Eighth United States Army of the US Army and Seventh Air Force of the US Air Force . They are stationed in installations at Osan , Kunsan , Yongsan , Dongducheon , Sungbuk , Camp Humphreys , and Daegu , as well as at Camp Bonifas in the DMZ Joint Security Area . A fully functioning UN Command is at the top of the chain of command of all forces in South Korea , including the US forces and the entire South Korean military -- if a sudden escalation of war between North and South Korea were to occur the United States would assume control of the South Korean armed forces in all military and paramilitary moves . There has been long term agreement between the United States and South Korea that South Korea should eventually assume the lead for its own defense . This transition to a South Korean command has been slow and often postponed , although it is currently scheduled to occur in the early 2020s . Conscientious objection Male citizens who refuse or reject to undertake military services because of conscientious objection are typically imprisoned , with over 600 individuals usually imprisoned at any given time ; more than the rest of the world put together . The vast majority of these are young men from the Jehovah 's Witnesses Christian denomination . See Conscription in South Korea . Economy Main article : Economy of South Korea Graphical depiction of South Korea 's product exports in 28 color - coded categories The Bank of Korea , the central bank of the South Korea and issuer of the South Korean won The Samsung headquarters in Samsung Town , located in Seocho - gu , Seoul The Lotte World Tower in Songpa - gu , Seoul , is the tallest building in South Korea and the 5th tallest in the world South Korea 's mixed economy ranks 11th nominal and 13th purchasing power parity GDP in the world , identifying it as one of the G - 20 major economies . It is a developed country with a high - income economy and is the most industrialized member country of the OECD . South Korean brands such as LG Electronics and Samsung are internationally famous and garnered South Korea 's reputation for its quality electronics and other manufactured goods . Its massive investment in education has taken the country from mass illiteracy to a major international technological powerhouse . The country 's national economy benefits from a highly skilled workforce and is among the most educated countries in the world with one of the highest percentages of its citizens holding a tertiary education degree . South Korea 's economy was one of the world 's fastest - growing from the early 1960s to the late 1990s , and was still one of the fastest - growing developed countries in the 2000s , along with Hong Kong , Singapore and Taiwan , the other three Asian Tigers . South Koreans refer to this growth as the Miracle on the Han River . The South Korean economy is heavily dependent on international trade , and in 2014 , South Korea was the fifth - largest exporter and seventh - largest importer in the world . Despite the South Korean economy 's high growth potential and apparent structural stability , the country suffers damage to its credit rating in the stock market because of the belligerence of North Korea in times of deep military crises , which has an adverse effect on South Korean financial markets . The International Monetary Fund compliments the resilience of the South Korean economy against various economic crises , citing low state debt and high fiscal reserves that can quickly be mobilized to address financial emergencies . Although it was severely harmed by the Asian economic crisis of the late 1990s , the South Korean economy managed a rapid recovery and subsequently tripled its GDP . Furthermore , South Korea was one of the few developed countries that were able to avoid a recession during the global financial crisis . Its economic growth rate reached 6.2 percent in 2010 ( the fastest growth for eight years after significant growth by 7.2 percent in 2002 ) , a sharp recovery from economic growth rates of 2.3 % in 2008 and 0.2 % in 2009 , when the global financial crisis hit . The unemployment rate in South Korea also remained low in 2009 , at 3.6 % . South Korea became a member of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) in 1996 . The following list includes the largest South Korean companies by revenue in 2017 who are all listed as part of the Fortune Global 500 : Rank Name Headquarters Revenue ( Mil . $ ) Profit ( Mil . $ ) Assets ( Mil . $ ) 01 . Samsung Electronics Suwon 173,957 19,316 217,104 02 . Hyundai Motor Seoul 80,701 4,659 148,092 03 . SK Holdings Seoul 72,579 659 85.332 04 . Korea Electric Power Naju 51,500 6,074 147,265 05 . LG Electronics Seoul 47,712 66 31,348 06 . POSCO Pohang 45,621 1,167 66,361 07 . Kia Motors Seoul 45,425 2,373 42,141 08 . Hanwha Seoul 40,606 423 128,247 09 . Hyundai Heavy Industries Ulsan 33,881 469 40,783 010 . Hyundai Mobis Seoul 32,972 2,617 34,541 011 . Samsung Life Insurance Seoul 26,222 1,770 219,157 012 . Lotte Shopping Seoul 25,444 144 34,710 013 . Samsung C&T Seoul 24,217 92 36,816 014 . LG Display Seoul 22,840 781 20,606 015 . GS Caltex Seoul 22,207 1,221 15,969 Transportation , energy and infrastructure Main articles : Transport in South Korea and Energy in South Korea Korean Air , flag carrier of South Korea Incheon International Airport 's Maglev station Korea developed the HEMU 430X high - speed train , which can travel at over 430 km / h ( 267 mph ) , making South Korea the world 's fourth country after France , Japan and China to develop a high - speed train running above 420 km / h on conventional rails . The Daegu Metro Line 3 monorail South Korea has a technologically advanced transport network consisting of high - speed railways , highways , bus routes , ferry services , and air routes that crisscross the country . Korea Expressway Corporation operates the toll highways and service amenities en route . Korail provides frequent train services to all major South Korean cities . Two rail lines , Gyeongui and Donghae Bukbu Line , to North Korea are now being reconnected . The Korean high - speed rail system , KTX , provides high - speed service along Gyeongbu and Honam Line . Major cities including Seoul , Busan , Incheon , Daegu , Daejeon and Gwangju have urban rapid transit systems . Express bus terminals are available in most cities . South Korea 's main gateway and largest airport is Incheon International Airport , serving 58 million passengers in 2016 . Other international airports include Gimpo , Busan and Jeju . There are also a large number of airports that were built as part of the infrastructure boom but are barely used . There are a large number of heliports . The national carrier , Korean Air served over 26,800,000 passengers , including almost 19,000,000 international passengers in 2016 . A second carrier , Asiana Airlines also serves domestic and international traffic . Combined , South Korean airlines serve 297 international routes . Smaller airlines , such as Jeju Air , provide domestic service with lower fares . South Korea is the world 's fifth - largest nuclear power producer and the second - largest in Asia as of 2010 . Nuclear power in South Korea supplies 45 % of electricity production , and research is very active with investigation into a variety of advanced reactors , including a small modular reactor , a liquid - metal fast / transmutation reactor and a high - temperature hydrogen generation design . Fuel production and waste handling technologies have also been developed locally . It is also a member of the ITER project . South Korea is an emerging exporter of nuclear reactors , having concluded agreements with the UAE to build and maintain four advanced nuclear reactors , with Jordan for a research nuclear reactor , and with Argentina for construction and repair of heavy - water nuclear reactors . As of 2010 , South Korea and Turkey are in negotiations regarding construction of two nuclear reactors . South Korea is also preparing to bid on construction of a light - water nuclear reactor for Argentina . South Korea is not allowed to enrich uranium or develop traditional uranium enrichment technology on its own , because of US political pressure , unlike most major nuclear powers such as Japan , Germany , and France , competitors of South Korea in the international nuclear market . This impediment to South Korea 's indigenous nuclear industrial undertaking has sparked occasional diplomatic rows between the two allies . While South Korea is successful in exporting its electricity - generating nuclear technology and nuclear reactors , it can not capitalize on the market for nuclear enrichment facilities and refineries , preventing it from further expanding its export niche . South Korea has sought unique technologies such as pyroprocessing to circumvent these obstacles and seek a more advantageous competition . The US has recently been wary of South Korea 's burgeoning nuclear program , which South Korea insists will be for civilian use only . South Korea is the third highest ranked Asian country in the World Economic Forum 's Network Readiness Index ( NRI ) after Singapore and Hong Kong respectively -- an indicator for determining the development level of a country 's information and communication technologies . South Korea ranked number 10 overall in the 2014 NRI ranking , up from 11 in 2013 . Tourism Main article : Tourism in South Korea Haeundae Beach in Busan In 2016 , 17 million foreign tourists visited South Korea With rising tourist prospects , especially from foreign countries outside of Asia , the South Korean government has set a target of attracting 20 million foreign tourists a year by 2017 . South Korean tourism is driven by many factors , including the popularity of South Korean pop music and television dramas , known as Korean Wave ( Hallyu ) , throughout East Asia , traditional culture , cuisine and natural environment . The Hyundai Research Institute reported that the Korean Wave has a direct impact in encouraging direct foreign investment back into the country through demand for products , and the tourism industry . Among Asian countries , China was the most receptive , investing 1.4 billion in South Korea , with much of the investment within its service sector , a sevenfold increase from 2001 . According to an analysis by economist Han Sang - Wan , a 1 percent increase in the exports of Korean cultural content pushes consumer goods exports up 0.083 percent while a 1 percent increase in Korean pop content exports to a country produces a 0.019 percent bump in tourism . South Korean national pension system The South Korean pension system was created to provide benefits to persons reaching old age , families and persons stricken with death of their primary breadwinner , and for the purposes of stabilizing its nations welfare state . South Korea 's pensions system structure is primarily based on taxation and is income - related . In 2007 there was a total of 18,367,000 insured individuals with only around 511,000 persons excluded from mandatory contribution . The current pension system is divided into four categories distributing benefits to participants through national , military personnel , governmental , and private school teacher pension schemes . The national pension scheme is the primary welfare system providing allowances to the majority of persons . Eligibility for the national pension scheme is not dependent on income but on age and residence , where those between the ages of 18 to 59 are covered . Any one who is under the age of 18 are dependents of someone who is covered or under a special exclusion where they are allowed to alternate provisions . The national pension scheme is divided into four categories of insured persons -- the workplace - based insured , the individually insured , the voluntarily insured , and the voluntarily and continuously insured . Employees between the ages of 18 to 59 are covered under the workplace - based pension scheme and contribute 4.5 % of their gross monthly earnings . The national pension covers employees who work in firms that employ five or more employees , fishermen , farmers , and the self - employed in both rural and urban areas . Employers are also covered under the workplace - based pension scheme and help cover their employees obligated 9 % contribution by providing the remaining 4.5 % . Anyone who is not employed , of the age of 60 or above , and excluded by article 6 of the National Pension Act but of the ages between 18 and 59 , is covered under the individually insured pension scheme . Persons covered by the individually insured pension scheme are in charge of paying the entire 9 % contribution themselves . Voluntarily insured persons are not subjected to mandatory coverage but can choose to be . This category comprises retirees who voluntarily choose to have additional benefits , individuals under the age of 27 without income , and individuals whose spouses are covered under a public welfare system , whether military , governmental , or private school teacher pensions . Like the Individually insured persons , they too are in charge of covering the full amount of the contribution . Voluntarily and continuously insured persons consists of individuals 60 years of age who want to fulfill the minimum insured period of 20 years to qualify for old age pension benefits . Excluding the workplace - based insured persons , all the other insured persons personally cover their own 9 % contribution . South Korea 's old - age pension scheme covers individuals age 60 or older for the rest of their life as long as they have satisfied the minimum of 20 years of national pension coverage before hand . Individuals with a minimum of 10 years covered under the national pension scheme and who are 60 years of age are able to be covered by under a ' reduced old - age pension ' scheme . There also is an ' active old - age pension ' scheme that covers individuals age 60 to 65 engaged in activities yielding earned income . Individuals age of 55 and younger than 60 who are not engaged in activities yielding earned income are eligible to be covered under the ' early old - age pension ' scheme . Around 60 % of all Korean elders , age 65 and over are entitled to a 5 % benefit of their past average income at an average of 90,000 Korean Won ( KRW ) . Basic old - age pension schemes covered individuals 65 years of age who earned below an amount set by presidential order . In 2010 , that ceiling was 700 , 00 KRW for a single individual and 1,120,000 for a couple , equivalent to around $600.00 and $960.00 . Science and technology Main article : History of science and technology in Korea See also : List of Korean inventions and discoveries A 3D OLED TV made by Korean LG Display , the world 's largest LCD and OLED maker Scientific and technological development in the South Korea at first did not occur largely because of more pressing matters such as the division of Korea and the Korean War that occurred right after its independence . It was n't until the 1960s under the dictatorship of Park Chung - hee where South Korea 's economy rapidly grew from industrialisation and the Chaebol corporations such as Samsung and LG . Ever since the industrialization of South Korea 's economy , South Korea has placed its focus on technology - based corporations , which has been supported by infrastructure developments by the government . South Korean corporations Samsung and LG were ranked first and third largest mobile phone companies in the world in the first quarter of 2012 , respectively . An estimated 90 % of South Koreans own a mobile phone . Aside from placing / receiving calls and text messaging , mobile phones in the country are widely used for watching Digital Multimedia Broadcasting ( DMB ) or viewing websites . Over one million DMB phones have been sold and the three major wireless communications providers SK Telecom , KT , and LG U+ provide coverage in all major cities and other areas . South Korea has the fastest Internet download speeds in the world , with an average download speed of 25.3 Mbit / s . South Korea leads the OECD in graduates in science and engineering . The country ranks first among the most innovative countries in the Bloomberg Innovation Index . Additionally , South Korea today is known as a Launchpad of a mature mobile market , where developers can reap benefits of a market where very few technology constraints exist . There is a growing trend of inventions of new types of media or apps , utilizing the 4G and 5G internet infrastructure in South Korea . South Korea has today the infrastructures to meet a density of population and culture that has the capability to create strong local particularity . Cyber Security Following cyberattacks in the first half of 2013 , whereby government , news - media , television station , and bank websites were compromised , the national government committed to the training of 5,000 new cybersecurity experts by 2017 . The South Korean government blamed North Korea for these attacks , as well as incidents that occurred in 2009 , 2011 and 2012 , but Pyongyang denies the accusations . In late September 2013 , a computer - security competition jointly sponsored by the defense ministry and the National Intelligence Service was announced . The winners were announced on September 29 , 2013 and shared a total prize pool of 80 million won ( US $ 74,000 ) . Aerospace engineering Main article : Korea Aerospace Research Institute A replica of the Naro - 1 South Korea has sent up 10 satellites from 1992 , all using foreign rockets and overseas launch pads , notably Arirang - 1 in 1999 , and Arirang - 2 in 2006 as part of its space partnership with Russia . Arirang - 1 was lost in space in 2008 , after nine years in service . In April 2008 , Yi So - yeon became the first Korean to fly in space , aboard the Russian Soyuz TMA - 12 . In June 2009 , the first spaceport of South Korea , Naro Space Center , was completed at Goheung , Jeollanam - do . The launch of Naro - 1 in August 2009 resulted in a failure . The second attempt in June 2010 was also unsuccessful . However , the third launch of the Naro 1 in January 2013 was successful . The government plans to develop Naro - 2 by the year 2018 . South Korea 's efforts to build an indigenous space launch vehicle is marred because of persistent political pressure of the United States , who had for many decades hindered South Korea 's indigenous rocket and missile development programs in fear of their possible connection to clandestine military ballistic missile programs , which Korea many times insisted did not violate the research and development guidelines stipulated by US - Korea agreements on restriction of South Korean rocket technology research and development . South Korea has sought the assistance of foreign countries such as Russia through MTCR commitments to supplement its restricted domestic rocket technology . The two failed KSLV - I launch vehicles were based on the Universal Rocket Module , the first stage of the Russian Angara rocket , combined with a solid - fueled second stage built by South Korea . Robotics Albert HUBO , developed by KAIST , can make expressive gestures with its five separate fingers Robotics has been included in the list of main national R&D projects in Korea since 2003 . In 2009 , the government announced plans to build robot - themed parks in Incheon and Masan with a mix of public and private funding . In 2005 , Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology ( KAIST ) developed the world 's second walking humanoid robot , HUBO . A team in the Korea Institute of Industrial Technology developed the first Korean android , EveR - 1 in May 2006 . EveR - 1 has been succeeded by more complex models with improved movement and vision . Plans of creating English - teaching robot assistants to compensate for the shortage of teachers were announced in February 2010 , with the robots being deployed to most preschools and kindergartens by 2013 . Robotics are also incorporated in the entertainment sector as well ; the Korean Robot Game Festival has been held every year since 2004 to promote science and robot technology . Biotechnology Since the 1980s , the Korean government has invested in the development of a domestic biotechnology industry , and the sector is projected to grow to $6.5 billion by 2010 . The medical sector accounts for a large part of the production , including production of hepatitis vaccines and antibiotics . Recently , research and development in genetics and cloning has received increasing attention , with the first successful cloning of a dog , Snuppy ( in 2005 ) , and the cloning of two females of an endangered species of wolves by the Seoul National University in 2007 . The rapid growth of the industry has resulted in significant voids in regulation of ethics , as was highlighted by the scientific misconduct case involving Hwang Woo - Suk . Culture Main article : Culture of South Korea See also : Culture of Korea A musician playing a gayageum South Korea shares its traditional culture with North Korea , but the two Koreas have developed distinct contemporary forms of culture since the peninsula was divided in 1945 . Historically , while the culture of Korea has been heavily influenced by that of neighboring China , it has nevertheless managed to develop a unique cultural identity that is distinct from its larger neighbor . Its rich and vibrant culture left 19 UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritages of Humanity , the third largest in the world , along with 12 World Heritage Sites . The South Korean Ministry of Culture , Sports and Tourism actively encourages the traditional arts , as well as modern forms , through funding and education programs . The industrialization and urbanization of South Korea have brought many changes to the way modern Koreans live . Changing economics and lifestyles have led to a concentration of population in major cities , especially the capital Seoul , with multi-generational households separating into nuclear family living arrangements . A 2014 Euromonitor study found that South Koreans drink the most alcohol on a weekly basis compared to the rest of the world . South Koreans drink 13.7 shots of liquor per week on average and , of the 44 other countries analyzed , Russia , the Philippines , and Thailand follow . Art Main article : Korean art Blue and white porcelain peach - shaped water dropper from Joseon Dynasty in 18th century Korean art has been highly influenced by Buddhism and Confucianism , which can be seen in the many traditional paintings , sculptures , ceramics and the performing arts . Korean pottery and porcelain , such as Joseon 's baekja and buncheong , and Goryeo 's celadon are well known throughout the world . The Korean tea ceremony , pansori , talchum and buchaechum are also notable Korean performing arts . Post-war modern Korean art started to flourish in the 1960s and 1970s , when South Korean artists took interest in geometrical shapes and intangible subjects . Establishing a harmony between man and nature was also a favorite of this time . Because of social instability , social issues appeared as main subjects in the 1980s . Art was influenced by various international events and exhibits in Korea , and with it brought more diversity . The Olympic Sculpture Garden in 1988 , the transposition of the 1993 edition of the Whitney Biennial to Seoul , the creation of the Gwangju Biennale and the Korean Pavilion at the Venice Biennale in 1995 were notable events . Architecture Main article : Architecture of South Korea See also : Korean architecture Namdaemun Because of South Korea 's tumultuous history , construction and destruction has been repeated endlessly , resulting in an interesting melange of architectural styles and designs . Korean traditional architecture is characterized by its harmony with nature . Ancient architects adopted the bracket system characterized by thatched roofs and heated floors called ondol . People of the upper classes built bigger houses with elegantly curved tiled roofs with lifting eaves . Traditional architecture can be seen in the palaces and temples , preserved old houses called hanok , and special sites like Hahoe Folk Village , Yangdong Village of Gyeongju and Korean Folk Village . Traditional architecture may also be seen at the nine UNESCO World Heritage Sites in South Korea . Bulguksa , a UNESCO World Heritage Site Western architecture was first introduced to Korea at the end of the 19th century . Churches , offices for foreign legislation , schools and university buildings were built in new styles . With the annexation of Korea by Japan in 1910 the colonial regime intervened in Korea 's architectural heritage , and Japanese - style modern architecture was imposed . The anti-Japanese sentiment , and the Korean War , led to the destruction of most buildings constructed during that time . Korean architecture entered a new phase of development during the post-Korean War reconstruction , incorporating modern architectural trends and styles . Stimulated by the economic growth in the 1970s and 1980s , active redevelopment saw new horizons in architectural design . In the aftermath of the 1988 Seoul Olympics , South Korea has witnessed a wide variation of styles in its architectural landscape due , in large part , to the opening up of the market to foreign architects . Contemporary architectural efforts have been constantly trying to balance the traditional philosophy of `` harmony with nature '' and the fast - paced urbanization that the country has been going through in recent years . Cuisine Main article : Korean cuisine Bibimbap Korean cuisine , hanguk yori ( 한국 요리 ; 韓國料理 ) , or hansik ( 한식 ; 韓食 ) , has evolved through centuries of social and political change . Ingredients and dishes vary by province . There are many significant regional dishes that have proliferated in different variations across the country in the present day . The Korean royal court cuisine once brought all of the unique regional specialties together for the royal family . Meals consumed both by the royal family and ordinary Korean citizens have been regulated by a unique culture of etiquette . Korean cuisine is largely based on rice , noodles , tofu , vegetables , fish and meats . Traditional Korean meals are noted for the number of side dishes , banchan ( 반찬 ) , which accompany steam - cooked short - grain rice . Every meal is accompanied by numerous banchan . Kimchi ( 김치 ) , a fermented , usually spicy vegetable dish is commonly served at every meal and is one of the best known Korean dishes . Korean cuisine usually involves heavy seasoning with sesame oil , doenjang ( 된장 ) , a type of fermented soybean paste , soy sauce , salt , garlic , ginger , and gochujang ( 고추장 ) , a hot pepper paste . Other well - known dishes are Bulgogi ( 불고기 ) , grilled marinated beef , Gimbap ( 김밥 ) , and Tteokbokki ( 떡볶이 ) , a spicy snack consisting of rice cake seasoned with gochujang or a spicy chili paste . Soups are also a common part of a Korean meal and are served as part of the main course rather than at the beginning or the end of the meal . Soups known as guk ( 국 ) are often made with meats , shellfish and vegetables . Similar to guk , tang ( 탕 ; 湯 ) has less water , and is more often served in restaurants . Another type is jjigae ( 찌개 ) , a stew that is typically heavily seasoned with chili pepper and served boiling hot . Popular Korean alcoholic beverages include Soju , Makgeolli and Bokbunja ju . Korea is unique among Asian countries in its use of metal chopsticks . Metal chopsticks have been discovered in Goguryeo archaeological sites . Entertainment Main articles : Korean Wave , Music of South Korea , Cinema of South Korea , and Korean drama Rain , one of the most popular music artists in South Korea , found international fame by reaching a global audience through his music and films . In addition to domestic consumption , South Korea has a thriving entertainment industry where various facets of South Korean entertainment including television dramas , films , and popular music has generated significant financial revenues for the nation 's economy . The cultural phenomenon known as Hallyu or the `` Korean Wave '' , has swept many countries across Asia making South Korea a major soft power as an exporter of popular culture and entertainment , rivaling Western nations such as the United States and the United Kingdom . Until the 1990s , trot and traditional Korean folk based ballads dominated South Korean popular music . The emergence of the South Korean pop group Seo Taiji and Boys in 1992 marked a turning point for South Korean popular music , also known as K - pop , as the genre modernized itself from incorporating elements of popular musical genres from across the world such as Western popular music , experimental , jazz , gospel , Latin , classical , hip hop , rhythm and blues , electronic dance , reggae , country , folk , and rock on top of its uniquely traditional Korean music roots . Western - style pop , hip hop , rhythm and blues , rock , folk , electronic dance oriented acts have become dominant in the modern South Korean popular music scene , though trot is still enjoyed among older South Koreans . K - pop stars and groups are well known across Asia and have found international fame making millions of dollars in export revenue . Many K - pop acts have also been able secure a strong overseas following following using online social media platforms such as the video sharing website YouTube . South Korean singer PSY became an international sensation when his song `` Gangnam Style '' topped global music charts in 2012 . Since the success of the film Shiri in 1999 , the Korean film industry has begun to gain recognition internationally . Domestic film has a dominant share of the market , partly because of the existence of screen quotas requiring cinemas to show Korean films at least 73 days a year . South Korean television shows have become popular outside of Korea . South Korean television dramas , known as K - dramas have begun to find fame internationally . Many dramas tend to have a romantic focus , such as Princess Hours , You 're Beautiful , Playful Kiss , My Name is Kim Sam Soon , Boys Over Flowers , Winter Sonata , Autumn in My Heart , Full House , City Hunter , All About Eve , Secret Garden , I Can Hear Your Voice , Master 's Sun , My Love from the Star , Healer , Descendants of the Sun and Guardian : The Lonely and Great God . Historical dramas have included Faith , Dae Jang Geum , The Legend , Dong Yi , Moon Embracing the Sun , and Sungkyunkwan Scandal . Holidays Main article : Public holidays in South Korea There are many official public holidays in South Korea . Korean New Year 's Day , or `` Seollal '' , is celebrated on the first day of the Korean lunar calendar . Korean Independence Day falls on March 1 , and commemorates the March 1 Movement of 1919 . Memorial Day is celebrated on June 6 , and its purpose is to honor the men and women who died in South Korea 's independence movement . Constitution Day is on July 17 , and it celebrates the promulgation of Constitution of the Republic of Korea . Liberation Day , on August 15 , celebrates Korea 's liberation from the Empire of Japan in 1945 . Every 15th day of the 8th lunar month , Koreans celebrate the Midautumn Festival , in which Koreans visit their ancestral hometowns and eat a variety of traditional Korean foods . On October 1 , Armed Forces day is celebrated , honoring the military forces of South Korea . October 3 is National Foundation Day . Hangul Day , on October 9 commemorates the invention of hangul , the native alphabet of the Korean language . Sports Main article : Sport in South Korea Seoul Sports Complex , Korea 's largest integrated sports center The martial art taekwondo originated in Korea . In the 1950s and 1960s , modern rules were standardized , with taekwondo becoming an official Olympic sport in 2000 . Other Korean martial arts include taekkyeon , hapkido , Tang Soo Do , Kuk Sool Won , kumdo and subak . Football and baseball have traditionally been regarded as the most popular sports in Korea . Recent polling indicates that a majority , 41 % of South Korean sports fans continue to self - identify as football fans , with baseball ranked 2nd at 25 % of respondents . However , the polling did not indicate the extent to which respondents follow both sports . The national football team became the first team in the Asian Football Confederation to reach the FIFA World Cup semi-finals in the 2002 FIFA World Cup , jointly hosted by South Korea and Japan . The Korea Republic national team ( as it is known ) has qualified for every World Cup since Mexico 1986 , and has broken out of the group stage twice : first in 2002 , and again in 2010 , when it was defeated by eventual semi-finalist Uruguay in the Round of 16 . At the 2012 Summer Olympics , South Korea won the Bronze Medal for football . Sajik Baseball Stadium in Busan Baseball was first introduced to Korea in 1905 and has since become increasingly popular , with some sources claiming it has surpassed football as the most popular sport in the country . Recent years have been characterized by increasing attendance and ticket prices for professional baseball games . The Korea Professional Baseball league , a 10 - team circuit , was established in 1982 . The South Korea national team finished third in the 2006 World Baseball Classic and second in the 2009 tournament . The team 's 2009 final game against Japan was widely watched in Korea , with a large screen at Gwanghwamun crossing in Seoul broadcasting the game live . In the 2008 Summer Olympics , South Korea won the gold medal in baseball . Also in 1982 , at the Baseball Worldcup , Korea won the gold medal . At the 2010 Asian Games , the Korean National Baseball team won the gold medal . Several Korean players have gone on to play in Major League Baseball . Basketball is a popular sport in the country as well . South Korea has traditionally had one of the top basketball teams in Asia and one of the continent 's strongest basketball divisions . Seoul hosted the 1967 and 1995 Asian Basketball Championship . The Korea national basketball team has won a record number of 23 medals at the event to date . Hapkido fight South Korea hosted the Asian Games in 1986 ( Seoul ) , 2002 ( Busan ) and 2014 ( Incheon ) . It also hosted the Winter Universiade in 1997 , the Asian Winter Games in 1999 and the Summer Universiade in 2003 , 2015 . In 1988 , South Korea hosted the Summer Olympics in Seoul , coming fourth with 12 gold medals , 10 silver medals and 11 bronze medals . South Korea regularly performs well in archery , shooting , table tennis , badminton , short track speed skating , handball , hockey , freestyle wrestling , Greco - Roman wrestling , baseball , judo , taekwondo , speed skating , figure Skating , and weightlifting . The Seoul Olympic Museum is a museum in Seoul , South Korea , dedicated to the 1988 Summer Olympics . On July 6 , 2011 Pyeongchang was chosen by the IOC to host the 2018 Winter Olympics . South Korea has won more medals in the Winter Olympics than any other Asian country with a total of 45 medals ( 23 gold , 14 silver , and 8 bronze ) . At the 2010 Winter Olympics , South Korea ranked fifth in the overall medal rankings . South Korea is especially strong in short track speed skating . However , speed skating and figure skating are very popular , too , and ice hockey is an emerging sport with Anyang Halla winning their first ever Asia League Ice Hockey title in March 2010 . Seoul hosted a professional triathlon race , which is part of the International Triathlon Union ( ITU ) World Championship Series in May 2010 . In 2011 , the South Korean city of Daegu hosted the 2011 IAAF World Championships in Athletics . Seoul World Cup Stadium in Seoul with a capacity of 66,704 seats In October 2010 , South Korea hosted its first Formula One race at the Korea International Circuit in Yeongam , about 400 kilometres ( 250 mi ) south of Seoul . The Korean Grand Prix was held from 2010 to 2013 , but was not placed on the 2014 F1 calendar . Domestic horse racing events are also followed by South Koreans and Seoul Race Park in Gwacheon , Gyeonggi - do is located closest to Seoul out of the country 's three tracks . Competitive video gaming , also called eSports ( sometimes written e-Sports ) , has become more popular South Korea in recent years , particularly among young people . The two most popular games are League of Legends and StarCraft . The gaming scene of South Korea is managed by the Korean e-Sports Association ( KeSPA for short ) and has become something of a career for many players . They can make a living out of their activity and top players can even make a significant amount of money with some high end Starcraft II players ending up making six figure salaries . Korean e-Sports Association Korea Professional Sports League Baseball KBO League Basketball Korean Basketball League Women 's Korean Basketball League Football K League 1 ( 1st ) K League 2 ( 2nd ) Volleyball V - League International Championship Host Olympic Games Seoul Summer 1988 Pyeongchang Winter 2018 FIFA World Cup Korea & Japan 2002 Korea 2007 ( U-17 ) Korea 2017 ( U-20 ) IAAF World Championships in Athletics Daegu 2011 FINA World Aquatics Championships Gwangju 2019 Asian Games Seoul Summer 1986 Gangwon Winter 1999 Busan Summer 2002 Incheon Summer 2014 AFC Asian Cup Korea 1960 Universiade Muju / Jeonju Winter 1997 Daegu Summer 2003 Gwangju Summer 2015 Formula One Korean Grand Prix See also Outline of South Korea President of South Korea List of companies of South Korea Index of South Korea - related articles International rankings of South Korea List of South Korean tourist attractions References Jump up ^ `` A New Way of Seeing Country Social Responsibility '' ( PDF ) . 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Jump up ^ Roberts , John Morris ; Westad , Odd Arne ( 2013 ) . The History of the World . Oxford University Press . p. 443 . ISBN 9780199936762 . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Hall ( November 27 , 2007 ) . Averting Global War : Regional Challenges , Overextension , and Options for American Strategy . Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 158 -- 159 . ISBN 9780230608733 . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Laet , Sigfried J. de ( 1994 ) . History of Humanity : From the seventh to the sixteenth century . UNESCO . p. 1133 . ISBN 9789231028137 . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Walker , Hugh Dyson ( November 20 , 2012 ) . East Asia : A New History . AuthorHouse . pp. 6 -- 7 . ISBN 9781477265178 . Retrieved November 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kotkin , Stephen ; Wolff , David ( March 4 , 2015 ) . Rediscovering Russia in Asia : Siberia and the Russian Far East : Siberia and the Russian Far East . Routledge . ISBN 9781317461296 . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tudor , Daniel ( November 10 , 2012 ) . Korea : The Impossible Country : The Impossible Country . Tuttle Publishing . ISBN 9781462910229 . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kim , Jinwung ( 2012 ) . A History of Korea : From `` Land of the Morning Calm '' to States in Conflict . Bloomington , Indiana : Indiana University Press . p. 35 . ISBN 978 - 0253000781 . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Korea 's Geography '' . Asianinfo.org . February 1 , 2010 . Retrieved July 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ancient civilizations '' ( Press release ) . Canada : Royal Ontario Museum . December 12 , 2005 . Retrieved April 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Prehistoric Korea '' . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2008 . Retrieved July 12 , 2008 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) , Office of the Prime Minister . ^ Jump up to : `` 195 ( III ) The problem of the independence of Korea '' Archived October 23 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine. , December 12 , 1948 , Resolutions Adopted by the General Assembly During its Third Session , p. 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` Koreas agree to military hotline '' . CNN.com . June 4 , 2004 . Retrieved February 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` South Korea : Economic and social developments '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved February 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Report for Selected Countries and Subjects , International Monetary Fund . ^ Jump up to : Rossabi , Morris ( May 20 , 1983 ) . China Among Equals : The Middle Kingdom and Its Neighbors , 10th -- 14th Centuries . University of California Press . p. 323 . ISBN 9780520045620 . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Yi , Ki - baek ( 1984 ) . A New History of Korea . Harvard University Press . p. 103 . ISBN 9780674615762 . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kim , Djun Kil ( January 30 , 2005 ) . The History of Korea . ABC - CLIO . p. 57 . ISBN 9780313038532 . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Grayson , James H. ( 2013 - 11 - 05 ) . Korea -- A Religious History . Routledge . p. 79 . ISBN 9781136869259 . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Yunn , Seung - Yong ( 1996 ) , `` Muslims earlier contact with Korea '' , Religious culture of Korea , Hollym International , p. 99 ^ Jump up to : Korea 原名 Corea ? 美國改的名 . United Daily News ( in Chinese ) . July 5 , 2008 . Retrieved March 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Barbara Demick ( September 15 , 2003 ) . `` A ' C ' Change in Spelling Sought for the Koreas '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Korea vs Corea '' . Monster Island . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2009 . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 이기환 ( 30 August 2017 ) . `` ( 이기환 의 흔적 의 역사 ) 국호 논쟁 의 전말 ... 대한민국 이냐 고려 공화국 이냐 '' . 경향 신문 ( in Korean ) . The Kyunghyang Shinmun . Retrieved 2 July 2018 . Jump up ^ 이덕일 . `` ( 이덕일 사랑 ) 대 ~ 한민국 '' . 조선 닷컴 ( in Korean ) . Chosun Ilbo . Retrieved 2 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Myers , Brian Reynolds ( 20 May 2018 ) . `` North Korea 's state - loyalty advantage '' . Free Online Library . Archived from the original on 20 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Korean Classics : Asian Collections : An Illustrated Guide ( Library of Congress -- Asian Division ) '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gutenberg Bible '' . British Library . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Korea , 1000 -- 1400 A.D. Chronology Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History '' . The Metropolitan Museum of Art . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Movable type '' . Oxford University Press . doi : 10.1093 / oi / authority. 20110803100213284 ( inactive 2018 - 08 - 13 ) . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ebrey , Patricia Buckley ; Walthall , Anne ( 2013 - 01 - 01 ) . East Asia : A Cultural , Social , and Political History . Cengage Learning . ISBN 978 - 1285528670 . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Korea 's History '' . Asian Shravan . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2010 . Retrieved February 17 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Seth , Michael J. ( 2010 ) . A History of Korea : From Antiquity to the Present . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . p. 443 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 6717 - 7 . `` An extreme manifestation of nationalism and the family cult was the revival of interest in Tangun , the mythical founder of the first Korean state ... Most textbooks and professional historians , however , treat him as a myth . '' Stark , Miriam T. ( 2008 ) . Archaeology of Asia . John Wiley & Sons . p. 49 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 5303 - 4 . `` Although Kija may have truly existed as a historical figure , Tangun is more problematical . '' Schmid , Andre ( 2013 ) . Korea Between Empires . Columbia University Press . p. 270 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 50630 - 4 . `` Most ( Korean historians ) treat the ( Tangun ) myth as a later creation . '' Peterson , Mark ( 2009 ) . Brief History of Korea . Infobase Publishing . p. 5 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4381 - 2738 - 5 . `` The Tangun myth became more popular with groups that wanted Korea to be independent ; the Kija myth was more useful to those who wanted to show that Korea had a strong affinity to China . '' Hulbert , H.B. ( 2014 ) . The History of Korea . Routledge . p. 73 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 84941 - 4 . `` If a choice is to be made between them , one is faced with the fact that the Tangun , with his supernatural origin , is more clearly a mythological figure than Kija . '' Jump up ^ Hwang , Kyung - moon ( 2010 ) . A History of Korea , An Episodic Narrative . Palgrave Macmillan . p. 4 . ISBN 9780230364530 . Jump up ^ Early Korea Archived June 25 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine ... Shsu.edu . Retrieved April 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 낙랑군 '' . Jump up ^ 이문영 ( July 15 , 2011 ) . `` 이야기 보따리 삼국 시대 : 역사 친구 004 '' . sowadang -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Yi , Ki - baek ( 1984 ) . A New History of Korea . Harvard University Press . pp. 23 -- 24 . ISBN 9780674615762 . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Walker , Hugh Dyson ( November 2012 ) . East Asia : A New History . AuthorHouse . p. 104 . ISBN 9781477265161 . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Yi , Hyŏn - hŭi ; Pak , Sŏng - su ; Yun , Nae - hyŏn ( 2005 ) . New history of Korea . Jimoondang . p. 201 . ISBN 9788988095850 . He launched a military expedition to expand his territory , opening the golden age of Goguryeo . Jump up ^ Hall , John Whitney ( 1988 ) . The Cambridge History of Japan . Cambridge University Press . p. 362 . ISBN 9780521223522 . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Embree , Ainslie Thomas ( 1988 ) . Encyclopedia of Asian history . Scribner . p. 324 . ISBN 9780684188997 . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Warren I. ( 2000 - 12 - 20 ) . East Asia at the Center : Four Thousand Years of Engagement with the World . Columbia University Press . p. 50 . ISBN 9780231502511 . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kim , Jinwung ( 2012 - 11 - 05 ) . A History of Korea : From `` Land of the Morning Calm '' to States in Conflict . Indiana University Press . p. 35 . ISBN 978 - 0253000781 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kings and Queens of Korea '' . KBS World Radio . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2016 . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Walker , Hugh Dyson ( 2012 - 11 - 20 ) . East Asia : A New History . AuthorHouse . p. 161 . ISBN 9781477265178 . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ White , Matthew ( 2011 - 11 - 07 ) . Atrocities : The 100 Deadliest Episodes in Human History . W.W. Norton & Company . p. 78 . ISBN 9780393081923 . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Grant , Reg G. ( 2011 ) . 1001 Battles That Changed the Course of World History . Universe Pub . p. 104 . ISBN 9780789322333 . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bedeski , Robert ( 2007 - 03 - 12 ) . Human Security and the Chinese State : Historical Transformations and the Modern Quest for Sovereignty . Routledge . p. 90 . ISBN 9781134125975 . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Yi , Ki - baek ( 1984 ) . A New History of Korea . Harvard University Press . p. 47 . ISBN 9780674615762 . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Koguryŏ was the first to open hostilities , with a bold assault across the Liao River against Liao - hsi , in 598 . The Sui emperor , Wen Ti , launched a retaliatory attack on Koguryŏ but met with reverses and turned back in mid-course . Yang Ti , the next Sui emperor , proceeded in 612 to mount an invasion of unprecedented magnitude , marshalling a huge force said to number over a million men . And when his armies failed to take Liao - tung Fortress ( modern Liao - yang ) , the anchor of Koguryŏ 's first line of defense , he had a nearly a third of his forces , some 300,000 strong , break off the battle there and strike directly at the Koguryŏ capital of P'yŏngyang . But the Sui army was lured into a trap by the famed Koguryŏ commander Ŭlchi Mundŏk , and suffered a calamitous defeat at the Salsu ( Ch'ŏngch'ŏn ) River . It is said that only 2,700 of the 300,000 Sui soldiers who had crossed the Yalu survived to find their way back , and the Sui emperor now lifted the siege of Liao - tung Fortress and withdrew his forces to China proper . Yang Ti continued to send his armies against Koguryŏ but again without success , and before long his war - weakened empire crumbled . Jump up ^ Nahm , Andrew C. ( 2005 ) . A Panorama of 5000 Years : Korean History ( Second revised ed . ) . Seoul : Hollym International Corporation . p. 18 . ISBN 978 - 0930878689 . China , which had been split into many states since the early 3rd century , was reunified by the Sui dynasty at the end of the 6th century . Soon after that , Sui China mobilized a large number of troops and launched war against Koguryŏ . However , the people of Koguryŏ were united and they were able to repel the Chinese aggressors . In 612 , Sui troops invaded Korea again , but Koguryŏ forces fought bravely and destroyed Sui troops everywhere . General Ŭlchi Mundŏk of Koguryŏ completely wiped out some 300,000 Sui troops which came across the Yalu River in the battles near the Salsu River ( now Ch'ŏngch'ŏn River ) with his ingenious military tactics . Only 2,700 Sui troops were able to flee from Korea . The Sui dynasty , which wasted so much energy and manpower in aggressive wars against Koguryŏ , fell in 618 . Jump up ^ Ebrey , Patricia Buckley ; Walthall , Anne ; Palais , James B. ( 2006 ) . East Asia : A Cultural , Social , and Political History . Houghton Mifflin . p. 123 . ISBN 9780618133840 . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kitagawa , Joseph ( 2013 - 09 - 05 ) . The Religious Traditions of Asia : Religion , History , and Culture . Routledge . p. 348 . ISBN 9781136875908 . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ebrey , Patricia Buckley ; Walthall , Anne ; Palais , James B. ( 2013 ) . East Asia : A Cultural , Social , and Political History , Volume I : To 1800 . Cengage Learning . p. 104 . ISBN 978 - 1111808150 . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ A Brief History of Korea . Ewha Womans University Press . 2005 - 01 - 01 . pp. 29 -- 30 . ISBN 9788973006199 . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Yu , Chai - Shin ( 2012 ) . The New History of Korean Civilization . iUniverse . p. 27 . ISBN 9781462055593 . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kim , Jinwung ( 2012 ) . A History of Korea : From `` Land of the Morning Calm '' to States in Conflict . Indiana University Press . pp. 44 -- 45 . ISBN 978 - 0253000248 . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wells , Kenneth M. ( July 3 , 2015 ) . Korea : Outline of a Civilisation . Brill . pp. 18 -- 19 . ISBN 9789004300057 . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Injae , Lee ; Miller , Owen ; Jinhoon , Park ; Hyun - Hae , Yi ( December 15 , 2014 ) . Korean History in Maps . Cambridge University Press . pp. 64 -- 65 . ISBN 9781107098466 . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ DuBois , Jill ( 2004 ) . Korea . Marshall Cavendish . p. 22 . ISBN 9780761417866 . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Randel , Don Michael ( 2003 ) . The Harvard Dictionary of Music . Harvard University Press . p. 273 . ISBN 9780674011632 . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hopfner , Jonathan ( September 10 , 2013 ) . Moon Living Abroad in South Korea . Avalon Travel . p. 21 . ISBN 9781612386324 . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kim , Djun Kil ( January 30 , 2005 ) . The History of Korea . ABC - CLIO . p. 47 . ISBN 9780313038532 . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kitagawa , Joseph ( September 5 , 2013 ) . The Religious Traditions of Asia : Religion , History , and Culture . Routledge . p. 348 . ISBN 9781136875908 . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gernet , Jacques ( May 31 , 1996 ) . A History of Chinese Civilization . Cambridge University Press . p. 291 . ISBN 9780521497817 . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Reischauer , Edwin Oldfather ( May 1 , 1955 ) . Ennins Travels in Tang China . John Wiley & Sons Canada , Limited . pp. 276 -- 283 . ISBN 9780471070535 . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . From what Ennin tells us , it seems that commerce between East China , Korea and Japan was , for the most part , in the hands of men from Silla . Here in the relatively dangerous waters on the eastern fringes of the world , they performed the same functions as did the traders of the placid Mediterranean on the western fringes . This is a historical fact of considerable significance but one which has received virtually no attention in the standard historical compilations of that period or in the modern books based on these sources ... While there were limits to the influence of the Koreans along the eastern coast of China , there can be no doubt of their dominance over the waters off these shores ... The days of Korean maritime dominance in the Far East actually were numbered , but in Ennin 's time the men of Silla were still the masters of the seas in their part of the world . Jump up ^ Kim , Djun Kil ( May 30 , 2014 ) . The History of Korea , 2nd Edition . ABC - CLIO . p. 3 . ISBN 9781610695824 . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Seth , Michael J. ( 2006 ) . A Concise History of Korea : From the Neolithic Period Through the Nineteenth Century . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 65 . ISBN 9780742540057 . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ MacGregor , Neil ( October 6 , 2011 ) . A History of the World in 100 Objects . Penguin UK . ISBN 9780141966830 . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chŏng , Yang - mo ; Smith , Judith G. ( 1998 ) . Arts of Korea . Metropolitan Museum of Art . p. 230 . ISBN 9780870998508 . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ International , Rotary ( April 1989 ) . The Rotarian . Rotary International . p. 28 . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ross , Alan ( January 17 , 2013 ) . After Pusan . Faber & Faber . ISBN 9780571299355 . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mason , David A. `` Gyeongju , Korea 's treasure house '' . Korean Culture and Information Service ( KOCIS ) . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2016 . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Adams , Edward Ben ( 1990 ) . Koreaʾs pottery heritage . Seoul International Pub . House . p. 53 . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mun , Chanju ; Green , Ronald S. ( 2006 ) . Buddhist Exploration of Peace and Justice . Blue Pine Books . p. 147 . ISBN 9780977755301 . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McIntire , Suzanne ; Burns , William E. ( June 25 , 2010 ) . Speeches in World History . Infobase Publishing . p. 87 . ISBN 9781438126807 . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jr , Robert E. Buswell ; Jr , Donald S. Lopez ( 2013 - 11 - 24 ) . The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism . Princeton University Press . p. 187 . ISBN 9781400848058 . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Poceski , Mario ( 2007 - 04 - 13 ) . Ordinary Mind as the Way : The Hongzhou School and the Growth of Chan Buddhism . Oxford University Press . p. 24 . ISBN 9780198043201 . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wu , Jiang ; Chia , Lucille ( 2015 - 12 - 15 ) . Spreading Buddha 's Word in East Asia : The Formation and Transformation of the Chinese Buddhist Canon . Columbia University Press . p. 155 . ISBN 9780231540193 . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wright , Dale S. ( 2004 - 03 - 25 ) . The Zen Canon : Understanding the Classic Texts . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780199882182 . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Su - il , Jeong ( 2016 - 07 - 18 ) . The Silk Road Encyclopedia . Seoul Selection . ISBN 9781624120763 . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nikaido , Yoshihiro ( 2015 - 10 - 28 ) . Asian Folk Religion and Cultural Interaction . Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht . p. 137 . ISBN 9783847004851 . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Leffman , David ; Lewis , Simon ; Atiyah , Jeremy ( 2003 ) . China . Rough Guides . p. 519 . ISBN 9781843530190 . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Leffman , David ( 2014 - 06 - 02 ) . The Rough Guide to China . Penguin . ISBN 9780241010372 . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ DK Eyewitness Travel Guide : China . Penguin. 2016 - 06 - 21 . p. 240 . ISBN 9781465455673 . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 박 , 종기 ( 2015 - 08 - 24 ) . 고려사 의 재발견 : 한반도 역사상 가장 개방 적이고 역동적 인 500 년 고려 역사 를 만나다 ( in Korean ) . 휴머니스트 . ISBN 9788958629023 . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ki - Baik ( 1984 ) . A New History of Korea . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . p. 103 . ISBN 978 - 0674615762 . When Parhae perished at the hands of the Khitan around this same time , much of its ruling class , who were of Koguryŏ descent , fled to Koryŏ . Wang Kŏn warmly welcomed them and generously gave them land . Along with bestowing the name Wang Kye ( `` Successor of the Royal Wang '' ) on the Parhae crown prince , Tae Kwang - hyŏn , Wang Kŏn entered his name in the royal household register , thus clearly conveying the idea that they belonged to the same lineage , and also had rituals performed in honor of his progenitor . Thus Koryŏ achieved a true national unification that embraced not only the Later Three Kingdoms but even survivors of Koguryŏ lineage from the Parhae kingdom . Jump up ^ `` World Treasures : Beginnings '' . Library of Congress . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2016 . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Digital Jikji '' . Digital Jikji . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2011 . Retrieved April 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bulliet , Richard ; Crossley , Pamela ; Headrick , Daniel ; Hirsch , Steven ; Johnson , Lyman ( 2014 - 01 - 01 ) . The Earth and Its Peoples , Brief : A Global History . Cengage Learning . p. 264 . ISBN 9781285445519 . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Warren I. ( 2000 - 12 - 20 ) . East Asia at the Center : Four Thousand Years of Engagement with the World . Columbia University Press . p. 107 . ISBN 9780231502511 . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lee , Kenneth B. ( 1997 ) . Korea and East Asia : The Story of a Phoenix . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 61 . ISBN 9780275958237 . Retrieved July 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bowman , John ( 2000 - 09 - 05 ) . Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture . Columbia University Press . p. 202 . ISBN 9780231500043 . Retrieved August 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lee , Kenneth B. ( 1997 ) . Korea and East Asia : The Story of a Phoenix . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 72 . ISBN 9780275958237 . Retrieved November 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Currie , Lorenzo ( November 2013 ) . Through the Eyes of the Pack . Xlibris Corporation . p. 181 . ISBN 9781493145164 . Retrieved July 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Yi , Ki - baek ( 1984 ) . A New History of Korea . Harvard University Press . p. 165 . ISBN 9780674615762 . Retrieved November 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Selin , Helaine ( 2013 - 11 - 11 ) . Encyclopaedia of the History of Science , Technology , and Medicine in Non-Westen Cultures . Springer Science & Business Media . pp. 505 -- 506 . ISBN 9789401714167 . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Haralambous , Yannis ; Horne , P. Scott ( 2007 - 11 - 28 ) . Fonts & Encodings . O'Reilly Media , Inc. p. 155 . ISBN 9780596102425 . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lee , Kenneth B. ( 1997 ) . Korea and East Asia : The Story of a Phoenix . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 86 . ISBN 9780275958237 . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Koerner , E.F.K. ; Asher , R.E. ( 2014 - 06 - 28 ) . Concise History of the Language Sciences : From the Sumerians to the Cognitivists . Elsevier . p. 54 . ISBN 9781483297545 . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Turnbull , Stephen ( November 20 , 2012 ) . The Samurai Invasion of Korea 1592 -- 98 . Osprey Publishing . p. 17 . ISBN 9781782007128 . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . `` His naval victories were to prove decisive in the Japanese defeat , although Yi was to die during his final battle in 1598 . '' Jump up ^ Perez , Louis ( 2013 ) . `` Japan at War : An Encyclopedia '' . Japan At War : An Encyclopedia . Santa Barbara , California : ABC - CLIO . p. 140 . ISBN 9781598847413 . `` Just as a complete Japanese victory appeared imminent , Admiral Yi entered the war and quickly turned the tide . '' Jump up ^ Perez , Louis ( 2013 ) . Japan At War : An Encyclopedia . Santa Barbara , California : ABC - CLIO . pp. 140 -- 141 . `` Yi 's successes gave Korea complete control of the sea lanes around the peninsula , and the Korean navy was able to intercept most of the supplies and communications between Japan and Korea '' Jump up ^ Elisonas , Jurgis . `` The inseparable trinity : Japan 's relations with China and Korea '' . The Cambridge History of Japan . Vol. 4 . Ed . John Whitney Hall . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1991 . pp. 278 Jump up ^ Lee , Ki - baik . A New History of Korea . Trans . Edward W. Wagner and Edward J. Schultz . Seoul : Ilchokak , 1984 . pp. 212 Jump up ^ 신형식 . A Brief History of Korea . Ewha Womans University Press . ISBN 9788973006199 . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Beirne , Paul . Su - un and His World of Symbols : The Founder of Korea 's First Indigenous Religion . Routledge . ISBN 9781317047490 . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Republic of Korea '' . worldbank.org . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bethany Lacina and Nils Petter Gleditsch , Monitoring Trends in Global Combat : A New Dataset of Battle Deaths , European Journal of Population ( 2005 ) 21 : 145 -- 166 . Jump up ^ Flashback : The Kwangju massacre , May 17 , 2000 . Jump up ^ `` 20 years later , father still seeks truth in son 's death '' Archived March 3 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , The Hankyoreh , January 15 , 2007 . Retrieved July 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Two Decedes After Seoul Olympics '' . Korea Times . October 30 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kim Dae - jung '' . The Guardian . August 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 2000 '' . The Nobel Foundation . 2000 . Retrieved February 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Cheonan and Yeonpyeong . The Northeast Asian Response to North Korea 's Provocations ( PDF ) . Asia Foundation . May 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Langan , Peter ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` How long will Seoul protests remain peaceful ? '' . Asia Times . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` South Korea 's president is removed from office as court upholds her impeachment '' . Los Angeles Times . March 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` South Korea 's Moon may be on brink of legacy - defining moment '' . USA Today . February 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ The estimated area rises steadily from year to year , possibly because of land reclamation . 행정 구역 ( 구 시군 ) 별 국토 적 . Korea Statistical Information Service ( in Korean ) . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2004 . Retrieved March 27 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Geography of Korea , Asia Info Organization Jump up ^ `` Korea National Park Service official site '' . Retrieved October 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Climate data in seoul , 1971 ~ 2000 ( in Korean ) , Korea Meteorological Administration . Jump up ^ South Korea climate Archived March 30 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine. , U.S. Library of Congress , Country studies ^ Jump up to : `` Korea Air Pollution Problems '' . American University of Washington . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2010 . Retrieved February 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Randolph T. Hester ( August 28 , 2009 ) . `` Letter to Lee administration : Save the Songdo Tidal Flat '' . The Hankyoreh . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2011 . Retrieved February 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wang , Ucilla ( July 28 , 2008 ) South Korea Boosts Renewable - Energy Investments by 60 % . Greentechmedia.com ^ Jump up to : `` South Korea 's green new deal '' . CNN.com . October 18 , 2009 . Retrieved October 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ R&D status and prospects on fuel cells in Korea . fuelcellseminar.com Jump up ^ Renewable Energy Policy Mechanisms by Paul Gipe Archived May 10 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. ( 1.3 MB ) Lauber , V. ( 2004 ) . `` REFIT and RPS : Options for a harmonized Community framework '' , Energy Policy , Vol. 32 , Issue 12 , pp. 1405 -- 1414 . Lauber , V. ( 2008 ) . `` Certificate Trading -- Part of the Solution or Part of the Problem ? '' Ljubljana Conference on the Future of GHG Emissions Trading in the EU , March 2008 . Salzburg , Austria : University of Salzburg . Retrieved March 16 , 2009 at www.uni-salzburg.at/politikwissenschaft/lauber Jump up ^ The fuel cell industry review 2012 . fuelcelltoday.com . Jump up ^ `` Seoul City holds 2nd Arisu Festival to show tap water is safe to drink '' . Newsworld . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Seoul Metropolitan Government -- `` A Clean , Attractive & Global City , Seoul ! '' Archived February 15 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Party Groupings '' . United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change . November 28 , 2007 . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2013 . Retrieved February 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Index of Democracy 2008 '' ( PDF ) . The Economist Intelligence Unit . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 14 , 2008 . Retrieved April 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` South Korea -- Constitution '' . International Constitutional Law . Retrieved February 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Korea , South '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . February 10 , 2009 . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2015 . Retrieved February 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Country Profiles '' . Transparency International . Jump up ^ 행정 안전부 . `` 행정 안전부 > 정책 자료 > 통계 > 주민등록 인구 통계 '' . www.mois.go.kr . Jump up ^ `` South Korea '' . CIA Country Studies . Retrieved April 22 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Populations for all cities as of 2005 , `` Summary of Census Population ( by administrative district / sex / age ) '' . NSO Database . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2010 . Retrieved May 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` South Korea -- Population Trends '' . Library of Congress Country Studies . Jump up ^ `` Korea 's Population Tops 50 Million '' . The Chosun Ilbo . February 1 , 2010 . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2010 . Retrieved April 25 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population by Census ( 2016 ) '' . Korean Statistical Information Service . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Choe Sang - Hun ( November 2 , 2009 ) . `` South Koreans Struggle With Race '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` More Than 1 Million Foreigners Live in Korea ( According to the article , approximately 443,566 people are considered to be Chinese residents in South Korea with Korean ethnicity . ) '' . The Chosun Ilbo . August 6 , 2009 . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2009 . Retrieved October 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kostat.go.kr Archived May 12 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine. , 대한민국 통계청 Jump up ^ Jung Sung - ki ( November 4 , 2009 ) . `` US Soldiers in Korea Negative About Rotation to Middle East '' . The Korea Times . Retrieved April 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kang Shin - Who ( November 26 , 2009 ) . `` Foreign Teachers Unenthusiastic Over Culture Course '' . The Korea Times . Seoul . Retrieved February 18 , 2010 . 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The MIT Press . p. 59 . ISBN 9780262014762 . Further reading Breen , Michael ( 2004 ) . The Koreans : Who They Are , What They Want , Where Their Future Lies . St. Martin 's Griffin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 32609 - 8 . Hart , Dennis ( 2003 ) . From Tradition to Consumption : Constructing a Capitalist Culture in South Korea . Seoul : Author . ISBN 978 - 89 - 88095 - 44 - 7 . Cumings , Bruce ( 1997 ) . Korea 's place in the sun . New York : W.W. Norton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 31681 - 0 . Lew , Yong Ick . The Making of the First Korean President : Syngman Rhee 's Quest for Independence ( University of Hawai'i Press ; 2013 ) ; scholarly biography ; 576 pages ; Nahm , Andrew C. ( 1996 ) . Korea : A history of the Korean people ( 2nd ed . ) . Seoul : Hollym . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56591 - 070 - 6 . Yang Sung - chul ( 1999 ) . The North and South Korean political systems : A comparative analysis ( rev . ed . ) . Seoul : Hollym . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56591 - 105 - 5 . Yonhap News Agency ( 2004 ) . 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who did the song somebody's watching me			Somebody 's Watching Me	somebody's watching me		`` Somebody 's Watching Me '' Side - A label of US 12 - inch vinyl single Single by Rockwell from the album Somebody 's Watching Me B - side `` Somebody 's Watching Me ( Instrumental ) '' Released January 14 , 1984 Format 7 '' single cassette single Genre Synth - funk Length 4 : 59 ( Album version ) 4 : 00 ( Single version ) 3 : 33 ( Radio version ) Label Motown M 1702 Songwriter ( s ) Kennedy `` Rockwell '' Gordy Producer ( s ) Curtis Anthony Nolen Rockwell Rockwell singles chronology `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( 1984 ) `` Obscene Phone Caller '' ( 1984 ) Music video `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' on YouTube `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' is a song recorded by American singer Rockwell , released by the Motown label on January 14 , 1984 , as the lead single from his debut studio album of the same name . Rockwell 's debut single release , the song features guest vocals by brothers Michael Jackson ( in the chorus ) and Jermaine Jackson ( additional backing vocals ) . `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' became a major commercial success internationally , topping the charts in Belgium , France and Spain , and reaching the Top 5 in Canada , Germany , the Netherlands , New Zealand , South Africa , Sweden , Switzerland and the United States ( peaking at No. 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 ) . The song reached No. 6 in the United Kingdom , Rockwell 's only Top 40 hit there . Contents 1 Background and composition 2 Music video 2.1 Plot 3 Charts and certifications 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Year - end charts 3.3 Sales and certifications 4 DJ BoBo version : `` Somebody Dance with Me '' 5 Beatfreakz version 5.1 Track listing 5.2 Chart performance 6 Other cover versions 7 Sampling 8 Appearances in other media 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Background and composition ( edit ) Rockwell is a son of Motown CEO Berry Gordy . At the time of the recording , Rockwell was estranged from his father and living with Ray Singleton , his father 's ex-wife and the mother of his older half - brother , Kerry Gordy . Singleton served as executive producer on the project and would occasionally play some demo tracks to Berry . The elder Gordy was less than enthusiastic about Rockwell 's music until he heard the single with a familiar voice featuring prominently on background vocals . `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' was written in the key of C - sharp minor in time with a tempo of 124 beats per minute . The vocals span from C# to C# . Produced by Curtis Anthony Nolen , the song featured backing vocals by Michael and Jermaine Jackson , with Alan Murray on percussion . Music video ( edit ) The music video to `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( which uses the radio edit instead of the album version ) underscores the song 's paranoid tone with a haunted house - inspired theme , including imagery of floating heads , ravens , graveyards , and shower scenes referencing Psycho . Plot ( edit ) The video opens with Rockwell coming home to discover that a newspaper in Chinese has been delivered to his doorstep . As he takes a quick shower , he begins to have strange visions ( in a manner recalling The Dead Zone ) of himself being pursued around his house by assorted ghoulish appartions , of the looming figure of a cadaverous - looking man , and of finding a tombstone engraved with his own name . His shower is interrupted when he hears something outside and goes out on his balcony to investigate . He is shocked to see the man from his visions standing at his gate , but as he struggles to get a better look in spite of the sun in his face he is greatly relieved to see that he is merely a mailman , coming to deliver the correct newspaper . As the mailman walks up the path towards the front porch , however , a brief close - up of his arm reveals that he is , in fact , a zombie . Rockwell emerges onto the porch to receive the paper , which the mailman genially hands over . As the mailman brings his other arm around to strike , Rockwell has just enough time to notice that he is not human . Due in part to the popularity of the music video , the song is sometimes used for Halloween celebrations , with cover versions found in various collections of Halloween music . Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1984 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 12 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 14 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) France ( IFOP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) 6 Italy ( FIMI ) 14 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 5 Norway ( VG - lista ) 7 South Africa ( Springbok Radio ) 5 Spain ( AFYVE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 6 US Billboard Hot 100 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) US Cash Box US Dance / Disco Top 80 ( Billboard ) US Top Tracks ( Billboard ) 31 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1984 ) Position Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 13 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 28 France ( IFOP ) 46 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 46 Italy ( FIMI ) 84 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 16 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 46 US Billboard Hot 100 26 US Cash Box 21 US Top Black Singles ( Billboard ) 12 Sales and certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 5,000 France 354,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 1,000,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone DJ BoBo version : `` Somebody Dance with Me '' ( edit ) Main article : Somebody Dance with Me DJ BoBo based his 1992 single `` Somebody Dance with Me '' on `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' with new lyrics and rap . The DJ BoBo single reached No. 1 in Sweden and Switzerland , and the Top 5 in Austria , Finland , Germany , the Netherlands and Norway . In 2012 , a remix of the hit was made by Remady titled `` Somebody Dance With Me ( Remady 2013 Mix ) '' by DJ BoBo featuring Manu - L. Released early in 2013 , it charted on the Swiss Hitparade , reaching No. 4 . The mix was made on the 20th anniversary of the initial hit by DJ BoBo in November 1992 . Beatfreakz version ( edit ) `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' Single by Beatfreakz Released 2006 Format CD single Length 2 : 48 Songwriter ( s ) Kennedy `` Rockwell '' Gordy Producer ( s ) Beatfreakz Beatfreakz singles chronology `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( 2006 ) `` Superfreak '' ( 2006 ) Music video `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' on YouTube In 2006 , Dutch dance group Beatfreakz recorded a pseudo-cover of the song which sampled the chorus but omitted the verses . This version was a Top 10 hit in Belgium , Finland , Ireland , New Zealand and the United Kingdom . Track listing ( edit ) CD single Somebody 's Watching Me ( Hi Tack Edit ) Somebody 's Watching Me ( Hi Tack Club Mix ) Somebody 's Watching Me ( E-Craig's 2006 Remix ) Somebody 's Watching Me ( DeNnis Christopher Remix ) Somebody 's Watching Me ( Ian Carey Club Mix ) Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 2006 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 38 Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) 6 Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Dance Flanders ) 17 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Dance Wallonia ) 17 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 28 France ( SNEP ) 18 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 7 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 41 Ireland ( IRMA ) 5 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 12 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 21 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 7 Romania ( Romanian Top 100 ) 28 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 65 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) Other cover versions ( edit ) Electro / hip hop artist / DJ / producers , Mysto & Pizzi , recorded a cover of the song for a series of GEICO television commercials . Sampling ( edit ) TRU incorporated the lyrics and main melody of the chorus into their 1997 single `` I Always Feel Like ( Somebody 's Watching Me ) '' . In 2001 , French hip hop group Fonky Family sampled the song in `` Art de Rue '' . Canadian artist Virginia to Vegas sampled the chorus for his single `` Lights Out '' . Appearances in other Media ( edit ) The Mysto & Pizzi cover version was featured in a series of commercials for GEICO that began airing in December 2008 and throughout 2009 . The campaign , created by The Martin Agency , consisted of various advertisements in which people would happen upon Kash , a stack of money with googly eyes , while the song is played in the background . See also ( edit ) List of number - one R&B singles of 1984 ( U.S. ) Billboard Year - End Hot 100 singles of 1984 List of number - one singles of 1984 ( France ) List of number - one singles of 1984 ( Spain ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Huey , Steve . `` Rockwell -- Artist Biography '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 . Son of Berry Gordy who scored a number two Hot 100 hit with the 1983 synth - funk single `` Somebody 's Watching Me . '' ^ Jump up to : Somebody 's Watching Me ( Media notes ) . Rockwell . Hollywood , California : Motown Records . 1984 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gordy Singleton , Raynoma ( 1990 ) . `` Super Three '' . Berry , Me and Motown ( 1st ed . ) . Chicago : Contemporary Books . pp. 297 -- 299 . ISBN 0 - 8092 - 4340 - 7 . As they finished mixing down the record , I could barely wait to rush it over and play it for Berry . Jump up ^ `` Somebody 's Watching Me By Rockwell -- Digital Sheet Music '' . Musicnotes . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Higginson , Cheryl ( May 1 , 1984 ) . `` Rockwell Rockets Up The Popular Charts '' . Luddington Daily News . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 . St Ives , N.S.W. : Australian Chart Book . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Rockwell -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Rockwell -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 6316 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Toutes les Chansons N ° 1 des Années 80 's '' ( in French ) . InfoDisc . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Rockwell -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` I singoli più venduti del 1984 '' ( in Italian ) . Hit Parade Italia . Creative Commons . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Rockwell - Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Rockwell -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Rockwell -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Rockwell -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . VG - lista . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` South African Rock Lists Website SA Charts 1969 -- 1989 Acts ( R ) '' . Rock.co.za . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Salaverri , Fernando ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( in Spanish ) ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Rockwell -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Rockwell -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rockwell Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rockwell Chart History ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CASH BOX Top 100 Singles -- Week ending MARCH 24 , 1984 '' . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2012 ... Cash Box . ^ Jump up to : `` BB - 1984 - 03 - 10 '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . March 10 , 1984 . pp. 22 , 57 . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 1984 '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Singles of 1984 '' . RPM . Vol. 41 no . 17 . January 5 , 1985 . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` TOP -- 1984 '' ( in French ) . Top-france.fr . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jahrescharts -- 1984 '' ( in German ) . Offiziellecharts.de . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 - Jaaroverzicht van 1984 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten -- Single 1984 '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Hung Medien . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` BB - 1984 - 12 - 22 '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . December 22 , 1984 . pp. 14 , TA - 19 , TA - 21 . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The CASH BOX Year - End Charts : 1984 '' . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2012 ... Cash Box . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Rockwell -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` Les Meilleures Ventes Tout Temps de 45 T. / Singles '' ( in French ) . InfoDisc . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2014 . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` American single certifications -- Rockwell -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Beatfreakz -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Beatfreakz -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratip . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Beatfreakz -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( in French ) . Ultratip . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ultratop.be -- 50 DANCE 03 / 06 / 2006 '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ultratop.be -- 50 DANCE 03 / 06 / 2006 '' ( in French ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Beatfreakz -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Beatfreakz -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Beatfreakz : Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Beatfreakz -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Somebodys Watching Me '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Beatfreakz - Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Beatfreakz -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Beatfreakz -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ( in Romanian ) `` Issue nr : 23 / 2006 ( 12 Iunie -- 18 Iunie 2006 ) '' . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2006 ... see last week position . Romanian Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Beatfreakz -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` GEICO -- The Remake of Somebody 's Watching Me ... '' January 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TRU 's I Always Feel Like ... sample of Rockwell feat . Michael Jackson 's Somebody 's Watching Me '' . WhoSampled . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jean ( July 29 , 2015 ) . `` Isleym : Premier album ' Où ça nous mène ' en 2014 '' . Evous ( in French ) . Retrieved March 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , John R ( December 29 , 2016 ) . `` Virginia to Vegas Channels Rockwell In ' Lights Out ' '' . iHeartRadio . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Parpis , Elefteria ( December 25 , 2008 ) . `` Kash Debuts for Geico '' . Adweek . Retrieved December 19 , 2008 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Michael Jackson songs Discography 1970s `` Got to Be There '' `` Ai n't No Sunshine '' `` I Wanna Be Where You Are '' `` Rockin ' Robin '' `` Love Is Here and Now You 're Gone '' `` You 've Got a Friend '' `` Ben '' `` Everybody 's Somebody 's Fool '' `` My Girl '' `` Shoo - Be-Doo - Be-Doo - Da - Day '' `` We 've Got a Good Thing Going '' `` With a Child 's Heart '' `` Morning Glow '' `` All the Things You Are '' `` Happy '' `` Too Young '' `` Doggin ' Around '' `` Music and Me '' `` We 're Almost There '' `` One Day in Your Life '' `` Just a Little Bit of You '' `` You Ca n't Win '' `` Ease on Down the Road '' `` A Brand New Day '' `` Do n't Stop ' Til You Get Enough '' `` Rock with You '' `` Working Day and Night '' `` Off the Wall '' `` Girlfriend '' `` She 's Out of My Life '' `` It 's the Falling in Love '' 1980s `` The Girl Is Mine '' `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' `` Thriller '' `` Beat It '' `` Billie Jean '' `` Human Nature '' `` P.Y.T. ( Pretty Young Thing ) '' `` You 've Really Got a Hold on Me '' `` Here I Am ( Come and Take Me ) '' `` I Hear a Symphony '' `` Lonely Teardrops '' `` That 's What Love Is Made Of '' `` I Was Made to Love Her '' `` I Just Ca n't Stop Loving You '' `` Bad '' `` The Way You Make Me Feel '' `` Speed Demon '' `` Liberian Girl '' `` Just Good Friends '' `` Another Part of Me '' `` Man in the Mirror '' `` Dirty Diana '' `` Smooth Criminal '' `` Leave Me Alone '' `` Twenty - Five Miles '' 1990s `` Black or White '' `` Jam '' `` In the Closet '' `` Remember the Time '' `` Ca n't Let Her Get Away '' `` Heal the World '' `` Who Is It '' `` Give In to Me '' `` Will You Be There '' `` Gone Too Soon '' `` Dangerous '' `` Come Together '' `` Someone Put Your Hand Out '' `` Scream '' `` Childhood '' `` They Do n't Care About Us '' `` Stranger in Moscow '' `` This Time Around '' `` Earth Song '' `` D.S. '' `` You Are Not Alone '' `` Tabloid Junkie '' `` HIStory '' `` Smile '' `` Mind Is the Magic '' `` Blood on the Dance Floor '' `` Ghosts '' `` Is It Scary '' `` On the Line '' 2000s `` Speechless '' `` You Rock My World '' `` Heaven Can Wait '' `` Butterflies '' `` Cry '' `` One More Chance '' `` Cheater '' `` The Way You Love Me '' `` Fall Again '' `` This Is It '' 2010s `` Hold My Hand '' `` Hollywood Tonight '' `` ( I Ca n't Make It ) Another Day '' `` Behind the Mask '' `` Do n't Be Messin ' ' Round '' `` Price of Fame '' `` Love Never Felt So Good '' `` Chicago '' `` Loving You '' `` A Place with No Name '' `` Slave to the Rhythm '' `` Blue Gangsta '' `` Diamonds Are Invincible '' Other `` We Are the World '' `` What More Can I Give / Todo Para Ti '' `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti '' Featured `` Night Time Lover '' `` Papa Was a Rollin ' Stone '' `` State of Independence '' `` Muscles '' `` Say Say Say '' `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' `` Do n't Stand Another Chance '' `` Centipede '' `` Tell Me I 'm Not Dreamin ' ( Too Good to Be True ) '' `` Eaten Alive '' `` Get It '' `` 2300 Jackson Street '' `` Do the Bartman '' `` Whatzupwitu '' `` Why '' `` I Need You '' `` Girls , Girls , Girls ( Part 2 ) '' `` All Eyez on Me '' `` All in Your Name '' `` There Must Be More To Life Than This '' `` Low '' `` Do n't Matter to Me '' Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Somebody%27s_Watching_Me&oldid=862043910 '' Categories : 1984 songs 1984 singles 2006 singles Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Halloween songs Michael Jackson songs Motown singles Debut singles Number - one singles in France Number - one singles in Spain Rockwell ( musician ) songs Songs about loneliness Ultratop 50 Singles ( Flanders ) number - one singles Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Articles with Romanian - language external links Use mdy dates from November 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for United States Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Flanders Tip Singlechart usages for Wallonia Tip Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for United Kingdom Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Deutsch Français Italiano Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Svenska ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 October 2018 , at 20 : 12 ( UTC ) . 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who sings the song i just dropped in to see what condition my condition was in			Just Dropped in ( to See What Condition My Condition was in )	just dropped in ( to see what condition my condition was in )	`` Just Dropped In ( To See What Condition My Condition Was In ) '' is a counterculture era song written by Mickey Newbury and , in 1968 , a chart hit for Kenny Rogers and the First Edition . Said to reflect the LSD experience , the song was intended to be a warning about the dangers of using the drug . First recorded on October 10 , 1967 , by Teddy Hill & the Southern Soul as a single on Rice Records ( Rice 5028 b / w `` Stagger Lee '' ) and produced by Norro Wilson , Jerry Lee Lewis covered the song on his album Soul My Way released November 1 , 1967 .	`` Just Dropped In ... '' by Kenny Rogers and the First Edition ( with Kenny Rogers on lead vocals ) peaked at number five on the Billboard charts . It was Rogers ' first top ten hit . The song captures the short - lived psychedelic era of the late 1960s , stands apart from the country folk harmonies that characterized most of the First Edition 's catalog , and got the group their first national TV audience on The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour . It was the group 's second single from their eponymous album , The First Edition . Producer Mike Post reversed a few riffs to create the intro ; the solo played by Glen Campbell was heavily compressed and a tremolo effect was used to achieve its sound . Another studio guitarist , Mike Deasy , provided the acoustic lead guitar parts . When Rogers signed with United Artists Records , in the mid-1970s after the group split , he re-recorded the track for his Ten Years of Gold album . Covers ( edit ) Bettye LaVette , Karen Records ( KA 1544 ) , 1968 , flip side to `` Get Away '' . On that release it is called `` What Condition My Condition Is In '' Styvar Manor , British group , 1970 , issued as single on Polydor . Jim Turner of comedy troupe Duck 's Breath Mystery Theatre performed ( as his character Randee of the Redwoods ) a surprisingly faithful version on the Ducks ' 1986 album Born To Be Tiled . Die Haut , 1988 , with Nick Cave as guest singer . Supergrass as a B - Side to their 1995 single Alright / Time Tinsley Ellis , 1997 , on his 1997 album ' Fire It Up ( Tinsley Ellis album ) ' The Raymen , Death - Country / Goth - Americana - Billy band , 1998 Willie Nelson , on his 2001 album `` Rainbow Connection '' and his 2002 album The Great Divide Mojo Nixon , 2001 Children of Bodom , melodic death metal band , on the Japanese release of their `` Blooddrunk '' album as a bonus track and on their 2009 cover album `` Skeletons in the Closet '' Tom Jones , on the Deluxe Edition of `` Spirit in the Room '' in 2012 Murder by Death , Americana band , 2012 the Launderettes , Norwegian rock group , 2013 , The Fantastics , Donegal - based band , 2014 . Sinister Dexter , San Francisco soul / funk group , 2014 White Denim exclusively for the black comedy -- crime drama television series Fargo , which played over the credits of the `` Did you do this ? No , you did it ! '' episode of the second season in 2015 . Abe Diddy and The Krautboys on the album Follow in 2016 Sharon Jones & The Dap - Kings , on the original motion picture soundtrack for the film Soul Men Reef for their compilation album Together . Jeff Walker Und Die Fluffers ( former lead singer of Carcass ) , on album Welcome to Carcass Cuntry Sam Feldt , in his 2017 album Sunrise , with Girls Love DJs and Joe Cleere . Jacob Needham & The Blue Trees , a Southern Rock Group from Nashville , TN released `` Just Dropped In '' with Spectra Music Group on their debut album Procrastinated Memoirs '' April of 2018 . Their version of the song brings out a hard more grungy sound while adding touches of mainstream influence to build and bring back a classic song that had such impact for its time . Their version of the song has already been making and name while reaching a new audience in the new millennial generation . In popular culture ( First Edition version ) ( edit ) The song is featured in a dream sequence from the Coen Brothers ' 1998 film The Big Lebowski . Additionally , it plays during the end credits of the 2000 video game Driver 2 , the title screen and end credits of the 2013 video game Stick It To The Man , and is featured in the 2010 action movie Faster . It is also used is season 3 , episode 1 of Chuck : `` Chuck Versus the Pink Slip '' . A short clip is heard in the 2015 HBO documentary Going Clear : Scientology and the Prison of Belief . It is also on the TV series Fargo , season 2 episode 7 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pemberton , Pat ( 21 May 2013 ) . `` 10 Artists Who Switched Genres '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 23 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits : Eighth Edition . Record Research . p. 536 . Jump up ^ `` Kenny Rogers Awards '' . AllMusic. 1938 - 08 - 21 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Getaway - The Launderettes Songs , Reviews , Credits '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` White Denim -- `` Just Dropped In ( To See What Condition My Condition Was In ) '' ( Mickey Newbury Cover ) `` . Jump up ^ Bush , John . `` Together , the Best of Reef '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 27 June 2013 . Kenny Rogers Studio albums Love Lifted Me Kenny Rogers Daytime Friends Love or Something Like It The Gambler Kenny Gideon Share Your Love Love Will Turn You Around We 've Got Tonight Eyes That See in the Dark What About Me ? The Heart of the Matter They Do n't Make Them Like They Used To I Prefer the Moonlight Something Inside So Strong Love Is Strange Back Home Again If Only My Heart Had a Voice Vote for Love Across My Heart She Rides Wild Horses There You Go Again Back to the Well Water & Bridges The Love of God Amazing Grace You Ca n't Make Old Friends Collaboration albums Every Time Two Fools Collide ( with Dottie West ) Classics ( with Dottie West ) Timepiece ( with David Foster ) Christmas albums Christmas Once Upon a Christmas ( with Dolly Parton ) Christmas in America The Gift Christmas from the Heart Christmas with Kenny Christmas Collection Once Again It 's Christmas Compilations Ten Years of Gold The Kenny Rogers Singles Album Greatest Hits ( 1980 ) 20 Greatest Hits Duets The Kenny Rogers Story Love Is What We Make It Short Stories Greatest Hits ( 1988 ) Daytime Friends -- The Very Best of Kenny Rogers Live by Request 42 Ultimate Hits 21 Number Ones Notable singles `` That Crazy Feeling '' `` Just Dropped In ( To See What Condition My Condition Was In ) '' `` But You Know I Love You '' `` Ruby , Do n't Take Your Love to Town '' `` Laura ( What 's He Got That I Ai n't Got ) '' `` Lucille '' `` Daytime Friends '' `` Sweet Music Man '' `` Every Time Two Fools Collide '' ( with Dottie West ) `` Love or Something Like It '' `` Anyone Who Is n't Me Tonight '' ( with Dottie West ) `` The Gambler '' `` All I Ever Need Is You '' ( with Dottie West ) `` She Believes in Me '' `` ' Til I Can Make It on My Own '' ( with Dottie West ) `` You Decorated My Life '' `` Coward of the County '' `` Do n't Fall in Love with a Dreamer '' ( with Kim Carnes ) `` Love the World Away '' `` Lady '' `` I Do n't Need You '' `` Share Your Love with Me '' `` Blaze of Glory '' `` Through the Years '' `` Love Will Turn You Around '' `` A Love Song '' `` We 've Got Tonight '' ( with Sheena Easton ) `` All My Life '' `` Scarlet Fever '' `` Islands in the Stream '' ( with Dolly Parton ) `` Eyes That See in the Dark '' `` This Woman '' `` Buried Treasure '' `` Together Again '' ( with Dottie West ) `` What About Me ? '' ( with Kim Carnes and James Ingram ) `` Evening Star '' `` Crazy '' `` Morning Desire '' `` Goodbye Marie '' `` Tomb of the Unknown Love '' `` Twenty Years Ago '' `` Make No Mistake , She 's Mine '' ( with Ronnie Milsap ) `` I Prefer the Moonlight '' `` The Factory '' `` I Do n't Call Him Daddy '' `` When You Put Your Heart in It '' `` Planet Texas '' `` The Vows Go Unbroken ( Always True to You ) '' `` Maybe '' ( with Holly Dunn ) `` Love Is Strange '' ( with Dolly Parton ) `` Crazy in Love '' `` If You Want to Find Love '' `` Ol ' Red '' `` Mary , Did You Know ? '' ( with Wynonna Judd ) `` The Greatest '' `` Buy Me a Rose '' ( with Alison Krauss and Billy Dean ) `` He Will , She Knows '' `` There You Go Again '' `` Homeland '' `` I Ca n't Unlove You '' Guest singles `` What Are We Doin ' in Love '' ( with Dottie West ) `` Real Love '' ( with Dolly Parton ) `` If I Ever Fall in Love Again '' ( with Anne Murray ) Related articles Discography The First Edition Kenny Rogers Roasters Book : Kenny Rogers Kenny Rogers and The First Edition Kenny Rogers Mary Arnold Thelma Camacho Jimmy Hassell John Hobbs Mickey Jones Gene Lorenzo Mike Settle Kin Vassy Terry Williams Studio albums The First Edition ( 1967 ) Ruby , Do n't Take Your Love To Town ( 1969 ) Something 's Burning ( 1970 ) Tell It All Brother ( 1970 ) Transition ( 1971 ) The Ballad of Calico ( 1972 ) I 'm Not Making Music for Money ( 1974 ) Singles `` Just Dropped In ( To See What Condition My Condition Was In ) '' `` But You Know I Love You '' `` Ruby , Do n't Take Your Love to Town '' `` Today I Started Loving You Again '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Just_Dropped_In_(To_See_What_Condition_My_Condition_Was_In)&oldid=854833798 '' Categories : 1967 songs Songs about drugs Kenny Rogers and The First Edition songs Songs written by Mickey Newbury Psychedelic pop songs Counterculture of the 1960s Lysergic acid diethylamide Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from August 2008 All articles needing additional references Talk About Wikipedia Français Norsk nynorsk Edit links This page was last edited on 14 August 2018 , at 03 : 14 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just%20Dropped%20In%20%28To%20See%20What%20Condition%20My%20Condition%20Was%20In%29	2,407
what is the significance of april 27 1994 in south africa	Freedom Day is a public holiday in South Africa celebrated on 27 April . It celebrates freedom and commemorates the first post-apartheid elections held on that day in 1994 . The elections were the first non-racial national elections where everyone of voting age of over 18 from any race group , including foreign citizens permanently resident in South Africa , were allowed to vote . Previously , under the apartheid regime , non-whites in general had only limited rights to vote while indigenous black South Africans had no voting rights whatsoever .	first post-apartheid elections	Freedom day ( South Africa )	freedom day ( south africa )		Freedom day Nelson Mandela voting in 1994 Observed by Republic of South Africa Type National Celebrations Presidential speech Date 27 April Next time 27 April 2019 ( 2019 - 04 - 27 ) Frequency Annual First time 27 April 1995 Related to South African general election , 1994 Freedom Day is a public holiday in South Africa celebrated on 27 April . It celebrates freedom and commemorates the first post-apartheid elections held on that day in 1994 . The elections were the first non-racial national elections where everyone of voting age of over 18 from any race group , including foreign citizens permanently resident in South Africa , were allowed to vote . Previously , under the apartheid regime , non-whites in general had only limited rights to vote while indigenous black South Africans had no voting rights whatsoever . It is part of the twelve public holidays determined by the Public Holidays Act ( No. 36 of 1994 ) . On the first commemoration of the holiday , President Nelson Mandela addressed Parliament : As dawn ushered in this day , the 27th of April 1994 , few of us could suppress the welling of emotion , as we were reminded of the terrible past from which we come as a nation ; the great possibilities that we now have ; and the bright future that beckons us . And so we assemble here today , and in other parts of the country , to mark a historic day in the life of our nation . Wherever South Africans are across the globe , our hearts beat as one , as we renew our common loyalty to our country and our commitment to its future . See also ( edit ) History of South Africa South African general election , 1994 Politics of South Africa Freedom Day in other countries UnFreedom Day Pagan Freedom Day References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` South Africa : Voters registration '' . South Africa : Voters registration . Electoral Institute for Sustainable Democracy in Africa . Archived from the original on 4 July 2015 . Retrieved 27 April 2015 . Public holidays in South Africa New Year 's Day Human Rights Day Good Friday Family Day Freedom Day Workers ' Day Youth Day National Women 's Day Heritage Day Day of Reconciliation Christmas Day Day of Goodwill Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Freedom_Day_(South_Africa)&oldid=857169559 '' Categories : April observances South African society Remembrance days National days Observances in South Africa Autumn events in South Africa Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from April 2018 All articles needing additional references Use dmy dates from July 2012 Use South African English from July 2012 All Wikipedia articles written in South African English Infobox holiday with missing field Infobox holiday fixed day ( 2 ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Talk About Wikipedia Afrikaans فارسی Français हिन्दी IsiZulu Italiano Nederlands 日本語 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Suomi 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 August 2018 , at 00 : 41 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom%20Day%20%28South%20Africa%29	2,408
when did the manhattan project began and end	The Manhattan Project was a research and development project that produced the first atomic bombs during World War II . It was led by the United States with the support of the United Kingdom and Canada . From 1942 to 1946 , the project was under the direction of Major General Leslie Groves of the US Army Corps of Engineers . The Army component of the project was designated the Manhattan District ; `` Manhattan '' gradually became the codename for the entire project . Along the way , the project absorbed its earlier British counterpart , Tube Alloys . The Manhattan Project began modestly in 1939 , but grew to employ more than 130,000 people and cost nearly US $2 billion ( about $27 billion in 2017 dollars ) . Over 90 % of the cost was for building factories and producing the fissionable materials , with less than 10 % for development and production of the weapons .	From 1942 to 1946	Timeline of the Manhattan Project	timeline of the manhattan project	The Manhattan Project was a research and development project that produced the first atomic bombs during World War II . It was led by the United States with the support of the United Kingdom and Canada . From 1942 to 1946 , the project was under the direction of Major General Leslie Groves of the US Army Corps of Engineers . The Army component of the project was designated the Manhattan District ; `` Manhattan '' gradually became the codename for the entire project . Along the way , the project absorbed its earlier British counterpart , Tube Alloys . The Manhattan Project began modestly in 1939 , but grew to employ more than 130,000 people and cost nearly US $2 billion ( about $27 billion in 2017 dollars ) . Over 90 % of the cost was for building factories and producing the fissionable materials , with less than 10 % for development and production of the weapons .	Two types of atomic bomb were developed during the war . A relatively simple gun - type fission weapon was made using uranium - 235 , an isotope that makes up only 0.7 percent of natural uranium . Since it is chemically identical to the most common isotope , uranium - 238 , and has almost the same mass , it proved difficult to separate . Three methods were employed for uranium enrichment : electromagnetic , gaseous and thermal . Most of this work was performed at Oak Ridge , Tennessee . In parallel with the work on uranium was an effort to produce plutonium . Reactors were constructed at Oak Ridge and Hanford , Washington , in which uranium was irradiated and transmuted into plutonium . The plutonium was then chemically separated from the uranium . The gun - type design proved impractical to use with plutonium so a more complex implosion - type nuclear weapon was developed in a concerted design and construction effort at the project 's principal research and design laboratory in Los Alamos , New Mexico . The following is a timeline of the Manhattan Project . It includes a number of events prior to the official formation of the Manhattan Project , and a number of events after the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , until the Manhattan Project was formally replaced by the Atomic Energy Commission in 1947 . Los Alamos Laboratory director Robert Oppenheimer ( left ) , Manhattan Project director Major General Leslie Groves ( center ) and University of California president Robert Gordon Sproul ( right ) at the ceremony to present the laboratory with the Army - Navy `` E '' Award in October 1945 Operators at their calutron control panels at Y - 12 . Gladys Owens , the woman seated in the foreground , did not know what she had been involved with until seeing this photo in a public tour of the facility fifty years later . Replica of the Uranverein 's German experimental nuclear reactor at Haigerloch captured by the Alsos Mission Explosive stack of the 100 Ton Test Play media Video of the Trinity nuclear test Aircraft of the 509th Composite Group that took part in the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki . Left to right : backup plane , The Great Artiste , Enola Gay Casing of a Fat Man nuclear bomb , painted like the one dropped on Nagasaki Aerial view of the Operation Crossroads Able mushroom cloud rising from the lagoon with the Bikini Island visible in the background Contents ( hide ) 1 1939 2 1940 3 1941 4 1942 5 1943 6 1944 7 1945 8 1946 9 1947 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links 1939 ( edit ) August 2 : Albert Einstein signs the letter ( Einstein -- Szilárd letter ) , authored by physicist Leó Szilárd and addressed to President Franklin D. Roosevelt , advising him to fund research into the possibility of using nuclear fission as a weapon as Nazi Germany may also be conducting such research . September 3 : Great Britain and France declare war on Nazi Germany in response to its invasion of Poland , beginning World War II . October 11 : Economist Alexander Sachs meets with President Roosevelt and delivers the Einstein -- Szilárd letter . Roosevelt authorizes the creation of the Advisory Committee on Uranium . October 21 : First meeting of the Advisory Committee on Uranium , headed by Lyman Briggs of the National Bureau of Standards . $6,000 is budgeted for neutron experiments . 1940 ( edit ) March 2 : John R. Dunning 's team at Columbia University verifies Niels Bohr 's hypothesis that uranium 235 is responsible for fission by slow neutrons . March : University of Birmingham - based scientists Otto Frisch and Rudolf Peierls author the Frisch -- Peierls memorandum , calculate that an atomic bomb might need as little as 1 pound ( 0.45 kg ) of enriched uranium to work . The memorandum is given to Mark Oliphant , who in turn hands it over to Sir Henry Tizard . April 10 : MAUD Committee established by Tizard to investigate feasibility of an atomic bomb . May 21 : George Kistiakowsky suggests using gaseous diffusion as a means of isotope separation . June 12 : Roosevelt creates the National Defense Research Committee ( NDRC ) under Vannevar Bush , which absorbs the Uranium Committee . September 6 : Bush tells Briggs that NDRC will provide $40,000 for the uranium project . 1941 ( edit ) February 25 : Conclusive discovery of plutonium by Glenn Seaborg and Arthur Wahl . May 17 : A report by Arthur Compton and the National Academy of Sciences is issued which finds favorable the prospects of developing nuclear power production for military use . June 28 : Roosevelt creates the Office of Scientific Research and Development ( OSRD ) under Vannevar Bush with the signing of Executive Order 8807 . OSRD absorbs NDRC and the Uranium Committee . James B. Conant succeeds Bush as the head of NDRC . July 2 : The MAUD Committee chooses James Chadwick to write the second ( and final ) draft of its report on the design and costs of developing a bomb . July 15 : The MAUD Committee issues final detailed technical report on design and costs to develop a bomb . Advance copy sent to Vannevar Bush who decides to wait for official version before taking any action . August : Mark Oliphant travels to USA to urge development of a bomb rather than power production . September 3 : British Chiefs of Staff Committee approve nuclear weapons project . October 3 : Official copy of MAUD Report ( written by Chadwick ) reaches Bush . October 9 : Bush takes MAUD Report to Roosevelt , who approves Project to confirm MAUD 's findings . Roosevelt asks Bush to draft a letter so that the British government could be approached `` at the top . '' December 6 : Bush holds a meeting to organize an accelerated research project , still managed by Arthur Compton . Harold Urey is assigned to develop research into gaseous diffusion as a uranium enrichment method , while Ernest O. Lawrence is assigned to investigate electromagnetic separation methods . Compton puts the case for plutonium before Bush and Conant . December 7 : The Japanese attack Pearl Harbor . The United States and Great Britain issue a formal declaration of war against Japan the next day . December 11 : The same day after Germany and Italy declares war on the United States , the United States declares war on Germany and Italy . December 18 : First meeting of the OSRD sponsored S - 1 Section , dedicated to developing nuclear weapons . 1942 ( edit ) January 19 : Roosevelt formally authorizes the atomic bomb project . January 24 : Compton decides to centralize plutonium work at the University of Chicago . June 19 : S - 1 Executive Committee is formed , consisting of Bush , Conant , Compton , Lawrence and Urey . June 25 : S - 1 Executive Committee selects Stone & Webster as primary contractor for construction at the Tennessee site . July -- September : Physicist Robert Oppenheimer convenes a summer conference at the University of California , Berkeley to discuss the design of a fission bomb . Edward Teller brings up the possibility of a hydrogen bomb as a major point of discussion . July 30 : Sir John Anderson urges Prime Minister Winston Churchill to pursue a joint project with the United States . August 13 : The Manhattan Engineering District with James C. Marshall as District Engineer is established by the Chief of the United States Army Corps of Engineers , Major General Eugene Reybold , effective August 16 . September 17 : Major General Wilhelm D. Styer and Reybold order Colonel Leslie Groves to take over the project . September 23 : Groves is promoted to brigadier general , and becomes director of the project . The Military Policy Committee , consisting of Bush ( with Conant as his alternative ) , Styer and Rear Admiral William R. Purnell is created to oversee the project . September 29 : Under Secretary of War Robert P. Patterson authorizes the Corps of Engineers to acquire 56,000 acres ( 23,000 ha ) in Tennessee for Site X , which will become the Oak Ridge , Tennessee , laboratory and production site . September 26 : The Manhattan Project is given permission to use the highest wartime priority rating by the War Production Board . October 19 : Groves appoints Oppenheimer to coordinate the scientific research of the project at the Site Y laboratory . November 16 : Groves and Oppenheimer visit Los Alamos , New Mexico and designate it as the location for Site Y . December 2 : Chicago Pile - 1 , the first nuclear reactor goes critical at the University of Chicago under the leadership and design of Enrico Fermi , achieving a self - sustaining reaction just one month after construction was started . 1943 ( edit ) January 16 : Groves approves development of the Hanford Site . February 9 : Patterson approves acquisition of 400,000 acres ( 160,000 ha ) at Hanford . February 18 : Construction begins for Y - 12 , a massive electromagnetic separation plant for enriching uranium at Oak Ridge . April 1 : Los Alamos laboratory is established . April 5 -- 14 : Robert Serber delivers introductory lectures at Los Alamos , later are compiled into The Los Alamos Primer . April 20 : The University of California becomes the formal business manager of the Los Alamos laboratory . Mid-1943 : The S - 1 Committee was eliminated by mid-1943 , as it had been superseded by the Military Policy Committee . June 2 : Construction begins of K - 25 , the gaseous diffusion plant . July : The president proclaims Los Alamos , Clinton Engineer Works ( CEW ) and Hanford Engineer Works ( HEW ) as military districts . The Governor of Tennessee Prentice Cooper was officially handed the proclamation making Oak Ridge a military district not subject to state control by a junior officer ( a lieutenant ) he tore it up and refused to see the MED District Engineer Lt - Col James C. Marshall . The new District Engineer Kenneth Nichols had to placate him . July 10 : First sample of plutonium arrives at Los Alamos . August 13 : First drop test of gun - type fission weapon at Dahlgren Proving Ground under the direction of Norman F. Ramsey . August 13 : Kenneth Nichols replaces Marshall as head of the Manhattan Engineer District . One of his first tasks as district engineer is to move the district headquarters to Oak Ridge , although its name did not change . August 19 : Roosevelt and Churchill sign Quebec Agreement . September 8 : First meeting of the Combined Policy Committee , established by the Quebec Agreement to coordinate the efforts of the United States , United Kingdom and Canada . United States Secretary of War Henry Stimson , Bush and Conant are the American members ; Field Marshal Sir John Dill and Colonel J.J. Llewellin are the British members , and C.D. Howe is the Canadian member . October 10 : Construction begins for the first reactor at the Hanford Site . November 4 : X-10 Graphite Reactor goes critical at Oak Ridge . December 3 : The British Mission , 15 scientists including Rudolf Peierls , Franz Simon and Klaus Fuchs , arrives at Newport News , Virginia . 1944 ( edit ) January 11 : A special group of the Theoretical Division is created at Los Alamos under Edward Teller to study implosion . March 11 : Beta calutrons commence operation at Oak Ridge . April 5 : At Los Alamos , Emilio Segrè receives the first sample of reactor - bred plutonium from Oak Ridge , and within ten days discovers that the spontaneous fission rate is too high for use in a gun - type fission weapon ( because of Pu - 240 isotope present as an impurity in the Pu - 239 ) . May 9 : The world 's third reactor , LOPO , the first aqueous homogeneous reactor , and the first fueled by enriched uranium , goes critical at Los Alamos . July 4 : Oppenheimer reveals Segrè 's final measurements to the Los Alamos staff , and the development of the gun - type plutonium weapon `` Thin Man '' is abandoned . Designing a workable implosion design ( Fat Man ) becomes the top priority of the laboratory , and design of the uranium gun - type weapon ( Little Boy ) continued . July 20 : The Los Alamos organizational structure is completely changed to reflect the new priority . September 2 : Two chemists are killed , and Arnold Kramish almost killed , after being sprayed with highly corrosive hydrofluoric acid while attempting to unclog a uranium enrichment device which is part of the pilot thermal diffusion plant at the Philadelphia Navy Yard . September 22 : First RaLa test with a radioactive source performed at Los Alamos . September 26 : The largest nuclear reactor , the B reactor , goes critical at the Hanford Site . Late November : Samuel Goudsmit , scientific head of the Alsos Mission , concludes , based on papers recovered in Strasbourg , that the Germans did not make substantial progress towards an atomic bomb or nuclear reactor , and that the programs were not even considered high priority . December 14 : Definite evidence of achievable compression obtained in a RaLa test . December 17 : 509th Composite Group formed under Colonel Paul W. Tibbets to deliver the bomb . 1945 ( edit ) January : Brigadier General Thomas Farrell is named Groves ' deputy . January 7 : First RaLa test using exploding - bridgewire detonators . January 20 : First stages of K - 25 are charged with uranium hexafluoride gas . February 2 : First Hanford plutonium arrives at Los Alamos . April 22 : Alsos Mission captures German experimental nuclear reactor at Haigerloch . April 27 : First meeting of the Target Committee . May 7 : Nazi Germany formally surrenders to Allied powers , marking the end of World War II in Europe ; 100 - ton test explosion at Alamogordo , New Mexico . May 10 : Second meeting of the Target Committee , at Los Alamos . May 28 : Third meeting which works to finalize the list of cities on which atomic bombs may be dropped : Kokura , Hiroshima , Niigata and Kyoto . May 30 : Stimson drops Kyoto from the target list . June 11 : Metallurgical Laboratory scientists under James Franck issue the Franck Report arguing for a demonstration of the bomb before using it against civilian targets . July 16 : the first nuclear explosion , the Trinity nuclear test of an implosion - style plutonium - based nuclear weapon known as the gadget at Alamogordo ; USS Indianapolis sails for Tinian with nuclear components on board . July 19 : Oppenheimer recommends to Groves that gun - type design be abandoned and the uranium - 235 used to make composite cores . July 24 : President Harry S. Truman discloses to Soviet leader Joseph Stalin that the United States has atomic weapons . Stalin feigns little surprise ; he already knows this through espionage . July 25 : General Carl Spaatz is ordered to bomb one of the targets : Hiroshima , Kokura , Niigata or Nagasaki as soon as weather permitted , some time after August 3 . July 26 : Potsdam Declaration is issued , threatening Japan with `` prompt and utter destruction '' . August 6 : B - 29 Enola Gay drops Little Boy , a gun - type uranium - 235 weapon , on the city of Hiroshima , the primary target . August 9 : B - 29 Bockscar drops a Fat Man implosion - type plutonium weapon on the city of Nagasaki , the secondary target , as the primary , Kokura , is obscured by cloud and smoke . August 12 : The Smyth Report is released to the public , giving the first technical history of the development of the first atomic bombs . August 14 : Surrender of Japan to the Allied powers . August 21 : Harry Daghlian , a physicist , receives a fatal dose ( 510 rems ) of radiation from a criticality accident when he accidentally dropped a tungsten carbide brick onto a plutonium bomb core . He dies on September 15 . September 4 : Manhattan District orders shutdown of S - 50 liquid thermal diffusion plant and the Y - 12 Alpha plant . September 8 : Manhattan Project survey group under Farrell arrives in Nagasaki . September 17 : Survey group under Colonel Stafford L. Warren arrives in Nagasaki . September 22 : Last Y - 12 alpha track ceases operating . October 16 : Oppenheimer resigns as director of Los Alamos , and is succeeded by Norris Bradbury the next day . 1946 ( edit ) February : News of the Russian spy ring in Canada exposed by defector Igor Gouzenko is made public , creating a mild `` atomic spy '' hysteria , pushing American Congressional discussions about postwar atomic regulation in a more conservative direction . May 21 : Physicist Louis Slotin receives a fatal dose of radiation ( 2100 rems ) when the screwdriver he was using to keep two beryllium hemispheres apart slips . July 1 : Able test at Bikini Atoll as part of Operation Crossroads . July 25 : Underwater Baker test at Bikini . August 1 : Truman signs the Atomic Energy Act of 1946 into law , ending almost a year of uncertainty about the control of atomic research in the postwar United States . 1947 ( edit ) January 1 : the Atomic Energy Act of 1946 ( known as the McMahon Act ) takes effect , and the Manhattan Project is officially turned over to the United States Atomic Energy Commission . August 15 : Manhattan District is abolished . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project . `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved 2 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Nichols 1987 , pp. 34 -- 35 . Jump up ^ `` Atomic Bomb Seen as Cheap at Price '' . Edmonton Journal . 7 August 1945 . p. 1 . Retrieved 1 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Calutron Girls '' . SmithDRay . Retrieved 22 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Beck , Alfred M , et al , United States Army in World War II : The Technical Services -- The Corps of Engineers : The War Against Germany , 1985 Chapter 24 , Into the Heart of Germany , p. 558 Jump up ^ Rhodes 1986 , p. 307 . Jump up ^ Rhodes 1986 , p. 310 . Jump up ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Rhodes 1986 , p. 332 . Jump up ^ Gowing 1964 , pp. 40 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Hoddeson et al. 1993 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Zachary 1997 , p. 112 . Jump up ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Rhodes 1986 , pp. 383 -- 384 . Jump up ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Roosevelt , Franklin D. ( June 28 , 1941 ) . `` Executive Order 8807 Establishing the Office of Scientific Research and Development '' . The American Presidency Project . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Gowing 1964 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Rhodes 1986 , pp. 368 -- 369 . ^ Jump up to : Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , pp. 43 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Gowing 1964 , p. 106 . Jump up ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , pp. 44 -- 46 . Jump up ^ Rhodes 1986 , pp. 388 -- 389 . Jump up ^ Williams 1960 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Williams 1960 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Rhodes 1986 , p. 399 . Jump up ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , p. 126 . Jump up ^ Hoddeson et al. 1993 , pp. 42 -- 47 . Jump up ^ Gowing 1964 , pp. 437 -- 438 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , p. 77 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , p. 78 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , p. 81 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , p. 83 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , p. 112 . ^ Jump up to : Jones 1985 , p. 110 . Jump up ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , p. 152 . ^ Jump up to : Jones 1985 , p. 88 . Jump up ^ Hoddeson et al. 1993 , p. 69 . Jump up ^ Hoddeson et al. 1993 , p. 66 . Jump up ^ Nichols 1987 , p. 115 . Jump up ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , p. 130 . Jump up ^ Groves 1962 , pp. 26 , 27 . Jump up ^ Nichols 1987 , p. 99,100 . Jump up ^ Hoddeson et al. 1993 , p. 79 . Jump up ^ Hoddeson et al. 1993 , p. 380 . Jump up ^ Nichols 1987 , p. 101 . Jump up ^ Gowing 1964 , p. 171 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , p. 241 . Jump up ^ Rhodes 1986 , p. 499 . Jump up ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , p. 211 . Jump up ^ Rhodes 1995 , p. 103 . Jump up ^ Hoddeson et al. 1993 , p. 157 . Jump up ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , p. 164 . Jump up ^ Hoddeson et al. 1993 , p. 238 . Jump up ^ Hoddeson et al. 1993 , p. 202 . Jump up ^ Hoddeson et al. 1993 , p. 240 . Jump up ^ Hoddeson et al. 1993 , p. 245 . Jump up ^ `` Explosion at Navy Yard '' . Manhattan Project Heritage Preservation Association . Retrieved 9 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Hoddeson et al. 1993 , p. 269 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , p. 221 . Jump up ^ Goudsmit 1947 , pp. 69 -- 79 . ^ Jump up to : Hoddeson et al. 1993 , p. 271 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , p. 521 . Jump up ^ Nichols 1987 , p. 171 . Jump up ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , p. 300 . Jump up ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , p. 310 . Jump up ^ Rhodes 1986 , p. 609 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , p. 528 . Jump up ^ Williams 1960 , p. 534 . ^ Jump up to : Jones 1985 , p. 529 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , pp. 532 -- 533 . Jump up ^ Williams 1960 , p. 550 . Jump up ^ Rhodes 1986 , p. 670 . Jump up ^ Hoddeson et al. 1993 , p. 377 . Jump up ^ Rhodes 1986 , p. 690 . Jump up ^ Rhodes 1986 , p. 691 . Jump up ^ Rhodes 1986 , p. 692 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , pp. 536 -- 538 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , pp. 538 -- 541 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , p. 561 . Jump up ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , pp. 405 -- 406 . Jump up ^ McLaughlin , Thomas P. ; Monahan , Shean P. ; Pruvost , Norman L. ; Frolov , Vladimir V. ; Ryazanov , Boris G. ; Sviridov , Victor I. ( May 2000 ) . `` A Review of Criticality Accidents '' ( PDF ) . Los Alamos , New Mexico : Los Alamos National Laboratory . pp. 74 -- 75 . LA - 13638 . Retrieved April 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , p. 624 . ^ Jump up to : Jones 1985 , p. 544 . Jump up ^ Hoddeson et al. 1993 , p. 401 . Jump up ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , pp. 480 -- 481 . Jump up ^ Zeilig , Martin ( August -- September 1995 ) . `` Louis Slotin And ' The Invisible Killer ' '' . The Beaver . 75 ( 4 ) : 20 -- 27 . Archived from the original on 16 May 2008 . Retrieved 28 April 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , pp. 580 -- 581 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , p. 596 . Jump up ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , p. 641 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , p. 600 . References ( edit ) Goudsmit , Samuel A. ( 1947 ) . Alsos . New York : Henry Schuman . ISBN 0 - 938228 - 09 - 9 . OCLC 8805725 . Gowing , Margaret ( 1964 ) . Britain and Atomic Energy , 1935 -- 1945 . London : Macmillan Publishing . OCLC 3195209 . Groves , Leslie ( 1962 ) . Now It Can Be Told : The Story of the Manhattan Project . New York : Harper . ISBN 0 - 306 - 70738 - 1 . OCLC 537684 . Hewlett , Richard G. ; Anderson , Oscar E. ( 1962 ) . The New World , 1939 -- 1946 ( PDF ) . University Park : Pennsylvania State University Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 07186 - 7 . OCLC 637004643 . Retrieved 26 March 2013 . Hoddeson , Lillian ; Henriksen , Paul W. ; Meade , Roger A. ; Westfall , Catherine L. ( 1993 ) . Critical Assembly : A Technical History of Los Alamos During the Oppenheimer Years , 1943 -- 1945 . New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 44132 - 3 . OCLC 26764320 . Jones , Vincent ( 1985 ) . Manhattan : The Army and the Atomic Bomb . Washington , D.C. : United States Army Center of Military History . OCLC 10913875 . Nichols , Kenneth D. ( 1987 ) . The Road to Trinity . New York : William Morrow and Company . ISBN 0 - 688 - 06910 - X . OCLC 15223648 . Rhodes , Richard ( 1986 ) . The Making of the Atomic Bomb . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 671 - 44133 - 7 . OCLC 13793436 . -- ( 1995 ) . Dark Sun : The Making of the Hydrogen Bomb . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 684 - 80400 - X . Williams , Mary H. ( 1960 ) . Chronology 1941 -- 1945 . Washington , D.C. : Office of the Chief of Military History , Department of the Army . Zachary , G. Pascal ( 1997 ) . Endless Frontier : Vannevar Bush , Engineer of the American Century . New York : The Free Press . ISBN 0 - 684 - 82821 - 9 . OCLC 36521020 . External links ( edit ) AtomicArchive.com : Manhattan Project Chronology -- from `` The Manhattan Project : Making the Atomic Bomb '' by DOE − Department of Energy . NuclearWeaponArchive.org : Chronology for the origin of atomic weapons hide Manhattan Project Timeline Sites Ames Berkeley Chicago Dayton Hanford Inyokern Los Alamos Montreal New York Oak Ridge Trinity Wendover Heavy water sites Administrators Vannevar Bush Arthur Compton James Conant Priscilla Duffield Thomas Farrell Leslie Groves John Lansdale Ernest Lawrence James Marshall Franklin Matthias Dorothy McKibbin Kenneth Nichols Robert Oppenheimer Deak Parsons William Purnell Frank Spedding Charles Thomas Paul Tibbets Bud Uanna Harold Urey Stafford Warren Ed Westcott Roscoe Wilson Scientists Luis Alvarez Robert Bacher Hans Bethe Aage Bohr Niels Bohr Norris Bradbury James Chadwick John Cockcroft Harry Daghlian Enrico Fermi Richard Feynman Val Fitch James Franck Klaus Fuchs Maria Goeppert - Mayer George Kistiakowsky George Koval Willard Libby Edwin McMillan Mark Oliphant Norman Ramsey Isidor Isaac Rabi James Rainwater Bruno Rossi Glenn Seaborg Emilio Segrè Louis Slotin Henry DeWolf Smyth Leo Szilard Edward Teller Stanisław Ulam John von Neumann John Wheeler Eugene Wigner Robert Wilson Leona Woods Operations Alsos Mission Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Operation Crossroads Operation Peppermint Project Alberta Silverplate 509th Composite Group Enola Gay Bockscar The Great Artiste Weapons Fat Man Little Boy Pumpkin bomb Thin Man Related topics Atomic Energy Act of 1946 British contribution Chicago Pile - 1 Demon core Einstein -- Szilárd letter Interim Committee Oppenheimer security hearing Plutonium Quebec Agreement RaLa Experiment S - 1 Executive Committee S - 50 Project Smyth Report Uranium X-10 Graphite Reactor Manhattan Project Portals Access related topics World War II portal Nuclear technology portal Physics portal History of science portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_Manhattan_Project&oldid=833835334 '' Categories : History of the Manhattan Project Chronology of World War II Nuclear history of the United States Physics timelines United States history timelines Manhattan Project 1940s in the United States Hidden categories : Featured lists Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本語 Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 2 April 2018 , at 17 : 08 . 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who is playing susan banks on days of our lives august 2018	In January 2014 , it was announced that Davidson would be returning to Days for a three - month story arc after having departed with the show in November 2013 . In late September 2014 , it was announced that Davidson would reprise her role as Susan Banks ; her first time portraying the character in 16 years . Davidson returned to the role once again on November 2 , 2017 . She reprised the role of Susan 's sister , Sister Mary Moira on November 21 , 2017 . Stacy Haiduk debuted as Susan on August 21 , 2018 .	Stacy Haiduk	Susan Banks	susan banks	Susan Banks is a fictional character on NBC 's daytime drama Days of Our Lives . She was played by Eileen Davidson from November 4 , 1996 to April 8 , 1998 , and again in 2014 and 2017 . Susan is the eccentric mother of Elvis `` EJ '' DiMera , and once acted as Kristen Blake 's doppelganger . In November 2011 , it was announced that Brynn Thayer would take over the role of Susan , since Davidson was committed to The Young and the Restless . Thayer made her brief one - off appearance as Susan on December 7 , 2011 .	In January 2014 , it was announced that Davidson would be returning to Days for a three - month story arc after having departed with the show in November 2013 . In late September 2014 , it was announced that Davidson would reprise her role as Susan Banks ; her first time portraying the character in 16 years . Davidson returned to the role once again on November 2 , 2017 . She reprised the role of Susan 's sister , Sister Mary Moira on November 21 , 2017 . Stacy Haiduk debuted as Susan on August 21 , 2018 . Contents 1 Casting 2 Development 3 Storylines 3.1 1996 -- 98 3.2 2011 3.3 2014 3.4 2017 -- 4 Reception 5 References 6 External links Casting ( edit ) The decision to create a storyline in which Stefano hires a doppelganger to impersonate Kristen Blake demanded that the Days producers cast an actress who resembled Davidson . Actress , Brenda Epperson was considered for the role , an actress Davidson suggested to replace her in her role as Ashley Abbott on The Young and the Restless , due to their uncanny resemblance . Instead of casting Epperson , or any actress for that matter , Davidson suggested that she play both roles : Kristen and her alter . The show ultimately agreed . On rehearsing , Davidson related : `` I had a tape recorder and I would read the scene and turn it off when the character I was supposed to be talked . I ran lines that way . The major way that I knew it was working was because the crew was laughing , and I was laughing , we were cracking up all the time . '' Due to the sixteen - hour work days ( including Saturdays ) Davidson spent on the Days set led to her developing digestive problems and insomnia . `` They worked me to death . I was at the end of my contract , I was going to leave after the first year I played Susan . And they asked me to stay an additional year to finish off the storyline , so I did . '' The gruel from playing upwards of five characters led to Davidson 's departure from the show . Post-Days , head writer James E. Reilly called Davidson personally to apologize for working her ' into the ground . ' He told her that he could n't help it ; he felt inspired by her . `` That 's OK . You know I volunteered to play both characters ! '' Davidson responded . In 2011 , Days was unable to obtain Davidson , who was working on The Young and the Restless at the time , to reprise the role of Susan . A recast was made with actress Brynn Thayer filling in . Thayer was asked to research the character by watching old clips of Davidson as Susan on YouTube . The show decided to show only the back of Thayer 's head as Susan , who takes a phone call from Salem . Per Davidson 's agreement in 2012 to return to the soap , a stipulation was included in her contract : Lisa Williams , who acted as her double in her mid-90s Days stint , would be re-hired if need be . Davidson returned to the soap under the assumption that she would be portraying Susan Banks , with just a little bit of Kristen DiMera . Ultimately , Banks would never reappear . However , in September 2013 , a tribute of sorts was made to the late James E. Reilly when Kristen , who needs to go undercover , uses Susan 's teeth as a disguise . Davidson had taken Susan 's teeth with her before leaving the soap in 1998 . Prior to her 2014 return , Davidson was alerted that her storyline would include Susan Banks . `` They told me , but they also knew that I was up for it . '' Lisa Williams returned as Davidson 's double . Davidson reprised her role in November 2017 . In 2017 , head writer Ron Carlivati discussed the decision behind having Susan Banks being responsible for Will Horton 's disappearance and resurrection , stating : `` When we went to explore who might have a motivation to initiate Will 's disappearance or Will 's death , Susan came to mind , and we came up with a story that would require ( Eileen Davidson ) involved . '' Carlivati admitted his reluctance to this decision , due to Davidson 's commitment to The Young and the Restless , even considering a recast for the role , however , deemed that `` trickier '' . Davidson announced that her scenes became a collaborative effort as Carlivati was unfamiliar with Susan and was relying on others to fill him in -- `` But who better than , you know , the person that played her ? ( ... ) ( Ron ) was very open to hearing my input , and when I thought that it was maybe too broad , he would let me change it or cut it or whatever I needed to do . It 's easy to write Susan broad , and it 's easy to play her broad . So it 's always , like , trying to pull it back , but also showing the flavor of her personality . '' On August 17 , 2018 , it was announced that Stacy Haiduk had been cast as Susan ; she made her first appearance as Susan on August 21 , 2018 . Development ( edit ) While James E. Reilly created the character , Davidson was the driving force behind the character 's personality . `` Susan was supposed to be insecure from a small town , not very worldly , basically kind of ignorant . She had an innocence . I based a lot of it on innocence , not necessarily ignorance . But she was very intelligent in a certain way . She was good at getting what she wanted . '' Davidson would have a lot of input into all of the characters she portrayed , including wardrobe and hairstyles . Reilly added Susan 's obsession with Elvis Presley . On Susan 's voice , Davidson states : `` For the voice , I just went up a couple of octaves and threw in a Southern accent . It was easy . '' Besides the characters Kristen and Susan Banks , Davidson would go on to play an assortment of Susan 's family members : Sister Mary Moira ( a nun ) , Thomas Banks , and Penelope Kent . Storylines ( edit ) 1996 -- 98 ( edit ) In August 1996 , Kristen is hospitalized after an explosion kills her mother and she miscarries her child . Stefano soon reappears in Salem and hires Kristen 's lookalike Susan Banks to carry a child that Kristen would raise as her and John 's . With the help of her father and Peter , Kristen fakes her pregnancy . When Susan goes into labor , Kristen disguised as a nurse is forced to watch as John marries Susan , believing she is really Kristen . Kristen gets custody of the child long enough to name him John Black , Jr. and Susan soon returns to claim her child and husband . Kristen enlists Vivian Alamain ( Louise Sorel ) and Ivan in keeping Susan locked in a secret room but Marlena puts the pieces together and Kristen is forced to lock her away . When Susan discovers the truth , sick of Kristen 's manipulations she locks Kristen inside the room and attempts to marry John until Laura Horton ( Jamie Lyn Bauer ) confronts her at the wedding . After being rejected by John due to her scheming , Kristen 's failed attempt to kill Marlena lands her in jail . After being released on bail , she attempts suicide after hearing about John and Marlena 's engagement . She then reveals Marlena 's presumed dead husband , Roman Brady ( now Josh Taylor ) ; John and Kristen then pretend to marry to keep Roman from becoming suspicious . When John and Stefano ruin her attempt to get back Susan 's son , Elvis ( a.k.a. John , Jr . ) , she reveals that Roman and Marlena have been seeing one another . Kristen 's attempt to force Susan into giving the child back ends with the death of Susan 's identical sister , Penelope Kent . Fearing she 'll be charged with murder , Kristen pretends to be Susan and is forced to marry Susan 's boyfriend , Edmund Crumb ( Adam Caine ) . In the meantime , `` Susan '' and Edmund go on a honeymoon and Laura is arrested for Kristen 's murder . Edmund admits to Kristen 's `` murder '' and they soon run into the real Susan who explains that Kristen sold her into a harem ; it is then revealed that the dead person was Susan 's other sibling , Penelope Kent . To get revenge against Kristen , Susan exchanges her freedom for Kristen to be sold to the harem . 2011 ( edit ) In December 2011 , Bo ( Peter Reckell ) and Hope ( Kristian Alfonso ) come across an ornament owned by Alice Horton . Tucked inside it they find a letter written by Susan asking Alice for help with Elvis who was sick and needed a doctor . The letter is to be extended to Stefano . Bo finds Susan 's phone number in England and Hope decides to call her . Hope inquires as to the significance of the letter to Susan ( Brynn Thayer ) who becomes nervous that Elvis is in trouble . Susan inadvertently reveals that Alice helped Elvis , and Stefano visited her after Elvis was better . Realizing that she 's said too much , Susan pretends that the phone line has a bad connection and hangs up . 2014 ( edit ) Susan turns up on the DiMera Mansion doorstep . She 's come to visit EJ . She 's had a premonition that he 's in grave danger . She attempts to convince him to return to England with her . Susan also does n't think that Sami ( Alison Sweeney ) is the right woman for him to be with ; she sees her as nothing but trouble . She reveals why she allowed Stefano , who she says is evil , to raise him : she and Edmund could n't provide the life that he could . Susan refers to EJ as her `` first born , '' suggesting that she 's had more children after him . Susan is left alone in the mansion and decides to pay John a visit in the hospital . She goes to open the door to leave and is greeted by Kristen who is standing there . The two trade barbs ; Susan rushes out after Kristen gets Stefano on the phone . Susan visits an unconscious John in the hospital . She talks about their almost wedding and before going , leaves a photo from the nuptials . 2017 -- ( edit ) The hunt for Will Horton ( Chandler Massey ) leads Sami , John and Marlena to a house in Memphis occupied by Roger ( John Enos III ) , an Elvis impersonator , and Susan Banks . While toting a rifle and standing in a bedroom whose walls are adorned with the initials `` EJ '' , Susan reveals that she paid Dr. Wilhelm Rolf to revive Will as part of a revenge plot against Sami . Susan holds Sami responsible for EJ 's death ; it 's caused her to spiral out of control as well as ended her marriage to Edmund . Susan is adamant that Rolf 's revival did n't work . However , Will , identifying himself as EJ , is found alive and working in a bar in Memphis . Friends and family try desperately to convince him that he 's been brainwashed by his `` mother '' Susan and to return to Salem . When Roger confirms that Susan is n't Will 's biological mother , Susan suffers a mental breakdown and is hospitalized . Will decides to return to Salem to learn about his former life . Will keeps tabs on Susan 's progress through Roger , learning that she 's been institutionalized and that on New Year 's Eve she 's suffered a relapse after receiving a visitor in her hospital room . Months later , a recovered Susan ( Stacy Haiduk ) arrives back in Salem on Will 's doorstep to make amends . She also turns up at Marlena 's bachelorette party and manages to invite herself to Marlena and John Black 's upcoming wedding . Susan mentions to Marlena that she was visited by Kristen , who is very much alive , in the hospital . Marlena convinces Susan that Kristen is dead and that she was probably just hallucinating from the drugs that the hospital had administrated . Kristen ( Haiduk ) catches Susan alone and forces her at knife - point to switch places with her so she can attend the wedding undetected . Reception ( edit ) Davidson 's performance earned her her first Daytime Emmy Award nomination in the category of Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series in 1998 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Brynn Thayer To DAYS ! '' . Soap Opera Digest . Soapoperadigest.com. 2012 - 11 - 18 . Retrieved September 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( January 28 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive : Eileen Davidson Returns to Days of Our Lives '' . TV Guide . Retrieved January 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Fairman , Michael ( 2012 - 10 - 18 ) . `` The Eileen Davidson Interview -- Days of our Lives '' . Michael Fairman On - Air - On - Soaps . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Adams 2011 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Lipton , Michael A. ( 1997 - 08 - 11 ) . `` Daze of Their Lives '' . People Magazine . People.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Comings and Goings '' . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc. 36 ( 50 ) : pg. 5 . December 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` One and Done '' . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc. 38 ( 34 ) : pg. 28 . August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( 2013 ) . `` Exclusive : Eileen Davidson Talks About Her Shocking Departure From Days of Our Lives '' . TV Guide . Tvguide.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( 2012 ) . `` Hot Scoop on Eileen Davidson 's Return to Days of Our Lives '' . TV Guide . Tvguide.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sloane , Waldron , Stephanie , Robert ( September 29 , 2014 ) . `` New Beginnings '' . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc. 39 ( 39 ) : pg. 35 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` Eileen Davidson Dishes on Her ' Funny and Tragic ' Return to Days of Our Lives '' . TV Insider . United States : CBS Interactive . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Comings and Goings '' . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc. 42 ( 45 ) . November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Waldron , Robert ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` ICYMI : Eileen Davidson Interview '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : Soap Opera Digest . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ SOD ( August 17 , 2018 ) . `` Stacy Haiduk Joins DAYS as Susan -- What About Kristen ? '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved August 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Adams 2011 , p. 74 . Jump up ^ Adams 2011 , pp. 73 - 74 . Jump up ^ `` Yearly Update for 1996 '' . Sony Pictures Television . Daysofourlives.com. 1996 . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2011 . Retrieved July 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Famous Plots : Kristen Blake DiMera '' . Sony Pictures Television . Daysofourlives.com . October 11 , 2012 . p. 4 . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2013 . Retrieved October 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Yearly Update for 1997 '' . Sony Pictures Television . Daysofourlives.com. 1997 . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2011 . Retrieved July 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Famous Plots : Kristen Blake DiMera '' . Sony Pictures Television . Daysofourlives.com . October 11 , 2012 . p. 5 . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2013 . Retrieved October 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Famous Plots : Kristen Blake DiMera '' . Sony Pictures Television . Daysofourlives.com . October 11 , 2012 . p. 6 . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2013 . Retrieved October 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Famous Plots : Kristen Blake DiMera '' . Sony Pictures Television . Daysofourlives.com . October 11 , 2012 . p. 7 . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2013 . Retrieved October 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Famous Plots : Kristen Blake DiMera '' . Sony Pictures Television . Daysofourlives.com . October 11 , 2012 . p. 8 . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2013 . Retrieved October 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Yearly Update for 1998 '' . Sony Pictures Television . Daysofourlives.com. 1998 . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2011 . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Famous Plots : Kristen Blake DiMera '' . Sony Pictures Television . Daysofourlives.com . October 11 , 2012 . p. 9 . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2013 . Retrieved October 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cough Up That Hairball '' . Soaps.com. 2011 - 12 - 07 . Retrieved September 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Event : Soap Opera Digest Awards ( 1998 ) '' . Internet Movie Database . February 26 , 1998 . Bibliography Adams , Alina ( 2011 ) . Soap Opera 451 : A Time Capsule of Daytime Drama 's Greatest Moments . Alina Adams Media . ASIN B005NSDZYC . External links ( edit ) Susan Banks at soapcentral.com Days of Our Lives Current characters Susan Banks Belle Black Brady Black John Black Ciara Brady Claire Brady Eric Brady Hope Brady Kayla Brady Rex Brady Roman Brady Sami Brady Shawn - Douglas Brady Abe Carver Tripp Dalton Abigail Deveraux JJ Deveraux Chad DiMera Kristen DiMera Stefan DiMera Eve Donovan Marlena Evans Eli Grant Valerie Grant Gabi Hernandez Rafe Hernandez Jennifer Horton Lucas Horton Maggie Horton Will Horton Adrienne Johnson Steve Johnson Parker Jonas Justin Kiriakis Sonny Kiriakis Victor Kiriakis Chloe Lane Paul Narita Lani Price Kate Roberts Doug Williams Julie Olson Williams Notable past characters Alice Horton Tom Horton Lawrence Alamain Vivian Alamain Bo Brady Caroline Brady Carrie Brady Cassie Brady Chelsea Brady Frankie Brady Kimberly Brady Max Brady Shawn Brady Dr. Lexie Carver Theo Carver Liz Chandler Xander Cook Don Craig Neil Curtis Cameron Davis Jack Deveraux Andre DiMera Anna DiMera Daphne DiMera EJ DiMera Johnny DiMera Santo DiMera Stefano DiMera Sydney DiMera Tony DiMera Drew Donovan Shane Donovan Theresa Donovan Nick Fallon Megan Hathaway Benjy Hawk Arianna Hernandez Eduardo Hernandez Addie Horton Allie Horton Bill Horton Jeremy Horton Laura Horton Marie Horton Melissa Horton Mickey Horton Nathan Horton Sarah Horton Tommy Horton Robin Jacobs Madison James Aiden Jennings Chase Jennings Joey Johnson Stephanie Johnson Daniel Jonas Melanie Jonas Calliope Jones Deimos Kiriakis Philip Kiriakis Paige Larson Bonnie Lockhart Mimi Lockhart Patrick Lockhart Carly Manning Alex Marshall Serena Mason Colin Murphy Tori Narita Celeste Perrault Austin Reed Billie Reed Curtis Reed Jordan Ridgeway Ben Rogers Jan Spears Isabella Toscano Ava Vitali Gina Von Amberg Brandon Walker Nicole Walker Taylor Walker Nancy Wesley Clyde Weston Related information Cast members Producers and writers Awards and nominations 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Doug and Julie Bo and Hope Sami and EJ John and Marlena Jack and Jennifer Steve and Kayla Shawn and Belle Lucas and Sami Will and Sonny Shane and Kimberly Salem Cruise of Deception Fictional families DiMera family Horton family Brady family Kiriakis family Johnson family Roberts family Days of Our Lives characters Present and future characters Susan Banks Belle Black Brady Black John Black Ciara Brady Claire Brady Eric Brady Hope Brady Kayla Brady Rex Brady Roman Brady Sami Brady Shawn - Douglas Brady Abe Carver Tripp Dalton Abigail Deveraux JJ Deveraux Chad DiMera EJ DiMera Kristen DiMera Stefan DiMera Thomas DiMera Eve Donovan Marlena Evans Eli Grant Valerie Grant Gabi Hernandez Rafe Hernandez Arianna Horton Jennifer Horton Lucas Horton Maggie Horton Will Horton Adrienne Johnson Justin Kiriakis Sonny Kiriakis Victor Kiriakis Xander Kiriakis Chloe Lane Bonnie Lockhart Mimi Lockhart Paul Narita Lani Price Kate Roberts Ben Weston Doug Williams Julie Olson Williams Past characters Tom Horton Alice Horton Hattie Adams Lawrence Alamain Vivian Alamain Bart Beiderbecke Tate Black Peter Blake Eugene Bradford Bo Brady Caroline Brady Carrie Brady Cassie Brady Chelsea Brady Frankie Brady Kimberly Brady Max Brady Shawn Brady Lexie Carver Theo Carver Liz Chandler Don Craig Neil Curtis Cameron Davis Anjelica Deveraux Jack Deveraux André DiMera Anna DiMera Daphne DiMera Johnny DiMera Santo DiMera Stefano DiMera Sydney DiMera Tony DiMera Drew Donovan Shane Donovan Theresa Donovan Lee DuMonde Renée DuMonde Nick Fallon Megan Hathaway Benjy Hawk Arianna Hernandez Dario Hernandez Eduardo Hernandez Addie Horton Allie Horton Bill Horton Jeremy Horton Laura Horton Marie Horton Melissa Horton Mickey Horton Nathan Horton Sarah Horton Tommy Horton Robin Jacobs Madison James Aiden Jennings Chase Jennings Joey Johnson Stephanie Johnson Steve Johnson Daniel Jonas Melanie Jonas Parker Jonas Calliope Jones Bradford Alexander Kiriakis Deimos Kiriakis Philip Kiriakis Maxine Landis Paige Larson Patrick Lockhart Carly Manning Alex Marshall Serena Mason Mia McCormick Jade Michaels Anne Milbauer Colin Murphy Tori Narita Celeste Perrault Austin Reed Billie Reed Curtis Reed Jordan Ridgeway Wilhelm Rolf Jan Spears Isabella Toscano Ava Vitali Gina Von Amberg Brandon Walker Fay Walker Nicole Walker Taylor Walker Nancy Wesley Clyde Weston Character lists 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Cast members Previous cast members Producers and writers Doug and Julie Bo and Hope Sami and EJ John and Marlena Jack and Jennifer Steve and Kayla Shawn and Belle Lucas and Sami Shane and Kimberly Will and Sonny Salem Cruise of Deception Horton family Brady family DiMera family Kiriakis family Johnson family Roberts family Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Susan_Banks&oldid=858508984 '' Categories : Days of Our Lives characters Fictional characters introduced in 1996 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 7 September 2018 , at 17 : 54 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan%20Banks	2,410
who sang the song cotton fields back home	`` Cotton Fields '' is a song written by American blues musician Huddie Ledbetter , better known as Lead Belly , who made the first recording of the song in 1940 .	Huddie Ledbetter	Cotton Fields	cotton fields	`` Cotton Fields '' is a song written by American blues musician Huddie Ledbetter , better known as Lead Belly , who made the first recording of the song in 1940 .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Early versions 2 The Beach Boys cover 2.1 Details 2.1. 1 Personnel 2.1. 2 Notes 3 Covers 4 Lyrics 5 Further use 6 References 7 External links Early versions ( edit ) Recorded by Lead Belly in 1940 , `` Cotton Fields '' was introduced into the canon of folk music via its inclusion on the 1954 album release Odetta & Larry which comprised performances by Odetta at the Tin Angel nightclub in San Francisco with instrumental and vocal accompaniment by Lawrence Mohr : this version was entitled `` Old Cotton Fields at Home '' . The song 's profile was boosted via its recording by Harry Belafonte first on his 1958 album Belafonte Sings the Blues with a live version appearing on the 1959 concert album Belafonte at Carnegie Hall : Belafonte had learned `` Cotton Fields '' from Odetta and been singing it in concert as early as 1955 . A # 13 hit in 1961 for The Highwaymen , `` Cotton Fields '' served as an album track for a number of C&W and folk - rock acts including Ferlin Husky ( The Heart and Soul of Ferlin Husky 1963 ) , Buck Owens ( On the Bandstand 1963 ) , the New Christy Minstrels ( Chim - Chim - Cheree 1965 ) and the Seekers ( Roving With The Seekers 1964 ) : Odetta also made a new studio recording of the song for her 1963 album One Grain of Sand . The Springfields included `` Cotton Fields '' on a 1962 EP release : this version is featured on the CD On An Island Of Dreams : The Best Of The Springfields . `` Cotton Fields '' was also recorded by Unit 4 + 2 for their Concrete and Clay album ( 1965 ) . A rendering in French : `` L'enfant do '' , was recorded in 1962 by Hugues Aufray and Petula Clark . The Beach Boys cover ( edit ) `` Cottonfields '' Single by The Beach Boys from the album 20 / 20 B - side `` The Nearest Faraway Place '' Released April 20 , 1970 Format Vinyl Recorded August 15 , 1969 ( single ) Genre Country rock Length 2 : 21 ( album version ) 3 : 05 ( single version ) Label Capitol Songwriter ( s ) Huddie Ledbetter Producer ( s ) Brian Wilson and Al Jardine ( album ) The Beach Boys ( single ) The Beach Boys singles chronology `` Add Some Music to Your Day '' ( 1970 ) `` Cottonfields '' ( 1970 ) `` Slip on Through '' ( 1970 ) `` Add Some Music to Your Day '' ( 1970 ) `` Cottonfields '' ( 1970 ) `` Slip on Through '' ( 1970 ) American rock band the Beach Boys recorded `` Cotton Fields '' on November 18 , 1968 : the track with Al Jardine on lead vocals debuted on the group 's 1969 album 20 / 20 . Dissatisfied with Brian Wilson 's arrangement of the song , Jardine later led the group to record a more country rock style version ; this version recorded on August 15 , 1969 , featured Orville `` Red '' Rhodes on pedal steel guitar . Entitled `` Cottonfields '' , the track afforded the Beach Boys their most widespread international success while also consolidating the end of the group 's hit - making career in the US ( although they would enjoy periodic comebacks there ) . `` Cottonfields '' would be the final Beach Boys ' single released on Capitol Records -- the group 's label since May 1962 -- and their last single released in mono . While barely making a dent in the U.S. ( number 95 Record World , number 103 Billboard ) though promoted with an appearance on the network TV pop show Something Else , the song succeeded across the Atlantic , reaching number two in the UK 's Melody Maker chart and listed as the tenth - biggest seller of the year by the New Musical Express . Worldwide -- outside North America -- it nearly replicated the success of the group 's `` Do It Again '' two years before . It was number 1 in Australia , South Africa , Sweden and Norway , number 2 in Denmark , number 3 in Ireland , similarly top 5 in the United Kingdom , Japan , Spain and Rhodesia ; number 12 in the Netherlands , number 13 in New Zealand and number 29 in Germany . Because of this popularity , it was placed on the international ( ex-US ) release of the group 's Sunflower album . Details ( edit ) Produced and arranged by : Brian Wilson ( album version ) Produced by : The Beach Boys Arranged by : Al Jardine ( single version ) Personnel ( edit ) Al Jardine -- lead vocals Notes ( edit ) The single version of the song has mild distortion due to compression , especially during the drum fills , and sporadic skipping can be heard from 1 : 03 to 1 : 31 in the song . This is much more noticeable in the stereo mix of the song . In the mono mix of the song featured in the Good Vibrations box set , the skipping is less audible and the song itself is in a slightly higher pitch than in this stereo version . Covers ( edit ) The Highwaymen ( folk band ) in 1962 Johnny Cash on his 1962 album The Sound of Johnny Cash The Angels in 1963 that went to # 119 in the U.S. Johnny Mann Singers on the 1963 album Golden Folk Song Hits -- Liberty LST - 7253 Eddy Arnold ( with the Needmore Creek Singers ) on the 1964 album `` Folk Song Book '' Rose Marie on episode 102 of The Dick van Dyke Show `` The Alan Brady Show Goes to Jail '' ( 1964 ) The Carter Sisters on their album The Best of The Carter Family ( 1966 ) Webb Pierce on the 1966 Decca album Webb 's Choice Harry Dean Stanton , in one scene of the 1967 film Cool Hand Luke , plays a sped - up version Udo Jürgens a 1968 single Esther Ofarim sang `` Cottons Fields '' live on television in 1969 , with her then husband Abi Ofarim . They also recorded a German version , `` Wenn ich bei Dir sein kann '' in 1964 Creedence Clearwater Revival on their ( 1969 ) album Willy and the Poor Boys . This version hit # 1 in Mexico in 1970 . Elvis Presley in the 1970 movie Elvis : That 's the Way It Is Joe Dassin on 1989 Sony Music compilation Vol. 2 . Donna Douglas on her 1989 album Back on the Mountain The Pogues on their 1989 album Peace and Love ( while this version references the original in its lyrics , the song itself is not a cover per se ) Teresa Brewer on The Muppet Show Tesla released a cover version as the B - side to the single Call It What You Want , released in 1991 Kitten recorded a version of the song on their 2007 album Yodeling Cowgirl Flatfoot 56 ( a Celtic Oi ! band ) covered it on their album Toil , released in 2012 Harry Belafonte Lyrics ( edit ) The original Lead Belly lyrics state that the fields are `` down in Louisiana , just ten miles from Texarkana '' . Later versions ( e.g. , Creedence Clearwater Revival 's ) say the fields are `` down in Louisiana , just about a mile from Texarkana '' . Both are geographically impossible , as Texarkana is about 30 miles north of the Arkansas -- Louisiana border . This song line suggests the writer had the widely held but mistaken belief that Texarkana is partially in Louisiana . Further Use ( edit ) The song and its various cover versions became a synonym of bluegrass music , as well far from actual cotton yielding regions . E.g. the German skiffle band Die Rhöner Säuwäntzt describe their style as Musik von den Baumwollfeldern der Rhön , translating into `` music played in the Rhön Mountains ( imaginary ) cotton fields '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gilliland , John ( 1969 ) . `` Show 19 -- Blowin ' in the Wind : Pop discovers folk music . ( Part 2 ) '' ( audio ) . Pop Chronicles . University of North Texas Libraries . Jump up ^ McAleer , Dave ( 2004 ) . Singles Top 20 Charts From 1954 To The Present Day . Backbeat Books . Jump up ^ see Bo kömmsten du hää ? ; Wo kommst du denn her ? ( where you from ? ) , Textbook , Die Rhöner Säuwäntzt , Lieder von den Baumwollfeldern der Rhön , 1995 , ISBN 3931796086 ID : m37416m58671 , Rhön Verlag 1995 External links ( edit ) 20 / 20 Songs Side one `` Do It Again '' `` I Can Hear Music '' `` Bluebirds over the Mountain '' `` Be with Me '' `` All I Want to Do '' `` The Nearest Faraway Place '' Side two `` Cotton Fields ( The Cotton Song ) '' `` I Went to Sleep '' `` Time to Get Alone '' `` Never Learn Not to Love '' `` Our Prayer '' `` Cabinessence '' Related articles `` Break Away '' `` Celebrate the News '' The Beach Boys The Beach Boys discography Surfin ' Safari Surfin ' U.S.A. Surfer Girl Little Deuce Coupe Shut Down Vol. 2 All Summer Long Christmas Album Today ! Summer Days ( And Summer Nights ! ! ) Party Pet Sounds Smiley Smile Wild Honey Friends 20 / 20 Sunflower Surf 's Up Carl and the Passions -- `` So Tough '' Holland 15 Big Ones Love You M.I.U. Album L.A. ( Light Album ) Keepin ' the Summer Alive The Beach Boys Still Cruisin ' Summer in Paradise Stars and Stripes Vol. 1 That 's Why God Made the Radio Sunflower Songs Side one `` Slip On Through '' `` This Whole World '' `` Add Some Music to Your Day '' `` Got to Know the Woman '' `` Deirdre '' `` It 's About Time '' Side two `` Tears in the Morning '' `` All I Wanna Do '' `` Forever '' `` Our Sweet Love '' `` At My Window '' `` Cool , Cool Water '' Outtakes `` Big Sur '' `` Fallin ' in Love '' `` Loop de Loop ( Flip Flop Flyin ' in an Aeroplane ) '' `` Games Two Can Play '' `` Good Time '' `` I Just Got My Pay '' `` Raspberries , Strawberries '' `` San Miguel '' `` Soulful Old Man Sunshine '' `` Take a Load Off Your Feet '' `` Walkin ' '' Related articles The Beach Boys discography Surfin ' Safari Surfin ' U.S.A. Surfer Girl Little Deuce Coupe Shut Down Vol. 2 All Summer Long Christmas Album Today ! Summer Days ( And Summer Nights ! ! ) Party Pet Sounds Smiley Smile Wild Honey Friends 20 / 20 Sunflower Surf 's Up Carl and the Passions -- `` So Tough '' Holland 15 Big Ones Love You M.I.U. Album L.A. ( Light Album ) Keepin ' the Summer Alive The Beach Boys Still Cruisin ' Summer in Paradise Stars and Stripes Vol. 1 That 's Why God Made the Radio The Beach Boys Al Jardine Mike Love Brian Wilson Carl Wilson Dennis Wilson Blondie Chaplin Ricky Fataar David Marks Bruce Johnston Studio albums Surfin ' Safari Surfin ' U.S.A. Surfer Girl Little Deuce Coupe Shut Down Volume 2 All Summer Long The Beach Boys ' Christmas Album The Beach Boys Today ! Summer Days ( And Summer Nights ! ! ) Beach Boys ' Party ! Pet Sounds Smiley Smile Wild Honey Friends 20 / 20 Sunflower Surf 's Up Carl and the Passions -- `` So Tough '' Holland 15 Big Ones The Beach Boys Love You M.I.U. Album L.A. ( Light Album ) Keepin ' the Summer Alive The Beach Boys Still Cruisin ' Summer in Paradise Stars and Stripes Vol. 1 That 's Why God Made the Radio Live albums Beach Boys Concert Live in London The Beach Boys in Concert Good Timin ' : Live at Knebworth England 1980 Songs from Here & Back Live -- The 50th Anniversary Tour Live in Sacramento 1964 Live in Chicago 1965 Graduation Day 1966 Selected compilations Endless Summer Rarities Made in U.S.A. Lost & Found ( 1961 -- 62 ) Good Vibrations : Thirty Years of The Beach Boys The Pet Sounds Sessions Endless Harmony Ultimate Christmas Hawthorne , CA The Smile Sessions Made in California The Big Beat 1963 Keep an Eye on Summer 1964 Beach Boys ' Party ! Uncovered and Unplugged Becoming the Beach Boys : The Complete Hite & Dorinda Morgan Sessions 1967 -- Sunshine Tomorrow Films Documentaries Good Vibrations Tour ( 1976 ) An American Band ( 1985 ) Nashville Sounds ( 1996 ) Endless Harmony : The Beach Boys Story ( 1998 ) Good Timin ' : Live at Knebworth England 1980 ( 2002 ) Doin ' It Again ( 2012 ) Fictionalized The Girls on the Beach ( 1965 ) The Monkey 's Uncle ( 1965 ) An American Family ( 2000 ) Love & Mercy ( 2014 ) Places Beach Boys Historic Landmark Beach Boys Studio Brother Studios Radiant Radish United Western Recorders Influence Artists who have covered the Beach Boys California Sound Chamber pop Cultural impact Depictions in culture Vocal surf Lists Bootlegs and unreleased material Cover songs Discography Song recordings Unreleased Brian Carl Dennis Mike Unreleased Smile ( 1966 -- 67 ) Lei 'd in Hawaii ( 1967 ) Bedroom Tapes ( 1967 -- 75 ) Adult / Child ( 1977 ) Merry Christmas from the Beach Boys ( 1977 ) Andy Paley sessions ( 1992 -- 97 ) Related media Beautiful Dreamer : Brian Wilson and the Story of Smile Brian Wilson Presents Smile Caroline Now ! Four by the Beach Boys `` Goodbye Surfing , Hello God ! '' Good Vibrations ( musical ) Good Vibrations : My Life as a Beach Boy I Am Brian Wilson : A Memoir Looking Back with Love Pacific Ocean Blue Pet Sounds Live Smiling Pets Spring Would n't It Be Nice : My Own Story Other topics `` Brian Wilson is a genius '' Brother Records Collapse of Smile `` Do n't fuck with the formula '' Live performances The 50th Reunion Tour 50 Years of Good Vibrations 2017 Wild Honey World Tour Love v. Wilson Musicianship of Brian Wilson Sea of Tunes Timeline Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cotton_Fields&oldid=794743678 '' Categories : 1963 singles Songs written by Lead Belly Lead Belly songs Creedence Clearwater Revival songs The Beach Boys songs Elvis Presley songs Trini Lopez songs Harry Belafonte songs Petula Clark songs Johnny Cash songs Elton John songs Odetta songs The Pogues songs Buck Owens songs Bill Monroe songs The Angels ( American group ) songs Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in Norway American folk songs 1940 songs Capitol Records singles Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2012 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Norsk Norsk nynorsk Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 9 August 2017 , at 20 : 12 . 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role of epithelial tissue in the digestive system	The intestinal epithelium is the layer of cells that forms the luminal surface or lining of both the small and large intestine ( colon ) of the gastrointestinal tract . It is composed of simple columnar epithelium . It has two important functions : absorbing helpful substances and providing a barrier against harmful substances . Some diseases and conditions are caused by dysfunction in the intestinal epithelium , and some diseases and conditions cause problems with these cells , which then leads to further complications .	absorbing helpful substances and providing a barrier against harmful substances	Intestinal epithelium	intestinal epithelium	The intestinal epithelium is the layer of cells that forms the luminal surface or lining of both the small and large intestine ( colon ) of the gastrointestinal tract . It is composed of simple columnar epithelium . It has two important functions : absorbing helpful substances and providing a barrier against harmful substances . Some diseases and conditions are caused by dysfunction in the intestinal epithelium , and some diseases and conditions cause problems with these cells , which then leads to further complications .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Cell types 1.2 Structural components of cellular junctions 1.2. 1 Gap junctions 1.2. 2 Desmosomes 1.2. 3 Adherens junctions 1.2. 4 Tight junctions 2 Physiology 2.1 Nutrient uptake 2.2 Transcellular permeability 2.3 Paracellular permeability 3 Functions 4 Importance for human health 5 See also 6 References Structure ( edit ) The epithelium is part of the intestinal mucosa layer . The epithelium is composed of a single layer of cells . The other two layers of the mucosa , the lamina propria and the muscularis mucosae , support and articulate the epithelium layer . To securely contain of the contents of the intestinal lumen , the cells of the epithelial layer are joined together by tight junctions thus forming a contiguous and relatively impermeable membrane . Stem cells residing at the base of the intestinal glands produce new epithelial cells which migrate upwards and out of the crypt . Eventually , they are shed into the intestinal lumen Drawing showing the relationship between villi and microvilli of the small intestine . The luminal surface of the enterocytes have microvilli ( 1 micrometer long ) while the cell layer itself is folded to form villi ( 0.5 - 1.6 millimeters long ) and crypts . Both serve to increase the total absorption surface of the intestine . Epithelial cells are continuously renewed every 4 -- 5 days through a process of renewal and migration . Renewal relies on proliferative cells ( stem cells ) that reside at the crypt base of the intestinal glands ( epithelial invasions into the underlying connective tissue ) . After being formed at the base , the new cells migrate upwards and out of the crypt . Eventually , they undergo apoptosis and are shed off into the intestinal lumen . In this way , the total number of cells making up the intestinal epithelium remains constant . In the small intestine , the mucosal layer is specially adapted to provide a large surface area in order to maximize the absorption of nutrients . The expansion of the absorptive surface , 600 times beyond that of a cylindrical tube , is achieved by three anatomical factors : Circular folds are transverse folds that slow the passage of the luminal contents and serve to expand the total surface area threefold . Villi and intestinal glands serve to increase the mucosal surface area tenfold . ( Intestinal villus ) Microvilli covering the apical surface of the enterocytes increase the absorptive surface twentyfold . These numerous microscopic ( 100 nanometers in diameter ) finger - like projections form an undulated brush border . The brush border on the apical surface of the epithelial cells is covered with glycocalyx , which is composed of oligosaccharides attached to membrane glycoproteins and glycolipids . Transmission electron microscope image of a thin section cut through an epithelial cell . This image shows that the luminal surface ( apical end ) of the cell is packed with microvilli that make up the absorbing surface . Each microvillus is approximately 1 micrometers long and 0.1 micrometer in diameter . Cell types ( edit ) Six different cell types are produced by the stem cells that reside at the base of the crypts . Each type matures according to its specific differentiation program as it migrates up and out of the crypt . Many of genes necessary for differentiation into the different epithelial cell types have been identified and characterized ( see this table ) . The cell types produced are : enterocytes , Goblet cells , enteroendocrine cells , Paneth cells , microfold cells , cup cells and tuft cells . Their functions are listed here : Enterocytes are the most numerous and function primarily for nutrient absorption . Enterocyes express many catablolic enzymes on their exterior luminal surface to break down molecules to sizes appropriate for uptake into the cell . Examples of molecules taken up by enterocytes are : ions , water , simple sugars , vitamin s , lipids , peptides and amino acids . Goblet cells secrete the mucus layer that protects the epitheilium from the lumenal contents . Enteroendocrine cells secrete various gastrointestinal hormones including secretin , pancreozymin , enteroglucagon among others . Paneth cells produce antimicrobial peptides such as human beta - defensin . Microfold cells ( commonly referred to as M cells ) sample antigens from the lumen and deliver them to the lymphoid tissue associated with the mucosa ( MALT ) . In the small intestine , M cells are associated with Peyer 's patches . Cup cells are a distinct cell type but with no known function . Tuft cells play a part in the immune response . Throughout the digestive tract , the distribution of the different types of epithelial cells varies according to the function of that region . Structural components of cellular junctions ( edit ) Types of cell junctions ( click to enlarge ) . Important for the barrier function of intenstinal epithelium , its cells are joined securely together by four types of junctions ( cell junctions ) , which can be identified at the ultrastructural level : Gap junctions Desmosomes Adherens junctions Tight junctions Gap junctions ( edit ) Gap junctions bring the adjacent cells within 2 nanometers of each other . They are formed by several homologous proteins encoded by the connexin gene family coming together to form a multiprotein complex . The molecular structure of this complex is in the form of a hexamer . The complex , which is embedded in the cell walls of the two joined cells , forms a gap or channel in the middle of the six proteins . This channel allows various molecules , ions and electrical impulses to pass between the two cells . Desmosomes ( edit ) These complexes , consisting of transmembrane adhesion proteins of the cadherin family , link adjacent cells together through their cytoskeletons . Desmosomes leave a gap of 30 nanometers between cells . Adherens junctions ( edit ) Adherens junctions , also called zonula adherens , are multiprotein complexes formed by proteins of the catenin and cadherin families . They are located in the membrane at the contact points between the cells . They are formed by interactions between intracellular adapter proteins , transmembrane proteins and the actin cytoskeletons of the cells . Besides their role in linking adjacent cells , these complexes are important for regulating epithelial migration , cell polarity , and the formation of other cell junction complexes . Tight junctions ( edit ) Tight junctions , also called zonula occludens , are the most important components of the intenstinal epithelium for its barrier function . These complexes , formed primarily of members of the claudin and the occludin families , consist of about 35 different proteins , form a ring shaped continuous ribbon around the cells , and are located near the borders of the lateral and apical membranes . The extracellular domains of the transmembrane proteins in adjacent cells cross connect to form a tight seal . These interactions include those between proteins in the same membrane ( `` cis '' ) and proteins in adjacent cells ( `` trans '' ) . In addition , interactions can be homophilic ( between identical proteins ) or heterophilic ( between different proteins ) . Similar to adherens junctions , the intracellular domains of tight junctions interact with different scaffold proteins , adapter protein s and signaling complexes to regulate cytoskeletal linking , cell polarity , cell signaling and vesical trafficking . Tight junctions provide a narrow but modifiable seal between adjacent cells in the epithelial layer and thereby provide selective paracellular transport of solutes . While previously thought to be static structures , tight junctions are now known to be dynamic and can change the size of the opening between cells and thereby adapt to the different states of development , physiologies and pathologies . They function as a selective and semipermeable paracellular barrier between apical and basolateral compartments of the epithelial layer . They function to facilitate the passage of small ions and water - soluble solutes through the paracellular space while preventing the passage of luminal antigens , microorganisms and their toxins . Physiology. ( edit ) Further information : Intestinal permeability The intestinal epithelium has a complex anatomical structure which facilitates motility and coordinated digestive , absorptive , immunological and neuroendocrine functions . The mucus secreted by goblet cells acts as a lubricant and protects the epithelial cell layer against irritation from mucosal contents . Traditionally , crypt cells were considered primarily as secretory cells while enterocytes are considered principally absorptive . However , recent studies have challenged this classical functional partitioning and have shown that both the surface and crypt cells can perform both secretory and absorptive functions and that , in fact , these functions can occur simultaneously . Nutrient uptake ( edit ) Overlaying the brush border of the apical surface of the enterocytes is the glycocalyx , which is a loose network composed of the oligosaccharide side chains of integral membrane hydrolases and other enzymes essential for the digestion of proteins and carbohydrates . These glycoproteins , glycolipids , and enzymes catalyze the final digestive stages of luminal carbohydrates and proteins . The monosaccharides and amino acids thus produced are subsequently transported across the intestinal epithelium and eventually into the bloodstream . The absorption of electrolytes and water is one of the most important functions of the digestive tract . Water absorption is passive and isotonic - depending on the speed and direction of solute flow . Other factors influencing fluid absorption are osmolarity and the specific intestinal region . Regulated selective permability is performed through two major routes : the transcellular ( transepithelial ) route and the paracellular route . Transcellular permeability ( edit ) Scheme of selective permeability routes of epithelial cells ( red arrows ) . The transcellular ( through the cells ) and paracellular ( between the cells ) routes control the passage of substances between the intestinal lumen and blood . This consists of specific transport of solutes across the epithelial cells . It is predominantly regulated by the activities of specialised transporters that translocate specific electrolytes , amino acids , sugars , short chain fatty acids and other molecules into or out of the cell . Paracellular permeability ( edit ) Paracellular permeability depends on transport through the spaces that exist between epithelial cells . It is regulated by cellular junctions that are localized in the laminal membranes of the cells . This is the main route of passive flow of water and solutes across the intestinal epithelium . Regulation depends on the intercellular tight junctions which have the most influence on paracellular transport . Studies using the electron microscope showed that the electrical resistance of epithelial layers depends on the complexity and number of filaments within the tight junction transmembrane protein complexes . Also , the plasma membrane resistance and variable transmembrane conductance of the epithelial cells can also modulate paracellular pathway function . Functions ( edit ) The barrier formed by the intestinal epithelium separates the external environment ( the contents of the intestinal lumen ) from the body and is the most extensive and important mucosal surface of body . The intestinal epithelium serves several crucial functions , exhibiting both innate and adaptive immune features . It closely monitors its intracellular and extracellular environment , communicates messages to neighbouring cells and rapidly initiates active defensive and repair measures , if necessary . On the one hand , it acts as a barrier , preventing the entry of harmful substances such as foreign antigens , toxins and microorganisms . On the other hand , it acts as a selective filter which facilitates the uptake of dietary nutrients , electrolytes , water and various other beneficial substances from the intestinal lumen . When barrier integrity is lost , intestinal permeability increases and uncontrolled passage of harmful substances can occur . This can lead to , depending on the genetic predisposition of the individual , the development of inflammation , infection , allergies , autoimmune diseases or cancer - within the intestine itself or other organs . Although they primarily function as part of the digestive system , enterocytes of the intestinal epithelium also express toll - like receptors and nucleotide oligomerization domain proteins that recognize diverse types of microbes and contribute to immune system function . Thus the intestinal epithelium not only serves as a physical barrier separating the intestinal lumen from the body proper but also carries out pathogen recognition functions as part of the intrinsic immune system . Importance for human health ( edit ) Loss of integrity of the intestinal epithelium plays a key pathogenic role in inflammatory bowel disease ( IBD ) . Changes in the composition of the intestinal microbiota are an important environmental factor in the development of IBD . Detrimental changes in the intestinal microbiota induce an inappropriate ( uncontrolled ) immune response that results in damage to the intestinal epithelium . Breaches in this critical barrier ( the intestinal epithelium ) allow further infiltration of microbiota that , in turn , elicit further immune responses . IBD is a multifactorial disease that is nonetheless driven in part by an exaggerated immune response to gut microbiota that causes defects in epithelial barrier function . See also ( edit ) Intestinal mucosal barrier Intestinal permeability References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Clevers H ( 2013 ) . `` The intestinal crypt , a prototype stem cell compartment '' . Cell. 154 ( 2 ) : 274 -- 84 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cell. 2013.07. 004 . PMID 23870119 . Jump up ^ van der Flier , Laurens G. ; Clevers , Hans ( 2009 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Stem cells , self - renewal , and differentiation in the intestinal epithelium '' . Annual Review of Physiology. 71 : 241 -- 260 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. physiol. 010908.163145 . ISSN 1545 - 1585 . PMID 18808327 . ^ Jump up to : Lodish , Harvey ; Berk , Arnold ; Zipursky , S. Lawrence ; Matsudaira , Paul ; Baltimore , David ; Darnell , James ( 2000 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Intestinal Architecture and Development '' . Molecular Cell Biology ( 4th ed . ) . W.H. Freeman . ISBN 0716731363 . Jump up ^ Khurana ( 2005 - 01 - 01 ) . Textbook Of Medical Physiology . Elsevier India . p. 641 . ISBN 9788181478504 . ^ Jump up to : Lodish , Harvey ; Berk , Arnold ; Zipursky , S. Lawrence ; Matsudaira , Paul ; Baltimore , David ; Darnell , James ( 2000 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Transport across Epithelia '' . Jump up ^ Laurens G. van der Flier ; Hans Clevers ( 2009 ) . `` Stem Cells , Self - Renewal , and Differentiation in the Intestinal Epithelium '' . Annual Review of Physiology. 71 ( 1 ) : 241 -- 260 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. physiol. 010908.163145 . PMID 18808327 . Retrieved 14 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Sarmento , Bruno ( 2015 - 09 - 30 ) . Concepts and Models for Drug Permeability Studies : Cell and Tissue based In Vitro Culture Models . Woodhead Publishing . pp. 57 -- 58 . ISBN 9780081001141 . Jump up ^ van Es , Johan H. ; Clevers , Hans ( 2014 - 06 - 16 ) . `` Paneth cells '' . Current Biology . 24 ( 12 ) : R547 -- 548 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cub. 2014.04. 049 . ISSN 1879 - 0445 . PMID 24937274 . Jump up ^ Santaolalla R , Abreu MT ( 2012 ) . `` Innate immunity in the small intestine '' . Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 28 ( 2 ) : 124 -- 9 . doi : 10.1097 / MOG. 0b013e3283506559 . PMC 3502878 . PMID 22241076 . Jump up ^ Gerbe , F ; Legraverend , C ; Jay , P ( September 2012 ) . `` The intestinal epithelium tuft cells : specification and function '' . Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS. 69 ( 17 ) : 2907 -- 17 . doi : 10.1007 / s00018 - 012 - 0984 - 7 . PMC 3417095 . PMID 22527717 . ^ Jump up to : Khan , Niamat ; Asif , Abdul R. ( 2015 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Transcriptional Regulators of Claudins in Epithelial Tight Junctions '' . Mediators of Inflammation. 2015 : 1 -- 6 . doi : 10.1155 / 2015 / 219843 . ISSN 0962 - 9351 . PMC 4407569 . PMID 25948882 . ^ Jump up to : Groschwitz , Katherine R. ; Hogan , Simon P. ( 2009 - 07 - 01 ) . `` Intestinal Barrier Function : Molecular Regulation and Disease Pathogenesis '' . The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 124 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 22 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jaci. 2009.05. 038 . ISSN 0091 - 6749 . PMC 4266989 . PMID 19560575 . ^ Jump up to : Bennett , M.V. ; Barrio , L.C. ; Bargiello , T.A. ; Spray , D.C. ; Hertzberg , E. ; Sáez , J.C. ( 1991 - 03 - 01 ) . `` Gap junctions : new tools , new answers , new questions '' . Neuron. 6 ( 3 ) : 305 -- 320 . doi : 10.1016 / 0896 - 6273 ( 91 ) 90241 - q . ISSN 0896 - 6273 . PMID 1848077 . Jump up ^ Nekrasova , Oxana ; Green , Kathleen J. ( 2013 - 11 - 01 ) . `` Desmosome assembly and dynamics '' . Trends in Cell Biology . 23 ( 11 ) : 537 -- 546 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tcb. 2013.06. 004 . ISSN 0962 - 8924 . PMC 3913269 . PMID 23891292 . ^ Jump up to : Rao , Jaladanki N. ; Wang , Jian - Ying ( 2010 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Intestinal Architecture and Development '' . ^ Jump up to : Fasano , Alessio ( 2011 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Zonulin and Its Regulation of Intestinal Barrier Function : The Biological Door to Inflammation , Autoimmunity , and Cancer '' . Physiological Reviews . 91 ( 1 ) : 151 -- 175 . doi : 10.1152 / physrev. 00003.2008 . ISSN 0031 - 9333 . PMID 21248165 . Jump up ^ Allen , Adrian ; Flemström , Gunnar ( 2005 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Gastroduodenal mucus bicarbonate barrier : protection against acid and pepsin '' . American Journal of Physiology . Cell Physiology. 288 ( 1 ) : C1 -- 19 . doi : 10.1152 / ajpcell. 00102.2004 . ISSN 0363 - 6143 . PMID 15591243 . Jump up ^ Geibel , John P. ( 2005 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Secretion and absorption by colonic crypts '' . Annual Review of Physiology. 67 : 471 -- 490 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. physiol. 67.031103. 153530 . ISSN 0066 - 4278 . PMID 15709966 . Jump up ^ Binder , Henry J. ; Rajendran , Vazhaikkurichi ; Sadasivan , Vidyasagar ; Geibel , John P. ( 2005 - 04 - 01 ) . `` Bicarbonate secretion : a neglected aspect of colonic ion transport '' . Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 39 ( 4 Suppl 2 ) : S53 -- 58 . doi : 10.1097 / 01. mcg. 0000155521.81382. 3a . ISSN 0192 - 0790 . PMID 15758660 . Jump up ^ Näslund , Erik ; Hellström , Per M. ( 2007 - 09 - 10 ) . `` Appetite signaling : from gut peptides and enteric nerves to brain '' . Physiology & Behavior . 92 ( 1 - 2 ) : 256 -- 262 . doi : 10.1016 / j. physbeh. 2007.05. 017 . ISSN 0031 - 9384 . PMID 17582445 . Jump up ^ Cario , E ( 2010 ) . `` Heads up ! How the intestinal epithelium safeguards mucosal barrier immunity through the inflammasome and beyond '' . Current Opinion in Gastroenterology. 26 : 583 -- 590 . doi : 10.1097 / MOG. 0b013e32833d4b88 . PMID 20664345 . Jump up ^ Cario , E ( 2005 ) . `` Bacterial interactions with cells of the intestinal mucosa : Toll - like receptors and NOD2 '' . Gut. 54 : 1182 -- 93 . doi : 10.1136 / gut. 2004.062794 . PMC 1774880 . PMID 15840688 . Jump up ^ Abreu , Maria T. ; Fukata , Masayuki ; Arditi , Moshe ( 2005 - 04 - 15 ) . `` TLR signaling in the gut in health and disease '' . Journal of Immunology. 174 ( 8 ) : 4453 -- 4460 . doi : 10.4049 / jimmunol. 174.8. 4453 . ISSN 0022 - 1767 . PMID 15814663 . Jump up ^ Maloy , Kevin J. ; Powrie , Fiona ( 2011 - 06 - 16 ) . `` Intestinal homeostasis and its breakdown in inflammatory bowel disease '' . Nature . 474 ( 7351 ) : 298 -- 306 . doi : 10.1038 / nature10208 . ISSN 1476 - 4687 . PMID 21677746 . Jump up ^ Coskun , Mehmet ( 2014 - 08 - 25 ) . `` Intestinal Epithelium in Inflammatory Bowel Disease '' . Frontiers in Medicine . 1 . doi : 10.3389 / fmed. 2014.00024 . ISSN 2296 - 858X . PMC 4292184 . PMID 25593900 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Intestinal_epithelium&oldid=841903199 '' Categories : Epithelium Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Use dmy dates from February 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Magyar Edit links This page was last edited on 18 May 2018 , at 20 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intestinal%20epithelium	2,412
who is zoey on the bold and beautiful	Actor Character Duration Ref Kiara Barnes Zoe Buckingham 2018 -- Adain Bradley Alexander Avant 2018 -- Darin Brooks Wyatt Spencer 2013 -- Scott Clifton Liam Spencer 2010 -- Don Diamont Bill Spencer , Jr . 2009 -- Courtney Hope Sally Spectra 2017 -- Thorsten Kaye Ridge Forrester 2013 -- Katherine Kelly Lang Brooke Logan 1987 -- John McCook Eric Forrester 1987 -- Alley Mills Pamela Douglas 2006 -- Karla Mosley Maya Avant 2013 -- Annika Noelle Hope Logan 2018 -- Ingo Rademacher Thorne Forrester 2017 -- Nia Sioux Emma Barber 2018 -- Rena Sofer Quinn Fuller 2013 -- Aaron D. Spears Justin Barber 2009 -- Heather Tom Katie Logan 2007 -- Jacqueline MacInnes Wood Steffy Forrester 2008 -- 13 , 2015 --	Kiara Barnes	The Bold and the Beautiful Cast members	the bold and the beautiful cast members		The Bold and the Beautiful is an American television soap opera , created by William J. Bell and Lee Phillip Bell for CBS . It first aired on March 23 , 1987 . Currently , John McCook ( Eric Forrester ) and Katherine Kelly Lang ( Brooke Logan ) are the two longest - running cast members , having appeared on the show when it first aired . The following list is of cast members who are currently on the show : the main cast and recurring , or who are upcoming , returning or departing from the series . Contents 1 Current cast members 1.1 Main cast 1.2 Recurring cast 2 Former cast members 3 Deceased cast members 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Current cast members Main cast Actor Character Duration Ref Kiara Barnes Zoe Buckingham 2018 -- Adain Bradley Alexander Avant 2018 -- Darin Brooks Wyatt Spencer 2013 -- Scott Clifton Liam Spencer 2010 -- Don Diamont Bill Spencer , Jr . 2009 -- Courtney Hope Sally Spectra 2017 -- Thorsten Kaye Ridge Forrester 2013 -- Katherine Kelly Lang Brooke Logan 1987 -- John McCook Eric Forrester 1987 -- Alley Mills Pamela Douglas 2006 -- Karla Mosley Maya Avant 2013 -- Annika Noelle Hope Logan 2018 -- Ingo Rademacher Thorne Forrester 2017 -- Nia Sioux Emma Barber 2018 -- Rena Sofer Quinn Fuller 2013 -- Aaron D. Spears Justin Barber 2009 -- Heather Tom Katie Logan 2007 -- Jacqueline MacInnes Wood Steffy Forrester 2008 -- 13 , 2015 -- Recurring cast Actor Character Duration Ref Obba Babatundé Julius Avant 2015 -- Kimberlin Brown Sheila Carter 1992 -- 98 , 2002 -- 03 , 2017 -- Ian Buchanan Dr. James Warwick 1993 -- 99 , 2004 , 2007 -- 11 , 2017 -- Mick Cain C.J. Garrison 1997 -- 2004 , 2007 , 2010 , 2017 -- Crystal Chappell Danielle Spencer 2012 -- Dick Christie Charlie Webber 2013 -- Othello Clark Othello 2011 -- Andrew Collins Jarrett Maxwell 2004 -- Reign Edwards Nicole Avant 2015 -- Jennifer Gareis Donna Logan 2006 -- Finnegan George Will Spencer 2018 -- Courtney Grosbeck Coco Spectra 2017 -- Theodora Greece Alison Montgomery 2011 -- Jacqueline Hahn Dr. Caspary 2005 -- Jon Hensley Dr. Meade 2012 -- Anna Maria Horsford Vivienne Avant 2015 -- Dan Martin Lieutenant Baker 1997 -- Chris McKenna Dr. Hayden 2016 -- Zach Rance Zach 2014 -- Lawrence Saint - Victor Carter Walton 2013 -- Rodney Saulsberry Anthony Wallace 2010 -- Scott Turner Schofield Nick 2015 -- Tigerlily and Ginger Siler Rosie Forrester 2011 -- Taja V. Simpson Adele 2012 -- Hunter Tylo Taylor Hayes 1990 -- 2002 , 2004 , 2005 -- 14 , 2018 -- Jeremy Ray Valdez Detective Sanchez 2018 -- Sandra Vergara Theresa Corazon 2013 -- Stephanie Wang Madison Lee 2007 -- Fred Willard John Forrester 2014 -- Jacob Young Rick Forrester 1997 -- 99 , 2011 -- Andres Zuno Rafael 2013 -- Former cast members Actor Character Duration Ref Marla Adams Beth Logan 1991 Luigi Amodeo Lorenzo Barelli 2002 -- 03 Zane Achor Will Spencer 2013 -- 18 Justin Baldoni Graham Darros Judith Baldwin Beth Logan Texas Battle Marcus Forrester 2008 -- 13 Kabir Bedi Prince Omar Rashid 1994 -- 95 , 2005 Drew Tyler Bell Thomas Forrester 2004 -- 10 Brandon Beemer Owen Knight Casper Knight 2008 -- 12 2009 Paulo Benedeti Antonio Dominguez 2001 -- 02 , 2012 -- 13 , 2017 Tracey E. Bregman Lauren Fenmore Baldwin 1992 -- 99 , 2002 , 2004 , 2007 Ashleigh Brewer Ivy Forrester 2014 -- 18 Peter Brown Blake Hayes 1991 -- 92 Sarah Joy Brown Agnes Jones 2009 -- 11 Agnes Bruckner Bridget Forrester 1997 -- 99 Sabrina Bryan Alisa Cordova 2002 Nancy Burnett Beth Logan 1987 -- 89 , 1994 , 1996 -- 98 , 2000 -- 01 Sarah G. Buxton Morgan DeWitt 2000 -- 01 , 2005 Ashley Lyn Cafagna Kimberly Fairchild 1998 -- 2001 Brian Patrick Clarke Storm Logan ( # 2 ) 1990 -- 91 Robert Clary Pierre Jourdan 1988 -- 89 Darlene Conley Sally Spectra 1989 -- 2006 Felisha Cooper Sasha Thompson 2015 -- 17 Mace Coronel R.J. Forrester 2013 -- 14 Barbara Crampton Maggie Forrester 1995 -- 98 Patrika Darbo Shirley Spectra 2017 -- 18 Eileen Davidson Ashley Abbott 2007 -- 08 Tamara Davies Tricia Quick 2002 - 03 Michelle Davison Ruthanne Owens 1991 -- 93 , 1995 , 1997 William deVry Storm Logan 2006 -- 08 , 2012 Michael Dietz Mark Maclaine 2002 -- 05 Lesley - Anne Down Jackie Marone 2003 -- 12 Courtnee Draper Mary Warwick 2002 Patrick Duffy Stephen Logan 2006 -- 11 Bobbie Eakes Macy Alexander 1989 -- 2000 , 2001 , 2002 - 03 Andrea Evans Tawny Moore 1999 -- 2000 , 2010 -- 11 Kayla Ewell Caitlin Ramirez 2004 -- 05 Jennifer Finnigan Bridget Forrester 2000 -- 03 Susan Flannery Stephanie Forrester 1987 -- 2012 Rome Flynn Zende Forrester Dominguez 2015 -- 17 Pierson Fodé Thomas Forrester 2015 -- 18 Adrienne Frantz Amber Moore April Knight 1997 -- 2005 , 2010 -- 12 2003 Brian Gaskill Oscar Marone 2003 -- 04 Bryan Genesse Rocco Carner 1987 -- 89 , 2009 Frank and Morgan Gingerich Jack Marone 2010 -- 11 Linsey Godfrey Caroline Spencer 2012 -- 18 Ricky Paull Goldin Jesse Graves 2013 Charles Grant Grant Chambers 1996 -- 98 Adam Gregory Thomas Forrester 2010 -- 13 , 2014 Dax Griffin Shane McGrath 2006 -- 07 Ken Hanes Mike Guthrie 1993 -- 98 , 2010 Winsor Harmon Thorne Forrester 1996 -- 2016 Emily Harrison Bridget Forrester Rick Hearst Whipple Jones 2002 , 2009 -- 11 Danube Hermosillo Darlita 2017 -- 18 Ben Hogestyn Harry Jackson 2006 Addison Hoover Phoebe Forrester 2005 -- 06 Alex Hoover Steffy Forrester 2005 -- 06 Jack Horan R.J. Forrester 2011 Mykel Shannon Jenkins Charlie Baker 2007 -- 09 , 2012 Joanna Johnson Caroline Spencer Forrester Karen Spencer 1987 -- 90 , 2001 1991 -- 94 , 2009 , 2011 -- 14 Ashley Jones Bridget Forrester 2004 -- 12 , 2013 , 2015 , 2016 , 2018 Lesli Kay Felicia Forrester 2005 -- 11 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2016 Sean Kanan Deacon Sharpe 2000 -- 05 , 2012 , 2014 -- 2017 Lauren Koslow Margo Maclaine Lynley 1987 -- 92 , 2002 Lorenzo Lamas Hector Ramirez 2004 -- 06 Teri Ann Linn Kristen Forrester 1987 -- 90 , 1992 -- 94 Mario Lopez Dr. Christian Ramirez 2006 Kyle Lowder Rick Forrester 2007 -- 11 Kristolyn Lloyd Dayzee Leigh Forrester 2010 -- 13 Constantine Maroulis Constantine Parros 2007 A Martinez Dr. Ramon Montgomery 2011 -- 12 Joseph Mascolo Massimo Marone 2001 -- 06 Kim Matula Hope Logan 2010 -- 14 , 2015 , 2016 MacKenzie Mauzy Phoebe Forrester 2006 -- 08 Todd McKee Jake Maclaine 1990 -- 92 , 2007 -- 13 , 2015 -- 16 , 2018 Daniel McVicar Clarke Garrison 1987 -- 92 , 1996 -- 2009 Tracy Melchior Kristen Forrester 2001 -- 06 , 2008 -- 09 , 2012 -- 13 Lilly Melgar Claudia Cortez 1996 - 97 Ronn Moss Ridge Forrester 1987 -- 2012 Carrie Mitchum Donna Logan 1987 -- 91 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 2001 Dylan Neal Dylan Shaw 1994 -- 97 Clayton Norcross Thorne Forrester 1987 -- 89 Ashlyn Pearce Alexandria Forrester 2013 -- 15 Sydney Penny Samantha Kelly 2003 -- 05 Robert Pine Stephen Logan 1988 , 1994 , 1996 , 1997 -- 98 , 2001 Lindsay Price Michael Lai 1995 -- 97 Usher Raymond Raymond 1999 Robin Riker Beth Logan 2008 -- 10 Victor Rivers Ricardo Montemayor 2013 -- 14 Chris Robinson Jack Hamilton 1992 - 94 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2005 Gina Rodriguez Beverly 2011 -- 12 Jane A. Rogers Julie DeLorean 1990 -- 92 Antonio Sabàto Jr . Dante Damiano 2005 -- 06 Francisco San Martin Mateo 2017 Colleen Dion - Scotti Felicia Forrester 1990 -- 92 , 1997 , 2004 Mary Sheldon Donna Logan 1991 Hillary B. Smith Dr. Stacy Barton 2012 Nancy Sloan Katie Logan 1987 -- 89 , 1991 , 1994 -- 96 , 1997 -- 98 , 2000 , 2001 , 2003 , 2004 Jim Storm Bill Spencer , Sr . 1987 -- 94 , 1997 , 2000 , 2003 , 2009 Michael Swan Adam Alexander 1998 -- 2000 , 2001 , 2002 -- 03 Marissa Tait Becky Moore 1999 - 2000 Justin Torkildsen Rick Forrester 1999 -- 2006 Jeff Trachta Thorne Forrester 1989 -- 96 Anthony Turpel R.J. Forrester 2016 -- 18 Sandra Vidal Sofia Alonso 2001 -- 03 Lark Voorhies Jasmine Malone 1995 -- 96 Jack Wagner Nick Marone 2003 -- 12 Maitland Ward Jessica Forrester 1994 -- 96 Chris Warren Jr . Jimmy Ramirez 2004 -- 05 Ethan Wayne Storm Logan 1987 -- 89 , 1994 , 1997 -- 98 , 2000 , 2001 , 2003 Betty White Ann Douglas 2006 -- 07 , 2008 , 2009 Fred Willard John Forrester 2014 -- 15 Shanelle Workman Gabriela Moreno 2005 Alex Wyse Saul Feinberg 2017 -- 18 Deceased cast members Actor Character Date of Death Michael Fox Saul Feinberg June 1 , 1996 Philip O'Brien Minister / Rev. Marshall January 9 , 1999 Steve Allen Himself October 30 , 2000 Lesley Woods Grandma Helen Logan August 2 , 2003 Sandy Ward Det . Roy Banks March 6 , 2005 Frank Gorshin George May 17 , 2005 James Doohan Damon Warwick July 20 , 2005 Perry Stephens Steve Crown September 8 , 2005 Mark Roberts Dr. Adams / Dr. Reston January 5 , 2006 Michelle Davison Ruthanne Owens April 2 , 2006 Ric Mancini Vendor # 1 May 26 , 2006 Don Snell Clerk December 2 , 2006 Darlene Conley Sally Spectra January 14 , 2007 Luciano Giancarlo Waiter July 16 , 2007 Charlton Heston Himself April 5 , 2008 Patricia Place Nurse Busch September 20 , 2008 Richard Blackwell Himself October 19 , 2008 Douglas Barcellos Rico December 24 , 2008 Dick Gjonola Wayne Garfield October 25 , 2009 Christopher Cazenove Himself April 7 , 2010 Don Ross Charles Barnes January 15 , 2011 Jeff Conaway Mick Savage May 27 , 2011 Frank Marocco Musician March 3 , 2012 Kathryn Joosten Herself June 2 , 2012 Holly Lewis Gladys ' assistant June 22 , 2012 Phyllis Diller Gladys Pope August 20 , 2012 Michael Clarke Duncan Slash September 3 , 2012 Karen Kim Maya October 21 , 2012 Zheng Cao Herself February 21 , 2013 Jeanne Cooper Katherine Chancellor May 8 , 2013 Jerry Ayres Conway Weston , P.I. May 14 , 2013 Kirk Scott Frank Leonard November 16 , 2013 Tony Genaro Luis May 7 , 2014 Matthew Cowles Curtis Love May 22 , 2014 Bern Bennett Announcer May 29 , 2014 John Brandon Ben Maclaine August 25 , 2014 R.J. Adams David Johns Esq . January 26 , 2015 Jayne Meadows Herself April 26 , 2015 John Carter Richard Baker May 23 , 2015 Peter Brown Blake Hayes March 21 , 2016 Anthony Addabbo Tony `` Rush '' Carrera / Jonny Carrera October 18 , 2016 Joseph Mascolo Massimo Marone December 8 , 2016 Alan Thicke Rich Ginger December 13 , 2016 Erin Moran Kelly DeMartin April 22 , 2017 Bruce Gray Judge Morrissey December 13 , 2017 Joseph Campanella Jonathan Young May 16 , 2018 See also List of The Bold and the Beautiful characters References Jump up ^ `` The Bold and the Beautiful Cast and Details '' . Tvguide.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Brooke Logan Forrester Played by Katherine Kelly Lang on The Bold and the Beautiful - Soaps.com '' . Soaps.sheknows.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` Eric Forrester Played by John McCook on The Bold and the Beautiful - Soaps.com '' . Soaps.sheknows.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ SOD ( June 18 , 2018 ) . `` B&B Casting News '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ SOD ( May 3 , 2018 ) . `` B&B Hires A New Avant '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved May 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( May 15 , 2013 ) . `` Exclusive : Emmy Winner Darin Brooks Joins The Bold and the Beautiful '' . TV Guide . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Liam ( William ) Spencer III Played by Scott Clifton on The Bold and the Beautiful - Soaps.com '' . Soaps.sheknows.com . August 31 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Spencer , Jr . Played by Don Diamont on The Bold and the Beautiful - Soaps.com '' . Soaps.sheknows.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : SOD ( January 31 , 2017 ) . `` Spoiler Alert ! Spectra Gang Back At B&B ! '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2017 . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Logan , Michael ( January 31 , 2017 ) . `` The Bold and the Beautiful Shocks Fans With Spectra Surprise and We Have the Inside Scoop '' . TV Insider . United States : CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2017 . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ SOD ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` Courtney Hope Back To B&B ! '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2018 . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( October 15 , 2013 ) . `` Exclusive : Thorsten Kaye Cast as the New Ridge on The Bold and the Beautiful '' . TV Guide . TVGuide.com . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ SOD ( October 15 , 2013 ) . `` Thorsten Kaye Is B&B 's New Ridge '' . Soap Opera Digest . Soapoperadigest.com . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pamela Douglas Played by Alley Mills on The Bold and the Beautiful - Soaps.com '' . Soaps.sheknows.com . August 31 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ http://www.boldandbeautiful.com/index.cfm/pk/view/cd/NAA/cdid/478205/pid/400154 Jump up ^ `` Who 's Coming '' . Comings and Goings . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc. 42 ( 49 ) : 12 -- 13 . December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ SOD ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` Casting Exclusive ! B&B Recasts Hope '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Soaps SheKnows ( November 30 , 2017 ) . `` Annika Noelle 's B&B Air Date , First Look Photo Revealed As Hope Logan '' . Soaps.com . United States : SheKnows Media . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Various citations concerning the cast of Ingo Rademacher in the role of Thorne Forrester : Eades , Chris ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` General Hospital Star Ingo Rademacher Cast as Thorne on The Bold & the Beautiful ! '' . CBS Soaps In Depth . United States : Bauer Media Group . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . SOD ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` Ingo Rademacher Is B&B 's New Thorne '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Giddens , Jamey ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` Ingo Rademacher is B&B 's New Throne '' . Daytime Confidential . United States : Confidential Media , Inc . ( SAY Media ) . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Fairman , Michael ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` Ingo Rademacher Is The Bold and the Beautiful 's New Thorne ! '' . On - Air On - Soaps . United States : Michael Fairman Soaps , Inc . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Logan , Michael ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` The Bold and the Beautiful Casts Ingo Rademacher as the New Thorne Forrester '' . TV Insider . United States : CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ SOD ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` B&B Announces Ingo Rademacher 's First Air Date '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2017 . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( April 20 , 2018 ) . `` Dance Moms star Nia Sioux joins The Bold and the Beautiful as series regular '' . Entertainment Weekly . United States : Time Inc . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2018 . Retrieved April 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( May 20 , 2013 ) . `` Exclusive : Rena Sofer Joins The Bold and the Beautiful '' . TV Guide . Retrieved May 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Barber Played by Aaron D. Spears on The Bold and the Beautiful - Soaps.com '' . Soaps.sheknows.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ SOD ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive ! Aaron D. Spears Upped At B&B '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Katie Logan Spencer Played by Heather Tom on The Bold and the Beautiful - Soaps.com '' . Soaps.sheknows.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Steffy Forrester Played by Jacqueline MacInnes Wood on The Bold and the Beautiful - Soaps.com '' . Soaps.sheknows.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Jacqueline MacInnes Wood staying at B&B '' . Soaps.sheknows.com . June 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( April 10 , 2015 ) . `` Exclusive : Jacqueline MacInnes Wood Returns to The Bold and the Beautiful '' . TV Insider . United States : CBS Interactive . Retrieved April 10 , 2015 . Two - time Emmy nominee Jacqueline MacInnes Wood is heading back to CBS 's The Bold and the Beautiful as that maddeningly complicated sexbomb Steffy Forrester -- and this time the actress is under contract . ^ Jump up to : Logan , Michael ( June 4 , 2015 ) . `` Meet the Parents : Anna Maria Horsford and Obba Babatundé Join The Bold and the Beautiful '' . TV Insider . United States : CBS Interactive . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( June 9 , 2017 ) . `` Kimberlin Brown Returns to ' '' The Bold and the Beautiful as Supervillain Sheila Carter `` . TV Insider . United States : CBS Interactive . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` The Bold and the Beautiful : EP Bradley Bell Answers Our Burning Sheila Carter Questions '' . TV Insider . United States : TVGM Holdings LLC . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ SOD ( July 5 , 2017 ) . `` Ian Buchanan Back to B&B '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( July 5 , 2017 ) . `` The Doctor Is In : Ian Buchanan Returns to The Bold and the Beautiful '' . TV Insider . United States : TVGM Holdings LLC . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Danielle Spencer Played by Crystal Chappell on The Bold and the Beautiful - Soaps.com '' . Soaps.sheknows.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ Ostrow , Joanne ( September 6 , 2011 ) . `` The Bold and the Beautiful does Aspen '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved December 31 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.boldandbeautiful.com/index.cfm/pk/content/pid/400037 Jump up ^ SOD ( December 2 , 2014 ) . `` B&B CASTING EXCLUSIVE ! '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : soapoperadigest.com . American Media , Inc . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Comings and Goings '' . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc. 43 ( 21 ) : 12 . May 21 , 2018 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Donna Logan Forrester Played by Jennifer Gareis on The Bold and the Beautiful - Soaps.com '' . Soaps.sheknows.com . August 31 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Soaps SheKnows ( July 18 , 2018 ) . `` B&B Recasts Will Spencer : Zane Achor Out , Finnegan George In '' . Soaps.com . United States : SheKnows Media . Retrieved August 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ SOD ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` B&B Adds Another Spectra '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giddens , Jamey ( August 31 , 2012 ) . `` Could Jon Hensley Fill Ronn Moss ' Speedo on Bold and Beautiful ? '' . Daytime Confidential . Zap2It . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Michael ( January 20 , 2016 ) . `` Chris McKenna Joins The Bold and the Beautiful '' . Serial Scoop . United States : Blogger ( Google ) . Retrieved February 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Clifford , Kambra ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` Chris McKenna 's first B&B airdate and character details revealed '' . United States : Soapcentral . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Errol ( January 3 , 2015 ) . `` ' Big Brother 's ' Zach Rance Returning to ' B&B ' in February '' . United States : Soapoperanetwork.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.boldandbeautiful.com/index.cfm/pk/view/cd/NAA/cdid/478207/pid/400154 Jump up ^ Daniels , Karu F. ( April 28 , 2015 ) . `` Transgender actor Scott Turner Schofield lands ' The Bold and the Beautiful ' role '' . Daily News . Retrieved April 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Casting for the Weeks of July 21 -- August 11 '' . CBS Interactive . July 18 , 2014 . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ SOD ( April 12 , 2018 ) . `` Spoiler Alert ! B&B Shocker : Hunter Tylo Is Back ! '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Eades , Chris ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` Meet Jeremy Ray Valdez , the New Cop on The Bold and the Beautiful ! ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . CBS Soaps In Depth . United States : Bauer Media Group . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( August 25 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive : Fred Willard Guest Stars on The Bold and the Beautiful '' . TV Guide . Retrieved September 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rick Forrester Played by Jacob Young on The Bold and the Beautiful - Soaps.com '' . Soaps.sheknows.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ Eades , Chris ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` Jacob Young Reveals He 's Off - Contract at The Bold and the Beautiful '' . CBS Soaps In Depth . United States : Bauer Media Group . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2018 . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Simms , Richard M. ( December 30 , 2013 ) . `` A Forrester Family Reunion ! '' . CBS Soaps In Depth. 17 ( 52 ) : pg. 12 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ SOD ( May 22 , 2014 ) . `` B&B CASTING NEWS '' . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc . Retrieved May 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Epstein , Jackie ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` Neighbours star ' inspired ' by Margot Robbie '' . Herald Sun . Australia : The Herald and Weekly Times . News Corp Australia . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Who 's Going '' . Comings and Goings . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc. 42 ( 10 ) : 12 -- 13 . March 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wilson , Lori ( March 21 , 2018 ) . `` Interview : Patrika Darbo Talks B&B Exit , Days Storylines , Indie Soaps '' . Soaps.com . United States : SheKnows Media . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( May 12 , 2015 ) . `` The Bold and the Beautiful Recruits Drumline Star Rome Flynn '' . TV Insider . United States : CBS Interactive . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ SOD ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` B&B 's Rome Flynn Out '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ SOD ( June 25 , 2015 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE ! MEET B&B 'S NEW THOMAS '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States . American Media , Inc . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2015 . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fairman , Michael ( June 25 , 2015 ) . `` The Bold and the Beautiful Has Their New Thomas : Pierson Fodé Joins The Cast ! '' . On - Air On - Soaps . United States : Michael Fairman Soaps , Inc . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2015 . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ SOD ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` Pierson Fodé Back To B&B ! '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2018 . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.soapcentral.com/bb/ftrees/moore.php Jump up ^ `` Amber Moore Played by Adrienne Frantz on The Bold and the Beautiful - Soaps.com '' . Soaps.sheknows.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Caroline Spencer Played by Linsey Godfrey on The Bold and the Beautiful - Soaps.com '' . Soaps.sheknows.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Thorne Forrester Played by Winsor Harmon on The Bold and the Beautiful - Soaps.com '' . Soaps.sheknows.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ Fairman , Michael ( May 31 , 2010 ) . `` B&B 's Winsor Harmon goes to recurring ! '' . On Air , On Soaps . Retrieved January 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ SOD ( September 23 , 2017 ) . `` B&B 's Shocking Recast ! '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Soaps SheKnows ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` Danube Hermosillo Exits B&B As Darlita '' . Soaps.com . United States : SheKnows Media . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ SOD ( August 2 , 2018 ) . `` Exclusive ! Ashley Jones Back to B&B '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved August 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( March 17 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive : Sean Kanan Out at General Hospital , In at The Bold and the Beautiful '' . TV Guide . CBS Interactive . Retrieved March 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dayzee Leigh Played by Kristolyn Lloyd on The Bold and the Beautiful - Soaps.com '' . Soaps.sheknows.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ SOD ( December 20 , 2013 ) . `` B&B 's Lloyd Taking A Break '' . Soap Opera Digest . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fairman , Michael ( November 5 , 2014 ) . `` Kim Matula Leaving The Bold and the Beautiful ! '' . Michael Fairman On - Air On - Soaps . Retrieved November 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kim Matula Last Scene on The Bold and the Beautiful ! '' . Kim Matula 's Official Instagram . November 6 , 2014 . Retrieved November 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hope Logan 's Final Day '' . Soaps She Knows . November 24 , 2014 . Retrieved November 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fairman , Michael ( December 5 , 2014 ) . `` Kim Matula 's Final Airdate Revealed As December 12th On The Bold and The Beautiful ! '' . Michael Fairman On - Air On - Soaps . United States . Retrieved December 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ridge Forrester Played by Ronn Moss on The Bold and the Beautiful - Soaps.com '' . Soaps.sheknows.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Moss 's Final Air Date Confirmed '' . Soap Opera Digest . Soapoperadigest.com . August 14 , 2012 . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Meet The New Aly ! '' . Soaps In Depth . Bauer Media Group . 17 ( 45 ) : 11 . November 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thorne 's New Daughter ! '' . Soaps In Depth . Bauer Media Group . October 2 , 2013 . Retrieved October 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New Forrester Cast On B&B '' . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc . October 2 , 2013 . Retrieved October 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` The Bold and the Beautiful LandsJane the Virgin Dreamboat Francisco San Martin '' . TV Insider . United States : CBS Interactive . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` B&B Casting News '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . August 18 , 2016 . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` James Doohan '' . Imdb.it . May 1 , 2009 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Perry Stephens '' . Imdb.it . May 1 , 2009 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0001063/ Jump up ^ https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0226887/filmoseries#tt0092325 Jump up ^ `` Comedian Phyllis Diller Dies at 95 - ABC News '' . Abcnews.go.com . August 20 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ http://www.soapoperanetwork.com/2013/06/former-bb-gh-and-dynasty-star-jerry-ayres-dies External links Official website The Bold and the Beautiful cast members on IMDb The Bold and The Beautiful at CBS.com The Bold and the Beautiful Current characters Maya Avant Nicole Avant Sheila Carter Pamela Douglas Eric Forrester Ivy Forrester Rick Forrester Ridge Forrester R.J. Forrester Steffy Forrester Thorne Forrester Quinn Fuller Taylor Hayes Brooke Logan Hope Logan Katie Logan Coco Spectra Sally Spectra Bill Spencer Liam Spencer Wyatt Spencer Recurring characters Alison Montgomery Justin Barber Julius Avant Vivienne Avant Shirley Spectra Antonio Dominguez Zende Dominguez Felicia Forrester Kristen Forrester Bridget Forrester Thomas Forrester C.J. Garrison Deacon Sharpe Caroline Spencer Donna Logan Sasha Thompson Carter Walton James Warwick Charlie Webber John Forrester Notable previous characters Ashley Abbott Adam Alexander Macy Alexander Morgan DeWitt Deveney Dixon Dante Damiano Kimberly Fairchild Darla Einstein Lauren Fenmore Aly Forrester Jessica Forrester Marcus Forrester Maggie Forrester Phoebe Forrester Stephanie Forrester Clarke Garrison Agnes Jones Whipple Jones Oliver Jones Owen Knight Dayzee Leigh Beth Logan Stephen Logan Storm Logan Erica Lovejoy Margo Lynley Jake Maclaine Mark Maclaine Massimo Marone Jackie Marone Nick Marone Oscar Marone Amber Moore Sally Spectra Bill Spencer Caroline Spencer Forrester Karen Spencer Danielle Spencer Production crew Executive Producer Bradley Bell Head Writers Bradley Bell Michael Minnis Creators William J. Bell and Lee Phillip Bell Related articles Cast members Crew Characters Forrester Creations Jackie M Designs Spencer family Forrester family Logan family Marone family The Young and the Restless Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Bold_and_the_Beautiful_cast_members&oldid=856427210 '' Categories : Lists of actors by soap opera television series Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from June 2013 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 25 August 2018 , at 03 : 25 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Bold%20and%20the%20Beautiful%20cast%20members	2,413
2 fast 2 furious actor dies in car crash			Paul Walker	paul walker	Paul William Walker IV ( September 12 , 1973 -- November 30 , 2013 ) was an American actor best known for his role as Brian O'Conner in The Fast and Furious franchise . Walker first gained prominence in 1999 with roles in the teen films She 's All That and Varsity Blues . In 2001 , he gained international fame for his performance in the street racing action film The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 ) , a role he reprised in five of the next six installments , but died in 2013 in the middle of filming Furious 7 ( 2015 ) .	Walker began his career guest - starring on TV shows such as The Young and the Restless and Touched by an Angel . He later starred in films such as Joy Ride ( 2001 ) , Timeline ( 2003 ) , Into the Blue ( 2005 ) , Eight Below ( 2006 ) , and Running Scared ( 2006 ) . He also appeared in the National Geographic series Expedition Great White ( 2010 ) and in ads for Davidoff Cool Water cologne . He founded the disaster - relief charity Reach Out Worldwide ( ROWW ) in response to the 2010 Haiti earthquake . Walker died on November 30 , 2013 , at the age of 40 as a passenger in a single - car crash alongside friend and driver Roger Rodas . Walker was working on three films at the time of his death which were released posthumously : Hours ( 2013 ) , Brick Mansions ( 2014 ) , and Furious 7 ( 2015 ) . The Wiz Khalifa song `` See You Again '' , featuring Charlie Puth , was commissioned for the Furious 7 soundtrack as a tribute to Walker . It was nominated for the Golden Globe for Best Original Song in 2015 and was the number - one song in the United States for 12 weeks . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Death and legal repercussions 5 Filmography 5.1 Film 5.2 Television 5.3 Music videos 6 Awards and nominations 7 References 8 External links Early life Walker was born in Glendale , California , and was the son of Cheryl ( née Crabtree ) , a fashion model , and Paul William Walker III , a sewer contractor and boxer who was a two - time Golden Gloves champion . Paul 's paternal grandfather had a boxing career as `` ' Irish ' Billy Walker '' . Paul 's ancestry was mostly English , with some German , Swiss , and Irish . One of his grandfathers raced factory cars for Ford in the 1960s . The oldest of five siblings , Walker was raised primarily in the Sunland community of Los Angeles and attended high school in the San Fernando Valley , graduating from Sun Valley 's Village Christian School in 1991 . He was raised as a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints . After high school , Walker attended several community colleges in Southern California , majoring in marine biology . Career Walker began his small screen career as a toddler , when he starred in a television commercial for Pampers . He began modeling at the age of two and began working on television shows in 1985 , with roles in shows such as Highway to Heaven , Who 's the Boss ? , The Young and the Restless , and Touched by an Angel . That year he starred in a commercial for Showbiz Pizza . Walker 's film career began in 1986 , with the horror / comedy film Monster in the Closet . In 1987 he appeared in The Retaliator ( aka Programmed to Kill ) , a low budget cyborg action film , with Robert Ginty . He and his sister Ashlie were contestants on a 1988 episode of the game show I 'm Telling ! ; they finished in second place . In 1993 he played Brandon Collins on the CBS soap opera The Young and the Restless . He and his co-star Heather Tom , who played Victoria Newman , were nominated for Outstanding Lead Actor and Actress in a soap opera at the Youth in Film Awards . In 1998 , Walker made his feature film debut in the comedy Meet the Deedles , which finally gained him fame . This subsequently led to supporting roles in the movies Pleasantville ( 1998 ) , Varsity Blues ( 1999 ) , She 's All That ( 1999 ) , and The Skulls ( 2000 ) . Walker drove a Nissan Skyline GT - R in 2 Fast 2 Furious . In 2001 , Walker 's breakthrough role arrived when he starred opposite actor Vin Diesel in the successful action film The Fast and the Furious , the first film in the franchise . The film established Walker as a notable film star and leading man and led to his reprise of the role in the 2003 sequel 2 Fast 2 Furious . He continued his career with leading roles in films such as Joy Ride ( 2001 ) , Timeline ( 2003 ) , and Into the Blue ( 2005 ) . He had a supporting role in Clint Eastwood 's adaptation of Flags of Our Fathers ( 2006 ) . Walker at a convention in February 2006 Walker then starred in the crime thriller Running Scared and Walt Disney Pictures ' Eight Below , both released in 2006 . Eight Below garnered critical - acclaim and opened in first place at the box office , grossing over US $20 million during its first weekend . During the filming of Running Scared , director Wayne Kramer stated that `` ( Walker ) is that guy on some level '' when comparing Walker with his character in the movie , Joey Gazelle . Kramer continued on to say that he `` loved working with ( Walker ) because as a director he 's completely supportive of my vision of what the film is . And even better , he 's completely game for it . '' Walker starred in the independent film The Lazarus Project , which was released on DVD on October 21 , 2008 . He subsequently returned to The Fast and the Furious franchise , reprising his role in Fast & Furious , which was released on April 3 , 2009 . Walker then appeared in the crime drama Takers , which began filming in September 2008 and was released in August 2010 . The Coty Prestige fragrance brand Davidoff Cool Water for Men announced in January 2011 that Walker was going to be the new face of the brand as of July 2011 . He reprised his role in the fifth installment of The Fast and the Furious series , Fast Five ( 2011 ) , and again in Fast & Furious 6 ( 2013 ) . For this film , he won the 2014 MTV Movie Award as best on - screen duo , with Vin Diesel . He was part of an ensemble cast in Wayne Kramer 's Pawn Shop Chronicles ( 2013 ) , which was Walker 's last film released before his death . Shortly after his death , the Hurricane Katrina based film Hours , which he had completed earlier in 2013 , was released on December 13 , 2013 . He had also completed the action film Brick Mansions , a remake of the French film District 13 , which was released in April 2014 . At the time of his death , Walker had been filming Furious 7 , which was slated for release in July 2014 . The film was completed by using his brothers Caleb and Cody as his body doubles / stand - ins , and CGI , and was released in April 2015 . Walker was also set to play Agent 47 in the video game adaptation Hitman : Agent 47 , but died before production began . Personal life From left : Dwayne Johnson , Ludacris , Jordana Brewster , Vin Diesel , and Walker with Natalie Morales for NBC 's Today Show . Walker shared close friendships with his Fast & Furious cast mates . Walker lived in Santa Barbara with his dogs . He and Rebecca McBrain , a one - time girlfriend , had a daughter named Meadow Rain Walker , who lived with her mother in Hawaii for 13 years and then moved to California to live with Walker in 2011 . Her godfather is Vin Diesel . At the time of his death , Walker was dating Jasmine Pilchard - Gosnell . He held a brown belt in Brazilian jiu - jitsu under Ricardo `` Franjinha '' Miller at Paragon Jiu - Jitsu and was awarded his black belt by Miller posthumously . Walker held an interest in marine biology ; he joined the board of directors of The Billfish Foundation in 2006 . He fulfilled a lifelong dream by starring in a National Geographic Channel series Expedition Great White ( later retitled Shark Men ) , which premiered in June 2010 . He spent 11 days as part of the crew , catching and tagging seven great white sharks off the coast of Mexico . The expedition , led by Chris Fischer , founder and CEO of Fischer Productions , along with Captain Brett McBride and Dr. Michael Domeier of the Marine Conservation Science Institute , took measurements , gathered DNA samples , and fastened real - time satellite tags to the great white sharks . This allowed Dr. Domeier to study migratory patterns , especially those associated with mating and birthing , over a five - year period . In March 2010 , Walker went to Constitución , Chile , to offer his help and support to the people injured in the 8.8 magnitude earthquake that struck on February 27 . He flew with his humanitarian aid team , Reach Out Worldwide , to Haiti to lend a helping hand to the 2010 Haiti earthquake victims . A car enthusiast , he competed in the Redline Time Attack racing series in which he raced an M3 E92 and was on the AE Performance Team . His car was sponsored by Etnies , Brembo Brakes , Ohlins , Volk , OS Giken , Hankook , Gintani , and Reach Out Worldwide . Walker had been preparing for an auto show prior to his death . Roger Rodas became Walker 's financial adviser in 2007 and helped to establish Reach Out Worldwide . Rodas , a pro-am racer was the CEO of Always Evolving , a Valencia high - end vehicle performance shop owned by Walker . Walker was a close friend of his 2 Fast 2 Furious co-star Tyrese Gibson . Vin Diesel considered Walker to be like a brother , both on and off screen , and affectionately called him `` Pablo '' . Walker 's mother referred to her son as Diesel 's `` other half '' . Walker , who was raised in a Mormon household , later became a non-denominational Christian . Death and legal repercussions Site of Walker 's death on Hercules Street in Santa Clarita ( photo taken 2015 ) On November 30 , 2013 , at about 3 : 30 p.m. PST , Walker and Roger Rodas , 38 , left an event for Walker 's charity Reach Out Worldwide for victims of Typhoon Haiyan ( Yolanda ) , with Rodas driving his Porsche Carrera GT . In a 45 miles per hour ( 72 km / h ) speed zone on Hercules Street near Kelly Johnson Parkway in Valencia , Santa Clarita , California , the car crashed into a concrete lamp post and two trees and caught fire . Rodas died of multiple trauma while Walker died from the combined effects of trauma and burns . Both of their bodies were burned beyond recognition . The curve where Walker and Rodas were killed is a popular spot for drifting cars . No alcohol or other drugs were found in either man 's system , and neither mechanical failure nor road conditions appeared to play a role . Police found no evidence of drag racing . The investigation concluded that the car 's speed -- between 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) and 93 mph ( 150 km / h ) -- and age of the tires were the primary reasons for the crash . Grave of Paul Walker at Forest Lawn Hollywood Hills With Furious 7 in the middle of filming at the time of Walker 's death , Universal announced an indeterminate hiatus on the production , citing a desire to speak with his family before determining what to do with the film . Numerous friends and movie stars posted tributes to Walker on social media . His body was cremated and his ashes were buried in a non-denominational ceremony at Forest Lawn Memorial Park . In December 2014 , Walker 's father , Paul III , filed a wrongful death claim against Rodas 's estate seeking the return of , or `` a proportionate share '' of revenue generated by a group of automobiles that were jointly owned by both Walker and Rodas . In September 2015 , Walker 's daughter Meadow filed a wrongful death lawsuit against Porsche for the death of her father , claiming that the Porsche Carrera GT had numerous design defects including a history of instability , and that its seat belt placement can cause harm upon impact . Porsche 's response denied any wrongdoing and blamed Walker himself , stating : `` The perils , risk , and danger were open and obvious and known to him , and he chose to conduct himself in a manner so as to expose himself to such perils , dangers , and risks , thus assuming all the risks involved in using the vehicle . '' In April 2016 , U.S. District Court Judge Philip S. Gutierrez ruled in favor of Porsche in a separate lawsuit filed by Roger Rodas ' widow , Kristine . The ruling had no bearing on two other cases against Porsche which have been filed by Walker 's father , who is also the executor of the actor 's estate , and his daughter . Walker 's father and daughter both reached an agreement with Porsche . Filmography Film Year Title Role Notes 1986 Monster in the Closet `` Professor '' Bennett Programmed to Kill Jason Credited as Paul W. Walker Tammy and the T - Rex Michael 1998 Meet the Deedles Phil Deedle First lead role Pleasantville Skip Martin 1999 Varsity Blues Lance Harbor She 's All That Dean Sampson Brokedown Palace Jason 2000 The Skulls Caleb Mandrake The Fast and the Furious Brian O'Conner Joy Ride Lewis Thomas 2002 Life Makes Sense If You 're Famous Mikey 2003 The Turbo Charged Prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious Brian O'Conner Short film 2 Fast 2 Furious Timeline Chris Johnston Noel Mike Riley 2005 Into the Blue Jared Cole 2006 Eight Below Jerry Shepard Running Scared Joey Gazelle Flags of Our Fathers Hank Hansen 2007 The Death and Life of Bobby Z Tim Kearney Stories USA Mikey 2008 The Lazarus Project Ben Garvey 2009 Fast & Furious Brian O'Conner Takers John Rahway 2011 Fast Five Brian O'Conner 2013 Vehicle 19 Michael Woods Fast & Furious 6 Brian O'Conner Pawn Shop Chronicles Raw Dog Hours Nolan Hayes Posthumous release 2014 Brick Mansions Damien Collier Posthumous release 2015 Furious 7 Brian O'Conner Posthumous release Television Year Title Role Notes 1984 -- 1994 CBS Schoolbreak Special Dill Episodes : `` Dead Wrong : The John Evans Story '' and `` Love in the Dark Ages '' 1985 -- 1986 Highway to Heaven Todd Bryant / Eric Travers Episodes : `` Birds of a Feather '' and `` A Special Love '' ( Parts 1 & 2 ) Throb Jeremy Beatty 23 episodes Charles in Charge Russell Davis Episode : `` Dead Puck Society '' 1991 Who 's the Boss ? Michael Haynes Episode : `` You Can Go Home Again '' 1991 What a Dummy Rick Episode : `` Bringing Up Baby '' The Young and the Restless Brandon Collins Touched by an Angel Jonathan Shark Men Himself 3 episodes , aka Expedition Great White 2013 Shark Week Himself 1 episode Music videos Year Artists Song Notes The Mighty Mighty Bosstones `` Wrong Thing Right Then '' 2003 Ludacris `` Act a Fool '' 2013 2 Chainz & Wiz Khalifa `` We Own It '' Archival footage 2015 Wiz Khalifa & Charlie Puth `` See You Again '' Archival footage Awards and nominations Year Award Nominated work Result 2002 MTV Movie Award Best On - Screen Team ( shared with Vin Diesel ) The Fast and the Furious Won 2011 Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie Actor -- Action Fast Five Nominated 2013 Choice Movie : Chemistry ( shared with Vin Diesel and Dwayne Johnson ) Fast & Furious 6 Nominated 2014 MTV Movie Award Best On - Screen Duo ( shared with Vin Diesel ) Won 2015 Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie Actor : Action Furious 7 Won Choice Movie : Chemistry ( shared with Vin Diesel , Michelle Rodriguez , Tyrese Gibson , Dwayne Johnson , Ludacris ) Nominated References ^ Jump up to : `` Paul Walker Leaves Entire $25 Million Estate to Daughter '' . People . February 4 , 2014 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Weisman , Aly . `` Paul Walker Left His Entire $25 Million Estate To His 15 - Year - Old Daughter -- But Things Could Get Messy '' , Business Insider , published April 2 , 2014 . Retrieved May 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.celebheights.com/s/Paul-Walker-231.html Jump up ^ WGN News at Nine . Chicago , IL . November 30 , 2013 . Event occurs at 21 : 32 CST ( 32 minutes ) . WGN - TV / WGN America . Jump up ^ `` Paul Walker -- Biography '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Eggenberger , Nicole ( December 2 , 2013 ) . `` Paul Walker Said Daughter Meadow Encouraged Him to Keep Acting '' . Us Weekly . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gicas , Peter ( December 2 , 2013 ) . `` Paul Walker 's Cologne Ad Airs During UK Soccer Game , Sparks Outrage '' . E ! Online . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Suebsaeng , Asawin ( 2 April 2015 ) . `` Paul Walker 's True Passion : Whatever Happened to Walker 's Disaster - Relief Rescue Squad ? '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved 10 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Merry , Stephanie ; Yahr , Emily ( December 10 , 2015 ) . `` Golden Globes nominations 2016 : Complete list '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hobson , Louis B. ( June 17 , 2001 ) . `` Paul Walker kicks it into high gear '' . Canoe.ca . Retrieved December 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Keck , William ( September 27 , 2005 ) . `` Fame lets Paul Walker dive in '' . USA Today . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Atkin , Hillary ( June 6 , 2003 ) . `` Walker 's in the ' Fast ' lane to film stardom '' . USA Today . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Paul William Walker II '' . Retrieved December 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Paul William Walker II 1930 United States Census '' . FamilySearch . Retrieved December 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Meet Paul Walker '' . Spartanburg Herald - Journal . March 29 , 2006 . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Stars React To Paul Walker 's Death , Other Crash Victim Identified '' . CBS Los Angeles . December 1 , 2013 . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gazzar , Brenda ( December 1 , 2013 ) . `` ' Fast & Furious ' star Paul Walker remembered as kind , carefree '' . Los Angeles Daily News . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Walker Bio : Fast & Furious Actor '' . Tribute . Tribute Entertainment Media Group . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Youtube . `` Showbiz Pizza Commercial '' . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Eight Below ( 2006 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 28 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Murray , Rebecca . `` Interview with ' Running Scared ' writer / director Wayne Kramer '' . About.com . Retrieved September 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Apple -- Movie Trailers -- Fast and Furious '' . Apple . Retrieved September 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ( September 9 , 2008 ) . `` Screen Gems digs up ' Bone ' cast '' . Variety . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Coty Prestige Announces Agreement with Paul Walker '' . PR Newswire . January 14 , 2011 . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Report : Paul Walkers death forces delay of Fast and Furious 7 shoot '' . HitFix . December 1 , 2013 . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ' Fast & Furious 7 ' will shoot scenes with doubles and replace Paul Walker with CGI to keep him in the film -- NY Daily News Jump up ^ The Deadline Team . `` Paul Walker 's Brothers Jumping in to Help Finish ' Fast & Furious 7 ′ Action Scenes -- Deadline '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave . `` Paul Walker Leads HITMAN Reboot in AGENT 47 '' . Collider . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Koltnow , Barry ( February 18 , 2006 ) . `` Just chillin ' '' . The Orange County Register . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gilbey , Ryan ( December 1 , 2013 ) . `` Paul Walker obituary '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved December 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Smith , Grady ( December 1 , 2013 ) . `` The sides of Paul Walker you may have missed '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2013 . Retrieved December 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tate , Amethyst ( December 2 , 2013 ) . `` Who Is Jasmine Pilchard - Gosnell ? Paul Walker 's 23 - Year - Old Girlfriend Mourns Actor With Family After Fatal Car Crash '' . International Business Times . Jump up ^ Duane , Daniel ( September 6 , 2005 ) . `` Paul Walker 's Adventure Sports Workout Routine '' . Men 's Health . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Walker receives BJJ Black Belt at Memorial '' . Bjpenn.com . December 9 , 2013 . Retrieved December 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Catherine ( September 25 , 2006 ) . `` Paul Walker and Marine Biology : Foundation Presents Marine Awards '' . Nature World News . Retrieved March 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Walker Leads Shark Expedition '' . Starpulse.com . November 12 , 2009 . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2010 . Retrieved November 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Actor Paul Walker Joins National Geographic Shark Expedition '' . DiverWire . November 13 , 2009 . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2009 . Retrieved November 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Expedition Great White '' . National Geographic . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2012 . Retrieved November 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` REACH OUT Worldwide '' . REACH OUT Worldwide . Jump up ^ `` AE Performance '' . Redline Time Attack . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Walker , estrella de `` Rápidos y furiosos '' falleció en accidente de tránsito `` . El Comercio . Jump up ^ `` Walker and Rodas , you will be missed '' . Motor Sport . December 1 , 2013 . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Call to Action '' . Merrill Lynch . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2013 . Retrieved November 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rodas : Racer , manager , friend to Walker '' . December 3 , 2013 . Retrieved June 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Smith , Perry ( November 30 , 2013 ) . `` Paul Walker , Santa Clarita CEO Reportedly Killed in Fatal Single - Car Crash '' . KHTS Radio . Retrieved November 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tonks , Owen ( January 4 , 2014 ) . `` Paul Walker best friend Tyrese Gibson still struggling after actor 's death '' . Daily Mirror . Retrieved January 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cook , Carlton ( January 16 , 2014 ) . `` Has Paul Walker 's Co-Star Tyrese Gibson Converted from Christianity to Islam , After His Visit to Dubai ? '' . The Christian Post . Retrieved January 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tyrese Gibson Heartbroken Over Paul Walker 's Death '' . ABC News . December 4 , 2013 . Retrieved December 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Vin Diesel Reacts to Paul Walker 's Death : ' I Will Always Love You ' '' . The Wrap . Retrieved August 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Walker death : Vin Diesel 's touching Facebook post about how he lost his ' other half ' '' . The Mirror . Jump up ^ `` Meadow Walker , Paul 's daughter inspired him to continue acting ; Fast and Furious star on being Christian '' . Christian Today . December 2 , 2013 . Retrieved August 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Duke , Alan ; Sutton , Joe ( November 30 , 2013 ) . `` ' Fast & Furious ' star Paul Walker killed in car crash '' . CNN . Retrieved November 30 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Autopsy blames impact and fire for actor Paul Walker 's death '' . CNN . December 4 , 2013 . Retrieved December 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Officials : Paul Walker crash not part of street race '' . The Press Democrat . Santa Rosa CA . December 3 , 2013 . Retrieved December 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Publicist : Fast & Furious Actor Paul Walker Dies in Car Crash '' . Time . New York . November 30 , 2013 . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2013 . Retrieved November 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schabner , Dean ( November 30 , 2013 ) . ' Fast and Furious ' Star Paul Walker Killed in Crash `` . ABC News . Jump up ^ Landau , Joel ( November 30 , 2013 ) . `` Paul Walker dead at 40 : ' Fast and Furious ' star killed in fiery car crash '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved November 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fast & Furious actor Paul Walker dies in California car crash '' . BBC News . December 1 , 2013 . Retrieved December 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wood , Daniel B. ( December 4 , 2013 ) . `` Paul Walker crash could ' romanticize ' growing street racing culture '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved December 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Speed may have been factor in Fast and Furious star Paul Walker 's crash '' . Sunday Morning Herald . January 4 , 2014 . Retrieved January 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` '' Fast & Furious `` - Star : Walker - Auto war fast 100 Stundenkilometer zu schnell '' . Die Welt ( in German ) . January 4 , 2014 . Retrieved January 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Walker death investigation : Police rule out second vehicle , focus on speed '' . CNN . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Duke , Alan ( March 26 , 2014 ) . `` Investigators : Speed -- not drugs , racing or mechanical failure -- killed Paul Walker '' . CNN . Retrieved March 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Maricela . `` ' Fast & Furious 7 ' production halted after Paul Walker 's death '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Speechless ' Vin Diesel pays tribute to Paul Walker '' . The New Zealand Herald . Auckland . December 2 , 2013 . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Walker has been Buried at The Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery in the Hollywood Hills Today '' . Allvoices.com . December 4 , 2013 . Retrieved December 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Zuckerman , Esther . `` Paul Walker 's dad files claim against estate of driver in fatal car crash '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bever , Lindsey ( September 29 , 2015 ) . `` Paul Walker 's teen daughter sues Porsche over his death in fiery crash '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Porsche Blames Paul Walker For His Own Death '' . www.yahoo.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ ANTHONY McCARTNEY , Judge : Porsche not at fault in crash that killed Paul Walker April 5 , 2016 ^ Jump up to : Child , Ben ( April 6 , 2016 ) . `` Judge rules Porsche not to blame for Paul Walker 's death '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/la-et-entertainment-news-updates-paul-walker-porsche-settles-1508940377-htmlstory.html External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Paul Walker . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Paul Walker Paul Walker on IMDb Paul Walker at AllMovie ( hide ) MTV Movie Award for Best On - Screen Duo Best On - Screen Duo Dana Carvey & Mike Myers ( 1992 ) Mel Gibson & Danny Glover ( 1993 ) Harrison Ford & Tommy Lee Jones ( 1994 ) Sandra Bullock & Keanu Reeves ( 1995 ) Chris Farley & David Spade ( 1996 ) Nicolas Cage & Sean Connery ( 1997 ) John Travolta & Nicolas Cage ( 1998 ) Jackie Chan & Chris Tucker ( 1999 ) Mike Myers & Verne Troyer ( 2000 ) Mark Wahlberg & Seth MacFarlane ( 2013 ) Vin Diesel & Paul Walker ( 2014 ) Zac Efron & Dave Franco ( 2015 ) Hugh Jackman & Dafne Keen ( 2017 ) Best On - Screen Team Drew Barrymore , Cameron Diaz & Lucy Liu ( 2001 ) Vin Diesel & Paul Walker ( 2002 ) Sean Astin , Andy Serkis & Elijah Wood ( 2003 ) Adam Sandler & Drew Barrymore ( 2004 ) Lindsay Lohan , Rachel McAdams , Lacey Chabert & Amanda Seyfried ( 2005 ) Vince Vaughn & Owen Wilson ( 2006 ) Best Cast Daniel Radcliffe , Rupert Grint , Emma Watson & Tom Felton ( 2012 ) VIAF : 71594362 LCCN : no99046363 ISNI : 0000 0001 1447 6235 GND : 140592849 SUDOC : 154705160 BNF : cb14043780p ( data ) NKC : xx0042773 ICCU : IT \ ICCU \ ANAV \ 060152 BNE : XX1499984 IATH : w6rj5f47 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Walker&oldid=807148514 '' Categories : 1973 births 2013 deaths 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors American Christians American humanitarians American Jeet Kune Do practitioners American male child actors American male film actors Male models from California American male television actors American people of English descent American people of German descent American people of Irish descent American practitioners of Brazilian jiu - jitsu People awarded a black belt in Brazilian jiu - jitsu Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park ( Hollywood Hills ) Deaths from fire in the United States Former Latter Day Saints Male actors from Glendale , California Male actors of German descent Road incident deaths in California American people of Swiss descent 21st - century American racing drivers Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from May 2017 Use American English from December 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Infobox person using certain parameters when dead Biography with signature Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with SBN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Volapük Winaray Zazaki 中文 डोटेली Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2017 , at 05 : 48 . 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list of public senior high schools in accra	School Type Location ( s ) Website Accra Academy Public school & Boys school Bubuashi , Accra Website Accra Technical Training Center ( ATTC ) Public school Accra N / A Accra Girls Secondary School Public school & Girls school Maamobi N / A Accra Grammar School Public school Accra Website Accra High School Public school Asylum Down N / A Achimota School Boarding school Accra Website Alpha Beta Christian College International school Accra Website Al - Rayan International School ( ARIS ) International school Accra Website American Curriculum International School International school Accra Website Armed Forces Secondary Technical school Burma Camp N / A St. Thomas Aquinas Senior High School Public school & Boys school Cantonments Website St. Francis Xavier Senior High School Catholic & Private School kotobabi N / A Apostle Safo School of Arts and Sciences Public school Awoshie Website Christ International Senior High Secondary School Day & Boarding North Taifa , Kwabenya , Accra N / A Christian Methodist Senior High School Public school New Aplaku , Accra N / A Corpus Christi Senior Secondary School Public school Accra N / A Danquah International School , the Private school & mixed - sex education Tesano , Accra Website Dansoman Secondary School Public school Dansoman N / A Ebenezer Secondary School Public school Dansoman N / A Edge Hill Senior High School Public school Awoshie N / A Pank Secondary School Public school Awoshie N / A Faith Montessori School and International College International school Accra Website Ghana International School International school Accra Website Galaxy International School International school Accra Website Holy Trinity Secondary Public school Accra N / A Kaneshie Secondary Technical school Kaneshie N / A Kinbu Secondary Secondary and Technical school Kinbu N / A La Presbyterian Senior Secondary School Public school Accra N / A Labone Secondary Private school Labone N / A Lincoln Community School Private school & International school Accra N / A Madina Senior High School Public school Madina , Accra N / A Nungua Secondary School Public school Nungua N / A O'Reilly Senior High School Public school Adabraka N / A Odorgonno Secondary Public school Awoshie N / A Osu Presbyterian Secondary School Public school Osu , Accra N / A Presbyterian Boys ' Secondary Public school & Boys school Legon , Accra Website St. Margaret Mary Senior High School Public school Dansoman N / A Saint Mary 's Secondary Public school Korle Gonno N / A Teshie Presby Secondary Public school Teshie N / A Wesley Grammar wes G Public school Dansoman N / A Senior Secondary schools in Dangme East District and Dangme West Districts ( Shai - osudoku & Ningo Prampram ) Dangme East District Ada Secondary School Public school Ada - Foah N / A Ada Secondary Technical School Technical school Ada N / A Shai - Osudoku District & Ningo - Prampram District Ghanata Senior High School Public school ranked among the best in Africa P.O. Box DD 50 , Dodowa . Shai - Osudoku District Website Ningo Secondary School Public school Old Ningo N / A Osudoku Secondary Technical school Asutsuare N / A Zion Methodist Secondary Technical School Technical school Dawhenya , Dangme West District N / A Senior Secondary schools in Tema Municipal District Ashiaman Secondary Public school Ashiaman N / A Chemu Secondary Public school Tema Community 4 N / A Manhean Secondary Technical school Tema New Town N / A Our Lady of Mercy Secondary Public school Tema Community 4 N / A Presbyterian Senior Secondary Public school Tema N / A SOS Hermann Gmeiner International College International school Tema Website Tema International College International school Tema N / A Tema Methodist Day Secondary Public school Tema N / A Tema Secondary Public school Tema Community 5 N / A Saint Stephen 's International school International school Tema N / A Witsands International Senior High School International school Tema N / A Senior Secondary schools in Ga East District and Ga West District Ga East District Action Secondary Technical School Madina N / A St. Peter 's Mission Schools ( Day & Boarding ) Private school Near Manet Palm , Ogbojo , East Legon , Accra , Ghana . Website West Africa Secondary Schoolkaneshie secondary kaneshie kaneshie Public school Adenta Template : Https://web.archive.org/web/20150402103546/http://www.westafricashs.com/ Website Madina senior High School Public school Madina N / A Ga West District Amasaman Secondary Technical school Amasaman N / A Torkuase Secondary Public school Torkuase N / A Wadud Secondary Public school Amasaman N / A Haavad 's Senior High School Public school Amasaman N / A North Legon Little Campus N / A		List of Senior High schools in Ghana	list of senior high schools in ghana	This is a list of Senior Secondary schools in Ghana by region .	Location of Ghana Number of Public / Private Educational Institutions Number Primary Schools 12,225 Junior Secondary 6,418 Senior Secondary 475 Polytechnics 10 Post Secondary Teacher Training 38 Universities 8 Contents 1 Ashanti Region 2 Brong Ahafo Region 3 Central Region 4 Eastern Region 5 Greater Accra Region 6 Northern Region 7 Upper East Region 8 Upper West Region 9 Volta Region 10 Western Region 11 See also 12 References 13 Sources and external links Ashanti region ( edit ) There are more than 80 Senior Secondary schools in the region . School Type Location ( s ) Website Senior Secondary schools in Adansi North District and Adansi South District Akrofuom Senior High School Technical school Akrofuom N / A Asare Bediako Senior High School Public school Akrokerri N / A Bogwesango Secondary Public school Bodwesango N / A Dompoase Public school Dompoase N / A New Edubiase Secondary Public school New Edubiase N / A T.I. Ahmadiyya Senior High School Public school Fomena N / A Senior Secondary schools in Obuasi Municipal District Christ the King Catholic Senior High School Catholic school Obuasi N / A Father Augustine Murphy Commercial School Commercial school Obuasi N / A Ejisuman Senior High School Public school Ejisu N / A St. Margaret Senior High School Private school Obuasi N / A Just Love Senior High School Private school Obuasi N / A Adansi Technical Institute Private school & Technical school Obuasi N / A Senior Secondary schools in Afigya - Sekyere District Adu Gyamfi Senior High School Public school Jamasi N / A Agona Senior High School Technical school Agona N / A Konadu Yiadom Senior High School Public school Asaman N / A Okomfo Anokye Secondary Public school Wiamoase N / A S.D.A. Senior High School Public school Agona N / A Osei Tutu II College ( Great Osec - PE NOKORE NO ) Public school Tetrem , Afigya - Sekyere District Website Senior Secondary schools in Ahafo Ano North District and Ahafo Ano South District Ahafo Ano North District Maabang Senior High School Technical school Maabang N / A Tepa Senior High School Public school Tepa N / A Ahafo Ano South District Mankranso Secondary Public school Mankranso N / A Senior Secondary schools in Amansie Central District Amansie Central District Jacobu Senior High School Technical school Jacobu N / A Senior Secondary schools in Amansie East District and Amansie West District Amansie East District Jacobu Senior High School Technical school Jacobu N / A Oppong Memorial Secondary Public school Kokofu N / A Saint Joseph Secondary Technical school Ahwiren N / A Wesley High School Public school Bekwai N / A SDA Senior High School Public school Bekwai N / A Amansie West District Danyaseman Catholic Senior High School Catholic school Huntado , Amansie East District N / A Esase Bontefufuo Secondary Public school Esase Bontefufuo N / A Manso - Adubia Secondary Public school Adubia N / A Mansoman Senior High School Public school Manso Atwere N / A Senior Secondary schools in Asante Akim North District and Asante Akim South District Asante Akim North District Agogo State College Public school Agogo N / A Konongo Odumase Senior High School Public school Odumase N / A Owerriman Secondary Public school Domeabra N / A Agogo Collins Senior High School Public school Agogo N / A Asante Akim South District Bompata Presby Secondary Public school Bompata N / A Juaso Secondary Technical school Juaso N / A Ofoase Secondary Technical school Ofoase N / A Jubile senior High school Public school Dampong , Asante Akim South District N / A Senior Secondary schools in Atwima Mponua District and Atwima Nwabiagya District Nkawie Senior High Technical School Technical school Nkawie N / A Mpasatia Secondary Technical school Mpasatia N / A Nyinahin Catholic Secondary Catholic school Nyinahin N / A Osei Tutu Senior High School Public school Akropong Website Toase Secondary Public school Toase N / A Toase Secondary Public school & Girls school Tanoso Website Senior Secondary schools in Botsomtwe / Atwima / Kwanhuma District Afia Kobi Ampem Girls Senior High School Public school & Girls school Trabuom N / A Beposo Secondary Public school Beposo N / A Jachie Pramso Senior High School Public school Jachie Pramso , Botsomtwe / Atwima / Kwanhuma District N / A St. Margaret High School Public school Feyiase , Botsomtwe / Atwima / Kwanhuma District N / A Ejuraman Secondary Public school Ejura N / A Sekyedumase Secondary Public school and ranked as the 10th best school in West Africa Seko , Botsomtwe / Atwima / Kwanhuma District N / A Senior Secondary schools in Kumasi Metropolitan District Adventist Senior High School ( Atitire ) Public school Bantama - Kumasi , Kumasi N / A Ghana Armed Forces Senior High School Commercial School Bantama - Kumasi , Kumasi N / A Anglican Senior High School Public school Asem - Kumasi Website Pentecost Secondary School Public school Breman - kumasi , Kumasi N / A Roman Girls Nursing Training School Nursing school & Girls school Suame - Kumasi , Kumasi N / A Asanteman Senior High School ( The Royals , NANANOM ) Public school and ranked as the 2114th school in West Africa . Bantama N / A Ashanti Kingdom Senior High School Public school Ahodwo Daban - Kumasi , Kumasi N / A Kumasi Academy Public school Asokore Mampong Website Kumasi Girls Senior High School Public school & Girls school Abrepo - Kumasi , Kumasi N / A Kumasi High School Public school Atonsu Gyenase , Kumasi Website Kumasi Senior High Technical School ( Animuonyamfo ) Technical school Patasi - Kumasi Website Mmofraturo Girls Secondary School Public school & Girls school Kumasi N / A Opoku Ware School Public school Kumasi Website St. Louis Senior High School Public school Oduom Website Osei Kyeretwie Senior High School Public school Old Tafo Website Prempeh College Public school Kumasi N / A Angel Educational Complex - Kronom Commercial school Kronom , Kumasi N / A T.I. Ahmadiyya Senior High School Public school Kumasi N / A KNUST Senior High School Public school Kumasi N / A Ideal college Public school Boadi N / A Serwaa Nyarko Senior High School Public school New Tafo , Kumasi N / A Islamic Senior High School Public school Abrepo , Kumasi N / A Senior Secondary schools in Kwabre District Adanwomase Senior High School Public school Adanwomase N / A Aduman Secondary Public school Aduman N / A Antoa Secondary Public school Antoa N / A Gyeama Penson Secondary Technical school Aboaso N / A Kofi Adjei Secondary Technical school Bampanase N / A Simms Secondary Technical school Fawoade N / A Senior Secondary schools in Offinso District Namong Secondary Public school Namong N / A St. Jerome Secondary Public school Abofour N / A Dwamena Akenten Secondary Public school Newtown , Offinso District N / A Akumadan Secondary Public school Akumadan N / A Senior Secondary schools in Sekyere East District and Sekyere West District Sekyere East District T.I. Ahmadiyya Girls Senior High School Public school & Girls school Asokore N / A Dadease Agriculture Secondary Commercial school Dadease N / A Effiduase Secondary Commercial school Effiduase N / A Krobea Asante Vocational / Technical Institute Commercial school & Technical school Asokore N / A Tweneboa Kodua Secondary School Commercial school & Technical school Kumawu N / A Sekyere West District Amaniampong Secondary Public school Mampong N / A Nsutaman Catholic Secondary Catholic school Nsuta N / A Saint Joseph Secondary Commercial School Mampong N / A St. Monica 's Senior High School Public school Mampong N / A Senior Secondary schools in Ejisu - Juaben Municipal District Juaben Secondary School Public school Juaben N / A Obuasi Senior Technical School Technical School Obuasi N / A Ejisu Secondary Technical School Technical school Ejisu N / A Bonwire Secondary Technical School Technical school Bonwire N / A Achinakrom Secondary School Public school Achinakrom , Ejisu N / A Church of Christ Senior High School Public school Adadeentem N / A Brong Ahafo Region ( edit ) School Type Location ( s ) Website Senior Secondary schools in Asunafo North District and Asunafo South District Ahafoman Secondary Technical school Goaso N / A Kukuom Agriculture Secondary Commercial school Kukuom N / A Mim Secondary Public school Mim , Asunafo South District N / A Senior Secondary schools in Asutifi District Acherensua Secondary Public school Acherensua N / A Gyamfi Kumanin Secondary Technical school Wamahinso N / A Hwidiem Secondary Public school Hwidiem N / A OLA Girls Secondary Public school & Girls school Kenyasi N / A Senior Secondary schools in Atebubu - Amantin District Atebubu Secondary Public school Atebubu N / A Amanten Secondary Public school Amanten N / A Prang Secondary Public school Prang , Atebubu - Amantin District N / A Yeji Secondary Technical school Yeji N / A Senior Secondary schools in Berekum District Berekum Secondary Public school Berekum N / A Jinjini Secondary Public school Jinjini N / A Methodist Secondary Public school Biadan N / A Presbyterian Secondary Technical school Berekum N / A Senior Secondary schools in Dormaa District Dormaa Secondary Public school Dormaa Ahenkro N / A Mansen Comm. Day Secondary Commercial school Wamfie N / A Nkrankwanta Comm . Secondary Commercial school Nkrankwanta N / A Wamanafo Comm. Day Secondary Commercial school & Technical school Wamanafo N / A Senior Secondary schools in Jaman North District and Jaman South District Drobo Secondary Public school Drobo N / A Goka Secondary Technical school Goka , Jaman North District N / A Nafana Secondary Public school Sampa N / A Our Lady of Providence Secondary Public school Kwasi Buokrom N / A Sumaman Secondary Public school Suma - Ahenkro N / A Senior Secondary schools in Kintampo North District and Kintampo South District Jema Secondary Public school Jema N / A Kintampo Secondary Public school Kintampo N / A Senior Secondary schools in Nkoranza District Busunya Secondary Public school Busunya N / A Nkoranza Secondary Technical school Nkoranza N / A Yefiriman Secondary Public school Yefiri , Nkoranza District N / A Senior Secondary schools in Sene District Kajaji Secondary Public school Kajaji Settlement Town N / A Kwame Danso Secondary Technical school Kwame Danso N / A Senior Secondary schools in Sunyani District Lawrence Demonstration Secondary Commercial school Sunyani N / A Chiraa Secondary Public school Chiraa N / A Notre Dame High School ( Ghana ) Public school & Girls school Sunyani N / A Odomaseman Day Secondary Public school Odomase N / A Sunyani Senior High School Public school Sunyani N / A Sacred Heart Secondary Public school Nsoatre N / A St. James Seminary and Secondary Public school Abesim N / A Twene Amanfo Secondary Technical school Sunyani N / A Abesim Secondary School Community school Abesim N / A Sunyani Business Secondary School ( SUBSEC ) Commercial school Sunyani Website Senior Secondary schools in Tano North District and Tano South District Bechem Presbyterian Secondary School Public school Bechem N / A Boakye Tromo Secondary Technical school Duayaw Nkwanta N / A Bomaa Comm . Secondary Commercial school Bomaa N / A Duayaw Nkwanta Secondary Public school Duayaw Nkwanta N / A Techimantia Presbyterian Secondary Commercial school Techimantia N / A Yamfo Anglican Secondary School Public school Yamfo N / A Senior Secondary schools in Techiman Municipal District Asuogyaman Secondary Technical school Public school Aworowa N / A Buoyem Secondary Public school Boyem , Techiman Municipal District N / A Guakro Effa Secondary Public school Offuman N / A Techiman Secondary Public school Techiman N / A Tuobodom Secondary Technical school Tuobodom N / A Senior Secondary schools in Wenchi District Wenchi Methodist Secondary Public school Wenchi N / A Badu Secondary Technical school Badu , Wenchi N / A Koase Secondary Technical school Koase , Wenchi N / A Nkoranman Senior Secondary Public school Seikwa , Wenchi N / A Menji Secondary Public school Menji , Wenchi N / A Central Region ( edit ) School Type Location ( s ) Website Senior Secondary schools in Abura / Asebu / Kwamankese District Abakrampa Secondary Technical school Abakrampa N / A Aburaman Senior High School Public school Abura Dunkwa N / A Andam Senior High & Technical School Technical school Oduponkpehe N / A Senior Secondary schools in Agona District Kwanyako Senior High School Public school Kwanyako N / A Nsaba Presbyterian Senior High School Public school Nsaba N / A Nyakrom Day Senior High School Public school Nyakrom N / A Pank Secondary School Public school Bawjiase , Agona District N / A Siddiq Senior High School Public school Nyakrom N / A Naana Khadijah Islamic Girls School Commercial School & Girls school Nyakrom N / A Swedru School of Business Commercial School Swedru N / A Swedru Senior High School Public school Swedru N / A Senior Secondary schools in Ajumako / Enyan / Essiam District Besease Comm . Secondary Commercial school Besease N / A Enyan Denkyira Secondary School Public school Denkyira N / A Mando Secondary Tech School Public school Mando , Ajumako N / A Senior Secondary schools in Asikuma / Odoben / Brakwa District Breman Asikuma Secondary Public school Breman Asikuma Website Odoben Secondary Public school Odoben N / A Senior Secondary schools in Assin North District and Assin South District Adankwaman Comm . Secondary Commercial school Assin Darman N / A Assin Manso Secondary School Public school Assin Manso N / A Assin North Secondary Technical school Assin Asempaneye N / A Assin Nsuta Secondary School Public school Assin Nsuta N / A Nyankumase Ahenkro Secondary School Public school Nyankumase Ahenkro N / A Obiri Yeboah Secondary School Public school Assin Fosu N / A Senior Secondary schools in Awutu / Effutu / Senya District Awutu - Winton Senior High School Private School ( Fee - free ) Awutu Breku Website Obrakyere Secondary Technical school Obrakyere N / A Senya Secondary School Public school Senya N / A Winneba Secondary School Public school Winneba N / A Senior Secondary schools in Cape Coast Municipal District Aggrey Memorial A.M.E Zion Secondary School Boarding school & Public school Cape Coast Website Academy of Christ the King Public school Cape Coast N / A Adisadel College Boarding school & Boys school ranked among the best in Africa Cape Coast Website Cape Coast Technical Institute Technical school Cape Coast N / A Effutu Secondary Technical school Effutu Website Ghana National College Public school Cape Coast Website Commercial Service Institute ( C.S.I ) Commercial school Cape Coast N / A Holy Child High School Public school Cape Coast N / A Mfantsipim School Public school & Boys school and established as `` Wesleyan High School '' and is ranked as the 21st best school in Africa Cape Coast Website Oguaa Secondary Technical school Cape Coast N / A University Practice Secondary School Public school Cape Coast N / A Wesley Girls ' High School Public school and Girls school Cape Coast Website Saint Augustine 's College Public school Cape Coast N / A Senior Secondary schools in Gomoa District Apam Senior High School Public school Great Apass , Gomoa District N / A Gomoa Secondary Technical school Dawurampon N / A Mozano Comm . Secondary Commercial school Mozano N / A Mozano Experimental Senior High School Commercial School Mozano N / A Potsin T.I. Ahmadiya Secondary School Public school Potsin N / A Senior Secondary schools in Komenda / Edina / Eguafo / Abirem District Edinaman Day Secondary School Public school Elmina N / A Eguafo - Abrem Secondary Public school Agona Abirem N / A Komenda Secondary Public school Komenda N / A Senior Secondary schools in Mfantsiman District Ekumfi T.I. Ahmadiiyya Secondary School Public school Esakyir N / A Kwegyir Aggrey Secondary Commercial school Anomabo N / A Mankesim Secondary Technical school Mankesim N / A Mfantsiman Girls Senior High School Public school & Girls school Saltpond N / A Saltpond Methodist High School Public school Saltpond N / A Senior Secondary schools in Twifo / Heman / Lower Denkyira District Forever Young Secondary School Public school Hemang N / A Jukwa Secondary School Public school Jukwa N / A Twifo Praso Secondary School Public school Twifo Praso N / A Senior Secondary schools in Upper Denkyira District Boa - Amponsem Secondary School Public school Dunkwa - On - Offin N / A Diaso Secondary School Public school Diaso N / A Dunkwa Secondary Technical school Dunkwa - On - Offin N / A Oxford Secondary School Public school Dunkwa - On - Offin N / A St. Andrew 's College Public school Dunkwa - On - Offin N / A Eastern Region ( edit ) School Type Location ( s ) Website Senior Secondary schools in Akuapim North District and Akuapim South District Akuapim North District Mose Engilbert Senior High School Public school Akropong N / A Hark Mount Sinai Senior High School Public school Akuapem - Akropong N / A Presbyterian Senior High School Public school Akuapim - Mampong Website Okuapeman Senior High School ( OKUASS ) Public school Akuapem - Akropong N / A Nifa Senior High School ( NISEC ) Public school Adukrom Website Alumini Website Asuom Senior High School Public school Akropong N / A Adukrom Secondary Technical School Technical school Adukrom N / A Benkum Senior High School Public school Larteh - Akuapem N / A Presbyterian Senior High School Public school Akuapim - Mampong N / A Akuapim South District Nsawam Senior High School Public school Nsawam N / A Nsawam Business College Commercial school Nsawam N / A Adeiso Senior High School Public school Adeiso N / A Presbyterian Secondary Technical School Technical school Aburi N / A Aburi Girls ' Secondary School ( ABUGISS ) Public school & Girls school Aburi N / A Adonten Senior High School Public school Nsawam N / A Presby Senior High Technical School Technical school Nsawam N / A Saint Martin 's Senior High School Public school Nsawam - Adoagyiri N / A Senior Secondary schools in Akyemansa District Ayirebi Senior High School - Akyem Ayirebi Public school Ofoase N / A Senior Secondary schools in Asuogyaman District Akosombo International School Akosombo N / A Adjena Senior Secondary Technical School Public school Akosombo N / A Gafad Afonope Senior High School Public school Atimpoku N / A Akwamuman Senior Secondary School Public school Atimpoku N / A Apegusu Senior High School Public school Akwamu Apegusu , Atimpoku N / A Anum Presbyterian Senior High School ( ANSEC ) Public school Anum N / A Boso Senior High Technical School ( BOSSTECH ) Technical School Boso , Atimpoku N / A Senior Secondary schools in Birim Central Municipal District and Birim South District Birim Central Municipal District Oda Secondary School Public school Akim Oda Website Birim South District St. Francis Secondary Technical School ( FRANSTECH ) Secondary / Technical school Akim Oda N / A Akim Swedru Secondary School ( AKISSS , ANNUANOM , Star of the East ) Public Boarding school ranked among the best in Ghana Akim Swedru Website Akim State College Public school Akim Swedru N / A Akim State College Public school Akim Swedru N / A Senior Secondary schools in East Akim Municipal District Ofori Panin Senior High School Public school Kukurantumi , Abuakwa - North , East Akim Municipal District ( 1 ) Nero Senior High School Public school Kibi N / A Christian Heritage Secondary Technical Technical school Kukurantumi , Kibi N / A Saint Paul Technical School Technical school Kukurantumi , Kibi Website Kibi Secondary Technical School Technical school Kibi N / A Abuakwa State College Public school Kibi N / A Suhum Secondary Technical School Technical school Suhum N / A Asafo Akyem Senior High School Technical school Asafo , Kibi N / A Saint Stephen 's Senior High Technical School Technical school Asiakwa , Kibi N / A Senior Secondary schools in Fanteakwa District Begoro Presbyterian Senior High School Public school Akim Begoro N / A Osino Presbyterian Secondary Technical Technical school Osino N / A Dei Technical Institute Commercial school & Technical school Begoro N / A Manchester Secondary School Public school Begoro N / A New Nsutam Secondary School Public school Nsutam , Begoro N / A Senior Secondary schools in Kwaebibirem District St Roses Senior Secondary School Public school Akwatia N / A Senior Secondary schools in Kwahu South District , Kwahu East District and Kwahu West District Kwahu South District Kwahu Ridge Secondary Technical School Technical school Obo Kwahu N / A Mpraeso Secondary School Public school Mpraeso N / A Kwahu East District St. Paul 's Senior High School Public school Asakraka , Abetifi N / A Abetifi Presbyterian Senior High School Public school Abetifi N / A Abetifi Secondary Technical School Technical school Abetifi N / A St. Dominics Senior High School Public school Pepease N / A Nkwatia Secondary School ( NKWASCO ) Public school Nkwatia Kwahu N / A St. Peter 's Boys Senior Secondary School Public school & Boys school Nkwatia Kwahu N / A Kwahu West District Nkawkaw Secondary School Public school Nkawkaw N / A Senior Secondary schools in Manya Krobo District Somanya Secondary Technical School ( SOTECH ) Technical school Odumase Krobo N / A Manya Krobo Secondary School Public school Odumase Krobo N / A Krobo Girls ' Secondary School Public school & Girls school Odumase Krobo N / A Akro Secondary School Public school Odumase Krobo N / A Asesewa Day Secondary School Public school Odumase Krobo N / A Asesewa Agriculture Secondary School Commercial school Odumase Krobo N / A Akuse Secondary School Public school Odumase Krobo N / A Senior Secondary schools in Suhum / Kraboa / Coaltar District Suhum Secondary Technical school Suhum N / A Senior Secondary schools in New - Juaben Municipal District Koforidua Secondary School ( KOSEC ) Public school Koforidua N / A Ghana Secondary School ( GHANASS ) Public school Koforidua N / A Koforidua Senior High Technical School ( KSTS ) Technical school Koforidua N / A New - Juaben Secondary Commercial School ( NJUASCO ) Public school Koforidua Website Pope John Senior High School and Minor Seminary ( POJOSS ) Public school , Boys school and Roman Catholic school Koforidua Website Universal Girls Senior High School ( UNIGISS ) Private school Koforidua N / A Pentecost Senior High School ( PENSEC ) Private school Koforidua N / A Oyoko Methodist Senior High School ( OMESS ) State school Koforidua N / A Peace Hill Senior High School Private school Koforidua N / A SDA Senior High School ( SEDASS ) Public school Koforidua N / A Senior Secondary schools in West Akim Municipal District Asamankese Senior High School Public school Asamankese , West Akim Municipal District N / A St. Thomas Senior High School Public school Asamankese , West Akim Municipal District N / A Lydia Memorial School Private school / Independent school Asamankese , West Akim Municipal District N / A Senior Secondary schools in Yilo Krobo District Yilo Krobo Secondary School Public school Somanya , Yilo Krobo District N / A Klo Agogo Senior High School Public school Koforidua N / A Koforidua Technical Institute Commercial school & Technical school Koforidua N / A Asesewa Secondary School Public school Asesewa N / A Methodist Girls ' High School Public school & Girls school Mamfe - Akuapem , Akuapim North District N / A Kwabeng Anglican Senior High Tech Public school Kwabeng data - sort - value = `` '' style = `` background : # ececec ; color : # 2C2C2C ; vertical - align : middle ; font - size : smaller ; text - align : center ; '' class = `` table - na '' N / A Greater Accra region ( edit ) School Type Location ( s ) Website Accra Academy Public school & Boys school Bubuashi , Accra Website Accra Technical Training Center ( ATTC ) Public school Accra N / A Accra Girls Secondary School Public school & Girls school Maamobi N / A Accra Grammar School Public school Accra Website Accra High School Public school Asylum Down N / A Achimota School Boarding school Accra Website Alpha Beta Christian College International school Accra Website Al - Rayan International School ( ARIS ) International school Accra Website American Curriculum International School International school Accra Website Armed Forces Secondary Technical school Burma Camp N / A St. Thomas Aquinas Senior High School Public school & Boys school Cantonments Website St. Francis Xavier Senior High School Catholic & Private School kotobabi N / A Apostle Safo School of Arts and Sciences Public school Awoshie Website Christ International Senior High Secondary School Day & Boarding North Taifa , Kwabenya , Accra N / A Christian Methodist Senior High School Public school New Aplaku , Accra N / A Corpus Christi Senior Secondary School Public school Accra N / A Danquah International School , the Private school & mixed - sex education Tesano , Accra Website Dansoman Secondary School Public school Dansoman N / A Ebenezer Secondary School Public school Dansoman N / A Edge Hill Senior High School Public school Awoshie N / A Pank Secondary School Public school Awoshie N / A Faith Montessori School and International College International school Accra Website Ghana International School International school Accra Website Galaxy International School International school Accra Website Holy Trinity Secondary Public school Accra N / A Kaneshie Secondary Technical school Kaneshie N / A Kinbu Secondary Secondary and Technical school Kinbu N / A La Presbyterian Senior Secondary School Public school Accra N / A Labone Secondary Private school Labone N / A Lincoln Community School Private school & International school Accra N / A Madina Senior High School Public school Madina , Accra N / A Nungua Secondary School Public school Nungua N / A O'Reilly Senior High School Public school Adabraka N / A Odorgonno Secondary Public school Awoshie N / A Osu Presbyterian Secondary School Public school Osu , Accra N / A Presbyterian Boys ' Secondary Public school & Boys school Legon , Accra Website St. Margaret Mary Senior High School Public school Dansoman N / A Saint Mary 's Secondary Public school Korle Gonno N / A Teshie Presby Secondary Public school Teshie N / A Wesley Grammar wes G Public school Dansoman N / A Senior Secondary schools in Dangme East District and Dangme West Districts ( Shai - osudoku & Ningo Prampram ) Dangme East District Ada Secondary School Public school Ada - Foah N / A Ada Secondary Technical School Technical school Ada N / A Shai - Osudoku District & Ningo - Prampram District Ghanata Senior High School Public school ranked among the best in Africa P.O. Box DD 50 , Dodowa . Shai - Osudoku District Website Ningo Secondary School Public school Old Ningo N / A Osudoku Secondary Technical school Asutsuare N / A Zion Methodist Secondary Technical School Technical school Dawhenya , Dangme West District N / A Senior Secondary schools in Tema Municipal District Ashiaman Secondary Public school Ashiaman N / A Chemu Secondary Public school Tema Community 4 N / A Manhean Secondary Technical school Tema New Town N / A Our Lady of Mercy Secondary Public school Tema Community 4 N / A Presbyterian Senior Secondary Public school Tema N / A SOS Hermann Gmeiner International College International school Tema Website Tema International College International school Tema N / A Tema Methodist Day Secondary Public school Tema N / A Tema Secondary Public school Tema Community 5 N / A Saint Stephen 's International school International school Tema N / A Witsands International Senior High School International school Tema N / A Senior Secondary schools in Ga East District and Ga West District Ga East District Action Secondary Technical School Madina N / A St. Peter 's Mission Schools ( Day & Boarding ) Private school Near Manet Palm , Ogbojo , East Legon , Accra , Ghana . Website West Africa Secondary Schoolkaneshie secondary kaneshie kaneshie Public school Adenta Template : Https://web.archive.org/web/20150402103546/http://www.westafricashs.com/ Website Madina senior High School Public school Madina N / A Ga West District Amasaman Secondary Technical school Amasaman N / A Torkuase Secondary Public school Torkuase N / A Wadud Secondary Public school Amasaman N / A Haavad 's Senior High School Public school Amasaman N / A North Legon Little Campus N / A Northern region ( edit ) School Type Location ( s ) Website Senior Secondary schools in East Gonja District Salaga Secondary School Public school Salaga N / A Salaga T.I Amadiyya Secondary School Public school Salaga N / A Senior Secondary schools in East Mamprusi District Nalerigu Secondary School Public school Nalerigu N / A Nalerigu Youth Leadership Vocational Training Centre Public school Nalerigu N / A Gambaga Girls Senior High School Public school / Girls School Gambaga N / A Senior Secondary schools in West Mamprusi District Walewale Senior High Technical School ( WALSECTEC ) Public school Walewale N / A Walewale Vocational / Technical Institute ( WALVOC ) Public school Walewale , N / A Excellence Senior High Private school Jaagbanni , N / A Marakaz Islamic Senior High Private school Walewale , N / A Glorious Step Senior High Private school Kukuaazugu , N / A Saboba E. P Senior High School ( EPSEC ) Public school Saboba , Saboba Chereponi N / A St. Joseph 's Senior Secondary Technical ( SABTECH ) Public school Saboba , Saboba Chereponi N / A Senior Secondary schools in Savelugu - Nanton District Savelugu Secondary School Public school Savelugu N / A Senior Secondary schools in Tamale Municipal District Business Secondary School Commercial school Tamale N / A Ghana Senior High School ( GHANASCO ) Public school Tamale N / A Northern School of Business Commercial school Tamale N / A St. Charles Secondary School Public school Tamale N / A Tamale Girls Secondary School Public school & Girls school Tamale N / A Tamale Senior High School ( Tamasco ) Public school Tamale N / A Tamale Islamic Secondary School ( TISSEC ) Islamic School Tamale N / A Anbariya Senior High School ( Anbariya ) Islamic School Tamale N / A Senior Secondary schools in Tolon / Kumbungu District Tolon Senior High School Public school Tolon N / A Kumbungu Senior High School Public school Kumbungu N / A Senior Secondary schools in West Gonja District Damongo Secondary School Public school Damongo N / A Ndewura Jakpa Secondary Technical School Technical school Damongo N / A Senior Secondary schools in Yendi District Yendi Secondary School Public school Yendi N / A Dagbon State Secondary Technical School Technical school Yendi N / A Senior Secondary schools in Zabzugu / Tatale District Zabzugu Senior High School Public school Zabzugu N / A Tatale EP Secondary Technical School Technical school Tatale N / A Business College International Private School Tamale N / A This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Upper East region ( edit ) School Type Location ( s ) Website Senior Secondary schools in Bawku Municipal District and Bawku West District Bawku Municipal District Bawku Senior High School Public school Bawku N / A Bawku Senior / Technical School Public school Bawku N / A Bawku Technical Institute Public school / Technical School Bawku N / A Bawku West District Zebilla Secondary School Public school Zebilla N / A Senior Secondary schools in Bolgatanga Municipal District Bolgatanga Girls Secondary School ( BOGISS ) Public school & Girls school Bolgatanga N / A Bolgatanga Secondary School Public school Bolgatanga N / A Gowrie Secondary Technical School Technical school Gowrie N / A Zuarungu Secondary School ( ZUSS ) Public school Zuarungu N / A Zamse Secondary Technical School ( ZAMSTECH ) Technical School Bolgatanga N / A Bolgatanga Technical Institute ( BOTECH ) Commercial school & Technical School Bolgatanga N / A Bolgatanga Technical College Technical School Yikene , Bolgatanga N / A Ho School of Business Commercial school Bolgatanga N / A Senior Secondary schools in Bongo District Bongo Senior Secondary School Public school Bongo N / A Senior Secondary schools in Builsa District Sandema Secondary Technical Technical school Sandema N / A Sandema Senior High School Public school Sandema N / A Fumbisi Senior High School Public school Fumbisi , Builsa District N / A Senior Secondary schools in Garu - Tempane District Garu / Tempane Secondary School Public school Tempane N / A Senior Secondary schools in Kassena / Nankana District Navrongo Secondary School Public school Navrongo N / A Notre Dame Minor Seminary Public school Navrongo N / A Senior Secondary schools in Talensi - Nabdam District Kongo Secondary School Public school Kongo N / A Tongo Secondary School Public school Tongo N / A This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Upper West region ( edit ) School Type Location ( s ) Website Senior Secondary schools in Wa Wa Senior High School Public school Wa N / A Wa Senior High Technical School Technical school Wa N / A St. Francis Girls Secondary School Public school & Girls school Jirapa , Ghana N / A St Francis Xavier Secondary School Public school Wa N / A Jirapa Secondary School Public school Jirapa , Ghana N / A Lassia Tuolo Senior High School Public school Wa N / A Kanton Secondary School Public school Tumu N / A Pinna Secondary School Public school Wa N / A Ullo Senior High School Public school Jirapa , Ghana N / A Wa Islamic Secondary School Islamic school Wa N / A Ahmadiyya Senior High School Islamic school Wa N / A Senior Secondary schools in Lawra District Lawra Secondary School Public school Lawra N / A Eremon Senior High School Technical school Lawra N / A Senior Secondary schools in Lawra - Nandom Nandom Senior High School Public school Lawra - Nandom N / A Ko Senior High School Public school Nandom N / A Lassia - Tuolu Senior High School Public school Lassia , Wa West N / A Holy Family S.H.S , Hamile Public school Hamile N / A This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Volta Region ( edit ) School Type Location ( s ) Website Senior Secondary schools in Akatsi District Akatsi Senior High School Technical school Akatsi N / A Ave Senior High School Public school Ave - Dakpa N / A Wovenu Senior Senior High School Public school Tadzewu N / A Senior Secondary schools in Jasikan District and Buem Baglo Senior High School Technical school Baglo N / A Bueman Secondary Public school Jasikan N / A Nkonya Secondary Public school Nkonya N / A Nattan Secondary Public school Nkonya N / A Okadjakrom Senior High School Technical school Okadjakrom N / A Worawora Secondary Public school Worawora N / A Senior Secondary schools in Ho Municipal District Abutia Senior High School Public school Abutia - Teti N / A Adaklu Comm . Secondary Commercial school Adaklu N / A Agotime Secondary Public school Kpetoe N / A Akome Senior High School Technical school Akome N / A Avatime Senior High School Public school Vane , Ho Municipal District N / A Awudome Secondary Public school Tsito N / A Dzolo Secondary Public school Dzolo N / A E.P. Church Mawuko Girls Secondary Public school Ho N / A Kpedze Secondary Public school Kpedze N / A Mawuli School Public school Ho ( ( MAWULIAN ) ) Baglo Secondary Technical school Ho N / A OLA Girls Secondary Public school & Girls school Ho N / A Saint Prosper 's College Public school Ho N / A Sedzordzi Shaker Anthony 's School Complex Commercial school Ho N / A Star Senior High School Private School Ho N / A Taviefe Comm . Secondary Commercial school Taviefe N / A Tsito Secondary Technical school Tsito N / A Senior Secondary schools in Hohoe District Afadjato Secondary Technical school Gbledi - Agbogame N / A Agate Comm . Secondary School Commercial school Agate N / A Akpafu Secondary Technical school Akpafu N / A Alavanyo Secondary Technical school Alavanyo N / A E.P. Secondary Public school Hohoe N / A Jim Bourton Memorial Agriculture Secondary Commercial school Logba Adzekoe N / A Leklebi Secondary Public school Leklebi N / A Likpe Secondary Public school Likpe - Mate N / A St. Mary 's Seminary Secondary Public school Lolobi N / A Ve Comm . Secondary Commercial school Ve - Koloenu N / A Senior Secondary schools in Kadjebi District Ahamansu Islamic Senior High School Islamic School / Public School Ahamansu N / A Dodi - Papase Comm . Secondary Commercial school Dodi Papase N / A Kadjebi - Asato Secondary Public school Kadjeto - Asato N / A Senior Secondary schools in Keta District Abor Secondary Public school Abor N / A Anyako Secondary School Public school Anyako N / A Anlo Technical Institute ( ANTECH ) Technical School Anloga N / A Anlo Afiadenyigba Secondary Public school Anlo Afiadenyigba N / A Anlo Awomefia Senior Secondary Public school Anyako N / A Atiavi Secondary Technical school Atiavi N / A Keta Business College Commercial school Keta N / A Keta Senior High Tech. School Public school Keta Ketasco Zion College ( ZICO ) Public school Anloga N / A Senior Secondary schools in Krachi District and Krachi East District Asukawkaw Secondary Public school Asukawkaw N / A Kete - Krachi Secondary Technology school Kete - Krachi N / A Kpassa Secondary Public school Kpassa N / A Krachi Secondary Public school Kete - Krachi N / A Oti Secondary Technical school Dambai N / A Ntruboman Secondary Public school Brewaniase N / A Senior Secondary schools in Nkwanta District Nkwanta Secondary School Public school Nkwanta N / A Senior Secondary schools in Ketu District St. Paul 's Senior High School Public school Hatsukope / Denu N / A Some Senior High School Public school Agbozume N / A Dzodze Penyi Senior High School Public school Dzodze N / A Klikor Secondary Technical school Klikor N / A Three Town Senior High School Public school Denu N / A Senior Secondary schools in Kpando District Anfoega Senior High School Public school Anfoega N / A I - Bishop Herman College Public school Kpandu N / A Kpando Senior High School Public school Kpandu N / A Vakpo Secondary Public school Vakpo N / A Vakpo Secondary Technical School Technical school Vakpo N / A Have Secondary Technical school Have , Kpando District N / A style = `` text - align : center ; '' colspan = 4 Senior Secondary schools in South Dayi District Tongor Secondary Technnical School Secondary Technical school Tongor Tsanakpe N / A Kpeve Senior High School Technical school Kpeve N / A Peki Senior High School Public school Peki N / A Peki Secondary Technical School Technical school Peki N / A tyle = `` text - align : center ; '' colspan = 4 Senior Secondary schools in North Tongu District and South Tongu District North Tongu District Adidome Secondary Public school Adidome N / A Aveyime Battor Secondary Technical school Aveyime - Battor N / A Dofor Comm . Agricultural Secondary Commercial school Podoe N / A St. Kizito Secondary Technical school Mepe N / A Mafi - Kumasi Comm . Secondary Commercial school Mafi - Kumasi N / A South Tongu District Dabala Secondary Technical school Dabala N / A Sogakope Secondary ( SOGASCO ) Public School Sogakope N / A Comboni Technical School ( COMBOTECH ) Technical School Sogakope Western Region ( edit ) School Type Location ( s ) Website Senior Secondary schools in Tarkwa - Nsuaem Municipal District Tarkwa Senior High School Public school Tarkwa N / A Fiaseman Secondary School Public school Tarkwa N / A Senior Secondary schools in Wasa Amenfi East District and Wasa Amenfi West District Asankrangwa Secondary School Public school Asankrangwa , Wasa Amenfi East District N / A St. Augustine 's Senior High School Public school Bogoso N / A Amenfiman Senior High School Public school Wassa Akropong , Wasa Amenfi West District N / A Huni Valley Senior High School Public school Huni Valley N / A Genesis Senior High School Public school Manso Amenfi , Wasa Amenfi West District N / A Senior Secondary schools in Jomoro District Shama Senior High School Public school Shama N / A Half Assini Senior High School Public school Half Assini N / A Ming Daw Senior High School ( MINGDAWSCO ) Public school Shama N / A Annor Agyei Senior High School Public school Shama N / A Senior Secondary schools in Ellembelle District Esiama Senior High Technical School Public school Esiama N / A Bonzo Kaku Senior High School Public school Awiebo N / A Kikam Technical Institute Public school Kikam N / A Nkroful Agricultural Senior High School Public school Nkroful N / A Uthman Bin Affam Islamic Senior High School Public school Kamgbunli N / A Senior Secondary schools in Nzema East District Axim Girls Senior High School Public school Axim N / A Nsein Senior High School Public school Axim N / A Senior Secondary schools in Ahanta West District Baidoo Bonsoe Senior High Secondary Technical School Public School Agona Nkwanta N / A St Mary 's Boys Secondary School Boarding school & Boys school and Robert Mugabe 's Alma Mater Apowa N / A Senior Secondary schools in Mpohor / Wassa East District Mpohor Senior High School Public school Mpohor , Mpohor / Wassa East District N / A Daboase Senior High Technical School Technical school Daboase , Mpohor / Wassa East District N / A Senior Secondary schools in Sekondi Takoradi Metropolitan Ahantaman Senior Secondary School Public school Ketan N / A Adiembra Senior Secondary School Technical school Adiembra , Sekondi Takoradi Metropolitan N / A Archbishop Porter Girls Secondary School Public school & Girls school Sekondi Website Fijai Senior High School Public school Fijai N / A Ghana Secondary Technical School Public school Takoradi N / A St Johns Senior High ( Takoradi ) . Public school Sekondi N / A Sekondi College ( SEKCO ) Public school Sekondi N / A Takoradi Senior High School ( TADISCO ) Public school Takoradi N / A Bompeh Senior High Technical School Public school Takoradi N / A Methodist Senior High School Commercial school Sekondi N / A Diabene Senior High Technical School Public school Diabene Krom , Sekondi N / A Takoradi Technical Institute Commercial school & Technical school Takoradi N / A St. Mary 's Boys Senior High School Public school & Boys school Takoradi N / A Senior Secondary schools in Bibiani / Anhwiaso / Bekwai District Bibiani Secondary Technical School Bibiani N / A Sefwi Bekwai Senior High School ( SEBES ) Public school Sefwi Bekwai SEBES Wadud Secondary School ( WASEC ) Public school Sefwi Bekwai N / A Senior Secondary schools in Sefwi Wiawso Municipal Sefwi Wiawso Senior High ( Sewass ) Public school Sefwi Wiawso N / A See also ( edit ) Ghana portal Lists portal Schools portal Education in Ghana List of schools in Ghana References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Ghana 's Education System '' . Ghana Government . Archived from the original on 2007 - 01 - 27 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ Kwabena Dei Ofori - Attah . `` Expansion of Higher Education in Ghana : Moving Beyond Tradition '' . Comparative & International Education Newsletter : Number 142 . CIES , Florida International University . Archived from the original on 2006 - 10 - 04 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 09 . Sources and external links ( edit ) Complete Ghana School List ( Includes Universities and Colleges ) Ministry of Education of Ghana : Senior Secondary Schools The SCHOOL MAPPING & MONITORING PORTAL ( Ghana Education Service , Ministry of Education , Ghana ) also has data for Senior High Schools in Ghana . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_senior_high_schools_in_Ghana&oldid=860633567 '' Categories : Ghana education - related lists High schools in Ghana Lists of buildings and structures in Ghana Lists of schools by country Lists of schools in Africa Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Incomplete lists from March 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 22 September 2018 , at 01 : 26 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20senior%20high%20schools%20in%20Ghana	2,414
what is the total population of new zealand	In June 2016 , New Zealand has an estimated population of 4,693,000 , up from the 4,027,947 recorded in the 2006 census . The median child birthing age was 30 and the total fertility rate is 2.1 births per woman in 2010 . In Māori populations the median age is 26 and fertility rate 2.8 . In 2010 the age - standardised mortality rate was 3.8 deaths per 1000 ( down from 4.8 in 2000 ) and the infant mortality rate for the total population was 5.1 deaths per 1000 live births . The life expectancy of a New Zealand child born in 2014 - 16 was 83.4 years for females , and 79.9 years for males . Life expectancy at birth is forecast to increase from 80 years to 85 years in 2050 and infant mortality is expected to decline . In 2050 the population is forecast to reach 5.3 million , the median age to rise from 36 years to 43 years and the percentage of people 60 years of age and older rising from 18 percent to 29 percent . ( The number of people aged 65 and over increased by 22 percent between the 2006 and 2013 censuses . ) During early migration in 1858 , New Zealand had 131 males for every 100 females , but following changes in migration patterns and the modern longevity advantage of women , females came to outnumber males in 1971 . As of 2012 there are 0.99 males per female , with males dominating under 15 years and females dominating in the 65 years and older range .	4,693,000	Demographics of New Zealand	demographics of new zealand	The demographics of New Zealand encompass the gender , ethnic , religious , geographic , and economic backgrounds of the 4.7 million people living in New Zealand . New Zealanders , informally known as `` Kiwis '' , predominantly live in urban areas on the North Island . The five largest cities are Auckland ( with one - third of the country 's population ) , Christchurch ( in the South Island , the largest island of the New Zealand archipelago ) , Wellington , Hamilton and Tauranga . Few New Zealanders live on New Zealand 's smaller islands . Waiheke Island ( near Auckland ) is easily the most populated smaller island with 9,150 residents , while Great Barrier Island , the Chatham and Pitt Islands and Stewart Island each have populations below 1,000 . New Zealand is part of a realm and most people born in the realm 's external territories of Tokelau , the Ross Dependency , the Cook Islands and Niue are entitled to New Zealand passports . In 2006 , more people who identified themselves with these islands lived in New Zealand than on the Islands themselves .	The majority of New Zealand 's population is of European descent ( 74 percent identify as `` New Zealand European '' ) , with the indigenous Māori being the largest minority ( 14.9 percent ) , followed by Asians ( 11.8 percent ) and non-Māori Pacific Islanders ( 7.4 percent ) . This is reflected in immigration , with most new migrants coming from Britain and Ireland , although the numbers from Asia are increasing . The largest Māori tribe ( iwi ) is Ngāpuhi with 125,601 people or 18.8 percent of the Māori population . Auckland is the most ethnically diverse region in New Zealand with 59.3 percent identifying as Europeans , 23.1 percent as Asian , 10.7 percent as Māori and 14.6 percent as Pacific Islanders . The ethnicity of the population aged under 18 years is considerably more diverse than the population aged 65 years or older . Recent increases in interracial marriages have resulted in more people identifying with more than one ethnic group . English , Māori and New Zealand Sign Language are the official languages , with English predominant . New Zealand English is mostly non-rhotic and sounds similar to Australian English , with a common exception being the centralisation of the short i . The Māori language has undergone a process of revitalisation and is spoken by 3.7 percent of the population . New Zealand has an adult literacy rate of 99 percent and over half of the population aged 15 to 29 hold a tertiary qualification . In the adult population 14.2 percent have a bachelor 's degree or higher , 30.4 percent have some form of secondary qualification as their highest qualification and 22.4 percent have no formal qualification . As of the 2013 census , just under half the population identify as Christians , with Hinduism and Buddhism being the most significant minority religions . New Zealand has no state religion and just over 40 percent of the population does not have a religion . Farming is a major occupation in New Zealand , although more people are employed as sales assistants . Most New Zealanders earn wage or salary income , with a median personal income in 2013 of NZ $ 28,500 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Terminology 2 Population 2.1 Population density 3 Migration 4 Ethnicity 5 Language 6 Education 7 Religion 8 Income 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Bibliography Terminology ( edit ) While the demonym for a New Zealand citizen is New Zealander , the informal `` Kiwi '' is commonly used both internationally and by locals . The name derives from the kiwi , a native flightless bird , which is the national symbol of New Zealand . The Māori loanword `` Pākehā '' usually refers to New Zealanders of European descent , although some reject this appellation , and some Māori use it to refer to all non-Polynesian New Zealanders . Most people born in New Zealand or one of the realm 's external territories ( Tokelau , the Ross Dependency , the Cook Islands and Niue ) before 2006 are New Zealand citizens . Further conditions apply for those born from 2006 onwards . Population ( edit ) New Zealand 's historical population ( black ) and projected growth ( red ) In June 2016 , New Zealand has an estimated population of 4,693,000 , up from the 4,027,947 recorded in the 2006 census . The median child birthing age was 30 and the total fertility rate is 2.1 births per woman in 2010 . In Māori populations the median age is 26 and fertility rate 2.8 . In 2010 the age - standardised mortality rate was 3.8 deaths per 1000 ( down from 4.8 in 2000 ) and the infant mortality rate for the total population was 5.1 deaths per 1000 live births . The life expectancy of a New Zealand child born in 2014 - 16 was 83.4 years for females , and 79.9 years for males . Life expectancy at birth is forecast to increase from 80 years to 85 years in 2050 and infant mortality is expected to decline . In 2050 the population is forecast to reach 5.3 million , the median age to rise from 36 years to 43 years and the percentage of people 60 years of age and older rising from 18 percent to 29 percent . ( The number of people aged 65 and over increased by 22 percent between the 2006 and 2013 censuses . ) During early migration in 1858 , New Zealand had 131 males for every 100 females , but following changes in migration patterns and the modern longevity advantage of women , females came to outnumber males in 1971 . As of 2012 there are 0.99 males per female , with males dominating under 15 years and females dominating in the 65 years and older range . ( show ) Vital statistics since 1921 Average population ( x 1,000 ) Live births Deaths Natural change Crude birth rate ( per 1,000 ) Crude death rate ( per 1,000 ) Natural change ( per 1,000 ) Fertility rates 1921 29,623 11,474 18,149 3.08 1922 30,448 11,874 18,574 3.08 1923 29,148 12,239 16,909 23.7 9.9 13.8 2.96 1924 29,260 11,540 17,720 23.2 9.4 13.8 2.93 1925 29,869 11,844 18,025 22.9 9.2 13.7 2.90 1926 29,904 12,517 17,387 22.0 9.4 12.6 2.88 1927 1,429 29,278 12,600 16,678 20.3 8.8 11.5 2.79 1928 1,450 28,398 12,860 15,538 19.8 8.8 11.0 2.70 1929 1,467 28,859 13,220 15,639 19.5 9.0 10.5 2.64 1930 1,486 28,822 13,145 15,677 19.3 8.8 10.5 2.60 1931 1,506 28,867 13,062 15,805 19.1 8.6 10.5 2.56 1932 1,522 27,535 12,875 14,660 18.0 8.4 9.6 2.38 1933 1,534 27,204 12,862 14,342 17.7 8.3 9.4 2.31 1934 1,547 27,220 13,810 13,410 17.5 8.9 8.6 2.29 1935 1,558 27,150 13,664 13,486 17.4 8.7 8.7 2.25 1936 1,569 28,395 14,658 13,737 18.0 9.3 8.7 2.30 1937 1,584 29,896 15,215 17,681 18.8 9.6 9.2 2.39 1938 1,601 30,845 16,874 13,971 19.2 10.5 8.7 2.44 1939 1,618 32,872 15,933 16,939 20.2 9.8 10.4 2.56 1940 1,641 36,945 15,875 21,070 22.6 9.7 12.9 2.84 1941 1,633 39,170 17,047 22,123 24.0 10.4 13.6 2.93 1942 1,631 37,818 18,117 19,701 23.1 11.1 12.0 2.87 1943 1,636 34,684 17,122 17,562 21.2 10.4 10.8 2.61 1944 1,642 38,037 17,049 20,088 22.9 10.3 12.6 2.85 1945 1,676 51,534 17,686 33,848 24.4 10.4 14.0 3.10 1946 1,724 47,524 17,720 29,804 27.1 10.1 17.0 3.45 1947 1,781 49,698 17,442 32,256 27.6 9.7 17.9 3.63 1948 1,817 49,062 17,285 31,777 26.7 9.4 17.3 3.57 1949 1,853 48,841 17,578 31,263 26.1 9.4 16.7 3.53 1950 1,892 49,331 18,084 31,247 25.8 9.5 16.3 3.55 1951 1,927 49,806 18,836 30,970 25.6 9.7 15.9 3.60 1952 1,970 51,846 18,896 32,950 26.0 9.5 16.5 3.67 1953 2,024 51,888 18,354 33,534 25.3 9.0 16.3 3.65 1954 2,074 54,055 18,876 35,179 25.8 9.0 16.8 3.78 1955 2,118 55,596 19,225 36,371 26.0 9.0 17.0 3.88 1956 2,164 56,631 19,696 36,935 25.8 9.0 16.8 3.98 1957 2,209 58,425 20,862 37,563 26.1 9.3 16.8 4.03 1958 2,262 60,556 20,301 40,255 26.5 8.9 17.6 4.11 1959 2,316 61,798 21,128 40,670 26.4 9.0 17.4 4.18 1960 2,359 62,779 20,892 41,787 26.4 8.8 17.6 4.24 1961 2,403 65,390 21,782 43,608 26.9 9.0 17.9 4.31 1962 2,461 65,014 22,081 42,933 26.1 8.9 17.2 4.19 1963 2,515 64,527 22,416 42,111 25.4 8.8 16.6 4.05 1964 2,566 62,302 22,861 39,441 24.0 8.8 15.2 3.80 1965 2,617 60,047 22,976 37,071 22.7 8.7 14.0 3.54 1966 2,663 60,003 23,778 36,225 22.3 8.8 13.5 3.41 1967 2,711 61,022 23,007 38,015 22.4 8.4 14.0 3.35 1968 2,745 62,112 24,464 37,648 22.5 8.9 13.6 3.37 1969 2,773 62,360 24,161 38,199 22.4 8.7 13.7 3.28 1970 2,804 62,050 24,840 37,210 21.9 8.8 13.1 3.17 1971 2,852 64,460 24,309 40,151 22.4 8.5 13.9 3.18 1972 2,898 63,215 24,801 38,414 21.6 8.5 13.1 3.00 1973 2,959 60,727 25,312 35,415 20.3 8.5 11.8 2.76 3,024 59,936 25,261 34,675 19.4 8.3 11.1 2.58 3,091 56,639 25,114 31,525 18.2 8.1 10.1 2.37 1976 3,143 55,105 25,547 29,458 17.5 8.1 9.4 2.27 1977 3,163 54,179 25,961 29,218 17.1 8.2 8.9 2.21 1978 3,166 51,029 24,669 26,360 16.1 7.8 8.3 2.07 1979 3,165 52,279 25,340 26,939 16.5 8.0 8.5 2.12 1980 3,163 50,542 26,676 23,866 15.9 8.4 7.5 2.03 1981 3,176 50,794 25,150 25,644 15.9 7.9 8.0 2.01 1982 3,194 49,938 25,532 24,406 15.6 8.0 8.6 1.95 3,226 50,474 25,991 24,483 15.6 8.0 8.6 1.92 1984 3,264 51,636 25,378 26,258 15.7 7.7 8.0 1.93 1985 3,293 51,798 27,480 24,318 15.7 8.3 7.4 1.93 1986 3,303 52,824 27,045 25,779 16.2 8.2 8.0 1.96 3,313 55,254 27,419 27,835 16.6 8.2 8.4 2.03 3,342 57,546 27,408 30,138 17.2 8.2 9.0 2.10 3,345 58,091 27,042 31,049 17.3 8.1 9.2 2.12 3,369 60,153 26,531 33,622 17.7 7.8 9.9 2.18 1991 3,410 59,911 26,389 33,522 17.3 7.6 9.7 2.09 3,516 59,166 27,115 32,051 16.7 7.7 9.0 2.06 3,552 58,782 27,100 31,682 16.4 7.6 8.8 2.04 3,597 57,321 26,953 30,258 15.8 7.4 8.4 1.98 1995 3,648 57,671 27,813 29,858 15.7 7.6 8.1 1.98 3,706 57,280 28,255 29,025 15.3 7.6 7.7 1.96 3,762 57,604 27,471 30,133 15.2 7.3 7.9 1.95 1998 3,802 55,349 26,206 29,143 14.5 6.9 7.6 1.89 1999 3,829 57,053 28,122 28,931 14.9 7.3 7.6 1.97 2000 3,851 56,605 26,660 29,945 14.7 6.9 7.8 1.98 3,873 55,799 27,825 27,974 14.3 7.1 7.2 1.97 2002 3,916 54,021 28,065 25,956 13.7 7.1 6.6 1.88 2003 3,989 56,134 28,010 28,124 13.9 7.0 6.9 1.93 4,061 58,073 28,419 29,654 14.2 7.0 7.2 1.99 2005 4,114 57,745 27,034 30,711 14.0 6.5 7.5 1.97 2006 4,161 59,193 28,245 30,948 14.1 6.7 7.4 2.01 2007 4,211 64,044 28,522 35,522 15.1 6.7 8.4 2.17 2008 4,252 64,343 29,188 35,155 15.1 6.8 8.3 2.18 2009 4,291 62,543 28,964 33,579 14.5 6.7 7.8 2.12 4,370 63,897 28,440 35,457 14.6 6.5 8.1 2.15 2011 4,408 61,400 30,080 31,320 13.9 6.8 7.1 2.06 2012 4,438 61,178 30,099 31,079 13.8 6.8 7.0 2.05 2013 4,479 58,727 29,568 29,159 13.1 6.6 6.5 1.95 2014 4,554 57,242 31,063 26,179 12.7 6.9 5.8 1.92 2015 4,595 61,038 31,608 29,430 13.3 6.9 6.4 1.99 2016 4,693 59,430 31,179 28,251 12.7 6.6 6.1 1.87 Population density ( edit ) Population density as of the 2006 census Legend ( show ) Fewer than 1 person per square km 1 person per square km and above 10 people per square km and above 250 people per square km and above 1000 people per square km and above 4000 people per square km and above New Zealand 's population density is relatively low , at 17.5 per square kilometre ( 45.3 per square mile ) ( June 2016 estimate ) . The vast majority of the population live on the main North and South Islands , with New Zealand 's major inhabited smaller islands being Waiheke Island ( 9,150 ) , the Chatham and Pitt Islands ( 610 ) , and Stewart Island ( 381 ) . Over three - quarters of the population live in the North Island ( 76.6 percent ) , with one - third of the total population living in the Auckland Region . This region is also the fastest growing , accounting for 46 percent of New Zealand 's total population growth . Most Māori live in the North Island ( 86.0 percent ) , although less than a quarter ( 23.8 percent ) live in Auckland . New Zealand is a predominantly urban country , with 86.4 percent of the population living in an urban area . About 73.0 percent of the population live in the 17 main urban areas ( population of 30,000 or more ) and 53.7 percent live in the four largest cities of Auckland , Christchurch , Wellington , and Hamilton . Approximately 14 percent of the population live in four different categories of rural areas as defined by Statistics New Zealand . About 18 percent of the rural population live in areas that have a high urban influence ( roughly 12.9 people per square kilometre ) , many working in the main urban area . Rural areas with moderate urban influence and a population density of about 6.5 people per square kilometre account for 26 percent of the rural population . Areas with low urban influence where the majority of the residents work in the rural area house approximately 42 percent of the rural population . Remote rural areas with a density of less than 1 person per square kilometre account for about 14 percent of the rural population . Before local government reforms in the late 1980s , a borough council with more than 20,000 people could be proclaimed a city . The boundaries of councils tended to follow the edge of the built - up area , so there was little difference between the urban area and the local government area . In 1989 , all councils were consolidated into regional councils ( top tier ) and territorial authorities ( second tier ) which cover a much wider area and population than the old city councils . Today a territorial authority must have a predominantly urban population of at least 50,000 before it can be officially recognised as a city . The 20 largest urban areas are listed below : v t e Largest urban areas in New Zealand Statistics New Zealand June 2016 estimate Rank Name Region Pop . Rank Name Region Pop . Auckland Wellington Auckland Auckland 1,495,000 11 New Plymouth Taranaki 56,800 Christchurch Hamilton Wellington Wellington 405,000 12 Whangarei Northland 56,400 Christchurch Canterbury 389,700 13 Invercargill Southland 50,700 Hamilton Waikato 230,000 14 Kapiti Wellington 41,800 5 Tauranga Bay of Plenty 134,400 15 Whanganui Manawatu - Wanganui 39,600 6 Napier - Hastings Hawke 's Bay 131,000 16 Gisborne Gisborne 36,100 7 Dunedin Otago 118,500 17 Blenheim Marlborough 30,700 8 Palmerston North Manawatu - Wanganui 84,300 18 Pukekohe Auckland 29,800 9 Nelson Nelson 65,700 19 Timaru Canterbury 28,800 10 Rotorua Bay of Plenty 57,800 20 Taupo Waikato 24,100 Migration ( edit ) Main article : Immigration to New Zealand New Zealand 's fastest growing ethnic groups are Asian . Here , lion dancers perform at the Auckland Lantern Festival . Countries of birth of New Zealand residents , 2013 census Country Number % New Zealand 2,980,827 74.85 United Kingdom 256,164 6.43 China 96,441 2.42 India 67,176 1.69 Australia 62,712 1.57 South Africa 54,279 1.36 Fiji 52,755 1.32 Samoa 50,658 1.27 Philippines 37,299 0.94 South Korea 26,604 0.67 Tonga 22,416 0.56 United States 21,462 0.54 Netherlands 19,815 0.50 Malaysia 16,353 0.41 Cook Islands 12,954 0.33 Germany 12,942 0.32 Japan 10,269 0.26 Other countries 188,814 4.74 Jump up ^ Includes Channel Islands and Isle of Man . Jump up ^ Includes Hong Kong SAR and Macau SAR . East Polynesians were the first people to reach New Zealand about 1280 , followed by the early European explorers , notably James Cook in 1769 who explored New Zealand three times and mapped the coastline . Following the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840 when the country became a British colony , immigrants were predominantly from Britain , Ireland and Australia . Due to restrictive policies , limitations were placed on non-European immigrants . During the gold rush period ( 1858 - 1880s ) large number of young men came from California and Victoria to New Zealand goldfields . Apart from British , there were Irish , North Germans , Scandinavians , Italian and many Chinese . The Chinese were sent special invitations by the Otago Chamber of Commerce in 1866 . By 1873 they made up 40 percent of the diggers in Otago and 25 percent of the diggers in Westland . From 1900 there was also significant Dutch , Dalmatian , Italian , and German immigration together with indirect European immigration through Australia , North America , South America and South Africa . Following the Great Depression policies were relaxed and migrant diversity increased . In 2008 -- 09 , a target of 45,000 migrants was set by the New Zealand Immigration Service ( plus a 5,000 tolerance ) . Just over 25 percent of New Zealand 's population at the 2013 census was born overseas , up from 23 percent in 2006 and 20 percent in 2001 . Over half ( 51.6 percent ) of New Zealand 's overseas - born population lives in the Auckland Region , including 72 percent of the country 's Pacific Island - born population , 64 percent of its Asian - born population , and 56 percent of its Middle Eastern and African - born population . In the late 2000s , Asia overtook the British Isles as the largest source of overseas migrants ; today around 32 percent of overseas - born New Zealand residents were born in Asia ( mainly China , India , the Philippines and South Korea ) compared to 26 percent born in the UK and Ireland . The number of fee - paying international students increased sharply in the late 1990s , with more than 20,000 studying in public tertiary institutions in 2002 . To be eligible for entry under the skilled migrant plan applicants are assessed by an approved doctor for good health , provide a police certificate to prove good character and speak sufficient English . Migrants working in some occupations ( mainly health ) must be registered with the appropriate profession body before they can work within that area . Skilled migrants are assessed by Immigration New Zealand and applicants that they believe will contribute are issued with a residential visa , while those with potential are issued with a work to resident visa . Under the work to residency process applicants are given a temporary work permit for two years and are then eligible to apply for residency . Applicants with a job offer from an accredited New Zealand employer , cultural or sporting talent , looking for work where there has been a long - term skill shortage or to establish a business can apply for work to residency . While most New Zealanders live in New Zealand , there is also a significant diaspora abroad , estimated as of 2001 at over 460,000 or 14 percent of the international total of New Zealand - born . Of these , 360,000 , over three - quarters of the New Zealand - born population residing outside of New Zealand , live in Australia . Other communities of New Zealanders abroad are concentrated in other English - speaking countries , specifically the United Kingdom , the United States and Canada , with smaller numbers located elsewhere . Nearly one quarter of New Zealand 's highly skilled workers live overseas , mostly in Australia and Britain , more than any other developed nation . However many educated professionals from Europe and lesser developed countries have recently migrated to New Zealand . A common pathway for New Zealanders to move to the UK is through a job offer via the Tier 2 ( General ) visa , which grants a 3 - year initial stay in the country and can later be extended with three more years . After 5 years the person can apply for permanent residency . Another popular option is the UK Working Holiday visa , also known as `` Youth Mobility Scheme '' ( YMS ) , which grants New Zealanders 2 - year rights to live and work in the UK . Ethnicity ( edit ) See also : List of ethnic origins of New Zealanders Ethnic groups as per the 2013 census . European Mixed European - Māori Māori Asian Pacific Other Mixed ( excluding European - Māori ) New Zealand is a multiethnic society , and home to people of many different national origins . Originally composed solely of the Māori who arrived in the thirteenth century , the ethnic makeup of the population later became dominated by New Zealanders of European descent . In the nineteenth century , European settlers brought diseases for which the Māori had no immunity . By the 1890s , the Māori population was approximately 40 percent of its size pre-contact . The Māori population increased during the twentieth century , though it remains a minority . At the latest census in 2013 , 14.9 percent identified as Māori , 11.8 percent of the population were Asians ( deriving from various nations in Asia ) , 7.4 percent were of Pacific Islander origin ( including from the Cook Islands , Niue , and Tokelau , all of which are dependent states of New Zealand in the Pacific ) , and 1.2 percent were individuals of Middle - Eastern , Latin American , and African descent ( MELAA ) . Approximately three - quarters of the population were of European descent . Most New Zealanders are of English , Scottish and Irish ancestry , with smaller percentages of other European ancestries such as Dutch , Dalmatian , French , German and Scandinavian . Auckland was the most diverse region with 59.3 percent identifying as Europeans , 23.1 percent as Asian , 10.7 percent as Māori , and 14.6 percent as Pacific Islanders . All major ethnic groups increased when compared with the 2006 census , in which 67.6 percent identified as European , 14.6 percent as Māori , 9.2 percent as Asian , and 6.9 percent of Pacific Islander origin . An additional 11.1 percent identified themselves simply as a `` New Zealander '' ( or similar ) , and 1.0 percent identified with other ethnicities . There was significant public discussion about usage of the term `` New Zealander '' during the months leading up to the 2006 census . The number of people identifying with this term increased from approximately 80,000 ( 2.4 percent ) in 2001 to just under 430,000 people ( 11.1 percent ) in 2006 . The European grouping significantly decreased from 80.0 percent of the population in 2001 to 67.6 percent in 2006 , however , this is broadly proportional to the large increase in `` New Zealanders '' . The number of people identifying as a `` New Zealander '' dropped back to under 66,000 in 2013 . As recorded in the 2013 census , the largest Māori iwi is Ngāpuhi with 125,601 people ( or 18.8 percent of people of Māori descent ) . Since 2006 , the number of people of Māori descent stating Ngāpuhi as their iwi increased by 3,390 people ( 2.8 percent ) . The second - largest was Ngāti Porou , with 71,049 people ( down 1.2 percent from 2006 ) . Ngāi Tahu was the largest in the South Island and the third - largest overall , with a count of 54,819 people ( an increase of 11.4 percent from 2006 ) . A total of 110,928 people ( or 18.5 percent ) of Māori descent did not know their iwi ( an increase of 8.4 percent compared with 2006 ) . A group of Māori migrated to Rēkohu , now known as the Chatham Islands , where they developed their distinct Moriori culture . The Moriori population was decimated , first , by disease brought by European sealers and whalers and , second , by Taranaki Māori , with only 101 surviving in 1862 and the last known full - blooded Moriori dying in 1933 . The number of people identifying as having Moriori descents increased from 105 in 1991 to 945 in 2006 , but decreased to 738 in 2013 . Recent increases in interracial marriages has resulted in the New Zealand population of Māori , Asian and Pacific Islander descent growing at a higher rate than those of European descent . In 2013 , 11.2 percent of people identified with more than one ethnic group , compared with 10.4 percent in 2006 . The ethnic diversity of New Zealand is projected to increase . Europeans ( including `` New Zealanders '' ) will remain the largest group , although it is predicted to fall to 70 percent in 2026 . The Asian , Pacific and Māori groups are the fastest growing and will increase to 3.4 percent , 10 percent and 16 percent , respectively . In 2013 , the ethnicity of the population aged under 18 years was 71 percent European , 25 percent Māori , 13 percent Pacific , 12 percent Asian , and 1 percent MELAA . The population aged 65 years or older consisted of 87.8 percent European , 5.6 percent Māori , 4.7 percent Asian and 2.4 percent Pacific . The maps below ( taken from 2013 census data ) show the percentages of people in each census area unit identifying themselves as European , Māori , Asian , or Pacific Islander ( as defined by Statistics New Zealand ) . As people could identify themselves with multiple groups , percentages are not cumulative . European ( Pākehā ) Less than 5 % More than 5 % More than 10 % More than 20 % More than 30 % More than 40 % More than 50 % More than 60 % More than 70 % More than 80 % More than 90 % Māori Less than 5 % More than 5 % More than 10 % More than 20 % More than 30 % More than 40 % More than 50 % More than 60 % More than 70 % More than 80 % Asian Less than 5 % More than 5 % More than 10 % More than 20 % More than 30 % More than 40 % More than 50 % More than 60 % More than 70 % Pacific Islander Less than 5 % More than 5 % More than 10 % More than 20 % More than 30 % More than 40 % More than 50 % More than 60 % More than 70 % Language ( edit ) Main article : Languages of New Zealand English has long been entrenched as a de facto national language due to its widespread use . In the 2013 census , 96.1 percent of respondents spoke English . The New Zealand English dialect is mostly non-rhotic with an exception being the Southern Burr found principally in Southland and parts of Otago . It is similar to Australian English and many speakers from the Northern Hemisphere are unable to tell the accents apart . In New Zealand English the short i ( as in kit ) has become centralised , leading to the phrase fish and chips sounding like `` fush and chups '' to the Australian ear . The words rarely and really , reel and real , doll and dole , pull and pool , witch and which , and full and fill can sometimes be pronounced as homophones . Some New Zealanders pronounce the past participles grown , thrown and mown using two syllables , whereas groan , throne and moan are pronounced as one syllable . New Zealanders often reply to a question or emphasise a point by adding a rising intonation at the end of the sentence . Speakers of Māori according to the 2013 census : Less than 5 % More than 5 % More than 10 % More than 20 % More than 30 % More than 40 % More than 50 % Initially , the Māori language ( te reo Māori ) was permitted in native schools to facilitate English instruction , but as time went on official attitudes hardened against any use of the language . Māori were discouraged from speaking their own language in schools and work places and it existed as a community language only in a few remote areas . The language underwent a revival beginning in the 1970s , and now more people speak Māori . The future of the language was the subject of a claim before the Waitangi Tribunal in 1985 . As a result , Māori was declared an official language in 1987 . In the 2013 census , 21.3 percent of Māori people -- and 3.7 percent of all respondents , including some non-Māori people -- reported conversational fluency in the language . There are now Māori language immersion schools and two Māori Television channels , the only nationwide television channels to have the majority of their prime - time content delivered in Māori . Many places have officially been given dual Māori and English names in recent years . In the 2013 census , 20,235 people reported the ability to use New Zealand Sign Language . This is down 16 percent on the 2006 census . NZSL was declared one of New Zealand 's official languages in 2006 . Samoan is the most widely spoken non-official language ( 2.2 percent ) , followed by Hindi ( 1.7 percent ) , `` Northern Chinese '' ( including Mandarin , 1.3 percent ) and French ( 1.2 percent ) . A considerable proportion of first - and second - generation migrants are multilingual . Education ( edit ) Main article : Education in New Zealand Education follows the three - tier model , which includes primary schools , followed by secondary schools ( high schools ) and tertiary education at universities or polytechnics . The Programme for International Student Assessment ranked New Zealand 's education as the seventh highest in 2009 . The Education Index , published with the UN 's 2014 Human Development Index and based on data from 2013 , listed New Zealand at 0.917 , ranked second after Australia . Primary and secondary schooling is compulsory for children aged 6 to 16 with most children starting at 5 . Early leaving exemptions may be granted to 15 - year - old students that have been experiencing some ongoing difficulties at school or are unlikely to benefit from continued attendance . Parents and caregivers can home school their children if they obtain approval from the Ministry of Education and prove that their child will be taught `` as regularly and as well as in a registered school '' . There are 13 school years and attending state ( public ) schools is nominally free from a person 's fifth birthday until the end of the calendar year following their 19th birthday . The academic year in New Zealand varies between institutions , but generally runs from late January until mid-December for primary and secondary schools and polytechnics , and from late February until mid-November for universities . New Zealand has an adult literacy rate of 99 percent , and over half of the population aged 15 to 29 hold a tertiary qualification . In the adult population 14.2 percent have a bachelor 's degree or higher , 30.4 percent have some form of secondary qualification as their highest qualification and 22.4 percent have no formal qualification . Religion ( edit ) Main article : Religion in New Zealand Religious affiliation in New Zealand ( 2013 ) Affiliation % of New Zealand population Religion 55.00 55 Roman Catholic 12.61 12.61 Anglican 11.79 11.79 Presbyterian 8.47 8.47 Other Christian 15.14 15.14 Hindu 2.11 2.11 Buddhist 1.50 1.5 Muslim 1.18 1.18 Other religions 1.53 1.53 No religion 41.91 41.91 Object to answering 4.44 4.44 New Zealand does not have a state religion , but the principal religion is Christianity . As recorded in the 2013 census , about 49 percent of the population identified themselves as Christians , although regular church attendance is estimated at 15 percent . Another 41.9 percent indicated that they had no religion ( up from 34.7 percent in 2006 ) and around 6 percent affiliated with other religions . The indigenous religion of the Māori population was animistic , but with the arrival of missionaries from the early nineteenth century most of the Māori population converted to Christianity . In the 2013 census , 2,595 Māori still identify themselves as adhering to traditional Māori beliefs . The largest Christian denominations are Roman Catholicism , Anglicanism , Presbyterianism . There are also significant numbers of Christians who identify themselves with Methodist , Pentecostal , Baptist and Latter - day Saint churches , and the New Zealand - based Rātana church has adherents among Māori . Immigration and associated demographic change in recent decades has contributed to the growth of minority religions , especially Hinduism , Buddhism and Islam . Income ( edit ) Main article : Economy of New Zealand New Zealand 's early economy was based on sealing , whaling , flax , gold , kauri gum , and native timber . During the 1880s agricultural products became the highest export earner and farming was a major occupation within New Zealand . Farming is still a major employer , with 75 000 people indicating farming as their occupation during the 2006 census , although dairy farming has recently taken over from sheep as the largest sector . The largest occupation recorded during the census was sales assistant with 93,840 people . Most people are on wages or salaries ( 59.9 percent ) , with the other sources of income being interest and investments ( 24.1 percent ) and self - employment ( 16.6 percent ) . In 1982 New Zealand had the lowest per - capita income of all the developed nations surveyed by the World Bank . In 2010 the estimated gross domestic product ( GDP ) at purchasing power parity ( PPP ) per capita was roughly US $28,250 , between the thirty - first and fifty - first highest for all countries . The median personal income in 2006 was $24,400 . This was up from $15,600 in 1996 , with the largest increases in the $50,000 to $70,000 bracket . The median income for men was $31,500 , $12,400 more than women . The highest median personal income were for people identifying with the European or `` other '' ethnic group , while the lowest was from the Asian ethnic group . The median income for people identifying as Māori was $20,900 . In 2013 , the median personal income had risen slightly to $28,500 . Unemployment peaked above 10 percent in 1991 and 1992 , before falling to a record low of 3.7 percent in 2007 ( ranking third from twenty - seven comparable OECD nations ) . Unemployment rose back to 7 percent in late 2009 . In the June 2017 quarter , unemployment had fallen to 4.8 percent . This is the lowest unemployment rate since December 2008 , after the start of the global financial crisis , when it was 4.4 percent . Most New Zealanders do some form of voluntary work , more women volunteer ( 92 percent ) than males ( 86 percent ) . Home ownership has declined since 1991 , from 73.8 percent to 66.9 percent in 2006 . See also ( edit ) New Zealand portal Demographics of Auckland Demographics of the Cook Islands , associated with New Zealand Health care in New Zealand List of cities in New Zealand New Zealand census Social class in New Zealand Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Percentages of responses in the 2013 census . People could choose to identify with more than one ethnic group , therefore percentages do not add up to 100 . Jump up ^ When completing the census people could select more than one ethnic group ( for instance , 53.5 percent of Māori identified with two or more ethnic groups , compared with 46.5 percent who identified solely as Māori . ) The proportions of people adding up to each ethnic group do not therefore add up to 100 percent . Jump up ^ In 2015 , 55 percent of Māori adults ( aged 15 years and over ) reported some knowledge of te reo Māori . Of these speakers , 64 percent use Māori at home and 50,000 can speak the language `` very well '' or `` well '' . Jump up ^ Of the 86,403 people that replied they spoke Samoan , 51,336 lived in the Auckland Region . Jump up ^ Tertiary education in New Zealand is used to describe all aspects of post-school education and training . Its ranges from informal non-assessed community courses in schools through to undergraduate degrees and advanced , research - based postgraduate degrees . Jump up ^ This table includes all people who stated each religious affiliation , whether as their only religious affiliation or as one of several . Where a person reported more than one religious affiliation , they were counted in each applicable group . ^ Jump up to : Including churches designated as `` Māori Christian '' , such as the Rātana church . Jump up ^ PPP GDP estimates from different organisations vary . The International Monetary Fund 's estimate is US $27,420 , ranked 32 . The CIA World Factbook estimate is $28,000 , ranked 51 . The World Bank 's estimate is US $29,352 , ranked 31 . 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The World Factbook . CIA . Retrieved 13 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Developed Countries Demography '' . Institut national d'études démographiques . Retrieved 19 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2013 Census QuickStats about Māori '' . Statistics New Zealand . Retrieved 19 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Appendix 2 : Rural Area Population Statistics '' . Ministry of Economic Development . Retrieved 12 April 2011 . Jump up ^ McLintock , A.H. , ed. ( 2009 ) ( 1966 ) . `` Borough and City Status '' . An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand . Retrieved 19 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Davidson , Kate ( 28 July 2014 ) . `` Is Nelson really a city ? '' . Stuff.co.nz . Retrieved 19 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Subnational population estimates at 30 June 2010 ( boundaries at 1 November 2010 ) '' . Statistics New Zealand . 26 October 2010 . Archived from the original on 10 June 2011 . Retrieved 2 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Local Government Act 2002 No 84 ( as at 01 July 2017 ) , Public Act 16 Cities '' . New Zealand Parliamentary Counsel Office . Retrieved 18 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Census totals by topic '' . Statistics New Zealand . Retrieved 17 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Socidad Peruana de Medicina Intensiva ( SOPEMI ) ( 2000 ) . Trends in international migration : continuous reporting system on migration . Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development . pp. 276 -- 278 . Jump up ^ Diggers , Hatters and Whores. p 197 - 198 . Eldred - Grigg . Random House . 2011 . Jump up ^ Walrond , Carl ( 21 September 2007 ) . `` Dalmatians '' . Te Ara : The Encyclopedia of New Zealand . Retrieved 30 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand Peoples '' . Te Ara : The Encyclopedia of New Zealand . Retrieved 30 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Hoadley , Stephen ( 2004 ) . `` Our immigration policy : rationality , stability , and politics : Stephen Hoadley discusses New Zealand 's approach to the vexed question of immigration controls '' . New Zealand International Review . 29 ( 2 ) : 14 . 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Jump up ^ `` Cultural diversity '' . 2006 Census QuickStats National highlights . Statistics New Zealand . Retrieved 30 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Kukutai , Tahu ; Didham , Robert . `` In Search of Ethnic New Zealanders : National Naming in the 2006 Census '' . Social Policy Journal of New Zealand . Retrieved 19 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2013 Census information by variable '' . Statistics New Zealand . Retrieved 19 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Clark , Ross ( 1994 ) . `` Moriori and Māori : The Linguistic Evidence '' . In Sutton , Douglas . The Origins of the First New Zealanders . Auckland : Auckland University Press . pp. 123 -- 135 . ^ Jump up to : Davis , Denise ; Solomon , Māui ( September 2007 ) . `` The impact of new arrivals '' . Te Ara : The Encyclopedia of New Zealand . Retrieved 30 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Denise Davis and Māui Solomon ( 4 March 2009 ) . `` Moriori -- Facts and figures ' , '' . Te Ara -- the Encyclopedia of New Zealand . Retrieved 22 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Iwi individual profiles : Moriori '' . Statistics New Zealand . 2013 . Retrieved 19 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Gillian Smeith and Kim Dunstan ( June 2004 ) . `` Ethnic Population Projections : Issues and Trends '' . Statistics New Zealand . Retrieved 10 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 Census : QuickStats About Culture and Identity : Ethnic groups in New Zealand '' . Statistics New Zealand . Retrieved 30 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ethnic composition of the population '' . Ministry of Social Development . Retrieved 30 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Population , ages and ethnicities of children '' ( PDF ) . Office of the Children 's Commissioner . June 2016 . Retrieved 19 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Woolf , Amber - Leigh ( 20 August 2015 ) . `` Petition to make English an official language in New Zealand '' . Stuff.co.nz . Retrieved 17 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kortmann et al. 2004 , p. 605 . Jump up ^ Hay , Maclagan & Gordon 2008 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Crystal 2003 . 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ISBN 978 - 3 - 11 - 017532 - 5 . 2013 Census QuickStats , Statistics New Zealand , 2013 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 478 - 40864 - 5 New Zealand articles History Timeline Military history Treaty of Waitangi New Zealand Wars Women 's suffrage New Zealand and Antarctica Colony Dominion Independence Geography Biodiversity Caves Climate Earthquakes Environment Geology Islands North Island South Island Lakes Marine reserves National parks Rivers Time zones Cities Auckland Christchurch Dunedin Hamilton Invercargill New Plymouth Napier -- Hastings Nelson Palmerston North Rotorua Tauranga Wellington capital Subdivisions Regions Territorial authorities Politics Constitution Elections Electoral system Political parties Foreign relations Human rights Disability Intersex LGBT Transgender Judiciary Supreme Court Chief Justice Law enforcement Military Monarchy Parliament ( House of Representatives ) Government Cabinet Governor - General list Ministers Ministries Prime Minister list Economy Agriculture Companies Energy Rogernomics Taxation Telecommunications Tourism Transportation Society Citizenship Crime Demographics Education Immigration Languages Māori New Zealand English New Zealand Sign Language People `` Kiwi '' Māori Culture Architecture Art Cinema Cuisine Literature Māori culture Media Music National symbols Coat of arms Flag Public holidays Radio Religion Sport Television Outline Book Portal Immigration to New Zealand List of ethnic origins of New Zealanders From Africa Egyptian South African Zimbabwean From the Americas American Canadian From the Middle East Arab Iranian Iraqi Israeli Jewish Lebanese Turkish From Asia Afghan Bangladeshi Burmese Cambodian Chinese Filipino Indian Tamil Indonesian Japanese Korean Malaysian Nepali Pakistani Sri Lankan Thai Vietnamese From Europe Albanian Austrian British English Scottish Welsh Croatian Danish Dutch Finnish French German Greek Hungarian Icelandic Irish Italian Norwegian Polish Portuguese Russian Serbian Spanish Swedish Ukrainian From Oceania Australian Samoan Tongan See also Refugees in New Zealand Immigration New Zealand Demographics of Oceania Sovereign states Australia Federated States of Micronesia Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Associated states of New Zealand Cook Islands Niue Dependencies and other territories American Samoa Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Easter Island French Polynesia Guam Hawaii New Caledonia Norfolk Island Northern Mariana Islands Pitcairn Islands Tokelau Wallis and Futuna Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_New_Zealand&oldid=802122376 '' Categories : Demographics of New Zealand Ethnic groups in New Zealand Immigration to New Zealand Hidden categories : Use British English from August 2011 Use dmy dates from August 2012 Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages বাংলা Български Cymraeg Español Français Galego Português Русский Српски / srpski Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 September 2017 , at 03 : 53 . 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it must of been love but its over now song			It Must Have Been Love	it must have been love	`` It Must Have Been Love '' is a song written by Per Gessle and performed by the Swedish pop duo Roxette . The ballad became the duo 's third number one hit in the United States , and is one of their best selling releases , being certified gold or platinum in a number of countries .	Four different versions of the song have been officially released . The original 1987 track was followed by the most successful incarnation of the song , a slightly edited version -- omitting the Christmas references -- which was created for the soundtrack to the 1990 movie Pretty Woman . During the `` Join the Joyride ! World Tour '' in 1991 , the band recorded a country music version of the track in Los Angeles , which was included on their 1992 album Tourism . A Spanish - language version of the Pretty Woman recording was released on their 1996 compilation Baladas en español . Finally , an orchestral live performance from the band 's 2009 concert at Night of the Proms was included on their 2012 studio album , Travelling . Contents ( hide ) 1 Original release ( 1987 ) 1.1 Music video 1.2 Formats and track listings 1.3 Charts 2 Re-release ( 1990 ) 2.1 Chart performance 2.2 Accolades 2.3 Music video 2.4 Formats and track listings 2.5 Charts 2.5. 1 Weekly charts 2.5. 2 Year - end charts 2.5. 3 Decade - end charts 2.6 Certifications 3 `` No sé si es amor '' ( 1997 ) 3.1 Formats and track listings 3.2 Charts 4 25th anniversary reissue ( 2015 ) 4.1 Formats and track listings 5 Credits and personnel 6 Shirley Clamp version 7 References 8 External links Original release ( 1987 ) ( edit ) The song was first released as `` It Must Have Been Love ( Christmas for the Broken Hearted ) '' in December 1987 . It was composed after EMI Germany asked the duo to `` come up with an intelligent Christmas single '' . It became a top five hit in Sweden , but was not released internationally . This version of the song was never included on any Roxette studio album until the 1997 re-release of their debut Pearls of Passion ( 1986 ) . Music video ( edit ) A performance from a Swedish TV chart show in 1987 acted as the song 's first music video . It features Fredriksson and Gessle sitting on a couch on a stage , lip - syncing to the song . Formats and track listings ( edit ) All songs written and composed by Per Gessle , except where noted . 7 '' single ( Sweden 1362887 ) `` It Must Have Been Love ( Christmas for the Broken Hearted ) '' -- 4 : 48 `` Turn to Me '' -- 2 : 58 ( Music by Marie Fredriksson ) Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1987 ) Peak position Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Re-release ( 1990 ) ( edit ) `` It Must Have Been Love '' Single by Roxette from the album Pretty Woman Soundtrack Released 20 May 1990 Format CD 12 '' Recorded Genre Pop Length 4 : 20 Label EMI Songwriter ( s ) Gessle Producer ( s ) Öfwerman Roxette singles chronology `` Dangerous '' ( 1989 ) `` It Must Have Been Love '' ( 1990 ) `` Joyride '' ( 1991 ) `` Dangerous '' ( 1989 ) `` It Must Have Been Love '' ( 1990 ) `` Joyride '' ( 1991 ) Music video `` It Must Have Been Love '' on YouTube During a run of increasingly successful singles from the duo 's 1988 album Look Sharp ! , Touchstone Pictures approached Roxette and their label about contributing a song to the soundtrack of the upcoming romantic comedy release Pretty Woman , starring Richard Gere and then - Oscar nominee Julia Roberts . The film was released in March 1990 and went on to make more than US $460 million at the worldwide box office . The corresponding soundtrack album was also a commercial success , which was certified triple - platinum in the US . The soundtrack went on to sell more than nine million copies worldwide . Chart performance ( edit ) A re-written and edited version of the track -- the lyric `` It 's a hard Christmas day '' was changed to `` It 's a hard winter 's day '' , and twenty seconds were removed from the intro -- became an international hit during the summer of 1990 . It was not the first single released from the Pretty Woman soundtrack , but it became the most successful , spending two weeks at the top spot of the Billboard Hot 100 in June . The song was certified Gold by the RIAA for sales in excess of 500,000 copies in the US . At the end of the year , Billboard listed it as the second most successful single of 1990 , behind Wilson Phillips ' `` Hold On '' . The single peaked at number three in the UK -- their highest peaking single there . It stayed on the UK Singles Chart for 14 weeks , and was certified silver by the BPI for sales in excess of 200,000 copies . The song was re-released in the UK and Ireland in September 1993 , peaking at number ten in both countries . It became Roxette 's second of three number one singles in Australia , spending two weeks at the top spot in July 1990 . The song was a massive hit in Norway , where it spent twelve weeks at number one . In Switzerland , the song spent three non-consecutive weeks at number one , and a further five weeks at number two -- being held off the top spot in those weeks by Matthias Reim 's `` Verdammt , ich lieb ' dich '' . It also reached number one in Canada , Poland and Spain , and the top five in Austria , Belgium , Ireland , Japan , the Netherlands , New Zealand and Germany , where it spent nine months in the top 75 . Accolades ( edit ) In 2005 , Gessle received an award from BMI after the song 's four millionth radio play . In 2014 , he received an updated award from the same organization after its five millionth radio play . Music video ( edit ) The second video was directed by Doug Freel and was shot in a warehouse . It included clips from Pretty Woman , with Fredriksson singing and playing piano and Gessle playing guitar between various prop changes . There is also an alternate version of the video , without the movie scenes , which was available solely on the VHS The Videos . According to Fredriksson , shooting this video was a surreal experience , as Freel `` wanted all movements in slow motion , so I had to lip - sync the vocals at double speed . My first lesson in how to sing an emotional ballad Mickey Mouse style . '' As of January 2018 , this video has more than 280 million views on YouTube . Formats and track listings ( edit ) All songs were written and composed by Gessle , except `` Cry '' , music by Fredriksson and Gessle . Australian cassette and 7 '' single ( US2399 ) EU cassette and 7 '' single ( Germany 006 - 1363807 UK EM141 ) `` It Must Have Been Love '' -- 4 : 20 `` Paint '' -- 3 : 29 US and Canada cassette ( 4JM - 50283 ) `` It Must Have Been Love '' -- 4 : 20 `` Chances '' -- 4 : 07 EU 12 '' single ( Germany 060 - 1363806 UK EM141 ) Japanese 3 '' CD single ( TODP - 2194 ) `` It Must Have Been Love '' -- 4 : 20 `` Paint '' -- 3 : 29 `` Cry '' ( Live from Himmelstalundshallen , Norrköping on 16 December 1988 ) -- 5 : 42 UK CD single ( CDEM141 ) `` It Must Have Been Love '' -- 4 : 20 `` Paint '' -- 3 : 29 `` Cry '' ( Live from Norrköping ) -- 5 : 42 `` Surrender '' ( Live from Norrköping on 16 December 1988 ) -- 3 : 07 Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1990 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Denmark ( IFPI ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 7 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) 5 Italy ( FIMI ) 13 Japan International ( Oricon ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Poland ( ZPAV ) Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 50 ) Spain ( AFYVE ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 6 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Radio & Records CHR / Pop Airplay Chart Chart ( 1993 ) Peak position Ireland ( IRMA ) 10 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 10 Chart ( 2012 ) Peak position Canada Hot Digital Songs ( Billboard ) 67 Chart ( 2013 ) Peak position Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 42 Chart ( 2016 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 117 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1990 ) Position Australian Singles ( ARIA ) Austrian Singles ( Ö3 ) 10 Belgian Singles ( Ultratop Flanders ) 14 Brazilian Singles ( ABPD ) 12 Canadian Singles ( RPM ) 11 Dutch Singles ( Top 40 ) Dutch Singles ( Top 100 ) 17 German Singles ( GfK ) 15 Italian Singles ( FIMI ) 48 New Zealand Singles ( Recorded Music NZ ) 8 Swiss Singles ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 5 UK Singles ( OCC ) 19 US Billboard Hot 100 US Singles ( Cashbox ) 6 Chart ( 1993 ) Position UK Singles ( OCC ) 100 Decade - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1990 -- 99 ) Position European Singles ( Europarade ) 52 German Singles ( GfK ) 119 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Platinum 70,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 25,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Gold 250,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Gold 25,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 200,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone `` No sé si es amor '' ( 1997 ) ( edit ) `` No sé si es amor '' Single by Roxette from the album Baladas en español B - side `` Directamente a ti '' ( `` Run to You '' ) Released 28 January 1997 Songwriter ( s ) Per Gessle & Luis Escolar Roxette singles chronology `` Un día sin ti '' ( 1996 ) `` No sé si es amor '' ( 1997 ) `` Wish I Could Fly '' ( 1999 ) `` Un día sin ti '' ( 1996 ) `` No sé si es amor '' ( 1997 ) `` Wish I Could Fly '' ( 1999 ) Roxette released a Spanish - language compilation album , Baladas en español , in 1996 . It consisted of twelve of their down - tempo singles and album tracks , which were translated by Spanish songwriter Luis Gomez - Escolar , who would later co-write the Ricky Martin hit `` Livin ' la Vida Loca '' . The album was only released in Spanish and Portuguese - speaking territories . A translated version of `` It Must Have Been Love '' , titled `` No sé si es amor '' , was released in early 1997 as the album 's second and final single . Formats and track listings ( edit ) Music and original lyrics by Per Gessle . Spanish lyrics by Luis G. Escolar . CD single ( EU 8652802 ) `` No sé si es amor '' ( `` It Must Have Been Love '' ) -- 4 : 41 `` Directamente a ti '' ( `` Run to You '' ) -- 3 : 30 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1997 ) Peak position Spain Top 40 Radio ( AFYVE ) 6 25th anniversary reissue ( 2015 ) ( edit ) On the twenty - fifth anniversary of the song 's release on the Pretty Woman soundtrack , Parlophone released a limited edition red - coloured vinyl on 19 May 2015 . This single included the Pretty Woman version of the song , backed with the original 1987 release and the Los Angeles - studio performance ( minus the live intro recorded in Santiago , Chile ) from their 1992 album Tourism . The latter features pedal steel guitar performed by Greg Leisz , who is best known for his work with k.d. lang . The single was released on digital download stores from 23 March . Formats and track listings ( edit ) All songs written and composed by Per Gessle . 12 '' single ( Sweden 0724386504715 ) `` It Must Have Been Love '' -- 4 : 18 `` It Must Have Been Love ( Christmas for the Broken Hearted ) '' -- 4 : 47 `` It Must Have Been Love '' ( L.A. Version ) -- 4 : 45 Credits and personnel ( edit ) Credits adapted from the liner notes of the 25th anniversary vinyl re-release . Original studio version Engineered by Per Gessle , Clarence Öfwerman , Anders Herrlin and Alar Suurna Mixed by Alar Suurna ( 1987 ) and Humberto Gatica ( 1990 ) Vocals , piano -- Marie Fredriksson Lyricist , composer , backing vocals -- Per Gessle Guitars -- Jonas Isacsson Synclavier , keyboards , programming , production -- Clarence Öfwerman Drums -- Pelle Alsing L.A. version Recorded at Ocean Way Recording , Los Angeles in March 1992 and EMI Studios , Stockholm in May 1992 Engineered by Mike Ross and Rail Rogut Vocals -- Marie Fredriksson Harmonica -- Per Gessle Electric guitar -- Jonas Isacsson Acoustic guitar -- Mats MP Persson Pedal steel guitar -- Greg Leisz Bass -- Anders Herrlin Keyboards -- Clarence Öfwerman Drums -- Pelle Alsing Tambourine -- Alar Suurna Shirley Clamp version ( edit ) In 2006 , Swedish pop singer Shirley Clamp recorded a cover version of the song called `` När kärleken föds '' ( `` When Love is Born '' ) , it peaked at # 6 at the Swedish singles chart . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Roxette - Chart History on the Billboard Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 19 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Digital booklet '' . Do n't Bore Us , Get to the Chorus ( liner notes ) . Roxette . Stockholm , Sweden : EMI Records . 1995 . 7243 836203 2 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` swedishcharts.com - Roxette - It Must Have Been Love '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 22 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pearls of Passion by Roxette on Apple Music '' . iTunes . Apple Music . Retrieved 19 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ballad & Pop Hits - The Complete Video Collection ( DVD liner notes ) . Roxette . EMI. 2003 . 7243 4 90946 9 7 . ^ Jump up to : Mackie , Drew ( 25 June 2015 ) . `` Roxette 's It Must Have Been Love , 25 Years Later '' . People . Time Inc . Retrieved 19 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Woman ( 1990 ) - Box Office Mojo '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon . Retrieved 19 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum - RIAA '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 19 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Roxette Bio Roxette Career '' . MTV . Viacom . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` American single certifications -- Roxette -- It Must Have Been Love '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 20 April 2012 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH ^ Jump up to : `` Billboard.com Year End Charts - Year End Singles - 1990 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on 2 January 2007 . Retrieved 19 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Roxette : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` British single certifications -- Roxette -- It Must Have Been Love '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 20 April 2012 . Enter It Must Have Been Love in the search field and then press Enter . ^ Jump up to : `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Roxette '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Gavin ( 3 August 2013 ) . `` ARIA Singles Report : Avicii Is Longest Number One Swedish Act Since Roxette '' . Noise11 . Paul Cashmere . Retrieved 14 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Roxette -- It Must Have Been Love '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Swisscharts.com -- Roxette -- It Must Have Been Love '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Roxette -- It Must Have Been Love '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 BMI awards '' . BMI. 28 November 2005 . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Marc ( 14 October 2014 ) . `` Nile Rogers , Ellie Goulding Honored at BMI London Awards '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Roxette ( 4 March 2009 ) . `` Roxette - It Must Have Been Love '' . Retrieved 11 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Roxette -- It Must Have Been Love '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Roxette -- It Must Have Been Love '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Roxette -- It Must Have Been Love '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 1268 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 3 Denmark '' ( PDF ) . Music & Media . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Finnish Singles Charts 1961 - 1995 : Elokuu 1990 August '' . Suomen virallinen singlelista . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hit Parade Italia - Top Annuali Single : 1990 '' ( in Italian ) . Federation of the Italian Music Industry . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Songs from the Year 1990 '' . tsort.info . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Roxette '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Roxette -- It Must Have Been Love '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Roxette -- It Must Have Been Love '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lista Przebojów Trójki Polskie Radio Online Notowanie nr438 '' . Polskie Radio . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Salaverri , Fernando ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Roxette Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Roxette Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ http://wweb.uta.edu/faculty/gghunt/charts/roxette.html Jump up ^ `` Roxette Chart History Canada Hot Digital Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 7 July 2012 . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 : Slovenian official singles weekly chart '' ( in Slovenian ) . SloTop50 . Retrieved 17 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Roxette -- It Must Have Been Love '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - End of Year Charts - Top 50 Singles 1990 '' . ARIA Charts . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Alle Rechte Jahreshitparade 1990 '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Archived from the original on 17 December 2013 . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 1990 '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Retrieved 15 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hit Tracks of 1990 '' . RPM . RPM Library Archives . 22 December 1990 . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` De Single Top 100 1990 Over '' ( PDF ) ( in Dutch ) . Radio 538 . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jaahroverzichten 1990 '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single - Jahrescharts '' ( in German ) . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 1990 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Schweizer Jahreshitparade 1990 '' ( in German ) . Swiss Music Charts . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 of 1990 - UK Music Charts '' . UK Charts . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 of 1993 - UK Music Charts '' . UK Charts . Retrieved 21 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA End Of Year Singles 1990 Top 50 Australian Singles Chart '' . ARIA Charts . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 18 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- Roxette -- It Must Have Been Love '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Retrieved 20 April 2012 . Enter Roxette in the field Interpret . Enter It Must Have Been Love in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Roxette ; ' It Must Have Been Love ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved 20 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat − År 1987 − 1998 '' ( PDF ) ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Retrieved 21 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Roxette - Discography '' . Roxette.se . Archived from the original on 21 November 2016 . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Roxette - It Must Have Been Love - 25th Anniversary '' . Amazon Music . Amazon.com . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` It Must Have Been Love - Single by Roxette on Apple Music '' . Apple Music . Apple . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Digital booklet '' . It Must Have Been Love ( liner notes ) . Roxette . London , United Kingdom : Parlophone Records . 2015 . 0724386504715 . Jump up ^ Swedishcharts - När kärleken föds ( It Must Have Been Love ) at the Swedish singles chart External links ( edit ) `` It Must Have Been Love '' music video on YouTube , EMIMUSIC Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` Hold On '' by Wilson Phillips Billboard Hot 100 number one single June 16 , 1990 - June 23 , 1990 Succeeded by `` Step by Step '' by New Kids on the Block Preceded by `` All I Wanna Do Is Make Love to You '' by Heart Australian ARIA Singles Chart number one single July 7 -- 21 , 1990 Succeeded by `` U Ca n't Touch This '' by MC Hammer Preceded by `` Verdammt , ich lieb ' dich '' by Matthias Reim Swiss number - one single 7 October 1990 - 20 October 1990 ( 2 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Tom 's Diner '' by DNA featuring Suzanne Vega Preceded by `` Tom 's Diner '' by DNA featuring Suzanne Vega Swiss number - one single 28 October 1990 - 3 November 1990 ( top again , 1 week ) Succeeded by `` I 've Been Thinking About You '' by Londonbeat Roxette Per Gessle Marie Fredriksson Studio albums Pearls of Passion Look Sharp ! Joyride Tourism Crash ! Boom ! Bang ! Have a Nice Day Room Service Charm School Travelling Good Karma Compilations Rarities Do n't Bore Us , Get to the Chorus ! Baladas en español The Ballad Hits The Pop Hits A Collection of Roxette Hits : Their 20 Greatest Songs ! The Rox Box / Roxette 86 -- 06 The Biggest Hits XXX The RoxBox ! : A Collection of Roxette 's Greatest Songs Remix albums Dance Passion Live albums Live : Travelling the World Videography Sweden Live Look Sharp Live The Videos Live - Ism Do n't Bore Us , Get to the Chorus ! -- Roxette 's Greatest Video Hits Crash ! Boom ! Live ! All Videos Ever Made & More ! Ballad & Pop Hits -- The Complete Video Collection Concert tours Rock runt riket Tour Look Sharp ! Live Tour Join the Joyride ! Tour Crash ! Boom ! Bang ! Tour Room Service Tour The Neverending World Tour Related articles Discography Songs Clarence Öfwerman Christoffer Lundquist Gyllene Tider The Lonely Boys Helena Josefsson Dea Norberg Book : Roxette Roxette singles Pearls of Passion `` Neverending Love '' `` Goodbye to You '' `` Soul Deep '' `` I Call Your Name '' Look Sharp ! `` Dressed for Success '' `` Listen to Your Heart '' `` Chances '' `` The Look '' `` Dangerous '' Joyride `` Joyride '' `` Fading Like a Flower ( Every Time You Leave ) '' `` The Big L . '' `` Spending My Time '' `` Church of Your Heart '' Tourism `` How Do You Do ! '' `` Queen of Rain '' `` Fingertips ' 93 '' Crash ! Boom ! Bang ! `` Sleeping in My Car '' `` Crash ! Boom ! Bang ! '' `` Fireworks '' `` Run to You '' `` Vulnerable '' Do n't Bore Us , Get to the Chorus ! `` You Do n't Understand Me '' `` The Look ' 95 '' `` June Afternoon '' `` She Does n't Live Here Anymore '' Baladas en español `` Un día sin ti '' `` No sé si es amor '' Have a Nice Day `` Wish I Could Fly '' `` Anyone '' `` Stars '' `` Salvation '' Room Service `` The Centre of the Heart '' `` Real Sugar '' `` Milk and Toast and Honey '' Charm School `` She 's Got Nothing On ( But the Radio ) '' `` Speak to Me '' `` Way Out '' Travelling `` It 's Possible '' Good Karma `` It Just Happens '' `` Some Other Summer '' `` Why Do n't You Bring Me Flowers ? '' Soundtrack `` It Must Have Been Love '' `` Almost Unreal '' Other `` A Thing About You '' `` Opportunity Nox '' `` One Wish '' `` Reveal '' `` The Sweet Hello , the Sad Goodbye '' ( Bassflow Remake ) `` The Look '' ( 2015 Remake ) Related articles Singles discography Book : Roxette Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=It_Must_Have_Been_Love&oldid=831911344 '' Categories : 1987 singles 1990 singles 1993 singles 2006 singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Roxette songs Shirley Clamp songs Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in Norway Number - one singles in Switzerland RPM Top Singles number - one singles Songs written by Per Gessle Pop ballads Swedish Christmas songs 1987 songs Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Slovenian - language sources ( sl ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego Italiano ქართული Nederlands Polski Português Русский Simple English Svenska 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 March 2018 , at 20 : 00 . 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who is mr kurtz in heart of darkness	Kurtz is a central fictional character in Joseph Conrad 's novella Heart of Darkness . A trader of ivory in Africa and commander of a trading post , he monopolises his position as a demigod among native Africans . Kurtz meets with the novella 's protagonist , Charles Marlow , who returns him to the coast via steamboat . Kurtz , whose reputation precedes him , impresses Marlow strongly , and during the return journey Marlow is witness to Kurtz 's final moments .	A trader of ivory in Africa and commander of a trading post	Kurtz ( Heart of Darkness )	kurtz ( heart of darkness )		For the English jockey , see Charles Marlow ( jockey ) . Kurtz First appearance Heart of Darkness Created by Joseph Conrad Information Gender Male Occupation Ivory trader Nationality British Kurtz is a central fictional character in Joseph Conrad 's novella Heart of Darkness . A trader of ivory in Africa and commander of a trading post , he monopolises his position as a demigod among native Africans . Kurtz meets with the novella 's protagonist , Charles Marlow , who returns him to the coast via steamboat . Kurtz , whose reputation precedes him , impresses Marlow strongly , and during the return journey Marlow is witness to Kurtz 's final moments . Contents ( hide ) 1 In the novella 2 Basis 3 In other works 3.1 Film 3.2 Games 3.3 Literature 4 Notes and references 5 External links In the novella ( edit ) Kurtz is an ivory trader , sent by a shadowy Belgian company into the heart of an unnamed place in Africa ( generally regarded as the Congo Free State ) . With the help of his superior technology , Kurtz has turned himself into a charismatic demigod of all the tribes surrounding his station , and gathered vast quantities of ivory in this way . As a result , his name is known throughout the region . Kurtz 's general manager is envious of Kurtz , and plots his downfall . Kurtz 's mother was half English , his father was half French and thus `` All Europe contributed to the making of Kurtz . '' As the reader finds out at the end , Kurtz is a multitalented man -- painter , musician , writer , promising politician . He starts out , years before the novel begins , as an imperialist in the best tradition of the `` white man 's burden '' . The reader is introduced to a painting of Kurtz 's , depicting a blindfolded woman bearing a torch against a nearly black background , and clearly symbolic of his former views . Kurtz is also the author of a pamphlet regarding the civilization of the natives . The presence of his admirer , the Russian `` Harlequin '' , and what he reveals about Kurtz in his adulatory descriptions of him raises questions about Kurtz 's actual beliefs and the sincerity of his progressive views . However , over the course of his stay in Africa , Kurtz becomes corrupted . He takes his pamphlet and scribbles in , at the very end , the words `` Exterminate all the brutes ! '' He induces the natives to worship him , setting up rituals and venerations worthy of a tyrant . By the time Marlow , the protagonist , sees Kurtz , he is ill with jungle fever and almost dead . Marlow seizes Kurtz and endeavors to take him back down the river in his steamboat . Kurtz dies on the boat with the last words , `` The horror ! The horror ! '' Kurtz ultimately was changed by the jungle . At first he wanted to bring civilization to the natives , as his painting shows , but in the end he changed to wanting to `` exterminate all the brutes ! '' Basis ( edit ) Kurtz 's persona is generally understood to derive from the notoriously brutal history of the so - called `` Congo Free State '' , which was later taken over by Belgium and became a Belgian colony in 1908 . In his history book King Leopold 's Ghost , Adam Hochschild suggests that Léon Rom , an administrator in King Leopold 's Congo , i.e. in the Congo Free State , was the principal inspiration for the Kurtz character , citing references as the heads on the stakes outside of the station and other similarities between the two . Hochschild and other authors have also suggested that the fate of the disastrous `` rear column '' of the Emin Pasha Relief Expedition ( 1886 - 8 ) on the Congo may have also been an influence . Column leader Edmund Musgrave Barttelot , `` went mad , began hitting , whipping , and killing people , and was finally murdered '' . Bloom notes that Kurtz 's sophisticated brutality is closer to that of Barttelot 's associate slave trader Tippu Tip . The expedition 's overall leader , Henry Morton Stanley , the principal figure involved in preparing the Congo for Leopold 's rule , may also have been an influence . A personal acquaintance of Conrad 's , Georges Antoine Klein , may also have been a real - life basis for the character . Klein was an employee of the Brussels - based trading company Société Anonyme Belge pour le Commerce du Haut - Congo , and died shortly after being picked up on the steamboat Conrad was piloting . Further , `` Klein '' means `` little '' in German , and as Marlow muses in the novella , `` Kurtz '' means `` short '' in the same language . Conrad also expressed an admiration of Robert Louis Stevenson 's Pacific Ocean writings , in particular the stories `` The Beach of Falesá '' and The Ebb - Tide , as well as the non-fiction account of Tembinok ' of the Gilbert Islands that appeared in In the South Seas . All three texts contain megalomaniacs who manipulate their circumstances and remote settings to assert power over others . It is widely believed that Conrad drew influence from these characters , as well as Stevenson 's plot lines , when writing Heart of Darkness . In other works ( edit ) Film ( edit ) In the 1958 loose adaptation for the CBS television anthology series Playhouse 90 Kurtz was played by Boris Karloff . This version uses the encounter between Marlow and Kurtz as its final act , and adds a backstory in which Marlow had been Kurtz 's adopted son . Francis Ford Coppola 's acclaimed Vietnam War film Apocalypse Now ( 1979 ) centers on the protagonist 's mission to find and kill the renegade Colonel Kurtz ( played by Marlon Brando ) , based on Conrad 's character , who has gone rogue far up a river , deep in the Southeast Asian jungle . The script acknowledges Heart of Darkness as a source of information , and the last words of Colonel Kurtz , `` The horror ! The horror ! '' , echo those of his namesake in the novel . In the mostly poorly received 1994 TNT version of the story directed by Nicolas Roeg , Kurtz , who has gone insane and is now doing the most horrible and blasphemous deeds , was portrayed by John Malkovich . Games ( edit ) The video game Fallout : New Vegas ( 2010 ) features a character in many ways similar to Kurtz ; a man who refers to himself as Caesar . Caesar was originally a diplomat who went out into the post-apocalyptic world in an attempt to both increase the knowledge of the now tribal inhabitants and learn from their cultures to facilitate understanding in the wasteland . Caesar eventually went mad with power after becoming the de facto leader of one such tribe and led them in dismantling other tribes who then assimilated into his group . Now , he is the ruler of Caesar 's Legion , a large army of tribals modeled after the Roman Empire . Like Kurtz , Caesar is an educated , charismatic figure who is worshipped as a god by his underlings ; in Caesar 's case , his followers believe him to be the reincarnation of Mars , the Roman god of war . The video game Spec Ops : The Line ( 2012 ) , another modernized loose adaptation of Heart of Darkness ( set in a ruined Dubai ) , has a similar Kurtz figure named Colonel John Konrad . Literature ( edit ) Timothy Findley 's novel Headhunter ( 1993 ) features Kurtz 's escape from Heart of Darkness and subsequent reign of terror over the city of Toronto as the psychiatrist - in - chief at the Parkin Institute . The poem `` The Hollow Men '' by T.S. Eliot starts off with the line `` Mistah Kurtz - He Dead . '' In Josef Škvorecký 's novel The Engineer of Human Souls Kurtz is seen as the epitome of exterminatory colonialism . James Reich 's novel Mistah Kurtz ! ( Anti-Oedipus Press 2016 ) is a prelude to Heart of Darkness that presents meticulous and controversial solutions to the origins , mystery and messianic deterioration of Kurtz . Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ Quod.lib.umich.edu Jump up ^ Bloom 2009 , p. 16 Jump up ^ Hochschild , Adam : King Leopold 's Ghost . New York , Houghton Mifflin Company , 1998 , pp. 98 ; 145 , Jump up ^ Conrad , Joseph ( September 1997 ) . Heart of Darkness . Introduction by Joyce Carol Oates . Penguin Putnam . pp. 4 -- 5 . ISBN 0 - 451 - 52657 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Apocalypse Now ( 1979 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Apocalypse Now ( 1979 ) Awards '' . IMDb . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Heart of Darkness ( 1994 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Reviews & Ratings for Heart of Darkness ( TV ) '' . IMDb . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 13 . External links ( edit ) Kurtz in Heart of Darkness hide Joseph Conrad 's Heart of Darkness Adaptations Apocalypse Now ( 1979 film ) Heart of Darkness ( 1993 film ) Apocalypse Now Redux ( 2001 film ) Heart of Darkness ( 2011 opera ) Related Kurtz Charles Marlow International Society for the Suppression of Savage Customs Cannibal Women in the Avocado Jungle of Death Shatterpoint `` An Image of Africa '' Hearts of Darkness : A Filmmaker 's Apocalypse Spec Ops : The Line ( 2012 video game ) hide Apocalypse Now Apocalypse Now Redux Hearts of Darkness : A Filmmaker 's Apocalypse Heart of Darkness Colonel Walter E. Kurtz / Kurtz The Apocalypse Now Sessions Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurtz_(Heart_of_Darkness)&oldid=846609846 '' Categories : Joseph Conrad characters Fictional businesspeople Fictional characters introduced in 1899 Fictional cult leaders Fictional dictators Fictional mass murderers Literary villains Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 20 : 35 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurtz%20%28Heart%20of%20Darkness%29	2,417
where is gold found in the human body			Composition of the human body	composition of the human body	Body composition may be analyzed in terms of molecular type e.g. , water , protein , connective tissue , fats ( or lipids ) , hydroxylapatite ( in bones ) , carbohydrates ( such as glycogen and glucose ) and DNA . In terms of tissue type , the body may be analyzed into water , fat , muscle , bone , etc . In terms of cell type , the body contains hundreds of different types of cells , but notably , the largest number of cells contained in a human body ( though not the largest mass of cells ) are not human cells , but bacteria residing in the normal human gastrointestinal tract .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Elements 1.1 Other elements 1.2 Elemental composition list 1.3 Periodic table 2 Molecules 3 Tissues 3.1 Composition by cell type 4 See also 5 References Elements ( edit ) Pie charts of typical human body composition by percent of mass , and by percent of atomic composition ( atomic percent ) . Almost 99 % of the mass of the human body is made up of six elements : oxygen , carbon , hydrogen , nitrogen , calcium , and phosphorus . Only about 0.85 % is composed of another five elements : potassium , sulfur , sodium , chlorine , and magnesium . All 11 are necessary for life . The remaining elements are trace elements , of which more than a dozen are thought on the basis of good evidence to be necessary for life . All of the mass of the trace elements put together ( less than 10 grams for a human body ) do not add up to the body mass of magnesium , the least common of the 11 non-trace elements . Other elements ( edit ) Not all elements which are found in the human body in trace quantities play a role in life . Some of these elements are thought to be simple bystander contaminants without function ( examples : caesium , titanium ) , while many others are thought to be active toxics , depending on amount ( cadmium , mercury , radioactives ) . The possible utility and toxicity of a few elements at levels normally found in the body ( aluminium ) is debated . Functions have been proposed for trace amounts of cadmium and lead , although these are almost certainly toxic in amounts very much larger than normally found in the body . There is evidence that arsenic , an element normally considered a toxic in higher amounts , is essential in ultratrace quantities , in mammals such as rats , hamsters , and goats . Some elements ( silicon , boron , nickel , vanadium ) are probably needed by mammals also , but in far smaller doses . Bromine is used abundantly by some ( though not all ) lower organisms , and opportunistically in eosinophils in humans . One study has found bromine to be necessary to collagen IV synthesis in humans . Fluorine is used by a number of plants to manufacture toxins ( see that element ) but in humans only functions as a local ( topical ) hardening agent in tooth enamel , and not in an essential biological role . Elemental composition list ( edit ) Main article : Dietary element The average 70 kg ( 150 lb ) adult human body contains approximately 7027700000000000000 ♠ 7 × 10 atoms and contains at least detectable traces of 60 chemical elements . About 29 of these elements are thought to play an active positive role in life and health in humans . The relative amounts of each element vary by individual , mainly due to differences in the proportion of fat , muscle and bone in their body . Persons with more fat will have a higher proportion of carbon and a lower proportion of most other elements ( the proportion of hydrogen will be about the same ) . The numbers in the table are averages of different numbers reported by different references . The adult human body averages ~ 53 % water . This varies substantially by age , sex , and adiposity . In a large sample of adults of all ages and both sexes , the figure for water fraction by weight was found to be 48 ± 6 % for females and 58 ± 8 % water for males . Water is ~ 11 % hydrogen by mass but ~ 67 % hydrogen by atomic percent , and these numbers along with the complementary % numbers for oxygen in water , are the largest contributors to overall mass and atomic composition figures . Because of water content , the human body contains more oxygen by mass than any other element , but more hydrogen by atom - fraction than any element . The elements listed below as `` Essential in humans '' are those listed by the ( US ) Food and Drug Administration as essential nutrients , as well as six additional elements : oxygen , carbon , hydrogen , and nitrogen ( the fundamental building blocks of life on Earth ) , sulfur ( essential to all cells ) and cobalt ( a necessary component of vitamin B ) . Elements listed as `` Possibly '' or `` Probably '' essential are those cited by the National Research Council ( United States ) as beneficial to human health and possibly or probably essential . Atomic number Element Fraction of mass Mass ( kg ) Atomic percent Essential in humans Negative effects of excess Group 8 Oxygen 0.65 43 24 Yes ( e.g. water , electron acceptor ) Reactive oxygen species 16 6 Carbon 0.18 16 12 Yes ( organic compounds ) 14 Hydrogen 0.10 7 62 Yes ( e.g. water ) 7 Nitrogen 0.03 1.8 1.1 Yes ( e.g. DNA and amino acids ) 15 20 Calcium 0.014 1.0 0.22 Yes ( e.g. Calmodulin and Hydroxylapatite in bones ) 15 Phosphorus 0.011 0.78 0.22 Yes ( e.g. DNA and phosphorylation ) white allotrope highly toxic 15 19 Potassium 6997200000000000000 ♠ 2.0 × 10 0.14 0.033 Yes ( e.g. Na / K - ATPase ) 16 Sulfur 6997250000000000000 ♠ 2.5 × 10 0.14 0.038 Yes ( e.g. Cysteine , Methionine , Biotin , Thiamine ) 16 11 Sodium 6997150000000000000 ♠ 1.5 × 10 0.10 0.037 Yes ( e.g. Na / K - ATPase ) 17 Chlorine 6997150000000000000 ♠ 1.5 × 10 0.095 0.024 Yes ( e.g. Cl - transporting ATPase ) 17 12 Magnesium 6996500000000000000 ♠ 500 × 10 0.019 0.0070 Yes ( e.g. binding to ATP and other nucleotides ) 26 Iron * 6995600000000000000 ♠ 60 × 10 0.0042 0.00067 Yes ( e.g. Hemoglobin , Cytochromes ) 8 9 Fluorine 6995370000000000000 ♠ 37 × 10 0.0026 0.0012 Yes ( AUS , NZ ) , No ( US , EU ) , Maybe ( WHO ) toxic in high amounts 17 30 Zinc 6995320000000000000 ♠ 32 × 10 0.0023 0.00031 Yes ( e.g. Zinc finger proteins ) 12 14 Silicon 6995199999999999999 ♠ 20 × 10 0.0010 0.0058 Possibly 14 37 Rubidium 6994459999999999999 ♠ 4.6 × 10 0.00068 0.000033 No 38 Strontium 6994459999999999999 ♠ 4.6 × 10 0.00032 0.000033 -- -- 35 Bromine 6994290000000000000 ♠ 2.9 × 10 0.00026 0.000030 -- -- 17 82 Lead 6994169999999999999 ♠ 1.7 × 10 0.00012 0.0000045 No toxic 14 29 Copper 6994100000000000000 ♠ 1 × 10 0.000072 0.0000104 Yes ( e.g. copper proteins ) 11 13 Aluminium 6993870000000000000 ♠ 870 × 10 0.000060 0.000015 No 13 48 Cadmium 6993720000000000000 ♠ 720 × 10 0.000050 0.0000045 No toxic 12 58 Cerium 6993570000000000000 ♠ 570 × 10 0.000040 No 56 Barium 6993310000000000000 ♠ 310 × 10 0.000022 0.0000012 No toxic in higher amounts 50 Tin 6993240000000000000 ♠ 240 × 10 0.000020 6993600000000000000 ♠ 6.0 × 10 No 14 53 Iodine 6993160000000000000 ♠ 160 × 10 0.000020 6993750000000000000 ♠ 7.5 × 10 Yes ( e.g. thyroxine , triiodothyronine ) 17 22 Titanium 6993130000000000000 ♠ 130 × 10 0.000020 No 5 Boron 6993690000000000000 ♠ 690 × 10 0.000018 0.0000030 Probably 13 34 Selenium 6993190000000000000 ♠ 190 × 10 0.000015 6992450000000000000 ♠ 4.5 × 10 Yes toxic in higher amounts 16 28 Nickel 6993140000000000000 ♠ 140 × 10 0.000015 0.0000015 Probably toxic in higher amounts 10 24 Chromium 6992240000000000000 ♠ 24 × 10 0.000014 6992890000000000000 ♠ 8.9 × 10 Yes 6 25 Manganese 6993170000000000000 ♠ 170 × 10 0.000012 0.0000015 Yes ( e.g. Mn - SOD ) 7 33 Arsenic 6993260000000000000 ♠ 260 × 10 0.000007 6992890000000000000 ♠ 8.9 × 10 Possibly toxic in higher amounts 15 Lithium 6992310000000000000 ♠ 31 × 10 0.000007 0.0000015 Yes ( intercorrelated with the functions of several enzymes , hormones and vitamins ) toxic in higher amounts 80 Mercury 6993190000000000000 ♠ 190 × 10 0.000006 6992890000000000000 ♠ 8.9 × 10 No toxic 12 55 Caesium 6992210000000000000 ♠ 21 × 10 0.000006 6993100000000000000 ♠ 1.0 × 10 No 42 Molybdenum 6993130000000000000 ♠ 130 × 10 0.000005 6992450000000000000 ♠ 4.5 × 10 Yes ( e.g. the molybdenum oxotransferases , Xanthine oxidase and Sulfite oxidase ) 6 32 Germanium 6994499999999999999 ♠ 5 × 10 No 14 27 Cobalt 6992210000000000000 ♠ 21 × 10 0.000003 6993300000000000000 ♠ 3.0 × 10 Yes ( cobalamin , B ) 9 51 Antimony 6993110000000000000 ♠ 110 × 10 0.000002 No toxic 15 47 Silver 6992100000000000000 ♠ 10 × 10 0.000002 No 11 41 Niobium 6994160000000000000 ♠ 1600 × 10 0.0000015 No 5 40 Zirconium 6994600000000000000 ♠ 6 × 10 0.000001 6993300000000000000 ♠ 3.0 × 10 No 57 Lanthanum 6994137000000000000 ♠ 1370 × 10 6993800000000000000 ♠ 8 × 10 No 52 Tellurium 6993120000000000000 ♠ 120 × 10 6993700000000000000 ♠ 7 × 10 No 16 31 Gallium 6993700000000000000 ♠ 7 × 10 No 13 39 Yttrium 6993600000000000000 ♠ 6 × 10 No 83 Bismuth 6993500000000000000 ♠ 5 × 10 No 15 81 Thallium 6993500000000000000 ♠ 5 × 10 No highly toxic 13 49 Indium 6993400000000000000 ♠ 4 × 10 No 13 79 Gold 6991300000000000000 ♠ 3 × 10 6993200000000000000 ♠ 2 × 10 6993300000000000000 ♠ 3.0 × 10 No uncoated nanoparticles possibly genotoxic 11 21 Scandium 6993200000000000000 ♠ 2 × 10 No 73 Tantalum 6993200000000000000 ♠ 2 × 10 No 5 23 Vanadium 6993260000000000000 ♠ 260 × 10 6993110000000000000 ♠ 1.1 × 10 6992120000000000000 ♠ 1.2 × 10 Possibly ( suggested osteo - metabolism ( bone ) growth factor ) 5 90 Thorium 6993100000000000000 ♠ 1 × 10 No toxic , radioactive 92 Uranium 6993100000000000000 ♠ 1 × 10 6991300000000000000 ♠ 3.0 × 10 No toxic , radioactive 62 Samarium 6992500000000000000 ♠ 5.0 × 10 No 74 Tungsten 6992200000000000000 ♠ 2.0 × 10 No 6 Beryllium 6992360000000000000 ♠ 3.6 × 10 6992450000000000000 ♠ 4.5 × 10 No toxic in higher amounts 88 Radium 6986300000000000000 ♠ 3 × 10 6983100000000000000 ♠ 1 × 10 No toxic , radioactive * Iron = ~ 3 g in men , ~ 2.3 g in women Of the 94 naturally occurring chemical elements , 60 are listed in the table above . Of the remaining 34 , it is not known how many occur in the human body . Most of the elements needed for life are relatively common in the Earth 's crust . Aluminium , the third most common element in the Earth 's crust ( after oxygen and silicon ) , serves no function in living cells , but is harmful in large amounts . Transferrins can bind aluminium . Periodic table ( edit ) Periodic table highlighting dietary elements He Li Be Ne Na Mg Al Si Cl Ar Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te Xe Cs Ba La * Hf Ta Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac * * Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og * Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu * * Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr The four organic basic elements Quantity elements Essential trace elements Possible structural or functional role in mammals Molecules ( edit ) The composition of the human body is expressed in terms of chemicals : Water Proteins -- including those of hair , connective tissue , etc . Fats ( or lipids ) Hydroxylapatite in bones Carbohydrates such as glycogen and glucose DNA Dissolved inorganic ions such as sodium , potassium , chloride , bicarbonate , phosphate Gases such as oxygen , carbon dioxide , nitrogen oxide , hydrogen , carbon monoxide , methanethiol . These may be dissolved or present in the gases in the lungs or intestines . Ethane and pentane are produced by oxygen free radicals . Many other small molecules , such as amino acids , fatty acids , nucleobases , nucleosides , nucleotides , vitamins , cofactors . Free radicals such as superoxide , hydroxyl , and hydroperoxyl . The composition of the human body can be viewed on an atomic and molecular scale as shown in this article . The estimated gross molecular contents of a typical 20 - micrometre human cell is as follows : Molecule Percent of Mass Mol. Weight ( daltons ) Molecules Percent of Molecules Water 65 18 7014174000000000000 ♠ 1.74 × 10 98.73 Other Inorganics 1.5 N / A 7012131000000000000 ♠ 1.31 × 10 0.74 Lipids 12 N / A 7011840000000000000 ♠ 8.4 × 10 0.475 Other Organics 0.4 N / A 7010770000000000000 ♠ 7.7 × 10 0.044 Protein 20 N / A 7010190000000000000 ♠ 1.9 × 10 0.011 RNA 1.0 N / A 7007500000000000000 ♠ 5 × 10 6995300000000000000 ♠ 3 × 10 DNA 0.1 7011100000000000000 ♠ 1 × 10 46 * 6989300000000000000 ♠ 3 × 10 Tissues ( edit ) Body composition can also be expressed in terms of various types of material , such as : Muscle Fat Bone and teeth Nervous tissue ( Brain and nerves ) Hormones Connective tissue Body fluids ( blood , lymph , Urine ) Contents of digestive tract , including intestinal gas Air in lungs Epithelium Composition by cell. type ( edit ) Main article : List of distinct cell types in the adult human body There are many species of bacteria and other microorganisms that live on or inside the healthy human body . In fact , 90 % of the cells in ( or on ) a human body are microbes , by number ( much less by mass or volume ) . Some of these symbionts are necessary for our health . Those that neither help nor harm humans are called commensal organisms . See also ( edit ) List of organs of the human body Hydrostatic weighing Dietary element Composition of blood List of human blood components Body composition Abundance of elements in Earth 's crust Abundance of the chemical elements References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Anke M. `` Arsenic '' . In : Mertz W. ed. , Trace elements in human and Animal Nutrition , 5th ed . Orlando , FL : Academic Press , 1986 , 347 - 372 ; Uthus E.O. , `` Evidency for arsenical essentiality '' , Environmental Geochemistry and Health , 1992 , 14 : 54 - 56 ; Uthus E.O. , Arsenic essentiality and factors affecting its importance . In : Chappell W.R. , Abernathy C.O. , Cothern C.R. eds. , Arsenic Exposure and Health . Northwood , UK : Science and Technology Letters , 1994 , 199 - 208 . Jump up ^ McCall AS , Cummings CF , Bhave G , Vanacore R , Page - McCaw A , Hudson BG ( 2014 ) . `` Bromine Is an Essential Trace Element for Assembly of Collagen IV Scaffolds in Tissue Development and Architecture '' . Cell. 157 ( 6 ) : 1380 -- 92 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cell. 2014.05. 009 . PMC 4144415 . PMID 24906154 . Jump up ^ How many atoms are in the human body ? Jump up ^ `` Ultratrace minerals '' . Authors : Nielsen , Forrest H. USDA , ARS Source : Modern nutrition in health and disease / editors , Maurice E. Shils ... et al ... Baltimore : Williams & Wilkins , c. 1999 , p. 283 - 303 . Issue Date : 1999 URI : ( 1 ) Jump up ^ See table 1 . here Jump up ^ `` Guidance for Industry : A Food Labeling Guide 14 . Appendix F '' ^ Jump up to : Institute of Medicine ( 29 September 2006 ) . Dietary Reference Intakes : The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements . National Academies Press . pp. 313 -- 19 , 415 -- 22 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 309 - 15742 - 1 . Retrieved 21 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Thomas J. Glover , comp. , Pocket Ref , 3rd ed . ( Littleton : Sequoia , 2003 ) , p. 324 ( LCCN 2002 - 91021 ) , which in Jump up ^ turn cites Geigy Scientific Tables , Ciba - Geigy Limited , Basel , Switzerland , 1984 . Jump up ^ Chang , Raymond ( 2007 ) . Chemistry , Ninth Edition . McGraw - Hill . p. 52 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 110595 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Elemental Composition of the Human Body '' by Ed Uthman , MD Retrieved 17 June 2016 Jump up ^ Frausto Da Silva , J.J. R ; Williams , R.J. P ( 2001 - 08 - 16 ) . `` The Biological Chemistry of the Elements : The Inorganic Chemistry of Life '' . ISBN 9780198508489 . Jump up ^ Zumdahl , Steven S. and Susan A. ( 2000 ) . Chemistry , Fifth Edition . Houghton Mifflin Company . p. 894 . ISBN 0 - 395 - 98581 - 1. ) Jump up ^ Emsley , John ( 25 August 2011 ) . Nature 's Building Blocks : An A-Z Guide to the Elements . OUP Oxford . p. 83 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 960563 - 7 . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Neilsen , cited ^ Jump up to : Salm , Sarah ; Allen , Deborah ; Nester , Eugene ; Anderson , Denise ( 9 January 2015 ) . Nester 's Microbiology : A Human Perspective . p. 21 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 773093 - 2 . Retrieved 19 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Subcommittee on the Tenth Edition of the Recommended Dietary Allowances , Food and Nutrition Board ; Commission on Life Sciences , National Research Council ( 1 February 1989 ) . `` 9 - 10 '' . Recommended Dietary Allowances : 10th Edition . National Academies Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 309 - 04633 - 6 . Retrieved 18 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Code of Federal Regulations , Title 21 : Food and Drugs , Ch 1 , subchapter B , Part 101 , Subpart A , § 101.9 ( c ) ( 8 ) ( iv ) Jump up ^ Australian National Health and Medical Research Council ( NHMRC ) and New Zealand Ministry of Health ( MoH ) Jump up ^ `` Fluoride in Drinking Water : A Review of Fluoridation and Regulation Issues '' Jump up ^ `` Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for fluoride '' . EFSA Journal . 11 ( 8 ) : 3332 . 2013 . doi : 10.2903 / j. efsa. 2013.3332 . ISSN 1831 - 4732 . Jump up ^ WHO / SDE / WSH / 03.04 / 96 `` Fluoride in Drinking - water '' ^ Jump up to : Safe Upper Levels for Vitamins and Mineral ( 2003 ) , boron p. 164 - 71 , nickel p. 225 - 31 , EVM , Food Standards Agency , UK ISBN 1 - 904026 - 11 - 7 Jump up ^ Yamada , Kazuhiro ( 2013 ) . `` Cobalt : Its Role in Health and Disease '' . Metal Ions in Life Sciences . 13 : 295 -- 320 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 94 - 007 - 7500 - 8_9 . ISSN 1559 - 0836 . Jump up ^ Banci , Lucia ( 18 April 2013 ) . Metallomics and the Cell. Springer Science & Business Media . pp. 333 -- 368 . ISBN 978 - 94 - 007 - 5561 - 1 . Retrieved 19 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Fratoddi , Ilaria ; Venditti , Iole ; Cametti , Cesare ; Russo , Maria Vittoria ( 2015 ) . `` How toxic are gold nanoparticles ? The state - of - the - art '' . Nano Research . 8 ( 6 ) : 1771 -- 1799 . doi : 10.1007 / s12274 - 014 - 0697 - 3 . ISSN 1998 - 0124 . Jump up ^ `` Scientific Opinion on the re-evaluation of gold ( E 175 ) as a food additive '' . EFSA Journal . 14 ( 1 ) : 4362 . 2016 . doi : 10.2903 / j. efsa. 2016.4362 . ISSN 1831 - 4732 . Jump up ^ Hillyer , Julián F. ; Albrecht , Ralph M. ( 2001 ) . `` Gastrointestinal persorption and tissue distribution of differently sized colloidal gold nanoparticles '' . Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences . 90 ( 12 ) : 1927 -- 1936 . doi : 10.1002 / jps. 1143 . ISSN 0022 - 3549 . Jump up ^ Aluminum Toxicity Jump up ^ Mizutani , K. ; Mikami , B. ; Aibara , S. ; Hirose , M. ( 2005 ) . `` Structure of aluminium - bound ovotransferrin at 2.15 Å resolution '' . Acta Crystallographica Section D. 61 ( 12 ) : 1636 . doi : 10.1107 / S090744490503266X . Jump up ^ Douglas Fox , `` The speed of life '' , New Scientist , No 2419 , 1 November 2003 . Jump up ^ Freitas Jr. , Robert A. ( 1999 ) . Nanomedicine , . Landes Bioscience . Tables 3 -- 1 & 3 -- 2 . ISBN 1 - 57059 - 680 - 8 . Jump up ^ Glausiusz , Josie . `` Your Body Is a Planet '' . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Wenner , Melinda . `` Humans Carry More Bacterial Cells than Human Ones '' . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 09 . hide Periodic table Periodic table forms Standard 18 - column 18 - column , large cells 32 - column , large cells Alternative Alternatives Janet 's left step table Extended Extension beyond the 7th period Aufbau Fricke Pyykkö Sets of elements By periodic table structure Groups 1 ( Alkali metals ) 2 ( Alkaline earth metals ) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 ( Pnictogens ) 16 ( Chalcogens ) 17 ( Halogens ) 18 ( Noble gases ) Periods 5 6 7 8 + Aufbau Fricke Pyykkö Blocks s - block p - block d - block f - block g - block Aufbau principle By metallicity Metals Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Lanthanides Actinides Transition metals Post-transition metals Metalloids Lists of metalloids by source Dividing line Nonmetals Reactive nonmetals Noble gases Other sets Nutritional elements Platinum - group metals ( PGM ) Rare - earth elements Refractory metals Precious metals Coinage metals Noble metal Heavy metals Native metals Transuranium elements Transactinide elements Major actinides Minor actinides Elements Lists By : Abundance ( in humans ) Atomic properties Nuclear stability Production Symbol Properties Atomic weight Crystal structure Electron affinity Electron configuration Electronegativity Allen Pauling Goldschmidt classification Maximum valence Data pages Abundance Atomic radius Boiling point Critical point Density Elasticity Electrical resistivity Electron affinity Electron configuration Electronegativity Hardness Heat capacity Heat of fusion Heat of vaporization Ionization energy Melting point Oxidation state Speed of sound Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion coefficient Vapor pressure History Element discoveries Mendeleev 's predictions Naming etymology controversies for places for people in East Asia See also IUPAC nomenclature systematic element name Trivial name Dmitri Mendeleev Book Chemistry Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Composition_of_the_human_body&oldid=848462490 '' Categories : Biochemistry Human anatomy Human physiology Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from July 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Bahasa Indonesia ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша Nederlands ଓଡ଼ିଆ Русский தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 2 July 2018 , at 01 : 59 ( UTC ) . 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which element of television is also found in printed media			Typography	typography	Typography is the art and technique of arranging type to make written language legible , readable , and appealing when displayed . The arrangement of type involves selecting typefaces , point sizes , line lengths , line - spacing ( leading ) , and letter - spacing ( tracking ) , and adjusting the space between pairs of letters ( kerning ) . The term typography is also applied to the style , arrangement , and appearance of the letters , numbers , and symbols created by the process . Type design is a closely related craft , sometimes considered part of typography ; most typographers do not design typefaces , and some type designers do not consider themselves typographers . Typography also may be used as a decorative device , unrelated to communication of information .	Typography is the work of typesetters ( also known as compositors ) , typographers , graphic designers , art directors , manga artists , comic book artists , graffiti artists , and , now , anyone who arranges words , letters , numbers , and symbols for publication , display , or distribution , from clerical workers and newsletter writers to anyone self - publishing materials . Until the Digital Age , typography was a specialized occupation . Digitization opened up typography to new generations of previously unrelated designers and lay users , and David Jury , head of graphic design at Colchester Institute in England , states that `` typography is now something everybody does . '' As the capability to create typography has become ubiquitous , the application of principles and best practices developed over generations of skilled workers and professionals has diminished . So at a time when scientific techniques can support the proven traditions ( e.g. , greater legibility with the use of serifs , upper and lower case , contrast , etc . ) through understanding the limitations of human vision , typography as often encountered may fail to achieve its principal objective : effective communication . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Evolution 2.2 Experimental typeface uses 2.3 Techniques 3 Scope 4 Text typefaces 4.1 Color 4.2 Principles of the typographic craft 5 Display graphics 5.1 Advertising 5.2 Inscriptional and architectural lettering 6 See also 7 Notes 7.1 References 8 External links Etymology ( edit ) The word `` typography '' in English comes from the Greek roots τύπος typos = `` impression '' and - γραφία - graphia = `` writing '' . History ( edit ) Main articles : History of Western typography , History of typography in East Asia , and Movable type A revolving type case for wooden type in China , an illustration shown in a book published in 1313 by Wang Zhen Korean movable type from 1377 used for the Jikji Although typically applied to printed , published , broadcast , and reproduced materials in contemporary times , all words , letters , symbols , and numbers written alongside the earliest naturalistic drawings by humans may be called typography . The word , typography , is derived from the Greek words τύπος typos `` form '' or `` impression '' and γράφειν graphein `` to write '' , traces its origins to the first punches and dies used to make seals and currency in ancient times , which ties the concept to printing . The uneven spacing of the impressions on brick stamps found in the Mesopotamian cities of Uruk and Larsa , dating from the second millennium B.C. , may be evidence of type , wherein the reuse of identical characters was applied to create cuneiform text . Babylonian cylinder seals were used to create an impression on a surface by rolling the seal on wet clay . Typography also was implemented in the Phaistos Disc , an enigmatic Minoan printed item from Crete , which dates to between 1850 and 1600 B.C. It has been proposed that Roman lead pipe inscriptions were created with movable type printing , but German typographer Herbert Brekle recently dismissed this view . The essential criterion of type identity was met by medieval print artifacts such as the Latin Pruefening Abbey inscription of 1119 that was created by the same technique as the Phaistos Disc . The silver altarpiece of patriarch Pellegrinus II ( 1195 -- 1204 ) in the cathedral of Cividale was printed with individual letter punches . Apparently , the same printing technique may be found in tenth to twelfth century Byzantine reliquaries . Other early examples include individual letter tiles where the words are formed by assembling single letter tiles in the desired order , which were reasonably widespread in medieval Northern Europe . Typography with movable type was invented during the eleventh - century Song dynasty in China by Bi Sheng ( 990 -- 1051 ) . His movable type system was manufactured from ceramic materials , and clay type printing continued to be practiced in China until the Qing Dynasty . Wang Zhen was one of the pioneers of wooden movable type . Although the wooden type was more durable under the mechanical rigors of handling , repeated printing wore the character faces down and the types could be replaced only by carving new pieces . Metal movable type was first invented in Korea during the Goryeo Dynasty , approximately 1230 . Hua Sui introduced bronze type printing to China in 1490 AD . The diffusion of both movable - type systems was limited and the technology did not spread beyond East and Central Asia , however . A sixteenth century workshop in Germany showing a printing press and many of the activities involved in the process of printing Modern lead - based movable type , along with the mechanical printing press , is most often attributed to the goldsmith Johannes Gutenberg in 1439 . His type pieces , made from a lead - based alloy , suited printing purposes so well that the alloy is still used today . Gutenberg developed specialized techniques for casting and combining cheap copies of letter punches in the vast quantities required to print multiple copies of texts . This technical breakthrough was instrumental in starting the Printing Revolution and the first book printed with lead - based movable type was the Gutenberg Bible . Rapidly advancing technology revolutionized typography in the latter twentieth century . During the 1960s some camera - ready typesetting could be produced in any office or workshop with stand - alone machines such as those introduced by IBM . During the mid-1980s personal computers such as the Macintosh allowed type designers to create typefaces digitally using commercial graphic design software . Digital technology also enabled designers to create more experimental typefaces as well as the practical typefaces of traditional typography . Designs for typefaces could be created faster with the new technology , and for more specific functions . The cost for developing typefaces was drastically lowered , becoming widely available to the masses . The change has been called the `` democratization of type '' and has given new designers more opportunities to enter the field . Evolution ( edit ) The design of typefaces has developed alongside the development of typesetting systems . Although typography has evolved significantly from its origins , it is a largely conservative art that tends to cleave closely to tradition . This is because legibility is paramount , and so the typefaces that are the most readable usually are retained . In addition , the evolution of typography is inextricably intertwined with lettering by hand and related art forms , especially formal styles , which thrived for centuries preceding typography , and so the evolution of typography must be discussed with reference to this relationship . In the nascent stages of European printing , the typeface ( blackletter , or Gothic ) was designed in imitation of the popular hand - lettering styles of scribes . Initially , this typeface was difficult to read , because each letter was set in place individually and made to fit tightly into the allocated space . The art of manuscript writing , whose origin was during Hellenistic and Roman bookmaking , reached its zenith in the illuminated manuscripts of the Middle Ages . Metal typefaces notably altered the style , making it `` crisp and uncompromising '' , and also brought about `` new standards of composition '' . During the Renaissance period in France , Claude Garamond was partially responsible for the adoption of Roman typeface that eventually supplanted the more commonly used Gothic ( blackletter ) . Roman typeface also was based on hand - lettering styles . The development of Roman typeface can be traced back to Greek lapidary letters . Greek lapidary letters were carved into stone and `` one of the first formal uses of Western letterforms '' ; after that , Roman lapidary letterforms evolved into the monumental capitals , which laid the foundation for Western typographical design , especially serif typefaces . There are two styles of Roman typefaces : the old style , and the modern . The former is characterized by its similarly weighted lines , while the latter is distinguished by its contrast of light and heavy lines . Often , these styles are combined . By the twentieth century , computers turned typeface design into a rather simplified process . This has allowed the number of typefaces and styles to proliferate exponentially , as there now are thousands available . Unfortunately , confusion between typeface and font ( the various styles of a single typeface ) occurred in 1984 when Steve Jobs mislabeled typefaces as fonts for Apple computers and his error has been perpetuated throughout the computer industry , leading to common misuse by the public of the term `` font '' when typeface is the proper term . Experimental typeface uses ( edit ) `` Experimental typography '' is defined as the unconventional and more artistic approach to typeface selection . Francis Picabia was a Dada pioneer of this practice in the early twentieth Century . David Carson is often associated with this movement , particularly for his work in Ray Gun magazine in the 1990s . His work caused an uproar in the design community due to his abandonment of standard practices in typeface selection , layout , and design . Experimental typography is said to place emphasis on expressing emotion , rather than having a concern for legibility while communicating ideas , hence considered bordering on being art . Techniques ( edit ) There are many facets to the expressive use of typography , and with those come many different techniques to help with visual aid and the graphic design . Spacing and kerning , size - specific spacing , x-height and vertical proportions , character variation , width , weight , and contrast , are several techniques that are necessary to be taken into consideration when thinking about the appropriateness of specific typefaces or creating them . When placing two or more differing and / or contrasting fonts together , these techniques come into play for organizational strategies and demanding attractive qualities . For example , if the bulk of a title has a more unfamiliar or unusual font , simpler sans - serif fonts will help complement the title while attracting more attention to the piece as a whole . Scope ( edit ) In contemporary use , the practice and study of typography include a broad range , covering all aspects of letter design and application , both mechanical ( typesetting , type design , and typefaces ) and manual ( handwriting and calligraphy ) . Typographical elements may appear in a wide variety of situations , including : Documents Presentations Display typography ( described below ) Clothing Maps and labels Vehicle instrument panels As a component of industrial design -- type on household appliances , pens , and wristwatches , for example As a component in modern poetry ( see , for example , the poetry of e.e. cummings ) Since digitization , typographical uses have spread to a wider range of applications , appearing on web pages , LCD mobile phone screens , and hand - held video games . Text typefaces ( edit ) A specimen sheet by William Caslon shows printed examples of Roman typefaces . Traditionally , text is composed to create a readable , coherent , and visually satisfying typeface that works invisibly , without the awareness of the reader . Even distribution of typeset material , with a minimum of distractions and anomalies , is aimed at producing clarity and transparency . Choice of typeface ( s ) is the primary aspect of text typography -- prose fiction , non-fiction , editorial , educational , religious , scientific , spiritual , and commercial writing all have differing characteristics and requirements of appropriate typefaces ( and their fonts or styles ) . For historic material , established text typefaces frequently are chosen according to a scheme of historical genre acquired by a long process of accretion , with considerable overlap among historical periods . Contemporary books are more likely to be set with state - of - the - art `` text romans '' or `` book romans '' typefaces with serifs and design values echoing present - day design arts , which are closely based on traditional models such as those of Nicolas Jenson , Francesco Griffo ( a punchcutter who created the model for Aldine typefaces ) , and Claude Garamond . With their more specialized requirements , newspapers and magazines rely on compact , tightly fitted styles of text typefaces with serifs specially designed for the task , which offer maximum flexibility , readability , legibility , and efficient use of page space . Sans serif text typefaces ( without serifs ) often are used for introductory paragraphs , incidental text , and whole short articles . A current fashion is to pair a sans - serif typeface for headings with a high - performance serif typeface of matching style for the text of an article . Typesetting conventions are modulated by orthography and linguistics , word structures , word frequencies , morphology , phonetic constructs and linguistic syntax . Typesetting conventions also are subject to specific cultural conventions . For example , in French it is customary to insert a non-breaking space before a colon ( : ) or semicolon ( ; ) in a sentence , while in English it is not . Color ( edit ) Main article : Type color In typesetting , color is the overall density of the ink on the page , determined mainly by the typeface , but also by the word spacing , leading , and depth of the margins . Text layout , tone , or color of the set text , and the interplay of text with the white space of the page in combination with other graphic elements impart a `` feel '' or `` resonance '' to the subject matter . With printed media , typographers also are concerned with binding margins , paper selection , and printing methods when determining the correct color of the page . Principles of the typographic craft ( edit ) This section may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia 's quality standards . You can help . The discussion page may contain suggestions . ( November 2012 ) Three fundamental aspects of typography are legibility , readability , and aesthetics . Though in a non-technical sense `` legible '' and `` readable '' are often used synonymously , typographically they are separate but related concepts . Legibility and readability tend to support aesthetic aspects of a product . Legibility describes how easily individual characters can be distinguished from one another . It is described by Walter Tracy as `` the quality of being decipherable and recognisable '' . For instance if a `` b '' and an `` h '' , or a `` 3 '' and an `` 8 '' , are difficult to distinguish at small sizes , this is a problem of legibility . Typographers are concerned with legibility insofar as it is their job to select the correct font to use . Brush Script is an example of a font containing many characters which might be difficult to distinguish . Selection of case influences the legibility of typography because using only upper - case letters ( all - caps ) reduces legibility . Readability refers to how easy it is to read the text as a whole , as opposed to the individual character recognition described by legibility . Use of margins , word - and line - spacing , and clear document structure all impact on readability . Some fonts or font styles , for instance sans - serif fonts , are considered to have low readability , and so be unsuited for large quantities of prose . Text typeset example in Iowan Old Style roman , italics , and small caps , optimized at approximately ten words per line , typeface sized at 14 points on 1.4 × leading , with 0.2 points extra tracking using an extract of an essay by Oscar Wilde The English Renaissance of Art c. 1882 Legibility `` refers to perception '' ( being able to see as determined by physical limitations of the eye ) and readability `` refers to comprehension '' ( understanding the meaning ) . Good typographers and graphic designers aim to achieve excellence in both . `` The typeface chosen should be legible . That is , it should be read without effort . Sometimes legibility is simply a matter of type size ; more often , however , it is a matter of typeface design . Case selection always influences legibility . In general , typefaces that are true to the basic letterforms are more legible than typefaces that have been condensed , expanded , embellished , or abstracted . However , even a legible typeface can become unreadable through poor setting and placement , just as a less legible typeface can be made more readable through good design . Studies of both legibility and readability have examined a wide range of factors including type size and type design . For example , comparing serif vs. sans - serif type , roman type vs. oblique type , and italic type , line length , line spacing , color contrast , the design of right - hand edge ( for example , justification , straight right hand edge ) vs. ragged right , and whether text is hyphenated . Justified copy must be adjusted tightly during typesetting to prevent loss of readability , something beyond the capabilities of typical personal computers . Legibility research has been published since the late nineteenth century . Although there often are commonalities and agreement on many topics , others often create poignant areas of conflict and variation of opinion . For example , Alex Poole asserts that no one has provided a conclusive answer as to which typeface style , serif or sans serif , provides the most legibility , although differences of opinion exist regarding such debates . Other topics such as justified vs unjustified type , use of hyphens , and proper typefaces for people with reading difficulties such as dyslexia , have continued to be subjects of debate . Legibility is usually measured through speed of reading , with comprehension scores used to check for effectiveness ( that is , not a rushed or careless read ) . For example , Miles Tinker , who published numerous studies from the 1930s to the 1960s , used a speed of reading test that required participants to spot incongruous words as an effectiveness filter . The Readability of Print Unit at the Royal College of Art under Professor Herbert Spencer with Brian Coe and Linda Reynolds did important work in this area and was one of the centres that revealed the importance of the saccadic rhythm of eye movement for readability -- in particular , the ability to take in ( i.e. , recognise the meaning of groups of ) about three words at once and the physiognomy of the eye , which means the eye tires if the line required more than 3 or 4 of these saccadic jumps . More than this is found to introduce strain and errors in reading ( e.g. , Doubling ) . The use of all - caps renders words indistinguishable as groups , all letters presenting a uniform line to the eye , requiring special effort for separation and understanding . These days , legibility research tends to be limited to critical issues , or the testing of specific design solutions ( for example , when new typefaces are developed ) . Examples of critical issues include typefaces for people with visual impairment , typefaces and case selection for highway and street signs , or for other conditions where legibility may make a key difference . Much of the legibility research literature is somewhat atheoretical -- various factors were tested individually or in combination ( inevitably so , as the different factors are interdependent ) , but many tests were carried out in the absence of a model of reading or visual perception . Some typographers believe that the overall word shape ( Bouma ) is very important in readability , and that the theory of parallel letter recognition is either wrong , less important , or not the entire picture . Word shape differs by outline , influenced by ascending and descending elements of lower case letters and enables reading the entire word without having to parse out each letter ( for example , dog is easily distinguished from cat ) and that becomes more influential to being able to read groups of words at a time . Studies distinguishing between Bouma recognition and parallel letter recognition with regard to how people recognize words when they read , have favored parallel letter recognition , which is widely accepted by cognitive psychologists . Some commonly agreed findings of legibility research include : Text set in lower case is more legible than text set all in upper case ( capitals , all - caps ) , presumably because lower case letter structures and word shapes are more distinctive . Extenders ( ascenders , descenders , and other projecting parts ) increase salience ( prominence ) . Regular upright type ( roman type ) is found to be more legible than italic type . Contrast , without dazzling brightness , also has been found to be important , with black on yellow / cream being most effective along with white on blue . Positive images ( e.g. , black on white ) make handheld material easier to read than negative or reversed ( e.g. , white on black ) . Even this commonly accepted practice has some exceptions , however ( for example , in some cases of disability , and designing the most effective signs for drivers ) . The upper portions of letters ( ascenders ) play a stronger part in the recognition process than the lower portions . This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The aesthetic concerns in typography deals not only with the careful selection of one or two harmonizing typefaces and relative type sizes , but also with laying out elements to be printed on a flat surface tastefully and appealingly , among others . For this reason , typographers attempt to observe typographical principles , the most common of which are listed below : Limit up to three colors , which should harmonize to each other and with the color of the paper and the dominant color ( s ) of the photo or graphics Limit to two typefaces on a single page , which should `` match '' Limit up to three fonts and sizes Select the size of leading to be optimal and most pleasing to the eyes . The number of different enhancements such as greater size , bold , italic fonts , capitalization , or different typeface , different color , as used for headlines and emphasized words inside the text block , should be limited and consistent , and be judiciously selected Avoid underlining like pest and should not be on top of another enhancement Text should be placed judiciously to lead the eye from one text cognitively natural way to the next text Multi-line headline should be segmented by phrases ( no phrase should be split into two lines ) No widows and orphans ( no beginning line of paragraph at the bottom of page , no last line of paragraph at the top of page ) Likewise no headline is at the page bottom The last line of a paragraph should flush with the preceding lines and not stand alone below a picture The printing elements should not be scattered in the hodgepodge fashion across the page , unless it truly conveys hodgepodge . The letters V and W at the beginning of a paragraph line should extent a little to left of the vertical left flush line to give an optical impression of being flush with lines below . Text typeset using LaTeX digital typesetting software , often used for academic papers and journals Readability also may be compromised by letter - spacing , word spacing , or leading that is too tight or too loose . It may be improved when generous vertical space separates lines of text , making it easier for the eye to distinguish one line from the next , or previous line . Poorly designed typefaces and those that are too tightly or loosely fitted also may result in poor legibility . Underlining also may reduce readability by eliminating the recognition effect contributed by the descending elements of letters . Periodical publications , especially newspapers and magazines , use typographical elements to achieve an attractive , distinctive appearance , to aid readers in navigating the publication , and in some cases for dramatic effect . By formulating a style guide , a publication or periodical standardizes with a relatively small collection of typefaces , each used for specific elements within the publication , and makes consistent use of typefaces , case , type sizes , italic , boldface , colors , and other typographic features such as combining large and small capital letters together . Some publications , such as The Guardian and The Economist , go so far as to commission a type designer to create customized typefaces for their exclusive use . Different periodical publications design their publications , including their typography , to achieve a particular tone or style . For example , USA Today uses a bold , colorful , and comparatively modern style through their use of a variety of typefaces and colors ; type sizes vary widely , and the newspaper 's name is placed on a colored background . In contrast , The New York Times uses a more traditional approach , with fewer colors , less typeface variation , and more columns . Especially on the front page of newspapers and on magazine covers , headlines often are set in larger display typefaces to attract attention , and are placed near the masthead . Typography utilized to characterize text : Typography is intended to reveal the character of the text . Through the use of typography , a body of text can instantaneously reveal the mood the author intends to convey to its readers . The message that a body of text conveys has a direct relationship with the typeface that is chosen . Therefore , when a person is focusing on typography and setting type they must pay very close attention to the typeface they decide to choose . Choosing the correct typeface for a body of text can only be done after thoroughly reading the text , understanding its context , and understanding what the text is wishing to convey . Once the typographer has an understanding of the text , then they have the responsibility of using the appropriate typeface to honor the writing done by the author of the text . Knowledge of choosing the correct typeface comes along with understanding the historical background of typefaces and understanding the reason why that typeface was created . For example , if the body of text is titled `` Commercial Real Estate Transactions '' and further elaborates on the real estate market throughout the body , then the appropriate typeface to use in this instance is a serif typeface . This typeface would be appropriate because the author intends to inform its audience on a serious topic and not entertain his audience with an anecdote ; therefore , a serif typeface would effectively convey a sense of seriousness to the audience instantaneously . The typographer would also employ larger - sized font for the title of the text to convey a sense of importance to the title of the text which directly informs the reader of the structure in which the text is intended to be read , as well as increasing readability from varying viewing distances . Typography utilized to make reading practical : Typography not only has a direct correlation with honoring the tone of the text , but also shares the responsibility of making the audience commence the reading process as well as sustaining the audience 's attention throughout the body of text . Although typography can potentially be utilized to attract the reader 's attention to commence the reading process , and create a beautiful / attractive piece of text , the craft of typography is not limited to aesthetics . Typography is a craft that is not stringently encompassed with the aesthetic appeal of the text . On the contrary , the object of typography is to make the reading experience practical and useful . The use of bold colors , multiple typefaces , and colorful backgrounds in a typographic design may be eye - catching ; however , it may not be appropriate for all bodies of text and could potentially make text illegible . Overuse of design elements such as colors and typefaces can create an unsettling reading experience , preventing the author of the text from conveying their message to readers . Display graphics ( edit ) Nineteenth century wanted poster for John Wilkes Booth ( the assassin of U.S. President Abraham Lincoln ) printed with lead and woodcut type , and incorporating photography Type may be combined with negative space and images , forming relationships and dialog between the words and images for special effects . Display designs are a potent element in graphic design . Some sign designers exhibit less concern for readability , sacrificing it for an artistic manner . Color and size of type elements may be much more prevalent than in solely text designs . Most display items exploit type at larger sizes , where the details of letter design are magnified . Color is used for its emotional effect in conveying the tone and nature of subject matter . Display typography encompasses : Advertisements in publications , such as newspapers and magazines Magazine and newspaper headline type Signs and other large - scale - letter designs , such as information signs and billboards Posters Brochures and flyers Packaging and labeling Business communications and advertising Book covers Typographic logos , trademarks , and word marks Graffiti Inscriptions Architectural lettering Kinetic typography in motion pictures , television , vending machine displays , online , and computer screen displays Advertising ( edit ) Typography has long been a vital part of promotional material and advertising . Designers often use typefaces to set a theme and mood in an advertisement ( for example , using bold , large text to convey a particular message to the reader ) . Choice of typeface is often used to draw attention to a particular advertisement , combined with efficient use of color , shapes , and images . Today , typography in advertising often reflects a company 's brand . Typefaces used in advertisements convey different messages to the reader : classical ones are for a strong personality , while more modern ones may convey clean , neutral look . Bold typefaces are used for making statements and attracting attention . In any design , a balance has to be achieved between the visual impact and communication aspects . Digital technology in the twentieth and twenty - first centuries has enabled the creation of typefaces for advertising that are more experimental than traditional typefaces . Inscriptional and architectural lettering ( edit ) See also : Epigraphy A display advertisement for the Encyclopædia Britannica from a 1913 issue of National Geographic magazine The history of inscriptional lettering is intimately tied to the history of writing , the evolution of letterforms and the craft of the hand . The widespread use of the computer and various etching and sandblasting techniques today has made the hand carved monument a rarity , and the number of letter - carvers left in the US continues to dwindle . For monumental lettering to be effective , it must be considered carefully in its context . Proportions of letters need to be altered as their size and distance from the viewer increases . An expert monument designer gains understanding of these nuances through much practice and observation of the craft . Letters drawn by hand and for a specific project have the possibility of being richly specific and profoundly beautiful in the hand of a master . Each also may take up to an hour to carve , so it is no wonder that the automated sandblasting process has become the industry standard . To create a sandblasted letter , a rubber mat is laser - cut from a computer file and glued to the stone . The blasted sand then bites a coarse groove or channel into the exposed surface . Unfortunately , many of the computer applications that create these files and interface with the laser cutter do not have a wide selection of many typefaces , and often have inferior versions of those typefaces that are available . What now can be done in minutes , however , lacks the striking architecture and geometry of the chisel - cut letter that allows light to play across its distinct interior planes . See also ( edit ) Kerning In philately `` typography '' refers to letterpress printing . List of type designers Punctuation Symbols -- Comprehensive list of typographical symbols Typeface Typesetting Typographic alignment Supporting organizations ATypI : Association Typographique Internationale ( `` International Typographic Association '' ) International Society of Typographic Designers Society of Typographic Aficionados Type Directors Club Typophile ( Internet forum ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bringhurst , Robert . The Elements of Typographic Style , version 3.1 . Canada : Hartley & Marks , 2005 . p. 32 . Jump up ^ Pipes , Alan ( 1997 ) , Production For Graphic Designers ( 2nd ed . ) , Prentice - Hall Jump up ^ Berry , John D. `` dot - font : Being a Typographer '' . CreativePro . Creative Publishing Network and CreativePro . Retrieved 7 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Jury , David ( 2006 ) . What is Typography ? . Mies , Switzerland : Rotovision . p. 63 . ISBN 2 - 88046 - 822 - 1 . Jump up ^ Sass , Benjamin ; Marzahn , Joachim ( 2010 ) . Aramaic and Figural Stamp Impressions on Bricks of the Sixth Century B.C. from Babylon . Harrassowitz Verlag . pp. 11 , 20 , 160 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 447 - 06184 - 1 . `` the latter has cuneiform signs that look as if made with a movable type , and impressions from Assur display the same phenomenon ^ Jump up to : Clair , Kate ; Busic - Snyder , Cynthia ( 2012 ) . A Typographic Workbook : A Primer to History , Techniques , and Artistry . John Wiley & Sons . pp. 4 , 123 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 39988 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Brekle , Herbert E ( 1997 ) , `` Das typographische Prinzip . Versuch einer Begriffsklärung '' , Gutenberg - Jahrbuch ( in German ) , 72 : 58 -- 63 , archived from the original on 16 July 2011 Jump up ^ Schwartz , Benjamin ( 1959 ) , `` The Phaistos disk '' , Journal of Near Eastern Studies , 18 ( 2 ) : 105 -- 12 , doi : 10.1086 / 371517 Jump up ^ Diamond , Jared , `` 13 : Necessity 's Mother : The evolution of technology '' , Guns , Germs , and Steel : The Fates of Human Society , ISBN 0 - 393 - 03891 - 2 Jump up ^ Lanciani , R ( 1975 ) ( Classe di Scienze Morali , Rom 1881 ) , `` Topografia di Roma antica . I commentarii di Frontino intorno le acque e gli acquedotti . Silloge epigrafica aquaria '' ( Topography of ancient Rome . The commentaries of Frontini around the waters and the aqueducts ) , Memorie della Reale Accademia dei Lincei , III ( in Italian ) , Quasar , IV : 215 -- 616 Jump up ^ Pace , Pietrantonio ( 1986 ) , Gli acquedotti di Roma e il Aquaeductu di Frontino ( The aqueducts of Rome and the aqueduct of Frontino ) ( in Italian ) ( 2nd ed . ) , Rome : Art Studio S. Eligio Jump up ^ Hodge , A. Trevor ( 1992 ) , Roman Aqueducts & Water Supply , London : Duckworth , ISBN 0 - 7156 - 2194 - 7 Jump up ^ -- -- -- ( 2010 ) , `` Herstellungstechniken von Inschriften auf römischen Wasserleitungsrohren aus Blei '' , in Hanneforth , Thomas ; Fanselow , Gisbert , Language and Logos . Studies in Theoretical and Computational Linguistics , Studia grammatica , 72 , Berlin : Akademie Verlag , pp. 419 -- 37 , ISBN 978 - 3 - 05 - 004931 - 1 Jump up ^ -- -- -- ( 2005 ) , Die Prüfeninger Weihinschrift von 1119 . Eine paläographisch - typographische Untersuchung ( brief summary ) ( in German ) , Regensburg : Scriptorium Verlag für Kultur und Wissenschaft , ISBN 3 - 937527 - 06 - 0 ^ Jump up to : Lehmann - Haupt , Hellmut ( 1940 ) , `` Englische Holzstempelalphabete des XIII . Jahrhunderts '' , Gutenberg - Jahrbuch ( in German ) : 93 -- 97 Jump up ^ Hupp , Otto ( 1906 ) , `` Die Prüfeninger Weiheinschrift von 1119 '' , Studien aus Kunst und Geschichte , Festschrift für Friedrich Schneider ( in German ) , Freiburg i . Br. : Herder ^ Jump up to : Lipinsky , Angelo ( 1986 ) , `` La pala argentea del Patriarca Pellegrino nella Collegiata di Cividale e le sue iscrizioni con caratteri mobili '' , Ateneo Veneto ( in Italian ) , 24 : 75 -- 80 ^ Jump up to : Koch , Walter ( 1994 ) , Literaturbericht zur mittelalterlichen und neuzeitlichen Epigraphik ( 1985 -- 1991 ) , Monumenta Germaniae Historica : Hilfsmittel ( in German ) , 14 , München , p. 213 , ISBN 978 - 3 - 88612 - 114 - 4 Jump up ^ -- -- -- ( 2011 ) , Die typographische Herstellungstechnik der Inschriften auf dem silbernen Altaraufsatz im Dom von Cividale ( PDF ) ( in German ) , DE : Regensburg Jump up ^ Needham , Joseph ( 1994 ) . The Shorter Science and Civilisation in China , Volume 4 . Cambridge University Press . p. 14 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 32995 - 8 . Bi Sheng ... who first devised , about 1045 , the art of printing with movable type Jump up ^ Tsien , Tsuen - Hsuin ( 1985 ) . Paper and Printing . Needham , Joseph Science and Civilization in China :. vol. 5 part 1 . Cambridge University Press . pp. 201 -- 217 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 08690 - 6 . Jump up ^ Ch'on 1993 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ McLuhan , Marshall ( 1962 ) , The Gutenberg Galaxy : The Making of Typographic Man ( 1st ed . ) , University of Toronto Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 6041 - 9 Jump up ^ Eisenstein , Elizabeth L ( 1980 ) , The Printing Press as an Agent of Change , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0 - 521 - 29955 - 1 Jump up ^ Febvre , Lucien ; Martin , Henri - Jean ( 1997 ) , The Coming of the Book : The Impact of Printing 1450 -- 1800 , London : Verso , ISBN 1 - 85984 - 108 - 2 Jump up ^ Man , John ( 2002 ) , The Gutenberg Revolution : The Story of a Genius and an Invention that Changed the World , London : Headline Review , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7472 - 4504 - 9 Jump up ^ `` Printing '' , Encyclopædia Britannica , 2006 . Jump up ^ Dowding , Geoffrey . An Introduction to the History of Printing Types . London : Oak Knoll Press , 1998 . p. 3 . ^ Jump up to : Rothenberg , Randall ( July 23 , 1990 ) . `` Computers Change the Face of Type '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ Carter , Rob ; Day , Ben ; Meggs , Philip B. ( 2012 ) . Typographic Design : Form and Communication . p. 125 . It is the earliest mechanization of a handicraft : the handlettering of books . Typographic design has been closely bound to the evolution of technology , for the capabilities and limitations of typesetting systems have posed constraints upon the design process . ^ Jump up to : `` Typography '' . Credo Reference / The Crystal Reference Encyclopedia . Credo Reference . Retrieved 2 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Type '' . Credo Reference / The Columbia Encyclopedia . Credo Reference . Retrieved 2 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Evolution of Typography '' ( PDF ) . Infoamerica . Retrieved 2 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Haley , Allan ( 2012 ) . Typography , Referenced . Beverly , MA : Rockport Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59253 - 702 - 0 . Jump up ^ Roman type Jump up ^ `` On Legibility -- In Typography And Type Design Learn -- Scannerlicker ! '' . learn.scannerlicker.net . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Expressive Web Typography : Useful Examples and Techniques -- Smashing Magazine '' . Smashing Magazine . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ Eckersley , Richard ( 1994 ) , `` Color '' , Glossary of Typesetting Terms , Chicago guides to writing , editing and publishing , University of Chicago Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 18371 - 8 , OCLC 316234150 ^ Jump up to : Tracy , Walter ( 1986 ) , Letters of Credit , Gordon Fraser Jump up ^ Craig , J ; Scala , IK ( 2006 ) , Designing with Type , the Essential Guide to Typography ( 5th ed . ) , Watson Guptil Jump up ^ Poole , Alex , Which Are More Legible : Serif or Sans Serif Typefaces ? , archived from the original on March 6 , 2010 , retrieved November 27 , 2016 Jump up ^ Reynolds , Linda ( 1988 ) , `` Legibility of Type '' , Baseline , vol. 10 Jump up ^ Writing clearly , UK : National Literacy Trust Jump up ^ `` Typography : Often invisible , always essential Insights Larsen '' . Larsen . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` What Is Typography ? The Importance of Typography in Web Design '' . Bop Design . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ Stanley , Thomas Blaine . The Technique of Advertising Production . New York : Prentice - Hall , 1940 . p. 40 . Jump up ^ Stanley , Thomas Blaine . The Technique of Advertising Production . New York : Prentice - Hall , 1940 . Jump up ^ Glaser , C. Knight , J. When Typography Speaks Louder Than Words. April 13th , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Typography '' . History of Graphic Design . Retrieved 24 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Typogrphy : Inscriptional and architectural lettering '' . My self and my world . Retrieved 24 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Kloetzel , James E , ed. ( 2010 ) , 2011 Classic Specialized Catalogue of Stamps & Cover 1840 -- 1940 ( 17 ed . ) , Sidney , OH : Scott , p. 34A , ISBN 0 - 89487 - 455 - 1 References ( edit ) Bringhurst , Robert ( 2004 ) , The Elements of Typographic Style ( 3 ed . ) , Point Roberts , WA : Hartley & Marks , ISBN 0 - 88179 - 133 - 4 . Standard Test Method of Comparative Legibility by Means of Polarizing Filter Instrumentation , ASTM International , D7298 Ch'on , Hye - bong ( 1993 ) , `` Typography in Korea '' , Koreana , 7 ( 2 ) : 10 -- 19 . Gill , Eric ( 2000 ) ( 1931 ) , An Essay on Typography , Boston : David R Godine , p. 188 , ISBN 0 - 87923 - 950 - 6 Dowding , Geoffrey . Finer Points in the Spacing and Arrangement of the Printed Word , 2nd edn . Point Roberts , WA : Hartley and Marks , 1999 . Heller , Steven ; Meggs , Philip B ( 2001 ) , Texts on Type : Critical Writings on Typography , New York : Allworth Press , ISBN 1 - 58115 - 082 - 2 . A compilation of more than fifty texts on the history , practice , and aesthetics of typeface design and typography Jury , David ( 2004 ) , About Face : Reviving the Rules of Typography , CH : Rotovision , ISBN 2 - 88046 - 798 - 5 , 159 pp . Lawson , Alexander ( 1990 ) , Anatomy of a Typeface , ISBN 978 - 0 - 87923 - 333 - 4 , devotes entire chapters to the development and uses of individual or small groupings of typefaces Martínez de Sousa , José ( 2007 ) , Manual de estilo de la lengua española ( Style manual of the Spanish language ) ( in Spanish ) ( 3. a ed . ) , Gijón : Trea . -- -- -- ( 2008 ) , Ortografía y ortotipografía del español actual ( Orthography and orthotypography of current Spanish ) ( in Spanish ) ( 2. a ed . ) , Gijón : Trea . McLean , Ruari . The Thames and Hudson Manual of Typography . New York : Thames and Hudson , 1992 . Mestres , Josep M ; Costa , Joan ; Oliva , Mireia ; Fité , Ricard ( 2009 ) , Manual d'estil . La redacció i l'edició de textos ( Style manual . The redaction & edition of texts ) ( in Catalan ) ( 4a . rev . i ampl . ed . ) , Vic / Barcelona : Eumo / UB / UPF / Rosa Sensat . Papazian , Hrant H ( 2000 ) , `` Improving the Tool '' , in Swanson , Gunnar , Graphic Design and Reading : explorations of an uneasy relationship , New York : Allworth Press , ISBN 1 - 58115 - 063 - 6 . Pujol , JM ; i Solà , Joan ( 2000 ) , Ortotipografia . Manual de l'author , l'autoeditor i el dissenyador gràfic ( Orthotypography . Manual of the authors , the self - editor and the graphic designer ) ( in Catalan ) ( 2a rev ed . ) , Barcelona : Columna . Swanson , Gunnar ( 2000 ) , Graphic Design and Reading : explorations of an uneasy relationship , New York : Allworth Press , ISBN 1 - 58115 - 063 - 6 . Tschichold , Jan ( 1991 ) , The Form of the Book : Essays on the Morality of Good Design , Vancouver : Hartley & Marks , ISBN 978 - 0 - 88179 - 034 - 4 . A comprehensive collection of essays on the typographic art . A more classic companion to Bringhurst 2002 . Tschichold , Jan . The New Typography . New edn . Berkeley : University of California Press , 2006 . Warde , Beatrice ( 2000 ) , `` The Crystal Goblet , or Printing Should Be Invisible '' , in Swanson , Gunnar , Graphic Design and Reading : explorations of an uneasy relationship , New York : Allworth Press , ISBN 1 - 58115 - 063 - 6 . White , Alex W ( 1999 ) , Type in Use -- Effective typography for electronic publishing ( 2.0 ed . ) , New York : WW Norton & Co , ISBN 0 - 393 - 73034 - 4 . Lexique des règles typographiques en usage à l'Imprimerie nationale ( Lexic of the typographic rules used at the National press ) ( in French ) , Imprimerie nationale , 2002 , ISBN 2 - 7433 - 0482 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Typography . Look up typography in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . AIGA typography -- Articles and interviews relating to typography from AIGA 's Voice section Decode Unicode -- A wiki with all 98,884 Unicode characters , including full text search capability Layout & typography -- W3C Internationalization ( i18n ) Activity `` Typography '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . 1911 . pp. 509 -- 548 . Typography terminology Page Canons of page construction Column Even working Margin Page numbering Pagination Pull quote Recto and verso Paragraph Alignment Justification Leading River Sentence spacing Widows and orphans Character Typeface anatomy Counter Diacritics Dingbat Glyph Initial Kerning Letter - spacing Ligature Subscript and superscript Swash Text figures Tittle Capitalization ALL CAPS Camel case Letter case Petite caps Small caps Visual distinction Italics Oblique Bold Color Underline Blackboard bold Blackletter Infɑnt Vertical aspects Ascender Baseline Cap height Descender Median Overshoot x-height Classifications Roman type Antiqua ( old style ) Didone ( modern ) Sans - serif Script Serif Slab serif Transitional Reverse - contrast Blackletter type Fraktur Rotunda Schwabacher Textualis Gaelic type Insular Uncial Specialist Record type Punctuation Dashes Hanging punctuation Hyphen - minus Hyphenation Prime mark Quotation mark Typesetting Calligraphy etaoin shrdlu Font computer monospaced Font catalog Letterpress Lorem ipsum Microtypography Movable type Pangram Phototypesetting Punchcutting Type color Type design Typeface Microprint list Typographic units Agate Cicero Em En Figure space Measure Paren space Pica Point traditional point - 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who was the first speaker of the lok sabha	# Position Name From To Days in office 01 Speaker Ganesh Vasudev Mavlankar M.A. Ayyangar 8 May 1952 8 Mar 1956 27 Feb 1956 10 May 1957 1,390 428 02 Deputy Speaker M.A. Ayyangar Sardar Hukam Singh 30 May 1952 20 Mar 1956 7 Mar 1956 4 Apr 1957 1,377 380 03 Secretary - General M.N. Kaul 17 Apr 1952 4 Apr 1957 1,813 04 Leader of the House Jawaharlal Nehru 17 Apr 1952 4 Apr 1957 1,813 05 Leader of the Opposition AK Gopalan	Ganesh Vasudev Mavlankar	1st Lok Sabha	1st lok sabha	Executive :	President Vice President Prime Minister Union Council of Ministers Cabinet Secretary of India Civil Services of India Parliament : Rajya Sabha Lok Sabha The Chairman The Speaker Judiciary : Supreme Court of India Chief Justice of India High Courts District Courts Elections ( show ) Election Commission : Chief Election Commissioner Political parties ( show ) National parties State parties National coalitions : National Democratic Alliance ( NDA ) United Progressive Alliance ( UPA ) State Govt. and Local Govt. ( show ) Governor Chief Minister Chief Secretary State Level : Vidhan Sabha Vidhan Parishad Local governments : Divisional commissioner District magistrate Sub-divisional magistrate Rural bodies Zilla panchayats Mandal Or Taluka Panchayats Gram Panchayats Urban bodies Municipal Corporations Municipal councils Nagar Panchayats Other countries Atlas The First Lok Sabha was constituted on 17 April 1952 after India 's first general election . The 1st Lok Sabha lasted its full tenure of five years and was dissolved on 4 April 1957 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Lok Sabha officers 2 List of members by state 3 Ajmer 4 Andaman and Nicobar Islands 5 Assam 6 External links 7 References Lok Sabha officers ( edit ) As per Article 93 of Constitution of India , the Lok Sabha must have elected and non-elected officers . The elected members are Speaker and the Deputy Speaker whereas the non-elected members are the Secretariat staff . Following were the 1st Lok Sabha officers and other important members . # Position Name From To Days in office 01 Speaker Ganesh Vasudev Mavlankar M.A. Ayyangar 8 May 1952 8 Mar 1956 27 Feb 1956 10 May 1957 1,390 428 02 Deputy Speaker M.A. Ayyangar Sardar Hukam Singh 30 May 1952 20 Mar 1956 7 Mar 1956 4 Apr 1957 1,377 380 03 Secretary - General M.N. Kaul 17 Apr 1952 4 Apr 1957 1,813 04 Leader of the House Jawaharlal Nehru 17 Apr 1952 4 Apr 1957 1,813 05 Leader of the Opposition AK Gopalan Leader of the Opposition position got recognition in 1977 post Salary and Allowances of Leaders of Opposition in Parliament Act . List of members by state ( edit ) This article is incomplete . Please help to improve it , or discuss the issue on the talk page . ( July 2017 ) List of members as published by the Election Commission of India and Parliament of India : Ajmer ( edit ) Keys : INC ( 2 ) No . Constituency Name of elected M.P. Party affiliation Ajmer North Jawala Prasad Sharma Indian National Congress Ajmer South Pandit Mukut Bihari Lal Bhargava Indian National Congress Andaman and Nicobar Islands ( edit ) Keys : Nominated ( 1 ) No . Constituency Name of elected M.P. Party affiliation Andaman and Nicobar Islands Rt. Rev. John Richardson Nominated Assam ( edit ) Keys : INC ( 15 ) No . Constituency Name of elected M.P. Party affiliation Cachar Lushal Hills Suresh Chandra Deb Indian National Congress Autonomous District - ST Bonily Khongmen Indian National Congress Goalpara - Garo Hills Jonab Amjad Ali Socialist Party Goalpara - Garo Hills Sitanath Brahma Chowdhury Indian National Congress Barpeta Beli Ram Das Indian National Congress 5 Gauhati Rohini Kumar Chaudhury Indian National Congress 6 Darrang Kamakhya Prasad Tripathi Indian National Congress 7 Nowgong Dev Kant Baruah Indian National Congress 8 Golaghat - Jorhat Debeswar Sarma Indian National Congress 9 Sibasagar - North Lakhimpur Surendra Nath Buragohain Indian National Congress 10 Dibrugarh Jogendra Nath Hazarika Indian National Congress External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1st Lok Sabha members . Election Commission of India Official website of the Parliament of India References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Lok Sabha Officers '' . Lok Sabha website . Archived from the original on 7 December 2013 . Retrieved 25 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of India '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Law and Justice ( India ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 June 2014 . Retrieved 25 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Leader of the Opposition '' . Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs . Archived from the original on 16 January 2010 . Retrieved 25 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Report On General Elections , 1951 To The First Lok Sabha '' ( PDF ) . Election Commission of India . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on 4 April 2014 . Retrieved 12 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Members of the first Lok Sabha '' . Parliament of India . Archived from the original on 30 November 2013 . Retrieved 12 January 2010 . Jump up ^ http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/statedetailar.aspx?state_name=Ajmer ( hide ) Parliament of India President of India President of India ( List ) Lok Sabha Speaker Leader of the Lok Sabha Leader of the Opposition Constituencies 1st LS ( 1952 -- 57 ) 2nd LS ( 1957 -- 62 ) 3rd LS ( 1962 -- 67 ) 4th LS ( 1967 -- 71 ) 5th LS ( 1971 -- 77 ) 6th LS ( 1977 -- 80 ) 7th LS ( 1980 -- 84 ) 8th LS ( 1984 -- 89 ) 9th LS ( 1989 -- 91 ) 10th LS ( 1991 -- 96 ) 11th LS ( 1996 -- 98 ) 12th LS ( 1998 -- 99 ) 13th LS ( 1999 -- 2004 ) ( Members ) 14th LS ( 2004 -- 09 ) ( Members ) 15th LS ( 2009 -- 14 ) ( Members ) 16th LS ( 2014 -- 19 ) ( Members ) Rajya Sabha Members Chairman Leader of the Rajya Sabha Leader of the Opposition Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1st_Lok_Sabha&oldid=789008180 '' Categories : Lok Sabha 1st Lok Sabha members 1952 establishments in India 1957 disestablishments in India Hidden categories : Use Indian English from June 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from June 2015 Articles to be expanded from July 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা हिन्दी Italiano मैथिली മലയാളം मराठी தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 4 July 2017 , at 19 : 40 . 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who was not allowed to attend the treaty of versailles	The Paris Peace Conference , 1919 gathered 27 nations at the Palace of Versailles to shape the future after World War I . The Russian SFSR was not invited to attend , having already concluded a peace treaty with the Central Powers in the spring of 1918 . The Central Powers - Austria - Hungary , Germany , Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire - were not allowed to attend the conference until after the details of all the peace treaties had been elaborated and agreed upon .		List of Participants to Paris Peace Conference , 1919	list of participants to paris peace conference, 1919	The Paris Peace Conference , 1919 gathered 27 nations at the Palace of Versailles to shape the future after World War I . The Russian SFSR was not invited to attend , having already concluded a peace treaty with the Central Powers in the spring of 1918 . The Central Powers - Austria - Hungary , Germany , Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire - were not allowed to attend the conference until after the details of all the peace treaties had been elaborated and agreed upon .	Negotiating Delegations ( edit ) Belgium Brazil Canada ( signed under ' British Empire ' ) China Cuba Czechoslovakia France Greece Guatemala Haiti The Hejaz ( later absorbed into Saudi Arabia ) Honduras Italy Japan Liberia Lithuania Montenegro Nicaragua Panama Poland Portugal Romania San Marino Siam United Kingdom United States ( see also American Commission to Negotiate Peace ) Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes ( later Yugoslavia ) Other representatives ( edit ) The unrecognized Irish Republic sent representatives in hope the republic declared at the Easter Rising in 1916 would be recognised , but they were ignored . Faisal 's party at the Paris Peace Conference included Lawrence of Arabia . Vietnam sent delegates to represent its interests independently from France and French Indo - China , but like the Irish delegation they were also ignored . Several Zionist representatives also attended the conference , seeking support for the establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine . Sālote Tupou III of Tonga also sent a small delegation . Delegations from the newly independent states of the Caucasus included diplomats from Armenia , Azerbaijan , Georgia , and Northern Caucasus . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ At the time of the Paris Peace Conference there were two governments claiming to be the legitimate government of China : the Beiyang Government in Beijing , and Dr Sun Yat - sen 's Guangzhou based Kuomintang ( KMT ) movement . However , they worked together to create the united diplomatic team that would plead Chinas case in Paris . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_participants_to_Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919&oldid=823963788 '' Categories : Aftermath of World War I Paris Peace Conference , 1919 Diplomacy - related lists Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch Latina Edit links This page was last edited on 4 February 2018 , at 14 : 23 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20participants%20to%20Paris%20Peace%20Conference%2C%201919	2,421
where are you now that i need ya song download			Where Are Ü Now	where are u now	`` Where Are Ü Now '' is a song produced by American EDM artists Skrillex and Diplo under their collaborative effort Jack Ü , with vocals from Canadian singer Justin Bieber . The song was released as the second single from the duo 's debut studio album , Skrillex and Diplo Present Jack Ü ( 2015 ) , on their respective labels OWSLA and Mad Decent , and is also included on Bieber 's fourth studio album Purpose ( 2015 ) . It was released simultaneously with the album on February 27 , 2015 , later sent to mainstream radio on April 21 , 2015 .	Initially , a demo was written by Bieber as a piano ballad titled `` The Most '' , however Bieber decided to send the track to the duo , who transformed the track into electronic dance music , but maintained the original lyrics . The song main 's instrumentation consists in sharp dancehall stabs and an Eastern melody . Bieber 's vocals also suffered alterations in some parts of the song . Lyrically , `` Where Are Ü Now '' talks about caring and praying for an ex who did n't return the favor , and longing for someone who could comfort him in his time of need . The song was featured on several year - end list of best songs of 2015 , being at the top of two publications . It also won a Grammy Award for Best Dance Recording . Commercially , the song peaked at number eight on the Billboard Hot 100 , giving both Skrillex and Diplo their first top 10 single on the chart , also giving Bieber his seventh . Internationally , the song has peaked within the top - ten of the charts in eight countries , including Australia , Canada , and the United Kingdom . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and recording 2 Composition 3 Critical reception 3.1 Accolades 3.1. 1 Year - end lists 4 Commercial performance 5 Music video 6 Live performances 7 Samples 8 Track listing 9 Charts 9.1 Weekly charts 9.2 Year - end charts 10 Certifications 11 Release history 12 References Background and Recording ( edit ) While writing with Poo Bear for his upcoming album at the time , Justin Bieber heard a demo of an instrumental piano ballad Boyd did with Karl Rubin and enjoyed it , calling it `` special '' . Later , he and Boyd `` bounced words and melodies back and forth over an instrumental track ; when they had the lyrics , Bieber sang take after take so Poo Bear could edit together the best reading of every line and every syllable . '' The song was recorded as a piano ballad and it took an hour and a half to be recorded . According to Bieber , he did n't want it to be raw , he wanted it to be perfect . '' Later , in September 2014 , during Fashion Week and at an Alexander Wang event , Skrillex and Diplo contacted Bieber 's manager Scooter Braun claiming that they were looking for vocal tracks for the debut album by their dance duo Jack Ü and asked him if Bieber had new material . Braun responded positively , claiming that he had an amazing vocal from Bieber with only piano and sent it to Diplo , without Bieber 's consent . They decided to collaborate with Bieber as it would be unexpected . As The New York Times writer Jon Pareles recalled , `` They reversed the original order of the verses . They took the lone a cappella vocal track they had from Mr. Bieber , cut it to stutter certain words in the introduction , and pitched it higher and lower in various parts of the song , allowing Mr. Bieber to answer himself from below and harmonize above . They toyed with dance beats , keyboard chords and bass lines -- thickening the song and then thinning it again . They concocted sounds that were determinedly different from standard dance - club fare ; what seems like a snare drum , for instance , is actually a tweaked version of an Indian tabla . '' `` Where Are Ü Now '' was released as the duo 's second single from their debut album , Skrillex and Diplo Present Jack Ü ( 2015 ) on February 27 , 2015 , and was later released as a bonus track on Bieber 's fourth studio album , Purpose ( 2015 ) . The original version , titled `` The Most '' , was also released as a bonus track on the Japanese version of Purpose . Composition ( edit ) `` Where Are Ü Now '' was written by Sonny `` Skrillex '' Moore and Thomas Wesley `` Diplo '' Pentz , Nick Kibler , Jason `` Poo Bear '' Boyd , Karl Rubin Brutus , and Jordan Ware , and produced by Skrillex and Diplo . The song was composed in G major with a moderately slow tempo of 69 beats per minute and a time signature of 4 4 . Bieber 's vocal range spans from the low note of E4 to the high note of B5 . Its instrumentation consists in `` fluterring synths '' , skipping tropical house beats and acres of space , as well as sharp dancehall stabs and an Eastern melody . It features a prominent sound effect that Skrillex has termed `` The Dolphin '' : a chunk of Justin Bieber 's vocals that has been worked over and processed into oblivion , turning into a high - pitched squealing sound during the drop . The New York Times released a video showing how the song was assembled using Ableton Live . As Pareles explained , `` The song opens hushed and hovering , with a stereo panning whoosh , four somber piano chords and Bieber 's electronically stuttered voice , leading into a mournful verse about a friend or lover he helped , who has now abandoned him . Eventually a dance beat kicks in and a mysterious , flutelike squiggle -- ( which ) Skrillex calls it the ' dolphin ' -- announces itself again and again as the vocals all but disappear , ( with ) just the occasional refrain , ' Where are you now that I need you ? . ' '' He continued : `` Halfway through , the track pauses , then offers another hymnlike verse ; the dance beat returns , a little pushier with electronic handclaps , and the refrain and ' dolphin ' carry the song to the end , with a final , echoing ' I need you the most . ' '' Lyrically , `` Where Are Ü Now '' talks about caring and praying for an ex who did n't return the favor , with Bieber yearning for compassion amidst a sea of loneliness . He sings : `` When you broke down I did n't leave you / ... I was on my knees when nobody else was praying , oh Lord . '' In another part , he complains : `` I gave you the key when the door was n't open , just admit it ( ... ) See , I gave you faith , turned your doubt into hoping , ca n't deny it , Now I 'm all alone and my joys turned to moping . '' Some critics , such as Complex 's Khal , pointed out that it `` finds him writing what could be a note to anyone -- or , ahem , Selena Gomez -- who might have left him during his turbulent 2014 , longing for someone who could comfort him in his time of need . '' For Sam Corey of The Huffington Post , during the song `` Bieber has been posing quite a few existential questions about his love life , '' noting that lyrically the song `` is a serpentine trip through the emotions of despair , codependence and anxious - ambivalence , '' as he recalls for his long lost love with Gomez . He also observed that the song `` serves as a dark portrait of a man struggling to find himself outside of the confines of a woman 's love . '' For Emily Yoshida of The Verge , `` ' Where Are Ü Now ' is about the priceless value of the personal relationship that is forged between a fan and a pop star . '' Critical reception ( edit ) Billboard 's Jason Lipshutz included `` Where Are Ü Now '' in its `` Top 10 Songs of 2015 ( So Far ) '' list , stating that `` ( t ) his is the Justin Bieber we 've been waiting for : emotive , vulnerable and smart enough to join forces with two of electronic music 's most reliable maestros . The combination of Justin Bieber 's moving falsetto and Skrillex and Diplo 's tangled knot of beats makes ' Where Are U Now ' a deserved ( and much - needed ) triumph . '' Ryan Dombal of Pitchfork wrote the track is `` unexpected in all the best ways . It tones down everything you know about Skrillex while retaining his knack for dynamics . Diplo puts his own 10 - ton - glowstick tendencies aside as the song combines sharp dancehall stabs and a gloriously sad Eastern melody in a way that recalls golden - age Timbaland . And Justin Bieber sings with something akin to actual human emotion . '' Markus Papadatos of Digital Journal called it `` superb '' , noting that the song `` marks one of Justin Bieber 's best vocal performances to date : it is soothing , controlled , delicate and most importantly , extremely radio friendly . '' Khal of Complex noted that `` the beauty is that instead of Bieber being the main dish , he 's more the icing on the cake , setting a somber tone that leads into the hypnotic , emotive track . '' Jon Pareles of The New York Times named it `` four minutes of high - tech bliss : a sweet - voiced mixture of longing and recrimination , a lonely plaint with a dance beat . '' Michael Cragg in his review for The Guardian opined that `` Bieber does his best sadface Drake impression on the lovely , if underwritten ( track ) . Opening with a lilting , pretty melody on the first verse , it fizzles out by the chorus with its repeated line ' where are you now that I need you ' layered over an oddly tweaked , slightly grating synth line that sounds like the mewing of a robotic cat . '' In her Entertainment Weekly review , Leah Greenblatt explained tha the song is `` stripped down for maximum aerodynamics , the vocals mentholated and sweetened with a brushstroke of bass here , a snake - charmer synth line there . For Bianca Gracie of Idolator , the song `` solidified a genre - bending sound that was bubbling underground '' and `` ultimately became the best single of his career thus far . '' Sam C. Mac of Slant Magazine observed that the song `` effectively reinvented Bieber 's sound , '' while Andrew Unterberger of Spin called it `` Bieber 's cred - establishing and career - redefining . '' Dan Weiss of the same publication wrote that it `` comes outfitted with an addictive bent rainforest flute thing that would n't sound out of place on , say , M.I.A. 's Kala . '' Scott Wilson of Fact called it `` the jewel in the crown , '' describing it as `` a combination of slick , modern Disneyfied R&B and a synth riff that sounds like a PC Music take on Booka Shade 's ' In White Rooms ' . '' He also referred to it as `` Bieber 's most memorable , and human , vocal performance to date . '' Accolades ( edit ) The song won Best Collaboration at the MTV EMAs 2015 , Collaboration of the Year at the American Music Awards of 2015 and Dance Song of the Year at the 3rd iHeartRadio Music Awards . It also earned Bieber his first Grammy Award for Best Dance Recording at the 58th ceremony . `` Where Are Ü Now '' was featured on several year - end list of best songs of 2015 , ranking as the best song on the Fact and Jon Pareles ' list in The New York Times . Year - end lists ( edit ) Critic / Publication List Rank Ref . Billboard Billboard 's 25 Best Songs of 2015 5 Complex The Best Songs of 2015 Fact The 50 Best Tracks of 2015 MTV Best Songs of 2015 12 The New York Times The Best Songs of 2015 ( by Jon Pareles ) NME NME 's Tracks Of The Year 2015 13 Pitchfork The 100 Best Tracks of 2015 38 Rolling Stone 50 Best Songs of 2015 10 Spin The 101 Best Songs of 2015 14 The Village Voice Pazz & Jop 13 Commercial performance ( edit ) `` Where Are Ü Now '' was a commercial success , reaching the top - ten in the singer 's native Canada , the U.S. , and several other territories . In the United States , `` Where Are Ü Now '' debuted at number 97 , and during its seventh week the song entered the top - forty at number 40 . Five weeks later , the song jumped to number twenty , becoming Bieber 's 15th top - twenty hit and his first since `` Heartbreaker '' ( 2013 ) . It was also Skrillex and Diplo 's first as lead artists . The song peaked six weeks later , reaching number eight -- Bieber 's first top - ten hit since `` Beauty and a Beat '' ( 2012 ) . Later , after his performance at the 2015 MTV Video Music Awards , the song rebounded to number ten , becoming the first time Bieber had concurrent top 10s for the first time , since his song `` What Do You Mean ? '' was at number - one . The song topped the Dance / Electronic Songs chart , becoming the first leader on the list for all the three artists . In the United Kingdom , the song managed to peak at number three , becoming Bieber 's highest - charting single since 2012 's `` Boyfriend '' , Skrillex 's first top - ten single out of his previous seven entries , and Diplo 's first appearance as a solo artist . The song also peaked at number three in Australia and New Zealand , becoming the highest charting entries for Skrillex , Diplo and Bieber in the former . Eventually , it was certified two - times platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) and three - time platinum by the Recorded Music NZ ; it was also the ninth highest - selling single of 2015 in the latter . The song also reached the top - ten in Denmark , Finland , Ireland , Netherlands and Sweden . Music video ( edit ) From May 29 to May 31 , 2015 , there was an event held at the Jack Ü headquarters for fans to customize the photo - shoots for the `` Where Are Ü Now '' music video with crayons and colored pastels . Two teasers for the video were released on June 26 , 2015 , with Samsung+ debuting the video on June 27 , 2015 , and YouTube and Vevo on June 29 , 2015 . According to the duo in a post on YouTube , `` We are being overwhelmed , in a good way , by the success of ' Where Are Ü Now ' with Justin Bieber , so with the video we wanted to just take it back to the beginning of the record and essentially create an ode to our fans . Doing what we do , it 's entirely all about the fans . We walk a fine line by being ' famous ' and in the public eye but we are only here because of you , the fans . Justin wrote this record during a tough time in his life and it comes to us that sometimes , as artists , we are also just objects and we have to take that as much as we have to use that to create . We all do this for you , respect that you put us here and it 's Ü that made the video . '' As described by Brittany Spanos of Rolling Stone , `` The video opens on an art gallery filled with photos of Bieber 's silhouette before shifting to the singer offering an emotional delivery of the track in a dark room . Bieber eventually becomes covered in animated paint , drawings and caricatures . Back in the gallery , Jack Ü fans are providing the illustrations that are appearing over or surrounding Bieber 's body as he sings and dances to the track . '' As noted by Emilee Lindner of MTV News , `` The video portrays his internal pain with soft lighting and close - shots , but also displays him as an ' object , ' like Jack Ü said , switching to a time - lapse speed while people use him as a canvas for however they want to paint him as . '' The music video received four nominations at the 2015 MTV Video Music Awards , winning the Best Visual Effects category . As of August 29 , 2017 , the music video has more than 970 million views , 3.8 million likes and 270 thousand dislikes on YouTube . Live performances ( edit ) Bieber performed the song with Skrillex and Diplo for the first time at the 2015 Ultra Music Festival . Bieber performed the song again during one of Ariana Grande 's shows on The Honeymoon Tour . He later performed the song at the 2015 Wango Tango , at a Calvin Klein music event in Hong Kong , at Hard Fest 2015 and during a medley with `` What Do You Mean ? '' at the 2015 MTV Video Music Awards . On February 15 , 2016 , Bieber , Skrillex and Diplo performed a `` rock - oriented '' version of the song at the 58th Grammy Awards . After performing an acoustic rendition of `` Love Yourself '' , Bieber went to the main stage , with Skrillex `` shredding on guitar and Diplo playing keyboard and pounding away on big band drums , flanked by a live drummer and onstage orchestrals . '' Moreover , `` Where Are Ü Now '' was also included on the set list for the Purpose World Tour . During the performance , `` Bieber 's crew of dancers tumbled onstage in all - white attire as women suspended in midair did acrobatics against a chrome - y , industrial video backdrop . '' Samples ( edit ) `` Where Are Ü Now '' was sampled in Craig David 's single `` 16 '' . Track listing ( edit ) Digital download -- EP No . Title Length 1 . `` Where Are Ü Now '' ( Kaskade Remix ) 5 : 07 2 . `` Where Are Ü Now '' ( Rustie Remix ) 3 : 59 3 . `` Where Are Ü Now '' ( Marshmello Remix ) 3 : 26 4 . `` Where Are Ü Now '' ( Ember Island Cover ) 2 : 32 ( show ) Drip.com bonus track No . Title Length 5 . `` Where Are Ü Now '' ( Kaskade Radio Edit ) 3 : 56 Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2015 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Australia Dance ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 29 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 15 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 11 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 5 Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) 68 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 7 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 8 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 7 France ( SNEP ) 24 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 33 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 28 Ireland ( IRMA ) 9 Italy ( FIMI ) 27 Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 63 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 11 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 9 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 12 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 9 Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 72 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 16 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 38 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 6 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 28 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) UK Dance ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 8 US Hot Dance / Electronic Songs ( Billboard ) US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 32 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 6 US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 8 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2015 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 17 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 15 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 74 Italy ( FIMI ) 42 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 25 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 9 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 15 US Billboard Hot 100 19 Chart ( 2016 ) Position Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 92 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 2 × Platinum 140,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Platinum 30,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 2 × Platinum 160,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Gold 30,000 France ( SNEP ) Platinum 150,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Gold 200,000 Italy ( FIMI ) 2 × Platinum 100,000 Mexico ( AMPROFON ) Gold 30,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) 3 × Platinum 45,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 2 × Platinum 80,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Platinum 40,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Gold 15,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 2 × Platinum 1,200,000 United States ( RIAA ) 4 × Platinum 4,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label Ref . Germany February 27 , 2015 Digital download Atlantic Mad Decent OWSLA Italy Spain United Kingdom United States April 21 , 2015 Mainstream radio Italy May 1 , 2015 Radio airplay Various June 16 , 2015 Digital download ( Remix EP ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Golden , Zara ( November 11 , 2015 ) . `` How Justin Bieber Grew Into Himself , According To Poo Bear '' . The Fader . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Pareles , Jon ( August 25 , 2015 ) . `` The Inside History of ' Where Are Ü Now ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Video : Justin Bieber , Diplo and Skrillex Make a Hit '' . The New York Times . August 26 , 2015 . Retrieved August 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Where Are U Now ( feat . Justin Bieber ) : Skrillex & Diplo : MP3 Downloads '' . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2015 . Retrieved April 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New Music : Justin Bieber -- `` Where Are Ü Now '' ( Original Version ) `` . Rap - Up . June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Purpose by Justin Bieber '' . iTunes JP . Apple . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Skrillex `` Where Are Ü Now '' Sheet Music `` . Musicnotes.com . Retrieved 3 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Macpherson , Alex ( November 26 , 2015 ) . `` Album review : Does ' Purpose ' establish Justin Bieber as now cool ? '' . The National . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Dombal , Ryan ( March 6 , 2015 ) . `` '' Where Are Ü Now '' ( ft . Justin Bieber ) by Jack Ü Review `` . Pitchfork . Retrieved August 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Holz , Adam R. `` Purpose Album Review ( 2015 ) Plugged In '' . Plugged In . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Corey , Sam ( October 28 , 2015 ) . `` Trolling Stone Song Review : `` Where Are Ü Now '' - Skrillex & Diplo featuring Justin Bieber `` . Huffington Post . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Papadatos , Markus ( July 4 , 2015 ) . `` Review : Justin Bieber charms on ' Where Are U Now ' with Skrillex and Diplo '' . Digital Journal . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Khal ( March 2 , 2016 ) . `` Review : Skrillex and Diplo 's `` Jack Ü '' Gives a Glimpse of the Next Phase of EDM `` . Complex . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rosa , Jelani Addams ( June 30 , 2015 ) . `` 3 More Not - So - Subtle Messages For Selena Gomez in Justin Bieber 's `` Where Are You Now '' Music Video `` . Seventeen . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Yoshida , Emily ( June 29 , 2015 ) . `` The Where Are Ü Now video and the current cultural function of Justin Bieber '' . The Verge . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lipshutz , Jason ( June 22 , 2015 ) . `` The 10 Best Songs of 2015 ( So Far ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 30 , 2015 . 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Spin . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Scott ( March 11 , 2015 ) . `` Forget what you think you know about Skrillex and Diplo , Jack Ü is a radical subversion of EDM '' . Fact . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Fact Staff ( December 17 , 2015 ) . `` The 50 Best Tracks of 2015 '' . Fact . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grammy Nominations 2016 : See the Full List of Nominees '' . Billboard . December 7 , 2015 . Retrieved January 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Weiner , Natalie ( February 15 , 2016 ) . `` Justin Bieber Wins His First Grammy Ever : See His Response '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Pareles , Jon ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` The Best Songs of 2015 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Billboard Staff ( December 17 , 2015 ) . `` Billboard 's 25 Best Songs of 2015 : Critics ' Picks '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . 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Jump up ^ `` Skrillex & Siplo / Justin Bieber Full Official Chart History '' . The Official Charts Company . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Australian-charts.com -- Skrillex & Diplo feat . Justin Bieber -- Where Are U Now '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . ^ Jump up to : `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2016 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Jump up ^ `` This year 's biggest albums and singles revealed '' . New Zealand Herald . December 21 , 2015 . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Danishcharts.com -- Skrillex & Diplo feat . Justin Bieber -- Where Are U Now '' . Tracklisten . ^ Jump up to : `` Skrillex , Diplo : Where Are U Now ( feat . Justin Bieber ) '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . ^ Jump up to : `` Chart Track : Week 25 , 2015 '' . Irish Singles Chart . ^ Jump up to : `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Skrillex & Diplo feat . Justin Bieber -- Where Are U Now '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . ^ Jump up to : `` Swedishcharts.com -- Skrillex & Diplo feat . Justin Bieber -- Where Are U Now '' . Sverigetopplistan . Jump up ^ Lucas ( May 29 , 2015 ) . `` Jack Ü Invites Fans To Participate In Music Video For `` Where Are Ü Now '' `` . Your EDM . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cox , Lauren ( June 26 , 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber Dances In Psychedelic Teaser For ' Where Are U Now ' Video -- Watch '' . Hollywood Life . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lee , Christina ( June 28 , 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber Gets Painted On In Jack Ü 's `` Where Are Ü Now '' Video : Watch `` . Idolator . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Jessica ( June 29 , 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber is a trippy , pleasant surprise in the ' Where Are Ü Now ' music video '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Spanos , Brittany ( June 29 , 2015 ) . `` Watch Justin Bieber Get Animated in Jack Ü 's ' Where Are Ü Now ' Video '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lindner , Emilee ( June 29 , 2015 ) . `` Watch Other People Graffiti Justin Bieber In ' Where Are U Now ' '' . MTV News . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Huerta , Heidi ( August 30 , 2015 ) . `` 2015 MTV VMAs : See The Full Winners List - MTV - MTV.com '' . MTV News . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Skrillex and Diplo - Where Are Ü Now ' , 2015 - 06 - 29 , retrieved 2017 - 04 - 21 Jump up ^ Linder , Emilee ( March 29 , 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber And Diddy Crash Skrillex 's Set At Ultra Music Festival '' . MTV . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bacardi , Francesca ( March 30 , 2015 ) . `` Surprise ! Justin Bieber and Diddy Crash Skrillex 's Set at Miami 's Ultra Music Festival -- Watch Now ! '' . E ! Online . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Oshmyansky , Rosalyn ( April 9 , 2015 ) . `` The 7 Biggest Surprises of Ariana Grande 's Honeymoon Tour in Los Angeles '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gracie , Bianca ( April 9 , 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber Joins Ariana Grande Once Again On Her Honeymoon Tour '' . Idolator . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brown , August ( May 10 , 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber , Kanye West take the Wango Tango stage with urgency '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber performing `` Where Are U Now '' at Hong Kong Calvin Klein event `` . YouTube . June 11 , 2015 . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lipshut , Jason ( August 30 , 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber Performs ' What Do You Mean ? , ' Breaks Down Crying at 2015 MTV VMAs : Watch '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Medved , Matt ( February 15 , 2016 ) . `` Justin Bieber & Jack U Perform ' Where Are U Now ' and ' Love Yourself ' at the 2016 Grammys '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ PopCrush Staff ( 11 March 2016 ) . `` Justin Bieber Kicks Off ' Purpose World Tour ' : Watch the Opening , See the Set List + Photos '' . popcrush.com . PopCrush Network . Retrieved 11 March 2016 ... 2 . `` Where Are Ü Now '' ... Jump up ^ Rupert , Dylan ( March 10 , 2016 ) . `` Justin Bieber Finds New ' Purpose ' at Seattle Tour Kickoff '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 30 , 2016 . Bieber 's crew of dancers tumbled onstage in all - white attire as women suspended in midair did acrobatics against a chrome - y , industrial video backdrop ... Jump up ^ `` Where Are Ü Now ( with Justin Bieber ) ( Remixes ) - EP '' . iTunes . Apple Inc . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Where Are Ü Now Remixes by OWSLA on Drip '' . Drip.com . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Dance Singles Chart -- 06 / 4 / 15 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . April 5 , 2015 . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Skrillex & Diplo feat . Justin Bieber -- Where Are U Now '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Skrillex & Diplo feat . Justin Bieber -- Where Are U Now '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Skrillex & Diplo feat . Justin Bieber -- Where Are U Now '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Skrillex -- Chart history '' Canadian Hot 100 for Skrillex . Retrieved April 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201519 into search . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201524 into search . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Skrillex & Diplo feat . Justin Bieber -- Where Are U Now '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellechars.de -- Skrillex & Diplo feat . Justin Bieber -- Where Are U Now '' ( in German ) . GfK Entertainment . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . 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Jump up ^ `` Top 50 Canciones - Semana 20 : del 11.05. 2015 al 17.05. 2015 '' ( in Spanish ) . PROMUSICAE . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Skrillex -- ( ( ( song ) ) ) '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved August 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archive Chart : 2015 - 06 - 06 '' UK Singles Chart . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archive Chart : 2015 - 05 - 30 '' UK Dance Chart . Retrieved May 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Skrillex -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Skrillex . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Skrillex -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Dance / Electronic Songs for Skrillex . Retrieved July 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Skrillex -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs for Skrillex . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Skrillex -- Chart history '' Billboard Pop Songs for Skrillex . Retrieved August 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Skrillex -- Chart history '' Billboard Rhythmic Songs for Skrillex . Retrieved August 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - End of Year Charts - Top 100 Singles 2015 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 Year End 2015 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single - Jahrescharts '' . GfK Entertainment ( in German ) . offiziellecharts.de . Retrieved 6 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Classifiche `` Top of the Music '' 2015 FIMI - GfK : La musica italiana in vetta negli album e nei singoli digitali '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Songs Year End 2015 '' . top40.nl . Stichting Nederlandse Top 40 . Retrieved December 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 2015 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Top 40 Biggest Songs of 2015 revealed '' . Retrieved January 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Songs Year End 2015 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 Year End 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- 2016 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved March 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Skrillex & Diplo feat . Justin Bieber -- Where Are U Now '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` Skrilex & Diplo feat . Justin Bieber `` Where Are U Now '' '' ( in Danish ) . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved June 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- Justin Bieber Skrillex & Diplo -- Where Are U Now '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Skrillex & Diplo feat . Justin Bieber ; ' Where Are Ü Now ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Skrillex & Diplo feat . Justin Bieber -- Where Are U Now '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Certificaciones -- '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Jack U featuring Justin Bieber -- Where Are U Now '' . Recorded Music NZ . Jump up ^ `` Spanish single certifications '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Productores de Música de España . Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat '' ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Type Skrillex & Diplo featuring Justin Beiber in the top right search bar . Click on `` Sok '' and select Where Are U Now and see certification . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards 2015 '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Skrillex & Diplo featuring Justin Bieber -- Where Are U Now '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Enter Where Are U Now in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Skrillex & Diplo feat . Justin Bieber -- Where Are U Now '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Where Are U Now ( feat . Justin Bieber ) : Skrillex & Diplo : MP3 Downloads '' . Amazon.com ( DE ) . February 27 , 2015 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2015 . Retrieved April 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Where Are U Now ( feat . Justin Bieber ) : Skrillex & Diplo : MP3 Downloads '' . Amazon.com ( IT ) . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2015 . Retrieved April 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Where Are U Now ( feat . Justin Bieber ) : Skrillex & Diplo : MP3 Downloads '' . Amazon.com ( ES ) . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2015 . Retrieved April 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Where Are U Now ( feat . Justin Bieber ) : Skrillex & Diplo : MP3 Downloads '' . Amazon.com ( UK ) . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2015 . Retrieved April 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 / Mainstream Future Releases '' . All Access Music Group . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2015 . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 2015 - 06 - 19 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Where Are U Now ( with Justin Bieber ) ( Remixes ) - EP '' . iTunes . June 16 , 2015 . Retrieved June 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Diplo Discography Production discography Studio albums Florida Compilation albums FabricLive. 24 Decent Work for Decent Pay Random White Dude Be Everywhere Mixtapes Piracy Funds Terrorism Top Ranking : A Diplo Dub Singles `` C'mon ( Catch ' Em by Surprise ) '' `` Earthquake '' `` Dirty Vibe '' `` Doctor Pepper '' `` Be Right There '' `` Hey Baby '' `` Swerve '' Related articles Mad Decent Major Lazer M.I.A. Jack Ü What Would Diplo Do ? Skrillex Studio albums Recess Collaborations Skrillex and Diplo Present Jack Ü ( with Diplo ) Extended plays Gypsyhook My Name Is Skrillex Scary Monsters and Nice Sprites More Monsters and Sprites Bangarang Leaving Singles `` WEEKENDS ! ! ! '' `` Scary Monsters and Nice Sprites '' `` First of the Year ( Equinox ) '' `` Ruffneck ( Full Flex ) '' `` Kyoto '' `` Breakn ' a Sweat '' `` Bangarang '' `` Make It Bun Dem '' `` Try It Out '' `` Ragga Bomb '' `` Recess '' `` Take Ü There '' `` Dirty Vibe '' `` Where Are Ü Now '' `` To Ü '' `` Purple Lamborghini '' `` Would You Ever '' Featured singles `` Get Up ! '' `` Narcissistic Cannibal '' `` Wild for the Night '' `` El Chapo '' `` So Am I '' Tours Mothership Tour Related articles Discography From First to Last There Is a Hell ... Epitaph Records The Path of Totality Ellie Goulding Dog Blood Jack Ü Justin Bieber songs Discography My World `` One Time '' `` One Less Lonely Girl '' My World 2.0 `` Baby '' `` Eenie Meenie '' `` Somebody to Love '' `` U Smile '' My Worlds : The Collection `` Pray '' Never Say Never : The Remixes `` Never Say Never '' Under the Mistletoe `` Mistletoe '' `` All I Want for Christmas Is You ( SuperFestive ! ) '' Believe `` Boyfriend '' `` As Long as You Love Me '' `` Beauty and a Beat '' `` Right Here '' `` All Around the World '' Journals `` Heartbreaker '' `` All That Matters '' `` Hold Tight '' `` Recovery '' `` Bad Day '' `` All Bad '' `` PYD '' `` Roller Coaster '' `` Change Me '' `` Confident '' Purpose `` Where Are Ü Now '' `` What Do You Mean ? '' `` Sorry '' `` Love Yourself '' `` Company '' Other singles `` Turn to You ( Mother 's Day Dedication ) '' `` Home to Mama '' `` Friends '' Featured singles `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti '' `` Next to You '' `` Live My Life '' `` # thatPOWER '' `` Lolly '' `` Wait for a Minute '' `` Gas Pedal '' `` Cold Water '' `` Let Me Love You '' `` Deja Vu '' `` Despacito '' ( remix ) `` I 'm the One '' `` 2U '' Promotional singles `` Love Me '' `` Favorite Girl '' `` Never Let You Go '' `` All I Want for Christmas Is You ( SuperFestive ! ) '' `` Die in Your Arms '' `` I 'll Show You '' Other songs `` Down to Earth '' `` Bigger '' `` First Dance '' `` That Should Be Me '' `` Why You Mad ? ( Infinity Remix ) '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Where_Are_Ü_Now&oldid = 801228409 '' Categories : 2015 singles 2015 songs Justin Bieber songs Song recordings produced by Skrillex Song recordings produced by Diplo Songs written by Skrillex Songs written by Diplo Songs written by Justin Bieber Songs written by Poo Bear Atlantic Records singles Billboard Dance / Electronic Songs number - one singles UK Dance Singles Chart number - one singles Grammy Award for Best Dance Recording Torch songs Songs about loneliness Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Webarchive template wayback links Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadianhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Hungarytop10 Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for UKdance Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceelectronic Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for Mexico Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Spain Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Nederlands Português Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 13 : 28 . 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when did planet of the apes come out	The producers were confident enough in Dawn of the Planet of the Apes that they started planning for the next installment before production had completed . They contracted Matt Reeves to return as director after seeing his cut of Dawn ; he also wrote the script with Mark Bomback . Peter Chernin , Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver serve as producers . The film , War for the Planet of the Apes , was released on July 14 , 2017 . Woody Harrelson and Gabriel Chavarria played human characters , while Steve Zahn played Bad Ape . The film received overwhelmingly positive reviews . It earned $490,567,967 against a $150 million budget .	July 14 , 2017	Planet of the Apes	planet of the apes	Original series	Planet of the Apes ( 1968 ) Beneath the Planet of the Apes ( 1970 ) Escape from the Planet of the Apes ( 1971 ) Conquest of the Planet of the Apes ( 1972 ) Battle for the Planet of the Apes ( 1973 ) Remake Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) Reboot series Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2014 ) War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) Television series Planet of the Apes ( 1974 ) Return to the Planet of the Apes ( 1975 -- 1976 ) Games Video game ( s ) Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) Revenge of the Apes ( 2003 ) Planet of the Apes : Last Frontier Planet of the Apes is an American science fiction media franchise consisting of films , books , television series , comics , and other media about a world in which humans and intelligent apes clash for control . The series began with French author Pierre Boulle 's 1963 novel La Planète des Singes , translated into English as Planet of the Apes or Monkey Planet . The 1968 film adaptation , Planet of the Apes , was a critical and commercial hit , initiating a series of sequels , tie - ins , and derivative works . Arthur P. Jacobs produced the series under APJAC Productions until his death in 1973 ; since then 20th Century Fox has owned the franchise . Four sequels followed the original film between 1970 and 1973 : Beneath the Planet of the Apes , Escape from the Planet of the Apes , Conquest of the Planet of the Apes , and Battle for the Planet of the Apes . They did not approach the critical acclaim of the original , but were commercially successful . The series also spawned two television series in 1974 and 1975 . Plans for a film remake stalled in `` development hell '' for over ten years before Tim Burton 's Planet of the Apes was released in 2001 . A new reboot film series commenced in 2011 with Rise of the Planet of the Apes , which was followed by Dawn of the Planet of the Apes in 2014 and War for the Planet of the Apes in 2017 . The films have grossed a total of over $2 billion worldwide , against a combined budget of $567.5 million . Other media and merchandising tie - ins include books , comics , video games , and toys . Planet of the Apes has received particular attention for its treatment of race , which critics consider its primary theme . Critics have also written on its Cold War and animal rights themes . The series has had a wide influence on subsequent films , media , and art , as well as popular culture and political discourse . Contents ( hide ) 1 La Planète des Singes 2 Original film series 2.1 Planet of the Apes ( 1968 ) 2.2 Beneath the Planet of the Apes ( 1970 ) 2.3 Escape from the Planet of the Apes ( 1971 ) 2.4 Conquest of the Planet of the Apes ( 1972 ) 2.5 Battle for the Planet of the Apes ( 1973 ) 3 Television series 3.1 Planet of the Apes TV series 3.2 Animated series 4 Remake film 4.1 Planned relaunch and `` development hell '' 4.2 Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) 5 Reboot film series 5.1 Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) 5.2 Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2014 ) 5.3 War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) 6 Other media and merchandise 6.1 Books 6.2 Comics 6.3 Toys and merchandise 6.4 Theme park ride 6.5 Video games 7 Themes 8 Cultural impact and legacy 9 List of media 9.1 Feature films 10 Reception 10.1 Box office performance 10.2 Critical and public response 11 Characters 11.1 Humans 11.2 Apes 12 Crew and other 13 Footnotes 14 References 15 External links La Planète des Singes ( edit ) Main article : Planet of the Apes ( novel ) First American edition of Boulle 's novel , titled Planet of the Apes The series began with French author Pierre Boulle 's 1963 novel La Planète des Singes . Boulle wrote the novel in six months after the `` humanlike expressions '' of gorillas at the zoo inspired him to contemplate the relationship between man and ape . La Planète des Singes was heavily influenced by 18th - and 19th - century fantastical travel narratives , especially Jonathan Swift 's satirical Gulliver 's Travels . It is one of several of Boulle 's works to use science fiction tropes and plot devices to comment on the failings of human nature and mankind 's overreliance on technology . However , Boulle rejected the science fiction label for his work , instead terming it `` social fantasy '' . The novel is a social satire following French journalist Ulysse Mérou , who participates in a voyage to a distant planet where speechless , animalistic humans are hunted and enslaved by an advanced society of apes . Eventually Mérou discovers that humans once dominated the planet until their complacency allowed the more industrious apes to overthrow them . The novel 's central message is that human intelligence is not a fixed quality and could atrophy if taken for granted . Boulle considered the novel one of his minor works , though it proved to be a hit . Xan Fielding translated it into English ; it was published in the United Kingdom as Monkey Planet and in the United States as Planet of the Apes . Original film series ( edit ) Boulle 's literary agent Allain Bernheim brought the novel to the attention of American film producer Arthur P. Jacobs , who had come to Paris looking for new properties to adapt with his new company , APJAC Productions . To explain his interests , Jacobs had mentioned to agents , `` I wish King Kong had n't been made so I could make it . '' Bernheim initially approached Jacobs about a Françoise Sagan novel , which Jacobs turned down . Remembering Jacobs ' earlier comment about King Kong , Bernheim mentioned La Planète des Singes , not expecting Jacobs would be interested . However , the story intrigued Jacobs , who bought the film rights immediately . Planet of the Apes ( 1968 ) ( edit ) Main article : Planet of the Apes ( 1968 film ) Charlton Heston , star of Planet of the Apes Franklin J. Schaffner , director of Planet of the Apes After optioning the novel 's film rights , Arthur P. Jacobs spent over three years trying to convince filmmakers to take on the project . He hired a succession of artists to create test sketches , and hired veteran television writer Rod Serling , creator of The Twilight Zone , to pen the script . Serling 's script changed elements of Boulle 's novel , introducing Cold War themes ; notably he wrote a new twist ending that revealed the planet to be a future Earth where humans had destroyed themselves through nuclear warfare . As production costs were estimated at over $10 million , no studio in either Hollywood or Europe would assume the risk . Jacobs and associate producer Mort Abrahams persevered , and eventually persuaded Charlton Heston to star ; Heston in turn recommended director Franklin J. Schaffner . The team recorded a brief screen test featuring Heston , which ultimately convinced 20th Century Fox the film could succeed . Fox insisted on changes to reduce the budget to a more manageable $5.8 million . The producers hired veteran writer Michael Wilson , who had previously adapted Boulle 's novel The Bridge over the River Kwai , to rewrite Serling 's script . To save on special effects costs , Wilson 's script described an ape society more primitive than that which appeared in the novel . The new script changed much of the plot and dialogue , but retained the Cold War themes and Serling 's ending . John Chambers created the innovative makeup effects . Heston played 20th - century American astronaut George Taylor , who travels to a strange planet where intelligent apes dominate mute , primitive humans . Kim Hunter and Roddy McDowall played the sympathetic chimpanzees Zira and Cornelius , and Linda Harrison portrayed Taylor 's love interest Nova . Maurice Evans played the villain , orangutan science minister Dr. Zaius . The finale , in which Taylor comes upon a ruined Statue of Liberty and realizes he has been on Earth all along , became the series ' defining scene and one of the most iconic images in 1960s film . The film was released on February 8 , 1968 , and was a smash success with both critics and audiences , breaking contemporary box office records and earning rave reviews . John Chambers received an honorary Oscar at the 41st Academy Awards for his make - up effects , the first ever given to a make - up artist . Jerry Goldsmith 's score and Morton Haack 's costume design also earned Oscar nominations . Fox approached Jacobs and Abrahams about filming a sequel . Though they had not made the film with sequels in mind , its success led them to consider the prospect . Beneath the Planet of the Apes ( 1970 ) ( edit ) Main article : Beneath the Planet of the Apes Kim Hunter played Zira in the first three films Planning for the sequel , eventually titled Beneath the Planet of the Apes , began two months after the original film 's release . Jacobs and Abrahams initially considered several treatments by Rod Serling and Pierre Boulle , but ultimately turned them down . In fall 1968 the producers hired Paul Dehn to write the script ; he would become the primary writer for the franchise . Charlton Heston was uninterested in a sequel , but agreed to shoot a few scenes if his character were killed off and his salary donated to charity . In one of many major rewrites , Dehn altered the script to center on a new character , Brent , played by James Franciscus . With director Franklin J. Shaffner unavailable , owing to his work on Patton , the producers hired Ted Post on January 8 , 1969 . Post struggled with the material , especially after the studio cut the budget to $3.4 million . The story follows Franciscus ' character Brent , an astronaut who inadvertently follows Taylor into the future while searching for him . After encountering the apes from the first film , Brent finds Taylor imprisoned by a colony of subterranean human mutants who worship an ancient nuclear bomb . Kim Hunter , Maurice Evans , and Linda Harrison returned as Zira , Zaius , and Nova . David Watson replaced Roddy McDowall as Cornelius , as McDowall was unavailable due to a scheduling conflict . James Gregory played gorilla General Ursus and Paul Richards played mutant leader Méndez . The film opened on May 26 , 1970 . Unlike the first film , Beneath was poorly reviewed ; critics typically regard it as the worst of the Apes sequels other than the fifth film , Battle for the Planet of the Apes . However , it was a major box office hit , nearing the original 's numbers . Despite a conclusion depicting the planet 's nuclear destruction , Fox requested another sequel , creating a series . Escape from the Planet of the Apes ( 1971 ) ( edit ) Main article : Escape from the Planet of the Apes Roddy McDowall returned as Cornelius in Escape from the Planet of the Apes . He would go on to star in two additional Apes films and the live - action television series Following the financial success of Beneath , Arthur P. Jacobs recruited Paul Dehn to write a new script with a brief telegram : `` Apes exist , Sequel required . '' Dehn immediately started work on what became Escape from the Planet of the Apes . The producers hired a new director , Don Taylor . Fox gave the production a greatly diminished budget ( $2.5 million ) , which required a tight production schedule . To work around the budget , as well as Beneath 's seemingly definitive ending , the film took the series in a new direction by transporting Zira ( Kim Hunter ) and Cornelius ( Roddy McDowall , returning to the role after being absent from Beneath ) back in time to the contemporary United States , reducing the need for expensive sets and ape make - up effects . In the film , Zira and Cornelius are initially accepted by American society , but fears that their child will bring about the domination of the human race by evolved apes leads to conflict . Jacob 's wife Natalie Trundy , who appeared as a mutant in Beneath and later played the ape Lisa in the next two sequels , was cast as Dr. Stephanie Branton . Bradford Dillman played Dr. Lewis Dixon , Ricardo Montalbán played Armando , and Eric Braeden portrayed the villain , the President 's Science Advisor Otto Hasslein . Compared to its predecessors , Escape dwelt more heavily on themes of racial conflict , which became a primary focus through the rest of the series . The film opened on May 21 , 1971 , less than a year after Beneath . It was well received by critics . From this point critics began seeing the films less as independent units and more as installments in a greater work ; Frederick S. Clarke wrote that the burgeoning series had `` the promise of being the first epic of filmed science fiction . '' It also performed well at the box office , though not as strongly as its predecessors . Fox ordered a third sequel . Conquest of the Planet of the Apes ( 1972 ) ( edit ) Main article : Conquest of the Planet of the Apes Based on the strong positive response to Escape , Fox ordered Conquest of the Planet of the Apes , though it provided a comparatively low budget of $1.7 million . Paul Dehn returned as the scriptwriter , and producer Jacobs hired J. Lee Thompson to direct . Thompson had worked with Jacobs on two earlier films as well as during the initial stages of Planet , but scheduling conflicts had made him unavailable during its long development process . For Conquest , Thompson and Dehn focused heavily on the racial conflict theme , an ancillary concern in the early films that became a major theme in Escape . In particular , Dehn associated the apes with African - Americans and modeled the plot after the 1966 Watts Riots and other episodes from the Civil Rights Movement . Roddy McDowall signed on to play Caesar , the son of his previous character Cornelius . Ricardo Montalban returned as Armando , while Don Murray played Governor Breck , Severn Darden played Kolp , and Hari Rhodes played MacDonald . Following Escape , Conquest is set in a near future where humans have turned apes into slaves ; Caesar rises from bondage to lead an ape rebellion . The film opened June 30 , 1972 . Reviews were mixed . However , the ending left the series open to another sequel , and Conquest was successful enough at the box office that Fox greenlit another film . Battle for the Planet of the Apes ( 1973 ) ( edit ) Main article : Battle for the Planet of the Apes Fox approved Battle for the Planet of the Apes with a $1.2 million budget , the lowest of the series . The filmmakers went into the project knowing it would be the last of the series . J. Lee Thompson returned as director . Series writer Paul Dehn submitted a treatment , but illness forced him to leave the film before completing the script . The producers subsequently hired John William Corrington and Joyce Hooper Corrington to write the screenplay . Battle continued Conquest 's focus on racial conflict and domination . However , likely based in part on the studio 's wishes , the Corringtons discarded Dehn 's pessimistic treatment in favor of a story with a more hopeful , though ambiguous , resolution . Battle follows Caesar as he leads the apes and their human subjects after a devastating war that destroyed much of the planet . He contends with both an attack by radiation - scarred human mutants and a coup attempt as he attempts to build a better society for both apes and humans . McDowall returned as Caesar , and Severn Darden returned as Kolp . Paul Williams played the orangutan Virgil , Austin Stoker played MacDonald ( the brother of Hari Rhodes ' character ) , and Claude Akins played the evil gorilla general Aldo . John Huston played the orangutan Lawgiver in a frame narrative . The film opened May 2 , 1973 . It made a profit over production costs , but received poor reviews from critics , who regard it as the weakest of the five films . Critics have offered various interpretations of the film 's message and its significance for the series . Particular attention has been paid to the ambiguous imagery in the ending : set 700 years after the main events , the last scene depicts a statue of Caesar shedding a single tear as the Lawgiver recounts Caesar 's story to an integrated audience of ape and human children . By one interpretation , the statue cries tears of joy because the species have broken the cycle of oppression , giving the series an optimistic finale . By another , the statue weeps because racial strife still exists , implying the dystopian future of Planet and Beneath is unavoidable . Television series ( edit ) Planet of the Apes TV series ( edit ) Main article : Planet of the Apes ( TV series ) The cast of the Planet of the Apes television series : James Naughton as Burke , Ron Harper as Virdon , and Roddy McDowall as Galen In addition to their box office grosses , the films earned very high ratings when broadcast on television after their theatrical run . To capitalize on this success , Arthur P. Jacobs conceived of an hour - long live action television series to follow the films . He originally thought of the idea in 1971 during the production of Conquest , which he then anticipated would be the final film . However , he shelved the project once Fox ordered a fifth film . Jacobs died on June 27 , 1973 , bringing an end to the APJAC Productions era of the Planet of the Apes franchise . Former Fox executive Stan Hough took over as producer for the television project , titled Planet of the Apes . CBS picked up the series for its 1974 fall lineup . Ron Harper and James Naughton played Alan Virdon and Peter Burke , two 20th - century American astronauts who pass through a time warp to a future where apes subjugate humans ( unlike the original film , the humans can speak ) . Roddy McDowall returned to the franchise as Galen , a chimpanzee who joins the astronauts . Booth Coleman played orangutan Councillor Zaius and Mark Lenard played gorilla General Urko . The episodes portray Virdon , Burke , and Galen as they look for answers , aid downtrodden humans and apes , and avoid the authorities . The show premiered on September 13 , 1974 , filling CBS ' 8 -- 9 p.m. time slot on Fridays . It earned low ratings during its run , a fact the production team attributed to repetitive storytelling and too little screen time for the apes who made the series famous . Given the considerable production costs , CBS cancelled the show after 14 episodes , the last airing on December 20 , 1974 . In 1981 , Fox reedited ten of the episodes into five television films . Each film combined two episodes and ( in some markets ) added new introductory and concluding segments starring Roddy McDowall as an aged Galen . The films were given what scholar Eric Greene called `` the most outlandish titles of the Apes corpus '' : Back to the Planet of the Apes ; Forgotten City of the Planet of the Apes ; Treachery and Greed on the Planet of the Apes ; Life , Liberty and Pursuit on the Planet of the Apes ; and Farewell to the Planet of the Apes . Greene finds the show 's timeline significant : set in 3085 , it occurs about 900 years before Taylor 's crash in the original film , and 400 years after the Lawgiver 's sermon in Battle . By depicting a future where apes dominate humans , it implies the Lawgiver 's message of equality between man and ape has failed , giving weight to the more pessimistic interpretation of Battle 's ending . Greene writes that the show emphasized the theme of racial conflict less than the films had , though the episodes `` The Trap '' and `` The Liberator '' made it the central focus . Animated series ( edit ) Main article : Return to the Planet of the Apes In 1975 , after the failure of the live - action series , NBC decided to adapt Planet of the Apes for an animated series . The network contracted DePatie - Freleng Enterprises to produce a half - hour Saturday morning cartoon titled Return to the Planet of the Apes . Doug Wildey , co-creator of Jonny Quest , took on most creative control as associate producer , storyboard director , and supervising director . Wildey had only watched the original film and Beneath , and thus based his interpretation on them . As such , the show relied less on the themes and plot developments from Escape , Conquest , and Battle and instead returned to the Vietnam War and Cold War themes prominent in the first two films . The plot concerns three American astronauts , Bill Hudson ( Tom Williams ) , Jeff Allen ( Austin Stoker , who played MacDonald in Battle ) , and Judy Franklin ( Claudette Nevins ) , who inadvertently journey to Earth 's far future . They find the world populated by three groups : mute humans who inhabit desert caves , subterranean human `` Underdwellers '' fashioned after the mutants of Beneath , and civilized apes who subjugate the humans . Through the show , the astronauts become increasingly involved in the planet 's affairs and in defending the humans against an ape invasion . The cast featured characters based on those from the previous films and TV series , including Nova ( Claudette Nevis ) , General Urko ( Henry Cordin ) , Zira ( Philippa Harris ) , Cornelius ( Edwin Mills ) , and Dr. Zaius ( Richard Blackburn ) . NBC broadcast thirteen episodes between September 6 and November 21 , 1975 . The show did not achieve particularly strong ratings . The network considered producing a second three - episode season to complete the story , but this never materialized . Remake film ( edit ) Planned relaunch and `` development hell '' ( edit ) Fox initiated plans to relaunch the Planet of the Apes series in the 1980s , but the project fell into `` development hell '' for over ten years , experiencing one of the most protracted development periods in film history . It began in 1988 , when Fox announced Adam Rifkin , then a 21 - year - old independent film director , would develop a new Apes film . At a Fox executive 's invitation , Rifkin pitched a concept for Return to the Planet of the Apes , an alternative sequel to Planet that ignored the other four films . In Rifkin 's initial concept , Taylor 's descendant Duke launches a Spartacus - like uprising against Roman - inspired ape oppressors led by General Izan . The project nearly entered pre-production , but days before , Fox brought in new studio executives who sent the project back to development . They commissioned Rifkin to rewrite the script through several drafts , but found them unsatisfactory and ultimately scrapped the project . After several years in limbo , Fox returned to the Apes concept , this time with Oliver Stone as a producer . Stone brought in Terry Hayes as screenwriter , and they developed a script titled Return of the Apes . In their script , humanity is threatened by an ailment encoded in their DNA , so two scientists go back in time thousands of years to stop it at its origin . They discover the disease was engineered by advanced apes to ensure humanity 's eventual destruction . Arnold Schwarzenegger committed to star as scientist Will Robinson , while Philip Noyce agreed to direct . The draft impressed Fox president Peter Chernin , but other executives were ambivalent about the action script , believing it should be lighter . Notably , executive Dylan Sellers insisted the script include a comic scene involving apes playing baseball as his `` stamp '' on the film , and fired Hayes when he left it out . This move caused Noyce to quit as well , and subsequently almost everyone involved in the project left for one reason or another . After the collapse of the Stone - Hayes project , Fox brought on Chris Columbus to develop a new Apes concept . Columbus hired Sam Hamm to write a new draft taking elements from Boulle 's novel and various unused scripts . In Hamm 's script , an ape astronaut from a distant planet unleashes a devastating virus on Earth . Scientists go to the astronaut 's planet , where apes hunt humans ; they locate a cure , but return to find Earth overrun by simians . Schwarzenegger remained attached , but Fox found the script underwhelming . Columbus left the project in 1995 after his mother 's death , and James Cameron stepped in to produce . Cameron intended to go in a `` very different direction '' with the script , but following the critical and financial success of his film Titanic , he dropped out of the project . Fox approached a series of directors to take over , without success . By 1999 the studio decided once again to go in a new direction . Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) ( edit ) Main article : Planet of the Apes ( 2001 film ) Tim Burton , director of the 2001 Planet of the Apes In 1999 , Fox hired William Broyles , Jr. to write a new script . Fox insisted on a July 2001 release date , but otherwise offered considerable creative control . This prospect attracted director Tim Burton , who hoped to do a `` re-imagining '' of Planet of the Apes . However , Burton found the production arduous , largely due to Fox 's strict release schedule . The studio budgeted the film at $100 million , meaning Broyles ' ambitious script had to be rewritten to reduce costs ; Lawrence Konner and Mark Rosenthal worked on rewrites even as the film entered production . The tight schedule meant all stages of production were rushed . The film stars Mark Wahlberg as astronaut Leo Davidson , who accidentally travels through a wormhole to a distant planet where talking apes enslave humans . He leads a human revolt and upends ape civilization by discovering that the apes evolved from the normal earth primates who had accompanied his mission , and arrived years before . Helena Bonham Carter played chimpanzee Ari , while Tim Roth played the human - hating chimpanzee General Thade . The film received mixed reviews , with critics generally believing it failed to compare to the original . Much criticism focused on the confusing plot and twist ending , though many reviewers praised the special effects . The film succeeded in the box office , taking in a total of $362,211,740 . Fox had initially hoped for a second film , but the difficult production made Burton disinclined to participate , and the film failed to generate enough interest for Fox to pursue a sequel . Reboot film series ( edit ) Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Main article : Rise of the Planet of the Apes Andy Serkis portrayed Caesar via performance capture acting In 2005 , screenwriters Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver developed a concept for a new Planet of the Apes film , eventually titled Rise of the Planet of the Apes . Inspired by news articles on apes raised as humans and advances in genetics , Jaffa conceived an idea for a film about a genetically enhanced chimp raised in a human household . He and Silver pitched the concept to Fox as a way to reboot the Apes franchise by reinventing the story of the chimpanzee Caesar , the lead character of Conquest . Fox was impressed and bought the pitch , but development struggled for five years as the production cycled through scripts , writers , directors , and producers . In 2010 , producers Peter Chernin and Dylan Clark of Chernin Entertainment stepped in to move the film forward , retaining Jaffa and Silver as writers . In the final script , Caesar receives enhanced cognition from a viral drug created by Will Rodman , who raises him . After being imprisoned in a primate sanctuary , Caesar uses his ingenuity to launch an uprising . The screenplay contains numerous complex connections to other entries in the series , causing some confusion as to its exact relation to them . Oliver Lindler writes that while the film 's premise might identify it as a remake of Conquest , official dispatches and professional reviewers typically avoided the term , instead calling the film a prequel or `` origin story '' to the original Planet of the Apes film , and / or a reboot of the series , although fans and bloggers were more apt to make the `` remake '' connection . The completed script attracted director Rupert Wyatt . To portray ape characters realistically , the production avoided practical effects and animal actors in favor of performance capture acting , partnering with New Zealand visual effects company Weta Digital . Wyatt cast James Franco as Will Rodman , while veteran performance capture actor Andy Serkis signed on to star as Caesar . Rise debuted on August 5 , 2011 . Critics reviewed it positively , especially praising the visual effects and Serkis ' performance . It was a major box office hit , taking in $481,801,049 over its $93 million budget . Weta 's special effects earned the film two Visual Effects Society Awards and an Oscar nomination at the 84th Academy Awards , among other accolades . The strength of Serkis 's performance also inspired Fox to promote him for Oscar consideration , though the Academy did not nominate him . Following this success , Fox immediately planned for a sequel . Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Main article : Dawn of the Planet of the Apes Cast and crew of Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( from left ) : director Matt Reeves and stars Jason Clarke , Keri Russell , and Andy Serkis Producers Peter Chernin and Dylan Clark started planning the film eventually titled Dawn of the Planet of the Apes just after Rise 's release in 2011 . Fox gave the film a budget of $170 million and a release date of July 11 , 2014 . Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver returned to pen the script and produce , and the studio quickly signed Andy Serkis to reprise his role as Caesar . Director Rupert Wyatt withdrew from the project due to production and scheduling issues , and was replaced by Matt Reeves . Set ten years after Rise , the film establishes that the `` Simian Flu '' that increased the intelligence of the apes has killed most humans . Caesar struggles to maintain peace as his ape community is drawn into a war with nearby human survivors . Weta Digital again provided special effects work , which combined practical sets , digitally manipulated backgrounds , and performance capture ape characters . The human cast included Jason Clarke as Malcolm , Keri Russell as Ellie , and Gary Oldman as Dreyfus . The film debuted on July 11 , 2014 . It was met with critical acclaim ; reviewers found it a strong followup to Rise and lauded the combination of an engaging script with impressive special effects . It also performed very strongly at the box office , taking in $707,498,744 in worldwide grosses . Its special effects received several accolades , including three Visual Effects Society Awards and an Oscar nomination at the 87th Academy Awards . War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : War for the Planet of the Apes The producers were confident enough in Dawn of the Planet of the Apes that they started planning for the next installment before production had completed . They contracted Matt Reeves to return as director after seeing his cut of Dawn ; he also wrote the script with Mark Bomback . Peter Chernin , Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver serve as producers . The film , War for the Planet of the Apes , was released on July 14 , 2017 . Woody Harrelson and Gabriel Chavarria played human characters , while Steve Zahn played Bad Ape . The film received overwhelmingly positive reviews . It earned $490,567,967 against a $150 million budget . In October 2016 , it was reported that a fourth Planet of the Apes film was being discussed . Other media and merchandise ( edit ) Books ( edit ) Pierre Boulle 's novel La Planète des Singes was translated and reprinted several times after its original publication in 1963 . In addition , all of the original sequels spawned novelizations by established science fiction writers of the day , each of which went through multiple reprintings of their own . Michael Avallone wrote the novelization for Beneath the Planet of the Apes in 1970 . Jerry Pournelle , who later co-authored Lucifer 's Hammer and The Mote in God 's Eye , wrote the Escape from the Planet of the Apes novelization . John Jakes , former Science Fiction Writers of America president , wrote Conquest of the Planet of the Apes . David Gerrold , scriptwriter for the Star Trek episode `` The Trouble with Tribbles '' , novelized Battle for the Planet of the Apes . Novelizations of the live action and animated television series were also produced . William T. Quick novelized the 2001 Planet of the Apes ; he also wrote two prequel novels , and several other book tie - ins were published . Comics ( edit ) Main article : Planet of the Apes ( comics ) Planet of the Apes - based comics have been published regularly since 1968 . Among the most notable is Marvel Comics ' Planet of the Apes magazine , published from 1974 to 1977 . The black - and - white series featured comics adaptations of each of the films , new Apes stories by Doug Moench , series news , essays , interviews and other material . It became one of Marvel 's most successful titles , attracting 300 to 400 fan letters with every issue , so many that the studio had to suspend its practice of writing personal responses . Marvel also published the monthly title Adventures on the Planet of the Apes from 1975 to 1976 , comprising color reprints of the Planet and Beneath adaptations . In 1990 , during a resurgence of interest in the series , Malibu Comics launched a new monthly black - and - white Planet of the Apes comic through its Adventure Comics studio . The debut issue sold 40,000 , a record for black - and - white comics , leading to a successful run of 24 issues over two years . The series follows Caesar 's grandson and heir Alexander as he struggles to govern ape civilization . The comic 's success led Malibu to publish five four - issue spin - off miniseries : Ape City , Planet of the Apes : Urchak 's Folly , the Alien Nation crossover Ape Nation , Planet of the Apes : Blood of the Apes , and Planet of the Apes : The Forbidden Zone . Malibu also published two one - shots : A Day on the Planet of the Apes and Planet prequel Planet of the Apes : Sins of the Fathers ; a trade paperback collecting the first four issues of the main series , titled Monkey Planet ; and reissues of stories from Marvel 's earlier Apes series . Other companies producing Planet of the Apes comics include Gold Key Comics , Dark Horse Comics , and Boom ! Studios . In 2014 , Boom ! collaborated with IDW Publishing on the Star Trek crossover Star Trek / Planet of the Apes : The Primate Directive . Toys and merchandise ( edit ) The series , and particularly the live - action Apes television show and the Return to the Planet of the Apes cartoon , generated numerous toy and merchandising tie - ins . During the 1970s , Fox licensed around 60 companies to produce about 300 different Apes products , including action figures and playsets , model building kits , coloring books , book - and - record sets , trading cards , toy weapons , costumes , apparel , branded tableware , and lunch boxes . This level of merchandising was unusual for the time , and the success of Apes merchandise may have inspired the campaigns that later became commonplace for films and television series . The action figures , sold by Mego beginning in 1973 , were the first such toys sold as film tie - ins ; they proved popular and inspired the rise of action figure series based on popular culture franchises . Eric Greene writes that Apes toys were popular enough to lead some contemporary children to engage in apes - vs. - humans role - playing make believe games that simulated the series ' conflicts in a manner similar to `` Cowboys and Indians '' . With the release of the 21st - century films , Fox licensed several companies to manufacture new Apes toys , including detailed action figures of new and `` classic '' characters sold as collectibles . Theme Park ride ( edit ) A Planet of the Apes ride is planned for the 20th Century Fox World theme parks under construction in Dubai and Malaysia . Video games ( edit ) In 1983 , 20th Century Fox Videogames developed a Planet of the Apes game for the Atari 2600 , which was to be the first computer game based on the series . However , the game was still in the prototype phase when Fox shuttered its game division during the video game crash of 1983 , and never saw release . It was assumed lost until 2002 , when collectors identified a prototype , found earlier in a case labeled Alligator People , as the missing Apes game . Independent designers Retrodesign completed and released the game as Revenge of the Apes in 2003 . In the game , the player controls Taylor as he fights apes across several levels inspired by the film to reach the Statue of Liberty . A video game based on the series did not appear until 2001 . Fox Interactive began developing the Planet of the Apes game in 1998 for PC and PlayStation as a tie - in to the long - gestating remake film . Fox and developer Visiware proceeded with the game when the film went into limbo , creating their own story based on Boulle 's novel and the original films . The game is an action - adventure in which players control astronaut Ulysses as he explores an ape - ruled future Earth . Setbacks with the film project and Fox Interactive 's decision to co-publish with another company ( Ubisoft ) delayed the game three years . Despite its long development , the game missed the debut of Tim Burton 's Planet of the Apes film by two months ; it finally appeared on September 20 , 2001 , to mostly negative reviews . Additionally , Ubisoft produced a substantially different Planet of the Apes game for Game Boy Advance and Game Boy Color , a side - scroller following the first two films . In 2014 , Fox partnered with Ndemic Creations on a substantial Dawn of the Planet of the Apes - themed update to the mobile game Plague Inc . Players create and spread a `` Simian Flu '' virus to eradicate humans while helping apes survive . Andy Serkis has mentioned that War for the Planet of the Apes would be accompanied by a video game , for which he performed motion capture . Titled Planet of the Apes : Last Frontier , the game is set for release for the PlayStation 4 , Xbox One and PC in fall 2017 . Themes ( edit ) Critics consider race to be the Planet of the Apes series ' primary theme . Eric Greene , author of a book on the role of race in the original films and spinoff material , writes that `` when seen as one epic work , the Apes saga emerges as a liberal allegory of racial conflict . '' In Greene 's interpretation , the franchise 's plot arc is founded in the conflict between humans and apes , who alternately subjugate one another in a destructive cycle . Difference between human and ape manifests primarily in physical appearance , and dominance derives from social power rather than innate superiority . Each film shifts the power balance so that the audience identifies sometimes with the humans , and other times with the apes . According to Greene , this arc 's central message is that unresolved racial discord inevitably leads to cataclysm . Other critics have followed Greene 's interpretations . Producers Abrahams and Jacobs did not consciously intend the first film 's racial undertones , and did not appreciate them until Sammy Davis Jr. pointed them out in 1968 . Subsequently , the filmmakers incorporated the theme more overtly in later installments ; as a result , race moves from being a secondary theme in the first two films , to becoming the major concern of the last three . Several critics have written that the reboot films downplay the original series ' theme of race , generally arguing that this is to their detriment . Others , however , write that the films incorporate racial themes in subtler ways . The Cold War and the threat of nuclear holocaust are major themes introduced in Rod Serling 's original Planet of the Apes script . The films are apocalyptic and dystopian , and portray the era 's tensions leading to world destruction . The films critique both sides of the war , with the oppressive ape society and the mutant city featuring traits of both Western culture and the Soviet bloc . According to Greene , Cold War themes were central to the first two films and some spinoff media , but were less significant in the later sequels , which foregrounded racial conflict instead . Questions of animal rights also figure heavily in the series ; Greene considers this related to the racial themes . The first film portrays Taylor treated cruelly by apes who consider him an animal ; in later films humans abuse apes for the same reason . The primate rights theme is much more dominant in the reboot films , which directly invoke the question of great ape personhood in portraying Caesar and his friends struggling for their rights in a society that does not consider them legal persons . Cultural impact and legacy ( edit ) Fans in costume as Dr. Zaius and Dr. Zira at a science fiction convention Planet of the Apes received popular and critical attention well after production ended on the original films and television series . Fans ' interest in the franchise continued through publications like Marvel Comics ' Planet of the Apes magazine and science fiction conventions , where the series was sufficiently popular to inspire `` apecons '' -- conventions devoted entirely to films involving apes -- in the 1970s . The series ' distinctive ape costumes were employed in live appearances , including by musician Paul Williams ( Virgil from Battle ) on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson and by Mike Douglas on The Mike Douglas Show . In the 1970s , fans Bill Blake and Paula Crist created Cornelius and Zira costumes ; their routine was convincing enough that Fox licensed them to portray the characters at events . The films earned strong ratings when they aired on television after their releases , and various stations rebroadcast them together in marathons in later years . The live - action television series was re-formatted into five TV movies for further broadcast in 1981 , and the Sci - Fi Channel ran both it and the cartoon in the 1990s . Planet of the Apes had a wide impact on subsequent popular media . In terms of production , the series ' success with sequelization , spinoffs , and merchandising established a new model of media franchising in Hollywood filmmaking , in which studios develop films specifically to generate multi-media franchises . In terms of content , the series influenced various films and television productions during the 1970s and ' 80s that used science fiction settings and characters to explore race relations , including Alien Nation , Enemy Mine , and V. More direct influence can be seen in DC Comics ' 1972 -- 1978 series Kamandi : The Last Boy on Earth and the Japanese franchise Time of the Apes , which concern human protagonists in post-apocalyptic worlds ruled by talking animals . Mel Brooks ' 1987 science fiction spoof Spaceballs lampooned the Statue of Liberty ending from the original Planet . Interest in the series resurged in the 1990s , as plans for a new film and other media circulated . Greene attributes this renewed interest to a combination of `` pop culture nostalgia and baby boomer economics '' , as well as a `` political ferment '' rising at the time that hearkened back to the period when the films were first released . Inspired particularly by the publication of the Malibu Comics series , during this period fans founded new clubs , websites , and fanzines active in the U.S. , Canada , Brazil , and other countries . Companies began producing new branded merchandise , including clothing , toys , and costumes . Especially after the 1990s , artists in diverse media referenced , incorporated , or were otherwise influenced by the series . Planet of the Apes turned up in songs by various musicians , references in films , comedy bits by Dennis Miller and Paul Mooney , and an episode of Saturday Night Live hosted by Charlton Heston . The Simpsons parodied the series several times . Notably , the episode `` A Fish Called Selma '' features the washed - up actor Troy McClure starring in a Broadway musical adaptation called Stop the Planet of the Apes , I Want to Get Off ! Artist Martha Rosler incorporated footage of Cornelius and Zira 's interrogation from Escape in her installation `` Global Taste : A Meal in Three Courses '' , while Guillermo Gómez - Peña and Coco Fusco employed video from Planet in a 1993 performance art piece at the Whitney Museum of American Art . The series ' impact has also extended to the political sphere , and groups of various leanings have employed its themes and imagery in their discourse . The phrase `` planet of the apes '' has been used for an overturning of the political or racial status quo . Eric Greene writes that it is especially popular among racial nationalists and reactionaries of different stripes , who use it in reference to race conflict . According to Greene , white supremacists liken minority advancement to the films ' world in which supposed `` inferiors '' seize control , while black nationalists subvert the reference to celebrate the `` racial apocalypse '' ; in this spirit , gangsta rap group Da Lench Mob titled their 1994 album Planet of da Apes . Greene writes that these uses invert the anti-racist message of the films . Planet 's final image of the ruined Statue of Liberty has become a common political reference ; for example , Greenpeace used it in an advertising campaign against nuclear testing . The series ' themes and imagery have been invoked in political discussions on topics as varied as Sixties culture , urban decay , contemporary wars , and gun violence . List of media ( edit ) Feature films ( edit ) Number Title Release date Director Continuity Planet of the Apes 000000001968 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 , 1968 Franklin J. Schaffner Original series Beneath the Planet of the Apes 000000001970 - 05 - 27 - 0000 May 27 , 1970 Ted Post Escape from the Planet of the Apes 000000001971 - 05 - 21 - 0000 May 21 , 1971 Don Taylor Conquest of the Planet of the Apes 000000001972 - 06 - 29 - 0000 June 29 , 1972 J. Lee Thompson 5 Battle for the Planet of the Apes 000000001973 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 1973 6 Planet of the Apes 000000002001 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 , 2001 Tim Burton Remake 7 Rise of the Planet of the Apes 000000002011 - 08 - 05 - 0000 August 5 , 2011 Rupert Wyatt Reboot series 8 Dawn of the Planet of the Apes 000000002014 - 07 - 11 - 0000 July 11 , 2014 Matt Reeves 9 War for the Planet of the Apes 000000002017 - 07 - 14 - 0000 July 14 , 2017 Reception ( edit ) For more details on the reception of each film , see the `` Reception '' section on each film 's article Box Office performance ( edit ) Film Release date Box office gross Box office ranking Budget Ref ( s ) North America Other territories Worldwide All time North America All time worldwide Planet of the Apes ( 1968 ) February 8 , 1968 $32,589,624 $160,000,000 # 2,328 $5.8 million Beneath the Planet of the Apes May 27 , 1970 $18,999,718 # 3,301 $4.67 million Escape from the Planet of the Apes May 21 , 1971 $12,348,905 # 4,089 $2.06 million Conquest of the Planet of the Apes June 14 , 1972 $9,043,472 # 4,555 $1.7 million Battle for the Planet of the Apes May 23 , 1973 $8,844,595 # 4,581 $1.71 million Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) July 27 , 2001 $180,011,740 $182,200,000 $362,211,740 # 215 # 282 $100 million Rise of the Planet of the Apes August 5 , 2011 $176,760,185 $305,040,864 $481,801,049 # 235 # 184 $93 million Dawn of the Planet of the Apes July 11 , 2014 $208,545,589 $502,098,977 $710,644,566 # 167 # 90 $235 million War for the Planet of the Apes July 14 , 2017 $146,880,162 $343,782,503 $490,662,665 # 343 # 185 $150 million Total $794,023,990 $1,333,122,344 $2,353,068,191 $567.5 million List indicator ( s ) A dark grey cell indicates the information is not available for the film . Critical and Public response ( edit ) Film Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic CinemaScore Planet of the Apes ( 1968 ) 90 % ( 49 reviews ) 79 ( 14 reviews ) Beneath the Planet of the Apes 41 % ( 22 reviews ) 46 ( 9 reviews ) Escape from the Planet of the Apes 78 % ( 23 reviews ) 69 ( 9 reviews ) Conquest of the Planet of the Apes 44 % ( 18 reviews ) 49 ( 6 reviews ) Battle for the Planet of the Apes 38 % ( 24 reviews ) 40 ( 5 reviews ) Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) 45 % ( 156 reviews ) 50 ( 34 reviews ) B - Rise of the Planet of the Apes 81 % ( 257 reviews ) 68 ( 39 reviews ) A - Dawn of the Planet of the Apes 90 % ( 286 reviews ) 79 ( 48 reviews ) A - War for the Planet of the Apes 93 % ( 282 reviews ) 82 ( 50 reviews ) A - List indicator ( s ) A dark grey cell indicates the information is not available for the film . Characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Planet of the Apes characters The following table shows the cast members who played the primary characters in the film series . Character Original series Remake Reboot series Planet of the Apes Beneath the Planet of the Apes Escape from the Planet of the Apes Conquest of the Planet of the Apes Battle for the Planet of the Apes Planet of the Apes Rise of the Planet of the Apes Dawn of the Planet of the Apes War for the Planet of the Apes 1968 1970 1971 1972 1973 2001 2011 2014 2017 Humans ( edit ) George Taylor Charlton Heston Charlton Heston ( archival footage ) Nova Linda Harrison Amiah Miller Brent James Franciscus Mendez Paul Richards Albina Natalie Trundy Skipper Tod Andrews Dr. Lewis Dixon Bradford Dillman Dr. Stephanie `` Stevie '' Branton Natalie Trundy Dr. Otto Hasslein Eric Braeden Armando Ricardo Montalbán Governor Breck Don Murray MacDonald Hari Rhodes Kolp Severn Darden MacDonald Austin Stoker Mendez Paul Stevens Jake Michael Stearns Leo Davidson Mark Wahlberg Daena Estella Warren Birn Luke Eberl Will Rodman James Franco James Franco ( archival footage ) Caroline Aranha Freida Pinto John Landon Brian Cox Steven Jacobs David Oyelowo Charles Rodman John Lithgow Dodge Landon Tom Felton Dreyfus Gary Oldman Malcolm Jason Clarke Ellie Keri Russell Alexander Kodi Smit - McPhee Carver Kirk Acevedo Werner Jocko Sims McVeigh Kevin Rankin Finney Keir O'Donnell The Colonel Woody Harrelson Preacher Gabriel Chavarria Apes ( edit ) Cornelius Roddy McDowall David Watson Roddy McDowall Roddy McDowall ( archival footage ) Infant Devyn Dalton Dr. Zira Kim Hunter Kim Hunter ( archival footage ) Dr. Zaius Maurice Evans Charlton Heston General Ursus James Gregory Caesar Walker Edmiston ( voice ) Roddy McDowall Andy Serkis Lisa Natalie Trundy General Aldo David Chow Claude Akins Virgil Paul Williams Nova Lisa Marie Ari Helena Bonham Carter General Thade Tim Roth Rocket Terry Notary Maurice Karin Konoval Cornelia Devyn Dalton Judy Greer Koba Christopher Gordon Toby Kebbell Toby Kebbell ( hallucination ) Blue Eyes Nick Thurston Max Lloyd - Jones Ash Larramie `` Doc '' Shaw Grey Lee Ross Bad Ape Steve Zahn Red Donkey Ty Olsson Lake Sara Canning Luca Michael Adamthwaite Winter Aleks Paunovic Note : A grey cell indicates the character does not appear in that medium . Crew and other ( edit ) Crew / detail Film Planet of the Apes Beneath the Planet of the Apes Escape from the Planet of the Apes Conquest of the Planet of the Apes Battle for the Planet of the Apes Planet of the Apes Rise of the Planet of the Apes Dawn of the Planet of the Apes War for the Planet of the Apes 1968 1970 1971 1972 1973 2001 2011 2014 2017 Director Franklin J. Schaffner Ted Post Don Taylor J. Lee Thompson Tim Burton Rupert Wyatt Matt Reeves Producer ( s ) Arthur P. Jacobs Richard D. Zanuck Peter Chernin , Dylan Clark , Rick Jaffa , Amanda Silver Composer Jerry Goldsmith Leonard Rosenman Jerry Goldsmith Tom Scott Leonard Rosenman Danny Elfman Patrick Doyle Michael Giacchino Writer ( s ) Michael Wilson , Rod Serling Paul Dehn John William Corrington , Joyce Hooper Corrington William Broyles , Jr. , Lawrence Konner , Mark Rosenthal Rick Jaffa , Amanda Silver Mark Bomback , Rick Jaffa , Amanda Silver Mark Bomback , Matt Reeves Distributor 20th Century Fox Running time 112 mins . 95 mins . 98 mins . 87 mins . 96 mins . 120 mins . 105 mins . 130 mins . 142 mins . Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 4 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Becker 1993 , pp. 122 -- 124 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 2 , 9 -- 10 . ^ Jump up to : Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 2 -- 3 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , p. 2 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , pp. 25 -- 28 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 28 . ^ Jump up to : Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 33 . ^ Jump up to : Webb 1998 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 27 -- 28 . ^ Jump up to : Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 29 , 42 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 215 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 52 , 53 and note . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , pp. 2 -- 3 , 57 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , p. 164 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 57 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 60 -- 61 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 108 -- 111 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 105 -- 106 , 117 -- 119 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 117 -- 118 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 108 -- 109 . ^ Jump up to : Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 109 -- 110 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , p. 216 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 61 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 109 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 109 , 143 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 145 -- 147 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 153 , 187 , 212 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 217 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 71 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 170 , 178 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 170 , 178 -- 179 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , pp. 81 -- 82 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 81 -- 83 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 186 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , pp. 217 -- 218 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 200 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 216 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 203 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 114 -- 115 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 208 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 115 -- 116 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 218 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 109 , 217 -- 220 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 143 -- 144 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 152 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 232 -- 235 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 235 -- 237 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 152 , 158 , 218 -- 221 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , p. 150 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , p. 168 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 153 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 159 , 221 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 159 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 159 -- 164 , 221 -- 222 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 221 -- 222 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 239 . Jump up ^ Hughes 2004 , pp. 34 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 180 -- 181 . ^ Jump up to : Hughes 2004 , pp. 38 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 181 -- 182 . ^ Jump up to : Hughes 2004 , pp. 41 -- 43 . ^ Jump up to : Hughes 2004 , pp. 44 -- 46 . ^ Jump up to : `` Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) '' . www.rottentomatoes.com . Rotten Tomatoes. 2014 . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Planet of the Apes '' . www.metacritic.com . Metacritic. 2014 . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) '' . www.boxofficemojo.com . Box Office Mojo. 2014 . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , pp. 188 -- 190 , 192 . Jump up ^ Brodesser - Akner , Claude ( January 22 , 2010 ) . `` Vulture Exclusive : Fox 's Planet of the Apes Reboot of the Reboot Is Back On '' . www.vulture.com . New York Magazine . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , pp. 191 -- 192 . Jump up ^ Lindner 2015 , pp. 30 , 31 , 35 -- 36 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , pp. 192 -- 193 . Jump up ^ Faraci , Devin ( April 15 , 2011 ) . `` So What The Hell Is RISE OF THE PLANET OF THE APES ? '' . birthmoviesdeath.com . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , pp. 194 -- 199 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , p. 209 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes '' . www.boxofficemojo.com . Box Office Mojo. 2014 . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , pp. 209 -- 214 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , pp. 216 , 222 . ^ Jump up to : Lussier , Germain ( October 1 , 2012 ) . `` Matt Reeves Confirmed to Helm ' Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ' '' . www.slashfilm.com . / Film . Retrieved September 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dawn of the Planet of the Apes '' . www.boxofficemojo.com . Box Office Mojo. 2014 . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , pp. 222 -- 224 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , pp. 227 -- 238 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , p. 225 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) '' . www.rottentomatoes.com . Rotten Tomatoes. 2014 . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dawn of the Planet of the Apes '' . www.metacritic.com . Metacritic. 2014 . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 4 , 2015 ) . `` ' Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ' Tops Visual Effects Society Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( January 7 , 2014 ) . `` Matt Reeves Will Return to Direct ' Planet of the Apes 3 ′ '' . Variety . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Jr. , Mike ( January 7 , 2014 ) . `` Matt Reeves To Helm ' Planet Of The Apes 3 ′ '' . Deadline.com . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved September 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( May 14 , 2015 ) . `` Exclusive : New PLANET OF THE APES Movie Title Revealed '' . www.collider.com . Collider . Retrieved May 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Woody Harrelson to Play Villain in New ' Planet of the Apes ' Movie ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( October 12 , 2015 ) . `` Steve Zahn to Play New Ape in Next ' Planet of the Apes ' Movie '' . www.thewrap.com . TheWrap . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` War of the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) '' . www.rottentomatoes.com . Rotten Tomatoes. 2017 . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` War for the Planet of the Apes '' . www.metacritic.com . Metacritic. 2017 . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` War for the Planet of the Apes '' . www.boxofficemojo.com . Box Office Mojo. 2017 . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Han , Angie ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' Director Matt Reeves `` Absolutely '' Has Ideas About Where the Story Goes Next `` . www.slashfilm.com . / Film . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Owen , Luke ( October 12 , 2016 ) . `` Planet of the Apes 4 already being developed '' . www.flickeringmyth.com . Flickering Myth . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , p. 169 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 166 and note . Jump up ^ Handley 2008 , pp. 256 , 267 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , pp. 164 -- 166 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 171 -- 175 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( July 25 , 2014 ) . `` Star Trek / Planet of the Apes Crossover Announced By Boom Studios '' . www.slashfilm.com . / Film . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2015 . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , pp. 166 -- 168 . Jump up ^ Scott 2010 , pp. 3 , 204 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond , pp. 178 -- 184 . Jump up ^ Martin , Hugo ( November 3 , 2015 ) . `` 20th Century Fox World set to open in Dubai in 2018 '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( December 17 , 2013 ) . `` 20th Century Fox Breaks Ground on Theme Park Business with First Resort in Malaysia '' . Variety . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Green , Earl ( 2014 ) . `` Planet of the Apes ( Prototype ) '' . www.allgame.com . AllGame . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Weiss 2012 , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Adams , Tom ( February 9 , 2000 ) . `` IGNDC Monkeys Around with Planet of the Apes Producer Cos Lazouras '' . www.ign.com . IGN . Retrieved August 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ubi Soft and Fox Interactive kick off a global partnership , bringing Planet of the Apes to video games '' . www.bluesnews.com . September 6 , 2001 . Retrieved August 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 16 , 2001 ) . `` Fox 's Ape - athy '' . Variety . Retrieved August 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sulic , Ivan ( October 18 , 2001 ) . `` Planet of the Apes ( PC ) '' . www.ign.com . IGN . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Planet of the Apes ( PC ) '' . www.gamerankings.com . GameRankings. 2014 . Retrieved August 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Planet of the Apes ( PlayStation ) '' . www.gamerankings.com . GameRankings. 2014 . Retrieved August 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Hilary ( December 14 , 2001 ) . `` Planet of the Apes ( GBA ) '' . www.ign.com . IGN . Retrieved August 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Watts , Steve ( July 2 , 2014 ) . `` Dawn of the Planet of the Apes Virus Added to Plague Inc '' . www.ign.com . IGN . Retrieved August 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mat Paget . `` War for the Planet of the Apes Video Game Coming to Consoles '' . www.gamespot.com . GameSpot . Retrieved 9 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Apes Together Strong ! Planet of the Apes Video Game Announced '' . ComingSoon.net . CraveOnline . August 17 , 2017 . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 9 , 21 , 33 . Jump up ^ Von Busack 2004 , pp. 171 -- 173 . Jump up ^ Davis 2013 , pp. 246 -- 247 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 2 -- 3 , 16 , 19 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 89 . Jump up ^ Davis 2013 , pp. 245 -- 246 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 19 -- 20 , 71 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Ed ( August 4 , 2011 ) . `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes '' . Slant . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Emerson , Jim ( August 12 , 2011 ) . `` Apes and allegories : What is the meaning of this ? ! '' . rogerebert.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goodkind , Seth ( December 19 , 2011 ) . `` Enlightened Racism in Rise of the Planet of the Apes '' . Paracinema . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chidester 2015 , pp. 7 -- 10 . ^ Jump up to : Kirshner 2001 , pp. 43 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 8 -- 9 , 22 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 65 -- 67 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 72 , 159 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 3 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 27 , 78 -- 79 , 86 . Jump up ^ Hamilton 2016 , pp. 300 -- 301 . Jump up ^ Southard 1982 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 164 , 167 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 152 , 169 . Jump up ^ Von Busack 2004 , p. 165 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , pp. 169 -- 170 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 169 , 170 -- 171 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 175 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. xv , 169 . Jump up ^ Kassabian 2013 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 170 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 176 -- 179 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 176 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 177 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 176 -- 177 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 177 -- 179 . Jump up ^ Cotham , Perry C. ( 1973 ) . Obscenity , pornography & censorship . Baker Book House . p. 129 . ISBN 9780801023453 ... taken in up to $150 million at box offices around the world Jump up ^ `` Planet of the Apes '' . www.boxofficemojo.com . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Beneath the Planet of the Apes '' . www.boxofficemojo.com . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Escape from the Planet of the Apes '' . www.boxofficemojo.com . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Conquest of the Planet of the Apes '' . www.boxofficemojo.com . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Battle for the Planet of the Apes '' . www.boxofficemojo.com . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Feature Film Study '' ( PDF ) . www.filmla.com . Film L.A. June 15 , 2016 . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Planet of the Apes Moviesat the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Planet of the Apes ( 1968 ) -- Rotten Tomatoes '' . www.rottentomatoes.com . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Planet of the Apes '' . www.metacritic.com . Metacritic. 2017 . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beneath the Planet of the Apes -- Rotten Tomatoes '' . www.rottentomatoes.com . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beneath the Planet of the Apes '' . www.metacritic.com . Metacritic. 2017 . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Escape from the Planet of the Apes -- Rotten Tomatoes '' . rottentomatoes.com . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Escape from the Planet of the Apes '' . www.metacritic.com . Metacritic. 2017 . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Conquest of the Planet of the Apes -- Rotten Tomatoes '' . www.rottentomatoes.com . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Conquest of the Planet of the Apes '' . www.metacritic.com . Metacritic. 2017 . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Battle for the Planet of the Apes -- Rotten Tomatoes '' . www.rottentomatoes.com . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Battle for the Planet of the Apes '' . www.metacritic.com . Metacritic. 2017 . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PLANET OF THE APES ( 2001 ) '' . www.cinemascore.com . CinemaScore . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) '' . www.rottentomatoes.com . Rotten Tomatoes. 2014 . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes '' . www.metacritic.com . Metacritic. 2014 . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` RISE OF THE PLANET OF THE APES ( 2011 ) '' . www.cinemascore.com . CinemaScore . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DAWN OF THE PLANET OF THE APES ( 2014 ) '' . www.cinemascore.com . CinemaScore . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WAR FOR THE PLANET OF THE APES ( 2017 ) '' . www.cinemascore.com . CinemaScore . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ War for the Planet of the Apes Will Feature A Character From The Original 1968 Movie References ( edit ) Becker , Lucille Frackman ( 1993 ) . `` Science and Detective Fiction : Complementary Genres on the Margins of French Literature '' . In Henry , Freeman G. French Literature Series : On The Margins of French Literature . XX . Ropodi . pp. 119 -- 126 . ISBN 9051834268 . Chidester , Phil ( January 1 , 2015 ) . `` The Simian That Screamed No ! : Rise of the Planet of the Apes and the Speculative as Public Memory '' . Visual Communication Quarterly . 22 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 14 . Davis , Jason ( 2013 ) . `` Aping Race , Racing Apes '' . In Huss , John . Planet of the Apes and Philosophy : Great Apes Think Alike . Open Court Publishing . ISBN 0812698223 . Fordham , Joe ; Bond , Jeff ( 2014 ) . Planet of the Apes : The Evolution of a Legend . Titan Books . ISBN 1783291982 . Greene , Eric ( 1998 ) . Planet of the Apes as American Myth : Race and Politics in the Films and Television Series . Wesleyan University Press . ISBN 9780819563293 . Hamilton , Sheryl N. ( November 2016 ) . `` ' Human no like smart ape ' : figuring the ape as legal person in Rise of the Planet of the Apes '' . Law and Humanities . Routledge. 10 ( 2 ) : 300 -- 321 . Handley , Rich ( 2008 ) . Timeline of the Planet of the Apes : The Definitive Chronology . Hasslein Books . ISBN 061525392X . Hughes , David ( 2004 ) . Tales from Development Hell . London : Titan Books . pp. 34 -- 37 . ISBN 1 - 84023 - 691 - 4 . Kassabian , Anahid ( 2013 ) . Ubiquitous Listening : Affect , Attention , and Distributed Subjectivity . University of California Press . ISBN 0520275152 . Kirshner , Jonathan ( 2001 ) . `` Subverting the Cold War in the 1960s : Dr. Strangelove , The Manchurian Candidate , and The Planet of the Apes '' . Film & History : an Interdisciplinary Journal of Film and Television Studies . 31 ( 2 ) : 40 -- 44 . Lindner , Oliver ( 2015 ) . `` The Remade Prequel : Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) '' . Remakes and Remaking : Concepts -- Media − Practices . Transcript Verlag . pp. 23 -- 39 . ISBN 3839428947 . Russo , Joe ; Landsman , Larry ; Gross , Edward ( 2001 ) . Planet of the Apes Revisited . Thomas Dunne Books . ISBN 0312252390 . Scott , Sharon M. ( 2010 ) . Toys and American Culture : An Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 0313351112 . Southard , Bruce ( March 1 , 1982 ) . `` The Language of Science Fiction Fan Magazines '' . American Speech . Duke University Press . 57 ( 1 ) : 19 -- 31 . ISSN 0003 - 1283 . Von Busack , Richard ( 2004 ) . `` Signifying Monkeys : Politics and Story - Telling in the Planet of the Apes Series '' . In Rickman , Gregg . The Science Fiction Film Reader . Limelight Editions . pp. 165 -- 177 . ISBN 0879109947 . Webb , Gordon C. ( July -- August 1998 ) . `` 30 Years Later : Rod Serling 's Planet of the Apes '' . Creative Screenwriting . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . Weiss , Brett ( 2012 ) . Classic Home Video Games , 1972 - 1984 : A Complete Reference Guide . McFarland . ISBN 0786487550 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Planet of the Apes . Watch `` War for the Planet of the Apes '' Movies Online 2017 Dale Winogura ( Summer 1972 ) . `` Special Planet of the Apes Series Issue - Interviews & Set Visit '' ( PDF ) . Cinefantastique . ( hide ) Planet of the Apes Films Original series Planet of the Apes ( 1968 ) Beneath the Planet of the Apes ( 1970 ) Escape from the Planet of the Apes ( 1971 ) Conquest of the Planet of the Apes ( 1972 ) Battle for the Planet of the Apes ( 1973 ) Remake Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) Reboot series Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2014 ) War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) Television Planet of the Apes ( 1974 ) Return to the Planet of the Apes ( 1975 ) Behind the Planet of the Apes ( 1998 ) Video games Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) Revenge of the Apes ( 2003 ) Planet of the Apes : Last Frontier ( 2017 ) Other La Planète des Singes Characters Comics Star Trek / Planet of the Apes : The Primate Directive Tarzan on the Planet of the Apes Planet of the Apes / Green Lantern Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Planet_of_the_Apes&oldid=815057334 '' Categories : Media franchises introduced in 1963 Film series introduced in 1968 Film series Novels adapted into comics French novels adapted into films Novels adapted into television programs Novels adapted into video games Evolution in popular culture Planet of the Apes Science fiction by franchise Works about slavery Films adapted into television programs Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia भोजपुरी Čeština Ελληνικά Español Français 한국어 Italiano ქართული Latviešu 日本語 Português Română Русский Scots ไทย Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 December 2017 , at 14 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet%20of%20the%20Apes	2,423
what is colt 45 and two zig zags			Crazy Rap	crazy rap	`` Crazy Rap '' , also known as `` Colt 45 and 2 Zig Zags '' or simply `` Colt 45 '' , is a dirty rap single recorded by rapper Afroman . It was featured on his third album , Sell Your Dope , and was later included on his greatest hits album , The Good Times . It is often referred to as `` Colt 45 '' , as the hook states `` Colt 45 and two zig - zags , baby that 's all we need '' . The song failed to replicate the success of its predecessor but it nonetheless still charted across Europe , reaching the top 10 in the UK .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Track listing 2 Music video 3 Charts 4 References 5 External links Track listing ( edit ) `` Crazy Rap '' `` Crazy Rap '' ( Accapella ) `` Crazy Rap '' ( Afrolicious Mix ) `` Outro '' Music video ( edit ) The video takes place in front of a liquor store in Los Angeles , and shows Afroman telling his story to his friends , while dancing and crip walking to the beat with them , and others who join in . It also shows him in the various situations he describes , such as riding in a car , being chased by a klansman , and in the bed with multiple women . The last line is a homage to `` Rapper 's Delight '' . This is a remade version of the song which was first featured on Afroman 's debut album My Fro - losophy , which was released independently without a record label . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 99 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 41 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 39 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 11 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 37 Ireland ( IRMA ) 7 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 52 Norway ( VG - lista ) 13 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 76 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 10 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The ARIA Report : Week Commencing 11 February 2002 '' ARIA Top 100 Singles . National Library of Australia . Retrieved November 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Afroman -- Crazy Rap '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved November 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Afroman -- Crazy Rap '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved November 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Afroman -- Crazy Rap '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved November 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Afroman -- Crazy Rap '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved November 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Afroman '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved March 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Afroman -- Crazy Rap '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved November 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Afroman -- Crazy Rap '' . VG - lista . Retrieved November 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Afroman -- Crazy Rap '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved November 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Afroman : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved March 4 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Afroman Studio albums The Good Times Independent albums Because I Got High Sell Your Dope Afroholic ... The Even Better Times Jobe Bells 4R0 : 20 The Hungry Hustlerz : Starvation Is Motivation Drunk ' n ' High A Colt 45 Christmas Waiting to Inhale Greatest Hitz Live Frobama : Head of State EPs One Hit Wonder EP Singles `` Crazy Rap '' `` Because I Got High '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crazy_Rap&oldid=796952271 '' Categories : 2001 singles Afroman songs Songs about cannabis Dirty rap songs 2000 songs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australiapandora Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 24 August 2017 , at 02 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crazy%20Rap	2,424
who took 5 wickets haul in t20 cricket	Twenty20 International cricket five - wicket hauls No . Bowler Wkts Runs Overs Econ Inn Team Opposition Venue Date Batsmen Result Refs Umar Gul 5 6 2.00 Pakistan New Zealand The Oval , London , England 13 June 2009 Scott Styris Peter McGlashan Nathan McCullum James Franklin Kyle Mills Won Nehemiah Odhiambo 5 20 5.00 Kenya Scotland Gymkhana Club Ground , Nairobi , Kenya 4 February 2010 Kyle Coetzer Ryan Watson Jan Stander Gordon Drummond Gavin Hamilton Won Darren Sammy 5 26 3.5 6.78 West Indies Zimbabwe Queen 's Park Oval , Port of Spain , Trinidad and Tobago 28 February 2010 Greg Lamb Hamilton Masakadza Elton Chigumbura Shingirai Masakadza Prosper Utseya Lost Ryan McLaren 5 19 3.5 4.95 South Africa West Indies Sir Vivian Richards Stadium , Antigua , Antigua and Barbuda 19 May 2010 Andre Fletcher Chris Gayle Kieron Pollard Darren Sammy Sulieman Benn Won 5 Tim Southee 5 18 4.50 New Zealand Pakistan Eden Park , Auckland , New Zealand 26 December 2010 Ahmed Shehzad Younis Khan Mohammad Hafeez Umar Akmal Abdul Razzaq Won 6 Ajantha Mendis 6 16 4.00 Sri Lanka Australia Pallekele International Cricket Stadium , Pallekele , Sri Lanka 8 August 2011 Shane Watson David Warner Shaun Marsh Steve Smith Brad Haddin Mitchell Johnson Won 7 Elias Sunny 5 13 3.25 Bangladesh Ireland Stormont , Belfast , Northern Ireland 18 July 2012 Ed Joyce Niall O'Brien John Mooney Alex Cusack Trent Johnston Won 8 Ajantha Mendis 6 8 2.00 Sri Lanka Zimbabwe Mahinda Rajapaksa International Cricket Stadium , Hambantota , Sri Lanka 18 September 2012 Vusi Sibanda Brendan Taylor Hamilton Masakadza Elton Chigumbura Prosper Utseya Kyle Jarvis Won 9 Lasith Malinga 5 31 7.75 Sri Lanka England Pallekele International Cricket Stadium , Pallekele , Sri Lanka 1 October 2012 Luke Wright Jonny Bairstow Alex Hales Jos Buttler Samit Patel Won 10 Umar Gul 5 6 2.57 Pakistan South Africa SuperSport Park , Centurion , South Africa 3 March 2013 Faf du Plessis Chris Morris Justin Ontong Farhaan Behardien Kyle Abbott Won 11 Samiullah Shenwari 5 13 3.25 Afghanistan Kenya Sharjah Cricket Stadium , Sharjah , United Arab Emirates 24 November 2013 Nehemiah Odhiambo Alex Obanda Duncan Allan Collins Obuya Irfan Karim Won 12 Ahsan Malik 5 19 4.75 Netherlands South Africa Zohur Ahmed Chowdhury Stadium , Chittagong , Bangladesh 27 March 2014 Hashim Amla Albie Morkel Dale Steyn Beuran Hendricks David Miller Lost 13 Rangana Herath 5 3.3 0.85 Sri Lanka New Zealand Zohur Ahmed Chowdhury Stadium , Chittagong , Bangladesh 31 March 2014 Brendon McCullum Ross Taylor James Neesham Luke Ronchi Trent Boult Won 14 David Wiese 5 23 5.75 South Africa West Indies Kingsmead Cricket Ground , Durban , South Africa 14 January 2015 Marlon Samuels Lendl Simmons Dwayne Bravo Darren Sammy Carlos Brathwaite Won 15 Alasdair Evans 5 24 6.00 Scotland Netherlands Raeburn Place , Edinburgh , Scotland 11 July 2015 Stephan Myburgh Wesley Barresi Ben Cooper Roelof van der Merwe Peter Borren Lost 16 Mark Watt 5 27 6.75 Scotland Netherlands ICC Academy , Dubai , United Arab Emirates 5 February 2016 Wesley Barresi Michael Rippon Max O'Dowd Paul van Meekeren Ahsan Malik Won 17 James Faulkner 5 27 6.75 Australia Pakistan Punjab Cricket Association Stadium , Mohali , India 25 March 2016 Sharjeel Khan Khalid Latif Imad Wasim Sarfraz Ahmed Wahab Riaz Won 18 Mustafizur Rahman 5 22 5.50 Bangladesh New Zealand Eden Gardens , Kolkata , India 26 March 2016 Henry Nicholls Kane Williamson Grant Elliott Mitchell Santner Nathan McCullum Lost 19 Imad Wasim 5 14 3.50 Pakistan West Indies Dubai International Cricket Stadium , Dubai , United Arab Emirates 23 September 2016 Evin Lewis Andre Fletcher Marlon Samuels Kieron Pollard Carlos Brathwaite Won 20 Yuzvendra Chahal 6 25 6.25 India England M. Chinnaswamy Stadium , Bangalore , India 1 February 2017 Sam Billings Eoin Morgan Joe Root Moeen Ali Ben Stokes Chris Jordan Won 21 Imran Tahir 5 24 3.5 6.26 South Africa New Zealand Eden Park , Auckland , New Zealand 17 February 2017 Tom Bruce Luke Ronchi Colin de Grandhomme Ben Wheeler Tim Southee Won 22 Rashid Khan 5 1.50 Afghanistan Ireland Greater Noida Sports Complex Ground , Greater Noida , India 10 March 2017 Kevin O'Brien Gary Wilson Lorcan Tucker Greg Thompson Barry McCarthy Won ( D / L ) 23 Bhuvneshwar Kumar 5 24 6.00 India South Africa Wanderers Stadium , Johannesburg , South Africa 18 February 2018 JJ Smuts JP Duminy Reeza Hendricks Heinrich Klaasen Chris Morris Won 24 Kuldeep Yadav 5 24 6.00 India England Old Trafford , Manchester , England 3 July 2018 Alex Hales Eoin Morgan Jonny Bairstow Joe Root Jos Buttler Won 25 Imran Tahir 5 23 5.75 South Africa Zimbabwe Buffalo Park , East London , South Africa 9 October 2018 Chamu Chibhabha Hamilton Masakadza Tarisai Musakanda Sean Williams Elton Chigumbura Won		List of five - wicket hauls in Twenty20 International Cricket	list of five - wicket hauls in twenty20 international cricket		For five - wicket hauls in women 's Twenty20 International cricket , see List of five - wicket hauls in women 's Twenty20 International cricket . Pakistan 's Umar Gul was the first player to take a five - wicket haul in a T20I match . A Twenty20 International ( T20I ) is an international cricket match between two teams , each having T20I status , as determined by the International Cricket Council . In a T20I , the two teams play a single innings each , which is restricted to a maximum of 20 overs . The format was originally introduced by the England and Wales Cricket Board for the county cricket competition with the first matches contested on 13 June 2003 between the English counties in the Twenty20 Cup . The first T20I took place on 17 February 2005 when Australia defeated New Zealand by 44 runs at Eden Park in Auckland . A five - wicket haul ( also known as a `` five - for '' or `` fifer '' ) refers to a bowler taking five or more wickets in a single innings . This is regarded as a notable achievement , especially in the Twenty20 format , as bowlers can bowl no more than four overs in an innings . The first five - wicket haul in a T20I match was taken by Pakistan 's Umar Gul while playing against New Zealand at The Oval during the 2009 ICC World Twenty20 . Gul , Ajantha Mendis of Sri Lanka and Imran Tahir of South Africa are the only cricketers to achieve the feat twice in international format . Two bowlers have taken a six - wicket haul in T20Is with Mendis returning the best figures in the format with six wickets for just eight runs against Zimbabwe during the 2012 ICC World Twenty20 , eclipsing the previous best of 6 for 16 also set by Mendis against Australia twelve months prior . The other six - wicket haul was achieved by Yuzvendra Chahal of India against England in 2017 . The most recent five - wicket haul , as of October 2018 , was taken by Tahir against Zimbabwe at Buffalo Park during the first T20I match in October 2018 . New Zealand 's Tim Southee is the only cricketer to take a hat - trick as part of his T20I five - wicket haul , while Elias Sunny of Bangladesh is only bowler to take a five - wicket haul on T20I debut . Rangana Herath has taken the most economical five - wicket haul with an economy rate of just 0.85 . Bowling for Sri Lanka , he took five wickets for just three runs against New Zealand during the 2014 ICC World Twenty20 . The least economical five - wicket haul was taken by fellow Sri Lankan Lasith Malinga with an economy rate of 7.75 . Tahir is oldest player to take five wickets in an T20I innings , achieving the feat at the age of 39 , while Rashid Khan of Afghanistan , is the youngest at 18 . Khan 's five - wicket haul occurred in a match that was decided by the Duckworth -- Lewis method , while a further four came in a match which did not result in a victory to the team taking the five - wicket haul . As of October 2018 , 25 five - wicket hauls have been taken by 22 different players from 699 T20I matches . Players from all teams that have permanent T20I status -- with the exception of England , Zimbabwe and Ireland -- have taken a five - wicket haul . Of the teams that have temporary T20I status only Scotland and the Netherlands have had a player achieve the milestone and of the teams that have previously held temporary T20I status only Kenya has a player achieve the feat . South Africa and Sri Lanka lead the list with four five - wicket hauls , followed by India and Pakistan with three . Five - wicket hauls have been taken at 22 different grounds , with Eden Park in New Zealand , Pallekele International Cricket Stadium in Sri Lanka and Bangladesh 's Zohur Ahmed Chowdhury Stadium all leading the list with two each . Contents 1 Key 2 Five - wicket hauls 3 Notes 4 References Key ( edit ) Ajantha Mendis of Sri Lanka is the only bowler to have taken two six - wicket hauls in T20Is . Key Symbol Meaning Bowler The bowler who took the five - wicket haul The bowler was player of the match Wkts Number of wickets taken Runs Number of runs conceded Overs Number of overs bowled Econ Economy rate ( runs conceded per over ) Inn Innings in which the five - wicket haul was taken Team The team the bowler was representing Opposition The team the bowler was playing against Venue The cricket ground where the match was played Date Day on which the match was held Batsmen Batsmen whose wickets were taken Result Result for the team for which the five - wicket haul was taken D / L The result was decided by the Duckworth -- Lewis method Five - wicket hauls ( edit ) Twenty20 International cricket five - wicket hauls No . Bowler Wkts Runs Overs Econ Inn Team Opposition Venue Date Batsmen Result Refs Umar Gul 5 6 2.00 Pakistan New Zealand The Oval , London , England 13 June 2009 Scott Styris Peter McGlashan Nathan McCullum James Franklin Kyle Mills Won Nehemiah Odhiambo 5 20 5.00 Kenya Scotland Gymkhana Club Ground , Nairobi , Kenya 4 February 2010 Kyle Coetzer Ryan Watson Jan Stander Gordon Drummond Gavin Hamilton Won Darren Sammy 5 26 3.5 6.78 West Indies Zimbabwe Queen 's Park Oval , Port of Spain , Trinidad and Tobago 28 February 2010 Greg Lamb Hamilton Masakadza Elton Chigumbura Shingirai Masakadza Prosper Utseya Lost Ryan McLaren 5 19 3.5 4.95 South Africa West Indies Sir Vivian Richards Stadium , Antigua , Antigua and Barbuda 19 May 2010 Andre Fletcher Chris Gayle Kieron Pollard Darren Sammy Sulieman Benn Won 5 Tim Southee 5 18 4.50 New Zealand Pakistan Eden Park , Auckland , New Zealand 26 December 2010 Ahmed Shehzad Younis Khan Mohammad Hafeez Umar Akmal Abdul Razzaq Won 6 Ajantha Mendis 6 16 4.00 Sri Lanka Australia Pallekele International Cricket Stadium , Pallekele , Sri Lanka 8 August 2011 Shane Watson David Warner Shaun Marsh Steve Smith Brad Haddin Mitchell Johnson Won 7 Elias Sunny 5 13 3.25 Bangladesh Ireland Stormont , Belfast , Northern Ireland 18 July 2012 Ed Joyce Niall O'Brien John Mooney Alex Cusack Trent Johnston Won 8 Ajantha Mendis 6 8 2.00 Sri Lanka Zimbabwe Mahinda Rajapaksa International Cricket Stadium , Hambantota , Sri Lanka 18 September 2012 Vusi Sibanda Brendan Taylor Hamilton Masakadza Elton Chigumbura Prosper Utseya Kyle Jarvis Won 9 Lasith Malinga 5 31 7.75 Sri Lanka England Pallekele International Cricket Stadium , Pallekele , Sri Lanka 1 October 2012 Luke Wright Jonny Bairstow Alex Hales Jos Buttler Samit Patel Won 10 Umar Gul 5 6 2.57 Pakistan South Africa SuperSport Park , Centurion , South Africa 3 March 2013 Faf du Plessis Chris Morris Justin Ontong Farhaan Behardien Kyle Abbott Won 11 Samiullah Shenwari 5 13 3.25 Afghanistan Kenya Sharjah Cricket Stadium , Sharjah , United Arab Emirates 24 November 2013 Nehemiah Odhiambo Alex Obanda Duncan Allan Collins Obuya Irfan Karim Won 12 Ahsan Malik 5 19 4.75 Netherlands South Africa Zohur Ahmed Chowdhury Stadium , Chittagong , Bangladesh 27 March 2014 Hashim Amla Albie Morkel Dale Steyn Beuran Hendricks David Miller Lost 13 Rangana Herath 5 3.3 0.85 Sri Lanka New Zealand Zohur Ahmed Chowdhury Stadium , Chittagong , Bangladesh 31 March 2014 Brendon McCullum Ross Taylor James Neesham Luke Ronchi Trent Boult Won 14 David Wiese 5 23 5.75 South Africa West Indies Kingsmead Cricket Ground , Durban , South Africa 14 January 2015 Marlon Samuels Lendl Simmons Dwayne Bravo Darren Sammy Carlos Brathwaite Won 15 Alasdair Evans 5 24 6.00 Scotland Netherlands Raeburn Place , Edinburgh , Scotland 11 July 2015 Stephan Myburgh Wesley Barresi Ben Cooper Roelof van der Merwe Peter Borren Lost 16 Mark Watt 5 27 6.75 Scotland Netherlands ICC Academy , Dubai , United Arab Emirates 5 February 2016 Wesley Barresi Michael Rippon Max O'Dowd Paul van Meekeren Ahsan Malik Won 17 James Faulkner 5 27 6.75 Australia Pakistan Punjab Cricket Association Stadium , Mohali , India 25 March 2016 Sharjeel Khan Khalid Latif Imad Wasim Sarfraz Ahmed Wahab Riaz Won 18 Mustafizur Rahman 5 22 5.50 Bangladesh New Zealand Eden Gardens , Kolkata , India 26 March 2016 Henry Nicholls Kane Williamson Grant Elliott Mitchell Santner Nathan McCullum Lost 19 Imad Wasim 5 14 3.50 Pakistan West Indies Dubai International Cricket Stadium , Dubai , United Arab Emirates 23 September 2016 Evin Lewis Andre Fletcher Marlon Samuels Kieron Pollard Carlos Brathwaite Won 20 Yuzvendra Chahal 6 25 6.25 India England M. Chinnaswamy Stadium , Bangalore , India 1 February 2017 Sam Billings Eoin Morgan Joe Root Moeen Ali Ben Stokes Chris Jordan Won 21 Imran Tahir 5 24 3.5 6.26 South Africa New Zealand Eden Park , Auckland , New Zealand 17 February 2017 Tom Bruce Luke Ronchi Colin de Grandhomme Ben Wheeler Tim Southee Won 22 Rashid Khan 5 1.50 Afghanistan Ireland Greater Noida Sports Complex Ground , Greater Noida , India 10 March 2017 Kevin O'Brien Gary Wilson Lorcan Tucker Greg Thompson Barry McCarthy Won ( D / L ) 23 Bhuvneshwar Kumar 5 24 6.00 India South Africa Wanderers Stadium , Johannesburg , South Africa 18 February 2018 JJ Smuts JP Duminy Reeza Hendricks Heinrich Klaasen Chris Morris Won 24 Kuldeep Yadav 5 24 6.00 India England Old Trafford , Manchester , England 3 July 2018 Alex Hales Eoin Morgan Jonny Bairstow Joe Root Jos Buttler Won 25 Imran Tahir 5 23 5.75 South Africa Zimbabwe Buffalo Park , East London , South Africa 9 October 2018 Chamu Chibhabha Hamilton Masakadza Tarisai Musakanda Sean Williams Elton Chigumbura Won Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The teams are New Zealand , Australia , England , South Africa , West Indies , Sri Lanka , Pakistan , Bangladesh , Zimbabwe , India , Ireland and Afghanistan . Jump up ^ The teams are Scotland , the Netherlands , Hong Kong , the United Arab Emirates , Papua New Guinea and Oman . Jump up ^ The teams are Kenya , Canada , Bermuda and Nepal . Jump up ^ No player of the match was awarded . Jump up ^ Rashid Khan shared the man of the match award with Najeeb Tarakai . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Five - wicket hauls in T20I matches -- Innings by innings '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 2 July 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ICC Classification of Official Cricket '' ( pdf ) . International Cricket Council . 9 September 2018 : 3 . Jump up ^ `` ICC Men 's Twenty20 International Playing Conditions '' ( pdf ) . ICC Playing Handbook 2018 -- 2019 . International Cricket Council : 5.23 -- 5.24 . October 2018 . Law 13.1. 1 A match shall be one innings for each side and Law 13.7. 1.1 Each team shall bat for 20 overs unless all out earlier . Jump up ^ Williamson , Martin ( 25 August 2012 ) . `` Crash , bang and Pandora 's box is opened '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 20 August 2017 . Retrieved 19 November 2017 . Jump up ^ English , Peter ( 17 February 2005 ) . `` Ponting leads as Kasprowicz follows '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 20 August 2017 . Retrieved 19 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Buckle , Greg ( 30 April 2007 ) . `` Pigeon 's almost perfect sendoff '' . The Canberra Times . Fairfax Media . Archived from the original on 15 August 2008 . Retrieved 30 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Swinging it for the Auld Enemy -- An interview with Ryan Sidebottom '' . The Scotsman . Edinburgh : The Scotsman Publications . 16 August 2008 . Archived from the original on 5 August 2017 . Retrieved 19 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Pervez , M.A. ( 2001 ) . A Dictionary of Cricket . Sangam Books . p. 31 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7370 - 184 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` ICC Men 's Twenty20 International Playing Conditions '' ( pdf ) . ICC Playing Handbook 2018 -- 2019 . International Cricket Council : 5.25 . October 2018 . Law 13.9. 1 No bowler shall bowl more than 4 overs in an innings . ^ Jump up to : `` Five - wicket hauls in T20I matches -- Overall figures by player '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 22 October 2018 . Retrieved 22 October 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Six - wicket hauls in T20I matches '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 2 July 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Moonda , Firdose ( 18 September 2012 ) . `` The Mendises script big win for Sri Lanka '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 2 July 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Brettig , Daniel ( 7 August 2011 ) . `` Ajantha Mendis spins Sri Lanka to 2 - 0 win '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 2 July 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Miller , Andrew ( 1 February 2017 ) . `` Chahal takes 6 , England lose 8 for 8 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 18 June 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Five - wicket hauls in T20I matches -- Innings by innings ( reverse order ) '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 22 October 2018 . Retrieved 22 October 2018 . Jump up ^ Brickhill , Liam ( 9 October 2018 ) . `` Tahir five - for and van der Dussen 's debut fifty keep Zimbabwe winless '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 22 October 2018 . Retrieved 22 October 2018 . Jump up ^ Fernando , Andrew ( 25 December 2010 ) . `` Southee 's five help New Zealand end losing streak '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 3 July 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Five - wicket hauls on T20I debut '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 2 July 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Five - wicket hauls in T20I matches -- by economy rate '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 3 July 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Fernando , Andrew Fidel ( 31 March 2014 ) . `` Herath spins New Zealand out of WT20 with 5 for 3 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 3 July 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Five - wicket hauls in T20I matches -- by economy rate ( reverse order ) '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 3 July 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Five - wicket hauls in T20I matches -- by age at the start of the match ( oldest ) '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 22 October 2018 . Retrieved 22 October 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Five - wicket hauls in WT20I matches -- by age at the start of the match ( youngest ) '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 3 July 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2nd T20I , Ireland tour of United Arab Emirates and India at Greater Noida , Mar 10 2017 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 30 June 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Five - wicket hauls in T20Is -- Matches lost '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 3 July 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Five - wicket hauls in T20I matches -- overall aggregate '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 22 October 2018 . Retrieved 22 October 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Records / Twenty20 Internationals / Team records / Results summary '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 18 February 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Five - wicket hauls in T20I matches -- overall figures by team '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 22 October 2018 . Retrieved 22 October 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Five - wicket hauls in T20I matches -- Overall figures by ground '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 22 October 2018 . Retrieved 22 October 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 18th Match , Group F ( D / N ) , ICC World Twenty20 at London , Jun 13 2009 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 20 January 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 6th Match , Kenya T20 Tri-Series at Nairobi , Feb 4 2010 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 6 May 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kenya v Scotland - Kenya T20 Tri-Series 2009 / 10 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 3 December 2015 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Only T20I , Zimbabwe tour of West Indies at Port of Spain , Feb 28 2010 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 2 January 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1st T20I , South Africa tour of West Indies at North Sound , May 19 2010 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 16 January 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1st T20I , Pakistan tour of New Zealand at Auckland , Dec 26 2010 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 14 June 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2nd T20I ( N ) , Australia tour of Sri Lanka at Kandy , Aug 8 2011 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 27 December 2017 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1st T20I , Bangladesh tour of Ireland and Netherlands at Belfast , Jul 18 2012 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 13 June 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1st Match , Group C ( N ) , ICC World Twenty20 at Hambantota , Sep 18 2012 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 19 January 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sri Lanka v Zimbabwe - ICC World Twenty20 2012 / 13 ( Group C ) '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 29 September 2015 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 22nd Match , Group 1 ( N ) , ICC World Twenty20 at Kandy , Oct 1 2012 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 23 December 2017 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2nd T20I , Pakistan tour of South Africa at Centurion , Mar 3 2013 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 6 June 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 56th Match , Group B , ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier at Sharjah , Nov 24 2013 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 2 July 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 21st Match , Group 1 ( D / N ) , World T20 at Chittagong , Mar 27 2014 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 2 July 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 30th Match , Group 1 ( N ) , World T20 at Chittagong , Mar 31 2014 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 25 December 2017 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 3rd T20I ( N ) , West Indies tour of South Africa at Durban , Jan 14 2015 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 12 June 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 8th Match , Group B , ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier at Edinburgh , Jul 11 2015 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 2 July 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Only T20I , Scotland tour of United Arab Emirates at Dubai , Feb 5 2016 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 18 June 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 26th Match , Super 10 Group 2 ( D / N ) , World T20 at Chandigarh , Mar 25 2016 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 31 December 2017 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 28th Match , Super 10 Group 2 ( D / N ) , World T20 at Kolkata , Mar 26 2016 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 8 June 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1st T20I ( N ) , West Indies tour of United Arab Emirates at Dubai , Sep 23 2016 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 19 March 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 3rd T20I ( N ) , England tour of India at Bengaluru , Feb 1 2017 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 18 June 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Only T20I ( N ) , South Africa tour of New Zealand at Auckland , Feb 17 2017 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 13 June 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1st T20I , India tour of South Africa at Johannesburg , Feb 18 2018 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 18 June 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1st T20I ( D / N ) , India tour of Ireland and England at Manchester , Jul 3 2018 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 3 July 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1st T20I ( N ) , Zimbabwe tour of South Africa at East London , Oct 9 2018 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 9 October 2018 . Retrieved 9 October 2018 . International cricket five - wicket hauls International men 's cricket ( Test , ODI and T20I ) Muttiah Muralitharan ( 77 ) Richard Hadlee ( 41 ) Shane Warne ( 38 ) Anil Kumble ( 37 ) Glenn McGrath ( 36 ) Waqar Younis ( 35 ) Rangana Herath ( 34 ) Wasim Akram ( 31 ) Dale Steyn ( 29 ) Harbhajan Singh ( 28 ) James Anderson ( 28 ) Ian Botham ( 27 ) Curtly Ambrose ( 26 ) Ravichandran Ashwin ( 26 ) Sydney Barnes ( 24 ) Imran Khan ( 24 ) Kapil Dev ( 24 ) Dennis Lillee ( 24 ) Courtney Walsh ( 23 ) Malcolm Marshall ( 22 ) Allan Donald ( 22 ) Makhaya Ntini ( 22 ) Daniel Vettori ( 22 ) Clarrie Grimmett ( 21 ) Shaun Pollock ( 21 ) Brett Lee ( 19 ) Saqlain Mushtaq ( 19 ) Graeme Swann ( 18 ) Lance Gibbs ( 18 ) Shakib Al Hasan ( 18 ) Abdul Qadir ( 17 ) Fred Trueman ( 17 ) Derek Underwood ( 17 ) Terry Alderman ( 16 ) Richie Benaud ( 16 ) B.S. Chandrasekhar ( 16 ) Graham McKenzie ( 16 ) Shoaib Akhtar ( 16 ) Chaminda Vaas ( 16 ) Bob Willis ( 16 ) Stuart Broad ( 16 ) Alec Bedser ( 15 ) Mitchell Johnson ( 15 ) Craig McDermott ( 15 ) Danish Kaneria ( 15 ) Women 's cricket Women 's Test cricket debut Women 's ODIs Women 's T20Is Five wickets on Test debut ( bowlers by country ) Two hauls on Test debut Australia ( 33 ) Bangladesh ( 7 ) England ( 47 ) India ( 8 ) New Zealand ( 8 ) Pakistan ( 11 ) South Africa ( 23 ) Sri Lanka ( 3 ) West Indies ( 9 ) Zimbabwe ( 2 ) Five - wicket hauls on ODI debut List of cricketers who have taken five - wicket hauls on ODI debut Five - wicket hauls in T20Is Twenty20 International cricket Grounds ( five - wicket hauls by ground ) Bangabandhu Stadium Bellerive Oval Brabourne Stadium Feroz Shah Kotla Lord 's M. Chinnaswamy Stadium M.A. Chidambaram Stadium McLean Park Melbourne Cricket Ground Sher - e-Bangla National Stadium Riverside Ground WACA Ground Zahur Ahmed Chowdhury Stadium Tournament ( five - wicket hauls by tournament ) Asia Cup ICC Champions Trophy World Cup Cricket records Test records By team Australia Bangladesh England India Ireland New Zealand Pakistan Sri Lanka South Africa West Indies Zimbabwe Batting Most career runs Triple centuries Centuries in both innings Centuries on debut Bowling Most career wickets Five - wicket hauls on debut Double five - wicket hauls on debut Hat - tricks ODI records By team Australia Bangladesh England India New Zealand Pakistan Sri Lanka South Africa West Indies Zimbabwe Batting Most career runs Highest individual scores Double centuries Centuries on debut Bowling Most career wickets Hat - tricks Five - wicket haul on debut T20I records By team Australia Bangladesh England India Nepal New Zealand Pakistan Sri Lanka South Africa West Indies Zimbabwe Batting Centuries Bowling Five - wicket hauls Hat - tricks Miscellaneous records International Centuries Career Five Wicket Hauls 100 wickets in a season Wicket with first ball World Cup records First - class records Batsmen with 100 FC centuries FC quadruple centuries Ranji Trophy List - A records Centuries by ground Five - wicket hauls by ground Twenty20 records Under - 19 records Women 's cricket Records WTest records WODI records WT20I records Batting WTest centuries WODI centuries WT20I centuries Bowling WTest five - wicket hauls on debut WODI five - wicket hauls WT20I five - wicket hauls Hat - tricks Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_five-wicket_hauls_in_Twenty20_International_cricket&oldid=865188250 '' Categories : Twenty20 International cricket records and statistics Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from October 2018 Use British English from October 2018 Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Edit links This page was last edited on 22 October 2018 , at 10 : 13 ( UTC ) . 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tarap tarap ke is dil se movie name			KK ( singer )	kk ( singer )	Official web page of KK KK on Facebook	KK on Twitter Krishnakumar Kunnath ( born 23 August 1968 ) , popularly known as KK , K.K. or Kay Kay ( Hindi : केके ) , is an Indian singer who sings for Hindi , Telugu , Tamil , Kannada and Malayalam language films . KK is noted for his broad vocal range and is considered one of the most versatile singers in India . Contents ( hide ) 1 Personal life 2 Vocals and musical style 3 Career 3.1 Playback singing 3.2 Albums and television 4 Other projects 5 Albums 6 Discography 6.1 Selected songs 7 Awards and honours 7.1 South 7.2 Hindi 8 References 9 External links Personal life ( edit ) KK with his wife Jyothy , son Nakul Krishna and daughter Taamara Born in Delhi to Malayali parents C.S. Nair and Kanakavalli , Krishnakumar Kunnath was brought up in New Delhi . KK sang 3,500 jingles before breaking into Bollywood . He is an alumnus of Delhi 's Mount St Mary 's School . He sang in the `` Josh of India '' song for the support of Indian Cricket Team during Cricket World Cup of 1999 . KK married his childhood sweetheart Jyothi Krishna in 1991 . His son Nakul Krishna sang a song `` Masti '' from his latest album Humsafar with him . KK also has a daughter named Taamara who , according to KK , loves playing piano . KK says that his family is his source of energy . Vocals and musical style ( edit ) KK has been greatly influenced by the singer Kishore Kumar and music director R.D. Burman . Michael Jackson , Billy Joel , Bryan Adams are also favourite international singers of KK . KK has said that it is not important for a singer 's face to be prominently seen -- saying he believes the important thing is that `` a singer must be heard . '' KK has never undergone any formal training in music . Career ( edit ) After graduating from Kirori Mal College , Delhi University in commerce . KK had a brief stint of eight months as marketing executive in the hotel industry . After few years , in 1994 , he moved to Mumbai . Playback singing ( edit ) Performing Live at The JockeyClub Auditorium , Hong Kong In 1994 , he gave his demo tape to Louis Banks , Ranjit Barot and Lesle Lewis to get a break in the music arena . He was called by UTV and he sang a jingle for Santogen Suiting ad . In a span of four years , he has sung more than 3,500 jingles in 11 Indian languages . He got the first break in Mumbai from UTV to sing jingles . He considers Lesle Lewis as his mentor for giving him his first jingle to sing in Mumbai . KK was introduced as a playback singer with A.R. Rahman 's hit song `` College Styley '' and `` Hello Dr . '' from Kadir 's Kadhal Desam and then `` Strawberry Kannae '' from AVM Productions 's musical film Minsara Kanavu ( 1997 ) . Pritam Chakraborty is also a fan of him . He got his Bollywood break with `` Tadap Tadap '' from Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam ( 1999 ) . He has also won a National Award for `` Tu Aashiqui Hai '' from movie Jhankar Beats in 2004 . However , prior to this song he had sung a small portion of the song `` Chhod Aaye Hum '' from Gulzar 's Maachis . Till now , KK has sung more than 500 songs in Hindi and more than 200 songs in Telugu , Bengali , Tamil , Kannada and Malayalam languages . He has worked with almost every music director of Hindi film industry active from 1999 . He has lent his voice to the biggest hit song of the year 2014 `` Tune Maari Entriyaan '' among several others in Gunday . KK 's new song from the movie Bajrangi Bhaijaan called `` Tu Jo Mila '' has become popular , many times remained No. 1 on iTunes . Popular singer Arijit Singh said he has been inspired by KK in singing , and is a big fan of KK . Another popular Bollywood singer , Ankit Tiwari also said he has been greatly influenced by KK and he takes KK as his idol and inspiration . Other singers like Javed Ali , Dev Negi , Armaan Malik , Mohammed Irfan , Anupam Roy , and the composer duo Sachin - Jigar have also said they are big fans of KK . Albums and television ( edit ) KK Performing Live at Alive India in Concert ( Bangalore ) , Jan 2016 In 1999 , Sony Music had just been launched in India and they were looking to launch a new artiste . KK was selected as the new artiste and he came out with a solo album titled Pal with Lesle Lewis composing the music . The album was arranged , composed and produced by Lesle Lewis of Colonial Cousins . The lyrics have been penned by Mehboob . The songs `` Aap Ki Dua '' , `` Yaaron '' and the title track `` Pal '' in no time ruled the lips of youngsters & also the music chart . `` Pal '' became an anthem & `` Yaaron '' became friendship anthem . The album just created history . Pal was the first album released by KK under Sony Music for which he got the prestigious Screen award as best singer . He is very good friend of Jeevan Deep Prakash -- Only resource of OCMC in India ) On 22 January 2008 , KK released his second album Humsafar after a gap of eight years . The songs `` Aasman Ke '' , `` Dekho Na '' , `` Yeh Kahan Mil Gaye Hum '' and `` Rain Bhai Kaari ( Maajhi ) '' are famous songs from this album . Besides , KK had also sung an English Rock Ballad `` Cineraria '' . The title track , `` Humsafar '' is a mix of English and Hindi lyrics . The album Humsafar has 10 songs , out of which eight have been composed by KK . The other two songs were taken from his previous album Pal . KK has also sung many television serial songs like Just Mohabbat , Shaka Laka Boom Boom , Kuch Jhuki Si Palkein , Kavyanjali , Just Dance . He has also sung the theme song for Star Parivaar Awards 2010 with Shreya Ghoshal . KK appeared on television too . He was invited as jury member for a talent hunt show Fame Gurukul . KK also has sung a song named `` Tanha Chala '' for the Pakistani TV show The Ghost which was aired on Hum TV in 2008 . The song was composed by Farrukh Abid and Shoiab Farrukh , and Momina Duraid penned the lyrics . KK participated in the latest musical venture of MTV India Coke Studio . There he sang one qawwali `` Chadta Suraj '' along with Sabri Brothers and a recomposed version of his exquisite track `` Tu Aashiqui Hai '' from movie Jhankaar Beats . He also came in ' Surili Baat ' in Aaj Tak Chanel . He has also performed in Sony Mix TV Show and MTV Unplugged Season 3 , aired on MTV 11 January 2014 . KK was in Dubai for his concert ' Salaam Dubai 2014 ' in April . He also did concerts in Goa , Dubai & Chennai , and Hong kong . On 29 August 2015 , KK appeared in the television singing reality show Indian Idol Junior Season 2 to cheer up the emerging singers of India where he performed `` Khuda Jaane '' , `` Mera Pehla Pehla Pyaar '' , `` Make Some Noise For The Desi Boyz '' , `` Ajab Si '' , `` Sach Kehraha Hai Deewana '' and many more songs with the junior idols and `` Tu Aashiqui Hai '' with Vishal Dadlani , `` Aashaayen '' with Salim Merchant and `` Tadap Tadap '' with Sonakshi Sinha . After 10 years , He appeared in a singing reality show as a judge and guest jury member . On 13 September 2015 , KK came in `` Baaton Baaton Mein '' on Sony Mix . Other projects ( edit ) In 2013 , KK sang for an international album , Rise Up - Colors of Peace , which consists of songs written by Turkish poet Fetullah Gulen and sung by artists from 12 countries . KK recorded a song named `` Rose of My Heart '' for the album . In 2010 , the Indi Band `` Bandish '' produced their second self - titled album . The album has a high energy track in the album Tere Bin -- a rock ballad sung by KK . Albums ( edit ) His debut album Pal was released in April 1999 . His performance on the album received a Star Screen Award from Screen India for Best Male Singer . His second album , Humsafar , was released nine years later , in January 2008 . It belongs to the pop - rock genre and has a total of 10 songs . Humsafar has two songs that are repeated from his earlier album Pal -- `` Din Ho Ya Raat '' and `` Mehki Hawa '' . The video for a romantic song on the album , `` Aasman Ke '' , features the singer and south Indian model Suhasi Goradia Dhami . `` Humsafar '' , the title track , has an interplay of English and Hindi lyrics and is about one 's conscience and how it is a constant companion in the journey of life . One of the songs , `` Yeh Kahan Mil Gaye Hum '' , was penned seven years before the release . `` Dekho Na '' , a rock number , was written six years prior . The remaining six songs were developed in the last two years before the release . Other songs in the album include `` Rain Bhai Kaari ( Maajhi ) '' , a mix of Bengali Baul with rock with a tinge of SD Burman , and `` Cineraria '' , a fun - filled English ballad . KK himself wrote the lyrics of `` Cineraria '' and the English part of `` Humsafar '' , the title track , while the remaining tracks were written by others . Year Album ( s ) Music Director ( s ) Solo Albums 1999 Pal Lesle Lewis 2008 Humsafar KK Compilations 2002 Humraaz Himesh Reshammiya Kavalan KK , Rita 2011 Soulful Voice KK Various 2014 # Now Playing : KK Hits Various 2013 KK : Best Of Me Various 2015 Musical Bond : Pritam & KK Pritam Chakraborty Discography ( edit ) Main article : List of songs recorded by KK KK performing in 2009 Selected songs ( edit ) Saanson Ke ( Raees ) Pal ( Pal ) Yaaron ( Pal ) Tadap Tadap Ke Is Dil SE ( Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam ) Koi Kahe Kehta Rahe ( Dil Chahta Hai ) Bardaast ( Humraaz ) Awarapan Banjarapan ( Jism ) Ding Dong ( Kucch To Hai ) Kabhi Khusboo ( Saaya ) Tu Aashiqui Hai ( Jhankaar Beats ) Hai Re Hai Re ( Khushi ) Dus Bahane ( Dus ) Bas Ek Pal ( Bas Ek Pal ) Teri Yaadon Mein ( The Killer ) O Sanam ( The Killer ) Dilnashin Dilnashin ( Aashiq Banaya Aapne ) Aashaayen ( Iqbal ) Tu Hi Meri Shab Hai ( Gangster ) Mera Pehla Pehla Pyaar ( MP3 -- Mera Pehla Pehla Pyaar ) Alvida ( Life In A ... Metro ) O Meri Jaan ( Life In A ... Metro ) Labon Ko ( Bhool Bhulaiyaa ) Zara Sa ( Jannat ) Haan Tu Hai ( Jannat ) Tu Mujhe Soch Kabhi ( Zindagi Tere Naam ) Ajab Si ( Om Shanti Om ) Beetein Lamhein ( The Train ) Khuda Jaane ( Bachna Ae Haseeno ) Dil Ibadat ( Tum Mile ) Tujhe Sochta Hoon ( Jannat 2 ) Zindagi Do Pal Ki ( Kites ) Dil Kyun Yeh Mera ( Kites ) Abhi Abhi ( Jism 2 ) Tum Ho Mera Pyaar ( Haunted -- 3D ) Kya Mujhe Pyaar Hai ( Woh Lamhe ) Main Tera Dhadkan Teri ( Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani ) Golmaal ( Golmaal 3 ) Mujhko Pehchaanlo ( Don 2 ) Kaise Bataaoon ( 3G ) Mat Aazma Re ( Murder 3 ) I Am In Love ( Once Upon A Time In Mumbai ) Sajde ( Khatta Meetha ) Tujhi Mein ( Crook ) Humko Pyaar Hua ( Chal Chale ) ( Ready ) Make Some Noise For The Desi Boyz ( Desi Boyz ) Mere Brother Ki Dulhan ( Mere Brother Ki Dulhan ) Tu Jo Mila ( Bajrangi Bhaijaan ) Tu Bhoola Jise ( Airlift ) Waqt Gaya Tham ( Fredrick ) Afreen Afreen `` ( 1920 London ) '' O Meri Jaan `` ( Raaz Reboot ) '' Jeetne ke liye `` ( Azhar ) '' Awards and honours ( edit ) South ( edit ) Year Award ( s ) Language Result 2005 Hub Awards Tamil Best Playback Singer - Male Won Filmfare Awards South Kannada Best Playback Singer - Male Nominated 2012 Eenam - Swaralaya Singer Of The Year Award Malayalam Singer Of The Year Hindi ( edit ) Filmfare Awards 2000 Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Tadap Tadap '' ( Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam ) Nominated 2003 Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Bardaasht '' ( Humraaz ) 2005 Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Dus Bahane '' ( Dus ) 2006 Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Tu Hi Meri Shab Hai '' ( Gangster ) 2008 Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Ajab Si '' ( Om Shanti Om ) 2009 Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Zara Sa '' ( Jannat ) Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Khuda Jane '' ( Bachna Ae Haseeno ) Screen Awards 1999 Best Playback Singer -- Male ( Non-Film Music ) `` Pal '' ( Pal ) Won Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Awarapan Banjarapan '' ( Jism ) Nominated Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Tu Aashiqui Hai '' ( Jhankaar Beats ) 2006 Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Dus Bahane '' ( Dus ) 2007 Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Tu Hi Meri Shab Hai '' ( Gangster ) 2008 Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Ajab Si '' ( Om Shanti Om ) Nominated 2009 Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Khuda Jaane '' ( Bachna Ae Haseeno ) Won Zee Cine Awards 2005 Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Dus Bahane '' ( Dus ) Nominated 2007 Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Tu Hi Meri Shab Hai '' ( Gangster ) 2008 Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Ajab Si '' ( Om Shanti Om ) 2011 Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Zindagi Do Pal Ki '' ( Kites ) IIFA Awards Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Tu Aashiqui Hai '' ( Jhankaar Beats ) Nominated 2006 Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Dus Bahane '' ( Dus ) 2007 Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Tu Hi Meri Shab Hai '' ( Gangster ) 2008 Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Ajab Si '' ( Om Shanti Om ) 2009 Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Khuda Jaane '' ( Bachna Ae Haseeno ) Apsara Awards 2008 Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Ajab Si '' ( Om Shanti Om ) Nominated 2009 Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Khuda Jane '' ( Bachna Ae Haseeno ) 2011 Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Sajde '' ( Khatta Meetha ) Gima Awards 2011 Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Zindgi Do Pal Ki '' ( Kites ) Nominated 2013 Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Tujhe Sochta Hoon '' ( Jannat 2 ) Goldie Film Awards , US 2012 Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Chalte Jaana Hain '' ( Life ! Camera Action ... ) Won BIG Star Entertainment Awards 2011 Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Zindgi Do Pal Ki '' ( Kites ) Nominated Stardust Awards 2014 Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Tune Maari Entriyaan '' ( Gunday ) Nominated Annual Central European Bollywood Awards 2011 Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Jaane Ye Kya Hua '' ( Karthik Calling Karthik ) Nominated 2007 Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Ajab si '' ( Om Shanti Om ) Nominated Star Guild Awards 2008 Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Ajab Si '' ( Om Shanti Om ) Nominated 2009 Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Khuda Jaane '' ( Bachna Ae Haseeno ) Nominated 2011 Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Sajde kiye '' ( Khatta Meetha ) Nominated BAMA Music Awards 2015 Best Playback Singer -- Male Nominated Source : Bollywood Hungama . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The right note '' . The Hindu . 9 December 2006 . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Best KK songs - Top 10 '' . Retrieved 3 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Lasrado , Richie ( 25 November 2006 ) . `` A Kandid Konversation with KK '' . Daijiworld.com . Jump up ^ R , Balaji ( 6 June 2005 ) . `` The KK factor '' . The Hindu . ^ Jump up to : `` KK sang 3,500 jingles before Bollywood break '' . Sify movies . 28 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` KK Profile '' . In.com . Retrieved 30 August 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sensational Singer KK to Perform Live in City on Nov 23 '' . Daijiworld.com. 22 November 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Vijayakar , Rajiv ( 18 February 2008 ) . `` High Pitch '' . Screen . Jump up ^ `` KK Interview with Bollywood Hungama '' . Bollywood Hungama. 15 April 2015 . Archived from the original on 19 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` It takes three to tango '' . The Hindu . 13 March 2007 . Jump up ^ D , Jhonny ( 4 July 2003 ) . `` On a high note '' . Screen India . Jump up ^ Preeti Verma Lal ( 10 March 2014 ) . `` Dreams in his eyes '' . Deccan Chronicle . Retrieved 4 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Star - studded music launches are back '' . Screen India . 5 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Composing music is an extension of my being : KK '' . Sify movies . 24 February 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` 8th Annual Star Screen Awards 1999 '' . Screen India . Archived from the original on 24 June 2009 . Retrieved 15 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` KK : Awards & Nominations '' . Bollywood Hungama . Archived from the original on 21 November 2008 . Retrieved 30 August 2009 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Krishnakumar Kunnath . KK on IMDb KK on Twitter VIAF : 121215935 MusicBrainz : 172e980e - ba97 - 4adb - acb0 - d59733c599b6 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=KK_(singer)&oldid=804888835 '' Categories : People from New Delhi 1970 births Living people Bollywood playback singers Indian male film singers Indian male singers Indian male singer - songwriters Kirori Mal College alumni Tamil playback singers Malayalam playback singers Kannada playback singers Telugu playback singers University of Delhi alumni Singers from Delhi Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from October 2017 All articles needing additional references EngvarB from August 2014 Use Indian English from July 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from August 2014 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2016 Twitter username different from Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia मैथिली മലയാളം मराठी नेपाली ଓଡ଼ିଆ اردو डोटेली Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2017 , at 18 : 57 . 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what is object oriented programming in java wikipedia			Object - oriented programming	object - oriented programming	Object - oriented programming ( OOP ) is a programming paradigm based on the concept of `` objects '' , which may contain data , in the form of fields , often known as attributes ; and code , in the form of procedures , often known as methods . A feature of objects is that an object 's procedures can access and often modify the data fields of the object with which they are associated ( objects have a notion of `` this '' or `` self '' ) . In OOP , computer programs are designed by making them out of objects that interact with one another . There is significant diversity of OOP languages , but the most popular ones are class - based , meaning that objects are instances of classes , which typically also determine their type .	Many of the most widely - used programming languages ( such as C++ , Object Pascal , Java , Python etc . ) are multi-paradigm programming languages that support object - oriented programming to a greater or lesser degree , typically in combination with imperative , procedural programming . Significant object - oriented languages include Java , C++ , C# , Python , PHP , JavaScript , Ruby , Perl , Object Pascal , Objective - C , Dart , Swift , Scala , Common Lisp , and Smalltalk . Contents 1 Features 1.1 Shared with non-OOP predecessor languages 1.2 Objects and classes 1.3 Class - based vs prototype - based 1.4 Dynamic dispatch / message passing 1.5 Encapsulation 1.6 Composition , inheritance , and delegation 1.7 Polymorphism 1.8 Open recursion 2 History 3 OOP languages 3.1 OOP in dynamic languages 3.2 OOP in a network protocol 4 Design patterns 4.1 Inheritance and behavioral subtyping 4.2 Gang of Four design patterns 4.3 Object - orientation and databases 4.4 Real - world modeling and relationships 4.5 OOP and control flow 4.6 Responsibility - vs. data - driven design 4.7 SOLID and GRASP guidelines 5 Criticism 6 Formal semantics 7 See also 7.1 Systems 7.2 Modeling languages 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Features ( edit ) Object - oriented programming uses objects , but not all of the associated techniques and structures are supported directly in languages that claim to support OOP . The features listed below are , however , common among languages considered strongly class - and object - oriented ( or multi-paradigm with OOP support ) , with notable exceptions mentioned . See also : Comparison of programming languages ( object - oriented programming ) and List of object - oriented programming terms Shared with non-oop predecessor languages ( edit ) Variables that can store information formatted in a small number of built - in data types like integers and alphanumeric characters . This may include data structures like strings , lists , and hash tables that are either built - in or result from combining variables using memory pointers Procedures -- also known as functions , methods , routines , or subroutines -- that take input , generate output , and manipulate data . Modern languages include structured programming constructs like loops and conditionals . Modular programming support provides the ability to group procedures into files and modules for organizational purposes . Modules are namespaced so identifiers in one module will not be accidentally confused with a procedure or variable sharing the same name in another file or module . Objects and classes ( edit ) Languages that support object - oriented programming typically use inheritance for code reuse and extensibility in the form of either classes or prototypes . Those that use classes support two main concepts : Classes -- the definitions for the data format and available procedures for a given type or class of object ; may also contain data and procedures ( known as class methods ) themselves , i.e. classes contain the data members and member functions Objects -- instances of classes Objects sometimes correspond to things found in the real world . For example , a graphics program may have objects such as `` circle '' , `` square '' , `` menu '' . An online shopping system might have objects such as `` shopping cart '' , `` customer '' , and `` product '' . Sometimes objects represent more abstract entities , like an object that represents an open file , or an object that provides the service of translating measurements from U.S. customary to metric . Object - oriented programming is more than just classes and objects ; it 's a whole programming paradigm based around objects ( data structures ) that contain data fields and methods . It is essential to understand this ; using classes to organize a bunch of unrelated methods together is not object orientation . Junade Ali , Mastering PHP Design Patterns Each object is said to be an instance of a particular class ( for example , an object with its name field set to `` Mary '' might be an instance of class Employee ) . Procedures in object - oriented programming are known as methods ; variables are also known as fields , members , attributes , or properties . This leads to the following terms : Class variables -- belong to the class as a whole ; there is only one copy of each one Instance variables or attributes -- data that belongs to individual objects ; every object has its own copy of each one Member variables -- refers to both the class and instance variables that are defined by a particular class Class methods -- belong to the class as a whole and have access only to class variables and inputs from the procedure call Instance methods -- belong to individual objects , and have access to instance variables for the specific object they are called on , inputs , and class variables Objects are accessed somewhat like variables with complex internal structure , and in many languages are effectively pointers , serving as actual references to a single instance of said object in memory within a heap or stack . They provide a layer of abstraction which can be used to separate internal from external code . External code can use an object by calling a specific instance method with a certain set of input parameters , read an instance variable , or write to an instance variable . Objects are created by calling a special type of method in the class known as a constructor . A program may create many instances of the same class as it runs , which operate independently . This is an easy way for the same procedures to be used on different sets of data . Object - oriented programming that uses classes is sometimes called class - based programming , while prototype - based programming does not typically use classes . As a result , a significantly different yet analogous terminology is used to define the concepts of object and instance . In some languages classes and objects can be composed using other concepts like traits and mixins . Class - based vs prototype - based ( edit ) In class - based languages the classes are defined beforehand and the objects are instantiated based on the classes . If two objects apple and orange are instantiated from the class Fruit , they are inherently fruits and it is guaranteed that you may handle them in the same way ; e.g. a programmer can expect the existence of the same attributes such as color or sugar content or is ripe . In prototype - based languages the objects are the primary entities . No classes even exist . The prototype of an object is just another object to which the object is linked . Every object has one prototype link ( and only one ) . New objects can be created based on already existing objects chosen as their prototype . You may call two different objects apple and orange a fruit , if the object fruit exists , and both apple and orange have fruit as their prototype . The idea of the fruit class does n't exist explicitly , but as the equivalence class of the objects sharing the same prototype . The attributes and methods of the prototype are delegated to all the objects of the equivalence class defined by this prototype . The attributes and methods owned individually by the object may not be shared by other objects of the same equivalence class ; e.g. the attributes sugar content may be unexpectedly not present in apple . Only single inheritance can be implemented through the prototype . Dynamic dispatch / message passing ( edit ) It is the responsibility of the object , not any external code , to select the procedural code to execute in response to a method call , typically by looking up the method at run time in a table associated with the object . This feature is known as dynamic dispatch , and distinguishes an object from an abstract data type ( or module ) , which has a fixed ( static ) implementation of the operations for all instances . If the call variability relies on more than the single type of the object on which it is called ( i.e. at least one other parameter object is involved in the method choice ) , one speaks of multiple dispatch . A method call is also known as message passing . It is conceptualized as a message ( the name of the method and its input parameters ) being passed to the object for dispatch . Encapsulation ( edit ) Encapsulation is an object - oriented programming concept that binds together the data and functions that manipulate the data , and that keeps both safe from outside interference and misuse . Data encapsulation led to the important OOP concept of data hiding . If a class does not allow calling code to access internal object data and permits access through methods only , this is a strong form of abstraction or information hiding known as encapsulation . Some languages ( Java , for example ) let classes enforce access restrictions explicitly , for example denoting internal data with the private keyword and designating methods intended for use by code outside the class with the public keyword . Methods may also be designed public , private , or intermediate levels such as protected ( which allows access from the same class and its subclasses , but not objects of a different class ) . In other languages ( like Python ) this is enforced only by convention ( for example , private methods may have names that start with an underscore ) . Encapsulation prevents external code from being concerned with the internal workings of an object . This facilitates code refactoring , for example allowing the author of the class to change how objects of that class represent their data internally without changing any external code ( as long as `` public '' method calls work the same way ) . It also encourages programmers to put all the code that is concerned with a certain set of data in the same class , which organizes it for easy comprehension by other programmers . Encapsulation is a technique that encourages decoupling . Composition , inheritance , and delegation ( edit ) Objects can contain other objects in their instance variables ; this is known as object composition . For example , an object in the Employee class might contain ( either directly or through a pointer ) an object in the Address class , in addition to its own instance variables like `` first_name '' and `` position '' . Object composition is used to represent `` has - a '' relationships : every employee has an address , so every Employee object has access to a place to store an Address object ( either directly embedded within itself , or at a separate location addressed via a pointer ) . Languages that support classes almost always support inheritance . This allows classes to be arranged in a hierarchy that represents `` is - a-type - of '' relationships . For example , class Employee might inherit from class Person . All the data and methods available to the parent class also appear in the child class with the same names . For example , class Person might define variables `` first_name '' and `` last_name '' with method `` make_full_name ( ) '' . These will also be available in class Employee , which might add the variables `` position '' and `` salary '' . This technique allows easy re-use of the same procedures and data definitions , in addition to potentially mirroring real - world relationships in an intuitive way . Rather than utilizing database tables and programming subroutines , the developer utilizes objects the user may be more familiar with : objects from their application domain . Subclasses can override the methods defined by superclasses . Multiple inheritance is allowed in some languages , though this can make resolving overrides complicated . Some languages have special support for mixins , though in any language with multiple inheritance , a mixin is simply a class that does not represent an is - a-type - of relationship . Mixins are typically used to add the same methods to multiple classes . For example , class UnicodeConversionMixin might provide a method unicode_to_ascii ( ) when included in class FileReader and class WebPageScraper , which do n't share a common parent . Abstract classes can not be instantiated into objects ; they exist only for the purpose of inheritance into other `` concrete '' classes which can be instantiated . In Java , the final keyword can be used to prevent a class from being subclassed . The doctrine of composition over inheritance advocates implementing has - a relationships using composition instead of inheritance . For example , instead of inheriting from class Person , class Employee could give each Employee object an internal Person object , which it then has the opportunity to hide from external code even if class Person has many public attributes or methods . Some languages , like Go do not support inheritance at all . The `` open / closed principle '' advocates that classes and functions `` should be open for extension , but closed for modification '' . Delegation is another language feature that can be used as an alternative to inheritance . Polymorphism ( edit ) Subtyping , a form of polymorphism , is when calling code can be agnostic as to whether an object belongs to a parent class or one of its descendants . For example , a function might call `` make_full_name ( ) '' on an object , which will work whether the object is of class Person or class Employee . This is another type of abstraction which simplifies code external to the class hierarchy and enables strong separation of concerns . Open recursion ( edit ) In languages that support open recursion , object methods can call other methods on the same object ( including themselves ) , typically using a special variable or keyword called this or self . This variable is late - bound ; it allows a method defined in one class to invoke another method that is defined later , in some subclass thereof . History ( edit ) UML notation for a class . This Button class has variables for data , and functions . Through inheritance a subclass can be created as subset of the Button class . Objects are instances of a class . Terminology invoking `` objects '' and `` oriented '' in the modern sense of object - oriented programming made its first appearance at MIT in the late 1950s and early 1960s . In the environment of the artificial intelligence group , as early as 1960 , `` object '' could refer to identified items ( LISP atoms ) with properties ( attributes ) ; Alan Kay was later to cite a detailed understanding of LISP internals as a strong influence on his thinking in 1966 . I thought of objects being like biological cells and / or individual computers on a network , only able to communicate with messages ( so messaging came at the very beginning -- it took a while to see how to do messaging in a programming language efficiently enough to be useful ) . Alan Kay , Another early MIT example was Sketchpad created by Ivan Sutherland in 1960 -- 61 ; in the glossary of the 1963 technical report based on his dissertation about Sketchpad , Sutherland defined notions of `` object '' and `` instance '' ( with the class concept covered by `` master '' or `` definition '' ) , albeit specialized to graphical interaction . Also , an MIT ALGOL version , AED - 0 , established a direct link between data structures ( `` plexes '' , in that dialect ) and procedures , prefiguring what were later termed `` messages '' , `` methods '' , and `` member functions '' . In the 1960s object - orientated programming was put into practice with the Simula language , which introduced important concepts that are today an essential part of object - orientated programming , such as class and object , inheritance , and dynamic binding . Simula was also designed to take account of programming and data security . For programming security purposes a detection process was implemented so that through reference counts a last resort garbage collector deleted unused objects in the random - access memory ( RAM ) . But although the idea of data objects had already been established by 1965 , date encapsulation through levels of scope for variables , such as private ( - ) and public ( + ) , were not implemented in Simula because it would have required the accessing procedures to be also hidden . In 1962 Kristen Nygaard initiated a project for a simulation language at the Norwegian Computing Center , based on his previous use of the Monte Carlo simulation and his work to conceptualise real - world systems . Ole - Johan Dahl formally joined the project and the Simula programming language was designed to run on the Universal Automatic Computer ( UNIVAC ) 1107 . In the early stages Simula was supposed to be a procedure package for the programming language ALGOL 60 . Dissatisfied with the restrictions imposed by ALGOL the researchers decided to develop Simula into a fully - fledged programming language , which used the UNIVAC ALGOL 60 compiler . Simula launched in 1964 , and was promoted by Dahl and Nygaard throughout 1965 and 1966 , leading to increasing use of the programming language in Sweden , Germany and the Soviet Union . In 1968 the language became widely available through the Burroughs B5500 computers , and was later also implemented on the URAL - 16 computer . In 1966 Dahl and Nygaard wrote a Simula compiler . They became preoccupied with putting into practice Tony Hoare 's record class concept , which had been implemented in the free - form , English - like general - purpose simulation language SIMSCRIPT . They settled for a generalised process concept with record class properties , and a second layer of prefixes . Through prefixing a process could reference its predecessor and have additional properties . Simula thus introduced the class and subclass hierarchy , and the possibility of generating objects from these classes . The Simula 1 compiler and a new version of the programming language , Simula 67 , was introduced to the wider world through the research paper `` Class and Subclass Declarations '' at a 1967 conference . A Simula 67 compiler was launched for the System / 360 and System / 370 IBM mainframe computers in 1972 . In the same year a Simula 67 compiler was launched free of charge for the French CII 10070 and CII Iris 80 mainframe computers . By 1974 the Association of Simula Users had members in 23 different countries . Early 1975 a Simula 67 compiler was released free of charge for the DecSystem - 10 mainframe family . By August the same year the DecSystem Simula 67 compiler had been installed at 28 sites , 22 of them in North America . The object - orientated Simula programming language was used mainly by researchers involved with physical modelling , such as models to study and improve the movement of ships and their content through cargo ports . In the 1970s the first version of the Smalltalk programming language was developed at Xerox PARC by Alan Kay , Dan Ingalls and Adele Goldberg . Smaltalk - 71 included a programming environment and was dynamically typed , and at first was interpreted , not compiled . Smalltalk got noted for its application of object orientation at the language level and its graphical development environment . Smalltalk went through various versions and interest in the language grew . While Smalltalk was influenced by the ideas introduced in Simula 67 it was designed to be a fully dynamic system in which classes could be created and modified dynamically . In the 1970s Smalltalk influenced the Lisp community to incorporate object - based techniques that were introduced to developers via the Lisp machine . Experimentation with various extensions to Lisp ( such as LOOPS and Flavors introducing multiple inheritance and mixins ) eventually led to the Common Lisp Object System , which integrates functional programming and object - oriented programming and allows extension via a Meta - object protocol . In the 1980s , there were a few attempts to design processor architectures that included hardware support for objects in memory but these were not successful . Examples include the Intel iAPX 432 and the Linn Smart Rekursiv . In 1981 Goldberg edited the August 1981 issue of Byte Magazine , introducing Smalltalk and object - orientated programming to a wider audience . In 1986 the Association for Computing Machinery organised the first Conference on Object - Oriented Programming , Systems , Languages , and Applications ( OOPSLA ) , which was unexpectedly attended by 1,000 people . In the mid-1980s Objective - C was developed by Brad Cox , who had used Smalltalk at ITT Inc. , and Bjarne Stroustrup , who had used Simula for his PhD thesis , eventually went to create the object - orientated C++ . In 1985 Bertrand Meyer also produced the first design of the Eiffel language . Focused on software quality , Eiffel is a purely object - oriented programming language and a notation supporting the entire software lifecycle . Meyer described the Eiffel software development method , based on a small number of key ideas from software engineering and computer science , in Object - Oriented Software Construction . Essential to the quality focus of Eiffel is Meyer 's reliability mechanism , Design by Contract , which is an integral part of both the method and language . The TIOBE programming language popularity index graph from 2002 to 2018 . In the 2000s the object - orientated Java ( blue ) and the procedural C ( black ) competed for the top position . In the early and mid-1990s object - oriented programming developed as the dominant programming paradigm when programming languages supporting the techniques became widely available . These included Visual FoxPro 3.0 , C++ , and Delphi . Its dominance was further enhanced by the rising popularity of graphical user interfaces , which rely heavily upon object - oriented programming techniques . An example of a closely related dynamic GUI library and OOP language can be found in the Cocoa frameworks on Mac OS X , written in Objective - C , an object - oriented , dynamic messaging extension to C based on Smalltalk . OOP toolkits also enhanced the popularity of event - driven programming ( although this concept is not limited to OOP ) . At ETH Zürich , Niklaus Wirth and his colleagues had also been investigating such topics as data abstraction and modular programming ( although this had been in common use in the 1960s or earlier ) . Modula - 2 ( 1978 ) included both , and their succeeding design , Oberon , included a distinctive approach to object orientation , classes , and such . Object - oriented features have been added to many previously existing languages , including Ada , BASIC , Fortran , Pascal , and COBOL . Adding these features to languages that were not initially designed for them often led to problems with compatibility and maintainability of code . More recently , a number of languages have emerged that are primarily object - oriented , but that are also compatible with procedural methodology . Two such languages are Python and Ruby . Probably the most commercially important recent object - oriented languages are Java , developed by Sun Microsystems , as well as C# and Visual Basic.NET ( VB.NET ) , both designed for Microsoft 's . NET platform . Each of these two frameworks shows , in its own way , the benefit of using OOP by creating an abstraction from implementation . VB.NET and C# support cross-language inheritance , allowing classes defined in one language to subclass classes defined in the other language . OOP languages ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) See also : List of object - oriented programming languages Simula ( 1967 ) is generally accepted as being the first language with the primary features of an object - oriented language . It was created for making simulation programs , in which what came to be called objects were the most important information representation . Smalltalk ( 1972 to 1980 ) is another early example , and the one with which much of the theory of OOP was developed . Concerning the degree of object orientation , the following distinctions can be made : Languages called `` pure '' OO languages , because everything in them is treated consistently as an object , from primitives such as characters and punctuation , all the way up to whole classes , prototypes , blocks , modules , etc . They were designed specifically to facilitate , even enforce , OO methods . Examples : Python , Ruby , Scala , Smalltalk , Eiffel , Emerald , JADE , Self . Languages designed mainly for OO programming , but with some procedural elements . Examples : Java , C++ , C# , Delphi / Object Pascal , VB.NET . Languages that are historically procedural languages , but have been extended with some OO features . Examples : PHP , Perl , Visual Basic ( derived from BASIC ) , MATLAB , COBOL 2002 , Fortran 2003 , ABAP , Ada 95 , Pascal . Languages with most of the features of objects ( classes , methods , inheritance ) , but in a distinctly original form . Examples : Oberon ( Oberon - 1 or Oberon - 2 ) . Languages with abstract data type support which may be used to resemble OO programming , but without all features of object - orientation . This includes object - based and prototype - based languages . Examples : JavaScript , Lua , Modula - 2 , CLU . Chameleon languages that support multiple paradigms , including OO . Tcl stands out among these for TclOO , a hybrid object system that supports both prototype - based programming and class - based OO . OOP in dynamic languages ( edit ) In recent years , object - oriented programming has become especially popular in dynamic programming languages . Python , PowerShell , Ruby and Groovy are dynamic languages built on OOP principles , while Perl and PHP have been adding object - oriented features since Perl 5 and PHP 4 , and ColdFusion since version 6 . The Document Object Model of HTML , XHTML , and XML documents on the Internet has bindings to the popular JavaScript / ECMAScript language . JavaScript is perhaps the best known prototype - based programming language , which employs cloning from prototypes rather than inheriting from a class ( contrast to class - based programming ) . Another scripting language that takes this approach is Lua . OOP in a network protocol ( edit ) The messages that flow between computers to request services in a client - server environment can be designed as the linearizations of objects defined by class objects known to both the client and the server . For example , a simple linearized object would consist of a length field , a code point identifying the class , and a data value . A more complex example would be a command consisting of the length and code point of the command and values consisting of linearized objects representing the command 's parameters . Each such command must be directed by the server to an object whose class ( or superclass ) recognizes the command and is able to provide the requested service . Clients and servers are best modeled as complex object - oriented structures . Distributed Data Management Architecture ( DDM ) took this approach and used class objects to define objects at four levels of a formal hierarchy : Fields defining the data values that form messages , such as their length , code point and data values . Objects and collections of objects similar to what would be found in a Smalltalk program for messages and parameters . Managers similar to AS / 400 objects , such as a directory to files and files consisting of metadata and records . Managers conceptually provide memory and processing resources for their contained objects . A client or server consisting of all the managers necessary to implement a full processing environment , supporting such aspects as directory services , security and concurrency control . The initial version of DDM defined distributed file services . It was later extended to be the foundation of Distributed Relational Database Architecture ( DRDA ) . Design patterns ( edit ) Challenges of object - oriented design are addressed by several approaches . Most common is known as the design patterns codified by Gamma et al ... More broadly , the term `` design patterns '' can be used to refer to any general , repeatable , solution pattern to a commonly occurring problem in software design . Some of these commonly occurring problems have implications and solutions particular to object - oriented development . Inheritance and behavioral subtyping ( edit ) See also : Object - oriented design It is intuitive to assume that inheritance creates a semantic `` is a '' relationship , and thus to infer that objects instantiated from subclasses can always be safely used instead of those instantiated from the superclass . This intuition is unfortunately false in most OOP languages , in particular in all those that allow mutable objects . Subtype polymorphism as enforced by the type checker in OOP languages ( with mutable objects ) can not guarantee behavioral subtyping in any context . Behavioral subtyping is undecidable in general , so it can not be implemented by a program ( compiler ) . Class or object hierarchies must be carefully designed , considering possible incorrect uses that can not be detected syntactically . This issue is known as the Liskov substitution principle . Gang of four design patterns ( edit ) Main article : Design pattern ( computer science ) Design Patterns : Elements of Reusable Object - Oriented Software is an influential book published in 1995 by Erich Gamma , Richard Helm , Ralph Johnson , and John Vlissides , often referred to humorously as the `` Gang of Four '' . Along with exploring the capabilities and pitfalls of object - oriented programming , it describes 23 common programming problems and patterns for solving them . As of April 2007 , the book was in its 36th printing . The book describes the following patterns : Creational patterns ( 5 ) : Factory method pattern , Abstract factory pattern , Singleton pattern , Builder pattern , Prototype pattern Structural patterns ( 7 ) : Adapter pattern , Bridge pattern , Composite pattern , Decorator pattern , Facade pattern , Flyweight pattern , Proxy pattern Behavioral patterns ( 11 ) : Chain - of - responsibility pattern , Command pattern , Interpreter pattern , Iterator pattern , Mediator pattern , Memento pattern , Observer pattern , State pattern , Strategy pattern , Template method pattern , Visitor pattern Object - orientation and databases ( edit ) Main articles : Object - relational impedance mismatch , Object - relational mapping , and Object database Both object - oriented programming and relational database management systems ( RDBMSs ) are extremely common in software today . Since relational databases do n't store objects directly ( though some RDBMSs have object - oriented features to approximate this ) , there is a general need to bridge the two worlds . The problem of bridging object - oriented programming accesses and data patterns with relational databases is known as object - relational impedance mismatch . There are a number of approaches to cope with this problem , but no general solution without downsides . One of the most common approaches is object - relational mapping , as found in IDE languages such as Visual FoxPro and libraries such as Java Data Objects and Ruby on Rails ' ActiveRecord . There are also object databases that can be used to replace RDBMSs , but these have not been as technically and commercially successful as RDBMSs . Real - world Modeling and relationships ( edit ) OOP can be used to associate real - world objects and processes with digital counterparts . However , not everyone agrees that OOP facilitates direct real - world mapping ( see Criticism section ) or that real - world mapping is even a worthy goal ; Bertrand Meyer argues in Object - Oriented Software Construction that a program is not a model of the world but a model of some part of the world ; `` Reality is a cousin twice removed '' . At the same time , some principal limitations of OOP have been noted . For example , the circle - ellipse problem is difficult to handle using OOP 's concept of inheritance . However , Niklaus Wirth ( who popularized the adage now known as Wirth 's law : `` Software is getting slower more rapidly than hardware becomes faster '' ) said of OOP in his paper , `` Good Ideas through the Looking Glass '' , `` This paradigm closely reflects the structure of systems ' in the real world ' , and it is therefore well suited to model complex systems with complex behaviours '' ( contrast KISS principle ) . Steve Yegge and others noted that natural languages lack the OOP approach of strictly prioritizing things ( objects / nouns ) before actions ( methods / verbs ) . This problem may cause OOP to suffer more convoluted solutions than procedural programming . OOP and control flow ( edit ) OOP was developed to increase the reusability and maintainability of source code . Transparent representation of the control flow had no priority and was meant to be handled by a compiler . With the increasing relevance of parallel hardware and multithreaded coding , developing transparent control flow becomes more important , something hard to achieve with OOP . Responsibility - vs. data - driven design ( edit ) Responsibility - driven design defines classes in terms of a contract , that is , a class should be defined around a responsibility and the information that it shares . This is contrasted by Wirfs - Brock and Wilkerson with data - driven design , where classes are defined around the data - structures that must be held . The authors hold that responsibility - driven design is preferable . Solid and grasp guidelines ( edit ) SOLID is a mnemonic invented by Michael Feathers that stands for and advocates five programming practices : Single responsibility principle Open / closed principle Liskov substitution principle Interface segregation principle Dependency inversion principle GRASP ( General Responsibility Assignment Software Patterns ) is another set of guidelines advocated by Craig Larman . Criticism ( edit ) The OOP paradigm has been criticised for a number of reasons , including not meeting its stated goals of reusability and modularity , and for overemphasizing one aspect of software design and modeling ( data / objects ) at the expense of other important aspects ( computation / algorithms ) . Luca Cardelli has claimed that OOP code is `` intrinsically less efficient '' than procedural code , that OOP can take longer to compile , and that OOP languages have `` extremely poor modularity properties with respect to class extension and modification '' , and tend to be extremely complex . The latter point is reiterated by Joe Armstrong , the principal inventor of Erlang , who is quoted as saying : The problem with object - oriented languages is they 've got all this implicit environment that they carry around with them . You wanted a banana but what you got was a gorilla holding the banana and the entire jungle . A study by Potok et al. has shown no significant difference in productivity between OOP and procedural approaches . Christopher J. Date stated that critical comparison of OOP to other technologies , relational in particular , is difficult because of lack of an agreed - upon and rigorous definition of OOP ; however , Date and Darwen have proposed a theoretical foundation on OOP that uses OOP as a kind of customizable type system to support RDBMS . In an article Lawrence Krubner claimed that compared to other languages ( LISP dialects , functional languages , etc . ) OOP languages have no unique strengths , and inflict a heavy burden of unneeded complexity . Alexander Stepanov compares object orientation unfavourably to generic programming : I find OOP technically unsound . It attempts to decompose the world in terms of interfaces that vary on a single type . To deal with the real problems you need multisorted algebras -- families of interfaces that span multiple types . I find OOP philosophically unsound . It claims that everything is an object . Even if it is true it is not very interesting -- saying that everything is an object is saying nothing at all . Paul Graham has suggested that OOP 's popularity within large companies is due to `` large ( and frequently changing ) groups of mediocre programmers '' . According to Graham , the discipline imposed by OOP prevents any one programmer from `` doing too much damage '' . Leo Brodie has suggested a connection between the standalone nature of objects and a tendency to duplicate code in violation of the do n't repeat yourself principle of software development . Steve Yegge noted that , as opposed to functional programming : Object Oriented Programming puts the Nouns first and foremost . Why would you go to such lengths to put one part of speech on a pedestal ? Why should one kind of concept take precedence over another ? It 's not as if OOP has suddenly made verbs less important in the way we actually think . It 's a strangely skewed perspective . Rich Hickey , creator of Clojure , described object systems as overly simplistic models of the real world . He emphasized the inability of OOP to model time properly , which is getting increasingly problematic as software systems become more concurrent . Eric S. Raymond , a Unix programmer and open - source software advocate , has been critical of claims that present object - oriented programming as the `` One True Solution '' , and has written that object - oriented programming languages tend to encourage thickly layered programs that destroy transparency . Raymond compares this unfavourably to the approach taken with Unix and the C programming language . Rob Pike , a programmer involved in the creation of UTF - 8 and Go , has called object - oriented programming `` the Roman numerals of computing '' and has said that OOP languages frequently shift the focus from data structures and algorithms to types . Furthermore , he cites an instance of a Java professor whose `` idiomatic '' solution to a problem was to create six new classes , rather than to simply use a lookup table . Formal semantics ( edit ) See also : Formal semantics of programming languages Objects are the run - time entities in an object - oriented system . They may represent a person , a place , a bank account , a table of data , or any item that the program has to handle . There have been several attempts at formalizing the concepts used in object - oriented programming . The following concepts and constructs have been used as interpretations of OOP concepts : co algebraic data types abstract data types ( which have existential types ) allow the definition of modules but these do not support dynamic dispatch recursive types encapsulated state inheritance records are basis for understanding objects if function literals can be stored in fields ( like in functional - programming languages ) , but the actual calculi need be considerably more complex to incorporate essential features of OOP . Several extensions of System F that deal with mutable objects have been studied ; these allow both subtype polymorphism and parametric polymorphism ( generics ) Attempts to find a consensus definition or theory behind objects have not proven very successful ( however , see Abadi & Cardelli , A Theory of Objects for formal definitions of many OOP concepts and constructs ) , and often diverge widely . For example , some definitions focus on mental activities , and some on program structuring . One of the simpler definitions is that OOP is the act of using `` map '' data structures or arrays that can contain functions and pointers to other maps , all with some syntactic and scoping sugar on top . Inheritance can be performed by cloning the maps ( sometimes called `` prototyping '' ) . See also ( edit ) Computer programming portal Comparison of programming languages ( object - oriented programming ) Comparison of programming paradigms Component - based software engineering Design by contract Object association Object database Object modeling language Object - oriented analysis and design Object - relational impedance mismatch ( and The Third Manifesto ) Object - relational mapping Systems ( edit ) CADES Common Object Request Broker Architecture ( CORBA ) Distributed Component Object Model Distributed Data Management Architecture Jeroo Modeling languages ( edit ) IDEF4 Interface description language Lepus3 UML References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kindler , E. ; Krivy , I. ( 2011 ) . `` Object - Oriented Simulation of systems with sophisticated control '' . International Journal of General Systems : 313 -- 343 . Jump up ^ Lewis , John ; Loftus , William ( 2008 ) . Java Software Solutions Foundations of Programming Design 6th ed . Pearson Education Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 321 - 53205 - 3 . , section 1.6 `` Object - Oriented Programming '' Jump up ^ Deborah J. Armstrong . The Quarks of Object - Oriented Development . A survey of nearly 40 years of computing literature which identified a number of fundamental concepts found in the large majority of definitions of OOP , in descending order of popularity : Inheritance , Object , Class , Encapsulation , Method , Message Passing , Polymorphism , and Abstraction . Jump up ^ John C. Mitchell , Concepts in programming languages , Cambridge University Press , 2003 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 78098 - 5 , p. 278 . Lists : Dynamic dispatch , abstraction , subtype polymorphism , and inheritance . Jump up ^ Michael Lee Scott , Programming language pragmatics , Edition 2 , Morgan Kaufmann , 2006 , ISBN 0 - 12 - 633951 - 1 , p. 470 . Lists encapsulation , inheritance , and dynamic dispatch . Jump up ^ Pierce , Benjamin ( 2002 ) . Types and Programming Languages . MIT Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 16209 - 8 . , section 18.1 `` What is Object - Oriented Programming ? '' Lists : Dynamic dispatch , encapsulation or multi-methods ( multiple dispatch ) , subtype polymorphism , inheritance or delegation , open recursion ( `` this '' / `` self '' ) Jump up ^ Booch , Grady ( 1986 ) . Software Engineering with Ada . Addison Wesley . p. 220 . ISBN 978 - 0805306088 . Perhaps the greatest strength of an object - oriented approach to development is that it offers a mechanism that captures a model of the real world . Jump up ^ Ali , Junade ( 2016 - 09 - 28 ) . Mastering PHP Design Patterns PACKT Books ( 1 ed . ) . Birmingham , England , UK : Packt Publishing Limited . p. 11 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78588 - 713 - 0 . Retrieved 11 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Jacobsen , Ivar ; Magnus Christerson ; Patrik Jonsson ; Gunnar Overgaard ( 1992 ) . Object Oriented Software Engineering . Addison - Wesley ACM Press . pp. 43 -- 69 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 201 - 54435 - 0 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , J. ; Brayton , R. ; Edwards , D. ; Fox , P. ; Hodes , L. ; Luckham , D. ; Maling , K. ; Park , D. ; Russell , S. ( March 1960 ) . `` LISP I Programmers Manual '' ( PDF ) . Boston , Massachusetts : Artificial Intelligence Group , M.I.T. Computation Center and Research Laboratory : 88f . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 July 2010 . In the local M.I.T. patois , association lists ( of atomic symbols ) are also referred to as `` property lists '' , and atomic symbols are sometimes called `` objects '' . Jump up ^ McCarthy , John ; Abrahams , Paul W. ; Edwards , Daniel J. ; Hart , swapnil d. ; Levin , Michael I. ( 1962 ) . LISP 1.5 Programmer 's Manual ( PDF ) . MIT Press . p. 105 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 13011 - 0 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 16 May 2008 . Object -- a synonym for atomic symbol ^ Jump up to : `` Dr. Alan Kay on the Meaning of `` Object - Oriented Programming '' `` . 2003 . Retrieved 11 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Sutherland , I.E. ( 30 January 1963 ) . `` Sketchpad : A Man - Machine Graphical Communication System '' ( PDF ) . Technical Report No. 296 , Lincoln Laboratory , Massachusetts Institute of Technology via Defense Technical Information Center ( stinet.dtic.mil ) . Retrieved 3 November 2007 . Jump up ^ The Development of the Simula Languages , Kristen Nygaard , Ole - Johan Dahl , p. 254 Uni-kl.ac.at Jump up ^ Ross , Doug . `` The first software engineering language '' . LCS / AI Lab Timeline : . MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory . Retrieved 13 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Holmevik , Jan Rune ( 1994 ) . `` Compiling Simula : A historical study of technological genesis '' ( PDF ) . IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 16 ( 4 ) : 25 -- 37 . doi : 10.1109 / 85.329756 . Retrieved 3 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Dahl , Ole Johan ( 2004 ) . `` The Birth of Object Orientation : The Simula Languages '' . From Object - Orientation to Formal Methods ( PDF ) . Lecture Notes in Computer Science . 2635 . pp. 15 -- 25 . CiteSeerX 10.1. 1.133. 6730 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 540 - 39993 - 3_3 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 540 - 21366 - 6 . Retrieved 3 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Holmevik , Jan Rune ( 1994 ) . `` Compiling Simula : A historical study of technological genesis '' ( PDF ) . IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 16 ( 4 ) : 25 -- 37 . doi : 10.1109 / 85.329756 . Retrieved 3 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Holmevik , Jan Rune ( 1994 ) . `` Compiling Simula : A historical study of technological genesis '' ( PDF ) . IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 16 ( 4 ) : 25 -- 37 . doi : 10.1109 / 85.329756 . Retrieved 3 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Bertrand Meyer ( 2009 ) . Touch of Class : Learning to Program Well with Objects and Contracts . Springer Science & Business Media . p. 329 . ISBN 9783540921448 . Jump up ^ Kay , Alan . `` The Early History of Smalltalk '' . Archived from the original on 10 July 2008 . Retrieved 13 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Bertrand Meyer ( 2009 ) . Touch of Class : Learning to Program Well with Objects and Contracts . Springer Science & Business Media . p. 329 . ISBN 9783540921448 . Jump up ^ 1995 ( June ) Visual FoxPro 3.0 , FoxPro evolves from a procedural language to an object - oriented language . Visual FoxPro 3.0 introduces a database container , seamless client / server capabilities , support for ActiveX technologies , and OLE Automation and null support . Summary of Fox releases Jump up ^ FoxPro History web site : Foxprohistory.org Jump up ^ 1995 Reviewers Guide to Visual FoxPro 3.0 : DFpug.de Jump up ^ Khurana , Rohit ( 2009 - 11 - 01 ) . Object Oriented Programming with C++ , 1E . ISBN 9788125925323 . Jump up ^ `` The Emerald Programming Language '' . 2011 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ Neward , Ted ( 26 June 2006 ) . `` The Vietnam of Computer Science '' . Interoperability Happens . Retrieved 2 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Meyer , Second Edition , p. 230 Jump up ^ M. Trofimov , OOOP -- The Third `` O '' Solution : Open OOP . First Class , OMG , 1993 , Vol. 3 , issue 3 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Wirth , Nicklaus ( 2006 ) . `` Good Ideas , Through the Looking Glass '' ( PDF ) . Computer . 39 ( 1 ) : 28 -- 39 . doi : 10.1109 / mc. 2006.20 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ Yegge , Steve ( 30 March 2006 ) . `` Execution in the Kingdom of Nouns '' . steve-yegge.blogspot.com . Retrieved 3 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Boronczyk , Timothy ( 11 June 2009 ) . `` What 's Wrong with OOP '' . zaemis.blogspot.com . Retrieved 3 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Ambler , Scott ( 1 January 1998 ) . `` A Realistic Look at Object - Oriented Reuse '' . www.drdobbs.com . Retrieved 4 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Shelly , Asaf ( 22 August 2008 ) . `` Flaws of Object Oriented Modeling '' . Intel Software Network . Retrieved 4 July 2010 . Jump up ^ James , Justin ( 1 October 2007 ) . `` Multithreading is a verb not a noun '' . techrepublic.com . Retrieved 4 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Shelly , Asaf ( 22 August 2008 ) . `` HOW TO : Multicore Programming ( Multiprocessing ) Visual C++ Class Design Guidelines , Member Functions '' . support.microsoft.com . Retrieved 4 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Robert Harper ( 17 April 2011 ) . `` Some thoughts on teaching FP '' . Existential Type Blog . Retrieved 5 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Cardelli , Luca ( 1996 ) . `` Bad Engineering Properties of Object - Oriented Languages '' . ACM Comput . Surv. 28 ( 4es ) : 150 -- es . doi : 10.1145 / 242224.242415 . ISSN 0360 - 0300 . Retrieved 21 April 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Armstrong , Joe . In Coders at Work : Reflections on the Craft of Programming . Peter Seibel , ed . Codersatwork.com , Accessed 13 November 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Stepanov , Alexander . `` STLport : An Interview with A. Stepanov '' . Retrieved 21 April 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Rich Hickey , JVM Languages Summit 2009 keynote , Are We There Yet ? November 2009 . Jump up ^ Potok , Thomas ; Mladen Vouk ; Andy Rindos ( 1999 ) . `` Productivity Analysis of Object - Oriented Software Developed in a Commercial Environment '' ( PDF ) . Software -- Practice and Experience . 29 ( 10 ) : 833 -- 847 . doi : 10.1002 / ( SICI ) 1097 - 024X ( 199908 ) 29 : 10 3.0.CO ; 2 - P. Retrieved 21 April 2010 . Jump up ^ C.J. Date , Introduction to Database Systems , 6th - ed. , Page 650 Jump up ^ C.J. Date , Hugh Darwen . Foundation for Future Database Systems : The Third Manifesto ( 2nd Edition ) Jump up ^ Krubner , Lawrence . `` Object Oriented Programming is an expensive disaster which must end '' . smashcompany.com . Retrieved 14 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Graham , Paul . `` Why ARC is n't especially Object - Oriented '' . PaulGraham.com . Retrieved 13 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Brodie , Leo ( 1984 ) . Thinking Forth ( PDF ) . pp. 92 -- 93 . Retrieved 4 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Andrew . `` Do n't Repeat Yourself '' . Category Extreme Programming . Retrieved 4 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Stevey 's Blog Rants ^ Jump up to : Eric S. Raymond ( 2003 ) . `` The Art of Unix Programming : Unix and Object - Oriented Languages '' . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Pike , Rob ( 2004 - 03 - 02 ) . `` ( 9fans ) Re : Threads : Sewing badges of honor onto a Kernel '' . comp. os. plan9 ( Mailing list ) . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ Pike , Rob ( 2012 - 06 - 25 ) . `` Less is exponentially more '' . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ Pike , Rob ( 2012 - 11 - 14 ) . `` A few years ago I saw this page '' . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ Poll , Erik . `` Subtyping and Inheritance for Categorical Datatypes '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 5 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Abadi , Martin ; Cardelli , Luca ( 1996 ) . A Theory of Objects . Springer - Verlag New York , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 94775 - 4 . Retrieved 21 April 2010 . Further reading ( edit ) Abadi , Martin ; Luca Cardelli ( 1998 ) . A Theory of Objects . Springer Verlag . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 94775 - 4 . Abelson , Harold ; Gerald Jay Sussman ( 1997 ) . Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs . MIT Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 01153 - 2 . Armstrong , Deborah J. ( February 2006 ) . `` The Quarks of Object - Oriented Development '' . Communications of the ACM. 49 ( 2 ) : 123 -- 128 . Bibcode : 1985CACM ... 28 ... 22S . doi : 10.1145 / 1113034.1113040 . ISSN 0001 - 0782 . Retrieved 8 August 2006 . Booch , Grady ( 1997 ) . Object - Oriented Analysis and Design with Applications . Addison - Wesley . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8053 - 5340 - 2 . Eeles , Peter ; Oliver Sims ( 1998 ) . Building Business Objects . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 19176 - 6 . Gamma , Erich ; Richard Helm ; Ralph Johnson ; John Vlissides ( 1995 ) . Design Patterns : Elements of Reusable Object Oriented Software . Addison - Wesley . ISBN 978 - 0 - 201 - 63361 - 0 . Harmon , Paul ; William Morrissey ( 1996 ) . The Object Technology Casebook -- Lessons from Award - Winning Business Applications . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 14717 - 6 . Jacobson , Ivar ( 1992 ) . Object - Oriented Software Engineering : A Use Case - Driven Approach . Addison - Wesley . ISBN 978 - 0 - 201 - 54435 - 0 . Kay , Alan . The Early History of Smalltalk . Meyer , Bertrand ( 1997 ) . Object - Oriented Software Construction . Prentice Hall . ISBN 978 - 0 - 13 - 629155 - 8 . Pecinovsky , Rudolf ( 2013 ) . OOP -- Learn Object Oriented Thinking & Programming . Bruckner Publishing . ISBN 978 - 80 - 904661 - 8 - 0 . Rumbaugh , James ; Michael Blaha ; William Premerlani ; Frederick Eddy ; William Lorensen ( 1991 ) . Object - Oriented Modeling and Design . Prentice Hall . ISBN 978 - 0 - 13 - 629841 - 0 . Schach , Stephen ( 2006 ) . Object - Oriented and Classical Software Engineering , Seventh Edition . McGraw - Hill . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 319126 - 3 . Schreiner , Axel - Tobias ( 1993 ) . Object oriented programming with ANSI - C. Hanser . hdl : 1850 / 8544 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 446 - 17426 - 9 . Taylor , David A. ( 1992 ) . Object - Oriented Information Systems -- Planning and Implementation . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 54364 - 0 . Weisfeld , Matt ( 2009 ) . The Object - Oriented Thought Process , Third Edition . Addison - Wesley . ISBN 978 - 0 - 672 - 33016 - 2 . West , David ( 2004 ) . Object Thinking ( Developer Reference ) . Microsoft Press . ISBN 978 - 0735619654 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Object - orientation Wikiversity has learning resources about Object - oriented programming at Topic : Object - Oriented Programming Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : Object Oriented Programming Object - oriented programming at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Introduction to Object Oriented Programming Concepts ( OOP ) and More by L.W.C. 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how many seasons of the shadowhunters are there	Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 13 January 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 12 ) April 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 05 ) 20 10 January 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 02 ) March 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 06 ) 10 June 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 05 ) August 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 14 ) 22 10 March 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 20 ) May 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 15 ) 12 2019 ( 2019 ) 2019 ( 2019 )		Shadowhunters	shadowhunters		This article is about the television series . For the media franchise on which the television series is based , see The Shadowhunter Chronicles . Shadowhunters Title card for the second season Genre Teen drama Supernatural drama Horror Fantasy Romance Based on The Mortal Instruments by Cassandra Clare Developed by Ed Decter Starring Katherine McNamara Dominic Sherwood Alberto Rosende Matthew Daddario Emeraude Toubia Isaiah Mustafa Harry Shum Jr . Alisha Wainwright Opening theme `` This Is the Hunt '' by Ruelle Composer ( s ) Trevor Morris Jack Wall Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 43 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Ed Decter McG Mary Viola J. Miles Dale Robert Kulzer Michael Lynne Robert Shaye Michael Reisz Producer ( s ) Don Carmody David Cormican Martin Moszkowicz Production location ( s ) Toronto , Ontario , Canada Camera setup Single - camera Running time 42 minutes Production company ( s ) Constantin Film Distributor Disney -- ABC Domestic Television ( U.S. ) Netflix ( International ) Release Original network Freeform Picture format 16 : 9 HDTV Audio format Dolby SR Original release January 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 12 ) -- present ( present ) External links Website Shadowhunters , also known as Shadowhunters : The Mortal Instruments , is an American supernatural drama television series developed by Ed Decter , based on the popular book series The Mortal Instruments written by Cassandra Clare . It premiered in North America on Freeform on January 12 , 2016 . Primarily filmed in Toronto , Ontario , Canada , the series follows Clary Fray ( Katherine McNamara ) , who finds out on her eighteenth birthday that she is not who she thinks she is , but rather comes from a long line of Shadowhunters , human - angel hybrids who hunt down demons . It is the second adaptation of the novel series , after the 2013 film The Mortal Instruments : City of Bones , which like the series was produced by Constantin Film . The debut season of Shadowhunters has received mixed responses from critics . The pilot episode attracted the largest audience for Freeform in more than two years . The show has received numerous award nominations , winning one GLAAD Award and four Teen Choice Awards . The series was renewed for a second season of 20 episodes , which premiered on January 2 , 2017 . In August 2016 , showrunner Ed Decter exited the series over `` creative differences '' . Todd Slavkin and Darren Swimmer were named as Decter 's replacements . In April 2017 , Freeform renewed the show for a third season of 20 episodes , which premiered on March 20 , 2018 . In June 2018 , Freeform canceled the series after three seasons , but ordered two extra episodes to properly conclude the series ' story ; the second half of the third season is set to air in early 2019 . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 4.3 Filming 5 Music 5.1 Soundtrack 6 Broadcast 7 Reception 7.1 Critical response 7.2 Accolades 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Clary Fray has just enrolled at Brooklyn Academy of Arts . On her eighteenth birthday , she learns that she is a Shadowhunter , a human born with angelic blood who protects humans from demons . That night , Clary 's mother , Jocelyn , is abducted by a group of rogue Shadowhunters called the Circle . Their leader is Jocelyn 's ex-husband , Valentine Morgenstern . With her mother missing , Clary turns to Luke , a person she trusted , only to seemingly be betrayed . Clary joins up with a band of Shadowhunters to save her mother and discovers powers she never knew she possessed . Clary is thrown into the world of demon hunting with the mysterious , narcissistic , and attractive Shadowhunter Jace , and also her loyal and geeky friend Simon . Now living amongst seelies , warlocks , vampires , and werewolves , Clary begins a journey of self - discovery as she learns more about her past and what her future may hold . Cast and characters ( edit ) See also : List of The Mortal Instruments characters Main ( edit ) Katherine McNamara as Clary Fray Dominic Sherwood as Jace Herondale Alberto Rosende as Simon Lewis Matthew Daddario as Alec Lightwood Emeraude Toubia as Isabelle Lightwood Isaiah Mustafa as Luke Garroway Harry Shum Jr. as Magnus Bane Alisha Wainwright as Maia Roberts ( season 3 ; recurring season 2 ) Recurring ( edit ) Alan van Sprang as Valentine Morgenstern Maxim Roy as Jocelyn Fairchild Vanessa Matsui as Dot Rollins Jon Cor as Hodge Starkweather David Castro as Raphael Santiago Jade Hassouné as Meliorn Kaitlyn Leeb as Camille Belcourt Christina Cox as Elaine Lewis Nicola Correia - Damude as Maryse Lightwood Paulino Nunes as Robert Lightwood Jack Fulton as Max Lightwood Holly Deveaux as Rebecca Lewis Stephanie Bennett as Lydia Branwell Raymond Ablack as Raj Mimi Kuzyk as Imogen Herondale Joel Labelle as Alaric Jordan Hudyma as Blackwell Shailene Garnett as Maureen Brown Stephen R. Hart as Brother Jeremiah Nick Sagar as Victor Aldertree Will Tudor as Sebastian Verlac / Jonathan Morgenstern Anna Hopkins as Lilith Luke Baines as Jonathan Morgenstern Alexandra Ordolis as Olivia Wilson Chai Hansen as Jordan Kyle Tessa Mossey as Heidi McKenzie Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Shadowhunters episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 13 January 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 12 ) April 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 05 ) 20 10 January 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 02 ) March 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 06 ) 10 June 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 05 ) August 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 14 ) 22 10 March 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 20 ) May 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 15 ) 12 2019 ( 2019 ) 2019 ( 2019 ) Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In 2010 , Screen Gems announced that they were going into production on the film adaptation of City of Bones , the first book in The Mortal Instruments series , with hopes of starting a successful film franchise . Production on a film adaptation of the second book , City of Ashes , was due to start in September 2013 , but was delayed to 2014 , and eventually cancelled , after the first film failed to recoup its budget . On October 12 , 2014 , at Mipcom , Constantin confirmed that The Mortal Instruments will return as a television series with Ed Decter as showrunner . Constantin Film and TV head Martin Moszkowicz told The Hollywood Reporter that , `` It actually makes sense to do ( the novels ) as a TV series . There was so much from the book that we had to leave out of the Mortal Instruments film . In the series we 'll be able to go deeper and explore this world in greater detail and depth . '' The producers hope to adapt the entire book series if the TV adaptation proves successful . In February 2015 , book series author Cassandra Clare announced via Twitter that the television series would be called Shadowhunters rather than The Mortal Instruments . In March 2015 , ABC Family picked up Shadowhunters straight - to - series . The series was renewed for a second season in March 2016 , consisting of 20 episodes , which premiered on January 2 , 2017 . In April 2017 , it was announced that the series was renewed for a third season of 20 episodes . The first half of ten episodes premiered on March 20 , 2018 . On June 4 , 2018 , Freeform canceled the series after three seasons , but ordered two extra episodes to properly conclude the series ' story ; the second half of the third season is set to air in early 2019 . In August 2016 , soon before filming on the second season was to begin , showrunner Ed Decter exited the series over `` creative differences '' . Todd Slavkin and Darren Swimmer , who were former showrunners on Smallville , were announced as Decter 's replacements in August 2016 . Casting ( edit ) On Twitter , Cassandra Clare announced that she would not be part of casting decisions , and would not be expecting any of the original film cast to return . On April 20 , 2015 , ABC revealed Dominic Sherwood as the first member of the Shadowhunters cast . On May 1 , 2015 , it was announced that Emeraude Toubia would be taking the role of Isabelle Lightwood and Alberto Rosende would be joining the cast as Simon Lewis . On May 6 , it was reported that Katherine McNamara landed the lead role of Clary Fray . Two days later , on May 8 , Matthew Daddario and Isaiah Mustafa were cast as Alec Lightwood and Luke Garroway , respectively . Harry Shum , Jr. and Alan van Sprang later joined the cast on May 15 , as Magnus Bane and Valentine Morgenstern . On May 18 , it was announced that Maxim Roy would be playing Jocelyn Fray . On May 28 , Jon Cor was announced to play Hodge Starkweather , a Shadowhunter and former member of the Circle . David Castro was reported to be portraying vampire Raphael Santiago on June 4 . Shortly after , on June 9 , Lisa Marcos announced she would be joining the cast as Captain Vargas , a new character created for the series by Ed Decter . On June 12 , producer McG 's official Twitter account stated that Kaitlyn Leeb had been cast to play the vampire , Camille Belcourt . On June 16 , Jade Hassouné was reported to be portraying the faerie , Meliorn . On August 8 , Stephanie Bennett was cast as the new character Lydia Branwell , a rule - following Shadowhunter . On September 2 , 2016 , Alisha Wainwright was announced to play Maia Roberts in the second season , and soon promoted to series regular beginning on season 3 . Filming ( edit ) The series began filming in Toronto , Canada on May 25 , 2015 . The fictional New York Police Department 's 89 Precinct was filmed in the Science Wing at the University of Toronto Scarborough . Music ( edit ) Soundtrack ( edit ) Shadowhunters ( Original Television Series Soundtrack ) Soundtrack album by Various artists Released July 21 , 2017 Recorded 2016 -- 17 Genre Pop , EDM , indie pop , alternative rock Length 18 : 22 Shadowhunters ( Original Television Series Soundtrack ) was released on platforms including iTunes , Spotify and Apple Music on July 21 , 2017 , featuring six original songs from the show . No . Title Music Length 1 . `` This Is the Hunt '' Ruelle 3 : 59 2 . `` Fragile World '' Alberto Rosende 2 : 42 3 . `` Murmurs '' Alchemy 3 3 : 37 4 . `` Blood Rose '' birthday 2 : 49 5 . `` The Lifeboat '' Liam O'Donnell 2 : 18 6 . `` Royal Blue '' Alberto Rosende 2 : 57 Total length : 18 : 22 The series ' musical score is composed by Ben Decter . The opening theme song is `` This Is The Hunt '' performed by Ruelle , which was written for Shadowhunters by Maggie Eckford and Jeff Bowman . Other Ruelle songs have featured in the series . Broadcast ( edit ) The series premiered on January 12 , 2016 , in the U.S. on Freeform . The second episode , `` The Descent into Hell Is Easy '' , was released online that same day , following the premiere of the first episode . In December 2015 , Netflix acquired global rights to Shadowhunters , excluding the U.S. , making the series available as an original series a day after the U.S. premiere , with the first episode launching globally on January 13 , and subsequent episodes released on a weekly basis . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The debut season of Shadowhunters received mixed responses from critics . Metacritic gave it a 45 out of 100 rating , based on 9 reviews , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Rotten Tomatoes gave the series a 46 % rating , based on 12 reviews , with an average rating of 5.6 / 10 . The site 's consensus states , `` Shadowhunters boasts visual thrills and a potential - rich premise , but they 're not enough to overcome the show 's self - serious silliness and dull , convoluted plots . '' According to James Poniewozik of The New York Times , the series `` has its assets , especially its popular source material . But it might become more fun if it learns to enjoy being the empowerment fantasy it really is . '' Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Nominee ( s ) Result Refs 2016 BMI Film & TV Awards BMI TV Music Award Ben Decter Won Joey Awards Young Actress Age 9 or Younger in a TV Series Drama or Comedy Guest Starring or Principal Role Sofia Wells Nominated MTV Fandom Awards Best New Fandom of the Year Shadowhunters Won Ship of the Year `` Malec '' ( Magnus and Alec ) Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice TV : Breakout Show Shadowhunters Won Choice TV : Breakout Star Matthew Daddario Won Katherine McNamara Nominated 2017 BMI Film & TV Awards BMI TV Music Award Trevor Morris Won GLAAD Awards Outstanding Drama Series Shadowhunters Won People 's Choice Awards Favorite Cable Sci - Fi / Fantasy TV Show Shadowhunters Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice TV : LipLock `` Malec '' ( Magnus and Alec ) Nominated Choice TV : Sci - Fi / Fantasy Actor Matthew Daddario Nominated Choice TV : Sci - Fi / Fantasy Actress Emeraude Toubia Nominated Choice TV : Sci - Fi / Fantasy Show Shadowhunters Nominated Choice TV : Ship `` Malec '' ( Magnus and Alec ) Nominated Choice TV : Summer Actor Harry Shum Jr . Nominated 2018 GLAAD Awards Outstanding Drama Series Shadowhunters Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice TV : Sci - Fi / Fantasy Actor Matthew Daddario Won Dominic Sherwood Nominated Choice TV : Sci - Fi / Fantasy Actress Katherine McNamara Nominated Emeraude Toubia Nominated Choice TV : Sci - Fi / Fantasy Show Shadowhunters Won Choice TV : Ship `` Malec '' ( Magnus and Alec ) Nominated Choice TV : Villain Anna Hopkins Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Clark , Nolene ( March 30 , 2015 ) . `` ' Mortal Instruments ' TV series ' Shadowhunters ' coming to ABC Family '' . Los Angeles Times . ^ Jump up to : Ge , Linda ( May 6 , 2015 ) . `` Katherine McNamara Joins ABC Family 's ' Shadowhunters ' as Clary Fray ( Exclusive ) '' . TheWrap . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( April 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' Shadowhunters ' ABC Family Series Casts Dominic Sherwood As Jace '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ge , Linda ( May 1 , 2015 ) . `` ABC Family 's ' Shadowhunters ' Adds Alberto Rosende and Emeraude Toubia '' . TheWrap . Retrieved May 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Swift , Andy ( May 8 , 2015 ) . `` ' Shadowhunters ' Casts Alec & Luke -- Matthew Daddario & Isaiah Mustafa '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Swift , Andy ( May 15 , 2015 ) . `` Shadowhunters Recruits Reign and Glee Grads to Play Valentine and Magnus '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Swift , Andy ( May 18 , 2015 ) . `` Shadowhunters Adds Canadian Actress Maxim Roy as Clary 's Mom Jocelyn '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Swift , Andy ( May 28 , 2015 ) . `` Shadowhunters Adds Being Human 's Jon Cor as Hodge Starkweather '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb ( June 4 , 2015 ) . `` Shadowhunters Finds Its Raphael '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ge , Linda ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` ABC Family 's ' Shadowhunters ' Adds Jade Hassouné in Recurring Role '' . TheWrap . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Swift , Andy ( June 12 , 2015 ) . `` Shadowhunters Casts Degrassi Actress as Vampire Leader Camille Belcourt '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Veach , Angie ( July 15 , 2015 ) . `` Nicola Correia Damude Cast as Maryse Lightwood in ABC Family 's SHADOWHUNTERS '' . Young Adult Hollywood . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ge , Linda ( August 8 , 2015 ) . `` ABC Family 's ' Shadowhunters ' Casts Stephanie Bennett as Lydia Branwell ( Exclusive ) '' . TheWrap . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Freeform 's ' Shadowhunters ' Sets Will Tudor As Sebastian '' . Deadline Hollywood . January 26 , 2017 . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://ew.com/tv/2017/10/07/shadowhunters-javier-munoz-anna-hopkins-guest-star/ ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( June 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Shadowhunters ' Canceled at Freeform , Will End With Two - Hour Finale '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bettinger , Brendan ( October 4 , 2010 ) . `` Screen Gems Positioning CITY OF BONES as the First Film in a MORTAL INSTRUMENTS Franchise '' . Collider . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lincoln , Ross A. ( January 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Shadowhunters ' Cast & Producers Pledge Faithfulness To Popular Novels -- TCA '' . Deadline Hollywood . ^ Jump up to : Barraclough , Leo ( October 12 , 2014 ) . `` Constantin to Produce TV Series Based on ' Mortal Instruments , ' ' Resident Evil ' Franchises '' . Variety . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2014 . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Roxborough , Scott ( October 12 , 2014 ) . `` MIPCOM : ' The Mortal Instruments ' to Return as TV Series '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2014 . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cassandra Clare Reveals THE MORTAL INSTRUMENTS TV Series Name '' . TheFandom.net . February 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( March 30 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Mortal Instruments ' Series : ABC Family Orders ' Shadowhunters ' '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Shadowhunters ' Renewed for Second Season at Freeform '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` ' Shadowhunters Season 2 ! Freeform Picks Up Shadowhunters For A Second Season ! ' '' . Shadowhunters TV . March 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( October 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Shadowhunters ' Reveals Season 2 Debut Date & ' Vampire Diaries ' Star Directing -- NY Comic - Con '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mclennan , Cindy . `` Shadowhunters : Freeform Season Three Renewal Confirmed '' . tvseriesfinale . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie . `` ' Shadowhunters ' Renewed For Season 3 By Freeform '' . Yahoo . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( October 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Shadowhunters ' Scores Additional 10 - Episode Freeform Order '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( August 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Shadowhunters ' Showrunner Ed Decter Exits For Season 2 Of Freeform Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( August 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Shadowhunters ' : Todd Slavkin & Darren Swimmer Tapped As New Showrunners '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lisa Marcos ( @ lisamarcos ) ( June 9 , 2015 ) . `` Thank you @ ABCFamily & @ ShadowhuntersTV for letting me be apart of this team # CaptainVargas # Shadowhunters '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2016 . Retrieved June 21 , 2015 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( September 2 , 2016 ) . `` Shadowhunters : Alisha Wainwright Cast as Werewolf Maia in Season 2 '' . TVLine . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Shadowhunters Actress Alisha Wainwright Will Become A Series Regular In Season 3 '' . Freeform.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` In Production in Toronto -- As of August 7 , 2015 '' ( PDF ) . Toronto.ca . p. 3 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 18 , 2015 . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shadowhunters Filming Locations '' . MovieMaps . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Various Artists ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` Shadowhunters : The Mortal Instruments ( Original Television Series Soundtrack ) -- EP '' . iTunes . Hollywood Records . Jump up ^ `` Ben Decter to Score ABC Family 's ' Shadowhunters ' '' . Film Music Reporter . July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` '' This Is The Hunt '' by Ruelle , written by Maggie Eckford and Jeff Bowman , is the epic opening title song for the new and highly anticipated show Shadowhunters on Freeform ! `` . Razor & Tie on Facebook . January 14 , 2016 . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Music from Episode One Ruelle , Prototypes , Jess Penner '' . Shadowhunters TV . January 13 , 2016 . Retrieved February 10 , 2016 . Big opening of the series . The Shadowhunters looking for a demon -- remember that ? The song is called `` Monsters '' by Ruelle . Jump up ^ Lowe , Kinsey ( October 10 , 2015 ) . `` Shadowhunters to debut January 12 on ABC Family / Freeform -- Comic Con '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Shadowhunters Episode Two Now In The Freeform App '' . Shadowhunters TV . January 12 , 2016 . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jaafar , Ali ( December 18 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix Acquires Global Rights To ' Shadowhunters : Mortal Instruments ' , Will Bow Series In January Outside U.S. '' Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Shadowhunters at Metacritic Jump up ^ Shadowhunters at Rotten Tomatoes Jump up ^ Poniewozik , James ( January 11 , 2016 ) . `` Review : ' Shadowhunters , ' a Teenage Fantasyland Roamed by Demon Killers '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Composer James Newton Howard Honored as BMI Icon at 2016 Film / TV Awards '' . Broadcast Music , Inc . May 12 , 2016 . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Celebrating Young Canadian Performers '' . The Joey Awards . February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones , Hamilton among MTV Fandom Award Nominees '' . Entertainment Weekly . June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MTV Fandom Awards 2016 Voting Begins ! '' . Nerdophiles . July 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Crist , Allison ; Nordyke , Kimberly ( July 31 , 2016 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards : Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` Alan Silvestri Receives BMI Icon Award at 2017 BMI Film , TV and Visual Media Awards '' . BMI . May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` And the # glaadawards nominees are ... '' GLAAD . January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ DeSantis , Rachel ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` People 's Choice Awards 2017 winners list '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ `` All those in favor of # Malec for # ChoiceLipLock , say aye . Vote @ MatthewDaddario and @ HarryShumJr today '' . Twitter . July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards : Pretty Little Liars , The Flash Lead 2017 Nominations '' . TVLine . Jump up ^ `` RETWEET to vote for # Malec ( @ MatthewDaddario + @ HarryShumJr ) as your # ChoiceTVShip in the # TeenChoice Awards '' . July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BRB . Going to vote for @ HarryShumJr as # ChoiceSummerTVActor in the # TeenChoice Awards . # Shadowhunters '' . Twitter . July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The nominees for OUTSTANDING DRAMA SERIES '' . twitter . January 19 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Shadowhunters on IMDb Freeform original programming Current Alone Together ( since 2018 ) The Bold Type ( since 2017 ) Cloak & Dagger ( since 2018 ) Disney 's Fairy Tale Weddings ( since 2017 ) Grown - ish ( since 2018 ) Shadowhunters ( since 2016 ) Siren ( since 2018 ) Truth & Iliza ( since 2017 ) Former 1990s debuts Amateur Hour ( revival ) ( 1992 ) Big Brother Jake ( 1990 -- 1994 ) Donkey Kong Country ( 1997 -- 2000 ) Great Pretenders ( 1999 -- 2002 ) Home and Family ( 1996 -- 1998 ) Maniac Mansion ( 1990 -- 1993 ) Monster Farm ( 1998 -- 1999 ) Ohh Nooo ! Mr. Bill Presents ( 1998 -- 1999 ) Shop ' til You Drop ( 1996 -- 1998 ) Zorro ( 1990 - 1993 ) 2000s debuts 10 Things I Hate About You ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Beautiful People ( 2005 -- 2006 ) Brat Camp ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Da Möb ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Greek ( 2007 -- 2011 ) Knock First ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Kyle XY ( 2006 -- 2009 ) Las Vegas Garden of Love ( 2005 ) Lincoln Heights ( 2007 -- 2009 ) Make It or Break It ( 2009 -- 2012 ) The Middleman ( 2008 ) Power Rangers Dino Thunder ( 2004 ) Power Rangers S.P.D. ( 2005 ) Roommates ( 2009 ) Ruby & the Rockits ( 2009 ) Scariest Places On Earth ( 2000 -- 2006 ) The Secret Life of the American Teenager ( 2008 -- 2013 ) Slacker Cats ( 2007 -- 2009 ) So Little Time ( 2001 -- 2002 ) State of Grace ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Switched ! ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Three Moons Over Milford ( 2006 ) Wildfire ( 2005 -- 2008 ) 2010s debuts Baby Daddy ( 2012 -- 2017 ) Becoming Us ( 2015 ) Ben and Lauren : Happily Ever After ? ( 2016 ) Beverly Hills Nannies ( 2012 ) Beyond ( 2017 -- 2018 ) Bunheads ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Chasing Life ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Dead of Summer ( 2016 ) Famous in Love ( 2017 -- 2018 ) Freak Out ( 2014 -- 2015 ) The Fosters ( 2013 -- 2018 ) Guilt ( 2016 ) Huge ( 2010 ) Jane by Design ( 2012 ) Job or No Job ( 2015 ) Kevin from Work ( 2015 ) The Lying Game ( 2011 -- 2013 ) Melissa & Joey ( 2010 -- 2015 ) Monica the Medium ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Mystery Girls ( 2014 ) Next Step Realty : NYC ( 2015 ) The Nine Lives of Chloe King ( 2011 ) Pretty Little Liars ( 2010 -- 2017 ) Ravenswood ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Recovery Road ( 2016 ) Spell - Mageddon ( 2013 ) Startup U ( 2015 ) State of Georgia ( 2011 ) Stitchers ( 2015 -- 2017 ) Switched at Birth ( 2011 -- 2017 ) The Twins : Happily Ever After ? ( 2017 ) Twisted ( 2013 -- 2014 ) The Vineyard ( 2013 ) Young & Hungry ( 2014 -- 2018 ) Upcoming Pretty Little Liars : The Perfectionists ( 2019 ) Good Trouble ( 2019 ) Besties ( TBA ) Related History of Freeform Christian Broadcasting Network ABC Family Worldwide Inc . 31 Nights of Halloween Freeform 's 25 Days of Christmas ABC Spark Jetix List of Freeform original films The Shadowhunter Chronicles by Cassandra Clare The Mortal Instruments City of Bones City of Ashes City of Glass City of Fallen Angels City of Lost Souls City of Heavenly Fire The Infernal Devices Clockwork Angel Clockwork Prince Clockwork Princess The Dark Artifices Lady Midnight Lord of Shadows Companion books The Shadowhunter 's Codex The Bane Chronicles Tales From the Shadowhunter Academy Related articles Characters The Mortal Instruments : City of Bones soundtrack `` Almost Is Never Enough '' `` Heart by Heart '' Shadowhunters episodes Awards for Shadowhunters GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Drama Series 1990s HeartBeat / L.A. Law ( 1990 ) L.A. Law ( 1991 ) Melrose Place ( 1993 ) Sisters ( 1994 ) My So - Called Life ( 1995 ) NYPD Blue ( 1996 ) Chicago Hope ( 1997 ) NYPD Blue ( 1998 ) Chicago Hope ( 1999 ) 2000s Dawson 's Creek ( 2000 ) Queer as Folk ( 2001 ) Six Feet Under ( 2002 -- 2003 ) Playmakers ( 2004 ) Six Feet Under ( 2005 ) The L Word ( 2006 ) Brothers & Sisters ( 2007 -- 2009 ) 2010s Brothers & Sisters ( 2010 ) True Blood ( 2011 ) Grey 's Anatomy ( 2012 ) Smash ( 2013 ) The Fosters ( 2014 ) How to Get Away with Murder ( 2015 ) Sense8 ( 2016 ) Shadowhunters ( 2017 ) This Is Us ( 2018 ) Teen Choice Award for Choice Breakout Series Popular ( 2000 ) The Bernie Mac Show ( 2002 ) 8 Simple Rules ( 2003 ) The O.C. ( 2004 ) Desperate Housewives ( 2005 ) So You Think You Can Dance ( 2006 ) Heroes ( 2007 ) Gossip Girl ( 2008 ) Jonas ( 2009 ) The Vampire Diaries ( 2010 ) The Voice ( 2011 ) The X Factor ( 2012 ) The Fosters ( 2013 ) Faking It ( 2014 ) Empire ( 2015 ) Shadowhunters ( 2016 ) Riverdale ( 2017 ) On My Block ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shadowhunters&oldid=856115503 '' Categories : 2010s American drama television series 2016 American television series debuts American drama television series American fantasy television series American LGBT - related television shows American teen drama television series English - language television programs Fairies and sprites in television Fictional portrayals of the New York City Police Department Freeform shows Serial drama television series Television programs based on novels Television series by Disney -- ABC Domestic Television Television series by Wonderland Sound and Vision Television series produced in Toronto Television shows set in New York City Vampires in television Werewolves in television Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from February 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Norsk Polski Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 August 2018 , at 00 : 20 ( UTC ) . 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list two examples of law altered by the warren court and briefly describe how the law was changed			Warren Court	warren court	The Warren Court was the period in the history of the Supreme Court of the United States during which Earl Warren served as Chief Justice . Warren replaced the deceased Fred M. Vinson as Chief Justice in 1953 , and Warren remained in office until he retired in 1969 . Warren was succeeded as Chief Justice by Warren Burger .	Warren led a liberal majority that used judicial power in dramatic fashion , to the consternation of conservative opponents . The Warren Court expanded civil rights , civil liberties , judicial power , and the federal power in dramatic ways . The court was both applauded and criticized for bringing an end to racial segregation in the United States , incorporating the Bill of Rights ( i.e. including it in the 14th Amendment Due Process clause ) , and ending officially sanctioned voluntary prayer in public schools . The period is recognized as the highest point in judicial power that has receded ever since , but with a substantial continuing impact . Prominent members of the Court during the Warren era besides the Chief Justice included Justices William J. Brennan , Jr. , William O. Douglas , Hugo Black , Felix Frankfurter , and John Marshall Harlan II . Contents ( hide ) 1 Warren 's leadership 2 Vision 3 Historically significant decisions 4 Warren 's role 4.1 Decisions 4.1. 1 Brown ( 1954 ) 4.1. 2 Reapportionment 4.1. 3 Due process and rights of defendants ( 1963 -- 66 ) 4.1. 4 First Amendment 5 Membership 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Warren 's leadership ( edit ) One of the primary factors in Warren 's leadership was his political background , having served two and a half terms as Governor of California ( 1943 -- 1953 ) and experience as the Republican candidate for vice president in 1948 ( as running mate of Thomas E. Dewey ) . Warren brought a strong belief in the remedial power of law . According to historian Bernard Schwartz , Warren 's view of the law was pragmatic , seeing it as an instrument for obtaining equity and fairness . Schwartz argues that Warren 's approach was most effective `` when the political institutions had defaulted on their responsibility to try to address problems such as segregation and reapportionment and cases where the constitutional rights of defendants were abused . '' A related component of Warren 's leadership was his focus on broad ethical principles , rather than narrower interpretative structures . Describing the latter as `` conventional reasoning patterns , '' Professor Mark Tushnet suggests Warren often disregarded these in groundbreaking cases such as Brown v. Board of Education , Reynolds v. Sims and Miranda v. Arizona , where such traditional sources of precedent were stacked against him . Tushnet suggests Warren 's principles `` were philosophical , political , and intuitive , not legal in the conventional technical sense . '' Warren 's leadership was characterized by remarkable consensus on the court , particularly in some of the most controversial cases . These included Brown v. Board of Education , Gideon v. Wainwright , and Cooper v. Aaron , which were unanimously decided , as well as Abington School District v. Schempp and Engel v. Vitale , each striking down religious recitations in schools with only one dissent . In an unusual action , the decision in Cooper was personally signed by all nine justices , with the three new members of the Court adding that they supported and would have joined the Court 's decision in Brown v. Board . Fallon says that , `` Some thrilled to the approach of the Warren Court . Many law professors were perplexed , often sympathetic to the Court 's results but skeptical of the soundness of its constitutional reasoning . And some of course were horrified . '' Vision ( edit ) Professor John Hart Ely in his book Democracy and Distrust famously characterized the Warren Court as a `` Carolene Products Court . '' This referred to the famous Footnote Four in United States v. Carolene Products in which the Supreme Court had suggested that heightened judicial scrutiny might be appropriate in three types of cases : those where a law was challenged as a deprivation of a specifically enumerated right ( such as a challenge to a law because it denies `` freedom of speech , '' a phrase specifically included in the Bill of Rights ) ; those where a challenged law made it more difficult to achieve change through normal political processes ; and those where a law impinged on the rights of `` discrete and insular minorities . '' The Supreme Court as it was composed between 1958 and 1962 . Top ( l-r ) : Charles E. Whittaker , John M. Harlan , William J. Brennan , Jr. , Potter Stewart . Bottom ( l-r ) : William O. Douglas , Hugo L. Black , Earl Warren , Felix Frankfurter , Tom C. Clark . The Warren Court 's doctrine may be seen as proceeding aggressively in these general areas : its aggressive reading of the first eight amendments in the Bill of Rights ( as `` incorporated '' against the states by the Fourteenth Amendment ) ; its commitment to unblocking the channels of political change ( `` one - man , one - vote '' ) , and its vigorous protection of the rights of racial minority groups . The Warren Court , while in many cases taking a broad view of individual rights , generally declined to read the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment broadly , outside of the incorporation context ( see Ferguson v. Skrupa , but see also Griswold v. Connecticut ) . The Warren Court 's decisions were also strongly nationalist in thrust , as the Court read Congress 's power under the Commerce Clause quite broadly and often expressed an unwillingness to allow constitutional rights to vary from state to state ( as was explicitly manifested in Cooper v. Aaron ) . Professor Rebecca Zietlow argues that the Warren Court brought an expansion in the `` rights of belonging , '' which she characterizes as `` rights that promote an inclusive vision of who belongs to the national community and facilitate equal membership in that community . '' Zietlow notes that both critics and supporters of the Warren Court attribute to it this shift , whether as a matter of imposing its countermajoritarian will or as protecting the rights of minorities . Zietlow also challenges the notion of the Warren Court as `` activist , '' noting that even at its height the Warren Court only invalidated 17 acts of Congress between 1962 and 1969 , as compared to the more `` conservative '' Rehnquist Court which struck down 33 acts of Congress between 1995 and 2003 . Archibald Cox , who as Solicitor General from 1961 to 1965 saw the Court up close , summarized `` that the responsibility of government for equality among men , the openness of American society to change and reform , and the decency of the administration of criminal justice received both creative and enduring impetus from the work of the Warren Court . '' Historically significant decisions ( edit ) Main article : List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Warren Court Important decisions during the Warren Court years included decisions holding segregation policies in public schools ( Brown v. Board of Education ) and anti-miscegenation laws unconstitutional ( Loving v. Virginia ) ; ruling that the Constitution protects a general right to privacy ( Griswold v. Connecticut ) ; that states are bound by the decisions of the Supreme Court and can not ignore them ( Cooper v. Aaron ) ; that public schools can not have official prayer ( Engel v. Vitale ) or mandatory Bible readings ( Abington School District v. Schempp ) ; the scope of the doctrine of incorporation ( Mapp v. Ohio , Miranda v. Arizona ) was dramatically increased ; reading an equal protection clause into the Fifth Amendment ( Bolling v. Sharpe ) ; holding that the states may not apportion a chamber of their legislatures in the manner in which the United States Senate is apportioned ( Reynolds v. Sims ) ; and holding that the Constitution requires active compliance ( Gideon v. Wainwright ) . Racial segregation : Brown v. Board of Education , Bolling v. Sharpe , Cooper v. Aaron , Gomillion v. Lightfoot , Griffin v. County School Board , Green v. School Board of New Kent County , Lucy v. Adams , Loving v. Virginia Voting , redistricting , and malapportionment : Baker v. Carr , Reynolds v. Sims , Wesberry v. Sanders Criminal procedure : Brady v. Maryland , Mapp v. Ohio , Miranda v. Arizona , Escobedo v. Illinois , Gideon v. Wainwright , Katz v. United States , Terry v. Ohio Free speech : New York Times Co. v. Sullivan , Brandenburg v. Ohio , Yates v. United States , Roth v. United States , Jacobellis v. Ohio , Memoirs v. Massachusetts , Tinker v. Des Moines School District Establishment Clause : Engel v. Vitale , Abington School District v. Schempp Free Exercise Clause : Sherbert v. Verner Right to privacy and reproductive rights : Griswold v. Connecticut Cruel and unusual punishment : Trop v. Dulles , Robinson v. California Warren 's role ( edit ) Warren took his seat January 11 , 1954 , on a recess appointment by President Eisenhower ; the Senate confirmed him six weeks later . Despite his lack of judicial experience , his years in the Alameda County district attorney 's office and as state attorney general gave him far more knowledge of the law in practice than most other members of the Court had . Warren 's greatest asset , what made him in the eyes of many of his admirers `` Super Chief , '' was his political skill in manipulating the other justices . Over the years his ability to lead the Court , to forge majorities in support of major decisions , and to inspire liberal forces around the nation , outweighed his intellectual weaknesses . Warren realized his weakness and asked the senior associate justice , Hugo L. Black , to preside over conferences until he became accustomed to the drill . A quick study , Warren soon was in fact , as well as in name , the Court 's chief justice . When Warren joined the Court in 1954 all the justices had been appointed by Franklin D. Roosevelt or Truman , and all were committed New Deal liberals . They disagreed about the role that the courts should play in achieving liberal goals . The Court was split between two warring factions . Felix Frankfurter and Robert H. Jackson led one faction , which insisted upon judicial self - restraint and insisted courts should defer to the policymaking prerogatives of the White House and Congress . Hugo Black and William O. Douglas led the opposing faction that agreed the court should defer to Congress in matters of economic policy , but felt the judicial agenda had been transformed from questions of property rights to those of individual liberties , and in this area courts should play a more central role . Warren 's belief that the judiciary must seek to do justice , placed him with the latter group , although he did not have a solid majority until after Frankfurter 's retirement in 1962 . Decisions ( edit ) Warren was a more liberal justice than anyone had anticipated . Warren was able to craft a long series of landmark decisions because he built a winning coalition . When Frankfurter retired in 1962 and President John F. Kennedy named labor union lawyer Arthur Goldberg to replace him , Warren finally had the fifth vote for his liberal majority . William J. Brennan , Jr. , a liberal Democrat appointed by Eisenhower in 1956 , was the intellectual leader of the faction that included Black and Douglas . Brennan complemented Warren 's political skills with the strong legal skills Warren lacked . Warren and Brennan met before the regular conferences to plan out their strategy . Brown ( 1954 ) ( edit ) Brown v. Board of Education 347 U.S. 483 ( 1954 ) banned the segregation of public schools . The very first case put Warren 's leadership skills to an extraordinary test . The Legal Defense Fund of the NAACP ( a small legal group formed for tax reasons from the much better known NAACP ) had been waging a systematic legal fight against the `` separate but equal '' doctrine enunciated in Plessy v. Ferguson ( 1896 ) and finally had challenged Plessy in a series of five related cases , which had been argued before the Court in the spring of 1953 . However the justices had been unable to decide the issue and asked to rehear the case in fall 1953 , with special attention to whether the Fourteenth Amendment 's Equal Protection Clause prohibited the operation of separate public schools for whites and blacks . While all but one justice personally rejected segregation , the self - restraint faction questioned whether the Constitution gave the Court the power to order its end . Warren 's faction believed the Fourteenth Amendment did give the necessary authority and were pushing to go ahead . Warren , who held only a recess appointment , held his tongue until the Senate , dominated by southerners , confirmed his appointment . Warren told his colleagues after oral argument that he believed segregation violated the Constitution and that only if one considered African Americans inferior to whites could the practice be upheld . But he did not push for a vote . Instead , he talked with the justices and encouraged them to talk with each other as he sought a common ground on which all could stand . Finally he had eight votes , and the last holdout , Stanley Reed of Kentucky , agreed to join the rest . Warren drafted the basic opinion in Brown v. Board of Education ( 1954 ) and kept circulating and revising it until he had an opinion endorsed by all the members of the Court . The unanimity Warren achieved helped speed the drive to desegregate public schools , which came about under President Richard M. Nixon . Throughout his years as Chief , Warren succeeded in keeping all decisions concerning segregation unanimous . Brown applied to schools , but soon the Court enlarged the concept to other state actions , striking down racial classification in many areas . Congress ratified the process in the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 . Warren did compromise by agreeing to Frankfurter 's demand that the Court go slowly in implementing desegregation ; Warren used Frankfurter 's suggestion that a 1955 decision ( Brown II ) include the phrase `` all deliberate speed . '' The Brown decision of 1954 marked , in dramatic fashion , the radical shift in the Court 's -- and the nation 's -- priorities from issues of property rights to civil liberties . Under Warren the courts became an active partner in governing the nation , although still not coequal . Warren never saw the courts as a backward - looking branch of government . The Brown decision was a powerful moral statement . His biographer concludes , `` If Warren had not been on the Court , the Brown decision might not have been unanimous and might not have generated a moral groundswell that was to contribute to the emergence of the civil rights movement of the 1960s . Warren was never a legal scholar on a par with Frankfurter or a great advocate of particular doctrines , as were Black and Douglas . Instead , he believed that in all branches of government common sense , decency , and elemental justice were decisive , not stare decisis ( that is , reliance on previous Court decisions ) , tradition , or the text of the Constitution . He wanted results that in his opinion reflected the best American sentiments . He felt racial segregation was simply wrong , and Brown , whatever its doctrinal defects , remains a landmark decision primarily because of Warren 's interpretation of the equal protection clause . Reapportionment ( edit ) The one man , one vote cases ( Baker v. Carr and Reynolds v. Sims ) of 1962 -- 1964 , had the effect of ending the over-representation of rural areas in state legislatures , as well as the under - representation of suburbs . Central cities -- which had long been underepresented -- were now losing population to the suburbs and were not greatly affected . Warren 's priority on fairness shaped other major decisions . In 1962 , over the strong objections of Frankfurter , the Court agreed that questions regarding malapportionment in state legislatures were not political issues , and thus were not outside the Court 's purview . For years underpopulated rural areas had deprived metropolitan centers of equal representation in state legislatures . In Warren 's California , Los Angeles County had only one state senator . Cities had long since passed their peak , and now it was the middle class suburbs that were underrepresented . Frankfurter insisted that the Court should avoid this `` political thicket '' and warned that the Court would never be able to find a clear formula to guide lower courts in the rash of lawsuits sure to follow . But Douglas found such a formula : `` one man , one vote . '' In the key apportionment case Reynolds v. Sims ( 1964 ) Warren delivered a civics lesson : `` To the extent that a citizen 's right to vote is debased , he is that much less a citizen , '' Warren declared . `` The weight of a citizen 's vote can not be made to depend on where he lives . This is the clear and strong command of our Constitution 's Equal Protection Clause . '' Unlike the desegregation cases , in this instance , the Court ordered immediate action , and despite loud outcries from rural legislators , Congress failed to reach the two - thirds needed pass a constitutional amendment . The states complied , reapportioned their legislatures quickly and with minimal troubles . Numerous commentators have concluded reapportionment was the Warren Court 's great `` success '' story . Due process and rights of defendants ( 1963 -- 66 ) ( edit ) In Gideon v. Wainwright , 372 U.S. 335 ( 1963 ) the Court held that the Sixth Amendment required that all indigent criminal defendants receive publicly funded counsel ( Florida law at that time required the assignment of free counsel to indigent defendants only in capital cases ) ; Miranda v. Arizona , 384 U.S. 436 ( 1966 ) required that certain rights of a person interrogated while in police custody be clearly explained , including the right to an attorney ( often called the `` Miranda warning '' ) . While most Americans eventually agreed that the Court 's desegregation and apportionment decisions were fair and right , disagreement about the `` due process revolution '' continues into the 21st century . Warren took the lead in criminal justice ; despite his years as a tough prosecutor , always insisted that the police must play fair or the accused should go free . Warren was privately outraged at what he considered police abuses that ranged from warrantless searches to forced confessions . Warren 's Court ordered lawyers for indigent defendants , in Gideon v. Wainwright ( 1963 ) , and prevented prosecutors from using evidence seized in illegal searches , in Mapp v. Ohio ( 1961 ) . The famous case of Miranda v. Arizona ( 1966 ) summed up Warren 's philosophy . Everyone , even one accused of crimes , still enjoyed constitutionally protected rights , and the police had to respect those rights and issue a specific warning when making an arrest . Warren did not believe in coddling criminals ; thus in Terry v. Ohio ( 1968 ) he gave police officers leeway to stop and frisk those they had reason to believe held weapons . Conservatives angrily denounced the `` handcuffing of the police . '' Violent crime and homicide rates shot up nationwide in the following years ; in New York City , for example , after steady to declining trends until the early 1960s , the homicide rate doubled in the period from 1964 to 1974 from just under 5 per 100,000 at the beginning of that period to just under 10 per 100,000 in 1974 . Controversy exists about the cause , with conservatives blaming the Court decisions , and liberals pointing to the demographic boom and increased urbanization and income inequality characteristic of that era . After 1992 the homicide rates fell sharply . First Amendment ( edit ) The Warren Court also sought to expand the scope of application of the First Amendment . The Court 's decision outlawing mandatory school prayer in Engel v. Vitale ( 1962 ) brought vehement complaints by conservatives that echoed into the 21st century . Warren worked to nationalize the Bill of Rights by applying it to the states . Moreover , in one of the landmark cases decided by the Court , Griswold v. Connecticut ( 1965 ) , the Warren Court affirmed a constitutionally protected right of privacy , emanating from the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment , also known as substantive due process . This decision was fundamental , after Warren 's retirement , for the outcome of Roe v. Wade and consequent legalization of abortion . With the exception of the desegregation decisions , few decisions were unanimous . The eminent scholar Justice John Marshall Harlan II took Frankfurter 's place as the Court 's self - constraint spokesman , often joined by Potter Stewart and Byron R. White . But with the appointment of Thurgood Marshall , the first black justice ( as well as the first non-white justice ) , and Abe Fortas ( replacing Goldberg ) , Warren could count on six votes in most cases . Membership ( edit ) The Warren Court began when President Dwight D. Eisenhower appointed Earl Warren , the incumbent governor of California , to replace Fred Vinson as Chief Justice of the United States . The court began with Warren , Hugo Black , Stanley Forman Reed , Felix Frankfurter , William O. Douglas , Robert H. Jackson , Harold Hitz Burton , Tom C. Clark , and Sherman Minton. Jackson died in 1954 and Minton retired in 1956 , and they were replaced by John Marshall Harlan II and William Brennan . Another vacancy took place when Reed retired in 1957 , and was replaced by Charles Evans Whittaker , and then Burton retired in 1958 , with Eisenhower appointing Potter Stewart in his place . When Frankfurter and Whittaker retired in 1962 , it gave President John F. Kennedy a chance to appoint two new members : Byron White and Arthur Goldberg . However , President Lyndon B. Johnson encouraged Goldberg to resign in 1965 to become Ambassador of the United Nations , and nominated Abe Fortas to take his place . Clark retired in 1967 , and Johnson appointed Thurgood Marshall to the court . Chief Justice Associate Justice See also ( edit ) Supreme Court of the United States History of the Supreme Court of the United States Living Constitution References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sunstein , Cass Breyer 's Judicial Pragmatism University of Chicago Law School . November , 2005 . pg. 3 - 4 . ( `` To many people , the idea of judicial deference to the elected branches lost much of its theoretical appeal in the 1950s and 1960s , when the Supreme Court , under the leadership of Chief Justice Earl Warren , was invalidating school segregation ( Brown v. Bd. of Educ . ) , protecting freedom of speech ( Brandenburg v. Ohio ) striking down poll taxes ( Harper v. Bd. of Elections ) , requiring a rule of one person , one vote ( Reynolds v. Sims ) , and protecting accused criminals against police abuse ( Miranda v. Arizona ) . '' Jump up ^ Sunstein at 4 ( `` Is it possible to defend the Warren Court against the charge that its decisions were fatally undemocratic ? The most elaborate effort came from John Hart Ely , the Warren Court 's most celebrated expositor and defender , who famously argued for what he called a `` representation - reinforcing '' approach to judicial review . Like Thayer , Ely emphasized the central importance for democratic self - rule . But Ely famously insisted that if self - rule is really our lodestar , then unqualified judicial deference to legislatures is utterly senseless . Some rights , Ely argued , are indispensable to self - rule , and the Court legitimately protects those rights not in spite of democracy but in its name . The right to vote and the right to speak are the central examples . Courts promote democracy when they protect those rights. `` ) Jump up ^ Sunstein at 4 ( `` Ely went much further . He argued that some groups are at a systematic disadvantage in the democratic process , and that when courts protect ' discrete and insular minorities , ' they are reinforcing democracy too . '' ) Jump up ^ Schwartz , Bernard ( 1996 ) The Warren Court : A Retrospective Oxford University Press , pg. 5 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 510439 - 0 ( preview ) Jump up ^ Schwartz ( 1996 ) , pg. 6 . Jump up ^ Tushnet , Mark The Warren Court : in Historical and Political Perspective . ( 1996 ) . pp 40 - 42 . Jump up ^ Introduction to Cooper v. Aaron Jump up ^ Richard H. Fallon , The Dynamic Constitution : An Introduction to American Constitutional Law ( 2005 ) p 23 Jump up ^ Zietlow , Rebecca E. ( January 23 , 2007 ) . `` The Judicial Restraint of the Warren Court ( and Why it Matters ) '' . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chief Justice Warren '' . Harvard Law Review . 83 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 5 , 1 . November 1969 . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 -- via Heinonline.org . Jump up ^ White ( 1982 ) pp 159 - 61 Jump up ^ Michael R. Belknap , The Supreme Court under Earl Warren , 1953 - 1969 ( 2005 ) pp. 13 - 14 Jump up ^ In later years Eisenhower remarked several times that making Warren the Chief Justice was a mistake . He probably had the criminal cases in mind , not Brown . See David . A. Nichols , Matter of Justice : Eisenhower and the Beginning of the Civil Rights Revolution ( 2007 ) pp 91 - 93 Jump up ^ Powe ( 2000 ) Jump up ^ See `` Biographies : NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund , Inc. , Teaching Judicial History , fjc.gov '' Jump up ^ See Smithsonian , `` Separate is Not Equal : Brown v. Board of Education ' ' Jump up ^ For text see BROWN v. BOARD OF EDUCATION , 347 U.S. 483 ( 1954 ) Jump up ^ Robert L. Carter , `` The Warren Court and Desegregation , '' Michigan Law Review , Vol. 67 , No. 2 ( Dec. , 1968 ) , pp. 237 - 248 in JSTOR Jump up ^ White , Earl Warren , a public life ( 1982 ) p. 208 Jump up ^ White , Earl Warren , a public life ( 1982 ) p. 161 Jump up ^ Patterson , Brown v. Board of Education : A Civil Rights Milestone and Its Troubled Legacy ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ James A. Gazell , `` One Man , One Vote : Its Long Germination , '' The Western Political Quarterly , Vol. 23 , No. 3 ( Sep. , 1970 ) , pp. 445 - 462 in JSTOR Jump up ^ See REYNOLDS v. SIMS , 377 U.S. 533 ( 1964 ) Jump up ^ Robert B. McKay , `` Reapportionment : Success Story of the Warren Court . '' Michigan Law Review , Vol. 67 , No. 2 ( Dec. , 1968 ) , pp. 223 - 236 in JSTOR Jump up ^ See MIRANDA v. ARIZONA , 384 U.S. 436 ( 1966 ) Jump up ^ Ronald Kahn and Ken I. Kersch , eds . The Supreme Court and American Political Development ( 2006 ) online at p. 442 Jump up ^ Thomas Sowell , The Vision of the Anointed : Self - congratulation as a Basis for Social Policy ( 1995 ) online at p. 26 - 29 Jump up ^ See ENGEL v. VITALE , 370 U.S. 421 ( 1962 ) Jump up ^ See Griswold v. Connecticut ( No. 496 ) 151 Conn. 544 , 200 A. 2d 479 , reversed Jump up ^ Michal R. Belknap , The Supreme Court under Earl Warren , 1953 - 1969 ( 2005 ) Further reading ( edit ) Atkins , Burton M. and Terry Sloope . `` The ' New ' Hugo Black and the Warren Court , '' Polity , Apr 1986 , Vol. 18 # 4 pp 621 -- 637 ; argues that in the 1960s Black moved to the right on cases involving civil liberties , civil rights , and economic liberalism . Ball , Howard , and Phillip Cooper . `` Fighting Justices : Hugo L. Black and William O. Douglas and Supreme Court Conflict , '' American Journal of Legal History , Jan 1994 , Vol. 38 # 1 pp 1 -- 37 Belknap , Michal , The Supreme Court Under Earl Warren , 1953 - 1969 ( 2005 ) , 406pp excerpt and text search Eisler , Kim Isaac . The Last Liberal : Justice William J. Brennan , Jr. and the Decisions That Transformed America ( 2003 ) Hockett , Jeffrey D. `` Justices Frankfurter and Black : Social Theory and Constitutional Interpretation , '' Political Science Quarterly , Vol. 107 # 3 ( 1992 ) , pp. 479 -- 499 in JSTOR Horwitz , Morton J. The Warren Court and the Pursuit of Justice ( 1999 ) excerpt and text search Lewis , Anthony . `` Earl Warren '' in Leon Friedman and Fred L. Israel , eds . The Justices of the United States Supreme Court : Their Lives and Major Opinions . Volume : 4 . ( 1997 ) pp 1373 -- 1400 ; includes all members of the Warren Court . online edition Marion , David E. The Jurisprudence of Justice William J. Brennan , Jr. ( 1997 ) Patterson , James T. Brown v. Board of Education : A Civil Rights Milestone and Its Troubled Legacy ( 2001 ) online edition Powe , Lucas A ... The Warren Court and American Politics ( 2002 ) excerpt and text search Scheiber , Harry N. Earl Warren and the Warren Court : The Legacy in American and Foreign Law ( 2006 ) Schwartz , Bernard . The Warren Court : A Retrospective ( 1996 ) excerpt and text search Schwartz , Bernard . `` Chief Justice Earl Warren : Super Chief in Action . '' Journal of Supreme Court History 1998 ( 1 ) : 112 - 132 Silverstein , Mark . Constitutional Faiths : Felix Frankfurter , Hugo Black , and the Process of Judicial Decision Making ( 1984 ) Tushnet , Mark . The Warren Court in Historical and Political Perspective ( 1996 ) excerpt and text search Urofsky , Melvin I. `` William O. Douglas and Felix Frankfurter : Ideology and Personality on the Supreme Court , '' History Teacher , Nov 1990 , Vol. 24 # 1 pp 7 -- 18 Wasby , Stephen L. `` Civil Rights and the Supreme Court : A Return of the Past , '' National Political Science Review , July 1993 , Vol. 4 , pp 49 -- 60 White , G. Edward . Earl Warren ( 1982 ) , biography by a leading scholar External links ( edit ) The Legacy of the Warren Court , Time Magazine , 4 July 1969 Supreme Court of the United States The Court Lists of cases Procedures Supreme Court Building Court demographics Ideological leanings Appointment and confirmation Current members Chief Justice John Roberts Associate Justices Anthony Kennedy Clarence Thomas Ruth Bader Ginsburg Stephen Breyer Samuel Alito Sonia Sotomayor Elena Kagan Neil Gorsuch Retired Justices John Paul Stevens Sandra Day O'Connor David Souter Current nominations No vacancies History Jay Court ( 1789 -- 1795 ) Rutledge Court ( 1795 ) Ellsworth Court ( 1796 -- 1800 ) Marshall Court ( 1801 -- 1835 ) Taney Court ( 1836 -- 1864 ) Chase Court ( 1864 -- 1873 ) Waite Court ( 1874 -- 1888 ) Fuller Court ( 1888 -- 1910 ) White Court ( 1910 -- 1921 ) Taft Court ( 1921 -- 1930 ) Hughes Court ( 1930 -- 1941 ) Stone Court ( 1941 -- 1946 ) Vinson Court ( 1946 -- 1953 ) Warren Court ( 1953 -- 1969 ) Burger Court ( 1969 -- 1986 ) Rehnquist Court ( 1986 -- 2005 ) Roberts Court ( 2005 -- present ) Lists of justices and nominees Chief justices Associate justices All justices court seat education time in office timelines Justices who served in Congress All nominations Unsuccessful nominations Nominations near end of presidency Statutes affecting Court size Judiciary Act of 1789 Judiciary Act of 1801 Judiciary Act of 1802 Seventh Circuit Act of 1807 Eighth and Ninth Circuits Act of 1837 Tenth Circuit Act of 1863 Judicial Circuits Act of 1866 Judiciary Act of 1869 Court functionaries Clerk Marshal Supreme Court Police Reporter of Decisions Lists of law clerks Chief Justice Seat 1 Seat 2 Seat 3 Seat 4 Seat 6 Seat 8 Seat 9 Seat 10 All Former locations Old City Hall , Philadelphia Old Supreme Court Chamber , U.S. Capitol Old Senate Chamber , U.S. Capitol Related United States Solicitor General United States Reports Lawyers ' Edition Amicus curiae Article III , U.S. Constitution Original jurisdiction Burial places of justices The Court in fiction Other countries Law Portal Chief Justices of the United States John Jay ( 1789 -- 1795 ; cases ) John Rutledge ( 1795 ; cases ) Oliver Ellsworth ( 1796 -- 1800 ; cases ) John Marshall ( 1801 -- 1835 ; cases ) Roger B. Taney ( 1836 -- 1864 ; cases ) Salmon P. Chase ( 1864 -- 1873 ; cases ) Morrison Waite ( 1874 -- 1888 ; cases ) Melville Fuller ( 1888 -- 1910 ; cases ) Edward Douglass White ( 1910 -- 1921 ; cases ) William Howard Taft ( 1921 -- 1930 ; cases ) Charles Evans Hughes ( 1930 -- 1941 ; cases ) Harlan F. Stone ( 1941 -- 1946 ; cases ) Fred M. Vinson ( 1946 -- 1953 ; cases ) Earl Warren ( 1953 -- 1969 ; cases ) Warren E. Burger ( 1969 -- 1986 ; cases ) William Rehnquist ( 1986 -- 2005 ; cases ) John Roberts ( 2005 -- present ; cases ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Warren_Court&oldid=841727280 '' Categories : United States Supreme Court history by court 1950s in the United States 1960s in the United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 17 May 2018 , at 17 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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why does the sky go red in the morning	The rhyme is a rule of thumb used for weather forecasting during the past two millennia . It is based on the reddish glow of the morning or evening sky , caused by haze or clouds related to storms in the region . If the morning skies are red , it is because clear skies over the horizon to the east permit the sun to light the undersides of moisture - bearing clouds . The saying assumes that more such clouds are coming in from the west . Conversely , in order to see red clouds in the evening , sunlight must have a clear path from the west , so therefore the prevailing westerly wind must be bringing clear skies .		Red sky at morning	red sky at morning	The common phrase `` red sky at morning '' is a line from an ancient rhyme often repeated by mariners :	Red sky at night , sailors ' delight . Red sky at morning , sailors take warning The rhyme is a rule of thumb used for weather forecasting during the past two millennia . It is based on the reddish glow of the morning or evening sky , caused by haze or clouds related to storms in the region . If the morning skies are red , it is because clear skies over the horizon to the east permit the sun to light the undersides of moisture - bearing clouds . The saying assumes that more such clouds are coming in from the west . Conversely , in order to see red clouds in the evening , sunlight must have a clear path from the west , so therefore the prevailing westerly wind must be bringing clear skies . There are occasions where a storm system might rain itself out before reaching the observer ( who had seen the morning red sky ) . For ships at sea however , the wind and rough seas from an approaching storm system could still be a problem , even without rainfall . Because of different prevailing wind patterns around the globe , the traditional rhyme is generally not correct at lower latitudes of both hemispheres , where prevailing winds are from east to west . The rhyme is generally correct at mid-latitudes where , due to the rotation of the Earth , prevailing winds travel west to east . Like a red morn that ever yet betokened , Wreck to the seaman , tempest to the field , Sorrow to the shepherds , woe unto the birds , Gusts and foul flaws to herdmen and to herds . from Shakespeare 's Venus and Adonis The perils are foreshadowed using the archaic word `` betokened '' ; some versions use the archaic term `` Wrack '' ( for the word `` Wreck '' ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Other versions 3 See also 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) In Matthew 16 : 2b -- 3 , Jesus says : When it is evening , you say , `` It will be fair weather ; for the sky is red . '' And in the morning , `` It will be stormy today , for the sky is red and threatening . '' Other versions ( edit ) Red sky at morning , at sea There are other variations of the wording , including the following version using the plural word `` sailors '' : Red sky at night , sailors ' delight . Red sky at morning , sailors ' warning ; Another version uses the word `` shepherds '' : Red sky at night , shepherds ' delight ; Red sky in the morning , shepherds ' warning . See also ( edit ) Diffraction Weather lore `` Red Skies '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Kentucky Weather , by Jerry D. Hill , 2005 , p. 139 , web : Books - Google - ikC ^ Jump up to : `` GuideLines - Buoy & Marker Messages '' , Paddling.net , 2009 , webpage : PN - 297 ^ Jump up to : `` Weathervanes and Weather Wisdom . - Weather Station Channel '' , www.usedweatherstation.com , 2009 , webpage : UsedWeath - 6300 Jump up ^ The Complete Sea Kayaker 's Handbook , Shelley Johnson , 2001 , p. 171 , weblink : Books - Google - IC Jump up ^ `` Everyday Mysteries '' , Library of Congress , February 12 , 2009 , webpage : LOC - wsailor Jump up ^ `` Bible Gateway passage : Matthew 16 : 2 - 3 - New American Standard Bible '' . Bible Gateway . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 15 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Sunrises at Wikimedia Commons This old saying actually has a scientific explanation National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) Earth System Research Laboratory Everyday Mysteries , Library of Congress GND : 4397507 - 0 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_sky_at_morning&oldid=799257314 '' Categories : Adages Weather lore Maritime folklore Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Deutsch Eesti Lietuvių Nederlands Polski Русский Svenska Татарча / tatarça Українська Žemaitėška Edit links This page was last edited on 6 September 2017 , at 16 : 39 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red%20sky%20at%20morning	2,430
who sang always something there to remind me original	`` ( There 's ) Always Something There to Remind Me '' Single by Lou Johnson B - side `` Would n't That Be Something '' Released 1964 Format 7 '' single Genre Pop , soul Length 2 : 58 Label Big Hill Songwriter ( s ) Burt Bacharach , Hal David Producer ( s ) Burt Bacharach Lou Johnson singles chronology `` Reach Out for Me '' ( 1963 ) `` ( There 's ) Always Something There to Remind Me '' ( 1964 ) `` Kentucky Bluebird ( Message To Martha ) '' ( 1964 ) `` Reach Out for Me '' ( 1963 ) `` ( There 's ) Always Something There to Remind Me '' ( 1964 ) `` Kentucky Bluebird ( Message To Martha ) '' ( 1964 )	Lou Johnson	( There 's ) Always Something There to Remind Me	( there's ) always something there to remind me		`` Reach Out for Me '' ( 1963 ) `` ( There 's ) Always Something There to Remind Me '' ( 1964 ) `` Kentucky Bluebird ( Message To Martha ) '' ( 1964 ) `` ( There 's ) Always Something There to Remind Me '' is a song written in the 1960s by songwriting team Burt Bacharach and Hal David . Contents 1 Lyrics 2 First charting versions 3 Chart history ( Sandie Shaw ) 4 Naked Eyes version 4.1 Chart history 4.1. 1 Weekly charts 4.1. 2 Year - end charts 5 Tin Tin Out featuring Espiritu version 5.1 Critical reception 5.2 Chart history 5.2. 1 Weekly charts 6 Other versions 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Lyrics ( edit ) The lyrics are from the point of view of a man who has just broken up with his lover . He would prefer to forget about her , but everywhere he goes there is always something there to remind him . First charting versions ( edit ) `` ( There 's ) Always Something There to Remind Me '' Single by Sandie Shaw B - side `` Do n't You Know '' Released 1964 Format 7 '' single Recorded 1964 Genre Pop Length 2 : 42 Label Pye , Reprise ( US ) Songwriter ( s ) Burt Bacharach , Hal David Producer ( s ) Tony Hatch Sandie Shaw singles chronology `` As Long As You 're Happy Baby '' ( 1964 ) `` ( There 's ) Always Something There to Remind Me '' ( 1964 ) `` I 'd Be Far Better Off Without You '' ( 1964 ) `` As Long As You 're Happy Baby '' ( 1964 ) `` ( There 's ) Always Something There to Remind Me '' ( 1964 ) `` I 'd Be Far Better Off Without You '' ( 1964 ) `` Always Something There to Remind Me '' Single by R.B. Greaves from the album R.B. Greaves B - side `` Oh When I Was a Boy '' Released 1969 Format 7 '' single Recorded 1969 Genre Pop Length 3 : 09 Label Atco Songwriter ( s ) Burt Bacharach , Hal David Producer ( s ) Ahmet Ertegun , Jackson Howe R.B. Greaves singles chronology `` Take a Letter Maria '' ( 1969 ) `` Always Something There to Remind Me '' ( 1969 ) `` Fire & Rain '' ( 1970 ) `` Take a Letter Maria '' ( 1969 ) `` Always Something There to Remind Me '' ( 1969 ) `` Fire & Rain '' ( 1970 ) Originally recorded as a demo by Dionne Warwick in 1963 , `` ( There 's ) Always Something There to Remind Me '' first charted for Lou Johnson whose version reached # 49 on the Billboard Hot 100 in the summer of 1964 . British impresario Eve Taylor heard Johnson 's version while on a US visit scouting for material for her recent discovery Sandie Shaw , who consequently covered the song for the UK market . Rush - released in September 1964 , the song was premiered by Shaw with a performance on Ready Steady Go ! , the pop music TV program . The first week after its release , the single sold 65,000 copies . Shaw 's version reached # 1 on the UK charts in three weeks , spending three weeks at # 1 in November 1964 , and that same month it debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 . However , despite reaching the Top Ten in some markets including Detroit and Miami Shaw 's version failed to best the US showing of the Lou Johnson original ; the Hot 100 peak of Shaw 's version was # 52 . A # 1 hit in Canada and South Africa , Shaw 's version of `` ... Always Something There to Remind Me '' was also a hit in Australia ( # 16 ) , Ireland ( # 7 ) and the Netherlands ( # 10 ) , the track 's success in the last territory not precluding hit status for the Dutch rendering by Edwin Rutten ( nl ) entitled `` Ik moet altijd weer opnieuw aan je denken '' ( # 12 ) . Shaw herself recorded `` ... Always Something There to Remind Me '' in French , as `` Toujours un coin qui me rappelle '' , with lyrics by Ralph Bernet ( fr ) , which reached # 19 in France . A cover by Eddy Mitchell was more successful , reaching # 2 in France in April 1965 and also reaching # 3 on Belgium 's French - language chart . Shaw made a bid for a German hit as well , rendering `` ... Always Something There to Remind Me '' as `` Einmal glücklich sein wie die ander'n '' . It was not a success . Chart history ( Sandie Shaw ) ( edit ) This section may be in need of reorganization to comply with Wikipedia 's layout guidelines . Please help by editing the article to make improvements to the overall structure . ( June 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) English version Chart ( 1964 - 65 ) Peak position Australia 16 Canada The Netherlands 10 Ireland 7 New Zealand ( Lever ) 6 South Africa UK U.S. Billboard Hot 100 52 U.S. Cash Box Top 100 49 French version Chart ( 1965 ) Peak position Belgium France Naked Eyes version ( edit ) `` Always Something There to Remind Me '' Single by Naked Eyes from the album Burning Bridges B - side `` The Time Is Now '' Released January 1983 Format 45 Recorded September 1982 Genre New wave , synthpop Length 3 : 18 3 : 40 ( 7 '' & LP ) Label EMI EMI America Records ( North America ) Songwriter ( s ) Burt Bacharach , Hal David Producer ( s ) Tony Mansfield Naked Eyes singles chronology `` Always Something There to Remind Me '' ( 1983 ) `` Voices In My Head '' ( 1983 ) `` Always Something There to Remind Me '' ( 1983 ) `` Voices In My Head '' ( 1983 ) Twenty years after its composition , `` Always Something There to Remind Me '' ( so titled ) reached the US Top 20 for the first time via a synthpop reinvention of the song by Naked Eyes which reached the Top Ten on the Billboard Hot 100 in the summer of 1983 . Vocalist Pete Byrne and keyboardist Rob Fisher first cut `` Always Something There to Remind Me '' as one of a number of demos recorded in Bristol upon forming the duo later known as Naked Eyes in early 1982 . Byrne would recall : `` I had always loved ( the ) song ( '' Always Something There to Remind Me `` ) , so we called a friend who had the record , he read the lyric over the phone and we put it together from memory . '' On the strength of the demos cut in Bristol Byrne and Fisher were signed to EMI Records in May 1982 and the track `` Always Something There to Remind Me '' was cut 1 September 1982 in a session at Abbey Road Studios produced by Tony Mansfield . Byrne would recall : `` The record was recorded at Abbey Road , and we were invited to a party downstairs , with Paul McCartney and many other stars ... When we returned upstairs to the studio around 1 a.m. , I decided to have a go at the vocal , It was the first time I have ever recorded a vocal in one take '' . Released in the US in January 1983 , Naked Eyes ' `` Always Something There to Remind Me '' gradually gained attention entering the Billboard Hot 100 in March 1983 to peak at # 8 that June . The cachet of entering the US Top Ten allowed the single , previously overlooked in its performers ' United Kingdom homeland , to make a July 1983 UK chart debut , although it only rose to # 59 . `` Always Something There to Remind Me '' did afford Naked Eyes ' Top 10 success in other countries besides the United States : Australia ( # 7 ) , Canada ( # 9 ) and New Zealand ( # 2 ) . In Brazil , the song was included on the international soundtrack of the soap opera `` Guerra dos Sexos / War Of the Sexes '' in 1983 . Naked Eyes re-recorded the song as an acoustic version for the 2007 album Fumbling with the Covers . In the Philippines , the song was one of the most popular singles released in 1983 . Naked Eyes ' version appears in a 2017 commercial for T - Mobile , as well as the trailer for the fifth season for Arrested Development in 2018 . Chart history ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1983 ) Peak position Australia KMR 7 Canada RPM Top Singles 9 New Zealand UK ( OCC ) 59 US Billboard Hot 100 8 US Billboard Adult Contemporary 31 US Billboard Dance / Disco 37 US Cash Box Top 100 7 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1983 ) Rank Australia 42 Canada 60 New Zealand 21 US Billboard Hot 100 46 US Cash Box 50 Tin Tin Out featuring Espiritu version ( edit ) `` Always ( Something There to Remind Me ) '' Single by Tin Tin Out featuring Espiritu from the album Always B - side `` Remix '' Released 1995 Format 12 '' single CD single Genre House Length 3 : 29 ( Original Edit ) 7 : 02 ( Original Mix ) Label WEA Songwriter ( s ) Burt Bacharach Hal David Producer ( s ) Darren Stokes Lindsay Edwards Tin Tin Out featuring Espiritu singles chronology `` Always ( Something There to Remind Me ) '' ( 1995 ) `` Here 's Where the Story Ends '' ( 1998 ) `` Always ( Something There to Remind Me ) '' ( 1995 ) `` Here 's Where the Story Ends '' ( 1998 ) Music video `` Always ( Something There to Remind Me ) '' on YouTube English electronic music duo comprising Darren Stokes and Lindsay Edward recorded a house cover of the song titled `` Always ( Something There to Remind Me ) '' in 1995 . It features vocals by singer Espiritu and went to # 14 on the UK Singles Chart and # 1 on the UK Dance Singles Chart . Critical reception ( edit ) Music & Media wrote about the song : `` The first thing she reminds you of is all the previous versions of this Burt Bacharach & Hal David song . Spirited and dancey as it is , it does n't make a poor figure at all . '' Chart history ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1995 ) Peak position Europe ( Eurochart Hot 100 ) 42 Ireland ( IRMA ) 28 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 16 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 14 UK Dance ( Official Charts Company ) Other versions ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Dionne Warwick re-recorded `` ( There 's ) Always Something There to Remind Me '' on 13 April 1967 in the same session which produced her Top 40 hit `` The Windows of the World '' , and it was on the July 1967 album release The Windows of the World that the first - named track was debuted . Warwick 's `` ( There 's ) Always Something There to Remind Me '' had a belated single release in August 1968 as the intended B - side of the Top 40 hit `` Who Is Gonna Love Me '' ; the first - named track received sufficient airplay to reach # 65 on the Hot 100 . Warwick 's re-recording was later featured in the Black Mirror series 4 finale , `` Black Museum '' . `` ( There 's ) Always Something There to Remind Me '' -- as `` Always Something There to Remind Me '' -- entered the US Top 40 for the first time via a version by R.B. Greaves which reached # 27 in February 1970 . Recorded at Muscle Shoals Sound Studio in 1969 , with production by Ahmet Ertegun and Jackson Howe , Greaves ' version was also a # 3 Easy Listening hit . Other artists who have recorded this song include Viola Wills , Patti LaBelle and The Bluebelles , Julius Wechter and the Baja Marimba Band , Braid , Lou Christie , José Feliciano , Wayne Fontana , The Four Seasons , the Hippos , Jay and the Americans , La Lupe , Brenda Lee , Peggy Lee , Jim O'Rourke and Thurston Moore , Martha and the Vandellas , Johnny Mathis , Ted Neeley , The Troggs , Don Williams ( when part of the Pozo - Seco Singers ) , Delroy Wilson , Blue Swede . Michael McDonald made his recording debut singing lead vocal on a 1968 single version by the Del - Rays . Sandie Shaw re-recorded the song in 1985 for the soundtrack of the movie Letter to Brezhnev . In 1965 , Percy Faith and his orchestra released an album titled Percy Faith Plays Latin Themes for Young Lovers that included an `` easy listening '' instrumental version of this song . In 1971 , The Carpenters released their eponymous third album titled Carpenters that has a `` Bacharach / David Medley '' which includes `` ( There 's ) Always Something There to Remind Me '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lou Johnson 's charting singles Retrieved December 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Billboard Magazine , October 1964 . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ Tim Warden . `` ARSA Sandie Shaw ( There 's ) Always Something There To Remind Me '' . Las-solanas.com . Archived from the original on 13 July 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ Sandie Shaw 's charting singles Retrieved December 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Single Top 100 page for Always Something There To Remind Me '' . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ Flavour of New Zealand , 3 December 1964 Jump up ^ Nielsen Business Media , Inc . ( November 14 , 1964 ) . Billboard . Billboard Magazine . p. 34 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cash Box Top 100 Singles , December 26 , 1964 ^ Jump up to : `` Naked Eyes interview '' . Discog.info . Archived from the original on 21 July 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ Naked Eyes ' charting singles Retrieved December 7 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 . St Ives , N.S.W : Australian Chart Book . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 1990 - ISBN 0 - 89820 - 089 - X Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1993 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 -- 1993 . Record Research . p. 171 . Jump up ^ Cash Box Top 100 Singles , July 2 , 1983 Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Singles of 1983 -- Volume 39 , No. 17 , December 24 1983 '' . RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts 1983 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Musicoutfitters.com Jump up ^ Cash Box Year - End Charts : Top 100 Pop Singles , December 31 , 1983 Jump up ^ `` New Releases : Singles '' ( PDF ) . Music & Media . October 22 , 1994 . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Eurochart Hot 100 Singles '' ( PDF ) . Music & Media . April 1 , 1995 . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dionne Warwick 's charting singles Retrieved December 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Oller , Jacob ( 3 January 2018 ) . `` In the Superb `` Black Museum , '' Black Mirror Looks at Its Own Reflection `` . pastemagazine.com ( Paste ) . Retrieved 24 August 2018 . Jump up ^ R.B. Greaves ' charting singles Retrieved December 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) , José Feliciano -- Feliciano ! Discogs album summary , Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 12 Jump up ^ `` The Del - Rays '' . Staxrecords.free.fr . Archived from the original on 12 June 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ Letter to Brezhnev , Original Soundtrack Retrieved December 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Percy Faith - Percy Faith Plays Latin Themes For Young Lovers '' . Discogs . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 15 . Further reading ( edit ) Serene Dominic . Burt Bacharach , song by song : the ultimate Burt Bacharach reference for fans . Schirmer Trade ( New York NY ) 2003 . ISBN 0 - 8256 - 7280 - 5 Karina , Spanish pop singer , recorded a cover for Hispavox Records in 1966 External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Dionne Warwick Discography Studio albums Presenting Dionne Warwick ( 1963 ) Anyone Who Had a Heart ( 1964 ) Make Way for Dionne Warwick ( 1964 ) The Sensitive Sound of Dionne Warwick ( 1965 ) Here I Am ( 1965 ) Here Where There Is Love ( 1966 ) On Stage and in the Movies ( 1967 ) The Windows of the World ( 1967 ) Dionne Warwick in Valley of the Dolls ( 1968 ) Promises , Promises ( 1968 ) Soulful ( 1969 ) I 'll Never Fall in Love Again ( 1970 ) Very Dionne ( 1970 ) Dionne ( 1979 ) No Night So Long ( 1980 ) Friends in Love ( 1982 ) Heartbreaker ( 1982 ) How Many Times Can We Say Goodbye ( 1983 ) Finder of Lost Loves ( 1985 ) Friends ( 1985 ) Reservations for Two ( 1987 ) Friends Can Be Lovers ( 1993 ) My Friends & Me ( 2006 ) Live albums Dionne Warwick in Paris ( 1966 ) Hot ! Live and Otherwise ( 1981 ) Christmas in Vienna II ( 1993 ) Compilation albums The Love Collection ( 2008 ) Singles `` Do n't Make Me Over '' `` Wishin ' and Hopin ' '' `` Anyone Who Had a Heart '' `` Walk On By '' `` You 'll Never Get to Heaven ( If You Break My Heart ) '' `` A House Is Not a Home '' `` Reach Out for Me '' `` Who Can I Turn To ? '' `` Are You There ( With Another Girl ) '' `` Message to Michael '' `` I Just Do n't Know What to Do with Myself '' `` Alfie '' `` The Windows of the World '' `` I Say a Little Prayer '' `` ( Theme from ) Valley of the Dolls '' `` Do You Know the Way to San Jose '' `` ( There 's ) Always Something There to Remind Me '' `` This Girl 's in Love with You '' `` You 've Lost That Lovin ' Feeling '' `` I 'll Never Fall in Love Again '' `` Make It Easy on Yourself '' `` The Good Life '' `` Then Came You '' `` By the Time I Get to Phoenix `` Only Love Can Break a Heart '' `` I 'll Never Love This Way Again '' `` Déjà Vu '' `` After You '' `` No Night So Long '' `` Easy Love '' `` Heartbreaker '' `` All the Love in the World '' `` Run to Me '' `` That 's What Friends Are For '' `` Love Power '' `` It 's All Over '' `` What the World Needs Now Is Love '' Book Jay and the Americans Sandy Deanne Howie Kane Jay Reincke Marty Sanders Jay Traynor Kenny Vance Jay Black Studio albums She Cried Come a Little Bit Closer Blockbusters Sunday and Me Livin ' Above Your Head Try Some of This ! Sands of Time Wax Museum Capture the Moment Singles `` She Cried '' `` Come a Little Bit Closer '' `` Let 's Lock the Door ( And Throw Away the Key ) '' `` Cara Mia '' `` Some Enchanted Evening '' `` Sunday and Me '' `` Crying '' `` No Other Love '' `` This Magic Moment '' `` Walkin ' in the Rain '' `` There Goes My Baby '' Cover songs `` Here , There and Everywhere '' `` Hushabye '' `` It 's a Big Wide Wonderful World '' `` Maria '' `` Monday , Monday '' `` Nature Boy '' `` Since I Do n't Have You '' `` Solitary Man '' `` The Sun Ai n't Gonna Shine ( Anymore ) '' `` ( There 's ) Always Something There to Remind Me '' `` Tonight '' Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=(There%27s)_Always_Something_There_to_Remind_Me&oldid=864591212 '' Categories : 1964 singles 1970 singles 1983 singles 1995 singles 1983 songs Songs with lyrics by Hal David Songs with music by Burt Bacharach Dionne Warwick songs Sandie Shaw songs Naked Eyes songs R.B. Greaves songs José Feliciano songs The Four Seasons ( band ) songs Jay and the Americans songs Brenda Lee songs Peggy Lee songs Martha and the Vandellas songs Johnny Mathis songs Blue Swede songs Viola Wills songs Dusty Springfield songs The Troggs songs The Carpenters songs Tin Tin Out songs RPM Top Singles number - one singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles Debut singles Pye Records singles Reprise Records singles Atco Records singles EMI Records singles EMI America Records singles Song recordings produced by Tony Mansfield Song recordings produced by Tony Hatch 1963 songs Torch songs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Interlanguage link template link number Wikipedia articles needing reorganization from June 2018 Articles needing additional references from December 2013 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Português Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 18 October 2018 , at 06 : 41 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%28There%2527s%29%20Always%20Something%20There%20to%20Remind%20Me	2,431
who plays kevin's girlfriend on this is us			This Is Us ( TV series )	this is us ( tv series )	This Is Us is an American television series created by Dan Fogelman that premiered on NBC on September 20 , 2016 . The ensemble cast stars Milo Ventimiglia , Mandy Moore , Sterling K. Brown , Chrissy Metz , Justin Hartley , Susan Kelechi Watson , Chris Sullivan , and Ron Cephas Jones . It is about the family lives and connections of several people who all share the same birthday and the ways in which they are similar and different .	The series has received positive reviews since its premiere , receiving nominations for Best Television Series -- Drama at the 74th Golden Globe Awards and Best Drama Series at the 7th Critics ' Choice Awards , as well as being chosen as a Top Television Program by the American Film Institute . The cast has received accolades , with Mandy Moore and Chrissy Metz receiving Golden Globe nominations for Best Supporting Actress , and Sterling K. Brown receiving a SAG nomination for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series . It was also nominated and won the MTV Movie & TV Awards for Best Tearjerker Moment in 2017 . On September 27 , 2016 , NBC picked up the series for a full season of 18 episodes . In January 2017 , NBC renewed the series for two additional seasons of 18 episodes each , for a total of 36 additional episodes . The second season is set to premiere on September 26 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Episodes 3.1 Season 1 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 3.2 Season 2 4 Release 4.1 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Ratings 5.3 Accolades 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Series overview ( edit ) The series follows siblings Kate , Kevin and Randall as their lives intertwine . Kate and Kevin were originally part of a triplet pregnancy , conceived in the bathroom of Froggy 's , a bar , during Super Bowl XIV . Their due date was October 12 , 1980 , but they were born six weeks early on August 31 ; their biological brother was stillborn . Their parents , Jack and Rebecca , having expected to bring home three babies , decide to adopt another newborn : Randall , a black child born the same day and brought to the same hospital after his biological father abandoned him at a fire station . Episodes weave through the stories of the past and present of the characters , with most scenes taking place in 1980 , 1989 -- 1995 , and the present day ( 2016 -- 2017 ) . Flashback scenes take place in Pittsburgh , while current scenes are typically split between Los Angeles , New Jersey , and New York City . Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Average viewership ( in millions ) 18 September 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 20 ) March 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 14 ) 6 14.70 18 September 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) TBA TBA TBA Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of This Is Us characters Main cast members ( L -- R ) Jones , Watson , Brown , Ventimiglia , Moore , Hartley , Metz , and Sullivan at PaleyFest 2017 Main ( edit ) Milo Ventimiglia as Jack Pearson : Rebecca 's husband , and Kate , Kevin , & Randall 's father . Mandy Moore as Rebecca Pearson ( née Malone ) : Jack 's wife , and Kate , Kevin , & Randall 's mother . Sterling K. Brown as Randall Pearson : Jack & Rebecca 's son , and Kate & Kevin 's brother . Also played by Niles Fitch ( age 15 ) and Lonnie Chavis ( ages 8 -- 10 ) . Chrissy Metz as Kate Pearson : Jack & Rebecca 's daughter , and Kevin & Randall 's sister . Also played by Hannah Zeile ( age 15 ) and Mackenzie Hancsicsak ( ages 8 -- 10 ) . Justin Hartley as Kevin Pearson : Jack & Rebecca 's son , and Kate & Randall 's brother . Also played by Logan Shroyer ( age 15 ) and Parker Bates ( ages 8 -- 10 ) . Susan Kelechi Watson as Beth Pearson : Randall 's wife , and mother of Tess and Annie . Chris Sullivan as Toby Damon : Kate 's fiancé . Ron Cephas Jones as William H. Hill ( aka Shakespeare ) : Randall 's biological father . Also played by Jermel Nakia as a youth . Recurring ( edit ) Eris Baker as Tess Pearson : Randall and Beth 's older daughter . Faithe Herman as Annie Pearson : Randall and Beth 's younger daughter . Jon Huertas as Miguel : Jack 's best friend and Rebecca 's second husband . Huertas will be promoted to the main cast for the second season . Gerald McRaney as Dr. Nathan Katowski ( aka Dr. K ) : An elderly widower , who delivers Kate and Kevin . Janet Montgomery as Olivia Maine : Kevin 's former stage partner and ex-girlfriend . Milana Vayntrub as Sloane Sandburg : Kevin 's stage partner and ex-girlfriend . Ryan Michelle Bathe as Yvette : A family friend of the Pearsons . Denis O'Hare as Jesse : William 's friend and former romantic partner . Adam Bartley as Duke : The stable worker at the weight - loss camp Kate attends . Alexandra Breckenridge as Sophie : Kate 's childhood best friend as well as Kevin 's childhood love and ex-wife . Also played by Amanda Leighton ( age 15 ) and Sophia Coto ( age 10 ) . Breckenridge will be promoted to the main cast for the second season . Jill Johnson as Laurie : A member of Toby and Kate 's weight - loss support group . Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) Main article : This Is Us ( season 1 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' John Requa & Glenn Ficarra Dan Fogelman September 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 20 ) 1AZC01 10.07 `` The Big Three '' Ken Olin Dan Fogelman September 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 27 ) 1AZC02 8.75 `` Kyle '' John Requa & Glenn Ficarra Dan Fogelman October 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 11 ) 1AZC03 9.87 `` The Pool '' John Requa & Glenn Ficarra Dan Fogelman & Donald Todd October 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 18 ) 1AZC04 9.71 5 5 `` The Game Plan '' George Tillman Joe Lawson October 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 25 ) 1AZC05 8.68 6 6 `` Career Days '' Craig Zisk Bekah Brunstetter November 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 01 ) 1AZC06 8.48 7 7 `` The Best Washing Machine in the World '' Silas Howard K.J. Steinberg November 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 15 ) 1AZC07 9.50 8 8 `` Pilgrim Rick '' Sarah Pia Anderson Isaac Aptaker & Elizabeth Berger November 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 22 ) 1AZC08 9.00 9 9 `` The Trip '' Uta Briesewitz Vera Herbert November 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 29 ) 1AZC09 10.53 10 10 `` Last Christmas '' Helen Hunt Donald Todd December 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 06 ) 1AZC10 10.95 11 11 `` The Right Thing to Do '' Timothy Busfield Aurin Squire January 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 10 ) 1AZC11 10.48 12 12 `` The Big Day '' Ken Olin Dan Fogelman & Laura Kenar January 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 17 ) 1AZC12 9.59 13 13 `` Three Sentences '' Chris Koch Joe Lawson & Bekah Brunstetter January 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 24 ) 1AZC13 9.63 14 14 `` I Call Marriage '' George Tillman Jr . Kay Oyegun February 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 07 ) 1AZC14 9.57 15 15 `` Jack Pearson 's Son '' Ken Olin Isaac Aptaker & Elizabeth Berger February 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 14 ) 1AZC15 9.03 16 16 `` Memphis '' John Requa & Glenn Ficarra Dan Fogelman February 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 21 ) 1AZC16 9.35 17 17 `` What Now ? '' Wendey Stanzler K.J. Steinberg & Vera Herbert March 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 07 ) 1AZC17 11.15 18 18 `` Moonshadow '' Ken Olin Dan Fogelman , Issac Aptaker & Elizabeth Berger March 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 14 ) 1AZC18 12.84 Season 2 ( edit ) Main article : This Is Us ( season 2 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 19 `` A Father 's Advice '' TBA TBA September 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) TBA TBD 20 `` A Manny - Splendored Thing '' TBA TBA October 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 03 ) TBA TBD Release ( edit ) Home Media ( edit ) In May 2017 , Hulu acquired the SVOD rights to new and past episodes of the series to air exclusively on Hulu , in addition to NBC.com and the NBC app . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 89 % approval rating with an average rating of 7.7 / 10 based on 56 reviews . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Featuring full - tilt heartstring - tugging family drama , This Is Us will provide a suitable surrogate for those who have felt a void in their lives since Parenthood went off the air . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 76 out of 100 based on 34 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Entertainment Weekly gave the first few episodes of This Is Us a rating of B , calling it `` a refreshing respite from the relational violence and pessimism that marks the other buzz soaps that have bubbled forth from a culture of divisiveness '' . Moreover , they praised all the actors , specifically Sterling K. Brown , for being able to navigate `` his scenes with such intelligence , authenticity , and charisma '' . Ratings ( edit ) Season Timeslot ( ET ) Episodes First aired Last aired TV season Rank Avg . viewers ( millions ) 18 -- 49 rating ( average ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Tuesday 10 : 00 pm ( 1 -- 2 , 11 ) Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( 3 -- 10 , 12 -- 18 ) 18 September 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 20 ) 10.07 March 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 14 ) 12.84 2016 -- 17 6 14.70 4.6 / 16 Tuesday 9 : 00 pm 18 September 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) TBD TBA TBD 2017 -- 18 TBD TBD TBD Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2016 African - American Critics Association Awards Top Ten TV Show This Is Us Won American Film Institute Awards TV Program of the Year This Is Us Won Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Drama Series This Is Us Nominated Most Exciting New Series This Is Us Won 2017 ACE Eddie Awards Best Edited One Hour Series for Commercial Television David L. Bertman ( for `` Pilot '' ) Won Golden Globe Awards Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Chrissy Metz Nominated Mandy Moore Nominated Best Television Series -- Drama This Is Us Nominated MTV Movie & TV Awards Best Actor in a Show Mandy Moore Nominated Show of the Year This Is Us Nominated Tearjerker Milo Ventimiglia and Lonnie Chavis ( Jack and Randall at Karate ) Won NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series Sterling K. Brown Won Outstanding Drama Series This Is Us Nominated Outstanding Performance by a Youth Lonnie Chavis Nominated Peabody Awards Entertainment and Children 's programs This Is Us Nominated People 's Choice Awards Favorite Actor in a New TV Series Milo Ventimiglia Nominated Favorite Actress in a New TV Series Mandy Moore Nominated Favorite New TV Drama This Is Us Won Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series Sterling K. Brown Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice TV : Breakout Star Chrissy Metz Nominated Choice TV Actor : Drama Sterling K. Brown Nominated Milo Ventimiglia Nominated Choice TV Show : Drama This Is Us Nominated Television Critics Association Awards Individual Achievement in Drama Sterling K. Brown Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Drama This Is Us Nominated Outstanding New Program This Is Us Won Program of the Year This Is Us Nominated Writers Guild of America Awards Episodic Drama Vera Herbert ( for `` The Trip '' ) Won New Series This Is Us Nominated Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Drama Series This Is Us Pending Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series Milo Ventimiglia Pending Sterling K. Brown Pending Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Ron Cephas Jones Pending Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Chrissy Metz Pending Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series Brian Tyree Henry Nominated Gerald McRaney Won Denis O'Hare Nominated Outstanding Casting for a Drama Series Bernard Telsey , Tiffany Little Canfield Nominated Outstanding Makeup for a Single - Camera Series ( Non-Prosthetic ) Zoe Hay , Heather Plott , Elizabeth Hoel - Chang , Judith Lynn Staats , John Damiani Nominated Seoul International Drama Awards Grand Prize This Is Us Won Best Director Dan Fogelman Nominated Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ In 2017 , Hala Bahmet , Marina Ray and Elinor Bardach were nominated for Outstanding Costumes for a Contemporary Series , Limited Series , or Movie . The nomination was rescinded after it was determined that the submitted episode `` Moonshadow '' was primarily set in the 1970s , violating the TV Academy 's rule that `` more than 50 percent '' of the episode must be contemporary ( within 25 years of the air date ) . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Bianco , Robert ( September 20 , 2016 ) , `` Review : ' This is Us ' is heartfelt ( if sweet - toothed ) family drama '' , USA Today , archived from the original on February 18 , 2017 Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' Gets Full - Season Order At NBC For Total Of 18 Episodes '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2016 . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Roots , Kimberly ( January 18 , 2017 ) . `` This Is Us Renewed for Seasons 2 and 3 '' . TVLine . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2017 . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Game Plan '' . This is Us . Season 1 . Episode 5 . October 25 , 2016 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` The Big Day '' . This is Us . Season 1 . Episode 12 . January 17 , 2017 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Pilot '' . This is Us . Season 1 . Episode 1 . September 20 , 2016 . NBC . ^ Jump up to : de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Final 2016 - 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` NBC Sets Fall 2017 Premiere Dates : ' This Is Us ' , ' Will & Grace ' , ' The Voice ' & More '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2017 . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( June 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' : Alexandra Breckenridge , & Jon Huertas Upped To Series Regulars For Season 2 Of NBC Drama '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 21 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' NCIS , ' ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' adjust up , ' This Is Us ' & ' Bull ' steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2016 . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 28 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Scream Queens ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' NCIS , ' ' Flash ' and ABC comedies adjust up , ' No Tomorrow ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2016 . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' American Housewife ' and ' The Voice ' adjust up , ' Chicago Fire , ' ' SHIELD ' and ' Real O'Neals ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' American Housewife ' adjusts up , final World Series numbers : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2017 . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Flash , ' ' Chicago Fire , ' ' The Voice , ' ' Fresh Off the Boat ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2016 . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' New Girl ' adjusts up , all others hold : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2016 . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' American Housewife ' adjusts up , everything else holds : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2016 . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat ' & ' American Housewife ' adjust up , ' No Tomorrow ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2016 . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' NCIS ' adjusts up , ' Agents of SHIELD ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2016 . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Mick ' and ' This Is Us ' adjust up , ' Bones ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2017 . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2017 . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Fire ' adjusts up , ' Agents of SHIELD ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2017 . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle , ' ' The Wall , ' ' This Is Us , ' FOX comedies all adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2017 . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' American Housewife ' adjusts up , ' Agents of SHIELD ' and ' Tough Mudder ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2017 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash , ' ' NCIS , ' all others unchanged : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' and ' This Is Us ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2017 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' finishes with season highs : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 201 ) `` A Father 's Advice '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 202 ) `` A Manny - Splendored Thing '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Snierson , Dan ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` This Is Us : Hulu acquires streaming rights to all episodes '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` This Is Us : Season 1 ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2016 . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` This Is Us : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2016 . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Jeff ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` This Is Us : EW Review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFI Awards 2016 - Honorees '' . American Film Institute . December 2016 . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Critics ' Choice Television Awards : HBO Leads 22 Nominations '' . Indie Wire . November 14 , 2016 . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2017 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Paul Sheehan ( January 3 , 2017 ) . `` ACE Eddie Awards 2017 : Full list of nominations includes Oscar frontrunner ' La La Land ' '' . Gold Derby . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2017 . Retrieved January 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Webb Mitovich , Matt ( December 12 , 2016 ) . `` Golden Globes : People v. O.J. , Night Manager , This Is Us , black - ish Lead Early TV Nominees '' . TV Line . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2016 . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Ryan ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` 2017 MTV Movie & TV Awards Nominations List -- ' This Is Us , ' ' Stranger Things ' '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2017 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kinane , Ruth ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` Beyonce leads the pack of 2017 NAACP Image Award Nominees '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2016 . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Seitz , Dan ( April 5 , 2017 ) . `` The Peabody Awards Pretty Much Nailed Their List Of TV Nominees '' . Uproxx . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2017 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` People 's Choice Awards Nominees 2017 -- Full List '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2017 . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ CNN , Lisa Respers France . `` ' Manchester by the Sea ' leads film SAG Award nominations '' . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Ryan ( 5 August 2017 ) . `` TCA Awards : The Handmaid 's Tale , Atlanta , Big Little Lies , Carrie Coon Among Big Winners '' . TVLine . Retrieved 6 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwindt , Oriana ( December 5 , 2016 ) . `` Writers Guild TV Nominations : ' Stranger Things , ' ' Westworld , ' ' This Is Us , ' ' Atlanta ' Break Through '' . Variety . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2016 . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Aiello , McKenna ( February 19 , 2017 ) . `` Writers Guild Awards 2017 Winners : The Complete List '' . E ! News . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2017 . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 69th Primetime Emmys Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Emmys.com . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved 13 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Feinberg , Scott ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` Emmys : ' This Is Us ' Nomination Revoked ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' This is Us ' Wins Grand Prize at Seoul Int'l Drama Awards '' . KBS World . September 8 , 2017 . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 11 . 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when does the new series of gold rush begin			List of gold Rush episodes	list of gold rush episodes	Gold Rush ( formerly Gold Rush Alaska ) is a reality television series that airs on Discovery Channel , with reruns also airing on TLC . The show 's Seventh season began airing on October 14 , 2016 . As of January 6 , 2017 a total of 127 episodes of Gold Rush have been aired .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2010 -- 11 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2011 -- 12 ) 2.3 The Jungle Special ( 2012 ) 2.4 Season 3 ( 2012 -- 13 ) 2.5 South America ( 2013 ) 2.6 Season 4 ( 2013 -- 14 ) 2.7 Season 5 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 2.8 Season 6 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 2.9 Season 7 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 2.10 Mini-Series : Parker 's Trail ( 2017 ) 2.11 Season 8 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 3 References Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired Average rating ( millions ) Season premiere Season finale 11 December 3 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 03 ) February 18 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 18 ) 3.32 16 October 28 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 28 ) February 24 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 24 ) 4.59 16 October 26 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 26 ) February 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 22 ) 4.57 SA 6 August 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 02 ) October 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 18 ) 2.15 19 October 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 25 ) March 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 14 ) 3.96 5 24 October 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 17 ) March 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 13 ) 4.15 6 21 October 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 16 ) March 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 11 ) 3.83 7 22 October 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 14 ) March 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 10 ) TBA Parker 's Trail March 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 31 ) April 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 14 ) TBA 8 TBA October 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) TBA ( TBA ) TBA Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2010 -- 11 ) ( edit ) During season 1 , the series was named Gold Rush : Alaska , and the mining occurred at Porcupine Creek , on the Alaskan panhandle . No. in series No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Gold Nuggets '' December 3 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 03 ) 2.17 Six recession - hit patriots from Oregon stake everything on mining and head north to Alaska to dig for gold and save themselves from financial ruin . The team of greenhorns beg , borrow and build all the equipment they need to mine for gold . Loaded with supplies , they leave their loved ones behind and drive from Oregon to southeast Alaska in a Klondike convoy . `` Gold , Guns and Bears '' December 10 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 10 ) 2.07 The stakes get higher at the Porcupine Creek prospect as reality sets in about just how little time they have to get to their gold . The miners start to rebuild the mining ghost town but the bears are n't so keen on their new neighbors -- and they let them know it . `` Running Dirt '' December 17 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 17 ) 2.92 The crew races to set up the mining plant and start running dirt . When the families arrive from Oregon and question the lack of gold -- and master mechanic Harness becomes dangerously ill -- the tension builds so high that Dorsey and Todd almost come to blows . `` The Ultimate Price '' January 7 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 07 ) 3.71 The team attempts to finally run potential pay dirt through the wash plant . But a visit from the Department of Fish and Game reveals a violation , jeopardizing their vital water supply to the mine . Then disaster strikes as Todd 's daughter fights for her life . 5 5 `` The Pain Barrier '' January 14 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 14 ) 3.54 The miners continue to run dirt but an equipment malfunction brings the operation to a halt . Meanwhile , James Harness collapses and Jimmy Dorsey drives a wedge between himself and the crew when he takes on an extra job to earn cash . But hard work late into the night finally hits a pay streak . 6 6 `` Gold Fever '' January 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 21 ) 3.30 The miners ' futures are on the line at Porcupine Creek . After 80 days , the miners are behind schedule ; the Hoffmans have run out of money and deliver the crew an ultimatum : find $10,000 worth of gold in the next two days , or the families have to head home to Oregon . Meanwhile , after Dorsey struggles with the wave table , tensions flare and fists fly . 7 7 `` Going for Broke '' January 28 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 28 ) 3.43 With winter weather closing in , a gold - recovery expert comes to help the rookies . Todd discovers a major design flaw in the equipment and is forced to make huge modifications . With the credit cards maxed out , he is forced to take desperate measures . 8 8 `` Bad Blood '' February 4 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 04 ) 3.66 The crew remains in a deep financial hole . Veteran miner Dakota Fred thinks he can turn things around and he cranks up production faster than ever before . But when things start falling apart , tensions mount and Harness ca n't keep his frustration in . 9 9 `` Bedrock or Bust '' February 11 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 11 ) 3.89 Desperate to get to bedrock and large quantities of gold , Todd and Jack throw caution to the wind and dig deeper than ever before . With the brutal Alaskan winter threatening , they battle floods , cave - ins and equipment breakdowns . 10 10 `` Never Say Die '' February 18 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 18 ) 4.55 With the arctic winter looming , the crew races against the clock . Rain and thawing snow flood the mine and Jack puts his life on the line as the glory hole caves in around the massive 100,000 - pound excavator . 11 11 `` Full Disclosure '' February 25 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 25 ) 2.49 The Hoffman crew spent five months and over quarter of a million dollars in a desperate attempt to find gold in Alaska . This special episode reveals what went wrong and how the guys plan to hit the mother lode next season . Season 2 ( 2011 -- 12 ) ( edit ) For season 2 , the series was retitled Gold Rush . The show followed groups of miners at locations in both the panhandle of Alaska , USA , and in the Klondike of the Yukon , Canada . No. in series No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 12 `` Twist of Fate '' October 28 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 28 ) 3.33 The Hoffmans have to find gold -- and fast . The crew arrives in Porcupine Creek reinvigorated and , in record time , they are on the gold . But just as they celebrate their best clean - out ever , Dakota Fred returns and drops a bombshell on Todd , Jack and crew . 13 `` Virgin Ground '' November 4 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 04 ) 3.85 The Hoffman crew heads north to the Klondike in a desperate bid to find a new claim and salvage their mining season . 16 - year - old Parker Schnabel takes over the Big Nugget Mine , while Dakota Fred gets a new start at Porcupine Creek . 14 `` Family Feud '' November 11 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 11 ) 4.15 Jack and Todd go head - to - head over how to set up their new claim . At Porcupine Creek , Dakota Fred rips out the wash plant and finds gold that he forced the Hoffmans to leave behind . At Big Nugget Mine , Parker continues to hit pay dirt . 15 `` Slippery Slope '' November 18 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 18 ) 3.58 The Hoffman crew confronts the permafrost that lies between them and the gold . As the Dakota Boys set up their new wash plant , Fred pushes his son too hard and Dustin storms off . Parker faces a breakdown that leaves his mining season at a standstill . 16 5 `` Drill or Die '' November 25 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 25 ) 4.49 A crew rebellion forces Todd Hoffman to dig test holes on the claim . The tension mounts as they wait to see whether they 're sitting on a gold - rich paystreak -- or about to go bust . Then , Fred is forced to abandon mining as floods in North Dakota destroy his home . 17 6 `` Lovestruck '' December 2 , 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 02 ) 4.74 The Hoffmans are finally on the gold , but a new love threatens to derail mechanic James Harness right when the crew needs him most . Desperate for pay dirt , Parker bulldozes a dangerous road up the side of a mountain and Fred returns to Porcupine Creek after facing the loss of his North Dakota home . 18 7 `` Gold At Last '' December 9 , 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 09 ) 4.65 The Hoffmans realize they could be losing thousands of dollars of gold out of the end of their sluices and they are forced to tear apart the wash plant and rebuild . In his quest for virgin ground at Smith Creek , Parker turns into a lumberjack to get back on the gold . 19 8 `` On The Gold '' December 16 , 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 16 ) 5.38 With the washplant prepped , the Hoffman crew finally has their first clean - out of the season . Back in Alaska , Dakota Fred works furiously to win the `` more - gold - in - a-week '' bet that he made with Jack . At Big Nugget , Parker clashes with his grandfather when John wants to shut down the wash plant . 20 9 `` Cameramen - Behind the Scenes - Special '' TBA TBD This episode follows the production crew and shows the difficulties of filming Gold Rush 21 10 `` After the Rush - Special '' TBA TBD In this episode of Gold Rush , the executive producer interviews the miners . 22 11 `` Dead in the Water '' January 6 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 06 ) 4.69 Jack Hoffman 's precious excavator gets stranded in the creek and requires emergency surgery in the wilderness . Meanwhile , the crew fine - tunes their wash plant -- which doubles their efficiency at finding gold . Parker does the work of two men until an argument with his mother threatens to shut him down . 23 12 `` Twenty Four Seven '' January 13 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 13 ) 5.48 Short on time , the Hoffman crew decides to run night and day in a struggle to get to the gold , while a federal mining inspector pays a surprise visit to both Fred and Parker . The inspector finds safety violations and both operations face closure . 24 13 `` Rock Bottom '' January 20 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 20 ) 4.81 The Hoffman crew is dead in the water until Harness can repair their broken excavator . Parker Schnabel totals his gold for the season and hands the Big Nugget Mine back to his grandpa . Meanwhile , the Dakota boys lock horns trying to re-open their mine . 25 14 `` Bedrock Gold '' January 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 27 ) 4.24 A key crew member calls it quits at Quartz Creek . Meanwhile , massive rocks break Dakota Fred 's de-rocker and Parker reconsiders his future after smelting his 35 oz season haul into a solid gold bar . 26 15 `` Man Down '' February 3 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 03 ) 4.88 A heart attack has 91 - year - old mining legend John Schnabel battling for his life . The Hoffmans find a gold nugget that becomes a game - changer and Dakota Fred accomplishes what Jack Hoffman never managed to do at Porcupine creek . 27 16 `` In the Black '' February 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 10 ) 4.85 The Hoffman crew risks it all to run through the night in a bid to finally break even for the season . Fred has to abandon his best paydirt yet when his excavator gets stuck in the pit . John Schnabel returns to the Big Nugget Mine after his heart attack . 28 17 `` Frozen Out '' February 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 17 ) 5.31 The Hoffman crew battles frozen dirt and frozen pipes as they struggle to hit their goal of 100 oz . Parker makes a last - ditch effort at Smith Creek Hill and the Dakota Boys ' season may be over when Dustin smashes the side of the wash plant . 29 18 `` Judgement Day '' February 24 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 24 ) 5.06 The Hoffman crew is desperate to get 100 ounces , but Todd 's decision to run the dozer on solid ice ends in disaster . The Big Nugget Mine faces closure if Parker fails to hit a pay streak and Dakota Fred thinks he 's finally found Jack Hoffman 's glory hole . The jungle special ( 2012 ) ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 30 -- `` The Jungle '' August 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 17 ) 2.66 Frozen out of the Klondike , Todd Hoffman gets a hot tip on a gold claim in Guyana , South America . But to get there he must lead his crew through the snake - infested jungle , dangerous business deals and up deadly rivers in a `` no guts , no glory '' adventure . Season 3 ( 2012 -- 13 ) ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 31 `` Million Dollar Season '' October 26 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 26 ) 4.45 Todd and new Indian River boss Dave Turin bring in 12 new machines , and 11 new crew for the season . Dakota Fred 's glory hole is thought to contain millions in gold , but 4ft of snow is in the way . Parker hires a new crew and sets his sights on new land . 31 `` The Wrong Claim '' November 2 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 02 ) 4.41 Dave faces disaster when he finds his new claim is un-minable . Todd is thousands of dollars in the hole and the 1,000 - ounce goal looks impossible . The Dakota boys face the threat of historic floods and Parker desperately needs to secure new ground . 33 `` Secret Weapons '' November 9 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 09 ) 4.09 Todd secures new rights to Indian River for Dave Turin 's crew , on the claims the crew `` accidentally '' drilled . The new `` Big Red '' wash plant is assembled , and nearly destroyed in the first test . Todd junks his old washplant , after finding out it 's losing gold , only to discover his new washplant is weeks away . At the Big Nugget Mine in Alaska , Parker sets a goal : find $40,000.00 of gold in one week . He hits his goal , even with a gold thief on the loose . Meanwhile , Fred Hurt brings in a new wheel - loader , and hires two new miners , but a shocking revelation one week in forces him to quickly fire one of them . 34 `` Battle of The Bridge '' November 16 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 16 ) 4.10 At Quartz Creek , the mine is at a standstill since Todd ripped out their washplant . The delay on Todd 's replacement threatens to ruin his season . Todd heads 1,800 miles south to confront the manufacturer and get the ' turbo trommel ' back on track . But while he 's gone , his chief investor Jason Otteson arrives on the claim to find chaos -- and no Todd . Jason is furious and threatens to pull the plug on their season . At Indian River , Team Turin bites off more than they can chew . They attempt to strip a massive cut in the mid-summer sun and , when one of their two dozers breaks down , they face losing it all in a sea of melted permafrost . Parker Schnabel faces a cash - flow crisis . To earn some quick cash , he takes on a contract to replace the bridge leading to the Dakota Boys ' claim . But when Parker refuses to provide Fred and Dustin with temporary access , the two claims square up for war . 35 5 `` The Ultimatum '' November 23 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 23 ) 4.69 Todd 's chief investor demands to see 100 ounces of gold in the next three weeks -- or he will pull the plug on the Klondike operation . At Indian River , Dave Turin is on the gold . Parker 's crew goes into meltdown when he forces them to replace a bridge , while Fred attempts to make a precision part for the 270 's track out of scrap metal . 36 6 `` Game Changer '' November 30 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 30 ) 4.59 Todd finally takes delivery of the Turbo Trommel . Dave 's mine at Indian River digs deeper in search of gold , and pulls 33 oz in a week . The Dakota Boys are forced to run second - hand dirt , pulling 7 oz in 2 days , and Parker doubles shifts to finally haul 55 oz -- worth $80,000 -- in 1 week . 37 7 `` Road To Gold '' December 7 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 07 ) 4.71 Todd and his crew finally get to test the new Turbo Trommel , but nearly destroy it while getting it into place . Dave pushes his crew to double their last clean - out and , despite a jammed tree in the feeder , pull 60 oz in a week . The Dakota Boys receive a visit from an inspector with the power to shut down their mine , but they pass inspection . Parker brings in dynamite to blast a big solid rock to finish building a new road to Smith Creek . 38 8 `` Up Smith Creek '' December 14 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 14 ) 4.61 Todd Hoffman faces closure if he fails to get 100 ounces of gold for his investor . The Dakota Boys believe they 've finally found the elusive Glory Hole . Parker Schnabel uncovers the two - year mystery of Smith Creek just as his grandpa reveals some bad news . 39 9 `` Leprechaun Gold '' January 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 04 ) 4.80 Parker finds out about the fate of his Grandpa , and finds new ground . Todd 's Turbo - Trommel is back up and running after having an engine replaced , Indian River hits Bedrock , and the Dakota Boys investigate the truth behind the Glory Hole Waterfall . 40 10 `` Dozer Wars '' January 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 11 ) 4.90 Todd and Dave go to war over the dozer they both need to keep mining and Todd banks on finding virgin ground beneath a pile of dredge tailings . Parker faces a crew rebellion and Dakota Fred attacks the Glory Hole with his secret weapon -- the bedrock shark . 41 11 `` Pink Slip '' January 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 18 ) 4.62 Todd calls it quits on his turbo trommel and shuts down his Quartz Creek operation . Dave 's race to open a new cut leaves his dozer hanging over a cliff . Parker finally hits bedrock at Emerson Trench and two broken machines force Fred to go deeper in debt . 42 12 `` The Merger '' January 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 25 ) 4.55 Todd forces his crew and Dave 's crew to merge into one team . The Dakota Boys use their new equipment to get back down to the bottom of the Glory Hole . Parker risks his life to get pay dirt from an abandoned mine site down a dangerous mountain road . 43 13 `` The Nightshift '' February 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 01 ) 4.70 Tensions mount between the day shift and night shift as Todd pushes his men harder than ever . Parker battles his ancient washplant and the treacherous road from Discovery Claim while Dustin risks it all diving for hidden gold in the frozen glory hole water . 44 14 `` Bedrock Blowout '' February 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 08 ) 4.87 Todd pushes the Big Red washplant to near breaking point on his best ground yet . Fred and Dustin battle to save a broken down excavator as water floods the glory hole and Parker faces his worst nightmare as the dangerous mine road claims its first victim . 45 15 `` Redemption Road '' February 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 15 ) 4.61 Out of Indian River pay dirt , Todd comes up with a risky plan to hit his 1,000 - ounce goal . A bad fall puts Fred out the game , leaving Dustin to dig the glory hole . Parker worries his season is over -- but his grandpa is convinced he 's near the mother lode . 46 16 `` The Motherlode '' February 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 22 ) 4.46 Winter strikes and the miners wage the final battle for the mother lode . The Hoffmans pull out a secret weapon to thaw frozen gold - rich pay dirt . Dustin plunges into the freezing waters of the Glory Hole and Parker mines the last ground at Big Nugget . 47 17 `` The Dirt ( Special ) '' -- ( -- ) -- The Producer sits down with the miners and discusses the season South America ( 2013 ) ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 44 `` Peruvian Gold '' August 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 02 ) 2.39 After quitting mining in the Klondike , Todd sets his sights on South America and flies his crew to Peru . But to find gold - rich ground to mine , they must overcome dense jungle , lethal roads , and turf wars with local miners on their epic journey . 45 `` Chilean Gold '' August 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 09 ) 2.43 The Hoffman crew flies to Chile in hopes of getting a slice of the country 's 3,750 tons of untapped gold reserves . They prospect on a remote beach and high in the Andes Mountains , pushing the crew to its limits . 46 `` Guyanese Gold '' August 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 16 ) 2.24 The Hoffman crew heads to the jungles of Guyana after striking out in their hunt for South American gold in Chile and Peru . Running short on time and money Todd needs to deliver gold - rich pay dirt to convince his crew to abandon the Klondike . 47 `` The Frozen North '' August 23 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 23 ) 2.65 18 - year - old Parker Schnabel leaves home and the Big Nugget Mine to set up his own operation in the Klondike on Tony Beets ' land and practices his hot - wiring skills on the Hoffmans ' old equipment . In Alaska , the Dakota Boys take to the skies trying to find a way to the source of all the gold in Porcupine Creek . 48 5 `` Ends of the Earth '' August 30 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 30 ) 1.75 The production team gives a behind - the - scenes look at what it took to film Gold Rush : South America . 49 6 `` Southern Quest '' October 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 18 ) 1.42 In the quest for gold , the Hoffman crew quits the Klondike to hunt down gold - rich ground in South America . The Dakota Boys set their sights on the virgin mountain claim known as Cahoon Creek . 18 - year - old Parker Schnabel leaves home to mine for Klondike gold . Season 4 ( 2013 -- 14 ) ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 50 `` Queen Of Diamonds '' October 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 25 ) 2.86 The season premiere breaks ground in 3 countries . The Hoffman crew moves their operation to the hostile Guyana jungle . The Dakota boys need to find a safe route over thin ice . Parker is out of cash and must find gold -- but Tony Beets has bad news for him . 51 `` Learning Curve '' November 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 01 ) 3.02 Todd faces disaster when he discovers his claim has been mined out . The Dakota Boys fight over rival mining plans , with one plan high in the mountains , and the other deep in the hole . Parker ignores Tony Beets , but still manages to hit his first pay dirt . 52 `` In Too Deep '' November 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 08 ) 3.14 The Hoffman crew battles the hostile jungle to get vital mining equipment to the claim . The Dakota Boys drill to find out whether the glory hole contains millions in gold . Parker is on the warpath when a new crew member throws out his gold . 53 `` Road from Hell '' November 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 15 ) 3.33 The Hoffman crew attempts to set up their washplant , but the jungle fights them every step of the way . The Dakota Boys find their first bedrock gold in the glory hole . In the Klondike , Parker gets more gold out of Little Blue than the Hoffmans ever did . 54 5 `` Garnets or Gold '' November 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 22 ) 3.65 Todd makes a shocking departure . Parker is forced to rebuild his wash plant after losing gold . The Dakota Boys finally hit the bottom of the Glory Hole . 55 6 `` Mutiny '' November 29 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 29 ) 3.66 Todd returns to Guyana expecting 20 ounces of gold but gets a nasty shock . Parker faces a mutiny and seeks advice from his grandpa . The Dakota Boys expect a huge payout from the glory hole but get a crushing blow instead . 56 7 `` Paid in Full '' December 6 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 06 ) 4.22 Todd makes an incredible discovery while searching for new gold - rich ground . Parker needs his best clean - out ever in order to stop Todd from repossessing his dozer . Just as Fred gives up on the Glory Hole , it suddenly pays out big . 57 8 `` Jungle Boogie '' December 13 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 13 ) 3.49 Todd abandons gold and switches to diamond mining . In Alaska , Dustin gets stranded in the mountains during the worst electrical storm in twenty years . Parker 's need for speed destroys his wash plant . 58 9 `` Ready to Roll - Special '' -- ( -- ) -- Behind the scenes with the production crew 59 10 `` Hope Creek '' January 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 03 ) 3.55 Dave returns to the Hoffman crew and butts heads with Todd over their mining plan . The Dakota boys stake their future on a new cut ; Parker gets a second chance at mining with one of the largest wash plants in the Klondike . 60 11 `` Blowout '' January 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 10 ) 3.90 A tropical storm floods the Hoffmans ' operation and Dave is forced to dive deep into the pit . Parker is running one of the biggest washplants in the Klondike and needs to prove it will deliver . The Dakota boys get the biggest clean - out of their season . 61 12 `` Death of a Dream '' January 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 17 ) 4.02 In the first part of a two - part episode , Parker hires yet another ex-Hoffman crew member while Todd grows more and more desperate . In the end , two crews get their biggest gold clean - outs to date , while the third faces an abrupt end to their season . 62 13 `` The Resurrection '' January 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 20 ) 3.47 In the second part of a two - part episode , Todd 's 150 days is up , and with no gold ( and just a few diamonds ) he faces eviction . Despite a big clean - out , Parker modifies his plant to hit a million - dollar season . Dustin finally gets real mining equipment up to Cahoon Creek to see if it holds big gold . 63 14 `` Fantasy Land '' January 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 24 ) 4.34 Todd 's claim owner forces a change to the mining plan . Grandpa visits Parker and makes a radical suggestion that the crew believes to be pure fantasy . Dustin fights to reach his first mountain gold . 64 15 `` Medevac '' January 31 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 31 ) 4.49 An emergency in the jungle forces Todd to airlift one of his men to safety . Tony Beets becomes furious when he finds that Parker has moved his whole operation over the creek . The Dakota boys may be forced to abandon their hole . 65 16 `` Man on Wire '' February 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 14 ) 3.76 Jack destroys the washplant , forcing Dave to find a new way to run their dirt . Frozen pay disrupts Parker 's operation and threatens to end his season early . Dustin participates in a dangerous operation . 66 17 `` Day of Reckoning '' February 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 21 ) 3.74 Todd 's claim owner arrives -- unannounced -- to take stock of the Hoffmans ' operation . Dustin returns from the mountains just in time for the final clean - out . Unwilling to admit defeat , Parker uses a new piece of equipment to thaw his frozen pay dirt . 67 18 `` Go Big or Go Home '' February 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 28 ) 4.02 Parker Schnabel refuses to give up . He 's not satisfied with his gold total and is dead set on bringing home big gold to his beloved grandfather . Nothing is going to stop him -- not even the Klondike winter . 68 19 `` Grandpa 's Last Wish '' March 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 07 ) 4.40 94 - year - old mining legend John Schnabel convinces his grandsons Parker and Payson to return to Big Nugget to work together deep into the winter to prove , once and for all , that there is big gold buried deep under Smith Creek . 69 20 `` Unearthed '' March 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 14 ) 3.46 This no - holds - barred show reveals how Fred coped with a dying wife , why a fateful choice cost Todd a huge amount of gold and how he coped with a murder in the jungle . A look forward reveals where the miners will be next season and who will return . Season 5 ( 2014 -- 15 ) ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 69 Special `` Heroes and Zeroes '' TBA TBD A special episode looking forward to the show 's fifth season , and the story of how a fateful choice cost Todd a huge amount of gold . 70 `` New Blood '' October 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 17 ) 3.59 Young Parker sets an outrageous season goal of 2,000 ounces , but struggles to strip new ground without his rock trucks - which are stranded miles from the claim due to bad roads . Tony Beets , The Viking , buys a 75 - year - old gold - catching dredge , and plans to transport it to his claim and get gold this season ; Todd Hoffman is left a broken man without a crew and with no plans to mine , but his father convinces him to travel back to the Yukon , where he strikes a deal on a new gold - rich claim . 71 `` From the Ashes '' October 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 24 ) 3.25 Todd and Jack struggle alone at McKinnon creek , working with just their old 400 excavator and a left behind loader , while Thurber transports their wash plant from Guyana to the claim . Tony nearly crushes his son beneath a conveyor , and Parker is forced to mine a swamp . 72 `` Golden Boy '' October 31 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 31 ) 3.57 Parker fights with his crew over running at night . Tony twists a vital steel frame on the dredge . Todd , Jack and Thurber tackle their first clean up , but disaster strikes when their only excavator is damaged beyond repair . 73 `` Viking Ship '' November 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 07 ) 3.56 Todd is forced to sell his gold to get a new loader and excavator , and convinces his old crew to return . Parker hauls his washplant across the claim and Tony takes to the skies to get from his claim to the gold dredge . 74 5 `` Hard Bargain '' November 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 14 ) 3.99 Dave agrees to work with the Hoffman crew under a new agreement , where he 's an equal owner , and brings in 6 new massive machines . Tony has a near miss while removing the heaviest part of the dredge and Parker fights with Rick when he opens up untested ground . 75 6 `` Cursed Cut '' November 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 21 ) 3.78 Dave and Todd clash over how to mine frozen ground . Tony 's daughter Monica gets stuck in a bad situation . Parker 's hopes are drowned by multiple issues including a flooded cut . 76 7 `` Goldzilla '' November 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 28 ) 3.76 Todd needs to find a 100 ounce down payment to make a big purchase on one of the largest washplants in the klondike . Parker spends a quarter of a million dollars on new equipment . Tony attempts to remove the wheelhouse from his 75 year old gold dredge . 77 8 `` Gold Blooded '' December 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 05 ) 4.31 Parker goes for his best clean up so far this season , Tony attempts to rip the trommel out of his 75 year old gold dredge and the Hoffman crew is stunned by the death of an old crew member . 78 9 `` Colossal Clean Up '' December 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 12 ) 4.26 The Hoffmans overcome a lack of water to get a monster clean up . Tony finally gets his dredge on the way to its new home in Eureka Creek . Parker gets the biggest gold clean up in Gold Rush history . 79 10 `` Grandpa John '' December 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 19 ) 4.42 This special explores the life of 94 year old mining legend John Schnabel . From the Kansas dustbowl , to his career on an Alaskan gold mine , Grandpa John continues to inspire his grandson Parker to follow in his footsteps . 80 11 `` Parker 's Accident '' January 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 02 ) 4.44 Parker Schnabel totals his truck in a head - on collision . The Hoffman 's rock trucks struggle to run on a sketchy haul road . Tony begins rebuilding his 75 - year old dredge . 81 12 `` Ship of Fools '' January 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 09 ) 4.22 Parker and his grandpa begin the hunt for a new mining claim . Tony 's crew runs out of bolts while re-building the dredge , and Todd suffers a huge financial loss . 82 13 `` Piles of Gold '' January 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 16 ) 4.57 Todd and Dave disagree about how to mine , but reap large rewards ; Tony and Parker go to war over bedrock gold ; Minnie steals Tony 's dredge crew . 83 14 `` Gold Road '' January 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 23 ) 4.69 Logan has an accident with the rock truck ; the Hoffman crew aims for a huge weigh - in ; Parker finds his new cut frozen solid ; Tony installs the heaviest part of his dredge . 84 15 `` Rogue Miner '' January 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 30 ) 4.59 Todd and Dave get bulldozers stuck in deep mud ; Parker breaks an excavator ; Parker 's crew struggles with frozen ground ; Tony rushes to finish the dredge . 85 16 `` The Monster Lives '' February 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 06 ) 4.63 Parker mines an island of paydirt ; the Hoffman crew puts rock trucks out of commission ; Tony finds an electrical problem . 86 17 `` Rivers of Gold '' February 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 13 ) 4.65 Parker diverts a creek in order to mine a pile of gold in the riverbed ; Tony 's crew is upset over fitting the tailings conveyor ; Jack is accused of sabotage . 87 18 `` Frozen Gold '' February 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 20 ) 4.37 The Hoffmans ' sluicebox is frozen ; Tony tries to run his dredge , but discovers he 's missing a part for his bucket line ; equipment issues hinder Parker . 88 19 `` Hundreds of Ounces '' February 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 27 ) 4.47 The Hoffman crew tries to reach their season goal ; Tony tries to run the gold dredge , but finds himself shipwrecked ; Parker makes a push to hit his goal . 89 20 `` Freddy Dodge Returns '' February 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 27 ) 3.98 Freddy and Derek Dodge search for gold in the Yukon wilderness ; Freddy believes there is a hot spot around . 90 21 `` Millions in Gold '' March 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 06 ) 4.96 Parker faces mutiny ; the Hoffmans get a large dozer ; Tony makes one last attempt at getting the dredge working ; Parker , Tony and Todd discuss the season . 91 22 `` The Whole Truth '' March 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 13 ) 3.27 The miners discuss highs and lows , as well as conflicts and drama behind the scenes ; Todd , Parker and Tony reveal plans for next season ; a crew member calls it quits . Season 6 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 92 `` Blood , Sweat and Gold '' October 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 16 ) 3.886 As a new mining season begins , Parker gets off to a disastrous start when he loses key crew and Tony orders him off his claim . Todd sets a massive goal for the season and Tony reveals big plans to expand his operation . 93 `` Gold Ship '' October 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 23 ) 3.506 A major issue brings Tony 's dredge operation to a halt ; Grandpa John is rushed to the hospital . 94 `` Moving the Monster '' October 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 30 ) 3.578 Todd encounters big issues as he attempts to move his 50 ton washplant . Tony 's dredge finally starts producing gold . Parker piles on the pressure and it proves to be too much for one of his young crew members . 95 `` Grandpa 's Golden Advice '' November 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 06 ) 3.518 Todd 's attempt to deal with a mountain of tailings pits him against his son Hunter . Tony 's dredge takes a hit as he puts a rookie winchman in the hot seat . Parker seeks advice from his Grandpa as he struggles to save his season . 96 5 `` Jack 's Gold Shack '' November 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 13 ) 3.735 Parker takes his frustration out on his crew until his Grandpa gives him a much needed wake up call . Tony 's crew battles over how to fix the bucket line on the dredge and Todd calls upon Freddy Dodge for help . 97 6 `` Treasure Island '' November 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) 3.495 Parker and his foreman Rick take a chance on a new cut . Todd searches for a fix so he can stop losing gold out of the sluicebox . Tony 's crew hits a huge snag with the dredge . 98 7 `` El Dorado Dream '' November 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 27 ) 3.810 Jack gets to chase his dream at El Dorado , the richest documented creek in North America . Parker 's crew pushes hard in attempt to have Treasure Island live up to its name . Tony discovers his dredge is pouring gold out of its sluices . 99 8 `` Mammoth Channel '' December 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 04 ) 3.996 The Hoffman crew uncovers a unique potential sign of good gold . Parker refuses to give up on Treasure Island and a fight between Tony and his crew spells the end for some of his crew . 100 9 `` Mammoth Gold '' December 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 11 ) 3.745 Todd 's crew unearths evidence of a massive prehistoric creature that may or may not lead to big gold . Tony is forced to rebuild his washplant and Parker opens the biggest cut of his life in an attempt to get more gold than his rival Todd . 101 Special `` Parker Comes of Age '' December 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 11 ) 2.384 A special episode that aired right after episode 9 , it covers Parker 's gold mining milestones . 102 10 `` Parker 's 21st '' December 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 18 ) 3.775 It 's Parker 's 21st birthday and Rick has an awesome surprise waiting for him aboard a party barge . Tony seeks for a new investment . 103 11 `` Captain Monica '' January 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 01 ) 4.427 Monica covers Tony 's dredging operation . Elsewhere , Parker attempts a large haul . 104 12 `` Crew War '' January 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 08 ) 4.128 Parker 's new mechanic sparks a mutiny ; a drought shuts down Todd 's operation ; and Tony faces a major issue that could put him out of business . 105 13 `` Goldzilla Gold '' January 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 15 ) 4.032 Hoffman deals with a feud between his day and night staff . Elsewhere , Tony and Gene have a disagreement about operations while Parker 's wash plant is washing pay , but his team falls apart . 106 14 `` Million Dollar Mountain '' January 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 22 ) 4.558 Tony makes a big purchase . Parker and Todd wager on who will get the most gold , leading to big changes on the claims . 107 15 `` Dead Even '' January 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 29 ) 4.044 Parker pays his royalties for his 3000 ounce gold goal in advance . The dredge is stuck in his own tailings . Todd recovers his weekly loss by opening the roulette cut . 108 16 `` Golden Bombshell '' February 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 05 ) 3.926 Parker is convinced to re-open his Fantasyland cut . The power on Tony 's 75 - year - old dredge is upped to speed up production . Todd 's Roulette cut provides both rewards and problems . 110 Special `` Klondike Legend '' February 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 12 ) 3.578 Tony Beets travels back to his roots in the Netherlands where he reveals details about his transformation from a farm boy to a Klondike mining legend . Cameras also follow him in his offseason home in the desert . 111 18 `` Oregon gold '' February 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 19 ) 3.850 Hoffman 's looking for new mining ground in Oregon . Beets tries to find better ground for his dredge . Parker moves his washplant to other side of cut . 112 19 `` Frozen Pay '' February 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 26 ) 4.154 Parker must divert a creek and mine . Tony breaks his dredge buckets . Todd doubles down with a second monster washplant . 113 20 `` King of the Klondike '' March 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 04 ) 4.369 As the Klondike winter closes in , the final race for gold intensifies . Todd runs two massive washplants , Tony pushes to get his dredge out of the water before it freezes and Grandpa John arrives to find out if Parker has beaten his rival Todd . 114 21 `` Gold Hard Truth '' March 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 11 ) N / A Season 2015 review and season 2016 preview . Season 7 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 115 `` Miracle on the Mountain '' October 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 14 ) 2.853 In the epic 2 - hr premiere Todd Hoffman takes the biggest gamble and turns his back on guaranteed gold in the Klondike . Tony Beets expands his empire , buying a huge second dredge . Parker Schnabel starts his new season without his grandfather and mentor . 116 `` Eye in the Sky '' October 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 21 ) 3.071 Todd Hoffman has his back against the wall when his new Oregon mine fails to deliver . Parker Schnabel 's new $600,000 washplant breaks down on its first start - up and Tony Beets takes to the sky to check up on his children . 117 Special `` The Gambler '' October 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 28 ) N / A 118 `` Frankenstein Machinery '' October 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 28 ) 2.631 Todd returns to the Klondike to collect Monster Red while Parker confronts tough negotiator Tony over royalties and receives a shock offer which will change his season . 119 `` Mutiny '' November 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 04 ) 3.053 Todd finally finds good gold at his new High Bar mine . Parker gives his foreman Rick his own operation and when Tony and Minnie decide to cut the dredge crew 's pay , a key crew member calls it quits . 120 5 `` Misery on the Mountain '' November 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 11 ) 3.032 Todd digs deep for 50 ounces to keep High Bar open , Tony enlists his kids to get Paradise Hill up and running , and human error at Scribner Creek costs Parker thousands in lost gold . 121 6 `` No Crane , No Gain '' November 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 18 ) 3.201 Todd Hoffman moves his whole operation ; Parker Schnabel is flooded out ; Tony Beets ' ancient dredge hit over a million in gold . 122 7 `` Watery Grave '' November 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 25 ) 3.224 Tony arrives to find his million - dollar dredge in disaster . While Rick is at his grandpa 's funeral , Parker shuts him down by taking his equipment , and the Hoffmans discover that their wash - plant does n't work in their new mine . 123 8 `` Mega Barge & Kid Commando '' December 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 02 ) 3.294 Todd digs deeper than ever before in a desperate quest for gold ; Tony heads down the Yukon River ; and Parker 's pricey wash - plant begins to shake apart . 124 9 `` Record Gold '' December 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 09 ) 3.596 Tony breaks records with the biggest gold haul in series history ; Parker struggles to save his wash - plant ; and Todd finally strikes gold after seven weeks at the Buckland . 125 10 `` Go Down Fighting '' December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) 3.345 Todd Hoffman hits rock bottom when a key crew member quits ; Tony Beets transforms some rusty relics into a monster power barge ; a troubled Parker Schnabel misses his own birthday party . 126 11 `` Game Over '' December 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 30 ) 3.299 With no paycheck for five weeks , Todd Hoffman 's close - knit team turn on each other . Parker 's gamble to run his washplant without protection from rocks proves costly . Tony builds a $10,000 mega-trailer to move his barge -- but gets his measurements wrong . 127 12 `` Abandonment '' January 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 06 ) 3.750 Todd struggles to continue mining after his crew quits ; Parker recklessly damages his truck 's air hoses while transporting the wash plant ; and Tony discovers his dredge is blowing gold out of the sluices . 128 13 `` Lifeline '' January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) 3.689 The remnants of the Hoffman crew reach their lowest point , but someone brings Todd good news ; Tony Beets fires his barge captain , then runs aground up the mighty Yukon River ; Rick Ness finally gets Parker Schnabel 's second operation up and running . 129 14 `` Parker vs. Rick '' January 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 20 ) 3.422 Rick outperforms Parker on his new Indian River claim ; Tony 's dredge suffers a catastrophic failure , threatening his season ; Todd Hoffman 's skeleton crew finally sees good gold at their new mine in Colorado . 130 15 `` Excavator Down '' January 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 27 ) 3.859 Todd Hoffman eats humble pie when he begs his old crew to return , Parker Schnabel loses an excavator in a swamp and Tony Beets gives his daughter Monica her own operation . 131 16 `` Double Trouble '' February 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 03 ) 3.647 The Hoffman crew opens a second mine in Colorado , Parker tries out a new mechanic without Mitch 's approval and Tony sets sail in a power - barge up the Yukon River . 132 17 `` Cruelest Cut '' February 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 10 ) 3.547 Circumstances force Parker Schnabel to call his dad in to help his struggling operation ; Todd Hoffman has the best clean - up of the season ; Tony Beets ' daughter Monica starts bringing home the gold . 133 18 `` Miners vs. Beavers '' February 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 17 ) 3.424 Todd 's whole operation is brought to a halt ; Parker 's plant move turns into an excavator nightmare and a massive fix means Tony can finally get his broken dredge up and running . 134 19 `` Dredge vs. Washplant '' February 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 24 ) 3.428 Todd finds monster nuggets on the top of a mountain , Parker and Rick struggle with a conveyor and Tony pits Monica against Kevin to see if the dredge is more efficient than a modern washplant . 135 20 `` Viking Voyage '' March 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 03 ) 3.650 Todd uses dynamite to blast monster boulders and get to the gold , Parker has to overcome a flood to get to a record gold count and Tony heads up the freezing Yukon River in his massive power barge . 136 21 `` Final Fury '' March 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 10 ) 3.557 As each crew attempts to hit their final goals , a fist fight on the Hoffman claim ends in a resignation ; Tony 's plan to relocate his dredge hits a brick wall ; and Parker records the biggest gold weigh of his life and teases his next big adventure . 137 Special `` War and Peace '' March 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 17 ) N / A The miners reveal the secrets of the gold mining season : the life and death issues on Parker 's claim , how Tony Beets was defeated by a piece of paper and how a fight on the Hoffman claim brought about the end of a seven - year veteran . 138 Special `` Parker Schnabel 's Journey '' April 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 07 ) N / A This features Parker 's journey from a 15 - year - old boy who learns from his beloved grandpa to the 21 - year - old man who becomes a major player in the Klondike . Mini-series : Parker 's trail ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Between 1896 and 1899 , more than 100,000 brave souls set out on a perilous journey into the frozen North on the legendary Klondike Gold Rush trail . Most never made it to the end . Killed or scared off by bears , treacherous terrain , raging torrents and temperatures below - 40 degrees , only one in three completed the journey . Now Parker Schnabel of Discovery GOLD RUSH fame , will attempt to make this same journey and document it in Gold Rush : Parker 's Trail . No. in series No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 139 `` Before the Trail '' March 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 24 ) N / A 140 `` Footsteps of Legends '' March 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 31 ) N / A 141 `` Racing The Freeze '' April 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 07 ) N / A 142 `` Hypothermia '' April 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 14 ) N / A Season 8 ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 143 00 `` The 9 Million Dollar Season '' October 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 06 ) TBD In an action packed look at Season 7 of Gold Rush Parker faced the tragic loss of his mentor Grandpa John and bet big on a $600,000 wash - plant to chase a record gold haul . Todd moved his entire operation to Oregon in search of a mountain of nugget . 144 `` Wagers and Wars ( 120 min ) '' October 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) TBD Parker and Todd go head to head as they lay down the exact same gold - weight goal for their season , whilst Tony Beets fires up his second ancient dredge . 145 `` Blizzards and Bullets '' October 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 20 ) TBD A rogue gunman fires shots at the Hoffman crew . Frozen ground destroys Parker Schnabel 's dozers . Tony Beets starts to tear apart his 500 ton dredge . 146 `` The Viking vs. the Mechanic '' October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) TBD 147 `` The Curse of the Fairplay Mountains '' November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) TBD 148 5 `` Son Dethrones Father '' November 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) TBD 149 6 `` Colorado Strikes Back '' November 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 21 ) TBD 150 7 `` Inferno '' November 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 28 ) TBD References ( edit ) `` Season 4 Episodes '' . discovery.com . Retrieved 26 Jan 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shows A-Z -- gold rush on discovery '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Friday Cable Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . December 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Friday Cable Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . December 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Friday Cable Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . December 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Friday Cable Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . January 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Friday Cable Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . January 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Friday Cable Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . January 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Friday Cable Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . January 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Friday Cable Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . February 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Friday Cable Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . February 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Friday Cable Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . February 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Friday Cable Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . 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Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 20 , 2014 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush ' Tops Night + ' Friday Night SmackDown ' , ' Z Nation ' , ' College Football ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 20 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 27 , 2014 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush ' Wins Night , ' Edge of Alaska ' , ' WWE Smackdown ' , ' Kendra on Top ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 27 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 3 , 2014 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : NBA Basketball Wins Night , ' Gold Rush ' , ' WWE Smackdown ' , ' Edge of Alaska ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 3 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 10 , 2014 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush ' Tops Night + NBA Basketball , ' SportsCenter ' , ' Edge of Alaska ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 10 November 2014 . 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Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 20 , 2015 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush ' WIns Night , ' Alaskan Bush People ' , ' Girl Meets World ' , ' Jessie ' , ' 12 Monkeys ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 26 , 2015 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush ' Tops Night + ' Alaskan Bush People ' , ' Bring It ! ' , ' Newsreaders ' , NBA Basketball & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 2 , 2015 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush ' Wins Night , ' Alaskan Bush People ' , ' Bring It ! ' , ' 12 Monkeys ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 9 , 2015 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush ' Tops Night + ' Alaskan Bush People ' , ' Bring It ! ' , ' Newsreaders ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 17 , 2015 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush ' Wins Night , ' Alaskan Bush People ' , NBA Celebrity All - Stars Game , ' Bad Hair Day ' , ' Bring It ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2015 . Retrieved February 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 23 , 2015 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Alaskan Bush People ' Tops Night + ' Gold Rush ' , ' Jack & Triumph Show ' , NBA Basketball & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( March 2 , 2015 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush ' Wins Night , ' Bring It ! ' , NBA Basketball , ' Preachers'Daughters ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 9 , 2015 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush ' Tops Night + ' Gold Rush : The Dirt ' , ' Bring It ! ' , NBA Basketball & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 9 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 16 , 2015 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush ' Wins Night , College Basketball , ' Bring It ! ' , ' Bering Sea Gold ' , ' Preachers ' Daughters ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 19 , 2015 ) . `` Friday cable ratings : ' Gold Rush ' premiere tops a quiet evening , plus ' Girl Meets World , ' Adult Swim '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 19 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 26 , 2015 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Friday Cable Originals & Network Update : 10.23. 2015 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved October 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 2 , 2015 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Friday Cable Originals & Network Update : 10.30. 2015 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved November 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 9 , 2015 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Friday Cable Originals & Network Update : 11.6. 2015 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jack 's Gold Shack '' . Zap2it . Retrieved 5 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 16 , 2015 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Friday Cable Originals & Network Update : 11.13. 2015 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 23 , 2015 ) . `` EXPANDED SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Update : 11.20. 2015 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Update : 11.27. 2015 '' . December 1 , 2015 . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Update : 12.4. 2015 '' . December 7 , 2015 . Retrieved December 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Update : 12.11. 2015 '' . December 14 , 2015 . Retrieved December 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Friday cable ratings : ' Gold Rush ' strikes again '' . December 14 , 2015 . Retrieved December 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Update : 12.18. 2015 '' . December 21 , 2015 . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Update : 1.1. 2016 '' . January 5 , 2016 . Retrieved January 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Update : 1.8. 2016 '' . January 11 , 2016 . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Update : 1.15. 2016 '' . January 19 , 2016 . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Update : 1.22. 2016 '' . January 25 , 2016 . Retrieved January 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Update : 1.29. 2016 '' . February 1 , 2016 . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Update : 2.5. 2016 '' . February 8 , 2016 . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Friday cable ratings : NBA Celebrity All - Star game scores well '' . February 16 , 2016 . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.19. 2016 '' . February 22 , 2016 . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-friday-cable-originals-network-finals-2-26-2016.html Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.4. 2016 '' . March 7 , 2016 . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Friday cable ratings : ' Gold Rush ' premieres , MLB wins the night '' . October 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-friday-cable-originals-network-finals-10-21-2016.html ^ Jump up to : `` Gold Rush '' . Zap2it . Retrieved 27 October 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-friday-cable-originals-network-finals-10-28-2016.html Jump up ^ http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-friday-cable-originals-network-finals-11-4-2016.html Jump up ^ http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-friday-cable-originals-network-finals-11-11-2016.html Jump up ^ http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-friday-cable-originals-network-finals-11-18-2016.html ^ Jump up to : `` Gold Rush - Season 7 Episodes List '' . Next Episode . Retrieved 29 November 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-friday-cable-originals-network-finals-11-25-2016.html Jump up ^ http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-friday-cable-originals-network-finals-12-2-2016.html Jump up ^ http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-friday-cable-originals-network-finals-12-9-2016.html Jump up ^ http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/weekly-ratings/monday-night-football-assumes-no-1-spot-in-the-cable-top-25-for-dec-12-18 Jump up ^ http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-friday-cable-originals-network-finals-12-30-2016.html Jump up ^ http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-friday-cable-originals-network-finals-1-6-2017.html Jump up ^ http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-friday-cable-originals-network-finals-1-13-2017.html Jump up ^ http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-friday-cable-originals-network-finals-1-20-2017.html Jump up ^ http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-friday-cable-originals-network-finals-1-27-2017.html Jump up ^ http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-friday-cable-originals-network-finals-2-3-2017.html Jump up ^ http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-friday-cable-originals-network-finals-2-10-2017.html Jump up ^ http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-friday-cable-originals-network-finals-2-17-2017.html Jump up ^ http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-friday-cable-originals-network-finals-2-24-2017.html Jump up ^ http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-friday-cable-originals-network-finals-3-3-2017.html Jump up ^ http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-friday-cable-originals-network-finals-3-10-2017.html Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Gold_Rush_episodes&oldid=804460002 '' Categories : Lists of reality television series episodes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 9 October 2017 , at 04 : 05 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Gold%20Rush%20episodes	2,433
who is recently appointed as union railway minister	The Minister of Railways is the head of the Ministry of Railways of the Government of India . The railway minister is usually accorded a cabinet rank , and is responsible for Indian Railways , the largest employer in the world . An important responsibility of the railway minister is to present in Parliament the Railway Budget , the Annual Financial Statement of Indian Railways . Piyush Goyal of the Bharatiya Janata Party is the current Minister of Railways , serving since 3 September 2017. Railways Minister ( India )	Piyush Goyal	Minister of Railways ( India )	minister of railways ( india )	The Minister of Railways is the head of the Ministry of Railways of the Government of India . The railway minister is usually accorded a cabinet rank , and is responsible for Indian Railways , the largest employer in the world . An important responsibility of the railway minister is to present in Parliament the Railway Budget , the Annual Financial Statement of Indian Railways . Piyush Goyal of the Bharatiya Janata Party is the current Minister of Railways , serving since 3 September 2017. Railways Minister ( India )	List of railway ministers ( edit ) No Name Portrait Term of office Political party ( Alliance ) Prime Minister - Asaf Ali 2 September 1946 14 August 1947 Indian National Congress None ( Interim govt ) John Mathai 15 August 1947 22 September 1948 Jawaharlal Nehru N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar 22 September 1948 13 May 1952 Lal Bahadur Shastri 13 May 1952 7 December 1956 Jagjivan Ram 7 December 1956 10 April 1962 Swaran Singh 10 April 1962 21 September 1963 6 H.C. Dasappa 21 September 1963 8 June 1964 7 S.K. Patil 9 June 1964 12 March 1967 Lal Bahadur Shastri Indira Gandhi 8 C.M. Poonacha 13 March 1967 and 14 February 1969 Indira Gandhi 9 Ram Subhag Singh 14 February 1969 4 November 1969 10 Panampilli Govinda Menon 4 November 1969 18 February 1970 11 Gulzarilal Nanda 18 February 1970 17 March 1971 12 K. Hanumanthaiya 18 March 1971 22 July 1972 13 T.A. Pai 23 July 1972 4 February 1973 14 Lalit Narayan Mishra 5 February 1973 2 January 1975 15 Kamalapati Tripathi 11 February 1975 23 March 1977 16 Madhu Dandavate 26 March 1977 28 July 1979 Janata Party Morarji Desai ( 13 ) T.A. Pai 30 July 1979 13 January 1980 Janata Party ( Secular ) Charan Singh 17 Kamalapati Tripathi 14 January 1980 12 November 1980 Indian National Congress Indira Gandhi 18 Kedar Pandey 12 November 1980 14 January 1982 19 Prakash Chandra Sethi 15 January 1982 2 September 1982 20 A.B.A. Ghani Khan Choudhury 2 September 1982 31 December 1984 Indira Gandhi Rajiv Gandhi 21 Bansi Lal 31 December 1984 4 June 1986 Rajiv Gandhi 22 Mohsina Kidwai 24 June 1986 21 October 1986 23 Madhavrao Scindia 22 October 1986 1 December 1989 24 George Fernandes 5 December 1989 10 November 1990 Janata Dal V.P. Singh 25 Janeshwar Mishra 21 November 1990 21 June 1991 Samajwadi Janata Party Chandra Shekhar 26 C.K. Jaffer Sharief 21 June 1991 16 October 1995 Indian National Congress P.V. Narasimha Rao 27 Ram Vilas Paswan 1 June 1996 19 March 1998 Janata Dal ( United Front ) H.D. Deve Gowda I.K. Gujral 28 Nitish Kumar 19 March 1998 5 August 1999 Samata Party ( NDA ) Atal Bihari Vajpayee 29 Ram Naik 6 August 1999 12 October 1999 Bharatiya Janata Party ( NDA ) 30 Mamata Banerjee 13 October 1999 15 March 2001 All India Trinamool Congress ( NDA ) ( 28 ) Nitish Kumar 20 March 2001 22 May 2004 Janata Dal ( United ) ( NDA ) 31 Lalu Prasad Yadav 23 May 2004 25 May 2009 Rashtriya Janata Dal ( UPA ) Manmohan Singh ( 30 ) Mamata Banerjee 26 May 2009 19 May 2011 All India Trinamool Congress ( UPA ) 32 Dinesh Trivedi 12 July 2011 14 March 2012 33 Mukul Roy 20 March 2012 21 September 2012 34 C.P. Joshi 22 September 2012 28 October 2012 Indian National Congress ( UPA ) 35 Pawan Kumar Bansal 28 October 2012 10 May 2013 ( 34 ) C.P. Joshi 11 May 2013 16 June 2013 36 Mallikarjun Kharge 17 June 2013 25 May 2014 37 D.V. Sadananda Gowda - 26 May 2014 9 November 2014 Bharatiya Janata Party ( NDA ) Narendra Modi 38 Suresh Prabhu 10 November 2014 3 September 2017 39 Piyush Goyal 3 September 2017 Incumbent If the office of Minister of Railways is vacant for any length of time , it automatically comes under the charge of the Prime Minister . References ( edit ) Railway Ministers of Independent India at the Indian Railways Fan Club Government ministries of India President ( List ) Government of India Prime Minister ( List Office ) Deputy Prime Minister Council of Ministers Current Agriculture and Farmers Welfare AYUSH Chemicals and Fertilizers Civil Aviation Coal Commerce and Industry Communications Consumer Affairs Culture Defence Drinking Water and Sanitation Earth Sciences Electronics and Information Technology Environment , Forest and Climate Change External Affiars Finance Food Processing Industries Health and Family Welfare Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises Home Affairs Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation Human Resource Development Information and Broadcasting Labour and Employment Law and Justice Micro , Small and Medium Enterprises Mines Minority Affairs New and Renewable Energy North East Panchayati Raj Parliamentary Affairs Personnel , Public Grievances and Pensions Petroleum Power Railways Road Transport and Highways Rural Development Science and Technology Shipping Skill Development and Entrepreneurship Social Justice and Empowerment Statistics and Programme Implementation Steel Textiles Tourism Tribal Affairs Urban Development Water Resources Women and Child Development Defunct Communications and Information Technology Overseas Indian Affairs Surface Transport Ministers Home Affairs Finance External Affairs Defence Railways Health and Family Welfare HRD Information and Broadcasting Labour and Employment Parliamentary Affairs Science and Technology Tribal Affairs North Eastern Region Railway Minister of India John Mathai N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar Lal Bahadur Shastri Jagjivan Ram Sardar Swaran Singh Kengal Hanumanthaiah C.M. Poonacha Panampilly Govinda Menon Gulzari Lal Nanda T.A. Pai Lalit Narayan Mishra Kamalpati Tripathi Madhu Dandavate Kedar Pandey A.B.A. Ghani Khan Chowdhury Madhav Rao Scindia Janeshwar Mishra C.K. Jaffer Sheriff Suresh Kalmadi Atal Bihari Vajpayee Ram Vilas Paswan Nitish Kumar Mamata Banerjee Nitish Kumar Lalu Prasad Yadav Mamata Banerjee Mukul Roy Manmohan Singh Dinesh Trivedi Mukul Roy C.P. Joshi Pawan Kumar Bansal Mallikarjun Kharge D.V. Sadananda Gowda Suresh Prabhu Piyush Goyal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minister_of_Railways_(India)&oldid=804544085 '' Categories : Union ministers of India Railway Ministers of India 1947 establishments in India Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from August 2013 Use Indian English from August 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Talk About Wikipedia भोजपुरी Deutsch മലയാളം मराठी தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 9 October 2017 , at 18 : 10 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister%20of%20Railways%20%28India%29	2,434
did the colour orange come before the fruit	Orange is the colour between yellow and red on the spectrum of visible light . Human eyes perceive orange when observing light with a dominant wavelength between roughly 585 and 620 nanometres . In painting and traditional colour theory , it is a secondary colour of pigments , created by mixing red and yellow . It is named after the fruit of the same name .		Orange ( colour )	orange ( colour )	Orange is the colour between yellow and red on the spectrum of visible light . Human eyes perceive orange when observing light with a dominant wavelength between roughly 585 and 620 nanometres . In painting and traditional colour theory , it is a secondary colour of pigments , created by mixing red and yellow . It is named after the fruit of the same name .	The orange colour of carrots , pumpkins , sweet potatoes , oranges , and many other fruits and vegetables comes from carotenes , a type of photosynthetic pigment . These pigments convert the light energy that the plants absorb from the sun into chemical energy for the plants ' growth . Similarly the hues of autumn leaves are from the same pigment after chlorophyll is removed . In Europe and America , surveys show that orange is the colour most associated with amusement , the unconventional , extroverts , warmth , fire , energy , activity , danger , taste and aroma , Protestantism , the autumn and Allhallowtide seasons , as well as having long been the national colour of the Netherlands and the House of Orange . It also serves as the political colour of Christian democracy political ideology and most Christian democratic political parties . In Asia it is an important symbolic colour of Buddhism and Hinduism . Contents ( hide ) 1 In nature and culture 2 Etymology 3 History and art 3.1 House of Orange 3.2 18th and 19th century 3.3 20th and 21st centuries 4 Science 4.1 Optics 4.2 Pigments and dyes 4.3 Why carrots , pumpkins , oranges and autumn leaves are orange 4.4 Flowers 4.5 Animals 4.6 Foods 4.7 Food colourings 5 Culture , associations and symbolism 5.1 China 5.2 Hinduism and Buddhism 5.3 Colour of amusement 5.4 Colour of visibility and warning 5.5 Academia 5.6 Selected flags 5.7 Geography 5.8 Contemporary political and social movements 5.9 Religion 5.10 Metaphysics 5.11 In the military 5.12 Corporate brands 5.13 Sports 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links In nature and culture ( edit ) The colour orange derives its name from the orange fruit . Delicate Arch in Arches National Park , Utah Lifeboats in Arklow Harbour , Ireland . Orange is chosen for lifeboats and lifesaving jackets because of its high visibility . A young Buddhist monk in Laos Hindu Sadhus , or holy men , in Rajasthan , wear orange as a sacred colour . Saffron is both a spice and a widely used dye in Asia . Etymology ( edit ) The colour orange is named after the appearance of the ripe orange fruit . The word comes from the Old French orange , from the old term for the fruit , pomme d'orange . The French word , in turn , comes from the Italian arancia , based on Arabic nāranj , derived from the Sanskrit naranga . The first recorded use of orange as a colour name in English was in 1512 , in a will now filed with the Public Record Office . Prior to this word being introduced to the English - speaking world , saffron already existed in the English language . Crog also referred to the saffron colour , so that orange was also referred to as ġeolurēad ( yellow - red ) for reddish orange , or ġeolucrog ( yellow - saffron ) for yellowish orange . Alternatively , orange things were sometimes described as red such as red deer , red hair , the Red Planet and robin redbreast . History and Art ( edit ) In ancient Egypt artists used an orange mineral pigment called realgar for tomb paintings , as well as other uses . It was also used later by Medieval artists for the colouring of manuscripts . Pigments were also made in ancient times from a mineral known as orpiment . Orpiment was an important item of trade in the Roman Empire and was used as a medicine in China although it contains arsenic and is highly toxic . It was also used as a fly poison and to poison arrows . Because of its yellow - orange colour , it was also a favourite with alchemists searching for a way to make gold , in both China and the West . Before the late 15th century , the colour orange existed in Europe , but without the name ; it was simply called yellow - red . Portuguese merchants brought the first orange trees to Europe from Asia in the late 15th and early 16th century , along with the Sanskrit naranga , which gradually became part of several European languages : `` naranja '' in Spanish , `` laranja '' in Portuguese , and `` orange '' in English . People in ancient Egyptian wall paintings often were shown with orange or yellow - orange skin , painted with a pigment called realgar . The mineral orpiment was a source of yellow and orange pigments in ancient Rome , though it contained arsenic and was highly toxic . Icon , 12th century House of orange ( edit ) The House of Orange - Nassau was one of the most influential royal houses in Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries . It originated in 1163 the tiny Principality of Orange , a feudal state of 108 square miles ( 280 km ) north of Avignon in southern France . The Principality of Orange took its name not from the fruit , but from a Roman - Celtic settlement on the site which was founded in 36 or 35 BC and was named Arausio , after a Celtic water god ; however , the name may have been slightly altered , and the town associated with the colour , because it was on the route by which quantities of oranges were brought from southern ports such as Marseilles to northern France . The family of the Prince of Orange eventually adopted the name and the colour orange . The colour came to be associated with Protestantism , due to participation by the House of Orange on the Protestant side in the French Wars of Religion . One member of the house , William I of Orange , organised the Dutch resistance against Spain , a war that lasted for eighty years , until the Netherlands won its independence . Another member , William III of Orange , became King of England in 1689 , after the downfall of the Catholic James II . Due to William III , orange became an important political colour in Britain and Europe . William was a Protestant , and as such he defended the Protestant minority of Ireland against the majority Roman Catholic population . As a result , the Protestants of Ireland were known as Orangemen . Orange eventually became one of the colours of the Irish flag , symbolising the Protestant heritage . When the Dutch settlers of South Africa rebelled against the British in the late 19th century , they organised what they called the Orange Free State . In the United States , the flag of the City of New York has an orange stripe , to remember the Dutch colonists who founded the city . William of Orange is also remembered as the founder of the College of William & Mary , and Nassau County in New York is named after the House of Orange - Nassau . William III of Orange , ruler of both England and the Netherlands The Orange Free State in South Africa was an independent Boer republic in the late 19th century , then a British colony , then part of the Union of South Africa . The orange colour came from the Orange River , named for the Dutch House of Orange . The Dutch flag is in the upper left hand corner . The flag of the Union of South Africa ( 1928 - 1994 ) had an orange stripe , due to House of Orange and the period when the country was a Dutch colony . The modern flag of New York City takes its colours from the Dutch flag of the 17th century , and has an orange stripe in honour of the House of Orange - Nassau . Celebrating Queensday in Amsterdam . The royal family of the Netherlands belong to the House of Orange . 18th and 19th century ( edit ) In the 18th century orange was sometimes used to depict the robes of Pomona , the goddess of fruitful abundance ; her name came from the pomon , the Latin word for fruit . Oranges themselves became more common in northern Europe , thanks to the 17th century invention of the heated greenhouse , a building type which became known as an orangerie . The French artist Jean - Honoré Fragonard depicted an allegorical figure of `` inspiration '' dressed in orange . In 1797 a French scientist Louis Vauquelin discovered the mineral crocoite , or lead chromate , which led in 1809 to the invention of the synthetic pigment chrome orange . Other synthetic pigments , cobalt red , cobalt yellow , and cobalt orange , the last made from cadmium sulfide plus cadmium selenide , soon followed . These new pigments , plus the invention of the metal paint tube in 1841 , made it possible for artists to paint outdoors and to capture the colours of natural light . In Britain orange became highly popular with the Pre-Raphaelites and with history painters . The flowing red - orange hair of Elizabeth Siddal , the wife of painter Dante Gabriel Rossetti , became a symbol of the Pre-Raphaelite movement , Lord Leighton , the president of the Royal Academy , produced Flaming June , a painting of a sleeping young woman in a bright orange dress , which won wide acclaim . Albert Joseph Moore painted festive scenes of Romans wearing orange cloaks brighter than any the Romans ever likely wore . In the United States , Winslow Homer brightened his palette with vivid oranges . In France painters took orange in an entirely different direction . In 1872 Claude Monet painted Impression Sunrise , a tiny orange sun and some orange light reflected on the clouds and water in the centre of a hazy blue landscape . This painting gave its name to the impressionist movement . Orange became an important colour for all the impressionist painters . They all had studied the recent books on colour theory , and they know that orange placed next to azure blue made both colours much brighter . Auguste Renoir painted boats with stripes of chrome orange paint straight from the tube . Paul Cézanne did not use orange pigment , but created his own oranges with touches of yellow , red and ochre against a blue background . Toulouse - Lautrec often used oranges in the skirts of dancers and gowns of Parisiennes in the cafes and clubs he portrayed . For him it was the colour of festivity and amusement . The post-impressionists went even further with orange . Paul Gauguin used oranges as backgrounds , for clothing and skin colour , to fill his pictures with light and exoticism . But no other painter used orange so often and dramatically as Vincent van Gogh. who had shared a house with Gauguin in Arles for a time . For Van Gogh orange and yellow were the pure sunlight of Provence . He created his own oranges with mixtures of yellow , ochre and red , and placed them next to slashes of sienna red and bottle green , and below a sky of turbulent blue and violet . He put an orange moon and stars in a cobalt blue sky . He wrote to his brother Theo of `` searching for oppositions of blue with orange , of red with green , of yellow with violet , searching for broken colours and neutral colours to harmonize the brutality of extremes , trying to make the colours intense , and not a harmony of greys . '' Inspiration , by Jean - Honoré Fragonard ( 1789 ) Midsummer , by Albert Joseph Moore ( 1848 -- 1893 ) The flowing red - orange hair of Elizabeth Siddal , wife of painter Dante Gabriel Rossetti , became a symbol of the Pre-Raphaelite movement ( 1860 ) . Impression - Sunrise by Claude Monet ( 1872 ) featured a tiny but vivid chrome orange sun . The painting gave its name to the Impressionist movement . Emperor Pedro II of Brazil wearing the imperial mantle decorated with orange feathers . Painting by Pedro Américo ( 1872 ) The new novel , by Winslow Homer ( 1877 ) Oarsmen at Chatou by Pierre - Auguste Renoir ( 1879 ) . Renoir knew that orange and blue brightened each other when put side by side . Self - portrait of Paul Gauguin ( 1888 ) Willow trees at sunset by Van Gogh , Arles ( 1888 ) The Starry Night by Vincent van Gogh , features orange stars and an orange moon ( 1889 ) Meules , from the 1890 - 1891 series of Haystacks bij Claude Monet Henri de Toulouse - Lautrec was extremely fond of orange , the colour of amusement Jane Avril ( 1893 - 1896 ) . Flaming June , by Lord Leighton ( 1895 ) Vairumati , by Paul Gauguin ( 1897 ) 20th and 21st centuries ( edit ) In the 20th and 21st centuries , the colour orange had highly varied associations , both positive and negative . The high visibility of orange made it a popular colour for certain kinds of clothing and equipment . During the Second World War , US Navy pilots in the Pacific began to wear orange inflatable life jackets , which could be spotted by search and rescue planes . After the war , these jackets became common on both civilian and naval vessels of all sizes , and on aircraft that flew over water . Orange was also widely worn by workers on highways and by cyclists to avoid being hit A herbicide called Agent Orange was widely sprayed from aircraft by the Royal Air Force during the Malayan Emergency and the US Air Force during the Vietnam War to remove the forest and jungle cover beneath which enemy combatants were believed to be hiding , and to expose their supply routes . The chemical was not actually orange , but took its name from the colour of the steel drums in which it was stored . Agent Orange was toxic , and was later linked to birth defects and other health problems . A US Navy pilot during World War II wearing an orange inflatable life jacket . Crew members of the International Space Station . A US helicopter spraying Agent Orange on a jungle during the Vietnam War , Firefighter car in Switzerland Orange mailbox , Estonia Orange also had and continues to have a political dimension . Orange serves as the colour of Christian democratic political ideology , which is based on Catholic social teaching and Neo-Calvinist theology ; Christian democratic political parties came to prominence in Europe and the Americas after World War II . Logo of the Christen - Democratisch en Vlaams Logo of the Christian Democratic People 's Party of Switzerland Logo of the Democratic Union of Catalonia In Ukraine in November -- December 2004 , it became the colour of the Orange Revolution , a popular movement which carried activist and reformer Viktor Yushchenko into the presidency . In parts of the world , especially Northern Ireland , the color is associated with the Orange Order , a Protestant fraternal organisation and relatedly , Orangemen , marches and other social and political activities , with the color orange being associated with Protestantism similar to the Netherlands . Flag of the Orange Order , an international Protestant fraternal organisation A 2005 postage stamp of Ukraine commemorated the Orange Revolution of 2004 . Science ( edit ) Optics ( edit ) In traditional colour theory , orange is a range of colours between red and yellow In optics , orange is the colour seen by the eye when looking at light with a wavelength between approximately 585 -- 620 nm . It has a hue of 30 ° in HSV colour space . In the traditional colour wheel used by painters , orange is the range of colours between red and yellow , and painters can obtain orange simply by mixing red and yellow in various proportions ; however these colours are never as vivid as a pure orange pigment . In the RGB colour model ( the system used to create colours on a television or computer screen ) , orange is generated by combining high intensity red light with a lower intensity green light , with the blue light turned off entirely . Orange is a tertiary colour which is numerically halfway between gamma - compressed red and yellow , as can be seen in the RGB colour wheel . Regarding painting , blue is the complementary colour to orange . As many painters of the 19th century discovered , blue and orange reinforce each other . The painter Vincent van Gogh wrote to his brother Theo that in his paintings , he was trying to reveal `` the oppositions of blue with orange , of red with green , of yellow with violet ... trying to make the colours intense and not a harmony of grey '' . In another letter he wrote simply , `` there is no orange without blue . '' Van Gogh , Pierre - Auguste Renoir and many other impressionist and post-impressionist painters frequently placed orange against azure or cobalt blue , to make both colours appear brighter . The actual complement of orange is azure -- a colour that is one quarter of the way between blue and green on the colour spectrum . The actual complementary colour of true blue is yellow . Orange pigments are largely in the ochre or cadmium families , and absorb mostly greenish - blue light . ( See also shades of orange ) . Pigments and dyes ( edit ) A sample of orpiment from an arsenic mine in southern Russia . Orpiment has been used to make orange pigment since ancient times in ancient Egypt , Europe and China . Romans used the mineral for trade . Realgar , an arsenic sulfide mineral 1.5 - 2.5 Mohs hardness , is highly toxic . It was used since ancient times until the 19th century to make red - orange pigment , as a poison , and a medicine . A sample of crocoite crystals from Dundas extended mine in Tasmania . Discovered in 1797 by the French chemist Louis Vauquelin , it was used to make the first synthetic orange pigment , chrome orange , used by Pierre - Auguste Renoir and other painters . Saffron , made from the hand - picked stigmas of the Crocus sativus flower , is used both as a dye and a spice . The Curcuma longa plant is used to make turmeric , a common and less expensive substitute for saffron as a dye and colour . Turmeric powder , first used as a dye , and later as a medicine and spice in South Asian cuisine . Other orange pigments include : Minium and massicot are bright yellow and orange pigments made since ancient times by heating lead oxide and its variants . Minium was used in the Byzantine Empire for making the red - orange colour on illuminated manuscripts , while massicot was used by ancient Egyptian scribes and in the Middle Ages . Both were toxic , and were replaced in the beginning of the 20th century by chrome orange and cadmium orange . Cadmium orange is a synthetic pigment made cadmium sulfide . It is a by - product of mining for zinc , but also occurs rarely in nature in the mineral greenockite . It is usually made by replacing some of the sulphur with selenium , which results in an expensive but deep and lasting colour . Selenium was discovered in 1817 , but the pigment was not made commercially until 1910 . Quinacridone orange is a synthetic organic pigment first identified in 1896 and manufactured in 1935 . It makes a vivid and solid orange . Diketo - pyrrolo pyrolle orange or DPP orange is a synthetic organic pigment first commercialised in 1986 . It is sold under various commercial names , such as translucent orange . It makes an extremely bright and lasting orange , and is widely used to colour plastics and fibres , as well as in paints . Why carrots , pumpkins , oranges and autumn leaves are orange ( edit ) The orange colour of carrots , pumpkins , sweet potatoes , oranges , and many other fruits and vegetables comes from carotenes , a type of photosynthetic pigment . These pigments convert the light energy that the plants absorb from the sun into chemical energy for the plants ' growth . The carotenes themselves take their name from the carrot . Autumn leaves also get their orange colour from carotenes . When the weather turns cold and production of green chlorophyll stops , the orange colour remains . Before the 18th century , carrots from Asia were usually purple , while those in Europe were either white or red . Dutch farmers bred a variety that was orange ; according to some sources , as a tribute to the stadtholder of Holland and Zeeland , William of Orange . The long orange Dutch carrot , first described in 1721 , is the ancestor of the orange horn carrot , one of the most common types found in supermarkets today . It takes its name from the town of Hoorn , in the Netherlands . Carrots , pumpkins and other vegetables get their orange colour from carotenes , a variety of photosynthetic pigment , which takes its own name from the carrot . A Japanese maple tree in autumn . Autumn leaves also get their orange colour from carotenes . Pumpkins Carrots Sweet potatoes Flowers ( edit ) Orange is traditionally associated with the autumn season , with the harvest and autumn leaves . The flowers , like orange fruits and vegetables and autumn leaves , get their colour from the photosynthetic pigments called carotenes . A field of California poppies The marigold flower , or Calendula Poppy flower Daylily ( Hemerocallis fulva ) Begonia cultivar The dahlia An orange rose buds of the butterfly weed , or Asclepias tuberosa Hieracium aurantiacum , or orange hawkweed Heliconia psittacorum , or parrot 's flower , is a perennial herb native to the Caribbean and northern South America . Fritillaria imperialis Tagetes erecta ( marigold ) Animals ( edit ) Canary bird A Bengal tiger ( Panthera tigris tigris ) A red squirrel is actually orange . A red fox , or Vulpes vulpes , in the snow . An iguana The Tadorna ferruginea , or ruddy shelduck , lives in Southeast Europe , Central Asia and Southeast Asia , and migrates in the winter to India . An orange flamingo in the National Zoo in Washington , D.C. An Altamira oriole in Bentsen State Park , Texas . A flame angelfish , or Centropyge loricula A koi , a domesticated carp bred in Japan for its ornamental value in gardens and ponds An Arion rufus , or European red slug , lives in northern Europe , especially Denmark , and can be eighteen centimetres long . The Phalantha phalantha , or common leopard butterfly , is found in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia . Foods ( edit ) Orange is a very common colour of fruits , vegetables , spices , and other foods in many different cultures . As a result , orange is the colour most often associated in western culture with taste and aroma . Orange foods include peaches , apricots , mangoes , carrots , shrimp , salmon roe , and many other foods . Orange colour is provided by spices such as paprika , saffron and curry powder . In the United States , with Halloween on 31 October , and in North America with Thanksgiving in October ( Canada ) and November ( US ) orange is associated with the harvest colour , and also is the colour of the carved pumpkins , or jack - o - lanterns , used to celebrate the holiday . Orange - coloured pumpkin pie is the traditional dessert at a US Thanksgiving dinner . A melon with Muscat wine ( France ) . A bowl of mashed pumpkin Carrot tzimmes Apricots Amanita caesarea known in English as Caesar 's mushroom Salmon steaks Mango juice Homemade English marmalade Khrenovina sauce , a traditional Siberian sauce made of tomatoes , garlic and horseradish . Paella from Valencia , Spain Panipuri , a popular street snack in South Asia Curry powder from South Asia Paprika from Spain Food colourings ( edit ) Nacho cheese Doritos , like many popular snack foods , contain Yellow 6 , Yellow 5 and Red 40 synthetic food colour . Wrapped slices of American cheese are now often coloured with annatto , a natural food colour made from the seeds of the achiote tree . People associate certain colours with certain flavours , and the colour of food can influence the perceived flavour in anything from candy to wine . Since orange is popularly associated with good flavour , many companies add orange food colouring to improve the appearance of their packaged foods . Orange pigments and dyes , synthetic or natural , are added to many orange sodas and juices , cheeses ( particularly cheddar cheese , Gloucester cheese , and American cheese ) ; snack foods , butter and margarine ; breakfast cereals , ice cream , yoghurt , jam and candy . It is also often added to children 's medicine , and to chicken feed to make the egg yolks more orange . The United States Government and the European Union certify a small number of synthetic chemical colourings to be used in food . These are usually aromatic hydrocarbons , or azo dyes , made from petroleum . The most common ones are : Allura red AC ( also known as E129 , its official name in Europe ) . Sunset Yellow FCF , Yellow 6 , and Red 40 , known as E110 in Europe , are dyes made from aromatic hydrocarbons from petroleum . Tartrazine , also known as Yellow 5 and E102 in Europe . A dye used in soft drinks such as Mountain Dew , Kool - Aid , chewing gum , popcorn , breakfast cereals , cosmetics , shampoos , eyeshadow , blush , and lipstsick . Orange B is an azo dye approved by the US Food and Drug Administration , but only for hot dog and sausage casings . Citrus Red 2 is certified only to colour orange peels . Because many consumers are worried about possible health consequences of synthetic dyes , some companies are beginning to use natural food colours . Since these food colours are natural , they do not require any certification from the Food and Drug Administration . The most popular natural food colours are : Annatto , made from the seeds of the achiote tree . Annato contains carotenoids , the same ingredient that gives carrots and other vegetables their orange colour . Annato has been used to dye certain cheeses in Britain , particularly Gloucester cheese , since the 16th century . It is now commonly used to colour American cheese , snack foods , breakfast cereal , butter and margarine . It is used as a body paint by native populations in Central and South America . In India , women often put it , under the name sindoor , on their hairline to indicate that they are married . Turmeric is a common spice in South Asia , Persia and the Mideast . It contains the pigments called curcuminoids , widely used as a dye for the robes of Buddhist monks . It is also often used in curry powders and to give flavour to mustard . It is now being used more frequently in Europe and the US to give an orange colour to canned beverages , ice cream , yogurt , popcorn and breakfast cereal . The food colour is usually listed as E100 . Paprika oleoresin contains natural carotenoids , and is made from chili peppers . It is used to colour cheese , orange juice , spice mixtures and packaged sauces . It is also fed to chickens to make their egg yolks more orange . Culture , associations and symbolism ( edit ) China ( edit ) In Confucianism , the religion and philosophy of ancient China , orange was the colour of transformation . In China and India , the colour took its name not from the orange fruit , but from saffron , the finest and most expensive dye in Asia . According to Confucianism , existence was governed by the interaction of the male active principle , the yang , and the female passive principle , the yin . Yellow was the colour of perfection and nobility ; red was the colour of happiness and power . Yellow and red were compared to light and fire , spirituality and sensuality , seemingly opposite but really complementary . Out of the interaction between the two came orange , the colour of transformation . Hinduism and Buddhism ( edit ) A wide variety of colours , ranging from a slightly orange yellow to a deep orange red , all simply called saffron , are closely associated with Hinduism and Buddhism , and are commonly worn by monks and holy men across Asia . In Hinduism , the divinity Krishna is commonly portrayed dressed in yellow or yellow orange . Yellow and saffron are also the colours worn by sadhu , or wandering holy men in India . In Buddhism orange ( or more precisely saffron ) was the colour of illumination , the highest state of perfection . The saffron colours of robes to be worn by monks were defined by the Buddha himself and his followers in the 5th century BC . The robe and its colour is a sign of renunciation of the outside world and commitment to the order . The candidate monk , with his master , first appears before the monks of the monastery in his own clothes , with his new robe under his arm. and asks to enter the order . He then takes his vows , puts on the robes , and with his begging bowl , goes out to the world . Thereafter , he spends his mornings begging and his afternoons in contemplation and study , either in a forest , garden , or in the monastery . According to Buddhist scriptures and commentaries , the robe dye is allowed to be obtained from six kinds of substances : roots and tubers , plants , bark , leaves , flowers and fruits . The robes should also be boiled in water a long time to get the correctly sober colour . Saffron and ochre , usually made with dye from the curcuma longa plant or the heartwood of the jackfruit tree , are the most common colours . The so - called forest monks usually wear ochre robes and city monks saffron , though this is not an official rule . The colour of robes also varies somewhat among the different `` vehicles , '' or schools of Buddhism , and by country , depending on their doctrines and the dyes available . The monks of the strict Vajrayana , or Tantric Buddhism , practised in Tibet , wear the most colourful robes of saffron and red . The monks of Mahayana Buddhism , practised mainly in Japan , China and Korea , wear lighter yellow or saffron , often with white or black . Monks of Hinayana Buddhism , practised in Southeast Asia , usually wear ochre or saffron colour . Monks of the forest tradition in Thailand and other parts of Southeast Asia wear robes of a brownish ochre , dyed from the wood of the jackfruit tree . Young Thai Buddhist monks A Hindu sadhu , or ascetic wandering monk or holy man , in Kathmandu , Nepal . Buddhist monks at the promotion ceremony of a monk in Thailand Buddhist monks in Tibet A Japanese Buddhist monk in downtown Tokyo Colour of amusement ( edit ) In Europe and America orange and yellow are the colours most associated with amusement , frivolity and entertainment . In this regard , orange is the exact opposite of its complementary colour , blue , the colour of calm and reflection . Mythological paintings traditionally showed Bacchus ( known in Greek mythology as Dionysus ) , the god of wine , ritual madness and ecstasy , dressed in orange . Clowns have long worn orange wigs . Toulouse - Lautrec used a palette of yellow , black and orange in his posters of Paris cafes and theatres , and Henri Matisse used an orange , yellow and red palette in his painting , the Joy of Living . Bacchus and Ariadne by Guido Reni ( 1620 ) . Bacchus traditionally wears orange in mythological paintings . A Bacchante , a female follower of Bacchus , by Hendrick ter Brugghen ( 1627 ) . A clown by Pierre - Auguste Renoir ( 1868 ) A contemporary clown . Tubby bear , a toy Colour of visibility and warning ( edit ) Orange is the colour most easily seen in dim light or against the water , making it , particularly the shade known as safety orange , the colour of choice for life rafts , life jackets or buoys . Highway temporary signs about construction or detours in the United States are orange , because of its visibility and its association with danger . It is worn by people wanting to be seen , including highway workers and lifeguards . Prisoners are also sometimes dressed in orange clothing to make them easier to see during an escape . Lifeguards on the beaches of Los Angeles County , both real and in television series , wear orange swimsuits to make them stand out . Orange astronaut suits have the highest visibility in space , or against blue sea . An aircraft 's two types of `` black box , '' or flight data recorder and cockpit voice recorder , are actually bright orange , so they can be found more easily . In some cars , connectors related to safety systems , such as the airbag , may be coloured orange . The Golden Gate Bridge at the entrance of San Francisco Bay is painted international orange to make it more visible in the fog . Next to red , it is the colour most popular for extroverts , and as a symbol of activity . Orange is sometimes used , like red and yellow , as a colour warning of possible danger or calling for caution . A skull against an orange background means a toxic substance or poison . In the colour system devised by the US Department of Homeland Security to measure the threat of terrorist attack , an orange level is second only to a red level . The US Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices specifies orange for use in temporary and construction signage . Highway temporary sign In the United States , orange indicates the second highest threat level of terrorist attack . The Golden Gate Bridge is painted international orange to make it visible in the fog An orange lifebuoy on the US Coast Guard ship Eagle . Prison uniforms are often orange The `` black box '' is actually bright orange Japanese scientist and astronaut Naoko Yamazaki worked aboard the US Space Shuttle . Academia ( edit ) In the United States and Canada , orange regalia is associated with the field of engineering . Success Academy Charter Schools , with 46 campuses throughout New York City , use orange in their branding and uniforms . Selected flags ( edit ) Flag of India ( 1947 ) . The top-most colour in the flag is officially called bhagwa , or saffron . ( However , to some people , it is indistinguishable from orange . ) It was originally chosen by Mohandas Gandhi , and originally stood for the Hindu community in India , then for the sacrifice of the people . Flag of Ireland ( 1919 ) The orange represents King William III , or William of Orange , and the Protestant community in Ireland . Flag of Côte d'Ivoire ( 1959 ) . The orange stands for the savannah , the fertile land in the north of the country , opposed to the green of the forests in the south . Flag of Niger ( 1960 ) . The orange is said to represent the Sahara desert in the north , and the orange disk symbolises either the sun or independence . Flag of Sri Lanka ( 1950 ) . The orange band represents the Sri Lankan Tamils , one of the three main ethnic groups in the country . Flag of Armenia ( 1990 ) . According to the Armenian Constitution , the orange ( also called apricot colour ) represents the creativity and hard - working nature of the Armenian people . Flag of Bhutan ( 1969 ) . The orange background represents the Buddhist spiritual tradition . Geography ( edit ) Orange is the national colour of the Netherlands . The royal family , the House of Orange - Nassau , derives its name in part from its former holding , the principality of Orange . ( The title Prince of Orange is still used for the Dutch heir apparent . ) The Republic of the Orange Free State ( Dutch : Oranje - Vrijstaat ) was an independent Boer republic in southern Africa during the second half of the 19th century , and later a British colony and a province of the Union of South Africa . It is the historical precursor to the present - day Free State province . Extending between the Orange and Vaal river , its borders were determined by the United Kingdom in 1848 when the region was proclaimed as the Orange River Sovereignty , with a seat of a British Resident in Bloemfontein . Oranjemund ( German for : `` Mouth of Oranje '' ) is a town situated in the extreme southwest of Namibia , on the northern bank of the Orange River mouth . Contemporary political and social movements ( edit ) Part of a series on Christian democracy Organizations ( show ) List of Christian democratic parties Centrist Democrat International Christian Democrat Organization of America European People 's Party European Christian Political Movement Ideas ( show ) Social conservatism Social market economy Communitarianism Dignity Social Gospel Solidarity Subsidiarity Sphere sovereignty Cultural mandate Stewardship Distributism Christian corporatism Catholic social teaching Christian ethics Neo-Calvinism Neo-Scholasticism Documents ( show ) Rerum novarum Kuyper 's Stone Lectures on Calvinism Graves de communi re Quadragesimo anno Laborem exercens Sollicitudo rei socialis Centesimus annus Laudato si ' People ( show ) Konrad Adenauer Giulio Andreotti Alcide De Gasperi Eduardo Frei Montalva Keith Joseph Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler Helmut Kohl Abraham Kuyper Pope Leo XIII Jacques Maritain Pope Pius XI Robert Schuman Luigi Sturzo Christian democracy portal Politics portal Because of its symbolic meaning as the orange colour of activity , orange is often used as the colour of political and social movements . Christian democratic political ideology and political parties , which are based on Catholic social teaching and Neo-Calvinist theology The Orange Institution is a pro-British Protestant association based in Northern Ireland . Orange was the rallying colour of the 2004 -- 2005 Orange Revolution in Ukraine . Orange was the colour used by the historical Liberal Party of the United Kingdom On September 14th , 2017 North America 's United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism began to use orange as part of a regarding effort . Orange was used as a rallying colour by Israelis ( such as Jewish settlers ) who opposed Israel 's unilateral disengagement plan in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank in 2005 . Orange ribbons are used to promote awareness and prevention of self - injury . Orange is the party colour of several Christian democratic political parties , as well as others : Alliance for the Future of Austria ( BZÖ ) American Solidarity Party ( ASP ) , United States Bharatiya Janata Party ( BJP ) , India Christian Democrats , Denmark Christian Democratic and Flemish ( CD&V ) , Belgium Humanist Democratic Centre ( CDH ) , Belgium Christian Social Party ( CSP ) , Belgium Christian Democratic People 's Party , Switzerland Christian Democratic Union , Germany Christian Social People 's Party , Luxembourg Citizens - Party of the Citizenry , Spain Czech Social Democratic Party Democratic Liberal Party , Romania Democratic Movement , France Free Patriotic Movement , Lebanon Party Workers ' Liberation Front 30th of May ( Frente Obrero ) , Curaçao Fidesz -- Hungarian Civic Union Independence Party of Minnesota Justice and Truth Alliance , Romania Nacionalista Party , Philippines National Union , Israel New Democratic Party , Canada The NDP 's unexpected sweep of seats in Quebec and its consequent rise to official opposition in the 2011 federal election became known as the `` Orange Wave '' ( la vague orange ) or `` Orange Crush . '' Orange Democratic Movement , Kenya Orange Movement , Italy Our Ukraine -- People 's Self - Defense Bloc Palikot 's Movement , Poland People 's National Party , Jamaica People First Party , Republic of China ( Taiwan ) PORA , Ukraine Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino , Philippines Québec solidaire , Canada Reformed Political Party , Netherlands Republican Left of Catalonia , Spain United Nationalist Alliance , Philippines Valencian Nationalist Bloc - Coalició Compromís , Spain Social Democratic Party , Portugal Zares , Slovenia Religion ( edit ) ( See Orange in Hinduism and Buddhism above ) Orange , or more specifically deep saffron , is the most sacred colour of Hinduism . Hindu and Sikh flags atop mandirs and gurdwaras , respectively , are typically a saffron coloured pennant . Saffron robes are often worn by Hindu swamis and Buddhist monks in the Theravada tradition . In Christianity , orange represents the sin of gluttony . Buddhist monks in the Theravada tradition typically wear saffron robes . Although occasionally maroon , the colour normally worn by Vajrayana Buddhist monks is orange . Metaphysics ( edit ) The `` New Age Prophetess '' , Alice Bailey , in her system called the Seven Rays which classifies humans into seven different metaphysical psychological types , the `` fifth ray '' of `` Concrete Science '' is represented by the colour orange . People who have this metaphysical psychological type are said to be `` on the Orange Ray '' . Orange is used to symbolically represent the second ( Swadhisthana ) chakra . In the military ( edit ) In the United States Army , orange has traditionally been associated with the dragoons , the mounted infantry units which eventually became the US Cavalry . The 1st Cavalry Regiment was founded in 1833 as the United States Dragoons . The modern coat of arms of the 1st Cavalry features the colour orange and orange - yellow shade called dragoon yellow , the colours of the early US dragoon regiments . The US Signal Corps , founded at the beginning of the American Civil War , adopted orange and white as its official colours in 1872 . Orange was adopted because it was the colour of a signal fire , historically used at night while smoke was used during the day , to communicate with distant army units . The uniform of a French cavalry regiment in 1786 . The coat of arms of the 1st Cavalry regiment , founded as a dragoon regiment , features a gold dragon and an orange shield , the traditional colours of the dragoons . The shoulder sleeve insignia of the 1st Signal Command of the US Signal Corps . Orange , the colour of traditional signal fires , and white are the official colours of the Signal Corps . In the Indonesian Air Force , the Air force infantry and special forces corps known as Paskhas uses Orange as their beret colour . Corporate brands ( edit ) Several corporate brands use orange , such as Blogger , Fanta , FedEx , GlaxoSmithKline , Gulf , Hankook , Harley - Davidson , ING , Jägermeister , Nickelodeon , Orange , the Women 's National Basketball Association , The Home Depot and TNT . Sports ( edit ) The colour orange in sports Players from the Dutch national football team vs. Denmark , Euro 2012 A bandy ball Claude Giroux of the Philadelphia Flyers hockey team ( 2011 ) Mascot of the Baltimore Orioles baseball team In the sport of baseball some foul poles are orange , but only one in Major League Baseball , belonging to the New York Mets at their home ballpark Citi Field . Orange , because of its common association with activity and visibility , is a popular colour for sports teams . Teams that regularly feature orange uniforms or kits are the following Dutch national sports teams Major League Baseball Baltimore Orioles Detroit Tigers Houston Astros Miami Marlins New York Mets San Francisco Giants National Basketball Association New York Knicks Oklahoma City Thunder Phoenix Suns Women 's National Basketball Association Phoenix Mercury National Football League Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Denver Broncos Miami Dolphins Indian Premier League Kochi Tuskers Kerala National Hockey League Philadelphia Flyers Australian Football League Greater Western Sydney Giants Rugby Super League : Castleford Tigers Super Rugby : Cheetahs , Jaguares , Sunwolves Association football A-League : Brisbane Roar Conference Premier : Luton Town F.C. Scottish Premier League : Dundee United Ukrainian Premier League : FC Shakhtar Donetsk Major League Soccer : Houston Dynamo Bulgarian A Professional Football Group : PFC Litex Lovech Norwegian Premier League : Aalesunds FK Chilean football : Cobreloa , Cobresal Canadian Football League BC Lions Gaelic Athletic Association Armagh GAA United Football League Loyola Meralco Sparks F.C. Philippine Basketball Association Meralco Bolts NCAA Division I Auburn Tigers Boise State Broncos Bucknell Bison Clemson Tigers Florida Gators Miami Hurricanes Illinois Fighting Illini Oklahoma State Cowboys Oregon State Beavers Princeton Tigers Syracuse Orange Texas Longhorns Tennessee Volunteers Virginia Cavaliers See also ( edit ) Shades of orange Skin - contact wine Amber List of colours Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Reuchamps , Min ( 17 December 2014 ) . Minority Nations in Multinational Federations : A Comparative Study of Quebec and Wallonia . Routledge . p. 140 . ISBN 9781317634720 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Eva Heller , Psychologie de la couleur : effets et symboliques , pp. 149 -- 158 Jump up ^ Paterson , Ian ( 2003 ) . A Dictionary of Colour : A Lexicon of the Language of Colour ( 1st paperback ed . ) . London : Thorogood ( published 2004 ) . p. 280 . ISBN 1 - 85418 - 375 - 3 . OCLC 60411025 ( ( inconsistent citations ) ) Jump up ^ http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=orange Jump up ^ `` orange n. 1 and adj. 1 '' . Oxford English Dictionary online . Oxford : Oxford University Press . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 30. ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Shorter Oxford English Dictionary , 5th edition , 2002 . Jump up ^ `` orange colour -- orange color , n . ( and adj . ) '' . Oxford English Dictionary . OED . Retrieved 19 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Maerz , Aloys John ; Morris Rea Paul ( 1930 ) . `` A Dictionary of Color '' . New York : McGraw - Hill : 200 ( ( inconsistent citations ) ) Jump up ^ `` Saffron - Define Saffron at Dictionary.com '' . Dictionary.com . Retrieved 25 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Kenner , T.A. ( 2006 ) . Symbols and their hidden meanings . New York : Thunders Mouth . p. 11 . ISBN 1 - 56025 - 949 - 3 . Jump up ^ The Semantics of Colour . Retrieved 25 September 2014 . Jump up ^ The Power of Words . Retrieved 25 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Bunson , Matthew ( 1995 ) . A Dictionary of the Roman Empire . Oxford and New York : Oxford University Press . p. 23 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 510233 - 9 . Jump up ^ Vincent van Gogh , Lettres a Theo , p. 184 . ^ Jump up to : Witte , John ( 1993 ) . Christianity and Democracy in Global Context . Westview Press . p. 9 . ISBN 9780813318431 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Foreign Policy : Theories , Actors , Cases Foreign Policy : Theories , Actors , Cases , Oxford University Press , 2008 , ISBN 0199215294 ( page 331 ) Jump up ^ Correspondance of Vincent van Gogh , No. 459A , cited in John Gage , Couleur et Culture : Usages et significations de la couleur de l'Antiquité à l'abstraction . Jump up ^ Eva Heller , Psychologie de la couleur : effets et symboliques , p. 152 . Jump up ^ Isabelle Roelofs and Fabien Petillion , La couleur expliquée aux artistes , pp. 46 -- 47 . Jump up ^ Isabelle Roelofs and Fabien Petillion , La couleur expliquée aux artistes , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Isabelle Roelofs and Fabien Petillion , La couleur expliquée aux artistes , pp. 66 -- 67 Jump up ^ `` carotenoid '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 25 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Are carrots orange for political reasons ? '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 25 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Eva Heller , Psychologie de la couleur : effets et symboliques , p. 152 Jump up ^ Jeannine Delwiche ( 2003 ) . `` The impact of perceptual interactions on perceived flavor '' ( PDF ) . Food Quality and Preference. 14 ( 2 ) : 137 -- 146 . doi : 10.1016 / S0950 - 3293 ( 03 ) 00041 - 7 . Jump up ^ Eva Heller , Psychologie de la couleur : effets et symboliques , pp. 155 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Eva Heller , Psychologie de la couleur : effets et symboliques , pp. 158 ^ Jump up to : Henri Arvon ( 1951 ) . Le bouddhisme ( pp. 61 -- 64 ) Jump up ^ http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/buddhistworld/robe_txt.htm The Buddhanet - buddhist studies - the monastic robe ( retrieved November 25 , 2012 ) Jump up ^ Anne Varichon ( 2000 ) , Couleurs : pigments et teintures dans les mains des peuples , p. 62 Jump up ^ Eva Heller , Psychologie de la couleur : effets et symboliques , pp. 152 -- 153 . Jump up ^ Eva Heller , Psychologie de la couleur : effets et symboliques , pp. 154 -- 155 Jump up ^ Sullivan , Eugene ( 1997 ) . `` An Academic Costume Code and An Academic Ceremony Guide '' . American Council on Education . Archived from the original on 2006 - 12 - 06 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ Roy 2006 , pp. 503 -- 505 Jump up ^ National Flag , Taoiseach.gov.ie , 2007 . Retrieved on 11 June 2007 . Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/USCJ/status/908349855382294528 Jump up ^ `` Hinduism '' . Fotw.net . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Alice A. ( 1995 ) . The Seven Rays of Life . New York : Lucis Publishing Company . ISBN 0 - 85330 - 142 - 5 . Jump up ^ Stevens , Samantha ( 2004 ) . The Seven Rays : a Universal Guide to the Archangels . Insomniac Press . p. 24 . ISBN 1 - 894663 - 49 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` 1st Cavalry Regiment '' . The Institute of Heraldry . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 30 . References ( edit ) Heller , Eva ( 2009 ) . Psychologie de la couleur : effets et symboliques . Pyramyd ( French translation ) . ISBN 978 - 2 - 35017 - 156 - 2 . Zuffi , Stefano ( 2012 ) . Color in Art . Abrams . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4197 - 0111 - 5 . Gage , John ( 2009 ) . La Couleur dans l'art . Thames & Hudson . ISBN 978 - 2 - 87811 - 325 - 9 . Gottsegen , Mark ( 2006 ) . The Painter 's Handbook : A Complete Reference . New York : Watson - Guptill Publications . ISBN 0 - 8230 - 3496 - 8 . Varichon , Anne ( 2000 ) . Couleurs : pigments et teintures dans les mains des peuples . Paris : Editions du Seuil . ISBN 978 - 2 - 02 - 084697 - 4 . Russo , Ethan ; Dreher , Melanie C. ; Mathre , Mary Lynn . ( 2003 ) , Women and Cannabis : Medicine , Science , and Sociology ( 1st ed . ) , Psychology Press ( published March 2003 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7890 - 2101 - 4 Pat Willard ( 2002 ) , Secrets of Saffron : The Vagabond Life of the World 's Most Seductive Spice , Beacon Press ( published 11 April 2002 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8070 - 5009 - 5 Arvon , Henri ( 1951 ) . Le bouddhisme . Presses Universitaires de France . ISBN 978 - 2 - 13 - 055064 - 8 . Van Gogh , Vincent ( 2005 ) . Lettres à Théo . Folioplus classiques . ISBN 978 - 2 - 07 - 030687 - 9 . Van Gogh , Vincent ( 2010 ) . Lettres de Provence 1888 -- 1890 . Auberon . ISBN 9782844981097 . Roelofs , Isabelle ( 2012 ) . La couleur expliquée aux artistes . Group Eyrolles . ISBN 978 - 2 - 212 - 13486 - 5 . Roy , Srirupa ( August 2006 ) . `` A Symbol of Freedom : The Indian Flag and the Transformations of Nationalism , 1906 -- '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Asian Studies . 65 ( 3 ) . ISSN 0021 - 9118 . OCLC 37893507 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Orange ( color ) . Orange Spectrum Color Chart Listing Shades of orange Amber Apricot Atomic tangerine Bittersweet Brown Burnt orange Carrot orange Champagne Coral Coffee Dark salmon Deep carrot orange ECE / SAE Amber Flame Gamboge Gold Gold ( metallic ) International orange Lion Mahogany Mango Marigold Old gold Orange Orange ( web ) Orange - red Orange peel Papaya whip Peach Peach - orange Peach - yellow Persian orange Persimmon Portland Orange Princeton orange Pumpkin Rust Safety orange Salmon Satin sheen gold Sunset Tangelo Tangerine Tawny Tea rose Tomato Vermilion A typical sample is shown for each name ; a range of color - variations is commonly associated with each color - name . 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king kong skull island is it a sequel			Kong : Skull Island	kong : skull island	Kong : Skull Island is a 2017 American monster film that is a reboot of the King Kong franchise and serves as the second film in Legendary 's franchise MonsterVerse . The film stars an ensemble cast consisting of Tom Hiddleston , Samuel L. Jackson , John Goodman , Brie Larson , Jing Tian , Toby Kebbell , John Ortiz , Corey Hawkins , Jason Mitchell , Shea Whigham , Thomas Mann , Terry Notary , and John C. Reilly . Kong follows a team of scientists and Vietnam War soldiers who travel to an uncharted island in the Pacific and encounter terrifying creatures and the mighty Kong . The film is directed by Jordan Vogt - Roberts and written by Dan Gilroy , Max Borenstein and Derek Connolly , from a story by John Gatins .	Principal photography took place from October 2015 to March 2016 in Hawaii and various locations around Vietnam . Kong : Skull Island premiered on February 28 , 2017 , in London and was released in the United States on March 10 , 2017 , in 2D , 3D , IMAX 3D and in Dolby Cinemas . The film was a critical and commercial success , grossing over $566 million worldwide against its $185 million budget . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Creature design 3.3 Casting 3.4 Filming 4 Influences 5 Music 6 Release 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Home media 7 Sequel 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1944 , in the midst of World War II , two fighter pilots -- American pilot Hank Marlow and Japanese pilot Gunpei Ikari -- parachute onto an island in the South Pacific after a dogfight and engage in close combat , but the fight is interrupted by a behemoth ape . Twenty - nine years later , in 1973 , U.S. government agent Bill Randa hires former British Special Air Service Captain James Conrad , a skilled tracker , to guide an expedition to map out an island known as Skull Island . Their military escort is the Sky Devils , a Vietnam War helicopter squadron led by Lieutenant Colonel Preston Packard and his subordinates , Major Jack Chapman and Captain Earl Cole . The group is joined by pacifist photojournalist Mason Weaver , who believes the expedition is a secret military operation . Upon arrival at Skull Island , Packard 's men begin dropping explosives developed by seismologist Houston Brooks to map out the island . However , the air unit is sabotaged by the same ape from 1944 , who kills a number of military personnel and scatters the survivors across the island . Packard regroups with some of the scattered survivors , including his door gunner Reles , pilot Glenn Mills , Cole , Landsat employee Steve Woodward , and Randa . After being confronted by Packard , Randa reveals his affiliation to the secret government organization Monarch , which was trying to prove the existence of monsters and determine their threat to humanity . The other survivors ( Conrad , Weaver , Brooks , biologist San Lin , soldier Reg Slivko , and Landsat employee Victor Nieves ) try to get to a rendezvous point to meet a resupply team arriving in three days ' time . They encounter the local Iwi natives and an older Marlow . He reveals that the ape is Kong , the island 's guardian , worshiped as a god by the natives for protecting the island 's inhabitants from many predators , including reptilian underground monsters dubbed `` Skullcrawlers '' . He informs them that Kong attacked and destroyed the air unit because their seismology explosives would bring the Skullcrawlers to the surface , and they are responsible for killing Kong 's ancestors , leaving him as the last of his kind . He also tells them that he and Ikari became friends , but Ikari was killed by a Skullcrawler some time ago . Packard 's group begins making their way to Chapman , whose helicopter crash - landed elsewhere . Meanwhile , Chapman is ambushed and eaten by a Skullcrawler . Conrad 's group helps Marlow complete a boat built from parts scavenged from Marlow and Ikari 's downed planes . They ride the boat down the river , and manage to secure communication with Packard 's group , but the boat is attacked by pterosaur - like creatures which kill Nieves . They regroup with Packard , who insists on searching for Chapman , though his true objective is to find and kill Kong who he perceives as an enemy due to killing his men . Marlow leads the two groups to a mass grave littered with the bones of Kong 's kind . There , the same Skullcrawler that killed Chapman attacks the group , killing Randa and many soldiers before dying in a flammable gas explosion triggered by Weaver . Learning about Chapman 's death , a vengeful Packard blames Kong for the deaths of his men and becomes even more determined to kill him . The two groups part ways , with Packard 's group laying a trap for Kong , while the non-military personnel head back to the boat . While scouting the path ahead , Conrad and Weaver encounter Kong up - close and , seeing his true benevolent nature , they resolve to save him . As Conrad and Weaver encounter Kong , Packard 's group uses the remaining seismic payload explosives to lure him in . Kong charges to the lake , where they manage to incapacitate him with ignited napalm , though Woodward is killed . Conrad 's group arrives and persuades the other soldiers to spare Kong , but Packard refuses to stand down . A massive Skullcrawler emerges from the lake and Packard is crushed to death by a recovering Kong . The Skullcrawler overpowers Kong and chases the humans . Cole is killed in a failed suicide bomb attempt to kill it , but Kong returns to rescue the others and kills the beast by ripping out its innards . He then saves Weaver , who had been knocked into the water during the fight , and allows the survivors to leave the island . During the credits , Marlow returns home , reuniting with his wife , meeting his son for the first time , and watching a Chicago Cubs game on television . In a post-credits scene , Conrad and Weaver are detained by Monarch and informed by Brooks and San that there are more islands such as Kong 's island and that Kong is not the only monster king to roam the world . As proof , they are shown archive footage of cave paintings depicting Godzilla , Rodan , Mothra , ultraman tigasand King Ghidorah . The camera cuts to a final painting depicting Godzilla and King Ghidorah in battle with the screen cutting to black as Godzilla 's roar is heard . Cast ( edit ) Tom Hiddleston as James Conrad , a broken but noble former British Special Air Service Captain who served in the Vietnam War with the Special Air Service Regiment , hired as a hunter - tracker for the expedition by Randa . Hiddleston described his character as a man who holds `` no political allegiance in the conflict '' but `` understands conflict '' , further stating , `` He 's a former soldier who has been formed by an understanding of war , but his specific skill set is something that 's attached to the power of nature ; and I think that 's something people have n't seen in a long time '' . Samuel L. Jackson as Preston Packard , a United States Army Lieutenant Colonel and leader of the Sky Devils helicopter squadron , assigned to escort the group of explorers on the expedition . Jackson compares his character to Captain Ahab from Moby - Dick , stating , `` He does have to exact some measure of revenge for the people he 's lost . That 's just the nature of how we operate -- eye for an eye ! '' . John Goodman as William `` Bill '' Randa , a senior official in the government organization Monarch , who is in charge of the expedition . Brie Larson as Mason Weaver , a photojournalist and peace activist . Larson stated that her character has her `` own sort of motive '' as to why she joined the expedition : `` That 's the interesting thing about this movie . It 's a group of misfits that are all coming from different angles looking at the same thing . You get to see how many different views in regards to nature and how we should handle it are dealt with from many different perspectives '' . Larson further added that Weaver has an `` interest and respect for nature '' and `` Through that she has a closer , more loving , and intimate relationship with Kong '' . Jing Tian as San Lin , a young biologist working for Monarch . Toby Kebbell as Jack Chapman , a United States Army major and Sea Stallion helicopter pilot who is Packard 's right hand man . John Ortiz as Victor Nieves , a senior Landsat official on the expedition . Corey Hawkins as Houston Brooks , a young geologist and graduate of Yale University , recruited for the expedition by Monarch for his groundbreaking theories on seismology . Jason Mitchell as Glenn Mills , a young loyal warrant officer and helicopter pilot of the Sky Devils and close friend of Cole . Shea Whigham as Earl Cole , a seasoned Captain of the Sky Devils who wields an AK - 47 instead of an M16 and close friend of Mills . Thomas Mann as Reg Slivko , a young warrant officer of the Sky Devils , known for carrying a portable record player . Terry Notary and Toby Kebbell as King Kong ( motion capture performance ) , a 100 - foot - tall ape who is worshiped as the king and god on Skull Island by the Iwi natives . Notary stated that this Kong is an adolescent and he tried to play Kong like a `` 14 year old that 's trapped in the life of an adult '' , stating that it took three days to film the motion capture scenes . In addition to playing Chapman , Toby Kebbell also provided some facial references for Kong , stating , `` I gave some facial reference -- certain subtleties , certain looks . Terry and I worked on stuff together and created what Kong needed . I was just there as backup for pieces that Terry really wanted to get details on . It 's a real honor to be asked by someone who 's a great performer , to come and help support their performance . '' John C. Reilly as Hank Marlow , a wise and virtuous Chicagoan lieutenant of the 45th Pursuit Squadron who has been stranded for nearly 29 years on Skull Island since World War II . He knows the creatures of the island , and is a friend of the Iwi natives . Will Brittain portrays a young Hank Marlow , and also plays Marlow 's son . Additionally , Eugene Cordero appears as Reles , a warrant officer of the Sky Devils and Packard 's door gunner ; Marc Evan Jackson portrays Steve Woodward , a Landsat employee on the expedition ; Richard Jenkins portrays Senator Al Willis , a politician who reluctantly funds the expedition ; and Miyavi portrays Gunpei Ikari , a Japanese World War II pilot who crash - lands on Skull Island alongside Marlow . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Initially announced by Legendary Pictures at the 2014 San Diego Comic - Con , Universal Pictures was to be the distributor . The job of distribution would , however in 2015 move to Warner Brothers in order for them to make a King Kong - Godzilla crossover film . Legendary offered Joe Cornish the job of directing the film , while previous King Kong helmer Peter Jackson suggested Guillermo del Toro . In September 2014 , the studio announced that Jordan Vogt - Roberts would direct the film . The script saw a number of screenwriters attached before filming . Seeking the continuity between the King Kong and Godzilla worlds , Max Borenstein ( writer of 2014 's Godzilla ) wrote the first draft , while John Gatins was hired to write the second draft . Borenstein 's initial influence was Apocalypse Now , revealing , `` What popped into my head for the paradigm of the movie was Apocalypse Now . That 's obviously a war movie , but I liked the idea of people moving upriver to face a misunderstood force that they think of as a villain , but ultimately they come to realize is much more complicated . '' It was later revealed that Dan Gilroy had also collaborated on the Borenstein and Gatins draft . On August 18 , 2015 , it was confirmed that Derek Connolly was also doing script rewrites . Borenstein worked a final pass on the screenplay before shooting began , and credited the screenplay to all of the writers , saying , `` It was definitely collaborative in terms of what 's on the screen , though none of us worked together . There are pieces of my work in there as well as the work of the other two writers and John Gatins , who was credited for story . Everybody had a really good hand in it . '' In April 2016 , artist Joe DeVito sued producers of the film for using elements of his Skull Island universe , which he claimed that he created and the producers used without his permission . Creature design ( edit ) Kong as designed for Kong : Skull Island Director Vogt - Roberts stated that he wanted Kong to look simple and iconic enough that a third grader could draw him , and the image would still be recognizable . Vogt - Roberts also wanted Kong to feel like a `` lonely god , he was a morose figure , lumbering around this island , '' and took the design back to the 1933 incarnation , where Kong was presented as a `` bipedal creature that walks in an upright position . '' Vogt - Roberts additionally stated , `` If anything , our Kong is meant to be a throwback to the ' 33 version . ( Kong ) was a movie monster , so we worked really hard to take some of the elements of the ' 33 version , some of those exaggerated features , some of those cartoonish and iconic qualities , and then make them their own ... We created something that to some degree served as a throwback to the inspiration for what started all of this , but then also ( had ) it be a fully unique and different creature that -- I would like to think -- is fully contained and identifiable as the 2017 version of King Kong . I think there are very modern elements to him , yet hopefully he feels very timeless at the same time . '' Hayao Miyazaki 's Princess Mononoke helped influence the design and approach of the monsters , Vogt - Roberts stated , `` Miyazaki ( 's ) Princess Mononoke was actually a big reference in the way that the spirit creatures sort of have their own domains and fit within that . So a big thing ( was ) trying to design creatures that felt realistic and could exist in an ecosystem that feels sort of wild and out there , and then also design things that simultaneously felt beautiful and horrifying at the same time . '' However , biophysical analysis of Kong and other creatures concludes that although biophysically they are viable , the ecosystem of the island could not support them . The two - armed pit lizard from the 1933 King Kong film was used as a reference for the Skullcrawlers . They were also inspired by a number of other cinematic creatures ; Vogt - Roberts stated , `` That creature , beyond being a reference to a creature from the 1933 film , is also this crazy fusion of all of the influences throughout my life -- like the first angel from Evangelion , and No - Face from Spirited Away , and Cubone from Pokémon . '' Casting ( edit ) The cast and director of Kong : Skull Island at the 2016 San Diego Comic - Con to promote the film At the same time of the announcement of Vogt - Roberts as director , the studio also announced that Tom Hiddleston would play the lead role . For a time both , JK Simmons and Michael Keaton were attached to roles however both left due to scheduling difficulties ... . On July 23 , 2015 , Brie Larson was cast in the film to play the female lead . On August 5 , 2015 , it was announced that Corey Hawkins was cast in the film to play a supporting role . On August 6 , 2015 , Deadline.com reported that the studio was in early talks with Samuel L. Jackson to replace the role which Simmons vacated , while John C. Reilly was being eyed for Keaton 's role , but not offered it yet . Tom Wilkinson was also offered a role in the film . On August 20 , 2015 , Toby Kebbell joined the cast of the film , while Jackson and Reilly were confirmed for roles . On August 25 , 2015 , Jason Mitchell joined the cast , to play a pilot . On September 25 , 2015 , John Goodman was cast to play Randa , a government official and leader of an expedition , and Thomas Mann was also cast . On October 1 , 2015 , John Ortiz and Shea Whigham were added to the cast in unspecified roles . On October 13 , 2015 , Eugene Cordero joined the film , and on November 2 , 2015 , it was announced Will Brittain had joined the cast , portraying a pilot , in one of the last key leads in the film . In May 2016 , Toby Kebbell revealed that Terry Notary would portray Kong through motion capture , and that Kebbell provided some guidance for Kong 's motion capture sequences . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography on the film began on October 19 , 2015 , and concluded on March 18 , 2016 . Filming took place in the northern portion of Vietnam , including Tràng An , Vân Long and Tam Cốc ( Ninh Bình Province ) , Hạ Long Bay ( Quảng Ninh Province ) , and at the entrance of Tú Làn Caves System ( Tân Hoá , Trung Hoá Village , Minh Hoá District Quảng Bình Province ) , the island of Oahu in Hawaii , and Australia 's Gold Coast . Locations included Honolulu 's Chinatown , and at the Kualoa Ranch and Waikane Valley ( Ohulehule Forest Conservancy ) on Oahu . In mid-January 2016 , filming started in Gold Coast , Queensland , Australia . Influences ( edit ) Vogt - Roberts has cited a number of films that inspired Kong : Skull Island , stating , `` If I were going to break it down for people , I 'd say you obviously have Apocalypse Now and just the era of ' 70s filmmaking , with films like The Conversation , too . Also Platoon was an inspiration , and the South Korean film The Host as well . The entire Neon Genesis Evangelion series was a big influence . '' Vogt - Roberts also cited Princess Mononoke as an influence on the approach and design of the monsters . He cited Sachiel from Neon Genesis Evangelion , Cubone from Pokémon , No - Face from Spirited Away , and a creature from the 1933 King Kong as inspirations for the Skullcrawlers . Music ( edit ) The film 's score was composed by Henry Jackman . To fit the ' 70s period of the film , Jackman blended ' 70s psychedelic guitars into the score . Regarding the music used in the film , Vogt - Roberts stated , `` I wanted to use songs from the Vietnam era and a myriad of hits from the ' 70s ... this provides a striking dichotomy , sets the tone and gives us great moments of fun . '' Release ( edit ) Kong : Skull Island was originally set for a November 4 , 2016 , release , but in December 2014 , the date was moved from November 4 , 2016 to March 10 , 2017 . The new release date coincides with the franchise 's 84th anniversary . It was released in 3D and IMAX 3D , as well as in Dolby Vision High Dynamic Range , and Dolby Atmos sound in Dolby Cinemas . The film premiered at the Cineworld Empire Leicester Square in London on February 28 , 2017 . Box Office ( edit ) Kong : Skull Island has grossed $168.1 million in the United States and Canada and $398.6 million in other territories for a worldwide gross of $566.7 million . Made on a production budget of $185 million , with about $136 million more spent on global marketing costs , the film needed to make at least $450 -- 500 million worldwide in order to break even . In the United States and Canada , Kong : Skull Island was projected to gross $40 -- 50 million in its opening weekend , as well as a worldwide debut of $110 -- 135 million . The film made $20.2 million on its first day from 3,846 theaters , including $3.7 million it made from Thursday night previews . In total , the film earned a better - than - expected $61 million on its opening weekend , defying the film 's initial projection by 35 % . Its opening is higher than the $50.1 million opening posted by Peter Jackson 's King Kong ( 2005 ) , but considerably lower than the $93 million debut of Godzilla ( 2014 ) . In IMAX , it made $7.6 million from 382 theaters , repping 12.5 % of the film 's total opening weekend . In its second weekend the film grossed $27.8 million ( a drop of 54.4 % ) , finishing second at the box office behind newcomer Beauty and the Beast . Internationally , the film debuted with $85.1 million from 20,900 screens in 65 markets . It opened in every market except Japan and China . In IMAX , the film scored the fourth - biggest March release with $4.8 million from 672 theaters ( the second biggest without China in it ) . The biggest openings came from the United Kingdom , Ireland ( $7.6 million ) , South Korea ( $7.4 million ) , Russia ( $6.2 million ) , Mexico ( $5.7 million ) , France ( $4.1 million ) , Taiwan ( $3.6 million ) , Australia ( $3.6 million ) , Brazil ( $3.4 million ) , Germany ( $3.4 million ) , Malaysia ( $2.65 million ) , India ( $2.4 million ) , Spain ( $1.6 million ) and Italy ( $1.6 million ) , while in Vietnam ( where the film was primarily shot and centered on ) , it scored the biggest opening of all time there with $2.5 million . This was a week following a huge model of the primate outside the theater caught on fire at the film 's premiere . The largest international market for the film was China , with US $168.6 million . Critical response ( edit ) Kong : Skull Island received generally positive reviews from critics . On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 76 % based on 287 reviews , with an average rating of 7.5 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Offering exhilarating eye candy , solid acting , and a fast - paced story , Kong : Skull Island earns its spot in the movie monster 's mythos without ever matching up to the classic original . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 62 out of 100 , based on 49 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B + '' on an A+ to F scale . Michael Phillips of The Chicago Tribune lauded the film , giving it three - and - a-half stars out of four : `` I saw little in ( Vogt - Roberts ' ) first feature to indicate the deftness and buoyant spirit he brings to Skull Island . This time , the money 's on the screen , but it bought a really good movie , too . '' Mike Ryan of Uproxx gave the film a positive review , noting , `` Kong : Skull Island is still a hoot . It was a movie that was not at all on my radar as something I was dying to see and yet I had way too much fun watching it . I just wished it had embraced its craziness just a little bit more . ( But , yes , there 's still plenty of crazy to go around . ) '' Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter gave the film a positive review as well , stating that `` all the requisite elements are served up here in ideal proportion , and the time just flies by , which can rarely be said for films of this nature . '' Kyle Anderson of Nerdist News found the film entertaining but flawed , saying , `` It 's certainly not a perfect movie , and a lot of the characters feel like sketches more than fully - fledged people , but it roars along enjoyably from start to finish . '' Conversely , Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian awarded the film one out of five stars . In his negative review , he described the movie as a `` fantastically muddled and exasperatingly dull quasi-update of the King Kong story . '' Matthew Lickona of The San Diego Reader also gave the film one out of five stars , writing : `` It 's fun to watch ( the monsters ) in action , but on the human side , the film is clumsily written , over-cast and underacted , with only frustrated soldier Samuel L. Jackson striking the right tone of crazy amid the chaos . '' Several critics have commented on Larson 's role in the movie , having recently won an Oscar for Room , with Michael Salfino of The Wall Street Journal remarking that `` a starring role in a popcorn movie on the heels of a passion project can open up an actor to ridicule . '' Home media ( edit ) Kong : Skull Island was released on HD Digital on June 20 , 2017 and on 4K Ultra HD , 3D Blu - ray , Blu - ray and DVD on July 18 , 2017 . The film debuted at the top of the NPD VideoScan First Alert sales chart and the dedicated Blu - ray Disc chart for the week ending on July 23 , 2017 . Sequel ( edit ) Main article : MonsterVerse In September 2015 , Legendary moved Kong : Skull Island from Universal to Warner Bros. , which sparked media speculation that Godzilla and King Kong will appear in a film together . In October 2015 , Legendary confirmed that they would unite Godzilla and King Kong in Godzilla vs. Kong , set for a May 29 , 2020 , release date . Legendary plans to create a shared cinematic franchise `` centered around Monarch , '' that `` brings together Godzilla and Legendary 's King Kong in an ecosystem of other giant super-species , both classic and new . '' While Legendary will maintain its home at Universal Pictures , it will continue to collaborate with Warner Bros. for the franchise . Director Jordan Vogt - Roberts had expressed interest in doing a film about Marlow and Gunpei 's time on the island , stating , `` I keep joking that personally I 'm more interested in doing a $30 million version of young John C. Reilly on the island . Just some weird , the odd - ball monster comedy with him and Gunpei . '' Godzilla vs. Kong is scheduled to follow up on May 22 , 2020 with Adam Wingard attached to direct the film . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Kong : Skull Island ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Kong : Skull Island ' Hopes To Leave Huge Footprint At Global B.O. In Face Of ' Logan 's Wrath '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kong : Skull Island ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` King Kong and Batman Lift Time Warner Above Expectations '' . Fortune . May 3 , 2017 . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Seesawing Fate of Legendary Reflects the Film Industry 's Volatility '' . The New York Times . July 25 , 2017 . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Eaton , Benjamin ( December 31 , 2016 ) . `` Tom Hiddleston 's Hunter Becomes Hunted in Kong : Skull Island Video '' . Screenrant . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McCabe , Joseph ( February 1 , 2017 ) . `` 10 Things We Learned on the Set of Kong : Skull Island '' . Nerdist . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Keene , Allison ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` Corey Hawkins Details His `` Kong : Skull Island '' Character , Teases Lighter Tone `` . Collider . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kong : Skull Island ( 2017 ) End Credits '' . Legendary Pictures . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Kevin ( May 11 , 2016 ) . `` Toby Kebbell clears up Kong : Skull Island rumors '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Shanley , Patrick ( March 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Skull Island ' : Kong Motion - Capture Actor on Sequel Plans and Seeking Andy Serkis ' Blessing '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schaefer , Sandy ( May 11 , 2016 ) . `` Kong : Skull Island -- Toby Kebbell Provided Kong Facial References '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( July 27 , 2014 ) . `` Legendary Announces King Kong Prequel ' Skull Island ' Movie For 2016 ( Comic Con 2014 ) '' . Slashfilm.com . Retrieved July 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( September 11 , 2015 ) . `` What King Kong / Godzilla Switcharoo Says About Universal And Warner Bros. Priorities '' . Forbes . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( July 9 , 2013 ) . `` Legendary Entertainment Moves to NBCUniversal ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved November 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( September 10 , 2015 ) . `` ' Kong : Skull Island ' to Move to Warner Bros. for Planned Monster Movie Universe '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( July 28 , 2014 ) . `` Comic - Con : Legendary Wants Joe Cornish For ' Skull Island ' '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ Han , Angie ( July 31 , 2014 ) . `` Peter Jackson Would Like Guillermo Del Toro to Direct ' Skull Island ' '' . Slashfilm.com . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Jr. , Mike ( September 16 , 2014 ) . `` Legendary 's ' Skull Island ' ; Tom Hiddleston Stars , Jordan Vogt - Roberts Helms King Kong Origin Tale '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( October 30 , 2014 ) . `` King Kong Tale ' Skull Island ' Gets Rewrite From ' Flight ' Scribe John Gatins '' . deadline.com . Retrieved October 31 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : McKittrick , Christopher ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Every movie is its own beast . ' Max Borenstein on Kong : Skull Island '' . Creative Screenwriting . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( August 5 , 2015 ) . `` ' Straight Outta Compton 's ' Corey Hawkins Joins ' Skull Island ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved August 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( August 18 , 2015 ) . `` ' Jurassic World ' Writer Heads to ' Kong : Skull Island ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cullins , Ashley ( April 28 , 2016 ) . `` Legendary , Warner Bros. Sued for Allegedly Stealing ' Kong : Skull Island ' Story '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , C. Molly ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` Kong : Skull Island unleashes exclusive first look at the movie monster '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Monge - Nájera , Julian. ( 2016 ) . `` Ann 's secret relationship with King Kong : a biological look at Skull Island and the true nature of the Beauty and Beast Myth '' . CoRis. 12 ( 1 ) : 13 -- 28 ( ISSN : 1659 - 2387 ) . ^ Jump up to : Davis , Erik ( February 17 , 2017 ) . `` Director Jordan Vogt - Roberts On Why ' Kong : Skull Island ' Is Unlike Any Other ' King Kong ' Movie '' . Fandango . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( December 15 , 2014 ) . `` J.K. Simmons joins ' Kong : Skull Island ' '' . variety.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jaafar , Ali ( January 7 , 2015 ) . `` Michael Keaton In Talks To Join ' Kong : Skull Island ' For Legendary '' . deadline.com . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jaafar , Ali ( July 1 , 2015 ) . `` Michael Keaton And JK Simmons Exit Legendary 's ' Kong : Skull Island ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( July 23 , 2015 ) . `` Brie Larson Lands Female Lead In ' Kong : Skull Island ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( August 6 , 2015 ) . `` Is There Room On ' Kong : Skull Island ' For Samuel L. Jackson And Tom Wilkinson ? '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( August 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fantastic Four ' Actor Toby Kebbell Joins Tom Hiddleston in ' Kong : Skull Island ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( August 25 , 2015 ) . `` ' Straight Outta Compton 's ' Jason Mitchell Joins Legendary 's ' Skull Island ' '' . Variety . Retrieved August 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( September 25 , 2015 ) . `` John Goodman Joins Cast Of ' Kong : Skull Island ' '' . deadline.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( September 25 , 2015 ) . `` Thomas Mann Joins ' Kong : Skull Island ' ( Exclusive ) '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( October 1 , 2015 ) . `` ' Kong : Skull Island ' Adds John Ortiz & Shea Whigham '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( October 13 , 2015 ) . `` Eugene Cordero Heads To ' Kong : Skull Island ' ; Amiah Miller Joins ' War For The Planet Of The Apes ' '' . deadline.com . Retrieved October 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( November 2 , 2015 ) . `` ' Kong : Skull Island ' Casts Up - And - Comer for Pilot Role '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mann , Thomas ( March 18 , 2016 ) . `` That 's a wrap. 📷 by @ tutututuuuu '' . Instagram.com . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Kong : Skull Island ' spotted filming at Kualoa Ranch in Hawaii '' . On Location Vacations . October 23 , 2015 . Retrieved October 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gordon , Mike ( December 17 , 2015 ) . `` King Kong movie filming closes Chinatown streets '' . StarAdvertiser . Honolulu . Retrieved December 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Kong : Skull Island ' moves from Hawaii to Australia '' . On Location Vacations . January 20 , 2016 . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Simonot , Suzanne ( January 24 , 2016 ) . `` Kong : Skull Island cast and crew wanted as filming continues '' . Gold Coast Bulletin . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kong : Skull Island Production Notes '' . SciFi Japan . February 18 , 2017 . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( December 12 , 2014 ) . `` Universal Pushes King Kong Film to 2017 , Dates Great Wall Movie for 2016 '' . hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mark Hughes . `` ' Kong : Skull Island ' Delivers King - Sized Action And Monster Thrills '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Kate . `` Brie Larson at Kong : Skull Island premiere in London Daily Mail Online '' . Dailymail.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The European Premiere Of `` Kong : Skull Island '' -- Arrivals Photos and Images Getty Images `` . www.gettyimages.ca . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Pamela McClintock . `` Weekend Box Office : ' Kong : Skull Island ' Scales $61 M for No. 1 Finish '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 11 , 2017 ) . `` Sizing Up ' Kong : Skull Island 's Weekend Domestic Opening '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang . `` Box Office : ' Kong : Skull Island ' Rules With Mighty $61 Million Debut '' . Variety . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Logan ' $85.3 M Debut Breaks Records For Wolverine Series & Rated R Fare ; Beats ' Fifty Shades ' & ' Passion Of The Christ ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro . `` ' Kong : Skull Island ' Conquering ' Logan ' For Top Spot At B.O. With $53 M -- Midday Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Kong ' Beats His Chest On Saturday : Weekend Opening Now At $61 M -- Sunday AM Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' $174.8 M Opening Sparks Moviegoing Explosion ; Pic Could Conquer ' Rogue One ' & ' Dark Knight ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Kong ' King In $81.6 M Offshore Bow ; ' Logan ' Leaps To $437 M Global -- Intl Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kong : Skull Island '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( March 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Kong : Skull Island ' : What Did You Think ? '' . Collider . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Kong : Skull Island ' : Four Lessons For ' Justice League ' And The DC Films Franchise '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kong : Skull Island ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kong : Skull Island Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kong : Skull Island '' . CinemaScore on Twitter . March 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Kong : Skull Island ' review : Big budget buys dazzling effects and a really good movie too '' . The Chicago Tribune . March 8 , 2017 . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Mike ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Kong : Skull Island ' Is Ridiculous Fun '' . Uproxx . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Kong : Skull Island ' : Film Review '' . Jump up ^ `` KONG : SKULL ISLAND IS BIG , RAUCOUS MONSTER FUN ( REVIEW ) '' . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` Kong : Skull Island review -- only de-evolution can explain this zestless mashup '' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lickona , Matthew ( March 2017 ) . `` KONG : SKULL ISLAND 1.0 STARS '' . The San Diego Reader . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hornaday , Ann . `` Hollywood ageism punishes actresses , but the art house offers some hope '' . Retrieved 13 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Salfino , Michael ( March 9 , 2017 ) `` The Post Oscar popcorn Film '' The Wall Street Journal page A13 Jump up ^ Evry , Max ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` Kong : Skull Island Blu - ray Details and Box Art Revealed '' . Coming Soon . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Latchem , John ( July 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Kong : Skull Island ' Stomps to No. 1 on Home - Video Charts '' . Variety . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( September 10 , 2015 ) . `` King Kong On Move To Warner Bros , Presaging Godzilla Monster Matchup '' . Deadline . Retrieved September 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Masters , Kim ( September 16 , 2015 ) . `` Hollywood Gorilla Warfare : It 's Universal vs. Legendary Over ' Kong : Skull Island ' ( and Who Says `` Thank You '' ) `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Legendary and Warner Bros. Pictures Announce Cinematic Franchise Uniting Godzilla , King Kong and Other Iconic Giant Monsters '' ( Press release ) . Legendary Pictures . October 14 , 2015 . Retrieved October 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Eisenberg , Eric ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` One Kong : Skull Island Character Who Really Deserves A Spin - Off , According To The Director '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Busch , Jenna ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` Godzilla vs. Kong and More Release Date Changes From Warner Bros . '' . Coming Soon . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( May 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Godzilla vs. Kong ' Finds Its Director With Adam Wingard ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kong : Skull Island . 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About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kong%3A%20Skull%20Island	2,436
who sings i want to talk about me	`` I Wanna Talk About Me '' is a song written by Bobby Braddock and recorded by American country music artist Toby Keith . It was released in August 2001 as the second single from Keith 's album Pull My Chain . The song was his seventh Number One single on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks charts .	Toby Keith	I Wanna Talk about Me	i wanna talk about me	`` I Wanna Talk About Me '' is a song written by Bobby Braddock and recorded by American country music artist Toby Keith . It was released in August 2001 as the second single from Keith 's album Pull My Chain . The song was his seventh Number One single on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks charts .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Content 3 Critical reception 4 Music video 5 Chart performance 5.1 Year - end charts 6 Certifications 7 References 8 External links Background ( edit ) Keith told Billboard magazine that he knew he would get `` banged a little '' for cutting the song . `` They 're going to call it a rap , ( although ) there ai n't nobody doing rap who would call it a rap . '' Content ( edit ) Like Keith 's 1998 single `` Getcha Some '' , `` I Wanna Talk About Me '' is cited as an example of country - rap , due to the use of a strong beat and rhythmically spoken lyrics . Songwriter Bobby Braddock ( `` He Stopped Loving Her Today '' ) was inspired to write a song in that style after hearing `` Getcha Some '' and pitched it to Keith . `` I Wanna Talk About Me '' tells of a male 's frustration in his inability to converse with his partner , who wants to talk about herself . In the chorus , the singer states `` I like talking about you , you , you , you , usually / But occasionally / I wan na talk about me '' . A musical strength of the song is its use of a I-V - vi - IV arpeggio played in a punchy rhythm . Blake Shelton was originally slated to record the song . However , his label turned it down , as they thought it would be too risky of a debut single . Critical reception ( edit ) Ray Waddell , of Billboard magazine in his review of the album , said that a lot of men will be able to relate to the song , `` which Keith manages to sell through sheer force of personality . '' Music video ( edit ) The music video was directed by Michael Salomon and shows Keith following a girl around while she talks about different things that interest her . It was released in August 2001 . Chart performance ( edit ) `` I Wanna Talk About Me '' debuted at number 51 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks for the week of August 25 , 2001 . Chart ( 2001 ) Peak position US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) US Billboard Hot 100 28 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2001 ) Position US Country Songs ( Billboard ) 60 Chart ( 2002 ) Position US Country Songs ( Billboard ) 40 Preceded by `` Angry All the Time '' by Tim McGraw Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks number - one single November 24 - December 22 , 2001 Succeeded by `` Where Were You ( When the World Stopped Turning ) '' by Alan Jackson Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Billboard magazine : August 4 , 2001 ^ Jump up to : Crossan , Jeff . `` Bobby Braddock article '' . Songwriter Universe . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Farhi , Paul ( January 2002 ) . `` '' Talk `` : Singing In the Key of Me '' . WashingtonPost.com . Washington Post . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ Keith , Toby ( 2002 ) `` Song By Song - Pull My Chain '' TobyKeith.com at The Internet Archive . Retrieved September 19 , 2009 Jump up ^ Billboard , September 1 , 2001 Jump up ^ `` Toby Keith -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Country Songs for Toby Keith . Jump up ^ `` Toby Keith -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Toby Keith . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2001 : Country Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 2001 . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2002 : Country Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 2002 . Retrieved August 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Toby Keith -- I Wanna Talk About Me '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved December 12 , 2012 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Toby Keith Studio albums Toby Keith Boomtown Blue Moon Dream Walkin ' How Do You Like Me Now ? ! Pull My Chain Unleashed Shock'n Y'all Honkytonk University White Trash with Money Big Dog Daddy That Do n't Make Me a Bad Guy American Ride Bullets in the Gun Clancy 's Tavern Hope on the Rocks Drinks After Work 35 MPH Town The Bus Songs Compilation albums Greatest Hits Volume One 20th Century Masters -- The Millennium Collection : The Best of Toby Keith Greatest Hits 2 35 Biggest Hits Christmas albums Christmas to Christmas A Classic Christmas Singles `` Should 've Been a Cowboy '' `` He Ai n't Worth Missing '' `` A Little Less Talk and a Lot More Action '' `` Wish I Did n't Know Now '' `` Who 's That Man '' `` Upstairs Downtown '' `` You Ai n't Much Fun '' `` Big Ol ' Truck '' `` Does That Blue Moon Ever Shine on You '' `` A Woman 's Touch '' `` Me Too '' `` We Were in Love '' `` I 'm So Happy I Ca n't Stop Crying '' ( with Sting ) `` Dream Walkin ' '' `` Double Wide Paradise '' `` Getcha Some '' `` How Do You Like Me Now ? ! '' `` Country Comes to Town '' `` You Should n't Kiss Me Like This '' `` I 'm Just Talkin ' About Tonight '' `` I Wanna Talk About Me '' `` My List '' `` Courtesy of the Red , White and Blue ( The Angry American ) '' `` Who 's Your Daddy ? '' `` Rock You Baby '' `` Beer for My Horses '' `` I Love This Bar '' `` American Soldier '' `` Whiskey Girl '' `` Stays in Mexico '' `` Mockingbird '' `` Honkytonk U '' `` As Good as I Once Was '' `` Big Blue Note '' `` Get Drunk and Be Somebody '' `` A Little Too Late '' `` Crash Here Tonight '' `` High Maintenance Woman '' `` Love Me If You Can '' `` Get My Drink On '' `` She 's a Hottie '' `` She Never Cried in Front of Me '' `` God Love Her '' `` Lost You Anyway '' `` American Ride '' `` Cryin ' for Me ( Wayman 's Song ) '' `` Every Dog Has Its Day '' `` Trailerhood '' `` Bullets in the Gun '' `` Somewhere Else '' `` Made in America '' `` Red Solo Cup '' `` Beers Ago '' `` I Like Girls That Drink Beer '' `` Hope on the Rocks '' `` Drinks After Work '' `` Drunk Americans '' `` 35 MPH Town '' Related articles Discography Show Dog - Universal Music Krystal Keith Scotty Emerick Toby Keith 's I Love This Bar & Grill Broken Bridges ( soundtrack ) `` Slave to the Habit '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Wanna_Talk_About_Me&oldid=798270646 '' Categories : 2001 singles 2001 songs Toby Keith songs Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles Songs written by Bobby Braddock Song recordings produced by James Stroud DreamWorks Records singles Music videos directed by Michael Salomon Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 31 August 2017 , at 23 : 01 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%20Wanna%20Talk%20About%20Me	967
beegees how do you mend a broken heart			How Can You Mend a Broken Heart	how can you mend a broken heart		`` How Can You Mend a Broken Heart '' Single by Bee Gees from the album Trafalgar B - side `` Country Woman '' Released 28 May 1971 Format 7 `` , 45 rpm Recorded 28 January 1971 IBC Studios , London Length 3 : 57 Label Polydor Atco ( United States , Canada ) Songwriter ( s ) Barry Gibb , Robin Gibb Producer ( s ) Robert Stigwood , Bee Gees Bee Gees singles chronology `` Lonely Days '' ( 1970 ) `` How Can You Mend a Broken Heart '' ( 1971 ) `` Do n't Wanna Live Inside Myself '' ( 1971 ) `` Lonely Days '' ( 1970 ) `` How Can You Mend a Broken Heart '' ( 1971 ) `` Do n't Wanna Live Inside Myself '' ( 1971 ) `` How Can You Mend a Broken Heart '' is a song released by the Bee Gees in 1971 . It was written mainly by Barry and Robin Gibb and was the lead and first single on the group 's 1971 album Trafalgar . It was their first US No. 1 single and also reached No. 1 in Cashbox magazine for two weeks . In the US Atco Records issued both mono and stereo versions of the song on each side as a promo single . The B - side was a Maurice Gibb composition `` Country Woman '' . The song appears in the 2013 film American Hustle and on its soundtrack . Contents 1 Writing and recording 2 Reception 3 Personnel 4 Charts 4.1 Weekly charts 4.2 Year - end charts 5 Cover versions 6 References 6.1 Literature 7 External links Writing and recording ( edit ) `` How Can You Mend a Broken Heart '' An excerpt from the first chorus Problems playing this file ? See media help . Barry and Robin Gibb wrote the song in August 1970 with `` Lonely Days '' when the Gibb brothers had reconvened following a period of break - up and alienation . `` Robin came to my place , '' says Barry , `` and that afternoon we wrote ' How Can You Mend a Broken Heart ' and that obviously was a link to us coming back together . We called Maurice , finished the song , went to the studio and once again , with only ' Broken Heart ' as a basic structure , we went in to the studio with that and an idea for ' Lonely Days ' , and those two songs were recorded that night '' . They originally offered the song to Andy Williams , but ended up recording it themselves , although Williams himself covered the song on his album You 've Got a Friend . Barry also explains , `` We might imitate a certain group , later on , the group will pick up on the song and say that suits us . '' Maurice Gibb possibly had a hand in the writing of `` How Can You Mend A Broken Heart '' although the song is officially credited to Barry and Robin Gibb . The 2009 release Ultimate Bee Gees officially credited Maurice for the first time as co-writer of the song , for both the `` Ultimate '' CD and DVD , and it was credited to the moniker Barry , Robin and Maurice Gibb . The song was recorded on 28 January 1971 in London same day as `` We Lost the Road '' , `` When Do I '' , `` If I Were the Sky '' , `` Bring Out the Thoughts in Me '' and `` Ellan Vannin '' . The group 's later song `` My World '' followed along the same musical ideas on this song . Robin Gibb 's remarked on the song , `` The whole thing took about an hour to complete . The song reached the number one spot , to our great satisfaction . '' Reception ( edit ) The song was sung live for the first time in 1971 , in a performance that was notable as drummer Geoff Bridgford 's first appearance with the band . Although failing to chart on the UK Singles Chart , the song became the Bee Gees ' first US number one on the Billboard Hot 100 and also reached number four on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart . Billboard ranked it as the No. 5 song for 1971 . In Spain , it was released under the title `` Cómo Puedes Arreglar Un Corazón Destrozada '' . Following the release of `` How Can You Mend a Broken Heart '' , the song had a Grammy nomination for Best Vocal Performance by a Duo , Group or Chorus among George Harrison 's `` My Sweet Lord '' and others . It was performed as part of a medley on The Midnight Special on October 10 , 1975 , in Japan on the Japanese TV special Love Sounds , and on the Mr. Natural tour in 1974 . A live version recorded on 17 -- 18 Nov 1989 at the National Tennis Centre , Melbourne , Australia was used for the benefit album Nobody 's Child : Romanian Angel Appeal . In 1997 - 1999 , the song was performed on the One Night Only tour as part of a medley . It was last performed by the Bee Gees in 2001 . Personnel ( edit ) Barry Gibb -- lead and harmony vocals , acoustic guitar Robin Gibb -- lead and harmony vocals Maurice Gibb -- harmony vocals , bass guitar , piano , acoustic guitar , organ Geoff Bridgeford -- drums Bill Shepherd -- orchestral and strings arrangement Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1971 ) Peak position Australia ( Go - Set ) Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 ) 21 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Chile Italy ( FIMI ) 24 Malaysia Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 16 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 6 South Africa ( Springbok Radio ) 7 US Billboard Adult Contemporary US Billboard Hot 100 US Cash Box US Record World Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1971 ) Position Australia ( Go - Set ) 37 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 ) 29 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 23 Cover versions ( edit ) 1970s 1971 : Johnny Mathis recorded a version of this song on his LP You 've Got a Friend . 1972 : Al Green covered the track on his album Let 's Stay Together , which also made the soundtrack to 1997 's Good Will Hunting , 1999 's The Virgin Suicides , 1999 's Notting Hill and 2010 's The Book of Eli . Green 's version was released as a single in France on Cream Records . In 2008 , Green 's version was remade into a duet with Joss Stone for the soundtrack to the film adaptation of Sex and the City , with her vocals overdubbed onto the track . 1973 : Singer - actress Cher covered the song in her 1973 album Half - Breed . 1977 : Florence Henderson performed the song during a medley on an episode of The Brady Bunch Variety Hour . 1990s 1991 : Teddy Pendergrass recorded a version of this song on his LP Truly Blessed . 2000s 2003 : Michael Bublé recorded this song , with Barry Gibb performing backup vocals , on his self - titled album . Bublé 's version reached number twenty - two on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart . It was Buble 's first single . 2003 : American Idol 's second winner Ruben Studdard covered the song on his debut album Soulful . 2005 : Steve Brookstein recorded it on his number - one album Heart and Soul . 2007 : Barry Manilow 's version appears on his album The Greatest Songs of the Seventies . 2009 : Jazz singer - pianist Diana Krall covered this song on her album Quiet Nights . 2009 : Rod Stewart recorded a version for his album Soulbook , though it was left off the final track listing . 2010s 2014 : Eef Barzelay recorded a version for a fundraising CD titled More Super Hits Of The Seventies for freeform radio station WFMU . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Cashbox Top Singles - 1971 '' . Cashbox Archives . Archived from the original on 30 October 2014 . Retrieved 26 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Bee Gees - How Can You Mend a Broken Heart '' . 45cat . Retrieved 26 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hughes , Andrew . The Bee Gees - Tales of the Brothers Gibb . Retrieved 25 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Brennan , Joseph . `` Gibb Songs : 1971 '' . Retrieved 13 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Janovitz , Bill . `` Bee Gees - How Can You Mend a Broken Heart '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 26 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bee Gees - How Can You Mend a Broken Heart ( Live 1971 ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved 12 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Billboard Year - End Hot 100 singles of 1971 Jump up ^ How Can You Mend a Broken Heart at Discogs Jump up ^ `` Go - Set Australian Charts '' . poparchives.com. 11 September 1971 . Retrieved 26 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Billboard : Hits of the World '' . Billboard. 18 September 1971 . Retrieved 26 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bee Gees - How Can You Mend a Broken Heart '' . ultratop.be . Retrieved 26 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Songs Written by the Gibb Family on the International Charts - Part 2 '' ( PDF ) . brothersgibb.org . Retrieved 26 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bee Gees - How Can You Mend a Broken Heart '' . dutchcharts.com . Retrieved 26 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Songs from the year 1971 '' . tsort.info . Retrieved 26 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bee Gees Top Songs Discography '' . musicvf.com . Retrieved 26 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box Top 100 '' . Cashbox Archives . 21 August 1971 . Archived from the original on 6 March 2016 . Retrieved 26 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Go - Set Australian Charts '' . Pop Archives . 30 October 1971 . Retrieved 26 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Mathis - You 've Got a Friend '' . Discogs . Retrieved 26 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Al Green - How Can You Mend a Broken Heart '' . Discogs . Retrieved 26 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Al Green on Sex and the City '' . Demon Music Group . 14 May 2008 . Archived from the original on 12 July 2008 . Retrieved 7 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Joss Stone - Al Green - How Can You Mend A BrokenHeart '' . YouTube . Retrieved 26 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cher - Half - Breed '' . Discogs . Retrieved 26 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Brady Bunch Variety Hour - Soundtrack '' . IMDb . Retrieved 26 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Teddy Pendergrass - Truly Blessed '' . Discogs . Retrieved 26 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Buble - Michael Buble '' . Discogs . Retrieved 26 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Entertainment Album success for X Factor winner '' . BBC News . 2005 - 05 - 15 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` New Barry Manilow Album , THE GREATEST SONGS OF THE SEVENTIES , Arrives in Stores September 18th on Arista Records '' Archived 26 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine. , PRNewswire , 10 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Diana Krall - Quiet Nights '' . Discogs . Retrieved 26 January 2015 . Literature ( edit ) Melinda Bilyeu , Hector Cook , and Andrew Môn Hughes , with Joseph Brennan and Mark Crohan . The Ultimate Biography of the Bee Gees . London : Omnibus , 2001 . Unpublished list of tape reels , Universal / Polygram , viewed in 2000 by Joseph Brennan . External links ( edit ) Allmusic entry Superseventies.com entry Gibb Songs Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Bee Gees Barry Gibb Robin Gibb Maurice Gibb Colin Petersen Vince Melouney Alan Kendall Dennis Bryon Blue Weaver Studio albums The Bee Gees Sing and Play 14 Barry Gibb Songs Spicks and Specks Bee Gees ' 1st Horizontal Idea Odessa Cucumber Castle 2 Years On Trafalgar To Whom It May Concern Life in a Tin Can Mr. Natural Main Course Children of the World Spirits Having Flown Living Eyes E.S.P. One High Civilization Size Is n't Everything Still Waters This Is Where I Came In Extended plays The Bee Gees New York Mining Disaster 1941 Soundtracks Melody Saturday Night Fever Live albums Here at Last ... Bee Gees ... Live One Night Only Compilation albums Turn Around , Look at Us Rare , Precious and Beautiful Rare , Precious and Beautiful , Volume 2 Best of Bee Gees Inception / Nostalgia Best of Bee Gees , Volume 2 Bee Gees Gold Bee Gees Greatest Tales from the Brothers Gibb The Very Best of the Bee Gees Their Greatest Hits : The Record Number Ones Love Songs The Ultimate Bee Gees Mythology Timeless : The All - Time Greatest Hits Videography Idea Cucumber Castle The Bee Gees Special One for All Tour One Night Only The Ultimate Bee Gees In Our Own Time Tours The Bee Gees ' concerts in 1967 and 1968 2 Years On Tour Trafalgar Tour Mr. Natural Tour Main Course Tour Children of the World Tour Spirits Having Flown Tour One for All World Tour High Civilization World Tour One Night Only World Tour Articles Discography List of songs recorded List of unreleased material A Kick in the Head Is Worth Eight in the Pants The Barry Gibb Talk Show IBC Studios Hither Green rail crash Bands The Rattlesnakes Humpy Bong The Fut The Bloomfields Tin Tin The Groove Billy Thorpe and the Aztecs Toe Fat Amen Corner One World Project People Hugh Gibb Andy Gibb Steve Gibb Spencer Gibb Robert Stigwood Arif Mardin Ossie Byrne Steve Kipner Albhy Galuten Book Bee Gees singles discography 1960s 1963 `` The Battle of the Blue and the Grey '' / `` The Three Kisses of Love '' `` Timber ! '' / `` Take Hold of That Star '' 1964 `` Peace of Mind '' / `` Do n't Say Goodbye '' `` Claustrophobia '' / `` Could It Be '' `` Turn Around , Look at Me '' / `` ( Theme From ) The Travels of Jamie McPheeters '' 1965 `` Every Day I Have to Cry '' / `` You Would n't Know '' `` Wine and Women '' / `` Follow the Wind '' `` I Was A Lover , A Leader of Men '' / `` And the Children Laughing '' 1966 `` I Want Home '' / `` Cherry Red '' `` Monday 's Rain '' / `` All of My Life '' `` Spicks and Specks '' / `` I Am the World '' 1967 `` Born a Man '' / `` Big Chance '' `` New York Mining Disaster 1941 '' / `` I Ca n't See Nobody '' `` To Love Somebody '' / `` Close Another Door '' `` Holiday '' / `` Every Christian Lion Hearted Man Will Show You '' `` Massachusetts '' / `` Barker of the UFO '' `` World '' / `` Sir Geoffrey Saved the World '' 1968 `` Words '' / `` Sinking Ships '' `` Jumbo '' / `` The Singer Sang His Song '' `` I 've Gotta Get a Message to You '' / `` Kitty Can '' `` I Started a Joke '' / `` Kilburn Towers '' 1969 `` First of May '' / `` Lamplight '' `` Tomorrow Tomorrow '' / `` Sun in My Morning '' `` Do n't Forget to Remember '' / `` The Lord '' 1970s 1970 `` If Only I Had My Mind on Something Else '' / `` Sweetheart '' ( US ) `` I.O.I.O. '' / `` Sweetheart '' `` Lonely Days '' / `` Man for All Seasons '' 1971 `` How Can You Mend a Broken Heart '' / `` Country Woman '' `` Do n't Wanna Live Inside Myself '' / `` Walking Back to Waterloo '' 1972 `` My World '' / `` On Time '' `` Run to Me '' / `` Road to Alaska '' `` Alive '' / Paper Mache , Cabbages and Kings '' 1973 `` Saw a New Morning '' / `` My Life Has Been a Song '' `` Would n't I Be Someone '' / `` Elisa '' `` Mr. Natural '' / `` It Does n't Matter Much to Me '' `` Throw a Penny '' / `` I Ca n't Let You Go '' `` Charade '' / `` Heavy Breathing '' `` Jive Talkin ' '' / `` Wind of Change '' `` Nights on Broadway '' / `` Edge of the Universe '' 1976 `` Fanny ( Be Tender with My Love ) '' / `` Country Lanes '' `` You Should Be Dancing '' / `` Subway '' `` Love So Right '' / `` You Stepped Into My Life '' 1977 `` Boogie Child '' / `` Lovers '' `` Edge of the Universe ( live ) '' / `` Words ( live ) '' `` How Deep Is Your Love '' / `` Ca n't Keep a Good Man Down '' ( live ) `` Stayin ' Alive '' / `` If I Ca n't Have You '' 1978 `` Night Fever '' / `` Down the Road ( live ) '' `` Too Much Heaven '' / `` Rest Your Love on Me '' 1979 `` Tragedy '' / `` Until '' `` Love You Inside Out '' / `` I 'm Satisfied '' 1980s 1981 `` He 's a Liar '' `` Living Eyes '' / `` I Still Love You '' `` The Woman in You '' / `` Stayin ' Alive '' `` Someone Belonging to Someone '' / `` I Love You Too Much '' ( instrumental ) `` You Win Again '' / `` Backtafunk '' `` E.S.P. '' / `` Overnight '' `` Ordinary Lives '' / `` Wing and a Prayer '' `` One '' / `` Flesh and Blood '' 1990s `` Bodyguard '' / `` Will You Ever Let Me '' 1991 `` Secret Love '' / `` Party with No Name '' `` When He 's Gone '' / `` True Confessions '' `` The Only Love '' / `` You Win Again '' ( live ) `` Happy Ever After '' / `` Evolution '' `` Paying the Price of Love '' / `` My Destiny '' `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' / `` Decadance '' `` How to Fall in Love , Part 1 '' / `` Fallen Angel '' `` Kiss of Life '' / `` 855 - 7019 '' `` Alone '' / `` Rings Around the Moon '' `` I Could Not Love You More '' / `` Love Never Dies '' ( EUR ) `` Still Waters ( Run Deep ) '' / `` Love Never Dies '' 2000s `` This Is Where I Came In '' / `` Just in Case '' Other countries 1968 `` And the Sun Will Shine '' / `` Really and Sincerely '' ( France ) 1970 `` Let There Be Love '' / `` Really and Sincerely '' ( Netherlands ) 1971 `` When the Swallows Fly '' / `` Give Your Best '' ( Netherlands ) `` Morning of my Life '' / `` To Love Somebody '' 1972 `` Israel '' / `` Dearest '' ( Netherlands ) `` Sea of Smiling Faces '' / `` Please Do n't Turn Out the Lights '' 1977 `` Children of the World '' / `` Boogie Child '' ( Australia ) `` Crazy for Your Love '' / `` You Win Again ( Remix ) '' `` Angela '' / `` You Win Again ( Remix ) '' ( Germany , Netherlands ) Michael Bublé Discography Studio albums BaBalu ( 2001 ) Dream ( 2002 ) Michael Bublé ( 2003 ) It 's Time ( 2005 ) Call Me Irresponsible ( 2007 ) Crazy Love ( 2009 ) Christmas ( 2011 ) To Be Loved ( 2013 ) Nobody but Me ( 2016 ) Live albums Come Fly with Me ( 2004 ) Caught in the Act ( 2005 ) Michael Bublé Meets Madison Square Garden ( 2009 ) Extended plays First Dance ( 1995 ) Totally Bublé ( 2003 ) Let It Snow ( 2003 ) More ( 2005 ) With Love ( 2006 ) A Taste of Bublé ( 2008 ) Special Delivery ( 2010 ) A Holiday Gift for You ( 2010 ) Singles `` How Can You Mend a Broken Heart '' `` Kissing a Fool '' `` Sway '' `` Spider - Man Theme '' `` Feeling Good '' `` Home '' `` Save the Last Dance for Me '' `` Everything '' `` Me and Mrs. Jones '' `` Lost '' `` It Had Better Be Tonight '' `` Comin ' Home Baby '' `` Have n't Met You Yet '' `` Hold On '' `` Baby ( You 've Got What It Takes ) '' `` Cry Me a River '' `` Crazy Love '' `` Hollywood '' `` Georgia on My Mind '' `` Do n't Get Around Much Anymore '' `` All I Want for Christmas Is You '' `` It 's Beginning to Look a Lot Like Christmas '' / `` Jingle Bells '' `` White Christmas '' `` Nobody but Me '' Concert tours Crazy Love Tour ( 2010 -- 12 ) To Be Loved Tour ( 2013 -- 14 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=How_Can_You_Mend_a_Broken_Heart&oldid=848289082 '' Categories : 1971 singles 1971 songs Atco Records singles Polydor Records singles Songs written by Barry Gibb Songs written by Robin Gibb Bee Gees songs Al Green songs Diana Krall songs Joss Stone songs Michael Bublé songs Cher songs Andy Williams songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Song recordings produced by Robert Stigwood Song recordings produced by Barry Gibb Song recordings produced by Robin Gibb Song recordings produced by Maurice Gibb Songs written for films Songs about loneliness Songs about heartache Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use British English from January 2012 Use dmy dates from June 2012 Articles with hAudio microformats Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español Italiano Português Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 1 July 2018 , at 00 : 37 ( UTC ) . 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what is the difference between croque monsieur and madame	A croque monsieur ( French pronunciation : ( kʁɔk məsˈjøː ) ; French for `` mister crunch '' ) is a baked or fried boiled ham and cheese sandwich . The dish originated in French cafés and bars as a quick snack . A croque madame is a version of the dish topped with a fried egg .		Croque - monsieur	croque - monsieur	A croque monsieur ( French pronunciation : ( kʁɔk məsˈjøː ) ; French for `` mister crunch '' ) is a baked or fried boiled ham and cheese sandwich . The dish originated in French cafés and bars as a quick snack . A croque madame is a version of the dish topped with a fried egg .	The name is based on the verb croquer ( `` to bite '' ) and the word monsieur ( `` mister '' ) . The sandwich 's first recorded appearance on a Paris café menu was in 1910 . Its earliest mention in literature appears to be in volume two of Proust 's In Search of Lost Time in 1918 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Preparation 2 Variations 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References Preparation ( edit ) A croque monsieur is traditionally made with boiled ham between slices of brioche - like pain de mie topped with grated cheese and slightly salted and peppered , which is baked in an oven or fried in a frying pan . The dish can also be made with normal butter bread , with a soft crust . A simple , cheap version uses square toast . Instead of the butter bread , the bread may optionally be browned by grilling before being dipped in beaten egg . Traditionally , Emmental or Gruyère is used , or sometimes Comté cheese as well . Some brasseries also add Béchamel sauce . Croque monsieur may be baked or fried so that the cheese topping melts and forms a crust . Croque - monsieur - specific horizontal grills exist . Variations ( edit ) A croque monsieur served with a poached or lightly fried egg on top is known as a croque madame ( or in parts of Normandy a croque - à - cheval ) . Many dictionaries attribute the name to the egg resembling an old fashioned woman 's hat . According to the Petit Robert dictionary , the name dates to around 1960 . The name croque - mademoiselle is associated with its lighter , vegetarian version : made of the same bread , but with ordinary melting cheese , accompanied with chives , cucumber and salad . A ham and cheese sandwich snack , very similar to the croque - monsieur though not containing any béchamel or egg , is called a tosti in the Netherlands , and toast ( pronounced `` tost '' ) in Italy and Greece . Similarly , in the United Kingdom a ham and cheese hot snack is called a ' toastie ' , and toastie makers are available to buy . In the United States , the Monte Cristo , a ham - and - cheese sandwich often dipped in egg and fried , is popular diner fare . A version of this sandwich in Spain replaces the ham with sobrassada , a soft sausage from the Balearic Islands that can be easily spread . In Catalonia it is known as a bikini . Versions of the sandwich with substitutions or additional ingredients are given names modelled on the original croque - monsieur , for example : croque provençal ( with tomato ) croque auvergnat ( with bleu d'Auvergne cheese ) croque gagnet ( with Gouda cheese and andouille sausage ) croque norvégien ( with smoked salmon instead of ham ) croque tartiflette ( with sliced potatoes and Reblochon cheese ) croque bolognese / croque Boum - Boum ( with Bolognese sauce ) croque señor ( with tomato salsa ) croque Hawaiian ( with a slice of pineapple ) The noted French chef Jacques Pepin also makes a version using chicken instead of ham , which he demonstrated in the `` Our Favorite Sandwiches '' episode on the PBS series ( and its coordinating cookbook of the same title ) Julia and Jacques Cooking at Home in which he worked with Julia Child . A croque madame A croque provençal A croque gagnet See also ( edit ) Food portal Welsh rarebit Grilled cheese sandwich Ham and cheese sandwich Ham and egg bun Francesinha Monte Cristo sandwich Strammer Max List of ham dishes List of sandwiches Notes ( edit ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Montagné , Prosper ; Charlotte Snyder Turgeon ; Nina Froud ( 1961 ) . Larousse Gastronomique . New York City : Crown Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 517 - 50333 - 6 . OCLC 413918 . Jump up ^ ( in French ) Entry in the on - line Trésor de la langue française . ^ Jump up to : `` croque - monsieur et croque - madame '' ( in French ) . aufimin cuisine suisse. 18 March 2009 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Croque monsieur au four '' . Cuisine actuelle . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ Dictionnaire général pour la maîtrise de la langue française , la culture classique et contemporaine . Paris : Larousse. 1993 . p. 405 . ISBN 2 - 03 - 320300 - X . OCLC 29916226 . Jump up ^ bikini `` Iberianature ^ Jump up to : Croque Monsieur Recipes -- History of the Croque Monsieur Jump up ^ Downie , David ( 23 July 2000 ) . `` Bread Winner '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Croque Norvegien Jump up ^ Pepin , Jacques ; Julia Child ; David Nussbaum ( September 1999 ) . `` Jacques 's Croque Madame Recipe '' . Epicurious . Retrieved 1 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 104 : Our Favorite Sandwiches '' . Julia and Jacques : Cooking at Home : The Episodes . Retrieved 1 October 2010 . Cheese dishes Dishes Aligot Almogrote Arizona cheese crisp Bagel and cream cheese Barfi Beer cheese Bryndzové halušky Calzone Carbonara Cauliflower cheese Cervelle de canut Cheese bun Cheese fries Cheese on toast Cheese pudding Cheese puffs Cheese roll Cheese slaw Cheese spread Cheesecake Chèvre chaud Chhena gaja Chhena jalebi Chhena kheeri Chhena poda Chile con queso Curd snack Fondue Frico Fried cheese Frito pie Gougère Gratin Gujia Gulab jamun Hauskyjza Insalata Caprese Jalapeño popper Kaasstengels Kasseropita Khachapuri Khira sagara Lasagne Lazy varenyky Liptauer Macaroni and cheese Malakoff Mattar paneer Moretum Mornay sauce Mozzarella sticks Mote de queso Nachos Obatzda Omelette Ostkaka Parmigiana Paskha Pastizz Peda Pepperoni roll Pimento cheese Pizza Poulet au fromage Poutine Provoleta Quarkkäulchen Quesadilla Quesito Queso flameado Raclette Ras malai Rasabali Rasgulla Saganaki Sandesh Shahi paneer Smažený sýr Soups Spanakopita Stromboli Stuffed peppers Supplì Syrniki Taco Tirokafteri Tiropita Túró Rudi Túrós csusza Urnebes Vatrushka Welsh rarebit Sandwiches Bacon , egg and cheese sandwich Breakfast sandwich Carrozza Cheese dog Cheese dream Cheese sandwich Cheese and pickle sandwich Cheeseburger Cheesesteak Croissan'Wich Croque - monsieur Cuban sandwich Dagwood sandwich Grilled cheese Ham and cheese sandwich Jucy / Juicy Lucy McMuffin Monte Cristo sandwich Patty melt Reuben sandwich Submarine sandwich List articles List of cheese dishes List of cheese soups Ham Types of ham List of hams Ammerländer Schinken Anfu ham Bayonne ham Black Forest ham Chipped chopped ham Country ham Elenski but Gammon Jamón Jamón ibérico Jamón serrano Jinhua ham Lacón Gallego Njeguška pršuta Presunto Prosciutto Rugao ham Smithfield ham Speck Speck Alto Adige PGI Vallée d'Aoste Jambon de Bosses Westphalian ham Xuanwei ham Ham dishes List of ham dishes Croque - monsieur Christmas ham Fläsklägg med rotmos Ham salad Ham sandwich Ham and cheese sandwich Ham and egg bun Limerick ham Stuffed ham Ham producers BEHER Boar 's Head Provision Company Cargill Cárnicas Joselito E.M. Todd Company Hormel Meat Products of India Oscar Mayer Smithfield Foods E.M. Todd Company Related articles Bacon Charcuterie Dried meat Ham sausage List of dried foods List of smoked foods Salumi Sausage Turkey ham Ham Category : Ham Food portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Croque-monsieur&oldid=804538773 '' Categories : French sandwiches French cuisine Ham dishes Cheese dishes Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2010 Articles with French - language external links CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Pages using deprecated image syntax Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2016 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from September 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lëtzebuergesch Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska ไทย 粵語 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 October 2017 , at 17 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croque-monsieur	2,438
when was the last time texas was a democratic state	In a reversal of alignments , since the late 1960s the Republican Party has grown more prominent within the state based on an influx of primarily white voters ( the majority in the state ) from the Democratic Party . By the mid-1990s , it became the state 's dominant political party .	the mid-1990s	Politics of Texas	politics of texas		U.S. Representatives 1 : Louie Gohmert ( R ) 2 : Ted Poe ( R ) 3 : Sam Johnson ( R ) 4 : John Ratcliffe ( R ) 5 : Jeb Hensarling ( R ) 6 : Joe Barton ( R ) 7 : John Culberson ( R ) 8 : Kevin Brady ( R ) 9 : Al Green ( D ) 10 : Michael McCaul ( R ) 11 : Mike Conaway ( R ) 12 : Kay Granger ( R ) 13 : Mac Thornberry ( R ) 14 : Randy Weber ( R ) 15 : Rubén Hinojosa ( D ) 16 : Beto O'Rourke ( D ) 17 : Bill Flores ( D ) 18 : Sheila Jackson Lee ( D ) 19 : Randy Neugebauer ( R ) 20 : Joaquin Castro ( D ) 21 : Lamar S. Smith ( R ) 22 : Pete Olson ( R ) 23 : Will Hurd ( D ) 24 : Kenny Marchant ( R ) 25 : Roger Williams ( R ) 26 : Michael C. Burgess ( R ) 27 : Blake Farenthold ( R ) 28 : Henry Cuellar ( D ) 29 : Gene Green ( D ) 30 : Eddie Bernice Johnson ( D ) 31 : John Carter ( R ) 32 : Pete Sessions ( R ) 33 : Marc Veasey ( D ) 34 : Filemon Vela , Jr . ( D ) 35 : Lloyd Doggett ( D ) 36 : Brian Babin ( R ) Politics of the United States Politics portal United States portal Texas portal For approximately 99 years , from after Reconstruction until the 1990s , the Democratic Party dominated Texas politics . In a reversal of alignments , since the late 1960s the Republican Party has grown more prominent within the state based on an influx of primarily white voters ( the majority in the state ) from the Democratic Party . By the mid-1990s , it became the state 's dominant political party . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cultural background 2 Democratic dominance 3 Increasing Republican strength : 1960 to 1990 4 Redistricting disputes and the 1990s 5 Current situation 6 Future 7 Capital punishment 8 Secessionist sentiment 9 Budget 10 See also 10.1 Current state political parties 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links Cultural background ( edit ) The 19th - century culture of the state was heavily influenced by the plantation culture of the Old South , dependent on African - American slave labor , as well as the patron system once prevalent ( and still somewhat present ) in northern Mexico and South Texas . In these societies the government 's primary role was seen as being the preservation of social order . Solving of individual problems in society was seen as a local problem with the expectation that the individual with wealth should resolve his or her own issues . These influences continue to affect Texas today . In their book , Texas Politics Today 2009 - 2010 , authors Maxwell , Crain , and Santos attribute Texas ' traditionally low voter turnout among whites to these influences . But beginning in the early 20th century , voter turnout was dramatically reduced by the state legislature 's disenfranchisement of most blacks , and many poor whites and Latinos . Democratic dominance ( edit ) From 1848 until Dwight D. Eisenhower 's victory in 1952 , Texas voted for the Democratic candidate for president in every election except 1928 , when it did not support Catholic Al Smith . The state had a white majority and Democrats re-established their dominance after the Civil War . In the mid-20th century 1952 and 1956 elections , the state voters joined the landslide for Dwight D. Eisenhower . ( Texas did not vote in 1864 and 1868 due to the Civil War and Reconstruction ) . In the post-Civil War era , two of the most important Republican figures in Texas were African Americans George T. Ruby and Norris Wright Cuney . Ruby was a black community organizer , director in the federal Freedmen 's Bureau , and leader of the Galveston Union League . His protégé Cuney was a mulatto whose wealthy , white planter father freed him and his siblings before the Civil War and arranged for his education in Pennsylvania . Cuney returned and settled in Galveston , where he became active in the Union League and the Republican party ; he rose to the leadership of the party . He became influential in Galveston and Texas politics , and is widely regarded as one of the most influential black leaders in the South during the 19th century . From 1902 through 1965 , Texas had virtually disenfranchised most blacks and many Latinos and poor whites through imposition of the poll tax and white primaries . Across the South , Democrats controlled congressional apportionment based on total population , although they had disenfranchised the black population . The Solid South exercised tremendous power in Congress , and Democrats gained important committee chairmanships by seniority . They gained federal funding for infrastructure projects in their states and the region , as well as support for numerous military bases , as two examples of how they brought federal investment to the state and region . In the post-Reconstruction era , by the late 19th and early 20th centuries , the Republican Party became non-competitive in the South , due to Democrat - dominated legislatures ' disenfranchisement of blacks and many poor whites and Latinos . In Texas , the Democrat - dominated legislature excluded them through passage of a poll tax and white primary . As can be seen on the graph at the following link , voter turnout in Texas declined dramatically following these disenfranchisement measures , and Southern voting turnout was far below the national average . Although blacks made up 20 percent of the state population at the turn of the century , they were essentially excluded from formal politics . Republican support in Texas had been based almost exclusively in the free black communities , particularly in Galveston , and in the so - called `` German counties '' -- the rural Texas Hill Country inhabited by German immigrants and their descendants , who had opposed slavery in the antebellum period . The German counties continued to run Republican candidates . Harry M. Wurzbach was elected from the 14th district from 1920 to 1926 , contesting and finally winning the election of 1928 , and being re-elected in 1930 . Some of the most important American political figures of the 20th century , such as President Lyndon B. Johnson , Vice-President John Nance Garner , Speaker of the House Sam Rayburn , and Senator Ralph Yarborough were Texas Democrats . But , the Texas Democrats were rarely united , being divided into conservative , moderate and liberal factions that vied with one another for power . Increasing Republican strength : 1960 to 1990 ( edit ) Some analysts suggest that the rebirth of the Republican Party in Texas among white conservatives can be traced to 1952 , when Democratic Governor Allan Shivers clashed with the Truman Administration over the federal claim on the Tidelands . He worked to help Texas native General Dwight D. Eisenhower to carry the state . Eisenhower was generally highly respected due to his role as Commander of the Allies in World War II and was popular nationally , winning the election . Beginning in the late 1960s , Republican strength increased in Texas , particularly among residents of the expanding `` country club suburbs '' around Dallas and Houston . The election , to Congress , of Republicans such as John Tower ( who had shifted from the Democratic Party ) and George H.W. Bush in 1961 and 1966 , respectively , reflected this trend . Nationally , outside of the South , Democrats supported the civil rights movement and achieved important passage of federal legislation in the mid-1960s . In the South , however , Democratic leaders had opposed changes to bring about black voting or desegregated schools and public facilities and in many places exercised resistance . Following passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , southern white Democrats began to leave the party and join the Republicans , a movement accelerated after the next year , when Congress passed the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , providing for federal enforcement of minorities ' constitutional right to vote . Voter registration and turnout increased among blacks and Latinos in Texas and other states . Unlike the rest of the South , however , Texas voters were never especially supportive of the various third - party candidacies of Southern Democrats . It was the only state in the former Confederacy to back Democrat Hubert Humphrey in the 1968 presidential election . During the 1980s , a number of conservative Democrats defected to the GOP , including Senator Phil Gramm , Congressman Kent Hance , and GOP Governor Rick Perry , who was a Democrat during his time as a state lawmaker . John Tower 's 1961 election to the U.S. Senate made him the first statewide GOP officeholder since Reconstruction and the disenfranchisement of black Republicans . Republican Governor Bill Clements and Senator Phil Gramm ( also a former Democrat ) were elected after him . Republicans became increasingly dominant in national elections in white - majority Texas . The last Democratic presidential candidate to win the state was Jimmy Carter in 1976 . Previously , a Democrat had to win Texas to win the White House , but in the 1992 election , Bill Clinton won the Oval Office while losing Texas electoral votes . This result significantly reduced the power of Texas Democrats at the national level , as party leaders believed the state had become unwinnable . Redistricting disputes and the 1990s ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Despite increasing Republican strength in national elections , after the 1990 census , Texas Democrats still controlled both houses of the State Legislature and most statewide offices . As a result , they directed the redistricting process after the decennial census . Although Congressional Texas Democrats received an average of 40 percent of the votes , Democrats consistently had a majority in the state delegation , as they had in every election since at least the end of Reconstruction . In 1994 , Democratic Governor Ann Richards lost her bid for re-election against Republican George W. Bush , ending an era in which Democrats controlled the governorship for all but eight of the past 120 years . Republicans have won the governorship ever since . In 1998 , Bush won re-election in a landslide victory , with Republicans sweeping to victory in all the statewide races . After the 2000 census , the Republican - controlled state Senate sought to draw a congressional district map that would guarantee a Republican majority in the state 's delegation . The Democrat - controlled state House desired to retain a plan similar to the existing lines . There was an impasse . With the Legislature unable to reach a compromise , the matter was settled by a panel of federal court judges , who ruled in favor of a district map that largely retained the status quo . But , Republicans dominated the Legislative Redistricting Board , which defines the state legislative districts , by a majority of four to one . The Republicans on this board used their voting strength to adopt a map for the state Senate that was more favorable to the Republicans as well as a map for the state House that also strongly favored them , as Democrats had also done before them . In 2002 , Texas Republicans gained control of the Texas House of Representatives for the first time since Reconstruction . The newly elected Republican legislature engaged in an unprecedented mid-decade redistricting plan . Democrats said that the redistricting was a blatant partisan gerrymander , while Republicans argued that it was a much - needed correction of the partisan lines drawn after the 1990 census . But , the Republicans ignored the effects of nearly one million new citizens in the state , basing redistricting on 2000 census data . The result was a gain of six seats by the Republicans in the 2004 elections , giving them a majority of the state 's delegation for the first time since Reconstruction . In December 2005 , the US Supreme Court agreed to hear an appeal that challenged the legality of this redistricting plan . While largely upholding the map , it ruled the El Paso - to - San Antonio 23rd District , which had been a protected majority - Latino district until the 2003 redistricting , was unconstitutionally drawn . The ruling forced nearly every district in the El Paso - San Antonio corridor to be reconfigured . Partly due to this , Democrats picked up two seats in the state in the 2006 elections . The 23rd 's Republican incumbent was defeated in this election . It was the first time a Democratic House challenger unseated a Texas Republican incumbent in 10 years . Current situation ( edit ) Texas Presidential elections results Year Republican Democrat 2016 52.23 % 4,685,047 43.24 % 3,877,868 2012 57.19 % 4,555,799 41.35 % 3,294,440 2008 55.48 % 4,467,748 43.72 % 3,521,164 61.09 % 4,526,917 38.30 % 2,832,704 2000 59.30 % 3,799,639 38.11 % 2,433,746 48.80 % 2,736,166 43.81 % 2,459,683 40.61 % 2,496,071 37.11 % 2,281,815 56.01 % 3,036,829 43.41 % 2,352,748 1984 63.58 % 3,433,428 36.18 % 1,949,276 1980 55.30 % 2,510,705 41.51 % 1,881,148 1976 47.97 % 1,953,300 51.14 % 2,082,319 1972 66.20 % 2,298,896 33.24 % 1,154,291 1968 39.87 % 1,227,844 41.14 % 1,266,804 1964 36.49 % 958,566 63.32 % 1,666,185 1960 48.52 % 1,121,130 50.52 % 1,167,567 Republicans control all statewide Texas offices , both houses of the state legislature and have a majority in the Texas congressional delegation . This makes Texas one of the most Republican states in the U.S. Despite overall Republican dominance , Austin , the state capital , is primarily Democrat , as are El Paso , Houston , Dallas , San Antonio and the Rio Grande Valley . However , the suburbs of these cities remain heavily Republican . In 2017 , Texas had more transgender candidates for office than any other state . Some trans candidates cited proposed bathroom bills and other legislation targeting trans people as their motivation to run . Future ( edit ) ( Hispanics can be of any race and were traditionally classified as white following the United States acquisition of Mexico 's territory . ) The Hispanic population had continued to increase , based on both natural increase and continued immigration from Mexico . It accounted for 38.1 % of the state 's population as of 2011 ( compared to 44.8 % for non-Hispanic whites ) . The state 's changing demographics may result in a change in its overall political alignment , as most Hispanic and Latino voters support the Democratic Party . Mark Yzaguirre questioned forecasts of Democratic dominance by highlighting Governor Rick Perry 's courting of 39 % of Hispanics in his victory in the 2010 Texas Gubernatorial . Analysts with Gallup suggest that low turnout among Texas Hispanics is all that enables continued Republican dominance . In addition to the descendants of the state 's former slave population , the African American population in Texas is also increasing due to the New Great Migration ; many of them support the Democratic party . Capital punishment ( edit ) Texas has a reputation for strict `` law and order '' sentencing . According to the Prison Policy Initiative , of the 21 counties in the United States where more than a fifth of residents are prison inmates , 10 are in Texas . Texas leads the nation in executions , with 464 executions from 1974 to 2011 . The second - highest ranking state is Virginia , with 108 . A 2002 Houston Chronicle poll of Texans found that when asked `` Do you support the death penalty ? '' 69.1 % responded that they did , 21.9 % did not support and 9.1 % were not sure or gave no answer . See also : Capital punishment in Texas Secessionist sentiment ( edit ) Texas has a long history with secession . It was originally a Spanish province , which in 1821 seceded from Spain and helped form the First Mexican Empire . In 1824 Texas became a state in the new Mexican republic . In 1835 Antonio López de Santa Anna assumed dictatorial control over the state and several states openly rebelled against the changes : Coahuila y Tejas ( the northern part of which would become the Republic of Texas ) , San Luis Potosí , Querétaro , Durango , Guanajuato , Michoacán , Yucatán , Jalisco , Nuevo León , Tamaulipas , and Zacatecas . Several of these states formed their own governments : the Republic of the Rio Grande , the Republic of Yucatan , and the Republic of Texas . Only the Texans defeated Santa Anna and retained their independence . Some Texans believe that because it joined the United States as a country , the Texas state constitution includes the right to secede . However , neither the ordinance of The Texas Annexation of 1845 nor The Annexation of Texas Joint Resolution of Congress March 1 , 1845 included provisions giving Texas the right to secede . Texas did originally retain the right to divide into as many as five independent States , and as part of the Compromise of 1850 continues to retain that right while ceding former claims westward and northward along the full length of the Rio Grande in exchange for $10 million from the federal government . The United States Supreme Court 's primary ruling on the legality of secession involved a case brought by Texas involving a Civil War era bonds transfer . In deciding the 1869 Texas v. White case , the Supreme Court first addressed the issue of whether Texas had in fact seceded when it joined the Confederacy . In a 5 - 3 vote the Court `` held that as a matter of constitutional law , no state could leave the Union , explicitly repudiating the position of the Confederate States that the United States was a voluntary compact between sovereign states . '' In writing the majority opinion Chief Justice Salmon Chase opined that : When , therefore , Texas became one of the United States , she entered into an indissoluble relation . All the obligations of perpetual union , and all the guaranties of republican government in the Union , attached at once to the State . The act which consummated her admission into the Union was something more than a compact ; it was the incorporation of a new member into the political body . And it was final . The union between Texas and the other States was as complete , as perpetual , and as indissoluble as the union between the original States . There was no place for reconsideration or revocation , except through revolution or through consent of the States . However , as the issue of secession per se was not the one before the court , it has been debated as to whether this reasoning is merely dicta or a binding ruling on the question . It is also worth noting that Salmon Chase was nominated by Abraham Lincoln and was a staunch anti-secessionist . It is unlikely that he or his Republican appointed court would have approved of the Confederacy and Texas ' choice to join it . While the state 's organized secessionist movement is relatively small , a notable minority of Texans hold secessionist sentiments . A 2009 poll found that 31 % of Texans believe that Texas has the legal right to secede and form an independent country and 18 % believe it should do so . Budget ( edit ) Until 2010 , Texas had weathered the Great Recession fairly well , buffered by its vast oil and gas industries . It avoided the housing industry meltdown and its unemployment rate continues to be below the national level . It benefited from having a two - year budget cycle , allowing officials create budget plans with more time to focus on issues of importance . However , Texas was impacted by the economic downturn just like many other states , and by 2011 was suffering from tens of billions of dollars in budget deficits . In order to deal with this deficit , a supermajority of Republicans led to a massive cost cutting spree . In order to draw new businesses to the state , Texas has developed a program of tax incentives to corporations willing to move there . These efforts , along with Texas focusing on developing their natural energy resources , has led to a surplus as Texas begins its next two year budget cycle . Major revenue sources For FY 2011 , the top Texas revenue sources by category were approximately : Federal Income : $42,159,665,863.56 Sales Tax : $21,523,984,733.17 Investments : $10,406,151,499.48 Other Revenue : $8,569,805,443.66 Licenses , Fees , Fines and Penalties : $7,741,880,095.57 As of 2008 , Texas residents paid a total of $88,794 million dollars in income taxes . This does not include Federal taxes paid by Texas businesses . Besides sales tax , other taxes include franchise , insurance , natural gas , alcohol , cigarettee and tobacco taxes . Texas has no personal state income tax . Major spending categories For FY 2011 , the top Texas State Agency spending categories were approximately : Public Assistance Payments : $26,501,123,478.54 Intergovernmental Payments : $21,014,819,852.52 Interfund Transfers / Other : $12,319,487,032.40 Salaries and Wages : $8,595,912,992.82 Employee Benefits : $5,743,905,057.61 See also ( edit ) Government of Texas Political party strength in Texas Elections in Texas Current state political parties ( edit ) Republican Party of Texas ( State Affiliate of Republican Party ) Texas Democratic Party ( State Affiliate of Democratic Party ) Libertarian Party of Texas ( State Affiliate of Libertarian Party ) Constitution Party of Texas ( State Affiliate of Constitution Party ) Texas Independence Party ( State Affiliate of Independence Party of America ) Green Party of Texas ( State Affiliate of Green Party of the United States ) Reform Party of Texas ( State Affiliate of Reform Party of the United States of America ) Socialist Party of Texas ( State Affiliate of Socialist Party USA ) Texas Communist Party ( State Affiliate of Communist Party of the United States of America ) Southern Independence Party ( State Specific ) Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Maxwell ( 2009 ) , p. 22 . ^ Jump up to : Texas Politics : Historical Barriers to Voting , accessed 11 Apr 2008 Archived April 2 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ http://www.sos.state.tx.us/elections/historical/presidential.shtml Jump up ^ W. Marvin Dulaney , `` African Americans '' , Handbook of Texas Online , accessed 22 February 2014 Jump up ^ Platoff , Emma ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` For some transgender Texans , bathroom bill fight spurs bids for office '' . The Texas Tribune . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Data from the 2010 Federal Census of Texas '' . Quick Facts . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Report focusing on the political persuasion of Hispanic and Latino voters '' . CNN . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Article from the Huffington Post '' . The Huffington Post . 2012 - 04 - 17 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) , Gallup Jump up ^ William H. Frey ( May 2004 ) . `` The New Great Migration : Black Americans ' Return to the South , 1965 - to the present '' . Brookings Institution . brookings.edu . Retrieved Institution . brookings.edu . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Texas Execution Information '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ Hoppe , Christy ( April 18 , 2009 ) . `` Despite state mythology , Texas lacks right to secede '' . The Dallas Morning News . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Ordinance of the Convention of Texas , signed July 4 , 1845 '' . Avalon.law.yale.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` The Annexation of Texas Joint Resolution of Congress March 1 , 1845 '' . Archives of the West : 1806 - 1848 . PBS . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Avalon Project - Joint Resolution of the Congress of Texas , June 23 , 1845 '' . Avalon.law.yale.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` The 1850 Boundary Act '' . Texas Treasures : Early Statehood . Texas State Library & Archives Commission . 2009 - 03 - 06 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 29 . External link in work = ( help ) Jump up ^ Schwartz ( 1995 ) , p. 134 . Jump up ^ Zuczek ( 2006 ) , p. 649 . Jump up ^ Texas v. White , 74 U.S. 700 ( 1868 ) at Cornell University Law School Supreme Court collection . Jump up ^ Currie ( 1985 ) , p. 315 . Jump up ^ `` Perry 's secession remarks light up blogosphere '' . San Antonio Express - News . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` In Texas , 31 % Say State Has Right to Secede From U.S. , But 75 % Opt To Stay '' . Rasmussen Reports . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ Luhby , Tami ( 2011 - 01 - 19 ) . `` '' Even budget deficits are bigger in Texas. `` '' . Money.cnn.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ Story , Louise ( 2012 - 12 - 02 ) . `` '' Lines Blur as Texas Gives Industries a Bonanza. `` '' . Texas ; Austin ( Tex ) : Nytimes.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ Mildenberg , David ( 2013 - 01 - 07 ) . `` Texas Starts Budget Debate Flush With Energy Boom Cash '' . Bloomberg . Jump up ^ Fernandez , Manny ( 2013 - 01 - 08 ) . `` Texas Budget Surplus Proves as Contentious as a Previous Shortfall '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ State Revenue by Category , Texas Transparency , Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2015 - 09 - 23 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ State Spending by Category , Texas Transparency , Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts References ( edit ) Cunningham , Sean P. Cowboy Conservatism : Texas and the Rise of the Modern Right . ( 2010 ) . Currie , David ( 1985 ) . The Constitution in the Supreme Court : The First Hundred Years , 1789 - 1888 . University of Chicago Press . Maxwell , William Earl ; Crain , Ernest ; Santos , Adolfo . Texas Politics Today 2009 - 2010 ( 14th ed . ) . Wadsworth . ISBN 978 - 0 - 495 - 57025 - 7 . Schwartz , Bernard ( 1995 ) . A History of the Supreme Court . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 509387 - 9 . Zuczek , Richard ( August 2006 ) . Encyclopedia of the Reconstruction Era . A -- L. Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 33074 - 3 . 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where does movie before i fall take place			Before I Fall ( film )	before i fall ( film )	Before I Fall is a 2017 American teen drama film directed by Ry Russo - Young and written by Maria Maggenti , based on the 2010 novel of same name by Lauren Oliver . The film stars Zoey Deutch , Halston Sage , Logan Miller , Kian Lawley , Jennifer Beals , Diego Boneta and Elena Kampouris .	The film had its world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on January 21 , 2017 , and was theatrically released on March 3 , 2017 , by Open Road Films . The film received mixed reviews from critics and grossed $16 million worldwide against its $5 million budget . According to IndieWire , it was one of the highest grossing independent films of 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Filming 4 Release 4.1 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 6 Awards and nominations 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Samantha Kingston ( Zoey Deutch ) wakes on Cupid 's Day ( February 12 ) . She is picked up by her friends , Lindsay ( Halston Sage ) , Ally ( Cynthy Wu ) and Elody ( Medalion Rahimi ) , who joke with her about losing her virginity to her boyfriend Rob ( Kian Lawley ) that night . During class , Sam is handed a rose , gifted from her boyfriend with a nonchalant note . She is also given a pale colored rose with a note suggesting it is from another boy named Kent ( Logan Miller ) . He later invites her to his party . During lunch the girls make fun of Juliet ( Elena Kampouris ) , an outsider girl that they view as a `` psycho '' . At the party , Juliet shows up , seemingly uninvited . Lindsay confronts her and the two fight , with Juliet leaving in tears . As they are driving back from the party , the car hits something and crashes , apparently killing Sam and her friends . Sam wakes in her room on Cupid 's Day again . Thinking the previous day was just a nightmare , Sam continues on with her day but finds that the same events occur , and they again crash leaving the party . Sam wakes up on the same day again . Realizing she is in a time - loop , she convinces the group to have a sleepover instead of going to the party , trying to avoid the crash . They avoid the crash , but find out later in the night that Juliet has killed herself . Despite avoiding the crash , Sam wakes up on the same day again . Camera effects are used to indicate that Sam has continued to endure the same day many times and is seemingly unable to break the loop , so one morning she decides to angrily react to everyone around her , insulting her friends and family . At the party , she has sex with Rob , but appears to not enjoy the experience . She runs into Kent 's room and breaks down in tears . Kent finds and comforts her , letting her stay in his room . The next day , she skips school and spends time with her sister . At the party , Sam and Kent share a kiss . She hears the fight between Lindsay and Juliet from the hall and chases after her through the woods . Sam tries to stop Juliet , but she jumps in front of Lindsay 's car , horrifying Sam and making her realize that Juliet was what the car hit on the original day . Sam wakes up again with a sense of calm and understanding , knowing what she must do to end the loop . She goes about her day much kinder and considerate than she had on the first . She also breaks up with Rob and tells Kent that she has a `` secret '' to tell him . At the party , she tells Kent she loves him . She again attempts to save Juliet , but when Juliet attempts to run into traffic , Sam accepts her fate and pushes her out of the way , being killed by a truck and ending the loop . As she dies , a montage of good memories plays in her head . Touched and moved , Juliet says to Sam 's lifeless body that she saved her , to which Sam 's spirit replies `` No , you saved me '' . Cast ( edit ) Zoey Deutch as Samantha Kingston Erica Tremblay as Izzy Kingston Halston Sage as Lindsay Edgecombe Logan Miller as Kent McFuller Cynthy Wu as Ally Harris Kian Lawley as Rob Cokran Jennifer Beals as Samantha 's mother Medalion Rahimi as Elody Diego Boneta as Mr. Daimler Elena Kampouris as Juliet Sykes Liv Hewson as Anna Cartullo Nicholas Lea as Dan Kingston Claire Corlett as Devil Cupid Roan Curtis as Marian Sykes Production ( edit ) On July 15 , 2010 , Fox 2000 Pictures bought the feature film rights to the teen novel Before I Fall , Lauren Oliver 's debut , which was published that year . Maria Maggenti was hired to adapt the novel into a screenplay , while Jonathan Shestack was set to produce and Ginny Pennekamp to co-produce . The film is about a high school student who re-lives the same day until she gets everything in her life right . In 2011 , the script was listed among the Black List of best unproduced screenplays . Ry Russo - Young was attached as the film 's director . On September 15 , 2015 , it was announced that Zoey Deutch had been cast in the film 's lead role , Samantha Kingston . Brian Robbins and Matthew Kaplan produced the film through their Awesomeness Films , along with Shestack , with production starting in late October 2015 . On October 27 , 2015 , more cast was announced , consisting of Halston Sage , Logan Miller , Kian Lawley , Diego Boneta , and Elena Kampouris . Good Universe handled the film 's international sales at the American Film Market . On November 3 , 2015 , Jennifer Beals joined the film 's cast , to play Samantha 's mother . On November 20 , 2015 , Liv Hewson was cast in the film to play Anna Cartullo . Adam Taylor composed the film 's score . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography on the film began on November 16 , 2015 , in Squamish , British Columbia , where they filmed at Quest University . Shooting also took place in and around Vancouver . Filming ended on December 19 , 2015 . Release ( edit ) In May 2016 , Open Road Films acquired U.S distribution rights to the film . Before I Fall had its world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on January 21 , 2017 . The film was originally scheduled to be released on April 7 , 2017 , but was moved up to March 3 . It also screened in Italy at Giffoni Film Festival on July 18 , 2017 . Home media ( edit ) The film was released on DVD and Blu - ray on May 30 , 2017 in the United States by Universal Pictures Home Entertainment . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) Before I Fall grossed $12.2 million in the United States and Canada and $3.5 million in other territories for a worldwide gross of $16.1 million , against a production budget of $5 million . In the United States and Canada , Before I Fall opened alongside The Shack and Logan , and was projected to gross around $4 million in its opening weekend . It ended up opening to $4.9 million , which Deadline.com noted , while on par with projections , was a disappointing figure . While it only carried a $5 million production cost , the estimated amount spent on advertising the film was around $20 million , meaning an opening of $13 million would have been needed to be deemed a success . In its second weekend the film grossed $3.1 million , dropping just 34 % and again finishing 6th at the box office . Critical response ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 65 % based on 103 reviews , with an average rating of 5.8 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Before I Fall 's familiar ingredients are enlivened by a fresh YA perspective and a strong performance from emerging star Zoey Deutch . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 58 out of 100 , based on 31 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B '' on an A+ to F scale . Abbey Bender of Uproxx gave the film a generally positive review and praised Ry Russo - Young 's direction , noting : `` Before I Fall ends disappointingly with a moment of sacrifice that feels too heavy handed . Along the way , though , there are plenty of scenes of compellingly lush nature and teenage girlhood . '' AllMovie gave it 2.5 stars out of 5 , while Susan Wloszczyna of rogerebert.com gave it 3 out of 4 . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Film earned a nomination in 2017 Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie : Drama category . Cast also earned nominations ; Zoey Deutch in 2017 Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie : Drama Actress category and Kian Lawley in Choice Movie : Drama Actor category for the movie. Kian won the award for Choice Movie : Drama Actor . See also ( edit ) List of films featuring time loops X-Files episode : ' Monday ' Twilight Zone episodes : ' Death Ship ' ' Judgment Night ' ' Shadow Play ' Black Mirror episode ' White Bear ' - Not a time loop , but a woman 's condemned to relive the same day over and over as a judicial punishment . Comparable films : Groundhog Day Edge of Tomorrow Happy Death Day Live , Die , Repeat , and Repeat ARQ References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Printable Film Guide '' ( PDF ) . Sundance Film Festival . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office : ' Logan ' Slicing and Dicing Toward Year 's Biggest Debut '' , Variety , March 2 , 2017 , retrieved March 3 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : `` Before I Fall ( 2017 ) '' . The Numbers . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 20 Highest Grossing Indies of 2017 ( A Running List ) '' . IndieWire. April 25 , 2017 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming Jr , Mike ( July 15 , 2010 ) . `` Fox 2000 Sees Film Potential In Teen Novel '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Before I Fall Filming Location in Squamish '' . What 's Filming ? . November 29 , 2015 . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ A. Fernandez , Jay ( December 12 , 2011 ) . `` Black List 2011 : ' Star Wars ' Satire and Zombies Among Top 10 Screenplays '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hipes , Patrick ( September 15 , 2015 ) . `` Zoey Deutch To Star In ' Before I Fall ' , Next Movie From Awesomeness Films '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sneider , Jeff ( October 27 , 2015 ) . `` Halston Sage , Logan Miller , Kian Lawley Join Zoey Deutch in ' Before I Fall ' '' . The Wrap . TheWrap . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( November 3 , 2015 ) . `` Jennifer Beals Joins ' Before I Fall ' Opposite Zoey Deutch -- AFM '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ A. Lincoln , Ross ( November 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' Before I Fall ' Adds Liv Hewson ; Gabriella Wright Joins ' Security ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Adam Taylor Scoring Ry Russo - Young 's ' Before I Fall ' '' . FilmMusicReporter . November 18 , 2016 . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` On the Set for 11 / 20 / 15 : Ricky Gervais Starts Shooting ' Life on the Road ' , Chris Evans and Octavia Spencer Wrap ' Gifted ' '' . SSN Insider . November 20 , 2015 . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` See a Photo From the Set of BEFORE I FALL -- The Fandom '' . The Fandom . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DIGITAL : BEFORE I FALL Films in Vancouver / Squamish With Zoey Deutch , Halston Sage , Elena Kampouris , Logan Miller & YouTube Star Kian Lawley '' . yvrshoots.com . November 29 , 2015 . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` On the Set for 1 / 1 / 16 : George Lopez Starts ' Aloha Santa ' , Dave Bautista Wraps ' Bushwick ' , Catherine Zeta - Jones Finishes ' The Godmother ' '' . SSN Insider . December 31 , 2015 . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( May 13 , 2016 ) . `` Open Road Falls Hard For ' Before I Fall ; ' Commits To Wide Release For Awesomeness Pic As Good Universe Shops Intl : Cannes '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( December 5 , 2016 ) . `` Sundance 2017 : Robert Redford , New Rashida Jones Netflix Series , ' Rebel In The Rye ' & More On Premiere , Docu , Midnight & Kids Slates '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` Zoey Deutch 's ' Before I Fall ' Gets April Release '' . Variety . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( October 25 , 2016 ) . `` Jamie Foxx 's ' Sleepless ' Cruises To MLK Weekend ; ' Before I Fall ' Lands In March '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' BEFORE I FALL `` , THE PREMIERE ON 18 JULY AT GIFFONI FILM FESTIVAL WITH THE STAR ZOEY DEUTCH '' . Giffoni Film Festival . June 18 , 2017 . Retrieved July 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Logan ' Looks To Roar $170 M+ Around The World In First Weekend -- Box Office Preview '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ `` ' Logan 's $85.3 M Debut Breaks Records For Wolverine Series & Rated R Fare ; Beats ' Fifty Shades ' & ' Passion Of The Christ ' '' , Deadline.com , retrieved March 5 , 2017 Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Kong ' Beats His Chest On Saturday : Weekend Opening Now At $61 M -- Sunday AM Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Before I Fall ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Before I Fall reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . 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what do you call a collection of bee hives			Beehive	beehive	A beehive is an enclosed structure in which some honey bee species of the subgenus Apis live and raise their young . Though the word beehive is commonly used to describe the nest of any bee colony , scientific and professional literature distinguishes nest from hive . Nest is used to discuss colonies which house themselves in natural or artificial cavities or are hanging and exposed . Hive is used to describe structures used by humans to house a honey bee nest . Several species of Apis live in colonies , but only the western honey bee ( Apis mellifera ) and the eastern honey bee ( Apis cerana ) are kept in hives by humans . A bees nest is comparable to a bird 's nest built with a purpose to protect the dweller .	The beehive 's internal structure is a densely packed group of hexagonal prismatic cells made of beeswax , called a honeycomb . The bees use the cells to store food ( honey and pollen ) and to house the brood ( eggs , larvae , and pupae ) . Beehives serve several purposes : production of honey , pollination of nearby crops , housing supply bees for apitherapy treatment , and to try to mitigate the effects of colony collapse disorder . In America , hives are commonly transported so that bees can pollinate crops in other areas . A number of patents have been issued for beehive designs . Contents ( hide ) 1 Honey bee nests 2 Ancient hives 3 Traditional hives 3.1 Mud and clay hives 3.2 Skeps 3.3 Bee gums 4 Modern hives 4.1 Hives optimized for Apis mellifera , Apis cerana 4.1. 1 Langstroth hives 4.1. 2 Commercial hives 4.1. 3 WBC hives 4.1. 4 CDB hives 4.1. 5 Dartington Long Deep hives 4.1. 6 Beehaus 4.1. 7 Long Box Hive 4.1. 8 Top - bar hives 4.1. 9 Warré hives 4.1. 10 Perone hives 4.1. 11 Flow Hive 4.2 Hives optimized for meliponines 4.3 Hives optimized for bumblebees 5 Symbolism 6 Relocation 7 Destruction 7.1 By other natural organisms 7.2 By humans 7.3 Method of destruction 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Honey bee nests ( edit ) Natural bee colony in the hollow of a tree Honey bees use caves , rock cavities and hollow trees as natural nesting sites . In warmer climates they may occasionally build exposed hanging nests as pictured . Members of other subgenera have exposed aerial combs . The nest is composed of multiple honeycombs , parallel to each other , with a relatively uniform bee space . It usually has a single entrance . Western honey bees prefer nest cavities approximately 45 litres in volume and avoid those smaller than 10 or larger than 100 litres . Western honey bees show several nest - site preferences : the height above ground is usually between 1 metre ( 3.3 ft ) and 5 metres ( 16 ft ) , entrance positions tend to face downward , Equatorial - facing entrances are favored , and nest sites over 300 metres ( 980 ft ) from the parent colony are preferred . Bees usually occupy nests for several years . The bees often smooth the bark surrounding the nest entrance , and the cavity walls are coated with a thin layer of hardened plant resin ( propolis ) . Honeycombs are attached to the walls along the cavity tops and sides , but small passageways are left along the comb edges . The basic nest architecture for all honeybees is similar : honey is stored in the upper part of the comb ; beneath it are rows of pollen - storage cells , worker - brood cells , and drone - brood cells , in that order . The peanut - shaped queen cells are normally built at the lower edge of the comb . Ancient hives ( edit ) Bees were kept in man - made hives in Egypt in antiquity . The walls of the Egyptian sun temple of Nyuserre Ini from the 5th Dynasty , dated earlier than 2422 BC , depict workers blowing smoke into hives as they remove honeycombs . Inscriptions detailing the production of honey are found on the tomb of Pabasa from the 26th Dynasty ( c. 650 BC ) , and describe honey stored in jars , and cylindrical hives . The archaeologist Amihai Mazar cites 30 intact hives that were discovered in the ruins of the city of Rehov ( 2,000 residents in 900 BC , Israelites and Canaanites ) . This is evidence that an advanced honey industry existed in Israel , approximately 4,000 years ago . The beehives , made of straw and unbaked clay , were found in orderly rows , with a total of 150 hives , many broken . Ezra Marcus from the University of Haifa said the discovery provided a glimpse of ancient beekeeping seen in texts and ancient art from the Near East . An altar decorated with fertility figurines was found alongside the hives and may indicate religious practices associated with beekeeping . While beekeeping predates these ruins , this is the oldest apiary yet discovered . Traditional hives ( edit ) Hives from the collection of Radomysl Castle , Ukraine , 19th century Beehives -- watercolour painted by Stanisław Masłowski in Wola Rafałowska village , Poland in 1924 , Silesian Museum in Katowice , Poland Traditional beehives simply provided an enclosure for the bee colony . Because no internal structures were provided for the bees , the bees created their own honeycomb within the hives . The comb is often cross-attached and can not be moved without destroying it . This is sometimes called a `` fixed - frame '' hive to differentiate it from the modern `` movable - frame '' hives . Harvest generally destroyed the hives , though there were some adaptations using extra top baskets which could be removed when the bees filled them with honey . These were gradually supplanted with box hives of varying dimensions , with or without frames , and finally replaced by newer modern equipment . Honey from traditional hives was typically extracted by pressing -- crushing the wax honeycomb to squeeze out the honey . Due to this harvesting , traditional beehives typically provided more beeswax , but far less honey , than a modern hive . There are four basic styles of traditional beehive ; mud hives , clay / tile hives , skeps and bee gums . Mud and clay hives ( edit ) Bees in a baked clay jar in Malta Mud hives are still used in Egypt . These are long cylinders made from a mixture of unbaked mud , straw , and dung . Clay tiles were the customary homes of kept bees in the eastern end of the Mediterranean . Long cylinders of baked clay were used in ancient Egypt , the Middle East and to some extent in Greece , Italy and Malta . They sometimes were used singly , but more often stacked in rows to provide some shade , at least for those not on top . Keepers would smoke one end to drive the bees to the other end while they harvested honey . Skeps ( edit ) Traditional manufacture of skeps from straw in England A bee skep at Dalgarven Mill . The base is part of an old cheese press Skeps , baskets placed open - end - down , have been used to house bees for some 2000 years . Initially they were made from wicker plastered with mud and dung but from the Middle Ages they were made of straw . In northern and western Europe , skeps were made of coils of grass or straw . In its simplest form , there is a single entrance at the bottom of the skep . Again , there is no internal structure provided for the bees and the colony must produce its own honeycomb , which is attached to the inside of the skep . Skeps have two disadvantages ; beekeepers can not inspect the comb for diseases and pests , and honey removal is difficult and often results in the destruction of the entire colony . To get the honey beekeepers either drove the bees out of the skep or , by the use of a bottom extension called an eke or a top extension called a cap , sought to create comb with just honey in it . Quite often the bees were just killed , sometimes using lighted sulfur , to allow the honeycomb to be removed . Skeps could also be squeezed in a vise to extract the honey . As of 1998 , most US states prohibited the use of skeps because they can not be inspected for disease and parasites . Later skep designs included a smaller woven basket ( cap ) on top over a small hole in the main skep . This cap acted as a crude super , allowing the harvesting of some honey with less destruction of brood and bees . In England such an extension piece consisting of a ring of about 4 or 5 coils of straw placed below a straw beehive to give extra room for brood rearing was called an eke , imp or nadir . An eke was used to give just a bit of extra room , or to `` eke '' some more space , a nadir is a larger extension used when a full story was needed beneath . A person who made such woven beehives was called a `` skepper '' , a surname that still exists in western countries . In England the thickness of the coil of straw was controlled using a ring of leather or piece of cows horn called a `` girth '' and the coils of straw could be sewn together using strips of briar . Likenesses of skeps can be found in paintings , carvings and old manuscripts . The skep is often used on signs as an indication of industry ( `` the busy bee '' ) . In the late 18th century , more complex skeps appeared with wooden tops with holes in them over which glass jars were placed . The comb was built in the glass jars , making the designs commercially attractive . Bee gums ( edit ) `` Barć '' in a museum in Białowieża In the eastern United States , especially in the southeast , sections of hollow trees were used until the 20th century . These were called `` gums '' because they often were from black gum ( Nyssa sylvatica ) trees . Sections of the hollow trees were set upright in `` bee yards '' or apiaries . Sometimes sticks or crossed sticks were placed under a board cover to give an attachment for the honeycomb . As with skeps , harvest of honey from these destroyed the colony . Often the harvester would kill the bees before even opening their nest . This was done by inserting a metal container of burning sulfur into the gum . Natural tree hollows and artificially hollowed tree trunks were widely used in the past by beekeepers in Central Europe . For example , in Poland such a beehive was called a `` barć '' and was protected in various ways from unfavorable weather conditions ( rain , frost ) and predators ( woodpeckers , bears , pine marten , forest dormouse ) . Harvest of honey from these did not destroy the colony , as only a protective piece of wood was removed from the opening and smoke was used to deter the bees for a short time . Bee gums are still used by beekeepers today , for bee species whose honey output is less than that of the more productive honeybee . Unlike most beehives ( which are usable only with Apis mellifera and Apis cerana ) , the bee gum allows housing of many more bee species . The bee gum allows the bees themselves to organize their nest ( nest structure and cells in which to store their honey and pollen ) . In some instances , bee gums are also still used , even with bee species that do produce large quantities of honey ( i.e. Apis mellifera nigra ) . However , in these instances , part of the reason why bee gums are then used is that this allows the producers of the honey to distinguish themselves from other honey producers and to ask a higher price for the honey . An example where bee gums are still used is Mont - Lozère , France . The length of the bee gums used are rather on the short side ; unlike regular bee gums , the bee gums are hollowed out artificially and cut to a specific size . Play media ( video ) Bees in a hive Modern hives ( edit ) Frame of honeycomb with honey in the upper left and pollen in most of the rest of the cells The earliest recognizably modern designs of beehives arose in the 19th century , though they were perfected from intermediate stages of progress made in the 18th century . In 1814 Petro Prokopovych invented the world 's first frame hive , which allowed an easier honey harvest . Intermediate stages in hive design were recorded for example by Thomas Wildman in 1768 / 1770 , who described advances over the destructive old skep - based beekeeping so that the bees no longer had to be killed to harvest the honey . Wildman , for example , fixed a parallel array of wooden bars across the top of a straw hive or skep ( with a separate straw top to be fixed on later ) `` so that there are in all seven bars of deal '' ( in a 10 - inch - diameter ( 250 mm ) hive ) `` to which the bees fix their combs '' . He also described using such hives in a multi-story configuration , foreshadowing the modern use of supers : he described adding ( at the proper time ) successive straw hives below , and eventually removing the ones above when free of brood and filled with honey , so that the bees could be separately preserved at the harvest for a following season . Wildman also described a further development , using hives with `` sliding frames '' for the bees to build their comb , foreshadowing more modern uses of movable - comb hives . Wildman acknowledged the advances in knowledge of bees previously made by Swammerdam , Maraldi , and de Reaumur -- he included a lengthy translation of Reaumur 's account of the natural history of bees -- and he also described the initiatives of others in designing hives for the preservation of bee - life when taking the harvest , citing in particular reports from Brittany dating from the 1750s , due to Comte de la Bourdonnaye . In 1814 , Petro Prokopovych , the founder of commercial beekeeping in Ukraine , invented one of the very first beehive frames . However , for easy operations in beehives the spaces between elements need to be correct . The correct distance between combs was described in 1845 by Jan Dzierżon as 11⁄2 inches from the center of one top bar to the center of the next one . In 1848 Dzierzon introduced grooves into the hive 's side walls replacing the strips of wood for moving top bars . The grooves were 8 mm × 8 mm ( 0.31 in × 0.31 in ) , the spacing later termed bee space . The Langstroth hive was the first successful top - opened hive with movable frames . Langstroth hive was however a direct descendant of Dzierzon 's hive designs . There are two basic types of modern hive in common use , the movable - frame `` Langstroth hive '' ( including all the size variants ) which has enclosed frames to hold the comb and the movable - comb `` top - bar hive '' , which - as the name implies , has only a top - bar to support the comb . Movable frames and movable combs - as opposed to fixed combs - both allow the apiarist to inspect for diseases and parasites and also allow a beekeeper more easily to split the hive to make new colonies . Bees are more likely to make new comb `` correctly '' if it already contains frames with some comb or foundation . If only empty frames are present , bees may build comb that does not follow them and can not be later removed with the frame . Use of a thin strip of wood or plastic inside and at the top of a frame without foundation may serve as a `` comb guide '' to encourage the bees to build straight comb . Hives optimized for Apis mellifera , Apis cerana ( edit ) Langstroth hives ( edit ) Dadant - Blatt beehive , a hive in the Langstroth - hive class Main article : Langstroth hive Named for their inventor , Rev. Lorenzo Langstroth , Langstroth hives are not the only hives of this style , but the most common in North America . Langstroth patented his design in 1852 originally for comb honey production ; it has become the standard style hive for many of the world 's beekeepers . This class of hives includes other styles , which differ mainly in the size and number of frames used . These include Smith , British National , Segeberger Beute ( German ) , D.E. hive , Frankenbeute ( German ) , Normalmass ( German ) , Langstroth hive , Modified Commercial , and Modified Dadant ( developed in USA in 1920 from the Dadant - Blatt hive , a variant of the Dadant hive ) , plus regional variations . Langstroth hives make use of bee space so that frames are neither glued together nor filled with burr comb : comb joining adjacent frames . They use standardized sizes of hive bodies ( rectangular boxes without tops or bottoms placed one on top of another ) and internal frames to ensure that parts are interchangeable and that the frames will remain relatively easy to remove , inspect , and replace without killing the bees . Langstroth hive bodies are rectangular in shape and can be made from a variety of materials that can be stacked to expand the usable space for the bees . Inside the boxes , frames are hung parallel to each other . The minimum size of the hive is dependent on outside air temperature and potential food sources in the winter months . The colder the winter , the larger the hive and food stores need to be . In regions with severe winter weather , a basketball - shaped cluster of bees typically survives in a `` double - deep '' box . In temperate and equatorial regions , a winter cluster will survive in a single box or in a `` nuc '' ( short for nucleus colony ) . Modern beehive frames , along with the thermal image . Honey bees maintain the temperature of the brood nest so that the brood develops normally . Langstroth frames are thin rectangular structures made of wood or plastic and typically have a wax or plastic foundation on which the bees draw out the comb . The frames hold the beeswax honeycomb formed by the bees . Ten frames side by side will fill the hive body and leave the right amount of bee space between each frame and between the end frames and the hive body . Langstroth frames are often reinforced with wire , making it possible to spin the honey out of the comb in a centrifuge . As a result , the empty frames and comb can be returned to the beehive for re-filling by the bees . Creating honeycomb involves a significant energy investment , conservatively estimated at 6.25 kilograms of honey needed to create 1 kilogram of comb in temperate climates . Reusing comb can thus increase the productivity of a beekeeping enterprise . The modern Langstroth hive consists of the following parts : Hive stand : the upper hive components rest on this , providing a landing board for the bees and helping to protect the bottom board from rot and cold transfer . Bottom board : this has an entrance for the bees to get into the hive . Brood box : the lowest box of the hive and where the queen bee lays her eggs . Honey super : usually shorter than the brood box , but is the uppermost box ( s ) , where honey is stored . Frames : moveable wooden or plastic frames that hold foundation and / or comb . Foundation : wax or plastic sheets held by frames with honeycomb impression onto which bees may build wax honey combs . Inner cover : provides separation from an overly hot or cold outer cover and can be used as a shelf for feeding or other purposes . Outer cover : provides weather protection for the hive . BS Improved National Also known as the British National , National , or Modified National , this hive is based on square boxes ( 460mm side ) , with a 225mm standard / brood box , and shallow 150mm supers typically used for honey . The construction of the boxes is relatively complicated ( eight pieces ) , but strong , and with easy - to - hold handles . The boxes take frames of 432mm length , with a relatively long lug ( 38mm ) and a comb width of 355mm . Commercial hives ( edit ) Commercial hives have the same cross-sectional dimensions as a National hive ( 460mm x 460mm ) , but deeper brood box ( 267mm / 10.5 `` ) and supers . The internal structure of the boxes is also simpler , resulting in wider frames ( 406mm / 16 '' ) with shorter handles or lugs . The brood box is picked up using small hand holds cut into the external wall of the hive . Supers have this same feature , which some find difficult to use when the super is full of honey . Some beekeepers therefore use National supers on top of a Commercial brood box . WBC hives ( edit ) WBC hive The WBC , invented by and named after William Broughton Carr in 1890 , is a double - walled hive with an external housing that splays out towards the bottom of each frame covering a standard box shape hive inside . The WBC is in many respects the ' classic ' hive as represented in pictures and paintings , but despite the extra level of insulation for the bees offered by its double - walled design , many beekeepers avoid it , owing to the inconvenience of having to remove the external layer before the hive can be examined . CDB hives ( edit ) CDB hive An Irish hive . In 1894 , the British Charles Nash Abbott ( 1830 -- 1894 ) , advisor to Ireland 's Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction , oversaw the design of a new Congested Districts Board ( CDB ) hive , in Dublin . Dartington Long deep hives ( edit ) The Dartington Long Deep ( DLD ) hive takes 14 x 12 inch and can take up to 24 frames . It is possible to have two colonies in the brood box as there is an entrance at either end . It has half - size honey supers , which take 6 frames that are lighter than full supers and are correspondingly easier to lift . The Dartington was originally developed by Robin Dartington so that he could keep bees on his London rooftop . Beehaus ( edit ) The Beehaus is a proprietary design for a beehive launched in 2009 . It is based on similar principles to a Dartington . Kobe T Monzon was the first to consider this in the lower 48 states . Long box hive ( edit ) The Long Box Hive is a single story hive utilizing fully enclosed frames ( per the dimensions of Langstroth hives or deeper by variation , ) but is worked horizontally in the manner of Kenya / Tanzanian Top - bar hives . This non-stacked style had higher popularity a century ago in the Southeast United States , but faded from use due to lack of portability . With the recent popularity of horizontal Top - bar hives , the Long Box Hive is gaining renewed but limited utilization . Alternative names `` New Idea Hive '' , `` Single Story Hive '' , `` Poppleton Hive '' , or simply `` Long Hive '' . Top - bar hives ( edit ) Main article : Top - bar hive The top - bar or Kenya - hives were developed as a lower - cost alternative to the standard Langstroth hives and equipment . They are becoming very popular in the US due to their alignment with the organic , treatment - free philosophies of many new beekeeping devotees in the United States . They are also popular , owing to their simplicity and low cost , in developing countries . Top - bar hives have movable comb and make use of the concept of bee space . The top - bar hive is so named because the bees draw their comb from a top bar , suspended across the top of a cavity , and not inside a full rectangular frame with sides and a bottom bar . The beekeeper does not provide foundation wax ( or provides only a small starter piece of foundation ) for the bees to build from . The bees build the comb so it hangs down from the top bar . This is in keeping with the way bees build wax in a natural cavity . There is some belief that the use of natural wax in a top - bar hive supports the bees ' natural systems in ways that improve their health . The hive body of a common style of top - bar hive is often shaped as an inverted trapezoid in order to reduce the tendency of bees to attach the comb to the hive - body walls , though this reasoning has become less popular recently . It may be more likely that the trapezoid shape helps to improve the ratio of the weight of the comb to the amount of attachment at the bar and helps to lessen the likelihood of heavy combs detaching from the top bar when being handled or harvested . Unlike the Langstroth design , this style of top - bar hive is expanded horizontally , not vertically . The top - bar design is a single , much longer box , with the bars hanging in parallel . This common style is sometimes referred to as a horizontal Top Bar hive , or hTBH . Most horizontal top bar hives in the UK are based on the tandem - follower system designed by Phil Chandler . Some top bar hives do stack vertically , much like the Langstroth , National , or other frame hives , although vertical designs use bars with gaps between them , unlike the adjacent bars of the horizontal design . Vertical top bar hives have been largely unknown in the United States until about 2010 . This is largely due to the work by Dr David Heaf , who , along with wife Patricia , translated a book by Abbé Emile Warré ( ~ 1852 ) from French and implemented some hives in 2007 . These are commonly referred to as Warré Hives , but the abbé named them , `` The People 's Hive , '' for their intended economy and simplicity of construction . Unlike the Langstroth hive , the honey is usually extracted by crushing and straining rather than centrifuging because a top bar does not have wire reinforcement . There is a laterally oriented extractor available , made by Swienty , but these are not overly popular in the US . Because the bees have to rebuild their comb after honey is harvested , a top - bar hive yields a beeswax harvest in addition to honey . However , like the Langstroth hive , the bees will store most of their honey separately from the areas where they are raising the brood . For this reason , bees are not killed when harvesting from a top - bar hive , unlike the old practice of harvesting from a skep by driving bees out or killing them over a sulphur pit . Warré hives ( edit ) Inspecting brood comb from a Warré hive The Warré hive was invented by the abbot Émile Warré , and is also called `` ruche populaire '' ( fr ) or `` The People 's Hive '' ( en ) . It is a modular and storied design similar to a Langstroth hive . The hive body is made of boxes stacked vertically ; however , it uses Top Bars for comb support instead of full frames , as a general rule . The popularity of this hive is growing among ' sustainable - practice ' beekeepers . The Warre hive differs from other stacked hive systems in one fundamental aspect : when the bees need more space as the colony expands , the new box is `` nadired '' . i.e. positioned underneath the existing box ( es ) . This serves the purpose of warmth retention within the brood nest of the hive , considered vital to colony health . Perone hives ( edit ) The Perone or Automatic Hive was designed by Oscar Perone , and aims at managing bees in a way more closely analogous to their natural behavior . It is favoured by proponents of ' Natural Beekeeping ' , who seek to allow more natural bee behaviour and minimise intervention into the hive . Perone Hives are very large 2m - high vertical top bar hives that remain the same size all year , split into a bee area underneath , and a bee keepers area above ( Mark 1 ) or side by side ( Mark 2 ) . The total hive volume is large , around 280 litres , which it is proposed allows the bees to develop into a ' super-colony ' differing in behaviour to colonies in smaller hives . They are managed so that under normal circumstances the bee area is never opened , and the bee keepers area is opened only once per year when any honey is harvested . These hives are managed around bees using their own honey supplies in winter , not replacing these with sugar syrup . The limitations for direct inspection of this type of hive and its management raise issues around disease monitoring , and they are criticised as sources of varroa for other nearby hives , as the large colony will have many foragers and many standard techniques for managing varroa populations can not be practiced . However the hive will also have more bees available for defence , and many standard treatments for varroa also cause damage to the bees . Flow hive ( edit ) The Flow Hive is a proprietary design for a beehive launched in 2015 on Indiegogo . It was based on a design by father and son team of beekeepers and inventors , Stuart and Cedar Anderson from Australia to find a way of extracting honey from comb without the need to open the hive . The system uses food - grade plastic frames which can be split using a special tool and the honey then flows into containers without the need to remove any frames . However , the flow hive has been highly controversial within the beekeeping community as it encourages the lax of maintenance of the hives against diseases and pests and encourages sickly bees . Hives optimized for meliponines ( edit ) Hives have been designed for some meliponines such as Melipona beecheii . Examples of such hives are the Nogueira - Neto hive and the UTOB hive . Hives optimized for bumblebees ( edit ) Some designs have been optimized for housing bumblebees . Symbolism ( edit ) A doorknob of the Salt Lake Temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints bearing an image of a skep beehive A straw skep engraved on a gravestone The beehive is a commonly used symbol dating at least to Roman times . In medieval heraldry it was considered a symbol of industry . In modern times , it is used in Freemasonry . In masonic lectures it is explained as a symbol of industry and co-operation , and as cautioning against intellectual laziness , warning that `` he that will so demean himself as not to be endeavoring to add to the common stock of knowledge and understanding , may be deemed a drone in the hive of nature , a useless member of society , and unworthy of our protection as Masons . '' The beehive is also used with similar meaning by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints , or Mormons . From Mormon usage it has become one of the State symbols of Utah . ( See deseret . ) Relocation ( edit ) A common misconception of non-beekeepers is that smoke will cause bees to move their nest . Smoke is used by beekeepers to hide the alarm pheromone emitted by bees during inspections or harvest . One - way traps can be used to reduce the size of a colony , but is a limited and time - consuming solution . Beekeepers and companies may remove unwanted nests from structures , this process is called a `` cut out '' . Once honey , pollen , and wax are built up in a nest , only physical removal is an option . Some homeowners resort to using spray - foam , but the bees will wait and live off reserves until the foam is weakened , then will burrow through it . An important fact in understanding a nest is that fewer than 10 % of the bees will ever leave at once , other than when swarming . A fertilized queen will lay up to 2000 eggs a day . If bees are killed and the hive products are left , heat and time will loosen the wax and honey causing further problems in the future . Destruction ( edit ) By other natural organisms ( edit ) Black bears destroy hives in their quest for honey and protein rich larvae . Hives erected by humans , as a defense for their crops against elephants , are sometimes destroyed by elephants . These hives are hung on a single metal wire that encircles the crop field of some farms in African elephant territory . The installation is called a BeeHive Fence and was conceived by Lucy King . By humans ( edit ) Humans often destroy hives of honey - producing bee species in the interest of obtaining honey and other bee products . Humans may at times also determine that a beehive must be destroyed in the interest of public safety or in the interest of preventing the spread of bee diseases . The U.S. state of Florida destroyed the hives of Africanized honey bees in 1999 . The state of Alaska has issued regulations governing the treatment of diseased beehives via burning followed by burial , fumigation using ethylene oxide or other approved gases , sterilization by treatment with lye , or by scorching . In New Zealand and the United Kingdom , the treatment of hives infected with the disease American foulbrood with antibiotics is prohibited , and beekeepers are required by law to destroy such colonies and hives with fire . Method of destruction ( edit ) Spraying the hive with a solution of soap and water may be effective , since soap dissolves the bees ' waxy exterior that protects them from drowning . However , the procedure should be undertaken with caution , as it angers the bees . In the UK , destruction of a colony with American Foulbrood typically consists of petrol poured into the hive to destroy the adult bees , and then burning the rest of the hive to destroy any remaining bees and bacterium . See also ( edit ) Apidictor Honeycomb References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Chapter 10 -- Honey USDA ^ Jump up to : Honeybees of the genus Apis . Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Jump up ^ Seeley , T.D. ; Morse , R.A. ( December 1978 ) . `` Nest site selection by the honey bee , Apis mellifera '' . Insectes Sociaux. 25 ( 4 ) : 323 -- 37 . doi : 10.1007 / BF02224297 . Jump up ^ Seeley , T.D. ; Morse , R.A. ( December 1976 ) . `` The nest of the honey bee ( Apis mellifera L . ) '' . Insectes Sociaux. 23 ( 4 ) : 495 -- 512 . doi : 10.1007 / BF02223477 . Jump up ^ `` Ancient Egypt : Bee - keeping '' . reshafim.org.il . Jump up ^ `` Beekeeping in Ancient Egypt '' . Bee Lore . Jump up ^ Apiculture in Egypt , Dr Tarek Issa Abd El - Wahab Jump up ^ Gilmour , Garth . `` The land of milk and honey ... and bees ! '' . Jamaica Gleaner . Archived from the original ( Web article ) on 28 March 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ Bogomolets O. Radomysl Castle - Museum on the Royal Road Via Regia `` . -- Kyiv , 2013 ISBN 978 - 617 - 7031 - 15 - 3 Jump up ^ The Apiculture in Egypt , Dr. Tarek Issa Abde El - Wahab Jump up ^ Diana Sammataro ; Alphonse Avitabile ( 15 June 1998 ) . The beekeeper 's handbook . Cornell University Press . p. 186 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 8503 - 9 . Retrieved 17 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Crane , Ethel Eva ( 2013 ) . The World History of Beekeeping and Honey Hunting . Routledge . p. 305 . Jump up ^ Karpiński , Jan Jerzy ( 1948 ) . Ślady dawnego bartnictwa puszczańskiego na terenie Białowieskiego Parku Narodowego . http://www.encyklopedia.puszcza-bialowieska.eu/ksiazki/bartnictwo.pdf : Instytut Badawczy Leśnictwa . Jump up ^ `` La filière apicole en Lozère '' . lozere.fr . Jump up ^ `` '' Les Ruches troncs et les abeilles noires '' du Mont - Lozère sur TF1 . `` . lozere.fr . Jump up ^ La fôret des abeilles by Yves Elie Jump up ^ Paper on use of bee gums in France Archived 2014 - 05 - 04 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Petro Prokopovych Beekeeping in Ukraine , accessed May 2011 Jump up ^ 20 Facts on Beekeeping in Ukraine Archived 2011 - 08 - 11 at the Wayback Machine . Apimondia 2013 , accessed May 2011 Jump up ^ Thomas Wildman , A Treatise on the Management of Bees ( London , 1768 ; 2nd ed. 1770 ) . Jump up ^ Wildman , op. cit. , 2nd ( 1770 ) ed. , at pp. 94 - 95 . Jump up ^ Wildman , op. cit. , 2nd ( 1770 ) ed. , at pp. 112 -- 15 . Jump up ^ U.S. Patent 9,300 Jump up ^ L.L. Langstroth 's patent for a Bee hive from October 5 , 1852 Jump up ^ Stephen C. PRATT ( 2003 ) . `` Collective control of the timing and type of comb construction by honey bees ( Apis mellifera ) '' ( PDF ) . Arizona State University . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 03 - 15 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Miscellaneous Techniques in Beekeeping '' . University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ Robin Dartington ( 2000 ) New Beekeeping in a Long Deep Hive . Bee Books New & Old Jump up ^ John Adams ( 2010 ) The Success Of The Long Box Beehive In America Jump up ^ Kooser , Amanda . `` Sweet ! Flow Hive collects honey at the turn of a tap '' . C Net . Retrieved 27 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` '' So much easier for the beekeeper and so much easier on the bees `` '' . Flow . Flow . Retrieved 27 July 2017 . Jump up ^ 3 Reasons To Go Against The Flow Hive By Maryam Henein Apr 9 , 2015 June 21 , 2017 https://www.honeycolony.com/article/against-flow-hive/ Jump up ^ Ross Conrad , Bee Culture : The American Magazine of Beekeeping , April 20 , 2015 http://www.beeculture.com/flow-hive/ Jump up ^ UTOB hive Jump up ^ Shawn Eyer , The Beehive and the Stock of Knowledge . Philalethes , The Journal of Masonic Research and Letters 63.1 ( Winter 2010 ) , 35 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Thomas Smith Webb , The Freemason 's Monitor , or Illustrations of Masonry in Two Parts , 2nd ed . New York : Southwick & Crooker , 1802 , 77 -- 78 . Jump up ^ `` Beehives / Crops / Livestock '' ( PDF ) . Bear Facts for Homeowners . New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Elephants & Bees '' Publications `` . Elephants & Bees . Archived from the original on 2014 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Africanized Bee DeFense Against Hungry Elephants '' . Living the Scientific Life ( Scientist , Interrupted ) . Jump up ^ `` Crawford Announces Destruction Of African Bee Hive '' . Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services . May 5 , 1999 . Archived from the original on 2000 - 08 - 24 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Sec. 03.47. 020 . Importation of bees . '' . State of Arkansas . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ John , Williams ( 2010 ) . Starting out with bees . National Bee - keeping Centre ( Great Britain ) . Warwickshire , U.K. : Bee Craft . pp. 33 -- 4 . ISBN 9780900147098 . OCLC 768486360 . ^ Jump up to : `` Beebase - Beekeeping information resource for Beekeepers '' . UK National Bee Unit . Control of Foulbrood . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . Texas A&M University Department of Entomology . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 22 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 22 . External links ( edit ) Look up beehive in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Beehives . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bee skeps . American Beekeeping History -- The Bee Hive at John 's Beekeeping Notebook Beehives -- Woodworking plans . BeeSource.Com , 2004 . ( hide ) Honey bee types and characteristics Bee castes Queen bee Worker bee Laying worker bee Drone Lifecycle Beehive Honey bee life cycle Brood Bee learning and communication Swarming Western honey bee subspecies and breeds Buckfast bee Carniolan honey bee European dark bee Italian bee Maltese honey bee Africanized bee Apis mellifera scutellata Honey bee race Cultivation Beekeeping Apiology Apiary Beehive Langstroth hive Horizontal top - bar hive Beeswax Honey Honey extraction Honey extractor Propolis Royal jelly Lists Topics in beekeeping Diseases of the honey bee Beekeeping by countries Hungary India Ireland Nepal New Zealand Ukraine United Kingdom United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beehive&oldid=801054191 '' Categories : Beehives Beekeeping Buildings and structures used to confine animals Shelters built or used by animals Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from March 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Català Чӑвашла Čeština ChiShona Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Кырык мары Latina Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands Nedersaksies 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan پښتو Polski Português Română Русский Sicilianu Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Vèneto Walon 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 11 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beehive	2,441
when does season 3 of locked up start			Vis a Vis ( TV series )	vis a vis ( tv series )		Vis a vis Logo Genre Serial drama Crime Thriller Created by Iván Escobar Esther Martínez Lobato Álex Pina Daniel Écija Starring Maggie Civantos Najwa Nimri Carlos Hipólito Roberto Enríquez Berta Vázquez Alba Flores Country of origin Spain Original language ( s ) Spanish No. of seasons No. of episodes 32 Production Running time 70 minutes approx . Production company ( s ) Globomedia Release Original network Antena 3 ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Fox Spain ( 2018 -- ) Original release April 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 20 ) External links Website Production website Vis a vis ( Vis - à - vis , meaning `` face to face '' ) , known as Locked Up in the United Kingdom , and originally titled as Mosquita muerta , is a Spanish serial drama television series produced by Globomedia for Antena 3 . It premiered on April 20 , 2015 . The series focuses on a young woman who is sent to prison . On May 26 , 2015 , Antena 3 renewed the series for a second season . After Antena 3 cancelled the show , on 6 July 2017 , Fox Spain announced they had picked up the series for a third season , which premiered on April 23 , 2018 . A fourth season will be released in 2019 . Maggie Civantos will reprise her role , and Benjamín Vicuña , Cristina Marcos and Georgina Amorós will join to the series . It will be shot in Spain . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Current characters 3 Series overview 3.1 Season 1 3.2 Season 2 3.3 Season 3 4 Reception 5 International broadcasts 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Macarena Ferreiro is a young naive woman who falls in love with her boss and , because of him , commits several accounting manipulation and misappropriation crimes . She is accused of four tax crimes , and consequently she is imprisoned at the Cruz del Sur Prison as a precautionary measure with very high bail set . She has to face the emotional shock that being in jail means to her , as well as the complicated relationship between the inmates ; among them Zulema stands out as the most dangerous prisoner . In prison Macarena will soon realize the chance to survive the projected seven - year sentence she will likely receive if convicted depends on changing , evolving and becoming a very different person . Meanwhile , in order to pay the bail , her family outside gets involved in finding a large sum of money hidden somewhere , in dispute with Zulema 's boyfriend , who will lead the Ferreiros to a terrible situation . Cast and characters ( edit ) The following is the cast of the series . Current characters ( edit ) Actor Character Season Maggie Civantos Macarena Ferreiro Molina Main Najwa Nimri Zulema Zahir Main Carlos Hipólito Leopoldo Ferreiro Lobo Main Roberto Enríquez Fabio Martínez León Main Guest Cristina Plazas Miranda Aguirre Senén Main Berta Vázquez Estefanía Kabila Silva `` Rizos '' Main Alba Flores Saray Vargas de Jesús Main Inma Cuevas Ana Belén `` Anabel '' Villaroch Garcés Main María Isabel Díaz Soledad `` Sole '' Núñez Hurtado Main María Salgueiro Encarna Molina Main Ramiro Blas Carlos Sandoval Castro Main Guest Main Alberto Velasco Antonio Palacios Lloret Main Main Marta Aledo Teresa `` Tere '' González Largo Main Daniel Ortiz Román Ferreiro Molina Main Harlys Becerra Ismael Valbuena Ugarte Main Laura Baena Antonia Trujillo Díez Main Jesús Castejón Inspector Damián Castillo Recurring Main Ruth Díaz Mercedes Carrillo Main Huichi Chiu Akame Main Javier Lara Álex Moncada Main Ana Marzoa Prudencia `` Pruden '' Mosqueira Main Luis Callejo Andrés Frutos Main Adriana Paz Altagracia Guerrero Main = Lead character = Macarena Ferreiro 's relatives = Inmates = Prison staff = Police inspectors Series overview ( edit ) Series TV Network Episodes Originally aired Ave . viewers ( in millions ) ( share ) First aired Last aired Antena 3 16 20 April 2015 2 July 2015 3,547,000 ( 19.9 % ) 19 31 March 2016 22 June 2016 2,431,000 ( 14.2 % ) FOX Spain 8 23 April 2018 11 June 2018 151,000 ( 0.8 % ) 8 2019 Total 32 * 20 April 2015 Season 1 ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Original air date Viewers ( in millions ) ( share ) `` Un mal día '' Jesús Colmenar April 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 20 ) 4.3 ( 22.4 % ) `` Cosiendo a campanilla '' Jesús Rodrigo April 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 27 ) 4.0 ( 21.4 % ) `` Lo que sucede , conviene '' Sandra Gallego May 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 04 ) 3.8 ( 20.9 % ) `` Un día de campo '' David Molina Encinas May 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 11 ) 3.9 ( 21.2 % ) 5 5 `` La cruda realidad '' Jesús Colmenar May 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 18 ) 3.9 ( 21.1 % ) 6 6 `` Te vendrán a buscar ... '' Jesús Rodrigo May 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 28 ) 3.2 ( 17.9 % ) 7 7 `` A las cinco en punto de la tarde '' Sandra Gallego June 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 04 ) 3.0 ( 17.7 % ) 8 8 `` Pretty Woman '' David Molina Encinas June 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) 3.5 ( 20.9 % ) 9 9 `` Negra , negrita , negrata '' Jesús Colmenar June 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 18 ) 3.0 ( 17.7 % ) 10 10 `` Gato gris '' Jesús Rodrigo June 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 25 ) 2.9 ( 17.8 % ) 11 11 `` El principio de las tortugas '' Sandra Gallego July 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 02 ) 3.1 ( 19.4 % ) Season 2 ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Original air date Viewers ( in millions ) ( share ) 12 `` A un mono dos pistolas '' Jesús Colmenar March 31 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 31 ) 2.8 ( 16.2 % ) 13 `` Hogar , dulce hogar '' Jesús Rodrigo April 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 07 ) 2.5 ( 13.8 % ) 14 `` La gallinita '' Sandra Gallego April 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 14 ) 2.5 ( 13.8 % ) 15 `` La teoría de Darwin '' Jesús Colmenar April 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 21 ) 2.2 ( 12.2 % ) 16 5 `` En la línea de fuego '' Jesús Rodrigo April 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 27 ) 2.3 ( 13.2 % ) 17 6 `` Los Mandriles '' Sandra Gallego & Jesús Colmenar May 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 04 ) 2.3 ( 13.4 % ) 18 7 `` Bon appétit '' Jesús Colmenar & Jesús Rodrigo May 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 11 ) 2.6 ( 15.0 % ) 19 8 `` La vida sigue '' Jesús Rodrigo & Sandra Gallego May 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 18 ) 2.4 ( 13.8 % ) 20 9 `` Pillarse los dedos '' Jesús Colmenar & Álex Rodrigo May 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 25 ) 2.3 ( 13.2 % ) 21 10 `` Pecados y confesiones '' Sandra Gallego & Jesús Rodrigo June 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 01 ) 2.2 ( 12.6 % ) 22 11 `` Patrona de los desamparados '' Jesús Colmenar & Álex Rodrigo June 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 08 ) 2.5 ( 15.1 % ) 23 12 `` Plátano y limón '' Jesús Rodrigo & Sandra Gallego June 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 15 ) 2.3 ( 14.4 % ) 24 13 `` Líquido '' Jesús Colmenar , Álex Rodrigo & Sandra Gallego June 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 22 ) 2.7 ( 16.4 % ) Season 3 ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Original air date Viewers ( in millions ) ( share ) 25 `` Cruz del Norte '' Jesús Colmenar April 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 23 ) N / A 26 `` Muy fácil o muy difícil '' Jesús Colmenar April 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 30 ) N / A 27 `` Un grano de arroz '' Sandra Gallego May 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 07 ) N / A 28 `` La bandera en el muro '' Sandra Gallego May 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 14 ) N / A 29 5 `` Alguien a quien le importes una mierda '' David Molina May 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 21 ) N / A 30 6 `` Seis meses dan para mucho '' David Molina May 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 28 ) N / A 31 7 `` Fuimos niñas '' Sandra Gallego June 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 04 ) N / A 32 8 `` Lo que sabemos de los monstruos '' Jesús Rodrigo June 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 11 ) N / A Reception ( edit ) When the premise of the series was first announced , it was immediately compared to American television series Orange Is the New Black and some media accused it of being a mere copy . When the pilot episode was screened for critics , they noted both series are different in tone as Vis a vis is mostly a thriller while Orange Is the New Black is a comedy - drama . Besides the comparisons , the series received favourable reviews . International broadcasts ( edit ) Season 1 was broadcast in the United Kingdom from 17 May 2016 on Channel 4 's Walter Presents video on demand service . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jabonero , Daniel ( 22 January 2015 ) . `` Antena 3 se monta su propio ' Orange is the new Black ' en ' Vis a Vis ' '' . Bluper ( in Spanish ) . Archived from the original on 27 March 2015 . Retrieved 9 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` El estreno de ' Vis a vis ' se impone por 300.000 espectadores al regreso de ' La que se avecina ' '' . Te Interesa ( in Spanish ) . 21 April 2015 . Retrieved 28 August 2015 . Jump up ^ EFE ( 26 May 2015 ) . `` `` Allí abajo '' , `` Vis a Vis '' y `` Bajo sospecha '' , tendrán segunda temporada `` . La Voz de Galicia ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 28 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fox vuelve a meter a las mujeres de ' Vis a vis ' en la cárcel '' . El País ( in Spanish ) . Madrid . 6 July 2017 . Retrieved 7 July 2017 . Jump up ^ El Confi TV ( 4 April 2018 ) . `` ' Vis a vis ' estrenará el 23 de abril su tercera temporada en Fox España '' . El Confidencial ( in Spanish ) . Titania Compañía Editorial , S.L. Retrieved 18 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` El rodaje de la cuarta temporada de ' Vis a Vis ' se vive en las redes sociales '' . Antena 3 TV ( in Spanish ) . Madrid : Atresmedia. 10 July 2018 . Retrieved 28 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Molina , Berto ( 28 June 2018 ) . `` ' Vis a vis ' temporada 4 : así será la limitada participación de Maggie Civantos ( Maca ) '' . El Confidencial ( in Spanish ) . Titania Compañía Editorial , S.L. Retrieved 28 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Los 4 fichajes para la cuarta temporada de Vis a vis , junto al regreso de Maggie Civantos '' . El Diario ( in Spanish ) . Vertele ! . 21 June 2018 . Retrieved 28 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Vis a vis : temporada 4 comienza grabaciones en España y confirma regreso de estas actrices '' . La Prensa ( in Spanish ) . 8 June 2018 . Retrieved 28 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Personajes de ' Vis a Vis ' '' . Antena 3 ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 28 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Hernández , Paula ( 17 April 2015 ) . `` ' Vis a vis ' , una prueba de fuego para las series españolas '' . VerTele . Retrieved 30 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Alabadi , Héctor ( 17 April 2015 ) . `` ' Vis a vis ' , la reinvención de los desayunos de Globomedia '' . FormulaTV . Retrieved 30 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Jabonero , Daniel ( 17 April 2015 ) . `` ' Vis a Vis ' , el thriller que Antena 3 necesita para completar su baraja de ases '' . Bluper . El Huffington Post . Retrieved 30 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Mayorga , Emilio ( 15 May 2016 ) . `` MipTV : Spanish ' Locked - Up ' Jail Thriller Clinches U.K. Sale '' . Variety . Penske Business Media , LLC . Retrieved 5 April 2016 . External links ( edit ) Vis a vis on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vis_a_vis_(TV_series)&oldid=856867389 '' Categories : 2010s Spanish television series 2015 Spanish television series debuts Antena 3 ( Spain ) network series Lesbian - related television programs Prison television series Serial drama television series Spanish crime television series Spanish drama television series Suspense television series Television shows set in Spain Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Use dmy dates from May 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Euskara Français Galego Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 01 : 33 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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when did china adopt the one child policy	The one - child policy , a part of the family planning policy , was a population planning policy of China . It was introduced in 1979 and began to be formally phased out in 2015 . The policy allowed exceptions for many groups , including ethnic minorities . In 2007 , 36 % of China 's population was subject to a strict one - child restriction , with an additional 53 % being allowed to have a second child if the first child was a girl . Provincial governments imposed fines for violations , and the local and national governments created commissions to raise awareness and carry out registration and inspection work .	1979	One - child policy	one - child policy	The one - child policy , a part of the family planning policy , was a population planning policy of China . It was introduced in 1979 and began to be formally phased out in 2015 . The policy allowed exceptions for many groups , including ethnic minorities . In 2007 , 36 % of China 's population was subject to a strict one - child restriction , with an additional 53 % being allowed to have a second child if the first child was a girl . Provincial governments imposed fines for violations , and the local and national governments created commissions to raise awareness and carry out registration and inspection work .	According to the Chinese government , 400 million births were prevented . This claim has been called `` false '' by scholars , because `` three - quarters of the decline in fertility since 1970 occurred before the launching of the one - child policy ; and most of the further decline in fertility since 1980 can be attributed to economic development . '' Thailand and Iran , along with the Indian states of Kerala and Tamil Nadu , have had similar declines of fertility without a one - child policy . Although 76 % of Chinese people supported the policy in a 2008 survey , it was controversial outside of China . On October 29 , 2015 , it was reported that the existing law would be changed to a two - child policy , citing a statement from the Communist Party of China . The new law became effective on January 1 , 2016 , following its passage in the standing committee of the National People 's Congress on December 27 , 2015 . China 's population since 1950 Population in China Year Million Change Change / year 1964 694.6 -- -- -- - -- -- -- - 1982 1008.2 313.6 + 17.42 2000 1265.8 257.6 + 14.31 1339.7 73.9 + 7.39 Source : Census of China Contents ( hide ) 1 Introduction 2 History 2.1 Implementation 2.2 Relaxation 3 Abolition 4 Administration 5 Effects 5.1 Fertility rates 5.2 Continuation of demographic transition 5.3 Disparity in sex ratio at birth 5.4 Education 5.5 Adoption 5.6 Twins 5.7 Quality of life for women 5.8 Healthcare improvements 5.9 `` Four - two - one '' problem 5.10 Unregistered children 5.11 Potential social problems 5.12 Birth tourism 6 Criticism 6.1 Statement of the effect of the policy on birth reduction 6.2 Unequal enforcement 6.3 Human rights violations 6.4 Effect on infanticide rates 7 In popular culture 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Introduction ( edit ) Birth rate in China During the period of Mao Zedong 's leadership in China , the birth rate fell from 37 per thousand to 20 per thousand . Infant mortality declined from 227 per thousand births in 1949 to 53 per thousand in 1981 , and life expectancy dramatically increased from around 35 years in 1948 to 66 years in 1976 . Until the 1960s , the government encouraged families to have as many children as possible because of Mao 's belief that population growth empowered the country , preventing the emergence of family planning programs earlier in China 's development . The population grew from around 540 million in 1949 to 940 million in 1976 . Beginning in 1970 , citizens were encouraged to marry at later ages and have only two children . Although the fertility rate began to decline , the Chinese government observed the global debate over a possible overpopulation catastrophe suggested by organizations such as Club of Rome and Sierra Club . While visiting Europe in 1979 , one of the top Chinese officials , Song Jian , read two influential books of the movement , The Limits to Growth and A Blueprint for Survival . With a group of mathematicians , Song determined the correct population of China to be 700 million . A plan was prepared to reduce China 's population to the desired level by 2080 , with the one - child policy as one of the main instruments of social engineering . In spite of some criticism inside the party , the plan ( also referred to as the Family Planning Policy ) was officially adopted in 1979 . The plan called for families to have one child each in order to curb a then - surging population and limit the demands for water and other resources , as well as to alleviate social , economic and environmental problems in China . The policy was formally implemented as a temporary measure on September 18 , 1980 . History ( edit ) The one - child policy was originally designed to be a One - Generation Policy . It was enforced at the provincial level and enforcement varied ; some provinces had more relaxed restrictions . The one - child limit was most strictly enforced in densely populated urban areas . Beginning in 1980 , official policy granted local officials the flexibility to make exceptions and allow second children in the case of `` practical difficulties '' ( such as cases in which the father is a disabled serviceman ) or when both parents are single children , and some provinces had other exemptions worked into their policies as well . In most areas , families were allowed to apply to have a second child if their first - born is a daughter . Furthermore , families with children with disabilities have different policies and families whose first child suffers from physical disability , mental illness , or intellectual disability were allowed to have more children . However , second children were sometimes subject to birth spacing ( usually 3 or 4 years ) . Children born in overseas countries were not counted under the policy if they do not obtain Chinese citizenship . Chinese citizens returning from abroad were allowed to have a second child . Sichuan province allowed exemptions for couples of certain backgrounds . By one estimate there were at least 22 ways in which parents could qualify for exceptions to the law towards the end of the one - child policy 's existence . As of 2007 , only 35.9 % of the population were subject to a strict one - child limit . 52.9 % were permitted to have a second child if their first was a daughter ; 9.6 % of Chinese couples were permitted two children regardless of their gender ; and 1.6 % -- mainly Tibetans -- had no limit at all . The Danshan , Sichuan Province Nongchang Village people Public Affairs Bulletin Board in September 2005 noted that RMB 25,000 in social compensation fees were owed in 2005 . Thus far 11,500 RMB had been collected , so another 13,500 RMB had to be collected . Following the 2008 Sichuan earthquake , a new exception to the regulations was announced in Sichuan province for parents who had lost children in the earthquake . Similar exceptions had previously been made for parents of severely disabled or deceased children . People have also tried to evade the policy by giving birth to a second child in Hong Kong , but at least for Guangdong residents , the one - child policy was also enforced if the birth was given in Hong Kong or abroad . In accordance with China 's affirmative action policies towards ethnic minorities , all non-Han ethnic groups are subjected to different laws and were usually allowed to have two children in urban areas , and three or four in rural areas . Han Chinese living in rural towns were also permitted to have two children . Because of couples such as these , as well as who simply pay a fine ( or `` social maintenance fee '' ) to have more children , the overall fertility rate of mainland China was close to 1.4 children per woman as of 2011 . Implementation ( edit ) The Family Planning Policy was enforced through a financial penalty in the form of the `` social child - raising fee '' , sometimes called a `` family planning fine '' in the West , which was collected as a fraction of either the annual disposable income of city dwellers or of the annual cash income of peasants , in the year of the child 's birth . For instance , in Guangdong , the fee is between 3 and 6 annual incomes for incomes below the per capita income of the district , plus 1 to 2 times the annual income exceeding the average . Both members of the couple need to pay the fine . As part of the policy , women were required to have a contraceptive intrauterine device ( IUD ) surgically installed after having a first child , and to be sterilized by tubal ligation after having a second child . From 1980 to 2014 , 324 million Chinese women were fitted with IUDs in this way and 107 million were sterilized . Women who refused these procedures -- which many resented -- could lose their government employment and their children could lose access to education or health services . The IUDs installed in this way were modified such that they could not be removed manually , but only through surgery . In 2016 , following the abolition of the one - child policy , the Chinese government announced that IUD removals would now be paid for by the government . Relaxation ( edit ) In 2013 , Deputy Director Wang Peian of the National Health and Family Planning Commission said that `` China 's population will not grow substantially in the short term '' . A survey by the commission found that only about half of eligible couples wish to have two children , mostly because of the cost of living impact of a second child . In November 2013 , following the Third Plenum of the 18th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party , China announced the decision to relax the one - child policy . Under the new policy , families could have two children if one parent , rather than both parents , was an only child . This mainly applied to urban couples , since there were very few rural only children due to long - standing exceptions to the policy for rural couples . The coastal province of Zhejiang , one of China 's most affluent , became the first area to implement this `` relaxed policy '' in January 2014 . The relaxed policy has been implemented in 29 out of the 31 provinces , with the exceptions of Xinjiang and Tibet . Under this policy , approximately 11 million couples in China are allowed to have a second child ; however , only `` nearly one million '' couples applied to have a second child in 2014 , less than half the expected number of 2 million per year . By May 2014 , 241,000 out of 271,000 applications had been approved . Officials of China 's National Health and Family Planning Commission claimed that this outcome was expected , and that `` second - child policy '' would continue progressing with a good start . Abolition ( edit ) See also : Two - child policy § China In October 2015 , the Chinese news agency Xinhua announced plans of the government to abolish the one - child policy , now allowing all families to have two children , citing from a communiqué issued by the Communist Party `` to improve the balanced development of population '' -- an apparent reference to the country 's female - to - male sex ratio -- and to deal with an aging population according to the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . The new law took effect 1 January 2016 after it was passed in the standing committee of the National People 's Congress on 27 December 2015 . The rationale for the abolition is summarized by former Wall Street Journal reporter Mei Fong : `` The reason China is doing this right now is because they have too many men , too many old people , and too few young people . They have this huge crushing demographic crisis as a result of the one - child policy . And if people do n't start having more children , they 're going to have a vastly diminished workforce to support a huge aging population . '' China 's ratio is about five working adults to one retiree ; the huge retiree community must be supported , and that will dampen future growth , according to Fong . Since the citizens of China are living longer and having fewer children , the growth of the population imbalance is expected to continue , as reported by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation which referred to a United Nations projections forecast that `` China will lose 67 million working - age people by 2030 , while simultaneously doubling the number of elderly . That could put immense pressure on the economy and government resources . '' The longer term outlook is also pessimistic , based on an estimate by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences , revealed by Cai Fang , deputy director . `` By 2050 , one - third of the country will be aged 60 years or older , and there will be fewer workers supporting each retired person . '' Although many critics of China 's reproductive restrictions approve of the policy 's abolition , an Amnesty International spokesperson said that the move to the two - child policy would not end forced sterilizations , forced abortions , or government control over birth permits . Others also state that the abolition is not a sign of the relaxation of authoritarian control in China . A reporter for CNN said , `` It was not a sign that the party will suddenly start respecting personal freedoms more than it has in the past . No , this is a case of the party adjusting policy to conditions ... The new policy , raising the limit to two children per couple , preserves the state 's role . '' The abolition may not achieve a significant benefit , as the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation analysis indicates : `` Repealing the one - child policy may not spur a huge baby boom , however , in part because fertility rates are believed to be declining even without the policy 's enforcement . Previous easings of the one - child policy have spurred fewer births than expected , and many people among China 's younger generations see smaller family sizes as ideal . '' The CNN reporter adds that China 's new prosperity is also a factor in the declining birth rate , saying , `` Couples naturally decide to have fewer children as they move from the fields into the cities , become more educated , and when women establish careers outside the home . '' Administration ( edit ) The one - child policy was managed by the National Population and Family Planning Commission under the central government since 1981 . The Ministry of Health of the People 's Republic of China and the National Health and Family Planning Commission were made defunct and a new single agency National Health and Family Planning Commission took over national health and family planning policies in 2013 . The agency reports to the State Council . The policy was enforced at the provincial level through fines that were imposed based on the income of the family and other factors . `` Population and Family Planning Commissions '' existed at every level of government to raise awareness and carry out registration and inspection work . Effects ( edit ) Fertility rates ( edit ) China had small family by 1978 before start of one - child policy in 1979 According to a 2017 study in the Journal of Economic Perspectives , it is complicated to evaluate the effects of the one - child policy on family outcomes because the Chinese government had already enacted aggressive family planning policy before the introduction of the one - child policy ; seen a sharp drop in fertility rates before the enactment of the one - child policy ; the one - child policy coincided with Chinese economic reform which would have contributed to reduced fertility rates ; and other developing East Asian countries also experienced sharp declines in fertility rates . According to the study , `` In general , very different views exist on how the one - child policy affected fertility : one group of studies argued that the one - child policy had a significant or decisive effect on fertility in China , while another group argued that socioeconomic development played a key role in China 's fertility decline . A plausible reconciliation of these views is that the one - child policy accelerated the already - occurring drop in fertility for a few years , but in the longer term , economic development played a more fundamental role in leading to and maintaining China 's low fertility level . To put it more bluntly , China 's fertility might well have dropped to the current low level with rapid economic development , even without the one - child policy , although the timeline of the decline would not appear quite the same . '' Continuation of demographic transition ( edit ) Further information : Demographics of China and Demographic transition The progression of China 's population pyramid , International Futures . The fertility rate in China continued its fall from 2.8 births per woman in 1979 ( already a sharp reduction from more than five births per woman in the early 1970s ) to 1.5 in 2010 . This is similar to demographic transition seen in Thailand , Indian states of Kerala , Tamil Nadu which have undergone similar changes in fertility rates without a one child policy . The One - child policy has also created an aging population where there is an increase in the elderly population . Disparity in sex ratio at birth ( edit ) The sex ratio at birth in People 's Republic of China , males per 100 females , 1980 -- 2010 . For more details on this topic , see Missing women of China . The sex ratio of a newborn infant ( between male and female births ) in mainland China reached 117 : 100 , and stabilized between 2000 and 2013 , substantially higher than the natural baseline , which ranges between 103 : 100 and 107 : 100 . It had risen from 108 : 100 in 1981 -- at the boundary of the natural baseline -- to 111 : 100 in 1990 . According to a report by the National Population and Family Planning Commission , there will be 30 million more men than women in 2020 , potentially leading to social instability , and courtship - motivated emigration . The disparity in the gender ratio at birth increases dramatically after the first birth , for which the ratios remained steadily within the natural baseline over the 20 year interval between 1980 and 1999 . Thus , a large majority of couples appear to accept the outcome of the first pregnancy , whether it is a boy or a girl . If the first child is a girl , and they are able to have a second child , then a couple may take extraordinary steps to assure that the second child is a boy . If a couple already has two or more boys , the sex ratio of higher parity births swings decidedly in a feminine direction . This demographic evidence indicates that while families highly value having male offspring , a secondary norm of having a girl or having some balance in the sexes of children often comes into play . Zeng 1993 reported a study based on the 1990 census in which they found sex ratios of just 65 or 70 boys per 100 girls for births in families that already had two or more boys . A study by Anderson & Silver ( 1995 ) found a similar pattern among both Han and non-Han nationalities in Xinjiang Province : a strong preference for girls in high parity births in families that had already borne two or more boys . This tendency to favour girls in high parity births to couples who had already borne sons was later also noted by Coale and Banister , who suggested as well that once a couple had achieved its goal for the number of males , it was also much more likely to engage in `` stopping behavior '' , i.e. , to stop having more children . The long - term disparity has led to a significant gender imbalance or skewing of the sex ratio . As reported by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation , China has between 32 million and 36 million more males than would be expected naturally , and this has led to social problems . `` Because of a traditional preference for baby boys over girls , the one - child policy is often cited as the cause of China 's skewed sex ratio ... Even the government acknowledges the problem and has expressed concern about the tens of millions of young men who wo n't be able to find brides and may turn to kidnapping women , sex trafficking , other forms of crime or social unrest . '' The situation will not improve in the near future . According to the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences , there will be 24 million more men than women of marriageable age by 2020 . Education ( edit ) According to a 2017 study in the Journal of Economic Perspectives , `` existing studies indicate either a modest or minimal effect of the fertility change induced by the one - child policy on children education '' . Adoption ( edit ) A roadside sign in rural Sichuan : `` It is forbidden to discriminate against , mistreat or abandon baby girls . '' The one - child policy of China made it more expensive for parents with children to adopt , which may have had an effect upon the numbers of children living in state - sponsored orphanages . However , in the 1980s and early 1990s , poor care and high mortality rates in some state institutions generated intense international pressure for reform . In the 1980s , adoptions accounted for half of the so - called `` missing girls '' . Through the 1980s , as the one - child policy came into force , parents who desired a son but had a daughter often failed to report or delayed reporting female births to the authorities . Some parents may have offered up their daughters for formal or informal adoption . A majority of children who went through formal adoption in China in the later 1980s were girls , and the proportion who were girls increased over time . In an interview with National Public Radio on October 30 , 2015 , Adam Pertman , president and CEO of the National Center on Adoption and Permanency , indicated that many young girls were adopted by citizens of other countries , particularly the United States , a trend which has been declining for some years . `` The infant girls of yesteryear have not been available , if you will , for five , seven years . China has been ... trying to keep the girls within the country ... And the consequence is that , today , rather than those young girls who used to be available -- primarily girls -- today , it 's older children , children with special needs , children in sibling groups . It 's very , very different . '' Twins ( edit ) Since there are no penalties for multiple births , it is believed that an increasing number of couples are turning to fertility medicines to induce the conception of twins . According to a 2006 China Daily report , the number of twins born per year was estimated to have doubled . Quality of life for women ( edit ) The one - child policy has played a major role in improving the quality of life for women in China . For thousands of years , girls have held a lower status in Chinese households . However , the one - child policy 's limit on the number of children has prompted parents of women to start investing money in their well - being . As a result of being an only child , women have increased opportunity to receive an education , and support to get better jobs . Healthcare improvements ( edit ) It is reported that the focus of China on population planning helps provide a better health service for women and a reduction in the risks of death and injury associated with pregnancy . At family planning offices , women receive free contraception and pre-natal classes that contributed to the policy 's success in two respects . First , the average Chinese household expends fewer resources , both in terms of time and money , on children , which gives many Chinese people more money with which to invest . Second , since Chinese adults can no longer rely on children to care for them in their old age , there is an impetus to save money for the future . `` Four - two - one '' problem ( edit ) A government sign in Tangshan Township : `` For a prosperous , powerful nation and a happy family , please practice family planning . '' As the first generation of law - enforced only - children came of age for becoming parents themselves , one adult child was left with having to provide support for his or her two parents and four grandparents . Called the `` 4 - 2 - 1 Problem '' , this leaves the older generations with increased chances of dependency on retirement funds or charity in order to receive support . If personal savings , pensions , or state welfare fail , most senior citizens would be left entirely dependent upon their very small family or neighbours for assistance . If , for any reason , the single child is unable to care for their older adult relatives , the oldest generations would face a lack of resources and necessities . In response to such an issue , all provinces have decided that couples are allowed to have two children if both parents were only children themselves : By 2007 , all provinces in the nation except Henan had adopted this new policy ; Henan followed in 2011 . Unregistered children ( edit ) Further information : Heihaizi Heihaizi ( Chinese : 黑孩子 ; pinyin : hēiháizi ) or `` black child '' is a term denoting children born outside the one - child policy , or generally children who are not registered in the Chinese national household registration system . Being excluded from the family register ( in effect , a birth certificate ) , they do not legally exist and as a result can not access most public services , such as education and health care , and do not receive protection under the law . Potential social problems ( edit ) Some parents may over-indulge their only child . The media referred to the indulged children in one - child families as `` little emperors '' . Since the 1990s , some people have worried that this will result in a higher tendency toward poor social communication and cooperation skills amongst the new generation , as they have no siblings at home . No social studies have investigated the ratio of these over-indulged children and to what extent they are indulged . With the first generation of children born under the policy ( which initially became a requirement for most couples with first children born starting in 1979 and extending into the 1980s ) reaching adulthood , such worries were reduced . However , the `` little emperor syndrome '' and additional expressions , describing the generation of Chinese singletons are very abundant in the Chinese media , Chinese academia and popular discussions . Being over-indulged , lacking self - discipline and having no adaptive capabilities are traits that are highly associated with Chinese singletons . Some 30 delegates called on the government in the Chinese People 's Political Consultative Conference in March 2007 to abolish the one - child rule , citing `` social problems and personality disorders in young people '' . One statement read , `` It is not healthy for children to play only with their parents and be spoiled by them : it is not right to limit the number to two children per family , either . '' The proposal was prepared by Ye Tingfang , a professor at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences , who suggested that the government at least restore the previous rule that allowed couples to have up to two children . According to a scholar , `` The one - child limit is too extreme . It violates nature 's law . And in the long run , this will lead to mother nature 's revenge . '' Birth tourism ( edit ) Reports surfaced of Chinese women giving birth to their second child overseas , a practice known as birth tourism . Many went to Hong Kong , which is exempt from the one - child policy . Likewise , a Hong Kong passport differs from China mainland passport by providing additional advantages . Recently though , the Hong Kong government has drastically reduced the quota of births set for non-local women in public hospitals . As a result , fees for delivering babies there have surged . As further admission cuts or a total ban on non-local births in Hong Kong are being considered , mainland agencies that arrange for expectant mothers to give birth overseas are predicting a surge in those going to North America . As the United States practises birthright citizenship , most children born in the US will automatically have US citizenship . The closest US location from China is Saipan in the Northern Mariana Islands , a US dependency in the western Pacific Ocean that allows Chinese visitors without visa restrictions . The island is currently experiencing an upswing in Chinese births . This option is used by relatively affluent Chinese who often have secondary motives as well , wishing their children to be able to leave mainland China when they grow older or bring their parents to the US . Canada is less achievable as their government denies many visa requests . Criticism ( edit ) The policy is controversial outside China for many reasons , including accusations of human rights abuses in the implementation of the policy , as well as concerns about negative social consequences . Statement of the effect of the policy on birth reduction ( edit ) The Chinese government , quoting Zhai Zhenwu , director of Renmin University 's School of Sociology and Population in Beijing , estimates that 400 million births were prevented by the one - child policy as of 2011 , while some demographers challenge that number , putting the figure at perhaps half that level , according to CNN . Zhai clarified that the 400 million estimate referred not just to the one - child policy , but includes births prevented by predecessor policies implemented one decade before , stating that `` there are many different numbers out there but it does n't change the basic fact that the policy prevented a really large number of births '' . This claim is disputed by Wang Feng , director of the Brookings - Tsinghua Center for Public Policy , and Cai Yong from the Carolina Population Center at University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Wang claims that `` Thailand and China have had almost identical fertility trajectories since the mid 1980s '' , and `` Thailand does not have a one - child policy . '' China 's Health Ministry has also disclosed that at least 336 million abortions were performed on account of the policy . According to a report by the US Embassy , scholarship published by Chinese scholars and their presentations at the October 1997 Beijing conference of the International Union for the Scientific Study of Population seemed to suggest that market - based incentives or increasing voluntariness is not morally better but that it is in the end more effective . In 1988 , Zeng Yi and Professor T. Paul Schultz of Yale University discussed the effect of the transformation to the market on Chinese fertility , arguing that the introduction of the contract responsibility system in agriculture during the early 1980s weakened family planning controls during that period . Zeng contended that the `` big cooking pot '' system of the People 's Communes had insulated people from the costs of having many children . By the late 1980s , economic costs and incentives created by the contract system were already reducing the number of children farmers wanted . A long - term experiment in a county in Shanxi Province , in which the family planning law was suspended , suggested that families would not have many more children even if the law were abolished . A 2003 review of the policy - making process behind the adoption of the one - child policy shows that less intrusive options , including those that emphasized delay and spacing of births , were known but not fully considered by China 's political leaders . Unequal enforcement ( edit ) Corrupted government officials and especially wealthy individuals have often been able to violate the policy in spite of fines . Filmmaker Zhang Yimou had three children and was subsequently fined 7.48 million yuan ( $1.2 million ) . For example , between 2000 and 2005 , as many as 1,968 officials in central China 's Hunan province were found to be violating the policy , according to the provincial family planning commission ; also exposed by the commission were 21 national and local lawmakers , 24 political advisors , 112 entrepreneurs and 6 senior intellectuals . Some of the offending officials did not face penalties , although the government did respond by raising fines and calling on local officials to `` expose the celebrities and high - income people who violate the family planning policy and have more than one child '' . Also , people who lived in the rural areas of China were allowed to have two children without punishment , although the family is required to wait a couple of years before having another child . Human Rights violations ( edit ) Further information : Human rights in China The one - child policy has been challenged for violating a human right to determine the size of one 's own proper family . According to a 1968 proclamation of the International Conference on Human Rights , `` Parents have a basic human right to determine freely and responsibly the number and the spacing of their children . '' According to the UK newspaper The Daily Telegraph , a quota of 20,000 abortions and sterilizations was set for Huaiji County in Guangdong Province in one year due to reported disregard of the one - child policy . According to the article local officials were being pressured into purchasing portable ultrasound devices to identify abortion candidates in remote villages . The article also reported that women as far along as 8.5 months pregnant were forced to abort , usually by an injection of saline solution . A 1993 book by social scientist Steven W. Mosher reported that women in their ninth month of pregnancy , or already in labour , were having their children killed whilst in the birth canal or immediately after birth . According to a 2005 news report by Australian Broadcasting Corporation correspondent John Taylor , China outlawed the use of physical force to make a woman submit to an abortion or sterilization in 2002 but ineffectively enforces the measure . In 2012 , Feng Jianmei , a villager from central China 's Shaanxi province was forced into an abortion by local officials after her family refused to pay the fine for having a second child . Chinese authorities have since apologized and two officials were fired , while five others were sanctioned . In the past China promoted eugenics as part of its population planning policies , but the government has backed away from such policies , as evidenced by China 's ratification of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities , which compels the nation to significantly reform its genetic testing laws . Recent research has also emphasized the necessity of understanding a myriad of complex social relations that affect the meaning of informed consent in China . Furthermore , in 2003 , China revised its marriage registration regulations and couples no longer have to submit to a pre-marital physical or genetic examination before being granted a marriage license . The United Nations Population Fund 's ( UNFPA ) support for family planning in China , which has been associated with the One - Child policy in the United States , led the United States Congress to pull out of the UNFPA during the Reagan administration , and again under George W. Bush 's presidency , citing human rights abuses and stating that the right to `` found a family '' was protected under the Preamble in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights . President Obama resumed U.S. government financial support for the UNFPA shortly after taking office in 2009 , intending to `` work collaboratively to reduce poverty , improve the health of women and children , prevent HIV / AIDS and provide family planning assistance to women in 154 countries '' . Effect on infanticide rates ( edit ) Sex - selected abortion , abandonment , and infanticide are illegal in China . Nevertheless , the United States Department of State , the Parliament of the United Kingdom , and the human rights organization Amnesty International have all declared that infanticide still exists . A writer for the Georgetown Journal of International Affairs wrote , `` The ' one - child ' policy has also led to what Amartya Sen first called ' Missing Women ' , or the 100 million girls ' missing ' from the populations of China ( and other developing countries ) as a result of female infanticide , abandonment , and neglect '' . The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation offered the following summary as to the long term effects of sex - selective abortion and abandonment of female infants : `` Multiple research studies have also found that sex - selective abortion -- where a woman undergoes an ultrasound to determine the sex of her baby , and then aborts it if it 's a girl -- was widespread for years , particularly for second or subsequent children . Millions of female fetuses have been aborted since the 1970s . China outlawed sex selective abortions in 2005 , but the law is tough to enforce because of the difficulty of proving why a couple decided to have an abortion . The abandonment , and killing , of baby girls has also been reported , though recent research studies say it has become rare , in part due to strict criminal prohibitions . '' Anthropologist G. William Skinner at the University of California , Davis and Chinese researcher Yuan Jianhua have claimed that infanticide was fairly common in China before the 1990s . In popular culture ( edit ) Ball , David ( 2002 ) . China Run . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 74322743 - 3 . A novel about an American woman who travels to China to adopt an orphan of the one - child policy , only to find herself a fugitive when the Chinese government informs her that she has been given `` the wrong baby '' . The prevention of a state - imposed abortion during labor to conform with the one child policy is a key plot point in Tom Clancy 's novel The Bear and the Dragon . The difficulties of implementing the one - child policy are dramatized in Mo Yan 's novel Frog ( 2009 ; English translation by Howard Goldblatt , 2015 ) . Avoiding the family - planning enforcers is at the heart of Ma Jian 's novel The Dark Road ( translated by Flora Drew , 2013 ) . Novelist Lu Min writes about her own family 's experience with the One Child Policy in her essay `` A Second Pregnancy , 1980 '' ( translated by Helen Wang , 2015 ) . Xue , Xinran ( 2015 ) . Buy Me the Sky . Rider ( imprint ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 8460 - 4471 - 7 . Tells the stories of the children brought up under China 's one - child policy and the effect that has had on their lives , families and ability to deal with life 's challenges . Fong , Mei ( 2016 ) . One Child : The Story of China 's Most Radical Experiment . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . ISBN 9780544275393 . 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Xinhua News . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` China to abolish decades - old one - child policy '' . Al Jazeera English . 29 October 2015 . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Jiang , Steven ; Hanna , Jason ( 29 October 2015 ) . `` China says it will end one - child policy '' . CNN . Retrieved 29 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Beschluss der Kommunistischen Partei : China beendet Ein - Kind - Politik '' ( in German ) . DE : Tagesschau. 29 October 2015 . Retrieved 29 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` China to end one - child policy and allow two '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ `` China to allow two children for all couples '' . Xinhua. 29 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Tom . `` China ends one - child policy after 35 years '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` The ' model ' example of China 's one child policy '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ `` Top legislature amends law to allow all couples to have two children '' . Xinhua News Agency . 27 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` China formally abolishes decades - old one - child policy '' . International Business Times . 27 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Fong , Mei ( 2015 - 10 - 15 ) , `` China one - child policy '' , National Geographic . ^ Jump up to : China daily , Dec 2014 . Jump up ^ `` China ends one - child policy -- but critics warn new two - child policy wo n't end forced abortions '' . The Raw Story . 29 October 2015 . Retrieved 29 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ghitis ( 2015 - 10 - 29 ) , China : one - child policy , CNN . Jump up ^ http://www.ejinsight.com/20151105-china-one-child-calamity/ Jump up ^ Dewey , Arthur E ( 16 December 2004 ) . `` One - Child Policy in China '' . Senior State Department . ^ Jump up to : Zhang , Junsen ( 2017 - 02 - 01 ) . `` The Evolution of China 's One - Child Policy and Its Effects on Family Outcomes '' . Journal of Economic Perspectives. 31 ( 1 ) : 141 -- 160 . doi : 10.1257 / jep. 31.1. 141 . ISSN 0895 - 3309 . ^ Jump up to : Feng , Wang ; Yong , Cai ; Gu , Baochang ( 2012 ) . `` Population , Policy , and Politics : How Will History Judge China 's One - Child Policy ? '' ( PDF ) . Population and Development Review . 38 : 115 -- 29 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1728 - 4457.2013. 00555. x . Jump up ^ Sen , Amartya . `` Population Policy : Authoritarianism versus Cooperation '' ( PDF ) . BR : Universidade de Campinas . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2016 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Sen , Amartya ( Jun 2012 ) . `` Population : Delusion and Reality '' ( PDF ) . Richard R Guzmán . Jump up ^ Cai , Yong ( Sep 2010 ) . `` China 's Below - Replacement Fertility : Government Policy or Socioeconomic Development ? '' ( PDF ) . Population and Development Review . 36 ( 3 ) : 419 -- 40 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1728 - 4457.2010. 00341. x . Jump up ^ Li , Shiyu , and Shuanglin Lin . `` Population aging and China 's social security reforms . '' Journal of Policy Modeling 38.1 ( 2016 ) : 65 - 95 . Jump up ^ Wei , Chen ( 2005 ) . `` Sex Ratios at Birth in China '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 18 July 2006 . Retrieved 2 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Chinese facing shortage of wives '' . BBC . 2007 - 01 - 12 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ Zeng , Yi ; et al. ( 1993 ) , `` Causes and Implications of the Recent Increase in the Reported Sex Ratio at Birth in China '' , Population and Development Review , 19 ( June ) : 283 -- 302 , doi : 10.2307 / 2938438 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Barbara A ; Silver , Brian D ( 1995 ) , `` Ethnic Differences in Fertility and Sex Ratios at Birth in China : Evidence from Xinjiang '' , Population Studies , 49 ( July ) : 211 -- 26 , doi : 10.1080 / 0032472031000148476 . Jump up ^ Coale , Ansley J ; Banister , Judith ( December 1996 ) . `` Five decades of missing females in China '' . Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society . 140 ( 4 ) : 421 -- 450 . JSTOR 987286 . Also printed as `` Five decades of missing females in China '' . Demography. 31 : 459 -- 79 . Aug 1994 . doi : 10.2307 / 2061752 . PMID 7828766 . Jump up ^ `` Online dating a path to marriage for young , busy Chinese '' , Beijing today , Oct 2015 . Jump up ^ Death by Default : A Policy of Fatal Neglect in China 's State Orphanages . New York : Human Rights Watch / Asia . 1996 . ISBN 1 - 56432 - 163 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Chinese Orphanages : A Follow - up '' ( PDF ) . Human Rights Watch / Asia . March 1996 . ^ Jump up to : Johansson , Sten ; Nygren , Olga ( 1991 ) . `` The missing girls of China : a new demographic account '' . Population and Development Review . Population Council . 17 ( 1 ) : 35 -- 51 . doi : 10.2307 / 1972351 . JSTOR 1972351 . Jump up ^ Adam Pertman , National center on adoption & permanency . Jump up ^ How China 's one - child policy transformed US attitudes on adoption , NPR , 2015 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` China : Drug bid to beat child ban '' . China Daily . Associated Press . 14 February 2006 . Retrieved 11 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` How China 's one - child policy overhauled the status and prospects of girls like me '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 18 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Naughton , Barry ( 2007 ) . The Chinese Economy : Transitions and Growth . Cambridge , Mass. : MIT Press . ISBN 978 - 0262640640 . Jump up ^ 李雯 ( Li Wen ) ( 5 April 2008 ) . `` 四二一 '' 家庭 , 路在何方 ? ( ' Four - two - one families ' , where is the road going ? ) ( in Chinese ) . 云南日报网 ( Yunnan Daily Online ) . Archived from the original on 18 July 2011 . Retrieved 31 January 2011 . Jump up ^ 四二一 `` 家庭真的是问题吗 ? ( Are ' four - two - one ' families really a problem ? ) ( in Chinese ) . 中国人口学会网 ( China Population Association Online ) . 10 October 2010 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 07 . Retrieved 31 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rethinking China 's one - child policy '' . CBC . October 28 , 2009 . Retrieved June 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ 计生委新闻发言人 : 11 % 以上人口可生两个孩子 ( Spokesperson of the one - child policy committee : 11 % or more of the population may have two children ) ( in Chinese ) . Sina. 10 July 2007 . Retrieved 7 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` China 's most populous province amends family - planning policy '' . People 's Daily Online . 2011 - 11 - 25 . Jump up ^ 黒核子 ~ 一人っ子政策の大失敗 ( Black Children - The Failure of One Child Policy ) ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved 10 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` One Child Policy - Laogai Research Foundation ( LRF ) '' . Laogai Research Foundation . Retrieved 13 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Li , Shuzhuo ; Zhang , Yexia ; Feldman , Marcus W ( 2010 ) . `` Birth Registration in China : Practices , Problems and Policies '' . Population research and policy review . 29 ( 3 ) : 297 -- 317 . doi : 10.1007 / s11113 - 009 - 9141 - x . PMC 2990197 . PMID 21113384 . Jump up ^ Ross , S.R.J. ( 2012 ) . AQA GCSE Geography A. Cheltenham : Nelson Thornes . p. 182 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4085 - 1708 - 6 . Jump up ^ Deane , Daniela ( July 26 , 1992 ) . `` The Little Emperors '' . The Los Angeles Times . p. 16 . Jump up ^ `` Chinese Singletons -- Basic ' Spoiled ' Related Vocabulary '' . Thinking Chinese . November 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Consultative Conference : ' The government must end the one - child rule ' '' . IT : AsiaNews. 2007 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Advisors say it 's time to change one - child policy '' . Shanghai Daily . 2007 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` 談天說地 '' . review33 . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ Eugenio , Haidée V. `` Birth tourism on the upswing '' . Saipan Tribune . Jump up ^ Eugenio , Haidée V. `` Many Chinese giving birth in CNMI trying to get around one child policy '' . Saipan Tribune . Jump up ^ Hvistendahl , Mara ( 17 September 2010 ) . `` Has China Outgrown The One - Child Policy ? '' . Science . 329 ( 5998 ) : 1458 -- 61 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 329.5998. 1458 . PMID 20847244 . Jump up ^ Some demographers challenge that number , putting the figure at perhaps half that level . ^ Jump up to : `` Experts challenge China 's 1 - child population claim '' . Jump up ^ `` 336 million abortions under China 's one - child policy '' . Telegraph.co.uk. 15 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` PRC Family Planning : The Market Weakens Controls But Encourages Voluntary Limits '' . U.S. Embassy in Beijing . June 1988 . Jump up ^ PRC journal Social Sciences in China ( Zhongguo , January 1988 ) Jump up ^ Greenhalgh , Susan ( 2003 ) . `` Science , Modernity , and the Making of China 's One - Child Policy '' ( PDF ) . Population and Development Review . 29 ( June ) : 163 -- 196 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1728 - 4457.2003. 00163. x . ^ Jump up to : `` Over 1,900 officials breach birth policy in C. China '' . Xinhua. 8 July 2007 . Archived from the original on 10 October 2008 . Retrieved 11 November 2008 . But heavy fines and exposures seemed to hardly stop the celebrities and rich people , as there are still many people , who can afford the heavy penalties , insist on having multiple kids , the Hunan commission spokesman said ... Three officials ... who were all found to have kept extramarital mistresses , were all convicted for charges such as embezzlement and taking bribes , but they were not punished for having more than one child . Jump up ^ `` China : Filmmaker Zhang Yimou fined $1 M for breach of one - child policy - CNN.com '' . CNN . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ chan , peggy ( 2005 ) . Cultures of the world China . New York : Marshall Cavendish International . Jump up ^ Freedman , Lynn P. ; Isaacs , Stephen L. ( Jan -- Feb 1993 ) . `` Human Rights and Reproductive Choice '' ( PDF ) . Studies in Family Planning . Population Council . 24 ( 1 ) : 18 -- 30 . doi : 10.2307 / 2939211 . JSTOR 2939211 . PMID 8475521 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Proclamation of Teheran '' . International Conference on Human Rights . 1968 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 17 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ McElroy , Damien ( 2001 - 04 - 08 ) . `` Chinese region ' must conduct 20,000 abortions ' '' . The Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ Mosher , Steven W. ( July 1993 ) . A Mother 's Ordeal . Harcourt . ISBN 0 - 15 - 162662 - 6 . Jump up ^ Taylor , John ( 2005 - 02 - 08 ) . `` China -- One Child Policy '' . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Father in forced abortion case wants charges filed '' . My Way News . Associated Press . 2012 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ ( subscription required ) `` Implications of China 's Ratification of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities '' . China : an International Journal . Jump up ^ Sleeboom - Faulkner , Margaret Elizabeth ( 1 June 2011 ) . `` Genetic testing , governance , and the family in the People 's Republic of China '' . Social Science & Medicine . 72 ( 11 ) : 1802 -- 9 . doi : 10.1016 / j. socscimed. 2010.03. 052 . Jump up ^ `` Marriage Law of the People 's Republic of China '' ( PDF ) . Australia : Refugee Review Tribunal . Jump up ^ Moore , Stephen ( 1999 - 05 - 09 ) . `` Do n't Fund UNFPA Population Control '' . CATO Institute . Jump up ^ McElroy , Damien ( 2002 - 02 - 03 ) . `` China is furious as Bush halts UN ' abortion ' funds '' . The Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ Siv , Sichan ( 2003 - 01 - 21 ) . `` United Nations Fund for Population Activities in China '' . U.S. Department of State . Archived from the original on 19 February 2003 . Jump up ^ `` UNFPA Welcomes Restoration of U.S. Funding '' . UNFPA News . 29 January 2009 . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rizvi , Haider ( March 12 , 2009 ) . `` Obama Sets New Course at the U.N '' . IPS News . Inter Press Agency . Jump up ^ Associated Press . `` US State Department position '' . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Human Rights in China and Tibet '' . Parliament of the United Kingdom . Jump up ^ Amnesty International . `` Violence Against Women -- an introduction to the campaign '' . Archived from the original on 9 October 2006 . Jump up ^ Mosher , Steve ( 1986 ) . `` Steve Mosher 's China report '' . The Interim . Jump up ^ `` Case Study : Female Infanticide '' . Gendercide Watch . 2000 . Jump up ^ `` Infanticide Statistics : Infanticide in China '' . All Girls Allowed. 2010 . Jump up ^ Steffensen , Jennifer . `` Georgetown Journal 's Guide to the ' One - Child ' Policy '' . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ Lubman , Sarah ( 2000 - 03 - 15 ) . `` Experts Allege Infanticide In China -- ' Missing ' Girls Killed , Abandoned , Pair Say '' . San Jose Mercury News . CA . Jump up ^ `` A Second Pregnancy , 1980 '' , Paper republic . Further reading ( edit ) Better 10 Graves Than One Extra Birth : China 's Systemic Use of Coercion To Meet Population Quotas . Washington , DC : Laogai Research Foundation . 2004 . ISBN 1 - 931550 - 92 - 1 . Fong , Mei ( 2015 ) . One Child : The Past and Future of China 's Most Radical Experiment . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . ISBN 0 - 544 - 27539 - X . Interview with Mei on her challenges writing the book . Hardee - Cleaveland , Karen ( 1988 ) . Family Planning in China : Recent Trends , Volume 3 . Center for International Research , U.S. Bureau of the Census . Goh , Esther C.L. ( 2011 ) . `` China 's One - Child Policy and Multiple Caregiving : raising little suns in Xiamen '' ( PDF ) . Journal of International and Global Studies . New York : Routledge . Greenhalgh , Susan ( 2008 ) . Just One Child : Science and Policy in Deng 's China ( illustrated ed . ) . University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 25339 - 1 . Johnson , Kay Ann ( 2016 ) . China 's Hidden Children : Abandonment , Adoption , and the Human Costs of the One - Child Policy . University Of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0226352510 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Population policy in China . Family Planning in China `` Illegal births and legal abortions -- the case of China '' . Reprod Health . 2 : 5 . 2005 . doi : 10.1186 / 1742 - 4755 - 2 - 5 . PMC 1215519 . PMID 16095526 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-child%20policy	821
where are the dairies that make mayfield ice cream located	Mayfield Dairy Farms is a United States dairy products company , with its headquarters in Athens , Tennessee and additional production plants in Birmingham , Alabama , and Braselton , Georgia . Since 1990 it has been under the ownership of Dean Foods .		Mayfield Dairy	mayfield dairy	Mayfield Dairy Farms is a United States dairy products company , with its headquarters in Athens , Tennessee and additional production plants in Birmingham , Alabama , and Braselton , Georgia . Since 1990 it has been under the ownership of Dean Foods .	Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Innovations 3 Visitor centers 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) The company was founded in 1923 by T.B. Mayfield , Jr. , and is now run by his grandson , Scottie Mayfield . It employs nearly 2000 people . Mayfield products are sold in ten southeastern states ( Tennessee , Georgia , Alabama , South Carolina , North Carolina , Florida , Kentucky , Virginia , Ohio , and Mississippi ) . Dean Foods bought Mayfield Dairy in 1990 . Innovations ( edit ) Mayfield is known for a history of innovation . The company boasts that founder T.B. Mayfield had the first milk plant in the area capable of pasteurizing milk . In 1970 Mayfield 's Athens plant was the first in the industry to successfully implement in - plant blow - molding for production of plastic milk jugs . In 1988 Mayfield was the first dairy to use an opaque plastic milk jug that protects milk from ultraviolet light . In 1995 , Mayfield launched the single - serve Chug milk bottle for Dean Foods . The single - serve bottle increased milk consumption by letting milk compete with single - serving soft drinks . In 2002 its Clik - Top re-sealable ice cream carton , including a break - seal that makes the package easier to open and a locking tab to keep the carton closed during storage , was greeted as a packaging first . In 2006 Mayfield started a multi-author company blog , featuring posts by CEO Scottie Mayfield , stories from inside the business , news about new ice cream flavors , and articles submitted by customers . The Mayfield Dairy Blog was featured on the Diva Marketing Blog as an example of the use of social media in marketing . In 2007 the company won an Effie Award , presented by the New York American Marketing Association , for successfully marketing four new ice cream flavors without discounts , using a campaign in which customers were encouraged to `` vote '' for their favorite new flavor . Visitor centers ( edit ) The company maintains two visitor centers , one in Athens , Tennessee and the other in Braselton , Georgia and offers tours of its production plants in those locations . See also ( edit ) Squround References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Official company history , company website ( accessed September 13 , 2007 ) ^ Jump up to : A New CEO Blog From Mayfield Dairy Farms , Diva Marketing Blog , Sep 18 , 2006 Jump up ^ Dean Foods Acquires Tennessee - based Dairy Jump up ^ Factory Tours USA Archived 2007 - 11 - 21 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Chugging Along : Tradition and innovation make Mayfield Dairy Farms an important member of the Dean family , Dairy Field ( magazine ) , October 2004 Jump up ^ Smart ice cream carton on Food Production Daily website , 03 July 2002 ) Jump up ^ News Update , Central Ohio Retail Grocers Association Jump up ^ Smart ice cream carton on Food Production Daily website , 03 July 2002 , and Packaging that ' works right now ' helps sell the good at Mayfield Dairy , January 1 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Effie Awards - 2007 Jump up ^ Mayfield Visitor Centers Archived 2007 - 09 - 06 at the Wayback Machine. , company website ( accessed September 13 , 2007 ) External links ( edit ) Official website ( hide ) Dean Foods Alta Dena Arctic Splash Barber 's Belsoy Berkeley Farms Borden Broughton Brown 's Dairy Country Fresh Creamland Dean 's Friendly 's Friendship Garelick Farms Gandy 's Heartland Farms Jilbert 's Land O'Lakes Land - O - Sun Pet Lehigh Valley Dairy Farms Louis Trauth Mayfield McArthur Meadow Brook Meadow Gold Pog Model Dairy Mountain High Oak Farms The Organic Cow Over the Moon Price 's Provamel Purity Reiter Robinson Dairy Stroh 's Ice Cream Swiss Tea T.G. Lee TruMoo Tuscan Dairy Farms Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mayfield_Dairy&oldid=821883889 '' Categories : Dairy products companies of the United States Dean Foods brands Companies based in Tennessee McMinn County , Tennessee Single - serve containers Ice cream manufacturers Ice cream brands 1923 establishments in Tennessee American companies established in 1923 Food and drink companies established in 1923 Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 January 2018 , at 04 : 48 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayfield%20Dairy	2,443
the medical term for removal of the stapes is	Otosclerosis is a congenital or spontaneous - onset disease characterized by abnormal bone remodeling in the inner ear . Often this causes the stapes to adhere to the oval window , which impedes its ability to conduct sound , and is a cause of conductive hearing loss . Clinical otosclerosis is found in about 1 % of people , although it is more common in forms that do not cause noticeable hearing loss . Otosclerosis is more likely in young age groups , and females . Two common treatments are stapedectomy , the surgical removal of the stapes and replacement with an artificial prosthesis , and stapedotomy , the creation of a small hole in the base of the stapes followed by the insertion of an artificial prosthesis into that hole . Surgery may be complicated by a persistent stapedial artery , fibrosis - related damage to the base of the bone , or obliterative otosclerosis , resulting in obliteration of the base .	stapedectomy	Stapes	stapes	The stapes or stirrup is a bone in the middle ear of humans and other mammals which is involved in the conduction of sound vibrations to the inner ear . The stirrup - shaped small bone is on and transmits these to the oval window , medially . The stapes is the smallest and lightest named bone in the human body , and is so - called because of its resemblance to a stirrup ( Latin : Stapes ) .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Development 1.2 Animals 1.3 Variation 2 Function 3 Clinical relevance 4 History 5 References 6 External links Structure ( edit ) See also : Ossicles The size of the stapes , compared with a 10 - cent euro coin . The stapes is the third bone of the three ossicles in the middle ear . The stapes is a stirrup - shaped bone , and the smallest in the human body . It rests on the oval window , to which it is connected by an annular ligament . The stapes is described as having a base , resting on the oval window , as well as a head that articulates with the incus . These are connected by anterior and posterior limbs ( Latin : crura ) . The stapes articulates with the incus through the incudostapedial joint . The stapes is the smallest bone in the human body , and measures roughly 3 x 2.5 mm , greater along the head - base span . Development ( edit ) The stapes develops from the second pharyngeal arch during the sixth to eighth week of embryological life . The central cavity of the stapes , the obturator foramen , is due to the presence embryologically of the stapedial artery , which usually regresses . Animals ( edit ) See also : Evolution of mammalian auditory ossicles The stapes is one of three ossicles in mammals . In non-mammalian four - legged animals , the bone homologous to the stapes is usually called the columella ; however , in reptiles , either term may be used . In fish , the homologous bone is called the hyomandibular , and is part of the gill arch supporting either the spiracle or the jaw , depending on the species . The equivalent term in amphibians is the pars media plectra . Variation ( edit ) The stapes appears to be relatively constant in size in different ethnic groups . In 0.01 - 0.02 % of people , the stapedial artery does not regress , and persists in the central foramen . In this case , a pulsatile sound may be heard in the affected ear , or there may be no symptoms at all . Rarely , the stapes may be completely absent . Function ( edit ) Main article : Hearing Situated between the incus and the inner ear , the stapes transmits sound vibrations from the incus to the oval window , a membrane - covered opening to the inner ear . The stapes is also stabilized by the stapedius muscle , which is innervated by the facial nerve . Clinical relevance ( edit ) Otosclerosis is a congenital or spontaneous - onset disease characterized by abnormal bone remodeling in the inner ear . Often this causes the stapes to adhere to the oval window , which impedes its ability to conduct sound , and is a cause of conductive hearing loss . Clinical otosclerosis is found in about 1 % of people , although it is more common in forms that do not cause noticeable hearing loss . Otosclerosis is more likely in young age groups , and females . Two common treatments are stapedectomy , the surgical removal of the stapes and replacement with an artificial prosthesis , and stapedotomy , the creation of a small hole in the base of the stapes followed by the insertion of an artificial prosthesis into that hole . Surgery may be complicated by a persistent stapedial artery , fibrosis - related damage to the base of the bone , or obliterative otosclerosis , resulting in obliteration of the base . History ( edit ) The stapes , as first described by Giovanni Filippo Ingrassia ( Labeled M , bottom right ) . The stapes is commonly described as having been discovered by the professor Giovanni Filippo Ingrassia in 1546 at the University of Naples , although this remains the nature of some controversy , as Ingrassia 's description was published posthumously in his 1603 anatomical commentary In Galeni librum de ossibus doctissima et expectatissima commentaria . Spanish anatomist Pedro Jimeno is first to have been credited with a published description , in Dialogus de re medica ( 1549 ) . The bone is so - named because of its resemblance to a stirrup ( Latin : stapes ) , an example of a late Latin word , probably created in mediaeval times from `` to stand '' ( Latin : stapia ) , as stirrups did not exist in the early Latin - speaking world . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Drake , Richard L. ; Vogl , Wayne ; Tibbitts , Adam W.M. Mitchell ; illustrations by Richard ; Richardson , Paul ( 2005 ) . Gray 's anatomy for students . Philadelphia : Elsevier / Churchill Livingstone . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8089 - 2306 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Chapman , SC ( Jan 1 , 2011 ) . `` Can you hear me now ? Understanding vertebrate middle ear development '' . Frontiers in Bioscience. 16 : 1675 -- 92 . doi : 10.2741 / 3813 . PMC 3065862 . PMID 21196256 . Jump up ^ aWengen , DF ; Nishihara , S ; Kurokawa , H ; Goode , RL ( April 1995 ) . `` Measurements of the stapes superstructure '' . The Annals of Otology , Rhinology , and Laryngology. 104 ( 4 Pt 1 ) : 311 -- 6 . PMID 7717624 . Jump up ^ Rodriguez - Vazquez , J.F. ( August 2005 ) . `` Development of the stapes and associated structures in human embryos '' . Journal of Anatomy. 207 ( 2 ) : 165 -- 173 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7580.2005. 00441. x . PMC 1571512 . PMID 16050903 . Jump up ^ Romer , Alfred Sherwood ; Parsons , Thomas S ( 1977 ) . The Vertebrate Body . Philadelphia , PA : Holt - Saunders International . ISBN 0 - 03 - 910284 - X . Jump up ^ Arensburg , B. ; Harell , M. ; Nathan , H. ( February 1981 ) . `` The human middle ear ossicles : Morphometry , and taxonomic implications '' . Journal of Human Evolution. 10 ( 2 ) : 199 -- 205 . doi : 10.1016 / S0047 - 2484 ( 81 ) 80018 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Mutlu , C ; da Costa , SS ; Paparella , MM ; Schachern , PA ( 1998 ) . `` Clinical - histopathological correlations of pitfalls in middle ear surgery '' . European Archives of Oto - Rhino - Laryngology. 255 ( 4 ) : 189 -- 94 . doi : 10.1007 / s004050050041 . PMID 9592676 . Jump up ^ Silbergleit , R ; Quint , DJ ; Mehta , BA ; Patel , SC ; Metes , JJ ; Noujaim , SE ( Mar 2000 ) . `` The persistent stapedial artery '' . American Journal of Neuroradiology. 21 ( 3 ) : 572 -- 7 . PMID 10730654 . Jump up ^ REIBER , M ; SCHWABER , M ( February 1997 ) . `` Congenital absence of stapes and facial nerve dehiscence '' . Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery . 116 ( 2 ) : 278 -- 278 . doi : 10.1016 / S0194 - 5998 ( 97 ) 70343 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Tympanoplasty , Mastoidectomy , and Stapes Surgery . Georg Thieme Verlag. 2008 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 282 - 86537 - 2 . Jump up ^ Menger , D.J. ; Tange , R.A. ( April 2003 ) . `` The aetiology of otosclerosis : a review of the literature '' . Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences . 28 ( 2 ) : 112 -- 120 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 2273.2003. 00675. x . Jump up ^ Hall , Arthur C. Guyton , John E. ( 2005 ) . Textbook of medical physiology ( 11th ed . ) . Philadelphia : W.B. Saunders . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7216 - 0240 - 0 . Jump up ^ Dispenza , F ; Cappello , F ; Kulamarva , G ; De Stefano , A ( October 2013 ) . `` The discovery of stapes '' . Acta Otorhinolaryngologica Italica. 33 ( 5 ) : 357 -- 9 . PMC 3825043 . PMID 24227905 . Jump up ^ Mudry , Albert ( April 2013 ) . `` Disputes Surrounding the Discovery of the Stapes in the Mid 16th Century '' . Otology & Neurotology. 34 ( 3 ) : 588 -- 592 . doi : 10.1097 / MAO. 0b013e31827d8abc . Jump up ^ Harper , Douglas . `` Stapes ( n . ) '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Retrieved 27 December 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stapes . `` 3 - D Virtual Models of the Human Temporal Bone and Related Structures '' . Eaton Peabody Laboratory of Auditory Physiology . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . This article uses anatomical terminology ; for an overview , see Anatomical terminology . hide Anatomy of hearing and balance Outer ear Auricle helix antihelix tragus antitragus intertragic notch earlobe Ear canal Auricular muscles Eardrum umbo pars flaccida Middle ear Tympanic cavity Medial structures oval window round window secondary tympanic membrane prominence of facial canal promontory of tympanic cavity Posterior structures mastoid cells aditus to mastoid antrum pyramidal eminence Ossicles Malleus superior ligament lateral ligament anterior ligament Incus superior ligament posterior ligament Stapes annular ligament Muscles stapedius tensor tympani Auditory tube / Eustachian tube Torus tubarius Inner ear / ( membranous labyrinth , bony labyrinth ) Auditory system / Cochlear labyrinth General cochlea Vestibular duct Helicotrema Tympanic duct Modiolus Cochlear cupula Perilymphatic space Perilymph Cochlear aqueduct Cochlear duct / scala media Reissner 's / vestibular membrane Basilar membrane Reticular membrane Endolymph Stria vascularis Spiral ligament Organ of Corti stereocilia tip links Tectorial membrane Sulcus spiralis externus internus Spiral limbus Cells Claudius cell Boettcher cell Vestibular system / Vestibular labyrinth Vestibule Utricle macula Saccule macula Kinocilium Otolith Vestibular aqueduct endolymphatic duct endolymphatic sac Ductus reuniens Semicircular canals Superior semicircular canal Posterior semicircular canal Horizontal semicircular canal Ampullary cupula Ampullae crista ampullaris hide Bones in the human skeleton Axial skeleton Skull Neurocranium occipital parietal frontal temporal sphenoid ethmoid Face nasal maxilla lacrimal zygomatic palatine inferior nasal conchae vomer mandible hyoid Ear ossicles malleus incus stapes Thorax sternum rib cage rib Vertebral column vertebrae cervical thoracic lumbar sacrum coccyx Appendicular Shoulder clavicle scapula Arm humerus ulna radius Hand carpals ( scaphoid , lunate bone , triquetral , pisiform , trapezium , trapezoid , capitate , hamate ) metacarpals phalanges ( prox , int , dist ) Pelvis ilium ischium pubis Leg femur patella fibula tibia Foot tarsals heelbone anklebone navicular cuneiform cuboid metatarsals phalanges proximal intermediate distal accessory accessory navicular Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stapes&oldid=841842044 '' Categories : Auditory system Skeletal system Skull Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties Articles containing Latin - language text Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Latina Македонски മലയാളം Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский සිංහල Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska తెలుగు ไทย Українська 中文 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 May 2018 , at 12 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stapes	2,444
who received gandhi prize for peace in 2017	Recent Award winners include Rabbis Arik Ascherman and Ehud Bandel of Rabbis for Human Rights ( 2011 ) , Amy Goodman of Democracy Now ! ( 2012 ) , Bill McKibben of 350.org ( 2013 ) , Medea Benjamin of Code Pink ( 2014 ) , Tom B.K. Goldtooth ( 2015 ) , Kathy Kelly of Voices for Creative Nonviolence ( 2015 ) , Omar Barghouti ( 2017 ) , and Ralph Nader ( 2017 ) .		Gandhi Peace Award	gandhi peace award	The Gandhi Peace Award is an award and cash prize presented annually since 1960 by Promoting Enduring Peace to individuals for `` contributions made in the promotion of international peace and good will . '' It is named in honor of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi but has no connection to Mohandas Gandhi or any other member of the Gandhi family .	Recent Award winners include Rabbis Arik Ascherman and Ehud Bandel of Rabbis for Human Rights ( 2011 ) , Amy Goodman of Democracy Now ! ( 2012 ) , Bill McKibben of 350.org ( 2013 ) , Medea Benjamin of Code Pink ( 2014 ) , Tom B.K. Goldtooth ( 2015 ) , Kathy Kelly of Voices for Creative Nonviolence ( 2015 ) , Omar Barghouti ( 2017 ) , and Ralph Nader ( 2017 ) . Since 1960 , when the first Award was accepted by Eleanor Roosevelt , the Award has been presented to `` peace heroes '' who have exemplified to the members of Promoting Enduring Peace the courage of nonviolent resistance to abusive power , to armed conflict , to violent oppression , and to environmental negligence . The Award is also intended to recognize individuals for having made significant contributions , through cooperative and non-violent means in the spirit of Gandhi , to the struggle to achieve a sustainable world civilization founded on enduring international peace . In the 21st Century the Award is especially intended by its presenters to honor those whose lives and works exemplify the principle that international peace , universal socioeconomic justice , and planetary environmental harmony are interdependent and inseparable , and all three are essential to the survival of civilization . The Award itself is symbolized by a heavy medallion and a certificate with an inscription summing up the recipient 's work . The medallion , forged from Peace Bronze ( a metal rendered from decommissioned nuclear missile command systems , evoking `` swords into plowshares '' ) , features Gandhi 's profile and his words `` Love Ever Suffers / Never Revenges Itself '' cast in bronze . The Award has been presented at a ceremony held typically once a year in New York or New Haven at which the recipient is invited to present a message of challenge and hope . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Some Notable Winners 3 Gandhi Peace Award Laureates 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) The Gandhi Peace Award was conceived by Promoting Enduring Peace 's founder , Yale Professor Jerome Davis . Davis first proposed the award to the board of Promoting Enduring Peace on 13 March 1959 , with the name intended to pay tribute to the modern era 's foremost advocate of nonviolent resistance , and partly to help rectify the failure of the Nobel Committee to award its Peace Prize to Gandhi before his death in 1948 . The Award has been issued since 1960 , when it was first presented to Eleanor Roosevelt , and consists of a certificate , a ceremony , and the presentation of a bronze medallion inscribed with a quotation by Gandhi , `` Love Ever Suffers / Never Revenges Itself . '' A prominent New York sculptor , Don Benaron / Katz , was commissioned to create a work of art to serve as the symbol of the Award . He researched Gandhi at the library of the India House in New York City and by 1960 had carved a striking bas - relief portrait in wood of the founder of the century 's international movement for nonviolent change . He wrote of the medallion he also created , `` I carved the Gujarati word for peace on one side , and on the other a symbolic plowshare and pruning hook inspired by Isaiah 2 : 4 ... '' They shall beat their swords into plowshares and their spears into pruning hooks ; nation shall not lift up sword against nation , neither shall they learn war any more . Some notable winners ( edit ) Promoting Enduring Peace announced in January 2014 that the Gandhi Peace Award winner was Medea Benjamin . The 2013 Award was presented to Bill McKibben who is one of the most well - known leaders of the environmentalist movement in the United States . His first book was The End of Nature published in 1989 . An activist and journalist , his work has appeared in The Atlantic Monthly , Harper 's Magazine , Mother Jones , and Rolling Stone . ( His acceptance speech may be viewed here . ) In 2012 the Award was presented to Amy Goodman for her contribution to promoting a sustainable peace through the promotion of transparently truthful journalism -- one essential part of which is to report the true nature and long - term after - effects of war . Goodman is an internationally known broadcast journalist , syndicated columnist , investigative reporter , author , and the anchor and co-founder of Democracy Now ! , an independent global news program broadcast daily on radio and television and via the Internet . ( Her acceptance speech may be viewed here . ) In 2011 the Award was presented to Rabbi Ehud Bandel and Rabbi Arik Ascherman for their leadership of Rabbis for Human Rights and its nonviolent resistance to the persecution of Palestinians in the occupied territories . ( Their acceptance speeches may be viewed here . ) In 1989 the Award was presented to César Chávez , founder of the United Farm Workers of America , for his use of nonviolent tactics , including a national consumer boycott , to improve the conditions and compensation for migrant farm workers . ( His acceptance speech may be viewed here . ) Gandhi Peace Award laureates ( edit ) Eleanor Roosevelt ( 1960 ) Edwin T. Dahlberg ( 1960 ) Rabbi Maurice Eisendrath ( 1961 ) John Haynes Holmes ( 1961 ) Linus C. Pauling ( 1962 ) James Paul Warburg ( 1962 ) E. Stanley Jones ( 1963 ) Martin Luther King , Jr. ( 1964 ) * A.J. Muste ( 1966 ) Norman Thomas ( 1967 ) Jerome Davis ( 1967 ) William Sloane Coffin , Jr. ( 1967 ) Benjamin Spock ( 1968 ) Wayne Morse ( 1970 ) Willard Uphaus ( 1970 ) U Thant ( 1972 ) Daniel Berrigan ( 1974 ) * * Dorothy Day ( 1975 ) Daniel Ellsberg ( 1976 ) Peter Benenson and Martin Ennals ( 1978 ) Roland Bainton ( 1979 ) Helen Caldicott ( 1980 ) Corliss Lamont ( 1981 ) Randall Watson Forsberg ( 1982 ) Robert Jay Lifton ( 1984 ) Kay Camp ( 1984 ) Bernard Lown ( 1986 ) John Somerville ( 1987 ) César Chávez ( 1989 ) Marian Wright Edelman ( 1990 ) George McGovern ( 1991 ) Ramsey Clark ( 1992 ) Lucius Walker , Jr. ( 1993 ) Roy Bourgeois ( 1994 ) Edith Ballantyne ( 1995 ) Alan Wright and Paula Kline ( 1996 ) Howard Frazier and Alice Zeigler Frazier ( 1997 ) Michael True ( 2002 ) Dennis Kucinich ( 2003 ) Karen Jacob and David Cortright ( 2004 ) Ehud Bandel and Arik Ascherman ( 2011 ) Abdul Sattar Edhi , Pakistan ( 2007 ) Amy Goodman ( 2012 ) Bill McKibben ( 2013 ) Medea Benjamin ( 2014 ) Tom B.K. Goldtooth and Kathy Kelly ( 2015 ) Ralph Nader ( 2017 ) Omar Barghouti ( 2017 ) ^ * Martin Luther King , Jr. was designated to receive the Award in 1964 and did formally accept it , but shortly thereafter was designated as the Nobel Peace Prize Laureate for that year . Thereafter he was unable to attend a ceremony for the formal presentation of the Award . ^ * * Daniel Berrigan formally accepted the Award . Shortly thereafter he made remarks critical of Israeli treatment of Palestinians that led to internal discussions of rescinding the Award . Although the organization rejected that course , Fr . Berrigan heard about it and resigned the Award . Sources `` Gandhi Peace Award Recipients '' . Promoting Enduring Peace . n.d . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 13 . See also ( edit ) Gandhi Memorial International Foundation Gandhi Peace Prize List of peace activists References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Gandhi Peace Award '' . pepeace.org . Archived from the original on 8 October 2010 . Retrieved 18 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cortright and Jacob Receive Gandhi Peace Award '' ( PDF ) . fourthfreedom.org. 2004 . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on 29 September 2006 . Retrieved 18 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Promoting Enduring Peace presents Gandhi Award to Rabbis for Human Rights '' . Promoting Enduring Peace . May 2 , 2011 . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2011 . Retrieved May 4 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) pepeace.org/gandhi-peace-award ( official website ) hide Peace movement / Anti-war movement Peace advocates Anti-nuclear organizations Anti-war movement Anti-war organizations Bed - In Central Park be-ins Conscientious objectors Counterculture Culture of peace Draft evasion Human Be-In List of peace activists Peace and conflict studies Peace camp Peace churches Peace commission Peace education Peace movement Peace walk Teach - in War resisters War tax resisters Ideologies Ahimsa Anarchism Anarcho - pacifism Anarcho - punks Christian anarchism Anti-imperialism Anti-nuclear movement Antimilitarism Appeasement Direct action Finvenkismo Hippie Isolationism Non-interventionism Nonkilling Nonviolence Pacificism Pacifism Peace Satyagraha Simple living Socialism Soviet influence on the peace movement Media and cultural Art Books Films International Day of Non-Violence International Day of Peace Dialogue Among Civilizations List of places named Peace `` Make love , not war '' Monuments and memorials Museums Peace journalism Peace News Plays Promoting Enduring Peace Songs Symbols World Game Opposition to specific wars or their aspects Afghan War American Civil War Iraq War Landmines Military action in Iran Military intervention in Libya Military taxation Nuclear armament Second Boer War Sri Lankan Civil War Vietnam War War of 1812 War on Terror World War I World War II Countries Canada Germany Israel Netherlands Spain United Kingdom United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gandhi_Peace_Award&oldid=840552989 '' Categories : Peace awards Memorials to Mahatma Gandhi Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 10 May 2018 , at 16 : 47 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhi%20Peace%20Award	2,445
regions of occurrence of anabatic and katabatic winds			Anabatic wind	anabatic wind	An anabatic wind , from the Greek anabatos , verbal of anabainein meaning moving upward , is a warm wind which blows up a steep slope or mountain side , driven by heating of the slope through insolation . It is also known as an upslope flow . These winds typically occur during the daytime in calm sunny weather . A hill or mountain top will be radiatively warmed by the Sun which in turn heats the air just above it . Air at a similar altitude over an adjacent valley or plain does not get warmed so much because of the greater distance to the ground below it . The effect may be enhanced if the lower lying ground is shaded by the mountain and so receives less heat .	The air over the hill top is now warmer than the air at a similar altitude around it and will rise through convection . This creates a lower pressure region into which the air at the bottom of the slope flows , causing the wind . It is common for the air rising from the tops of large mountains to reach a height where it cools adiabatically to below its dew point and forms cumulus clouds . These can then produce rain or even thunderstorms . Anabatic winds are particularly useful to soaring glider pilots who can use them to increase the aircraft 's altitude . Anabatic winds can be detrimental to the maximum downhill speed of cyclists . Conversely , Katabatic winds are down - slope winds , frequently produced at night by the opposite effect , the air near to the ground losing heat to it faster than air at a similar altitude over adjacent low - lying land . Monsoon winds are similarly generated , but on a continental scale and seasonal cycle . See also ( edit ) Mountain breeze and valley breeze References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Marine Meteorological Glossary Archived December 11 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : American Meteorology Society Glossary This climatology / meteorology -- related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anabatic_wind&oldid=808910500 '' Categories : Wind Atmospheric science stubs Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Italiano עברית Македонски 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 November 2017 , at 23 : 47 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anabatic%20wind	2,446
setting of the ones who walk away from omelas	`` The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas '' is a 1973 work of short philosophical fiction by American writer Ursula K. Le Guin . With deliberately both vague and vivid descriptions , the narrator depicts a summer festival in the utopian city of Omelas , whose prosperity depends on the perpetual misery of a single child .		The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas	the ones who walk away from omelas	`` The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas '' is a 1973 work of short philosophical fiction by American writer Ursula K. Le Guin . With deliberately both vague and vivid descriptions , the narrator depicts a summer festival in the utopian city of Omelas , whose prosperity depends on the perpetual misery of a single child .	`` The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas '' was nominated for the Locus Award for Best Short Fiction in 1974 and won the Hugo Award for Best Short Story in 1974 . Contents 1 Publication 2 Synopsis 3 Background and themes 4 References 5 Sources Publication ( edit ) Le Guin 's piece was originally published in New Dimensions 3 , a hard - cover science fiction anthology edited by Robert Silverberg , in October 1973 . It was reprinted in Le Guin 's The Wind 's Twelve Quarters in 1975 , and has been frequently anthologized elsewhere . It has also appeared as an independently published , 31 - page hardcover book for young adults in 1993 . It was republished in the second volume of the short - story anthology The Unreal and the Real in 2014 . Synopsis ( edit ) The only chronological element of the work is that it begins by describing the first day of summer in Omelas , a shimmering city of unbelievable happiness and delight . In Omelas , the summer solstice is celebrated with a glorious festival and a race featuring young people on horseback . The vibrant festival atmosphere , however , seems to be an everyday characteristic of the blissful community , whose citizens , though limited in their advanced technology to communal ( rather than private ) resources , are still intelligent , sophisticated , and cultured . Omelas has no kings , soldiers , priests , or slaves . The specific socio - politico - economic setup of the community is not mentioned , but the narrator merely explains that the reader can not be sure of every particular . Self - admittedly , the uncertain narrator reflects that `` Omelas sounds in my words like a city in a fairy tale , long ago and far away , once upon a time . Perhaps it would be best if you imagined it as your own fancy bids , assuming it will rise to the occasion , for certainly I can not suit you all . '' The narrator even suggests that , if necessary , the reader may include an orgy in their mental picture of Omelas . Everything about Omelas is so abundantly pleasing that the narrator decides the reader is not yet truly convinced of its existence and so elaborates upon one final element of the city : its one atrocity . The city 's constant state of serenity and splendor requires that a single unfortunate child be kept in perpetual filth , darkness , and misery . Once citizens are old enough to know the truth , most , though initially shocked and disgusted , ultimately acquiesce with that one injustice which secures the happiness of the rest of the city . However , a few citizens , young and old , silently walk away from the city , and no one knows where they go . The writing ends with `` The place they go towards is a place even less imaginable to most of us than the city of happiness . I can not describe it at all . It is possible it does not exist . But they seem to know where they are going , the ones who walk away from Omelas . '' Background and themes ( edit ) Le Guin stated that the city 's name is pronounced `` OH - meh - lahss '' . Le Guin hit upon the name of the town on seeing a road sign for Salem , Oregon , in a car mirror . `` ( ... People ask me ) ' Where do you get your ideas from , Ms. Le Guin ? ' From forgetting Dostoyevsky and reading road signs backwards , naturally . Where else ? '' `` The central idea of this psychomyth , the scapegoat '' , writes Le Guin , `` turns up in Dostoyevsky 's Brothers Karamazov , and several people have asked me , rather suspiciously , why I gave the credit to William James . The fact is , I have n't been able to re-read Dostoyevsky , much as I loved him , since I was twenty - five , and I 'd simply forgotten he used the idea . But when I met it in James ' ' The Moral Philosopher and the Moral Life , ' it was with a shock of recognition . '' The quote from William James is : Or if the hypothesis were offered us of a world in which Messrs. Fourier 's and Bellamy 's and Morris 's utopias should all be outdone , and millions kept permanently happy on the one simple condition that a certain lost soul on the far - off edge of things should lead a life of lonely torture , what except a sceptical and independent sort of emotion can it be which would make us immediately feel , even though an impulse arose within us to clutch at the happiness so offered , how hideous a thing would be its enjoyment when deliberately accepted as the fruit of such a bargain ? Introducing the short work in her 2012 collection The Unreal and the Real , Volume Two , Le Guin noted that The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas `` has a long and happy career of being used by teachers to upset students and make them argue fiercely about morality . '' It has been at times analyzed as a postmodernist work . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Spivack , Charlotte , Ursula K. Le Guin , ( Boston : Twayne Publishers , 1984 ) , page 159 . Jump up ^ `` Locus Awards Nominee List '' . The Locus Index to SF Awards . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 19 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` 1974 Hugo Awards '' . The Hugo Awards . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ Internet Speculative Fiction Database . Bibliography : The Ones Who Walk Away From Omelas . Jump up ^ Le Guin , Ursula K. 1993 , The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas , Creative Education , ISBN 978 - 0 - 88682501 - 0 . Jump up ^ Le Guin , Ursula K. 2014 , The Unreal and The Real 2 , Gollancz , ISBN 978 - 1 - 47320285 - 6 . Jump up ^ Boyd , Jason . `` Forty years later , Omelas still haunts '' . The Nerdclave . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Le Guinn , Ursula K. ( 2012 ) . The Unreal and the Real : Selected Stories of Ursula K. Le Guin . Volume Two : Outer Space , Inner Lands . Easthampton , MA : Small Beer Press . p. iv . ISBN 9781618730350 . ^ Jump up to : Kennedy , X.J. , and Dana Gioia ( ed . ) : An Introduction to Fiction , 8th ed. , page 274 . Longman , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 321 - 08531 - 0 . Jump up ^ James , William . `` The Moral Philosopher and the Moral Life '' . April 1891 . Jump up ^ Agosta , Vincent . Returning to Omelas : A formal Analysis of Ursula K. Le Guin 's `` The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas '' and its Relationship to Traditionalist Narrative Structure and Postmodernism . Sources ( edit ) Bloom , Harold , ed. ( 1986 ) . Ursula K. Le Guin ( 1st ed . ) . New York , NY : Chelsea House . ISBN 0 - 87754 - 659 - 2 . Cadden , Mike ( 2005 ) . Ursula K. Le Guin Beyond Genre : Fiction for Children and Adults ( 1st ed . ) . New York , NY : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 99527 - 2 . Le Guin , Ursula ( 1975 ) . The Wind 's Twelve Quarters ( 1st ed . ) . New York , NY : Harper & Row . ISBN 0 - 06 - 012562 - 4 . Spivack , Charlotte ( 1984 ) . Ursula K. Le Guin ( 1st ed . ) . Boston , MA : Twayne Publishers . ISBN 0 - 8057 - 7393 - 2 . Locus Award for Best Short Story 1971 - 1980 `` The Region Between '' by Harlan Ellison ( 1971 ) `` The Queen of Air and Darkness '' by Poul Anderson ( 1972 ) `` The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas '' by Ursula K. Le Guin ( 1973 ) `` The Deathbird '' by Harlan Ellison ( 1974 ) `` The Day Before the Revolution '' by Ursula K. Le Guin ( 1975 ) `` Croatoan '' by Harlan Ellison ( 1976 ) `` Tricentennial '' by Joe Haldeman ( 1977 ) `` Jeffty Is Five '' by Harlan Ellison ( 1978 ) `` Count the Clock that Tells the Time '' by Harlan Ellison ( 1979 ) `` The Way of Cross and Dragon '' by George R.R. Martin ( 1980 ) 1981 -- 2000 `` Grotto of the Dancing Deer '' by Clifford D. Simak ( 1981 ) `` The Pusher '' by John Varley ( 1982 ) `` Sur '' by Ursula K. Le Guin ( 1983 ) `` Beyond the Dead Reef '' by James Tiptree , Jr. ( 1984 ) `` Salvador '' by Lucius Shepard ( 1985 ) `` With Virgil Oddum at the East Pole '' by Harlan Ellison ( 1986 ) `` Robot Dreams '' by Isaac Asimov ( 1987 ) `` Angel '' by Pat Cadigan ( 1988 ) `` Eidolons '' by Harlan Ellison ( 1989 ) `` Lost Boys '' by Orson Scott Card ( 1990 ) `` Bears Discover Fire '' by Terry Bisson ( 1991 ) `` Buffalo '' by John Kessel ( 1992 ) `` Even the Queen '' by Connie Willis ( 1993 ) `` Close Encounter '' by Connie Willis ( 1994 ) `` None So Blind '' by Joe Haldeman ( 1995 ) `` The Lincoln Train '' by Maureen F. McHugh ( 1996 ) `` Gone '' by John Crowley ( 1997 ) `` Itsy Bitsy Spider '' by James Patrick Kelly ( 1998 ) `` Maneki Neko '' by Bruce Sterling ( 1999 ) `` macs '' by Terry Bisson ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present `` The Missing Mass '' by Larry Niven ( 2001 ) `` The Bones of the Earth '' by Ursula K. Le Guin ( 2002 ) `` October in the Chair '' by Neil Gaiman ( 2003 ) `` Closing Time '' by Neil Gaiman ( 2004 ) `` Forbidden Brides of the Faceless Slaves in the Nameless House of the Night of Dread Desire '' by Neil Gaiman ( 2005 ) `` Sunbird '' by Neil Gaiman ( 2006 ) `` How to Talk to Girls at Parties '' by Neil Gaiman ( 2007 ) `` A Small Room in Koboldtown '' by Michael Swanwick ( 2008 ) `` Exhalation '' by Ted Chiang ( 2009 ) `` An Invocation of Incuriosity '' by Neil Gaiman ( 2010 ) `` The Thing About Cassandra '' by Neil Gaiman ( 2011 ) `` The Case of Death and Honey '' by Neil Gaiman ( 2012 ) `` Immersion '' by Aliette de Bodard ( 2013 ) `` The Road of Needles '' by Caitlín R. Kiernan ( 2014 ) `` The Truth About Owls '' by Amal El - Mohtar ( 2015 ) `` Cat Pictures Please '' by Naomi Kritzer ( 2016 ) `` Seasons of Glass and Iron '' by Amal El - Mohtar ( 2017 ) Hugo Award for Best Short Story ( 1961 -- 1980 ) `` The Longest Voyage '' by Poul Anderson ( 1961 ) `` Hothouse '' by Brian W. Aldiss ( 1962 ) `` The Dragon Masters '' by Jack Vance ( 1963 ) `` No Truce with Kings '' by Poul Anderson ( 1964 ) `` Soldier , Ask Not '' by Gordon R. Dickson ( 1965 ) `` '' Repent , Harlequin ! '' Said the Ticktockman '' by Harlan Ellison ( 1966 ) `` Neutron Star '' by Larry Niven ( 1967 ) `` I Have No Mouth , and I Must Scream '' by Harlan Ellison ( 1968 ) `` The Beast that Shouted Love at the Heart of the World '' by Harlan Ellison ( 1969 ) `` Time Considered as a Helix of Semi-Precious Stones '' by Samuel R. Delany ( 1970 ) `` Slow Sculpture '' by Theodore Sturgeon ( 1971 ) `` Inconstant Moon '' by Larry Niven ( 1972 ) `` Eurema 's Dam '' by R.A. Lafferty / `` The Meeting '' by Frederik Pohl and C.M. Kornbluth ( 1973 ) `` The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas '' by Ursula K. Le Guin ( 1974 ) `` The Hole Man '' by Larry Niven ( 1975 ) `` Catch That Zeppelin ! '' by Fritz Leiber ( 1976 ) `` Tricentennial '' by Joe Haldeman ( 1977 ) `` Jeffty Is Five '' by Harlan Ellison ( 1978 ) `` Cassandra '' by C.J. Cherryh ( 1979 ) `` The Way of Cross and Dragon '' by George R.R. Martin ( 1980 ) Complete list Retro 1955 -- 1960 1961 -- 1980 1981 -- 2000 2001 -- present Works by Ursula K. Le Guin Earthsea Novels A Wizard of Earthsea ( 1968 ) The Tombs of Atuan ( 1971 ) The Farthest Shore ( 1972 ) Tehanu ( 1990 ) The Other Wind ( 2001 ) Short stories `` The Word of Unbinding '' ( 1964 ) `` The Rule of Names '' ( 1964 ) `` Dragonfly '' ( 1997 ) `` Darkrose and Diamond '' ( 1999 ) Tales from Earthsea ( collection ) ( 2001 ) `` The Daughter of Odren '' ( 2014 ) `` Firelight '' ( 2018 ) Adaptations Earthsea ( miniseries ) ( 2004 ) Tales from Earthsea ( film ) ( 2006 ) Related Universe Characters Earthsea Revisioned ( 1993 ) Hainish Cycle Novels Rocannon 's World ( 1966 ) Planet of Exile ( 1966 ) City of Illusions ( 1967 ) The Left Hand of Darkness ( 1969 ) The Dispossessed ( 1974 ) The Word for World Is Forest ( 1976 ) Four Ways to Forgiveness ( 1995 ) The Telling ( 2000 ) Short stories `` The Dowry of the Angyar '' ( 1964 ) `` Winter 's King '' ( 1969 ) `` Vaster than Empires and More Slow '' ( 1971 ) `` The Day Before the Revolution '' ( 1974 ) The Shobies ' Story ( 1990 ) `` The Matter of Seggri '' ( 1994 ) `` A Man of the People '' `` Coming of Age in Karhide '' ( 1995 ) `` Mountain Ways '' ( 1996 ) `` Old Music and the Slave Women '' ( 1999 ) Related Planets Gethen Werel ( Alterra ) Werel ( Voe Deo ) Shing Ansible Other fiction Novels The Lathe of Heaven ( 1971 ) The Eye of the Heron ( 1978 ) Malafrena ( 1979 ) The Beginning Place ( 1980 ) Always Coming Home ( 1985 ) Annals of the Western Shore ( Gifts ( 2004 ) Voices ( 2006 ) Powers ( 2007 ) ) Lavinia ( 2008 ) Short stories `` The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas '' ( 1973 ) `` The Wife 's Story '' ( 1982 ) Paradises Lost ( 2002 ) Collections The Wind 's Twelve Quarters ( 1975 ) Orsinian Tales ( 1976 ) The Compass Rose ( 1982 ) Buffalo Gals and Other Animal Presences ( 1987 ) A Fisherman of the Inland Sea ( 1994 ) Unlocking the Air and Other Stories ( 1996 ) The Birthday of the World ( 2002 ) Changing Planes ( 2003 ) Children 's books Catwings ( series ) ( 1988 -- 1999 ) Non-fiction The Language of the Night ( 1979 ) Dancing at the Edge of the World ( 1982 ) Lao Tzu : Tao Te Ching ( 1997 ) Steering the Craft ( 1998 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Ones_Who_Walk_Away_from_Omelas&oldid=855621373 '' Categories : 1974 short stories Hugo Award for Best Short Story winning works Short stories by Ursula K. Le Guin Fiction with unreliable narrators Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Հայերեն עברית Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 19 August 2018 , at 17 : 12 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Ones%20Who%20Walk%20Away%20from%20Omelas	2,447
who gave voice to jack sparrow in hindi	For many years , Khattar has given his colorful voice to dub more than 100 foreign films in Hindi , dubbing over various Hollywood stars from American films and other celebrities from other foreign films including South Indian ones . Rajesh is best known for his Hindi voice as Captain Jack Sparrow , Iron Man , Ghost Rider and Shrek .		Rajesh Khattar	rajesh khattar	Rajesh Khattar ( Hindi : राजेश खट्टर , Rājēśa Khaṭṭar , born 24 September in Delhi ) is an Indian actor , story / screenwriter and voice - dubbing artist who is fluent in the English , Hindi , Punjabi and Urdu languages . Khattar made his debut in 1993 in the Hindi fantasy film Nagin Aur Lootere .	As a film actor , he has acted in many Hindi films ; he has also starred in English and other language films . He has acted in prominent roles in blockbuster hits like DON DON 2 Khiladi 786 , Race 2 , Satish Kaushik - directed Gang of Ghosts , and Manjunath & TRAFFIC produced by Viacom 18 He has featured in various International projects such as ' Sharpe 's Peril ' featuring Sean Bean directed by Tom Clegg , French superhit series ' Fais Pas Ci Fais Pas Ca '' in its 9th season ... A german movie ' Gift '' directed by Daniel Hariich Recently he returned to television after 8 years with ' Beyhadh ' as Ashwin Mehrotra on Sony TV followed by ' Kya Kasoor Hai Amla Ka ' as Rishaan Malik on Star TV . He is in the reckoning for ITA Awards 2017 for both the characters . He also featured in Vikram Bhatt 's web series ' SPOTLIGHT '' on VIU channel playing the character of superstar Ranjit Thakur He also owns an event & production company Wide Span Entertainment producing Ad movies & mega events As a Hindi voice - dubbing artist , he has dubbed over many Hollywood celebrities : Tom Hanks , Johnny Depp , Hugh Jackman , Robert Downey Jr. , The Rock , Nicolas Cage , Lambert Wilson , Michael Fassbender and many more . He is the father of young debutante actor Ishaan Khattar and was the step - father of well - known actor Shahid Kapoor . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Film career 3 Filmography 4 Dubbing career 4.1 Live - action films 4.2 Animated films 5 Production staff 5.1 Original content 5.1. 1 Live - action films 5.2 Dubbed content 5.2. 1 Live - action films 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Early life ( edit ) He belongs to the Khattar Jat clan . Film career ( edit ) This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( February 2013 ) Filmography ( edit ) Year Film title Role Language Notes Nagin Aur Lootere Inspector Nagesh / Rajnikant Hindi Aaina Additional Role Hindi 1999 Sooryavansham Amitabh Bachchan 's son Hindi 2003 Fun2shh ... Dudes in the 10th Century Film Director Hindi 2006 Don Singhania Hindi 2007 The Train : Some Lines Shoulder Never Be Crossed ... husband of the heroine Hindi 2008 Sharpe 's Peril Subedar Pillai English TV Movie 2008 Sapna Babul Ka ... Bidaai Bittu Hindi Serial on Star Plus 2009 Jai Veeru : Friends Forever CBI officer Hindi 2009 Radio : Love on Air Vivan 's Boss Hindi Punjabi Gujarati English Prince Sherry Hindi Chase DIG Ranveer Tyagi Hindi Hello Darling Boss Hindi 2011 Kaccha Limboo a family friend Hindi 2011 Men Will Be Men Special Appearance Hindi 2011 Damadamm ! Rajan Mehra Hindi 2011 Don 2 Singhania Hindi 2012 Ek Main Aur Ekk Tu Mr. Shah Hindi 2012 Diary of a Butterfly Xavier Hindi 2012 Rakhtbeej Dabral Hindi 2012 Khiladi 786 Inspector Jugnu Singh Hindi 2013 Race 2 Vikram Thapar Hindi 2014 Manjunath Raina Hindi 2014 Action Jackson Unknown Hindi 2015 Ranviir The Marshal Rana Hindi 2016 Traffic Not Known Hindi 2016 Fas Pas Ci Fas Pas Ca Kumar Shangvi French Serial 2016 Beyhadh Ashwin Mehrotra Hindi TV Serial on Sony TV 2017 Kya Qusoor Hai Amala Ka ? Rishan Malik Hindi TV Series on Star Plus 2017 `` SPOTLIGHT '' Ranjit Thakur Hindi Web Series by Vikram Bhatt on VIU Channwl This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2012 ) Dubbing career ( edit ) For many years , Khattar has given his colorful voice to dub more than 100 foreign films in Hindi , dubbing over various Hollywood stars from American films and other celebrities from other foreign films including South Indian ones . Rajesh is best known for his Hindi voice as Captain Jack Sparrow , Iron Man , Ghost Rider and Shrek . Live - Action films ( edit ) Film title Actor Character Dub Language Original Language Original Year Release Dub Year Release Notes Payanam Nagarjuna Akkineni Major Raveendra Hindi Tamil Telugu 2011 2011 The title for the Hindi dub was known as : `` Mere Hindustan Ki Kasam -- Gaganam '' , and the character was renamed to Nagarzun . The Hindi dub also aired on SET Max on Television for India . Terminator 2 : Judgment Day Joe Morton Miles Bennett Dyson Hindi English 1991 Home Alone 3 Olek Krupa Peter Beaupre Hindi English ? ? ? ? The Mask of Zorro Antonio Banderas Alejandro Murrieta / Zorro ( First dub ) Hindi English 1998 1998 The Legend of Zorro Antonio Banderas Alejandro Murrieta / Zorro Hindi English Spanish 2005 2005 Performed alongside Rajesh Jolly who voiced Nick Chinlund as Jacob McGivens in Hindi . The Bone Collector Gary Swanson Alan Rubin Hindi English 1999 Performed alongside Meghana Erande who voiced Angelina Jolie 's role as Police Officer Amelia Donaghy for the 2010 TV Hindi - dubbed version . Hellboy Doug Jones Abe Sapien ( First dub ) Hindi English Sanket Mhatre was hired to dub this role by UTV Action . Performed alongside Rajesh Jolly who voiced Ron Perlman as Hellboy , Viraj Adhav who voiced Rupert Evans as John Myers in Hindi . The Mummy Oded Fehr Corey Johnson Ardeth Bay American expedition Narration Hindi English 1999 1999 Romeo Must Die Jet Lee Barber Hindi English 2000 2000 The Hindi dub is titled : `` Inteqaam Ki Aag '' . Shaft Samuel L. Jackson John Shaft Hindi English 2000 2000 Swordfish Hugh Jackman Stanley Jobson Hindi English 2001 2001 Belphegor , Phantom of the Louvre Lionel Abelanski Simmonet Hindi French 2001 2001 Ocean 's Eleven Andy García Terry Benedict Hindi English 2001 2001 The One Jason Statham MVA Agent Evan Funsch Hindi English 2001 2001 Evolution Ted Levine Brigadier General Russell Woodman Hindi English 2001 2001 The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring Unknown actor Unknown character ( First Dub ) Hindi English 2001 2002 Performed alongside an unknown Hindi dubbing artist who voiced Elijah Wood 's role as Frodo Baggins , Mona Ghosh Shetty who voiced Liv Tyler as Arwen Undómiel and Deepika Joshi - Shah in the Hindi dubbed version . Deepika has died on 27 January 2012 . He participated in the first Hindi dub . On Christmas of 2011 , UTV Action aired a second dub produced in - house by UTV Software Communications . The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers Unknown actor Unknown character ( First Dub ) Hindi English 2002 2003 The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King Unknown actor Unknown character ( First Dub ) Hindi English 2003 The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey Unknown actor Unknown character Hindi English 2012 2012 The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug Unknown actor Unknown character Hindi English 2013 2013 The Guru Michael McKean Dwain Hindi English 2002 2002 Men in Black II Johnny Knoxville Scrad & Charlie Hindi English 2002 2002 The Rundown Dwayne Johnson Beck Hindi English 2003 2003 Only one Hindi dubbed version was made and it was also aired on UTV Action . X-Men 2 Alan Cumming Kurt Wagner / Nightcrawler Hindi English 2003 2003 X-Men : First Class Michael Fassbender Erik Lensherr / Magneto Hindi English German Russian French 2011 2011 X-Men : Days of Future Past Michael Fassbender Young Erik Lensherr / Magneto Hindi English German Russian French 2014 2014 Lara Croft Tomb Raider : The Cradle of Life Gerard Butler Terry Sheridan Hindi English 2003 2003 Performed alongside Mona Ghosh Shetty who voiced Angelina Jolie as Lara Croft in the Hindi dubbed version . Charlie 's Angels : Full Throttle Justin Theroux Seamus O'Grady Hindi English 2003 2003 The original Hindi dub has also aired on Sony Max . The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen Naseeruddin Shah Captain Nemo Hindi English 2003 2003 Although Naseeruddin Shah is an Indian actor starring in an English - language film , he did n't dub over his own character in Hindi for unknown reasons , so Rajesh was chosen to Hindi - dub his character instead . Timeline Lambert Wilson Lord Arnaut Hindi English 2003 2003 Shanghai Knights Thomas Fisher Artie Doyle Hindi English 2003 2003 Pirates of the Caribbean : Curse of the Black Pearl Johnny Depp Captain Jack Sparrow Hindi English 2003 2003 For the Indian audience these movies are renamed in Hindi as Samander Ke Lootere . Rajesh performed these movies alongside Viraj Adhav who voiced Orlando Bloom as Will Turner and Rajesh Jolly who voiced Geoffrey Rush as Captain Barbossa in Hindi . Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest Johnny Depp Captain Jack Sparrow Hindi English 2006 2006 Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End Johnny Depp Captain Jack Sparrow Hindi English 2007 2007 Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides Johnny Depp Captain Jack Sparrow Hindi English 2011 2011 Hindi dubbed version is renamed in Hindi as Samander Ke Lootere : Ek Anjaan Rahasya The Matrix Reloaded Lambert Wilson The Merovingian Hindi English 2003 2003 Performed alongside Viraj Adhav who voiced Keanu Reeves as Thomas A. Anderson / Neo and Mona Ghosh Shetty who voiced Carrie - Anne Moss as Trinity The Matrix Revolutions Lambert Wilson The Merovingian Hindi English 2003 2003 Van Helsing Hugh Jackman Gabriel Van Helsing ( First dub ) Hindi English Voiced him for the Theatrical and Home media releases . Pawan Kalra dubbed him for the 2006 TV Hindi - dubbed version . Catwoman Lambert Wilson Georges Hedare Hindi English Walking Tall Dwayne Johnson Christopher `` Chris '' Vaughn , Jr . Hindi English Spider - Man 2 Dylan Baker Dr. Curt Connors Hindi English An Unknown Actor dubbed this role in third movie . Performed alongside Viraj Adhav who voiced Tobey Maguire as Peter Parker / Spider - Man Mona Ghosh Shetty who voiced Kirsten Dunst as Mary Jane Watson in the Hindi dubbed version . Alien vs. Predator Raoul Bova Sebastian De Rosa Hindi English King Kong Jack Black Carl Denham Hindi English 2005 2005 Performed alongside Mona Ghosh Shetty who voiced Naomi Watts as Ann Darrow . The Wicker Man Nicolas Cage Edward Malus Hindi English 2006 2006 300 David Wenham Dilios Narration ( First Dub ) Hindi English 2007 2007 Performed alongside Vikrant Chaturvedi who voiced Rodrigo Santoro 's character as King Xerxes . There was another Hindi dub produced by Main Frame Software Communications and that featured an entirely different Hindi dubbing voice cast , which that aired on UTV Action on 27 November 2010 . 300 : Rise of an Empire David Wenham Dilios Hindi English 2014 2014 National Treasure 2 Nicolas Cage Benjamin Franklin `` Ben '' Gates Hindi English 2007 2007 The Incredible Hulk N / A N / A Hindi English 2008 2008 The character appeared in Cameo appearance . Iron Man Robert Downey Jr . Tony Stark / Iron Man Hindi English 2008 2008 Performed alongside Rajesh Jolly who voiced Terrence Howard as Lt. Col. James ' Rhodey ' Rhodes , Atul Kapoor who voiced Paul Bettany as J.A.R.V.I.S. . Iron Man 2 Robert Downey Jr . Tony Stark / Iron Man Hindi English Performed alongside Rajesh Jolly who voiced Don Cheadle as Lt. Col. James ' Rhodey ' Rhodes , Atul Kapoor who voiced Paul Bettany as J.A.R.V.I.S. . Iron Man 3 Robert Downey Jr . Tony Stark / Iron Man Hindi English 2013 2013 Get Smart The Rock Agent 23 Hindi English 2008 2008 Tooth Fairy The Rock Derek Thompson Hindi English Gulliver 's Travels Jack Black Lemuel Gulliver Hindi English Ghost Rider Nicolas Cage Ghost Rider / Johnny Blaze ( First Dub ) Hindi English 2007 2007 There was another Hindi dub produced by Main Frame Software Communications for UTV Action and that featured an entirely different Hindi dubbing voice cast for the UTV Action Hindi dub , which that aired around 2010 . Ghost Rider : Spirit of Vengeance Nicolas Cage Ghost Rider / Johnny Blaze ( First Dub ) Hindi English 2012 2012 Prince of Persia : The Sands of Time Richard Coyle Tus Narration Hindi English Performed alongside Yudhvir Dahiya who voiced Jake Gyllenhaal as Dastan , Kabir Bedi who voiced Ben Kingsley 's role as Nizam , and Mona Ghosh Shetty who voiced Gemma Arterton 's role as Princess Tamina in the Hindi dubbed version . Only one Hindi dub was made and this one also aired on UTV Action . Rajesh was also the writer for the Hindi dubbed version of this film . 2012 John Cusack Jackson Curtis Hindi English 2009 2009 The Da Vinci Code Tom Hanks Robert Langdon Hindi English French 2006 2006 Angels & Demons Tom Hanks Robert Langdon Hindi English Italian Latin German Swiss German French Spanish Polish 2009 2009 Casino Royale Mads Mikkelsen Le Chiffre Hindi English 2006 2006 Skyfall Ralph Fiennes Gareth Mallory Hindi English 2012 2012 Rajesh 's name was mentioned on the Hindi dub credits of the DVD release of the film , also containing the Tamil , Telugu , Russian and Ukrainian credits . Beowulf Ray Winstone Beowulf Hindi English 2007 2007 Transformers John Turturro Agent Simmons Hindi English 2007 2007 Performed alongside Saumya Daan who voiced Shia LaBeouf as Sam Witwicky , Mona Ghosh Shetty who voiced Megan Fox as Mikaela Banes and Parminder Ghumman who voiced Megatron , replacing Hugo Weaving 's voice in the Hindi dubbed version . Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen John Turturro Agent Simmons Hindi English 2009 2009 Transformers : Dark of the Moon John Turturro Agent Simmons Hindi English 2011 2011 Performed alongside other actors in the Hindi dubbed version such as Saumya Daan who voiced Shia LaBeouf as Sam Witwicky , Akshay Kumar who voiced Optimus Prime replacing Peter Cullen 's voice and Parminder Ghumman who voiced Megatron , replacing Hugo Weaving 's voice . Shoot ' Em Up Clive Owen Mr. Smith Hindi English 2007 2007 Sex and the City Chris Noth John James `` Mr. Big '' Preston Hindi English 2008 2008 Sex and the City 2 Chris Noth John James `` Mr. Big '' Preston Hindi English The Taking of Pelham 123 John Turturro Camonetti Hindi English 2009 2009 The Tourist Johnny Depp Frank Tupelo / Alexander Pearce Hindi English Kick - Ass Nicolas Cage Damon Macready / Big Daddy Hindi English 2011 Johnny English Reborn Dominic West Simon Ambrose Hindi English 2011 2011 John Carter Dominic West Sab Than Hindi English 2012 2012 Performed alongside Mona Ghosh Shetty who voiced Lynn Collins as Dejah Thoris Captain America : The First Avenger Robert Downey Jr . Tony Stark / Iron Man Hindi English 2011 2011 Tony Stark appeared in The Avengers movie trailer attached after the end credits of this movie which was dubbed by Rajesh Khattar . The Avengers Robert Downey Jr . Tony Stark / Iron Man Hindi English 2012 2012 Performed alongside Mona Ghosh Shetty who voiced Cobie Smulders as Maria Hill , Atul Kapoor who voiced Paul Bettany as J.A.R.V.I.S. , Samay Raj Thakkar who voiced Mark Ruffalo as Dr. Bruce Banner / Hulk and Shakti Singh who dubbed Samuel L. Jackson as Nick Fury in Hindi . The Dark Knight Rises Ben Mendelsohn Mr. Daggett Hindi English 2012 2012 Performed alongside Samay Raj Thakkar who voiced Christian Bale as Bruce Wayne / Batman in Hindi . The Amazing Spider - Man Irrfan Khan Dr. Rajit Ratha Hindi English 2012 2012 Although Irrfan Khan is an Indian actor starring in an English - language film , he did n't dub over his own character in Hindi for unknown reasons , so Rajesh was chosen to Hindi - dub his character instead . Prometheus Michael Fassbender David Hindi English 2012 2012 Alex Pandian Karthi Alex Pandian Hindi Tamil 2013 2013 Released under the same name when it was released dubbed into Hindi . The title for the Telugu dub was known as : Bad Boy . Resident Evil James Purefoy Spence Parks Hindi English 2002 2002 Avengers : Age of Ultron Robert Downey Jr . Tony Stark / Iron Man Hindi English 2015 2015 Performed alongside Mona Ghosh Shetty who voiced Cobie Smulders as Maria Hill , Samay Raj Thakkar who voiced Mark Ruffalo as Dr. Bruce Banner / Hulk , Shakti Singh who dubbed Samuel L. Jackson as Nick Fury , Atul Kapoor who voiced Paul Bettany as J.A.R.V.I.S. and Vision , Shailendra Pandey who voiced James Spader as Ultron in Hindi . Goosebumps Jack Black R.L. Stine Hindi English 2015 2015 Gambler no. 1 Nagarjuna Akkineni Ramesh / ' Rummy ' Hindi Telugu 2011 Captain America : Civil War Robert Downey Jr . Tony Stark / Iron Man Hindi English 2016 2016 Performing alongside Atul Kapoor who voiced Paul Bettany as Vision , Varun Dhawan who voiced Chris Evans ( actor ) as Steve Rogers / Captain America , Rajesh Jolly whoh voiced Don Cheadle as Lt. Col. James ' Rhodey ' Rhodes 10 Endrathukulla Vikram Anonymous driver Hindi Tamil 2015 2015 The Jungle Book Giancarlo Esposito Akela Hindi English 2016 2016 Kingsman : The Secret Service Colin Firth Harry Hart / Galahad Hindi English 2014 2014 Animated films ( edit ) Film title Actor Character Dub Language Original Language Original Year Release Dub Year Release Notes Shrek Mike Myers Shrek Hindi English 2001 2001 Performed alongside Amar Babaria who voiced Eddie Murphy as Donkey and Kishore Bhatt who voiced Antonio Banderas as Puss In Boots in Hindi dubbed version . Shrek 2 Mike Myers Shrek Hindi English Shrek the Third Mike Myers Shrek Hindi English 2007 2007 Shrek Forever After Mike Myers Shrek Hindi English Shrek the Halls Mike Myers Shrek Hindi English 2007 2007 Ice Age : Dawn of the Dinosaurs Simon Pegg Buck Hindi English 2009 2009 Ice Age : Continental Drift Simon Pegg Buck Hindi English 2012 2012 This character made a cameo appearance . Performed alongside Mona Ghosh Shetty in the Hindi dubbed version . Monsters vs. Aliens Hugh Laurie Dr. Cockroach Hindi English 2009 2009 Rio Carlos Ponce Marcel Hindi English 2011 2011 Performed alongside Sonu Nigam , Shaan , Sunidhi Chauhan , Shreya Ghoshal , Vinay Pathak and Ranvir Shorey who voiced various characters in the Hindi dubbed version . Rio 2 Unknown Unknown Hindi English 2014 2014 The Adventures of Tintin Daniel Craig Ivan Ivanovitch Sakharine / Red Rackham Hindi English 2011 2011 The Croods Nicolas Cage Grug Crood Hindi English 2013 2013 Epic Blake Anderson Dagda Hindi English 2013 2013 Performed alongside Nachiket Dighe who also voiced two characters which were Nod and Mub in the Hindi dubbed version . Turbo Bill Hader Guy Gagné Hindi English 2013 2013 Production staff ( edit ) Original content ( edit ) Live - action films ( edit ) Film title Staff role Studio Language Year Release Notes Fun 2shh : Dudes in the 10th Century Writer Eagle Hindi 2003 Dubbed content ( edit ) Live - Action films ( edit ) Film title Staff role Studio picture Dub Language Original Language Original Year Release Dub Year Release Notes Lion of the Desert Writer Sound & Vision India Hindi English 1981 Hindi Script and dubbing was praised by many critics . Kung Fu Hustle Writer Sound & Vision India Hindi Cantonese Chinese 2005 He did not dub for any character in the Hindi dubbed version , but he has written the script in Hindi for the dub . Prince of Persia : The Sands of Time Writer Sound & Vision India Hindi English He was also the Hindi dubbing voice for Richard Coyle 's role as Tus and was the Narrator of the Hindi dub . Salt Writer Sound & Vision India Hindi English See also ( edit ) Dubbing ( filmmaking ) List of Indian Dubbing Artists References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` I too may get my SLUMDOG MILLIONAIRE soon - bollywood news '' . glamsham.com. 2009 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Raising their voice '' . Hindustan Times . 2011 - 06 - 04 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` A Grade Dubbing Actor - Rajesh Khattar '' . Hindi Dubbing Stars . 2012 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Skyfall Dubbing Cast - Hindi , Tamil , Telugu , Russian , Ukrainian '' . YouTube.com. 2014 - 06 - 21 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 21 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rajesh Khattar . Rajesh Khattar on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rajesh_Khattar&oldid=803228401 '' Categories : 1966 births Male actors in Hindi cinema 21st - century Indian male actors Indian male voice actors Living people People from Darjeeling Male actors from West Bengal Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from February 2013 All articles lacking in - text citations Use Indian English from August 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from August 2016 Articles with hCards Articles to be expanded from February 2013 All articles to be expanded Articles with empty sections from February 2013 All articles with empty sections Articles using small message boxes Articles to be expanded from March 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी Edit links This page was last edited on 1 October 2017 , at 07 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajesh%20Khattar	2,448
who won the fa cup and got relegated			2013 FA Cup final	2013 fa cup final	The 2013 FA Cup Final was the 132nd final of the FA Cup , the world 's oldest football cup competition . The match , contested by Manchester City and Wigan Athletic , took place on 11 May 2013 at Wembley Stadium in London , and kicked off at 5 : 15 p.m. It was Wigan 's first FA Cup final and Manchester City 's 10th . Wigan pulled off a shock victory against favourites City , winning in circumstances reminiscent of the 1988 FA Cup Final when Wimbledon overcame Liverpool . Ben Watson 's stoppage - time headed goal produced the `` greatest FA Cup Final upset for a quarter of a century '' . In the United Kingdom , the match was televised by ITV and ESPN .	The competition winners were awarded a place in the group stage of the 2013 -- 14 Europa League competition . Because Manchester City and their semi-final opponent Chelsea had already qualified for the following season 's Champions League by virtue of the clubs ' league positions , Wigan gained a Europa League place by winning their semi-final match . Wigan owner Dave Whelan led out the Wigan team before kick off along with manager Roberto Martínez . The only goal of the game came a few minutes after City 's Pablo Zabaleta had been sent off for a second yellow card , becoming the third player to be sent off in an FA Cup final . The cup was jointly lifted by playing captain Emmerson Boyce and club captain Gary Caldwell . On 20 May , Wigan had an open - top bus tour of the town to celebrate the FA Cup victory . Manchester City sacked manager Roberto Mancini two days later , confirming rumours of the manager 's fate before the match . Wigan failed to avoid relegation from the Premier League , becoming the first team to win the Cup and succumb to relegation in the same season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Route to the final 1.1 Manchester City 1.2 Wigan Athletic 2 Pre-match 3 Match 3.1 Details 3.2 Statistics 4 Post-match 5 References 6 External links Route to the final ( edit ) See also : 2012 -- 13 FA Cup Manchester City ( edit ) Round Opposition Score 3rd Watford ( H ) 3 -- 0 4th Stoke City ( A ) 0 -- 1 5th Leeds United ( H ) 4 -- 0 6th Barnsley ( H ) 5 -- 0 SF Chelsea ( N ) 1 -- 2 Key : ( H ) = Home venue ; ( A ) = Away venue ; ( N ) = Neutral venue . Entering the FA Cup in the third round by virtue of Premier League status , Manchester City 's first game was at home against Watford . In City 's side , a notable absentee was Joe Hart who was replaced by substitute goalkeeper Costel Pantilimon . Hart had been designated the club 's domestic cup goalkeeper but had conceded four goals in his previous game . The City team took control after a mixed first 20 minutes . Carlos Tevez and Gareth Barry scored in the first half . In the second half , substitute academy player Marcos Lopes scored within seconds of taking the field in the 90th minute to become the club 's youngest ever goalscorer at the age of 17 years and eight days . City progressed to a fourth round match at the Britannia Stadium to play Stoke City . In a match dominated by City it took until the 86th minute for City to score a goal from a powerful drive from Pablo Zabaleta . The fifth - round game took place on 17 February against Leeds United , a strong 4 -- 0 win boosted club spirits after progress in the league had stagnated . Although Leeds had knocked out Tottenham Hotspur in the previous round , they conceded two goals including a penalty by Sergio Agüero in the first 15 minutes , and rarely looked capable of reducing the deficit . Further goals by Tevez and Agüero sealed the tie , and City 's progression to the sixth round , where they were drawn at home to Championship club Barnsley . Barnsley , having played second - and third - tier teams in their previous cup fixtures , had their backs to the wall against City , and the disparity showed as they took an hour to record their first shot on target , by which point they had conceded four . Tevez scored a hat - trick and set up two more for David Silva and Aleksandar Kolarov as City swept their opponents aside . In the semi-finals , City took on defending champions Chelsea at Wembley for the fourth time in the FA Cup , and the first time since 1971 , in the semi-final on 14 April . In a fast - paced match , City took control largely pinning Chelsea back for long periods and took the lead in the 35th minute , when Samir Nasri 's poorly - timed cross was deflected back into his own path for him to sweep the ball over Petr Čech . Chelsea , the less energetic of the teams picked themselves up but failed to take control of the game , and were punished two minutes into the second half when a quick Gareth Barry free - kick put the ball on the head of Agüero , who sent a high looping header into the far corner beyond Čech 's reach . City continued to press and had more opportunities to score but when Fernando Torres came onto the field from the substitute 's bench , Chelsea fashioned a chance for Demba Ba , whose reflex kick gave Chelsea a goal . Resurgent , Chelsea dominated the last 25 minutes , the ball barely leaving City 's half but for a handful of wasted counter-attacks , while a series of defensive substitutions confirmed City 's intent to play the game out rather than seeking a third . Despite the pressure they exerted , Chelsea were unable to score , and defeat meant they had failed to reach the FA Cup final and would not be able to defend their trophy . Chelsea 's goal meant that City were within 29 minutes of being the first team since 1966 to reach an FA Cup final without conceding a goal . Wigan Athletic ( edit ) Round Opposition Score 3rd Replay A.F.C. Bournemouth ( H ) A.F.C. Bournemouth ( A ) 1 -- 1 0 -- 1 4th Macclesfield Town ( A ) 0 -- 1 5th Huddersfield Town ( A ) 1 -- 4 6th Everton ( A ) 0 -- 3 SF Millwall ( N ) 0 -- 2 Key : ( H ) = Home venue ; ( A ) = Away venue ; ( N ) = Neutral venue . Premier League Wigan 's FA Cup campaign began in the third round against League One AFC Bournemouth . Roberto Martínez fielded a number of fringe players , and made nine changes to the team that played a Premier League match four days earlier . Despite having home advantage , the club was unable to progress to the next round in one game , drawing 1 -- 1 . Towards the end of the first half , Eunan O'Kane struck a sweet shot from outside the penalty area into the top right corner , while Jordi Gómez levelled the tie midway through the second half on the rebound from the penalty spot after two of his teammates had struck the bar . By the time of the replay , AFC Bournemouth were on an impressive 18 - match unbeaten run , but conceded the tie and unbeaten run through poor defensive work as Mauro Boselli picked up a weak pass from the Bournemouth midfield to their own defence , thumping the ball home from some way out when no defender closed him down . Bournemouth struck the bar twice , but while both teams came close to scoring , Boselli 's goal put Wigan through to the next round . Wigan were drawn against non-league Macclesfield Town in the fourth round . Snow had to be cleared from the pitch on the morning of the game to avoid it being postponed . Gómez scored the only goal from a penalty awarded after Callum McManaman was brought down in the box in the sixth minute of play . The early goal did not dent the spirits of Macclesfield , the lowest ranked team remaining in the competition , who came back strongly coming close to equalising , but Wigan progressed with a 1 -- 0 win . Victory gave Wigan their second appearance in the FA Cup Fifth round since the founding of the club in 1932 . Wigan were drawn away again -- their first game against Bournemouth was their only home game of the campaign -- to Huddersfield Town . The team quickly took control , McManaman scored his first FA Cup goal of the season on 31 minutes after running into the box and jinking around the nearside defender to blast the ball over the goalkeeper . Less than ten minutes later , Gómez ' shot was deflected onto the foot of Arouna Koné , who was close enough to the goal that his outstretched leg almost crossed the goal line , though he was questionably . Goals from James McArthur and Koné 's second sealed the tie , although Lee Novak 's header , leaving goalkeeper Joel Robles on the goal line , gave Huddersfield a consolation . A quarter - final draw against Everton at Goodison Park seemed to spell the end of Wigan 's cup run when the club drew Premier League opposition for the first time . Everton were just pulling out of a bad run of form , having taken 12 points from 27 . Though Everton had the larger share of possession , Wigan proved more clinical and efficient destroying Everton 's hopes with three goals in four minutes . Although Everton continued to fight , Wigan had a third clean sheet and the first FA Cup semi-final appearance in the club 's history . For Wigan 's fifth appearance at Wembley Stadium , they drew Championship side Millwall , while Manchester City and Chelsea had the `` power match '' of the penultimate round on the following day . Though the match was scrappy in the beginning , Wigan scored in the 25th minute when Koné hit a perfect cross onto the foot of Shaun Maloney , who found himself in space in front of the six - yard box and hit his shot under Millwall goalkeeper David Forde . While the possession statistics suggested a fairly even match , Millwall 's failure to register a shot on target told as Wigan instead went close several times before Gómez play a well - timed through ball past the Millwall defence to McManaman , who picked it up and took it round Forde before slotting home Wigan 's second in the 78th minute , sealing the win for Wigan . Pre-match ( edit ) Manchester City appeared in an FA Cup Final for the tenth time since the club was founded in 1880 . The club had won the cup five times ( in 1904 , 1934 , 1956 , 1969 and 2011 ) and were runners - up four times ( 1926 , 1933 , 1955 and 1981 ) . Wigan Athletic made their first appearance in an FA Cup Final since the club was founded in 1932 . Wigan Athletic wore the club 's black away kit for the final and used the away team dressing room and were allocated the East End of the stadium . Manchester City fans occupied the West End and the team played in their home kit after winning the coin toss to decide who would wear which kit . Ticket prices for the final started at £ 45 and were available at £ 65 , £ 85 and £ 115 , with a £ 10 discount for concessions . Manchester City received an initial allocation of 25,000 tickets , later increased to 31,779 , while Wigan requested 21,000 tickets , later increased to a 25,000 allocation . The traditional pre-match anthem , `` Abide with Me '' , was performed by musical quartet Amore alongside the Royal Philharmonic Concert Orchestra . The national anthem was also performed by Amore with the Band of the Grenadier Guards . Match ( edit ) Details ( edit ) 11 May 2013 17 : 15 BST Manchester City 0 -- 1 Wigan Athletic Report Watson 90 + 1 ' Wembley Stadium , London Attendance : 86,254 Referee : Andre Marriner ( West Midlands ) Manchester City Wigan Athletic GK Joe Hart RB 5 Pablo Zabaleta 60 ' , 84 ' CB Vincent Kompany ( c ) CB 33 Matija Nastasić 75 ' LB 22 Gaël Clichy RM 21 David Silva CM 42 Yaya Touré CM 18 Gareth Barry 87 ' 90 + 2 ' LM 8 Samir Nasri 54 ' CF 16 Sergio Agüero CF 32 Carlos Tevez 69 ' Substitutes : GK 30 Costel Pantilimon DF 6 Joleon Lescott DF 13 Aleksandar Kolarov MF 7 James Milner 54 ' MF 14 Javi García MF 17 Jack Rodwell 69 ' FW 10 Edin Džeko 90 + 2 ' Manager : Roberto Mancini GK Joel Robles 90 + 3 ' RB 17 Emmerson Boyce ( c ) CB 33 Paul Scharner CB Antolín Alcaraz LB 18 Roger Espinoza RM James McCarthy CM 16 James McArthur LM 14 Jordi Gómez 81 ' RF 15 Callum McManaman CF Arouna Koné LF 10 Shaun Maloney Substitutes : GK 26 Ali Al - Habsi DF 5 Gary Caldwell DF 25 Román Golobart MF 8 Ben Watson 81 ' MF 20 Fraser Fyvie FW 9 Franco Di Santo FW 11 Ángelo Henríquez Manager : Roberto Martínez Man of the match Callum McManaman ( Wigan Athletic ) Match officials Assistant referees : Stephen Child ( London ) Simon Long ( Cornwall ) Fourth official : Anthony Taylor ( Cheshire ) Reserve official : Gary Beswick ( Durham ) Match rules 90 minutes . 30 minutes of extra-time if necessary . Penalty shoot - out if scores still level . Seven named substitutes . Maximum of three substitutions . Statistics ( edit ) Manchester City Wigan Athletic Total shots 15 15 Shots on target 12 7 Ball possession 52 % 48 % Corner kicks 5 Fouls committed 11 5 Offsides Yellow cards Red cards 0 Source : BBC Sport Post-match ( edit ) As FA Cup winners , Wigan Athletic received £ 1.8 million from the FA Cup Prize Fund , while Manchester City earned £ 900,000 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Veevers , Nicholas ( 11 May 2013 ) . `` Cup wonder for Wigan '' . TheFA.com . The Football Association . Retrieved 12 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marriner takes charge of final '' . TheFA.com . The Football Association . 17 April 2013 . Retrieved 12 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Bloom , Ben ( 11 May 2013 ) . `` FA Cup final -- Manchester City v Wigan Athletic : live '' . Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 14 May 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.wunderground.com/history/airport/EGLL/2013/5/11/DailyHistory.html?req_city=NA&req_state=NA&req_statename=NA Jump up ^ `` FA turn back on traditional 3pm kick - off and confirm late start for FA Cup final '' . Mail Online . Associated Newspapers. 16 April 2013 . Retrieved 16 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 11 May 2013 ) . `` Ben Watson heads Wigan to FA Cup final glory against Manchester City '' . The Observer . Guardian News and Media . Retrieved 12 May 2013 . Jump up ^ The Sunday Times , Sport , page 1 Jump up ^ `` FA Cup final to see Wigan write new chapter '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 15 April 2013 . Retrieved 16 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Rostance , Tom ( 11 May 2013 ) . `` 2013 FA Cup Final : As it happened '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . Retrieved 15 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Draper , Rob ( 11 May 2013 ) . `` Manchester City 0 Wigan 1 : Wat an upset ! Mancini heading for the sack after Watson sinks City with last - minute header to win FA Cup for Martinez 's underdogs '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 12 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Bloom , Ben ( 11 May 2013 ) . `` FA Cup final -- Manchester City v Wigan Athletic : live '' . Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 12 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Scotland defender Gary Caldwell laughs as he leads Wigan up to lift trophy ... without having played a minute '' . Daily Record . 12 May 2013 . Archived from the original on 27 April 2014 . Retrieved 13 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Drayton , John ( 20 March 2013 ) . `` Championship - bound Wigan refuse to let relegation ruin FA Cup glory as Martinez 's men tour their town in open - top bus '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 21 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Roberto Mancini sacked as Manchester City manager '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 13 May 2013 . Retrieved 13 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The inside story of Wigan 's win over Manchester City in the 2013 final '' . BBC Sport. 18 February 2018 . Retrieved 21 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Man City 3 -- 0 Watford '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 5 January 2013 . Retrieved 17 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Clayton , David ( 7 January 2013 ) . `` Marcos makes his mark ! '' . mcfc.co.uk . Manchester City FC . Retrieved 17 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Magowan , Alistair ( 5 January 2013 ) . `` Stoke 0 -- 1 Man City '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . Retrieved 17 April 2013 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 17 February 2013 ) . `` Man City 4 -- 0 Leeds United '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . Retrieved 17 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Bevan , Chris ( 9 March 2013 ) . `` Man City 5 -- 0 Barnsley '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . Retrieved 17 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Bagchi , Rob ( 12 April 2013 ) . `` Chelsea and Manchester City bring rarity value to FA Cup semi-final '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 17 April 2013 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 14 April 2013 ) . `` Chelsea 1 -- 2 Man City '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . Retrieved 17 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Owen ; Bevan , Chris ( 12 April 2013 ) . `` FA Cup : Chelsea v Man City : Who will win at Wembley ? '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . Retrieved 17 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Si ( 5 January 2013 ) . `` Wigan Athletic 1 Bournemouth 1 : match report '' . Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 15 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wigan 1 -- 1 Bournemouth '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 5 January 2013 . Retrieved 9 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Hassan , Nabil ( 15 January 2013 ) . `` Bournemouth 0 -- 1 Wigan '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . Retrieved 9 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bevan , Chris ( 26 January 2013 ) . `` Macclesfield 0 -- 1 Wigan '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . Retrieved 16 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Magowan , Alistair ( 17 February 2013 ) . `` Huddersfield 1 -- 4 Wigan '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . Retrieved 9 May 2013 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 9 March 2013 ) . `` Everton 0 -- 3 Wigan '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . Retrieved 9 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FA Cup semi-final draw : City await winners of Chelsea and United replay in last four '' . Mail Online . Associated Newspapers. 10 March 2013 . Retrieved 9 May 2013 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 13 April 2013 ) . `` Millwall 0 -- 2 Wigan '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . Retrieved 9 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cup Final Results '' . TheFA.com . The Football Association . Retrieved 15 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Latics in black for final '' . wiganlatics.co.uk ( Wigan Athletic FC ) . 16 April 2013 . Retrieved 17 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 FA Cup Final Ticket Prices '' . TheFA.com ( The Football Association ) . 17 April 2013 . Retrieved 24 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FA Cup Final -- Updated ticket information '' . mcfc.co.uk ( Manchester City FC ) . 3 May 2013 . Retrieved 24 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FA Cup Final Ticket Details '' . wiganlatics.co.uk ( Wigan Athletic FC ) . 17 April 2013 . Retrieved 24 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 FA Cup Final day schedule '' . TheFA.com ( The Football Association ) . 11 May 2013 . Retrieved 15 May 2013 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 11 May 2013 ) . `` Man City 0 -- 1 Wigan '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . Retrieved 11 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 FA Cup Final '' . wembleystadium.com ( Wembley Stadium ) . 11 May 2013 . Retrieved 24 April 2013 . 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when did adding birthday candles to cakes originate			Birthday cake	birthday cake	A birthday cake is a cake eaten as part of a birthday celebration in many world traditions . Variations of the typical birthday cake include birthday cupcakes , cake pops , pastries , and tarts . While there is not a universal standard regarding taste , birthday cakes are often vanilla - , chocolate - , or strawberry - flavored . They are also baked in a variety of shapes and decorated in one color or multiple colors with icing or fondant .	Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Contemporary rites 3 Candles and theories of origin 3.1 Greek origin story 3.2 Pagan origin story 3.3 German origin story 3.4 Swiss origin story 4 Birthday cakes in different cultures 4.1 The ritual of blowing out birthday candles 5 See also 6 References History ( edit ) The Birthday Cake by 19th - century German genre painter Pancraz Körle ( de ) . Birthday cakes have been a part of birthday celebrations in Western European countries since the middle of the 19th century . However , the link between cakes and birthday celebrations may date back to ancient Roman times . In classical Roman culture , ' cakes ' were occasionally served at special birthdays and at weddings . These were flat circles made from flour and nuts , leavened with yeast , and sweetened with honey . In the 15th century , bakeries in Germany began to market one - layer cakes for customers ' birthdays as opposed to only marketing cakes for weddings , and thus the modern birthday cake was born . During the 17th century , the birthday cake took on its contemporary form . These elaborate 17th century cakes had many aspects of the contemporary birthday cake , like multiple layers , icing , and decorations . However , these cakes were only available to the very wealthy . Birthday cakes became accessible to the lower class as a result of the industrial revolution and the spread of more materials and goods . Contemporary rites ( edit ) Child with Snow White Cake , circa 1930 -- 1940 The cake , pastry , or dessert is served to a person on their birthday . In contemporary Western cultures , the one individual being celebrated will blow out a number of candles on the cake . There is no standard for birthday cakes , though the `` Happy Birthday '' song is often sung while the cake is served in English - speaking countries , or an equivalent birthday song in the appropriate language of the country . The phrase `` Happy Birthday '' did not appear on birthday cakes until the song `` Happy Birthday to You '' was popularized in the early 1900s . Variations of birthday songs and rituals exist in different parts of the world . In Uruguay , party guests touch the person 's shoulder or head following the singing of `` Happy Birthday to You '' . In Ecuador , the person whose birthday it is will take a large bite of the birthday cake before it is served . In Peru , guests use to sing `` Happy Birthday to You '' first in English with the name of the individual whose birthday it is , then in Spanish , later they sing any other song in Spanish regarding cake or date , finally blowing candles and serving the cake . The birthday cake is often decorated with small candles , secured with special holders or simply pressed down into the cake . The cake can also be served with other sweets such as ice cream . In the UK , North America and Australia , the number of candles is equal to the age of the individual whose birthday it is , sometimes with one extra for luck . Traditionally , the person whose birthday it is makes a wish , which is thought to come true if all the candles are extinguished in a single breath . To represent a sharing of joy and a sense of togetherness , the cake is shared amongst all the guests attending the party . Candles and theories of origin ( edit ) See also : History of candle making Modern Celebration Candles . Though the exact origin and significance of the candle blowing ritual is unknown , there are multiple theories which try to explain this tradition . Greek origin story ( edit ) One theory explaining the tradition of placing candles on birthday cakes is attributed to the early Greeks , who used candles to honor the goddess Artemis ' birth on the sixth day of every lunar month . The link between her oversight of fertility and the birthday tradition of candles on cakes , however , has not been established . Pagan origin story ( edit ) Kinder Fest . The use of fire in certain rites dates back to the creation of altars . Birthday candles hold symbolic power . In the past it was believed that evil spirits visited people on their birthdays and that , to protect the person whose birthday it was from evil , people must surround the individual and make them merry . Party - goers made noise to scare away evil spirits . German origin story ( edit ) German celebration cake for the 100th anniversary Girls with birthday cake . Postcard from 1920 . In 18th century Germany , the history of candles on cakes can be traced back to Kinderfest , a birthday celebration for children . This tradition also makes use of candles and cakes . German children were taken to an auditorium - like space . There , they were free to celebrate another year in a place where Germans believed that adults protected children from the evil spirits attempting to steal their souls . In those times there was no tradition of bringing gifts to a birthday ; guests would merely bring good wishes for the birthday person . However , if a guest did bring gifts it was considered to be a good sign for the person whose birthday it was . Later , flowers became quite popular as a birthday gift . In 1746 , a large birthday festival was held for Count Ludwig von Zinzendorf at Marienborn near Büdingen . Andrew Frey described the party in detail and mentions , `` there was a Cake as large as any Oven could be found to bake it , and Holes made in the Cake according to the Years of the Person 's Age , every one having a Candle stuck into it , and one in the Middle . '' - Gotha - Altenburg ) ) , recounts of his 52nd birthday on 28 August : `` ... when it was time for dessert , the prince 's entire livery in full regalia entered , led by the majordomo . He carried a generous - size torte with colorful flaming candles - amounting to some fifty candles - that began to melt and threatened to burn down , instead of there being enough room for candles indicating upcoming years , as is the case with children 's festivities of this kind . '' As the excerpt indicates , the tradition at the time was to place one candle on the cake for each year of the individual 's life , so that the number of candles on top of the cake would represent the age which someone had reached ; sometimes a birthday cake would have some candles ' indicating upcoming years . ' Swiss origin story ( edit ) A reference to the tradition of blowing out the candles was documented in Switzerland in 1881 . Researchers for the Folk - Lore Journal recorded various `` superstitions '' among the Swiss middle class . One statement depicted a birthday cake as having lighted candles which correspond to each year of life . These candles were required to be blown out , individually , by the person who is being celebrated . Birthday cakes in different cultures ( edit ) Tteok - cake ( birthday cake made of rice cakes ) There are many variations of sweets which are eaten around the world on birthdays . The Chinese birthday pastry is the shòu bāo ( 壽包 , simp . 寿包 ) or shòu táo bāo ( 壽桃包 , simp . 寿桃包 ) , a lotus - paste - filled bun made of wheat flour and shaped and colored to resemble a peach . Rather than serving one large pastry , each guest is served their own small shou bao . In Korea , the traditional birthday dish is seaweed soup . In Western Russia , birthday children are served fruit pies with a birthday greeting carved into the crusts . The Swedish birthday cake is made like a pound cake that is often topped with marzipan and decorated with the national flag . Dutch birthday pastries are fruit tarts topped with whipped cream . In India there are very few people who use birth celebration in villages , but in cities and towns , birthday cakes are used similarly as in western countries , especially among people with higher education . The ritual of blowing out birthday candles ( edit ) Creamy rapsberry birthday cake In many cultures the person whose birthday is being celebrated is invited to make a wish , and blow out candles . In June 2017 researchers at Clemson University reported that some individuals deposit a large number of bacteria on the cake . See also ( edit ) Food portal Wedding cake List of desserts Birthday Rite of passage References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Birthday Cakes : History & Recipes - Online article with an extensive bibliography '' . Jump up ^ ( The Lore of Birthdays ( New York , 1952 ) , Ralph and Adelin Linton , pp. 8 , 18 - 20 . ) Jump up ^ `` Keeping the Legacy '' . German Hausbarn . Jump up ^ `` History of Birthdays '' . Jump up ^ Frey , Andreas ( 1753 - 01 - 01 ) . A true and authentic account of Andrew Frey . Containing the occasion of his coming among the ... Moravians ( &c . ) . Transl . Jump up ^ Shirley Cherkasky : Birthday Cakes and Candles , p. 220 books. google . `` Meinen eintretenden Geburtstag wollte man mit gnädiger Aufmerksamkeit bei einem solchen geschlossenen Mahle feiern ; schon an den gewöhnlichen Gängen sah man einigen Unterschied ; beim Nachtisch aber trat nun die sämtliche Livree des Prinzen in stattlich gekleidetem Zug herein , voran der Haushofmeister ; dieser trug eine große , von bunten Wachsstöcken flammende Torte , deren ins Halbhundert sich belaufende Anzahl einander zu schmelzen und zu verzehren drohte , anstatt daß bei Kinderfeierlichkeiten der Art noch Raum genug für nächstfolgende Lebenskerzen übrigbleibt . '' Goethe 's Tag - und Jahreshefte 1801 http://www.zeno.org/nid/20004859979 Jump up ^ The Folk - lore Journal . Folk - lore Society . 1883 - 01 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Sarah Zhang ( 2017 - 07 - 27 ) . `` Blowing Out Birthday Candles Increases Cake Bacteria by 1,400 Percent : But it 's okay , really ! '' . Atlantic magazine . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 03 . On average , blowing out the candles increased the amount of bacteria on the frosting by 14 times . But in one case , it increased the amount of bacteria by more than 120 times . `` Some people blow on the cake and they do n't transfer any bacteria . Whereas you have one or two people who really for whatever reason ... transfer a lot of bacteria . '' says Dawson . '' ^ Jump up to : Sarah Young ( 2017 - 07 - 31 ) . `` Blowing out birthday candles increases bacteria on cake by 1,400 % , study reveals '' . The Independent . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 03 . They then lit the candles and blew them out before diluting the frosting with sterilised water and spreading it out on agar plates for the bacteria to grow . ^ Jump up to : Elizabeth Sherman ( 2017 - 07 - 28 ) . `` Blowing Out Birthday Candles Could Ruin the Cake '' . Food and wine magazine . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ Paul Dawson , Inyee Han , Danielle Lynn , Jenevieve Lackey , Johnson Baker , Rose Martinez - Dawson ( 2017 ) . `` Bacterial Transfer Associated with Blowing Out Candles on a Birthday Cake '' . Journal of Food Research . 6 ( 4 ) . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 03 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Find more aboutBirthday cakeat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Wikimedia Commons has media related to Birthday cakes . Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Birthday cake '' dated 2006 - 04 - 16 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Cake List of cakes Butter cakes Devil 's food cake Gooey butter cake Pound cake Cheesecakes Fiadone Ostkaka Chocolate cakes Batik cake Black Forest cake Blackout cake Chantilly cake Chocolate brownie Flourless chocolate cake Fudge cake Garash cake German chocolate cake Hedgehog slice Joffre cake Kladdkaka Molten chocolate cake Sachertorte Torta caprese Fruitcakes Apple cake Avocado cake Banana cake Bánh chuối Black bun Bolo rei Cherry cake Clementine cake Dundee cake Fig cake Genoa cake Jewish apple cake Panforte Plum cake Raisin cake Layer cakes Angel cake Buckwheat gateau Dobos torte Esterházy torte Hot milk cake Maria Luisa cake Mille - feuille Cremeschnitte Napoleonka Šampita Tompouce Princess cake Prinzregententorte Rainbow cake Sarawak cake Spekkoek Torte Vínarterta Spit cakes Baumkuchen Kürtőskalács ( Chimney cake ) Šakotis Spettekaka Trdelník Sponge cakes Bánh bò Battenberg cake Boston cream pie Bundt cake Castella Charlotte Donauwelle Frankfurter Kranz French Fancy Frog cake Génoise Gugelhupf Ladyfinger Lamington Madeira cake Madeleine Mantecadas Marble cake Misérable cake Opera cake Pandan cake Paper wrapped cake Red velvet cake Rum cake Shortcake Spice cake Swiss roll Tres leches cake Upside - down cake Walnut and coffee cake Foam cakes and meringue Angel food cake Chiffon cake Dacquoise Kiev cake Pavlova Sans rival Spanische Windtorte Zuger Kirschtorte Yeast cakes Babka Banana bread Banbury cake Cacavellu Campanile Canestru Chorley cake Date and walnut loaf Flies ' graveyard Inuliata Pandoro Rum baba Streuselkuchen Sweetheart cake Welsh cake Special occasions Birthday cake Buccellato Bûche de Noël Christmas cake Doberge cake Groom 's cake Halloween cake King cake Rosca de reyes Kransekake Lekach Marry girl cake Mooncake Pan de Pascua Pop out cake Simnel cake Soul cake Stack cake Stollen Strenna Wedding cake Other Beer cake Better than sex cake Biscuit Bizcocho Bulla cake Cake balls Cake pop Carrot cake Coconut cake Coffee cake Croquembouche Cupcake Cupcone Gingerbread house man Heavy cake Ice cream cake Kuih Lolly cake Muffin Ontbijtkoek Pain d'épices Pancake Parkin Petit four Pryanik Tula pryanik Punschkrapfen Ruske kape Teacake Tiramisu Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Birthday_cake&oldid=825426515 '' Categories : Cakes Birthdays Traditions Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles needing additional references from June 2017 All articles needing additional references Interlanguage link template link number All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Spoken articles Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Македонски Nederlands 日本語 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Simple English Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 February 2018 , at 09 : 41 . 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who is the first prophet quoted in the gospel of mark			Gospel of Mark	gospel of mark	The Gospel According to Mark ( Greek : τὸ κατὰ Μᾶρκον εὐαγγέλιον , to kata Markon euangelion ) , is one of the four canonical gospels and one of the three synoptic gospels . It tells of the ministry of Jesus from his baptism by John the Baptist to his death and burial and the discovery of the empty tomb -- there is no genealogy of Jesus or birth narrative , nor , in the original ending at chapter 16 , any post-resurrection appearances . It portrays Jesus as a heroic man of action , an exorcist , a healer , and a miracle worker . Jesus is also the Son of God , but he keeps his identity secret ( the Messianic Secret ) , concealing it in parables so that even the disciples fail to understand . All this is in keeping with prophecy , which foretold the fate of the messiah as suffering servant . The gospel ends , in its original version , with the discovery of the empty tomb , a promise to meet again in Galilee , and an unheeded instruction to spread the good news of the resurrection .	Mark probably dates from 66 -- 70 CE . It appears as the second New Testament gospel because it was traditionally thought to be an epitome ( summary ) of Matthew , but most scholars now regard it as the earliest written gospel . They also reject the tradition which ascribes it to Mark the Evangelist , the companion of the apostle Peter , and regard it as the work of an unknown author working with various sources including collections of miracle stories , controversy stories , parables , and a passion narrative . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition and setting 1.1 Composition 1.2 Synoptic problem and historicity 1.3 Setting 1.4 Place in the Christian Church 2 Structure , style and content 2.1 Structure 2.2 Style 2.3 Content 2.4 Ending 3 Theology 3.1 Mark 's gospel theology 3.1. 1 The failure of the disciples 3.1. 2 The charge of magic 3.1. 3 The messianic secret 3.2 Christology : Mark 's understanding of Jesus 3.3 Eschatology and salvation : The meaning of Christ 's death , resurrection and return 4 Comparison with other writings 4.1 Mark and the New Testament 4.2 Sayings unique to Mark 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 7.1 Citations 7.2 Bibliography 8 Further reading 9 External links Composition and setting ( edit ) Mantegna 's St. Mark Composition ( edit ) The two - source hypothesis : Most scholars agree that Mark was the first of the gospels to be composed , and that the authors of Matthew and Luke used it plus a second document called the Q source when composing their own gospels . The blue sections indicate material original to Luke and Matthew . The Gospel of Mark was written anonymously . Early Christian tradition ascribes it to John Mark , a companion and interpreter of the apostle Peter . Hence its author is often called Mark , even though most modern scholars are doubtful of the Markan tradition and instead regard the author as unknown . It was probably written c . AD 66 -- 70 , during Nero 's persecution of the Christians in Rome or the Jewish revolt , as suggested by internal references to war in Judea and to persecution . The author used a variety of pre-existing sources , such as conflict stories ( Mark 2 : 1 -- 3 : 6 ) , apocalyptic discourse ( 4 : 1 -- 35 ) , and collections of sayings ( although not the Gospel of Thomas and probably not the Q source ) . Mark was written in Greek , for a gentile audience ( that they were gentiles is shown by the author 's need to explain Jewish traditions and translate Aramaic terms ) of Greek - speaking Christians : Rome ( Mark uses a number of Latin terms ) , Galilee , Antioch ( third - largest city in the Roman Empire , located in northern Syria ) , and southern Syria have all been offered as alternative places of authorship . The author may have been influenced by Greco - Roman biographies and rhetorical forms , popular novels and romances , and the Homeric epics ; nevertheless , he mentions almost no public figures , makes no allusions to Greek or Roman literature , and takes all his references from the Jewish scriptures , mostly in their Greek versions from the Septuagint . His book is not history in the modern sense , or even in the sense of classical Greek and Roman historians , but `` history in an eschatological or apocalyptic sense , '' depicting Jesus caught up in events at the end of time . Synoptic Problem and historicity ( edit ) Mark the Evangelist , 16th - century Russian icon The gospels of Matthew , Mark and Luke bear a striking resemblance to each other , so much so that their contents can easily be set side by side in parallel columns . The fact that they share so much material verbatim and yet also exhibit important differences has led to a number of hypotheses explaining their interdependence , a phenomenon termed the Synoptic Problem . Traditionally , Mark was thought to be an epitome ( summary ) of Matthew : for example , Augustine of Hippo believed they were written in order , `` first Matthew , then Mark , thirdly Luke , lastly John '' and that Mark followed Matthew as `` his attendant and epitomizer '' . Today , the most widely accepted hypothesis is that Mark was the first gospel ( Marcan Priority ) and was used as a source by both Matthew and Luke , together with considerable additional material . The strongest argument for this is the fact that Matthew and Luke agree with each other in their sequence of stories and events only when they also agree with Mark . The 19th century recognition of Mark as the earliest gospel led to the belief that it must therefore be the most reliable . This conclusion was refuted by two works published in the early decades of the 20th century : in 1901 William Wrede argued that Mark 's sequence of episodes is in fact an artificial construct with theological motivation ; and in 1919 Karl Ludwig Schmidt showed how the links between the episodes are the invention of the writer , thus undermining the gospel 's claim to be a reliable guide to the chronology of Jesus ' mission . The modern consensus is that Mark 's purpose was to present a theological message rather than to write history , but this gospel is nevertheless still seen as the most reliable of the four in terms of its overall description of Jesus 's life and ministry . Setting ( edit ) Christianity began within Judaism , with a Christian `` church '' ( or ἐκκλησία , ekklesia , meaning `` assembly '' ) that arose shortly after his death , when some of his followers claimed to have witnessed him risen from the dead . From the outset , Christians depended heavily on Jewish literature , supporting their convictions through the Jewish scriptures . Those convictions involved a nucleus of key concepts : the messiah , the son of God and the son of man , the Day of the Lord , the kingdom of God . Uniting these ideas was the common thread of apocalyptic expectation : Both Jews and Christians believed that the end of history was at hand , that God would very soon come to punish their enemies and establish his own rule , and that they were at the centre of his plans . Christians read the Jewish scripture as a figure or type of Jesus Christ , so that the goal of Christian literature became an experience of the living Christ . The new movement spread around the eastern Mediterranean and to Rome and further west , and assumed a distinct identity , although the groups within it remained extremely diverse . The gospels were written for an audience already Christian -- their purpose was to strengthen the faith of those who already believed , not to convert unbelievers . Christian `` churches '' were small communities of believers , often based on households ( an autocratic patriarch plus extended family , slaves , freedmen , and other clients ) , and the evangelists often wrote on two levels , one the `` historical '' presentation of the story of Jesus , the other dealing with the concerns of the author 's own day . Thus the proclamation of Jesus in Mark 1 : 14 and the following verses , for example , mixes the terms Jesus would have used as a 1st - century Jew ( `` kingdom of God '' ) and those of the early church ( `` believe '' , `` gospel '' ) . More fundamentally , some scholars believe Mark 's reason for writing was to counter believers who saw Jesus in a Greek way , as wonder - worker ( the Greek term is `` divine man '' ) ; Mark saw the suffering of the messiah as essential , so that the `` Son of God '' title ( the Hellenistic `` divine man '' ) had to be corrected and amplified with the `` Son of Man '' title , which conveyed Christ 's suffering . Other scholars think Mark might have been writing as a Galilean Christian against those Jewish Christians in Jerusalem who saw the Jewish revolt against Rome ( 66 -- 73 CE ) as the beginning of the `` end times '' : for Mark , the Second Coming would be in Galilee , not Jerusalem , and not until the generation following the revolt . Place in the Christian Church ( edit ) Mark was traditionally placed second , and sometimes fourth , in the Christian canon , as a somewhat inferior abridgement of what was regarded as the most important gospel , Matthew . The Church has consequently derived its view of Jesus primarily from Matthew , secondarily from John , and only distantly from Mark . It was only in the 19th century that Mark came to be seen as the earliest of the four gospels , and as a source used by both Matthew and Luke . The hypothesis of Markan priority ( that Mark was written first ) continues to be held by the majority of scholars today , and there is a new recognition of the author as an artist and theologian using a range of literary devices to convey his conception of Jesus as the authoritative yet suffering Son of God . Structure , style and content ( edit ) Detailed content of Mark 1 . Galilean ministry John the Baptist ( 1 : 1 -- 8 ) Baptism of Jesus ( 1 : 9 -- 11 ) Temptation of Jesus ( 1 : 12 -- 13 ) Good News ( 1 : 15 ) First disciples ( 1 : 16 -- 20 ) Capernaum 's synagogue ( 1 : 21 -- 28 ) Peter 's mother - in - law ( 1 : 29 -- 31 ) Exorcising at sunset ( 1 : 32 -- 34 ) A leper ( 1 : 35 -- 45 ) A paralytic ( 2 : 1 -- 2 : 12 ) Calling of Matthew ( 2 : 13 -- 17 ) Fasting and wineskins ( 2 : 18 -- 22 ) Lord of the Sabbath ( 2 : 23 -- 28 ) Man with withered hand ( 3 : 1 -- 6 ) Withdrawing to the sea ( 3 : 7 -- 3 : 12 ) Commissioning the Twelve ( 3 : 13 -- 19 ) Blind mute ( 3 : 20 -- 26 ) Strong man ( 3 : 27 ) Eternal sin ( 3 : 28 -- 30 ) Jesus ' true relatives ( 3 : 31 -- 35 ) Parable of the Sower ( 4 : 1 -- 9 , 13 - 20 ) Purpose of parables ( 4 : 10 -- 12 , 33 - 34 ) Lamp under a bushel ( 4 : 21 -- 23 ) Mote and Beam ( 4 : 24 -- 25 ) Growing seed and Mustard seed ( 4 : 26 -- 32 ) Calming the storm ( 4 : 35 -- 41 ) Demon named Legion ( 5 : 1 -- 20 ) Daughter of Jairus ( 5 : 21 -- 43 ) Hometown rejection ( 6 : 1 -- 6 ) Instructions for the Twelve ( 6 : 7 -- 13 ) Beheading of John ( 6 : 14 -- 29 ) Feeding the 5000 ( 6 : 30 -- 44 ) Walking on water ( 6 : 45 -- 52 ) Fringe of his cloak heals ( 6 : 53 -- 56 ) Discourse on Defilement ( 7 : 1 -- 23 ) Canaanite woman 's daughter ( 7 : 24 -- 30 ) Deaf mute ( 7 : 31 -- 37 ) Feeding the 4000 ( 8 : 1 -- 9 ) No sign will be given ( 8 : 10 -- 21 ) Healing with spit ( 8 : 22 -- 26 ) Peter 's confession ( 8 : 27 -- 30 ) Jesus predicts his death ( 8 : 31 -- 33 , 9 : 30 -- 32 , 10 : 32 -- 34 ) Instructions for followers ( 8 : 34 -- 9 : 1 ) Transfiguration ( 9 : 2 -- 13 ) Possessed boy ( 9 : 14 -- 29 ) Teaching in Capernaum ( 9 : 33 -- 50 ) 2 . Journey to Jerusalem Entering Judea and Transjordan ( 10 : 1 ) On divorce ( 10 : 2 -- 12 ) Little children ( 10 : 13 -- 16 ) Rich young man ( 10 : 17 -- 31 ) Son of man came to serve ( 10 : 35 -- 45 ) Blind Bartimaeus ( 10 : 46 -- 52 ) 3 . Events in Jerusalem Entering Jerusalem ( 11 : 1 -- 11 ) Cursing the fig tree ( 11 : 12 -- 14 , 20 - 24 ) Temple incident ( 11 : 15 -- 19 ) Prayer for forgiveness ( 11 : 25 -- 26 ) Authority questioned ( 11 : 27 -- 33 ) Wicked husbandman ( 12 : 1 -- 12 ) Render unto Caesar ... ( 12 : 13 -- 17 ) Resurrection of the Dead ( 12 : 18 -- 27 ) Great Commandment ( 12 : 28 -- 34 ) Is the Messiah the son of David ? ( 12 : 35 -- 40 ) Widow 's mite ( 12 : 41 -- 44 ) Olivet discourse ( 13 ) Plot to kill Jesus ( 14 : 1 -- 2 ) Anointing ( 14 : 3 -- 9 ) Bargain of Judas ( 14 : 10 -- 11 ) Last Supper ( 14 : 12 -- 26 ) Denial of Peter ( 14 : 27 -- 31 , 66 - 72 ) Agony in the Garden ( 14 : 32 -- 42 ) Kiss of Judas ( 14 : 43 -- 45 ) Arrest ( 14 : 46 -- 52 ) Before the High Priest ( 14 : 53 -- 65 ) Pilate 's court ( 15 : 1 -- 15 ) Soldiers mock Jesus ( 15 : 16 -- 20 ) Simon of Cyrene ( 15 : 21 ) Crucifixion ( 15 : 22 -- 41 ) Entombment ( 15 : 42 -- 47 ) Empty tomb ( 16 : 1 -- 8 ) The Longer Ending ( 16 : 9 -- 20 ) Resurrection appearances ( 16 : 9 -- 13 ) Great Commission ( 16 : 14 -- 18 ) Ascension ( 16 : 19 ) Dispersion of the Apostles ( 16 : 20 ) This box : view talk edit Page from Mark in a Latin bible dated 1486 ( Bodleian Library ) Structure ( edit ) There is no agreement on the structure of Mark . There is , however , a widely recognised break at Mark 8 : 26 -- 31 : before 8 : 26 there are numerous miracle stories , the action is in Galilee , and Jesus preaches to the crowds , while after 8 : 31 there are hardly any miracles , the action shifts from Galilee to gentile areas or hostile Judea , and Jesus teaches the disciples . Peter 's confession at Mark 8 : 27 -- 30 that Jesus is the messiah thus forms the watershed to the whole gospel . A further generally recognised turning point comes at the end of chapter 10 , when Jesus and his followers arrive in Jerusalem and the foreseen confrontation with the Temple authorities begins , leading R.T. France to characterise Mark as a three - act drama . James Edwards in his 2002 commentary points out that the gospel can be seen as a series of questions asking first who Jesus is ( the answer being that he is the messiah ) , then what form his mission takes ( a mission of suffering culminating in the crucifixion and resurrection , events only to be understood when the questions are answered ) , while another scholar , C. Myers , has made what Edwards calls a `` compelling case '' for recognising the incidents of Jesus ' baptism , transfiguration and crucifixion , at the beginning , middle and end of the gospel , as three key moments , each with common elements , and each portrayed in an apocalyptic light . Stephen H. Smith has made the point that the structure of Mark is similar to the structure of a Greek tragedy Style ( edit ) Examples of Mark 's literary style include the use of summaries , in which several stories about Jesus are all wrapped up into one description ( Mark 6 : 55 , 56 ) . Content ( edit ) Jesus is first announced as the messiah and then later as the Son of God ; he is baptised by John and a heavenly voice announces him as the Son of God ; he is tested in the wilderness by Satan ; John is arrested , and Jesus begins to preach the good news of the kingdom of God . Jesus gathers his disciples ; he begins teaching , driving out demons , healing the sick , cleansing lepers , raising the dead , feeding the hungry , and giving sight to the blind ; he delivers a long discourse in parables to the crowd , intended for the disciples , but they fail to understand ; he performs mighty works , calming the storm and walking on water , but while God and demons recognise him , neither the crowds nor the disciples grasp his identity . He also has several run - ins with Jewish law keepers especially in chapters 2 - 3 . Jesus asks the disciples who people say he is , and then , `` but you , who do you say I am ? '' Peter answers that he is the Christ , and Jesus commands him to silence ; Jesus explains that the Son of Man must go to Jerusalem and be killed , but will rise again ; Moses and Elijah appear with Jesus and God tells the disciples , `` This is my son , '' but they remain uncomprehending . Jesus goes to Jerusalem , where he is hailed as one who `` comes in the name of the Lord '' and will inaugurate the `` kingdom of David '' ; he drives those who buy and sell animals from the Temple and debates with the Jewish authorities ; on the Mount of Olives he announces the coming destruction of the Temple , the persecution of his followers , and the coming of the Son of Man in power and glory . A woman perfumes Jesus ' head with oil , and Jesus explains that this is a sign of his coming death ; Jesus celebrates Passover with the disciples , declares the bread and wine to be his body and blood , and goes with them to Gethsemane to pray ; there Judas betrays him to the Jews ; interrogated by the high priest , he says that he is the Christ , the Son of God , and will return as Son of Man at God 's right hand ; the Jewish leaders turn him over to Pilate , who has him crucified as one who claims to be `` king of the Jews '' ; Jesus , abandoned by the disciples , is buried in a rock tomb by a friendly member of the Jewish council . The women who have followed Jesus come to the tomb on Sunday morning ; they find it empty , and are told by a young man in a white robe to go and tell the others that Jesus has risen and has gone before them to Galilee ; `` but they said nothing to anyone , for they were afraid ... '' Ending ( edit ) Further information : Mark 16 The earliest and most reliable manuscripts of Mark end at Mark 16 : 8 , with the women fleeing in fear from the empty tomb : the majority of recent scholars believe this to be the original ending , and this is supported by statements from the early Church Fathers Eusebius and Jerome . Two attempts were made to provide a more satisfactory conclusion . A minority of later manuscripts have what is called the `` shorter ending '' , an addition to Mark 16 : 8 telling how the women told `` those around Peter '' all that the angel had commanded and how the message of eternal life ( or `` proclamation of eternal salvation '' ) was then sent out by Jesus himself . This addition differs from the rest of Mark both in style and in its understanding of Jesus . The overwhelming majority of manuscripts have the `` longer ending '' , Mark 16 : 9 -- 20 , with accounts of the resurrected Jesus , the commissioning of the disciples to proclaim the gospel , and Christ 's ascension . This ending was possibly written in the early 2nd century and added later in the same century . Modern scholars have proposed many explanations for the abrupt original ending , though none with universal acceptance . It could indicate a connection to the theme of the `` Messianic Secret '' . Whatever the case , it is clear that Mark 's Jesus looks forward to a post-death meeting in Galilee , and it is likely that at that meeting , like the final meeting in Galilee that Matthew depicts , Mark 's Jesus would command the disciples to take his message to the nations . Theology ( edit ) First page of the Gospel of Mark : `` The beginning of the gospel of Jesus Christ , the Son of God '' , by Sargis Pitsak ( 14th century ) Minuscule 2427 -- `` Archaic Mark '' Mark 's gospel Theology ( edit ) The author introduces his work as `` gospel '' , meaning `` good news '' , a literal translation of the Greek `` evangelion '' -- he uses the word more often than any other writer in the New Testament besides Paul . Paul uses it to mean `` the good news ( of the saving significance of the death and resurrection ) of Christ '' ; Mark extends it to the career of Christ as well as his death and resurrection . Like the other gospels , Mark was written to confirm the identity of Jesus as eschatological deliverer -- the purpose of terms such as `` messiah '' and `` son of God '' . As in all the gospels , the messianic identity of Jesus is supported by a number of themes , including : ( 1 ) the depiction of his disciples as obtuse , fearful and uncomprehending ; ( 2 ) the refutation of the charge made by Jesus ' enemies that he was a magician ; ( 3 ) secrecy surrounding his true identity ( this last is missing from John ) . The failure of the disciples ( edit ) In Mark , the disciples , and especially the Twelve , move from lack of perception of Jesus to rejection of the `` way of suffering '' to flight and denial -- even the women who received the first proclamation of his resurrection can be seen as failures for not reporting the good news . There is much discussion of this theme among scholars . Some argue that the author of Mark was using the disciples to correct `` erroneous '' views in his own community concerning the reality of the suffering messiah , others that it is an attack on the Jerusalem branch of the church for resisting the extension of the gospel to the gentiles , or a mirror of the convert 's usual experience of the initial enthusiasm followed by growing awareness of the necessity for suffering . It certainly reflects the strong theme in Mark of Jesus as the `` suffering just one '' portrayed in so many of the books of the Jewish scriptures , from Jeremiah to Job and the Psalms , but especially in the `` Suffering Servant '' passages in Isaiah . It also reflects the Jewish scripture theme of God 's love being met by infidelity and failure , only to be renewed by God . And in the real - world context in which the gospel was written , the persecutions of the Christians of Rome under Nero , the failure of the disciples and Jesus ' denial by Peter himself would have been powerful symbols of faith , hope and reconciliation . The charge of magic ( edit ) Mark contains twenty accounts of miracles and healings , accounting for almost a third of the gospel and half the first ten chapters , more , proportionally , than in any other gospel . In the gospels as a whole , Jesus ' miracles , prophecies , etc. , are presented as evidence of God 's rule , but Mark 's descriptions of Jesus ' healings are a partial exception to this , as his methods , using spittle to heal blindness ( Mark 8 : 22 -- 26 ) and magic formulae ( `` Talitha cumi , '' 5 : 41 , `` Ephphatha , '' 7 : 34 ) , were those of a magician . This is the charge the Jewish religious leaders bring against Jesus : they say he is performing exorcisms with the aid of an evil spirit ( Mark 3 : 22 ) and calling up the spirit of John the Baptist ( Mark 6 : 14 ) . `` There was ... no period in the history of the ( Roman ) empire in which the magician was not considered an enemy of society , '' subject to penalties ranging from exile to death , says Classical scholar Ramsay MacMullen . All the gospels defend Jesus against the charge , which , if true , would contradict their ultimate claims for him . The point of the Beelzebub incident in Mark ( Mark 3 : 20 -- 30 ) is to set forth Jesus ' claims to be an instrument of God , not Satan . The Messianic secret ( edit ) Main article : Messianic secret In 1901 , William Wrede identified the `` Messianic secret '' -- Jesus ' secrecy about his identity as the messiah -- as one of Mark 's central themes . Wrede argued that the elements of the secret -- Jesus ' silencing of the demons , the obtuseness of the disciples regarding his identity , and the concealment of the truth inside parables , were fictions , and arose from the tension between the Church 's post-resurrection messianic belief and the historical reality of Jesus . There remains continuing debate over how far the `` secret '' originated with Mark and how far he got it from tradition , and how far , if at all , it represents the self - understanding and practices of the historical Jesus . Christology : Mark 's understanding of Jesus ( edit ) See also : Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament Christology means a doctrine or understanding concerning the person or nature of Christ . In the New Testament writings it is frequently conveyed through the titles applied to Jesus . Most scholars agree that `` Son of God '' is the most important of these titles in Mark . It appears on the lips of God himself at the baptism and the transfiguration , and is Jesus ' own self - designation ( Mark 13 : 32 ) . These and other instances provide reliable evidence of how the evangelist perceived Jesus , but it is not clear just what the title meant to Mark and his 1st century audience . Where it appears in the Hebrew scriptures it meant Israel as God 's people , or the king at his coronation , or angels , as well as the suffering righteous man . In Hellenistic culture the same phrase meant a `` divine man '' , a supernatural being . There is little evidence that `` son of God '' was a title for the messiah in 1st century Judaism , and the attributes which Mark describes in Jesus are much more those of the Hellenistic miracle - working `` divine man '' than of the Jewish Davidic messiah . Mark does not explicitly state what he means by `` Son of God '' , nor when the sonship was conferred . The New Testament as a whole presents four different understandings : Jesus became God 's son at his resurrection , God `` begetting '' Jesus to a new life by raising him from the dead -- this was the earliest understanding , preserved in Paul 's Epistle to the Romans , 1 : 3 -- 4 , and in Acts 13 : 33 ; Jesus became God 's son at his baptism , the coming of the Holy Spirit marking him as messiah , while `` Son of God '' refers to the relationship then established for him by God -- this is the understanding implied in Mark 1 : 9 -- 11 ; Matthew and Luke present Jesus as `` Son of God '' from the moment of conception and birth , with God taking the place of a human father ; John , the last of the gospels , presents the idea that the Christ was pre-existent and became flesh as Jesus -- an idea also found in Paul . Mark also calls Jesus `` christos '' ( Christ ) , translating the Hebrew `` messiah , '' ( anointed person ) . In the Old Testament the term messiah ( `` anointed one '' ) described prophets , priests and kings ; by the time of Jesus , with the kingdom long vanished , it had come to mean an eschatological king ( a king who would come at the end of time ) , one who would be entirely human though far greater than all God 's previous messengers to Israel , endowed with miraculous powers , free from sin , ruling in justice and glory ( as described in , for example , the Psalms of Solomon , a Jewish work from this period ) . The most important occurrences are in the context of Jesus ' death and suffering , suggesting that , for Mark , Jesus can only be fully understood in that context . A third important title , `` Son of Man '' , has its roots in Ezekiel , the Book of Enoch , ( a popular Jewish apocalyptic work of the period ) , and especially in Daniel 7 : 13 -- 14 , where the Son of Man is assigned royal roles of dominion , kingship and glory . Mark 14 : 62 combines more scriptural allusions : before he comes on clouds ( Daniel 7 : 13 ) the Son of Man will be seated on the right hand of God ( psalm 110 : 1 ) , pointing to the equivalence of the three titles , Christ , Son of God , Son of Man , the common element being the reference to kingly power . Eschatology and salvation : the meaning of Christ 's death , resurrection and return ( edit ) Eschatology means the study of the end - times , and the Jews expected the messiah to be an eschatological figure , a deliverer who would appear at the end of the age to usher in an earthly kingdom . The earliest Jewish Christian community saw Jesus as a messiah in this Jewish sense , a human figure appointed by God as his earthly regent ; but they also believed in Jesus ' resurrection and exultation to heaven , and for this reason they also viewed him as God 's agent ( the `` son of God '' ) who would return in glory ushering in the Kingdom of God . The term `` Son of God '' likewise had a specific Jewish meaning , or range of meanings , one of the most significant being the earthly king adopted by God as his son at his enthronement , legitimising his rule over Israel . In Hellenistic culture , in contrast , the phrase meant a `` divine man '' , covering legendary heroes like Hercules , god - kings like the Egyptian pharaohs , or famous philosophers like Plato . When the gospels call Jesus `` Son of God '' the intention is to place him in the class of Hellenistic and Greek divine men , the ' sons of God '' who were endowed with supernatural power to perform healings , exorcisms and other wonderful deeds . Mark 's `` Son of David '' is Hellenistic , his Jesus predicting that his mission involves suffering , death and resurrection , and , by implication , not military glory and conquest . This reflects a move away from the Jewish - Christian apocalyptic tradition and towards the Hellenistic message preached by Paul , for whom Christ 's death and resurrection , rather than the establishment of the apocalyptic Jewish kingdom , is the meaning of salvation , the `` gospel '' . Comparison with other writings ( edit ) `` Entering into the sepulchre , they saw a young man sitting on the right side , clothed in a long white garment '' -- Mark 's description of the discovery of the empty tomb ( from the Pericopes of Henry II ) Mark and the New Testament ( edit ) All four gospels tell a story in which Jesus ' death and resurrection are the crucial redemptive events . There are , however , important differences between the four : Unlike John , Mark never calls Jesus `` God '' , or claims that Jesus existed prior to his earthly life ; unlike Matthew and Luke , the author does not mention a virgin birth , and apparently believes that Jesus had a normal human parentage and birth ; unlike Matthew and Luke , he makes no attempt to trace Jesus ' ancestry back to King David or Adam with a genealogy . Christians of Mark 's time expected Jesus to return as Messiah in their own lifetime -- Mark , like the other gospels , attributes the promise to Jesus himself ( Mark 9 : 1 and 13 : 30 ) , and it is reflected in the letters of Paul , in the epistle of James , in Hebrews , and in Revelation . When return failed , the early Christians revised their understanding . Some acknowledged that the Second Coming had been delayed , but still expected it ; others redefined the focus of the promise , the Gospel of John , for example , speaking of `` eternal life '' as something available in the present ; while still others concluded that Jesus would not return at all ( 2 Peter argues against those who held this view ) . Mark 's despairing death of Jesus was changed to a more victorious one in subsequent gospels . Mark 's Christ dies with the cry , `` My God , my God , why have you forsaken me ? '' ; Matthew , the next gospel to be written , repeats this word for word but manages to make clear that Jesus 's death is the beginning of the resurrection of Israel ; Luke has a still more positive picture , replacing Mark 's ( and Matthew 's ) cry of despair with one of submission to God 's will ( `` Father , into your hands I commend my spirit '' ) ; while John , the last gospel , has Jesus dying without apparent suffering in fulfillment of the divine plan . Sayings unique to Mark ( edit ) The Sabbath was made for man , not man for the Sabbath ( Mark 2 : 27 ) . Not present in either Matthew 12 : 1 -- 8 or Luke 6 : 1 -- 5 . This is also a so - called `` Western non-interpolation '' . The passage is not found in the Western text of Mark . People were saying , `` ( Jesus ) has gone out of his mind '' , see also Rejection of Jesus ( Mark 3 : 21 ) . Mark is the only gospel with the combination Mark 4 : 24 -- 25 , the other gospels split them up : Mark 4 : 24 being found in Luke 6 : 38 and Matthew 7 : 2 ; Mark 4 : 25 being found in Matthew 13 : 12 and 25 : 29 , Luke 8 : 18 and 19 : 26 . Parable of the Growing Seed ( 4 : 26 -- 29 ) . Only Mark counts the possessed swine ; there are about two thousand ( Mark 5 : 13 ) . Two consecutive healing stories of women ; both make use of the number twelve ( Mark 5 : 25 and Mark 5 : 42 ) . Only Mark gives healing commands of Jesus in the ( presumably original ) Aramaic : Talitha koum ( Mark 5 : 41 ) , Ephphatha ( Mark 7 : 34 ) . See Aramaic of Jesus . Only place in the New Testament Jesus is referred to as `` the son of Mary '' ( Mark 6 : 3 ) . Mark is the only gospel where Jesus himself is called a carpenter ( Mark 6 : 3 ) ; in Matthew he is called a carpenter 's son ( Matthew 13 : 55 ) . Only place that both names his brothers and mentions his sisters ( Mark 6 : 3 ) ; Matthew has a slightly different name for one brother ( Matthew 13 : 55 ) . The taking of a staff and sandals is permitted in Mark 6 : 8 -- 9 but prohibited in Matthew 10 : 9 -- 10 and Luke 9 : 3 . Only Mark refers to Herod as a king ( Mk 6 : 14 , 24 ) ; Matthew and Luke refer to him ( more properly ) as a tetrarch ( Mt 14 : 1 ; Lk 3 : 19 ; 9 : 7 ) . The longest version of the story of Herodias ' daughter 's dance and the beheading of John the Baptist ( Mark 6 : 14 -- 29 ) . Mark 's literary cycles : 6 : 30 -- 44 -- Feeding of the five thousand ; 6 : 45 -- 56 -- Crossing of the lake ; 7 : 1 -- 13 -- Dispute with the Pharisees ; 7 : 14 -- 23 -- Discourse on Defilement Then : 8 : 1 -- 9 -- Feeding of the four thousand ; 8 : 10 -- Crossing of the lake ; 8 : 11 -- 13 -- Dispute with the Pharisees ; 8 : 14 -- 21 -- Incident of no bread and discourse about the leaven of the Pharisees . Customs that at that time were unique to Jews are explained ( hand , produce , and utensil washing ) : 7 : 3 -- 4 . `` Thus he declared all foods clean '' . 7 : 19 NRSV , not found in the Matthean parallel Matthew 15 : 15 -- 20 . There is no mention of Samaritans Jesus heals using his fingers and spit at the same time : 7 : 33 ; cf . Mark 8 : 23 , Luke 11 : 20 , John 9 : 6 , Matthew 8 : 16 ; see also Exorcism . Jesus lays his hands on a blind man twice in curing him : 8 : 23 -- 25 ; cf. 5 : 23 , 16 : 18 , Acts 6 : 6 , 9 : 17 , 28 : 8 , laying on of hands . Jesus cites the Shema Yisrael : `` Hear O Israel ... '' ( 12 : 29 -- 30 ) ; in the parallels of Matt 22 : 37 -- 38 and Luke 10 : 27 the first part of the Shema ( Deut 6 : 4 ) is absent . Mark points out that the Mount of Olives is across from the temple ( 13 : 3 ) . When Jesus is arrested , a young naked man flees : 14 : 51 -- 52 . A young man in a robe also appears in 16 : 5 -- 7 , see also Secret Gospel of Mark . Mark does not name the High Priest , cf . Matt 26 : 57 , Luke 3 : 2 , Acts 4 : 6 , John 18 : 13 . Witness testimony against Jesus does not agree ( 14 : 56 , 14 : 59 ) . The cock crows `` twice '' as predicted ( Mark 14 : 72 ) . See also Fayyum Fragment . The other Gospels simply record , `` the cock crew '' . Early codices 01 , W , and most Western texts have the simpler version . Pilate 's position ( Governor ) is not specified , 15 : 1 , cf . Matt 27 : 2 , Luke 3 : 1 , John 18 : 28 -- 29 . Simon of Cyrene 's sons are named ( Mark 15 : 21 ) . A summoned centurion is questioned ( Mark 15 : 44 -- 45 ) . The women ask each other who will roll away the stone ( Mark 16 : 3 ) , cf . Matt 28 : 2 -- 7 . A young man sits on the `` right side '' ( Mark 16 : 5 ) , cf . Luke 24 : 4 , John 20 : 12 . Mark is the only canonical gospel with significant various alternative endings ( see Mark 16 , Possible Scenarios ) ; however , most of the contents of the traditional `` Longer Ending '' ( Mark 16 : 9 -- 20 ) are found in other New Testament texts and are not unique to Mark , see Mark 16 # The Longer Ending . The one significant exception is 16 : 18b `` and if they drink any deadly thing '' , it will not harm those who believe , which is unique to Mark . See also ( edit ) Gospel of Mark Chapters Mark 1 Mark 2 Mark 3 Mark 4 Mark 5 Mark 6 Mark 7 Mark 8 Mark 9 Mark 10 Mark 11 Mark 12 Mark 13 Mark 14 Mark 15 Mark 16 Gospel harmony Textual variants in the Gospel of Mark Two - source hypothesis Apocalyptic literature Acts of the Apostles ( genre ) Sanhedrin Trial of Jesus ( reference to Mark ) Secret Gospel of Mark List of Gospels List of omitted Bible verses Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Similar to a rabbinical saying from the 2nd century BC , `` The Sabbath is given over to you ( '' the son of man `` ) , and not you to the Sabbath . '' Misunderstood Passages Jump up ^ The verb katharizo means both `` to declare to be clean '' and `` to purify . '' The Scholars Version has : `` This is how everything we eat is purified '' , Gaus ' Unvarnished New Testament has : `` purging all that is eaten . '' Jump up ^ Willker , Wieland . `` A Textual Commentary on the Greek Gospels . Vol. 2 : Mark , p. 448 '' ( PDF ) . TCG 2007 : An Online Textual Commentary on the Greek Gospels , 5th ed . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 February 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 09 . References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Boring 2006 , pp. 252 -- 53 . ^ Jump up to : Boring 2006 , pp. 1 -- 3 . ^ Jump up to : Perkins 1998 , p. 241 . Jump up ^ Perkins 2009 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Beaver 2009 , p. 189 . Jump up ^ Burkett 2002 , p. 156 . Jump up ^ Sanders 1995 , pp. 63 -- 64 . Jump up ^ Burkett 2002 , pp. 155 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Reddish 2011 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Boring 2006 , pp. 13 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Burkett 2002 , p. 157 . Jump up ^ Donahue 2005 , pp. 15 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Donahue 2005 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Augustine of Hippo , Harmony of the Gospels , Book 1 , Chapter 2 Jump up ^ Koester 2000 , pp. 44 -- 46 . ^ Jump up to : Williamson 1983 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Joel 2000 , p. 859 . Jump up ^ Powell 1998 , p. 37 . ^ Jump up to : Lössl 2010 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Gamble 1995 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Collins 2000 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Aune 1987 , p. 59 . ^ Jump up to : Aune 1987 , p. 60 . ^ Jump up to : Aune 1987 , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Edwards 2002 , pp. 1 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Twelftree 1999 , p. 68 . Jump up ^ Cole 1989 , p. 86 . Jump up ^ Cole 1989 , pp. 86 -- 87 . Jump up ^ France 2002 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Edwards 2002 , pp. 38 -- 39 . Jump up ^ Smith 1995 , pp. 209 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Meyer 's NT Commentary on Mark 6 , accessed 8 June 2017 ; Donahue , J.R. and Harrington D.J. , Sacra Pagina : the Gospel of Mark , published by Liturgical Press ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Edwards 2002 , pp. 500 -- 01 . ^ Jump up to : Schröter 2010 , p. 279 . ^ Jump up to : Horsely 2007 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Edwards 2002 , p. 500 . ^ Jump up to : Aune 1987 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Morris 1990 , p. 95 . ^ Jump up to : Aune 1987 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Donahue 2005 , pp. 33 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Twelftree 1999 , p. 57 . ^ Jump up to : Kee 1993 , p. 483 . Jump up ^ Powell 1998 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Welch 2006 , p. 362 . ^ Jump up to : Aune 1987 , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Cross & Livingstone 2005 , p. 1083 . Jump up ^ Telford 1999 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Telford 1999 , pp. 38 -- 9 . ^ Jump up to : Telford 1999 , pp. 38 -- 39 . Jump up ^ Donahue 2005 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Ehrman 1993 , p. 74 . Jump up ^ Burkett 2002 , pp. 68 -- 69 . ^ Jump up to : Donahue 2005 , pp. 25 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Edwards 2002 , p. 250 . Jump up ^ Witherington 2001 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Donahue 2005 , pp. 26 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Witherington 2001 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Burkett 2002 , p. 69 . ^ Jump up to : Telford 1999 , p. 155 . Jump up ^ Dunn 2003 , pp. 709 -- 10 . ^ Jump up to : Strecker 2000 , pp. 81 -- 82 . Jump up ^ Dunn 2003 , p. 69 . Jump up ^ Telford 1999 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Hurtado 2005 , p. 587 . ^ Jump up to : Burkett 2002 , p. 158 . Jump up ^ Burkett 2002 , pp. 69 -- 70 . ^ Jump up to : Moyise 2013 , p. unpaginated . Jump up ^ Twelftree 1999 , p. 79 . Bibliography ( edit ) Aune , David E. ( 1987 ) . The New Testament in its literary environment . Westminster John Knox Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 664 - 25018 - 8 . Beaver , Caurie ( 2009 ) . Mark : A Twice - Told Story . Wipf and Stoc . ISBN 9781608991211 . Boring , M. Eugene ( 2006 ) . Mark : A Commentary . Presbyterian Publishing Corp . ISBN 978 - 0 - 664 - 22107 - 2 . Brown , Raymond E. ( 1997 ) . An Introduction to the New Testament . Doubleday . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 24767 - 2 . Burkett , Delbert ( 2002 ) . An introduction to the New Testament and the origins of Christianity . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 00720 - 7 . Cole , R. Alan ( 1989 ) . The Gospel According to Mark : An Introduction and Commentary ( 2 ed . ) . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 0481 - 5 . Collins , Adela Yarbro ( 2000 ) . Cosmology and Eschatology in Jewish and Christian Apocalypticism . Brill . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 11927 - 7 . Cross , Frank L. ; Livingstone , Elizabeth A. , eds. ( 2005 ) ( 1997 ) . `` Messianic Secret '' . The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church ( 3 ed . ) . Oxford University Press . p. 1083 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 280290 - 3 . Donahue , John R. ( 2005 ) ( 2002 ) . The Gospel of Mark . Liturgical Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8146 - 5965 - 6 . Dunn , James D.G. ( 2003 ) . Jesus Remembered . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 3931 - 2 . Edwards , James ( 2002 ) . The Gospel According to Mark . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85111 - 778 - 2 . Ehrman , Bart D. ( 1993 ) . The Orthodox Corruption of Scripture : The Effect of Early Christological Controversies on the Text of the New Testament . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 510279 - 6 . Ehrman , Bart D. ( 1 May 2006 ) . Peter , Paul and Mary Magdalene : The Followers of Jesus in History and Legend . Oxford University Press . pp. 6 -- 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 974113 - 7 . Ehrman , Bart D. ( 15 September 2005 ) . Lost Christianities : The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew . Oxford University Press . p. 235 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 975668 - 1 . Most scholars today have abandoned these identifications ... France , R.T. ( 2002 ) . The Gospel of Mark : A Commentary on the Greek text . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 2446 - 2 . Gamble , Harry Y. ( 1995 ) . Books and Readers in the Early Church : A History of Early Christian Texts . Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 06918 - 1 . Horsely , Richard A. ( 2007 ) . `` Mark '' . In Coogan , Michael David ; Brettler , Marc Zvi ; Newsom , Carol Ann . The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocryphal / Deuterocanonical Books : New Revised Standard Version . Oxford University Press . pp. 56 -- 92 New Testament . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 528881 - 0 . Hurtado , Larry W. ( 2005 ) ( 2003 ) . Lord Jesus Christ : Devotion to Jesus in Earliest Christianity . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 3167 - 5 . Joel , Marcus ( 2000 ) . Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible . Eerdmans . ISBN 9789053565032 . Kee , Howard Clark ( 1993 ) . `` Magic and Divination '' . In Coogan , Michael David ; Metzger , Bruce M. The Oxford Companion to the Bible . Oxford University Press . pp. 483 -- 84 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 504645 - 8 . Koester , Helmut ( 2000 ) ( 1982 ) . Introduction to the New Testament : History and literature of early Christianity ( 2 ed . ) . Walter de Gruyter . ISBN 978 - 0 - 567 - 16561 - 9 . Lössl , Josef ( 2010 ) . The Early Church : History and Memory . Continuum . ISBN 978 - 0 - 567 - 16561 - 9 . Malbon , Elizabeth Struthers ( 2000 ) . In the Company of Jesus : Characters in Mark 's Gospel . Westminster John Knox Press . ISBN 9780664222550 . Morris , Leon ( 1990 ) ( 1986 ) . New Testament Theology . Zondervan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 310 - 45571 - 4 . Moyise , Steve ( 2013 ) . Introduction to Biblical Studies . Bloomsbury . ISBN 9780567189264 . Perkins , Pheme ( 1998 ) . `` The Synoptic Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles : Telling the Christian Story '' . In Barton , John . The Cambridge companion to biblical interpretation . Westminster John Knox Press . pp. 241 -- 58 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 48593 - 7 . Perkins , Pheme ( 2009 ) ( 2007 ) . Introduction to the Synoptic Gospels . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 6553 - 3 . Powell , Mark Allan ( 1998 ) . Jesus as a Figure in History : How Modern Historians View the Man from Galilee . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 664 - 25703 - 3 . Reddish , Mitchell ( 2011 ) . An Introduction to The Gospels . Abingdon Press , 2011 . ISBN 9781426750083 . Sanders , E ( 1995 ) . The Historical Figure of Jesus . Penguin UK . Schröter , Jens ( 2010 ) . `` The Gospel of Mark '' . In Aune , David E. The Historical Jesus : A Comprehensive Guide . Wiley -- Blackwell . pp. 272 -- 95 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 0825 - 6 . Smith , Stephen H. ( 1995 ) . `` A Divine Tragedy : Some Observations on the Dramatic Structure of Mark 's Gospel '' . Novum Testamentum . E.J. Brill , Leiden. 37 ( 3 ) : 209 -- 31 . doi : 10.1163 / 1568536952662709 . JSTOR 1561221 . Strecker , Georg ( 2000 ) . Theology of the New Testament . Walter de Gruyter . ISBN 978 - 0 - 664 - 22336 - 6 . Telford , William R. ( 1999 ) . The Theology of the Gospel of Mark . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 43977 - 0 . Twelftree , Graham H. ( 1999 ) . Jesus the miracle worker : a historical & theological study . InterVarsity Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8308 - 1596 - 8 . Welch , John W. ( 2006 ) . `` Miracles , Maleficium , and Maiestas in the Trial of Jesus '' . In Charlesworth , James H. Jesus and Archaeology . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 4880 - 2 . Williamson , Lamar ( 1983 ) . Mark . John Knox Press . ISBN 9780664237608 . Witherington , Ben ( 2001 ) . The Gospel of Mark : A Socio - rhetorical Commentary . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 4503 - 0 . Further reading ( edit ) Brown , Raymond E. ( 1994 ) . An Introduction to New Testament Christology . Paulist Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8091 - 3516 - 5 . Crossan , John Dominic ( 2010 ) ( 1998 ) . The Birth of Christianity : Discovering What Happened in the Years Immediately After the Execution of Jesus . HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 197815 - 9 . Ehrman , Bart D. ( 2005 ) . Misquoting Jesus . Harper Collins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 085951 - 0 . Ehrman , Bart D. ( 2009 ) . Jesus Interrupted . Harper Collins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 117394 - 3 . Ladd , George Eldon ( 1993 ) . A Theology of the New Testament . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 0680 - 2 . Lane , William L. ( 1974 ) . The Gospel According to Mark : The English Text with Introduction , Exposition and Notes . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 2502 - 5 . Levine , Amy - Jill ( 2001 ) ( 1998 ) . `` Visions of kingdoms : From Pompey to the first Jewish revolt '' . In Coogan , Michael D . The Oxford History of the Biblical World . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 513937 - 2 . Mack , Burton L. ( 1994 ) ( 1993 ) . The Lost Gospel : The Book of Q and Christian origins . HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 065375 - 0 . Perrin , Norman ; Duling , Dennis C. ( 1982 ) . The New Testament : An Introduction ( 2 ed . ) . Harcourt Brace Jovanovich . ISBN 978 - 0 - 15 - 565726 - 7 . Schnelle , Udo ( 1998 ) . The History and Theology of the New Testament Writings . Fortress Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8006 - 2952 - 6 . ( M. Eugene Boring translator ) Theißen , Gerd ; Merz , Annette ( 1998 ) . The Historical Jesus : A Comprehensive Guide . Augsburg Fortress . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8006 - 3123 - 9 . Van Linden , Philip ( 1992 ) ( 1989 ) . `` Mark '' . In Karris , Robert J. The Collegeville Bible Commentary : New Testament , NAB . Liturgical Press . pp. 903 -- 35 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8146 - 2211 - 7 . Weeden , Theodore J. ( 1995 ) . `` The Heresy that Necessitated Mark 's Gospel '' . In Telford , William . Interpretation of Mark . Continuum . ISBN 978 - 0 - 567 - 29256 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Wikiversity has learning resources about Biblical Studies ( NT ) # The Gospels : The Life and Ministry of Jesus Wikiquote has quotations related to : Gospel of Mark Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gospel of Mark . Online translations of the Gospel of Mark Bible Gateway 35 languages / 50 versions at GospelCom.net Unbound Bible 100 + languages / versions at Biola University Online Bible at gospelhall.org Early Christian Writings : Mark in numerous English translations , on - line scholarly resources Mark on Wikisource ( King James version ) Bible : Mark public domain audiobook at LibriVox Various versions Related articles A Brief Introduction to Mark Resources for the Book of Mark at The Text This Week An Online Textual Commentary on the Greek Gospels by Wieland Willker , including detailed text - critical discussion of the 300 most important variants of the Greek text ( PDF , 411 pages ) and the variant endings ( PDF , 17 pages ) . Catholic Commentary on Sacred Scripture Gospel of Mark , Author Dr. Mary Healy Gospel of Mark Synoptic Gospel Preceded by Gospel of Matthew New Testament Books of the Bible Succeeded by Gospel of Luke Jesus Historicity Chronology of Jesus Genealogy of Jesus Historical Jesus Quest for the historical Jesus portraits sources Josephus on Jesus Tacitus mention Mara bar Serapion letter Historicity Gospels race and appearance Life events Birth Nativity Mary Joseph Flight into Egypt Childhood Unknown years Baptism Temptation Apostles selecting Great Commission Ministry Sermon on the Mount Plain Prayers Lord 's Prayer Parables Miracles Transfiguration Homelessness Last Supper Passion arrest trial Crucifixion sayings on the cross Tomb Resurrection Ascension New Testament Gospels Matthew Mark Luke John Gospel harmony Oral gospel traditions Life of Jesus in the New Testament Historical background of the New Testament New Testament places associated with Jesus Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament Culture Language of Jesus Bibliography Films Christianity Christ Christianity Christology Depictions of Jesus art Jesus in Christianity pre-existence incarnation Relics associated with Jesus Scholastic Lutheran Christology Second Coming Session of Christ Other views Brothers of Jesus Jesuism Jesus in comparative mythology Christ myth theory Jesus in Islam Ahmadiyya Jesus in Scientology Judaism 's view of Jesus in the Talmud Master Jesus Religious perspectives on Jesus Criticism Gospel of Mark Bible Mark 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Places Bethany Bethsaida Capernaum Dalmanutha Galilee Jerusalem Jordan River Judea Nazareth Samaria Sea of Galilee People Andrew Caiaphas Herod Antipas Jesus Christ John the Baptist Joseph of Arimathea Judas Iscariot Mary Mary Magdalene Philip Pontius Pilate Simon Peter Thomas Zebedee Groups Pharisees Sadducees Samaritans Sanhedrin Events Feeding the 5000 Walking on water Last Supper Crucifixion of Jesus Sources Greek Text Latin Vulgate Wycliffe Version King James Version American Standard Version World English Version ← Gospel of Matthew ( chapter 28 ) Gospel of Luke ( chapter 1 ) → ( hide ) Books of the Bible Principal divisions Hebrew Bible / Old Testament Protocanon Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy Joshua Judges Ruth 1 -- 2 Samuel 1 -- 2 Kings 1 -- 2 Chronicles Ezra Nehemiah Esther Job Psalms Proverbs Ecclesiastes Song Isaiah Jeremiah Lamentations Ezekiel Daniel Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Deuterocanon and Apocrypha Catholic Orthodox Tobit Judith Additions to Esther 1 Maccabees 2 Maccabees Wisdom Sirach Baruch / Letter of Jeremiah Additions to Daniel Susanna Song of the Three Children Bel and the Dragon Orthodox only 1 Esdras 2 Esdras Prayer of Manasseh Psalm 151 3 Maccabees 4 Maccabees Odes Tewahedo Orthodox Enoch Jubilees 1 , 2 , and 3 Meqabyan Paralipomena of Baruch Broader canon Syriac Letter of Baruch 2 Baruch Psalms 152 -- 155 New Testament Matthew Mark Luke John Acts Romans 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians 1 Timothy 2 Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews James 1 Peter 2 Peter 1 John 2 John 3 John Jude Revelation Subdivisions Chapters and verses Pentateuch Wisdom Major prophets / Minor prophets Gospels Synoptic Epistles Pauline Johannine Pastoral Catholic Apocalyptic literature Development Old Testament canon New Testament canon Antilegomena Jewish canon Christian canon Manuscripts Dead Sea Scrolls Samaritan Pentateuch Septuagint Targum Diatessaron Muratorian fragment Peshitta Vetus Latina Masoretic Text New Testament manuscript categories New Testament papyri New Testament uncials See also Biblical canon Luther 's canon Authorship English Bible translations Other books referenced in the Bible Pseudepigrapha list New Testament apocrypha Studies Synod of Hippo Textual criticism Portal WikiProject Book VIAF : 179823714 GND : 4037658 - 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what is the magic that makes one eyes			Sandman	sandman	The Sandman is a mythical character in Western and Northern European folklore who puts people to sleep and brings good dreams by sprinkling magical sand onto the eyes of people while they sleep at night , i.e. rheum .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Representation in traditional folklore 2 Literature 3 See also 4 References 5 Sources 6 External links Representation in traditional folklore ( edit ) The Sandman is a traditional character in many children 's stories and books . In Scandinavian folklore , he is said to sprinkle sand or dust on or into the eyes of the child at night to bring on sleep and dreams . The grit or `` sleep '' ( rheum ) in one 's eyes upon waking is the supposed result of the Sandman 's work the previous night . Literature ( edit ) E.T.A. Hoffmann ( 1776 -- 1822 ) a story in 1816 called Der Sandmann , which showed how sinister such a character could be made . According to the protagonist 's nurse , he threw sand in the eyes of children who would n't sleep , with the result of those eyes falling out and being collected by the Sandman , who then takes the eyes to his nest on the Moon and uses them to feed his children . The protagonist of the story grows to associate this nightmarish creature with the genuinely sinister figure of his father 's associate , Coppelius . In Romanian folklore there is a similar character , Mos Ene ( Ene the Elder ) . Hans Christian Andersen 's 1841 folk tale Ole Lukøje introduced the Sandman , named Ole Lukøje , by relating dreams he gave to a young boy in a week through his magical technique of sprinkling dust in the eyes of the children . `` Ole '' is a Danish name and `` Lukøje '' means `` close eye '' . Andersen wrote : There is nobody in the world who knows so many stories as Ole - Luk - Oie , or who can relate them so nicely . In the evening , while the children are seated at the table or in their little chairs , he comes up the stairs very softly , for he walks in his socks , then he opens the doors without the slightest noise , and throws a small quantity of very fine dust in their eyes , just enough to prevent them from keeping them open , and so they do not see him . Then he creeps behind them , and blows softly upon their necks , till their heads begin to droop . But Ole - Luk - Oie does not wish to hurt them , for he is very fond of children , and only wants them to be quiet that he may relate to them pretty stories , and they never are quiet until they are in bed and asleep . As soon as they are asleep , Ole - Luk - Oie seats himself upon the bed . He is nicely dressed ; his coat is made of silken fabric ; it is impossible to say of what color , for it changes from green to red , and from red to blue as he turns from side to side . Under each arm he carries an umbrella ; one of them , with pictures on the inside , he spreads over the good children , and then they dream the most beautiful stories the whole night . But the other umbrella has no pictures , and this he holds over the naughty children so that they sleep heavily , and wake in the morning without having dreams at all . In Swedish translation he is called Jon or John Blund and in Afrikaans , a language spoken in Southern Africa and related to Dutch , he is referred to as `` Klaas Vakie '' . See also ( edit ) In Dreams ( Roy Orbison song ) Morpheus -- Greek God of Dreams `` Mr. Sandman '' The Sandman ( Vertigo ) The Santa Clause 3 : The Escape Clause Wee Willie Winkie -- A Scottish nursery rhyme 's personification of sleep Enter Sandman Rise of the Guardians References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Walsh , William Shepard . `` Sandman '' , Heroes and Heroines of Fiction , Classical Mediæval , Legendary , J.B. Lippincott , 1915 Sources ( edit ) Andersen , Hans Christian . Fairy Tales of Hans Christian Andersen . Retrieved October 20 , 2010 . Tatar , Maria ( 2003 ) ( 1987 ) . Hard Facts of the Grimms ' Fairy Tales . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 01487 - 6 . Hoffman , E.T.A. ( 1817 ) . `` Der Sandmann '' . Die Nachtstücke . External links ( edit ) Media related to Sandman at Wikimedia Commons ( hide ) Sandman myth Seminal works The Sandman ( 1816 ) `` Ole Lukøje '' ( 1841 ) Film The Daydreamer ( 1966 ) The Sandman ( 1991 ) Sleepstalker ( 1995 ) The Sandman ( 2000 ) The Sandman ( 2011 ) Songs `` The Japanese Sandman '' ( 1920 ) `` Mr. Sandman '' ( 1954 ) `` Enter Sandman '' ( 1991 ) Comics Characters Dream ( DC Comics ) Sandman ( Marvel Comics ) Sandman ( Wesley Dodds ) Sandy the Golden Boy Series The Sandman ( Vertigo ) characters Sandman Mystery Theatre Sandman Midnight Theatre `` The Sandman Saga '' Literature The Sandman ( 2008 ) Television Sandmännchen ( 1959 German ) Nilus the Sandman : The Boy Who Dreamed Christmas ( 1991 Canadian ) Nilus the Sandman ( 1996 Canadian ) Other Sandman ( Dungeons & Dragons ) The Sandman ( audio drama ) Coppélia ( ballet ) Related Logan 's Run ( 1967 ) film adaptation TV adaptation Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sandman&oldid=840589575 '' Categories : Sleep in mythology and folklore Deities and spirits Dream Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from August 2010 All articles needing additional references Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Українська 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 May 2018 , at 20 : 49 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandman	2,451
who does the voice of jake the dog	John William DiMaggio ( born September 4 , 1968 ) is an American actor , voice actor and comedian , known for his gruff voice , and for his work as Bender from the television show Futurama , Jake the Dog on Adventure Time , and Marcus Fenix in the hit Xbox video game Gears Of War . Other voice - over roles of his include Dr. Drakken and Motor Ed on Kim Possible , Brother Blood on Teen Titans , Aquaman in Batman : The Brave and the Bold , Rico in The Penguins of Madagascar , Fu Dog and Ogre In American Dragon : Jake Long , Niblet on Pound Puppies , the Scotsman on Samurai Jack , and Shnitzel on Chowder .	John William DiMaggio	John DiMaggio	john dimaggio	John William DiMaggio ( born September 4 , 1968 ) is an American actor , voice actor and comedian , known for his gruff voice , and for his work as Bender from the television show Futurama , Jake the Dog on Adventure Time , and Marcus Fenix in the hit Xbox video game Gears Of War . Other voice - over roles of his include Dr. Drakken and Motor Ed on Kim Possible , Brother Blood on Teen Titans , Aquaman in Batman : The Brave and the Bold , Rico in The Penguins of Madagascar , Fu Dog and Ogre In American Dragon : Jake Long , Niblet on Pound Puppies , the Scotsman on Samurai Jack , and Shnitzel on Chowder .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Personal life 2 Career 3 Filmography 3.1 Animation 3.2 Film 3.2. 1 Feature films 3.2. 2 Direct - to - video and television films 3.3 Video games 3.4 Live - action television 3.5 Live - action films 4 Awards and nominations 5 References 6 External links Personal life A native of North Plainfield , New Jersey , DiMaggio currently lives in Los Angeles , California . He is married to voice actress Kate Miller . Career DiMaggio is known for his role as Bender on Futurama , as well as playing such roles as Marcus Fenix in the Gears of War franchise , Dr. Drakken on Kim Possible , Jake the Dog on Adventure Time , and Niblet on Pound Puppies ( 2010 ) . He is a former comedian , appearing on stage as part of a comic duo named `` Red Johnny and the Round Guy '' and has several on - screen credits , such as Steve Ballmer in Pirates of Silicon Valley ( the docudrama about the history of Apple Computer and Microsoft ) and as Dr. Sean Underhill , a recurring character on Chicago Hope . He is the executive producer / narrator of I Know That Voice , a documentary about the world of voice acting , along with producer Tommy Reid and director Lawrence Shapiro . Filmography Animation List of voice performances in animation Year Title Role Notes Source 1997 Johnny Bravo Various characters 1998 The Powerpuff Girls Various characters 1999 -- 2003 , 2008 -- 13 Futurama Bender , others 2000 Static Shock Tarmack 2001 Samurai Jack Various characters 2003 -- 05 Teen Titans Brother Blood , Spike 2003 -- 05 Duck Dodgers Crusher , others 2004 Dave the Barbarian Gagnar 2004 Justice League Unlimited Dreamslayer 2004 -- 05 The Batman Rhino , Mugsy 2005 Catscratch Various characters 2005 Ben 10 Baron Highway , Vulcanus 2006 Korgoth of Barbaria Stink , Skrotus , others 2007 Afro Samurai Brother 2 , Ivanov 2007 El Tigre : The Adventures of Manny Rivera El Oso , others 2007 -- 10 Chowder Various characters 2008 -- 11 Back at the Barnyard Various characters 2008 -- 09 The Spectacular Spider - Man Hammerhead , Sandman 2008 -- 11 Batman : The Brave and the Bold Gorilla Grodd , Aquaman , others 2008 -- 15 The Penguins of Madagascar Rico , others 2010 -- present Adventure Time Jake the Dog , others 2010 -- 13 Generator Rex Various characters 2010 -- 12 Ben 10 : Ultimate Alien Various characters 2010 Planet Sheen Guard # 2 2010 Transformers : Prime Vogel 2010 -- 13 Pound Puppies Niblet , others 2010 The Avengers : Earth 's Mightiest Heroes Eitri 2012 Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness Fung , Wall Eye , Bing , others 2012 Green Lantern : The Animated Series Kothack 2012 Ultimate Spider - Man The Wrecker , Grizzly , others 2012 The High Fructose Adventures of Annoying Orange Big Rock Candy Monster , others 2012 Kaijudo : Rise of the Duel Masters Master Nigel Brightmore , Heller , Toji , Vorg , Lord Skycrusher , others 2012 Gravity Falls Manly Dan , Harry Claymore , Love God 2012 Randy Cunningham : 9th Grade Ninja Hannibal McFist , others 2012 Ben 10 : Omniverse Various characters 2012 -- 13 Brickleberry Various characters 2012 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Pizzaface , Zeno , others 2013 Out There Wayne 2013 Teen Titans Go ! Brother Blood 2013 Sanjay and Craig Penny Pepper , Noodman 's Father , Noodman 's Grandfather , others 2013 Avengers Assemble Wrecker , Galactus , others 2013 Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H. Galactus , Obnoxio , Firelord , Null , others 2013 Turbo FAST Various characters 2014 Breadwinners Lava Mole , Baby Lava Mole 2014 TripTank Various characters 2014 Lego DC Comics : Batman Be-Leaguered Lex Luthor , Joker 2014 All Hail King Julien Jumping Rats , others 2015 The Adventures of Puss in Boots Mole King , others 2015 Transformers : Robots in Disguise Groundpounder , Farnum 2015 Pig Goat Banana Cricket Various characters 2015 Guardians of the Galaxy Lunatik 2015 Be Cool , Scooby - Doo ! Various characters 2015 The Mr. Peabody and Sherman Show George Stephenson Ep . `` George Stephenson '' 2015 Golan the Insatiable Mayor of Oak Grove Season 2 2016 The Loud House Various characters 2016 Morris and the Cow Windy Joe 2016 Lego Star Wars : The Freemaker Adventures Baash , others 2016 Ben 10 Four Arms , others Film Feature films List of voice performances in feature films Year Title Role Notes Source 000000002001 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2001 Dr. Dolittle 2 Wassup Fish , Mouse , Seeing Eye Dog 000000002006 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2006 Barnyard Bud the Cow , Officer O'Hanlon 000000002007 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2007 Happily N'Ever After Dwarf 1 , Dwarf 2 , Giant 000000002007 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2007 TMNT Colonel Santino 000000002007 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2007 Underdog Bulldog , Supershep 4 000000002007 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2007 Bee Movie Janitor , Baliff 000000002008 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2008 Bolt Saul 2011 Transformers : Dark of the Moon Leadfoot 2012 Wreck - It Ralph Beard Papa 2013 Epic Pinecone Jinn 2014 Transformers : Age of Extinction Crosshairs 2016 Zootopia Jerry Jumbeaux Jr . Direct - to - video and television films List of voice performances in direct - to - video and television films Year Title Role Notes Source 000000001999 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1999 Princess Mononoke Gonza 000000002000 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2000 Whispers : An Elephant 's Tale Tough Tusk , Fulla Bull 000000002001 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2001 Vampire Hunter D: Bloodlust Nolt , Machira , John Elbourne , Sheriff 000000002003 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2003 The Animatrix Crew Man , Kaiser 000000002004 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2004 Scooby - Doo and the Loch Ness Monster Colin Haggart , Volunteer # 1 000000002004 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2004 Van Helsing : The London Assignment Coachman 000000002005 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2005 Pom Poko Ryutaro 000000002005 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2005 Tom and Jerry : The Fast and the Furry Spike , J.W. 000000002005 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2005 Thru the Moebius Strip Bodkus 000000002006 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2006 Asterix and the Vikings Timandahaf 000000002006 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2006 Casper 's Scare School Stinkie , Frankengymteacher 000000002007 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2007 Futurama : Bender 's Big Score Bender 000000002007 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2007 Superman : Doomsday Toyman , Winslow Schott 000000002008 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2008 Kung Fu Panda : Secrets of the Furious Five Crocodile # 1 , Gorilla Bandit 2008 Futurama : Bender 's Game Bender , ( Titanius Anglesmith , Igner ) 000000002009 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2009 Wonder Woman Deimos 000000002009 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2009 Dragon Hunters Fat John 000000002009 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2009 The Haunted World of El Superbeasto Burt the Spurt 000000002009 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2009 Tinker Bell and the Lost Treasure Minister of Autumn 000000002010 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2010 Scooby - Doo ! Abracadabra - Doo Amos the Groundskeeper 000000002010 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2010 Batman : Under the Red Hood Joker 000000002010 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2010 Space Chimps 2 : Zartog Strikes Back Zartog , Human # 1 , Human # 2 2011 All - Star Superman Samson 2011 Mia and the Migoo Jekhide 2011 Scooby - Doo ! Legend of the Phantosaur Friz , GPS , Bikers , others 2012 Back to the Sea Boss 2012 Tom and Jerry : Robin Hood and His Merry Mouse Little John 2012 Tinker Bell and the Secret of the Wings Minister of Autumn 2012 Dino Time Horace , Big Guard 2013 Scooby - Doo ! Mask of the Blue Falcon Mr. Hyde 2013 Tom and Jerry 's Giant Adventure Meathead 2014 Stan Lee 's Mighty 7 Chopper Pilot 2014 Batman : Assault on Arkham King Shark 2015 Lego DC Comics Super Heroes : Justice League vs. Bizarro League Deathstroke , Lex Luthor 2015 Batman Unlimited : Animal Instincts Killer Croc 2015 Lego DC Comics Super Heroes : Justice League : Attack of the Legion of Doom Lex Luthor , Joker 2016 Batman : Bad Blood Tusk 2016 Lego DC Comics Super Heroes : Justice League : Gotham City Breakout Deathstroke 2016 Batman : The Killing Joke Francesco 2016 DC Super Hero Girls : Hero of the Year Vice-Principal Gorilla Grood 2016 Batman Unlimited : Mechs vs. Mutants Killer Croc , General Sam Lane 2017 Batman and Harley Quinn Sarge Steel Video games List of voice performances in video games Year Title Role Notes Source 000000001999 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1999 T'ai Fu : Wrath of the Tiger T'ai Fu 000000002001 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2001 Final Fantasy X Wakka , Kimahri Ronso 000000002003 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2003 Crash Nitro Kart Tiny Tiger 000000002003 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2003 Final Fantasy X-2 Kimahri Ronso , Wakka 000000002003 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2003 Spawn : Armageddon Redeemer , Space Station Crew 000000002004 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2004 Samurai Jack : The Shadow of Aku Scottsman , The King , Announcer , The Tree Spirit 000000002004 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2004 X-Men Legends Juggernaut , General William Kincaid 000000002004 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2004 Spider - Man 2 Rhino 000000002005 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2005 X-Men Legends II : Rise of Apocalypse Juggernaut 000000002006 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2006 Final Fantasy XII Migelo , Gilgamesh 000000002006 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2006 Gears of War Marcus Fenix 000000002007 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2007 Halo 3 Brute Chieftain 000000002007 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2007 Spider - Man : Friend or Foe Rhino 000000002007 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2007 Crash of the Titans Uka Uka 000000002008 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2008 Ben 10 : Alien Force Gorvan , Vulkanus 000000002008 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2008 Gears of War 2 Marcus Fenix , Franklin Tsoko 000000002009 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2009 Afro Samurai Brother 2 000000002009 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2009 MadWorld Kreese Kreely 000000002009 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2009 Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen Sideways 000000002009 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2009 Final Fantasy XIII Cocoon Inhabitants 000000002010 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2010 Ben 10 Alien Force : Vilgax Attacks Vilgax , Octagon Vreedle 000000002010 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2010 Valkyria Chronicles II Drill Instructor 000000002010 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2010 Spider - Man : Shattered Dimensions Hammerhead 000000002010 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2010 Ben 10 Ultimate Alien : Cosmic Destruction Rath , Vulkanus , Zombozo , Octagon Vreedle , Will Harangue 000000002011 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2011 Gears of War 3 Marcus Fenix 000000002011 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2011 Ben 10 : Galactic Racing Vilgax , Rath , Octagon Vreedle 000000002011 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2011 Generator Rex : Agent of Providence Bobo Haha , Quarry 000000002012 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2012 Ben 10 : Omniverse Octagon Vreedle , Four Arms 000000002012 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2012 Adventure Time : Hey Ice King ! Why 'd You Steal Our Garbage ? ! ! Jake the Dog 000000002013 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2013 Gears of War : Judgment Marcus Fenix 000000002013 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2013 Ben 10 : Omniverse 2 Watchmaker , Four arms 000000002014 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2014 Destiny Banshee - 44 , City Civilian 000000002016 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2016 Gears of War 4 Marcus Fenix 000000002017 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2017 Crash Bandicoot : N - Sane Trilogy Tiny Tiger , Uka Uka Live - action television List of acting performances in television Year Title Role Notes Source 2006 My Name Is Earl Officer Ross Episode `` BB '' 2012 Modern Family Boat Captain Voice role , Episode : `` Leap Day '' Live - action films List of voice performances in animation Year Title Role Notes Source 2013 I Know That Voice Himself Producer , Writer , Narrator Documentary on voice acting Awards and nominations Year Award Category Film / TV show Results 2001 Annie Awards Outstanding Individual Achievement for Voice Acting by a Male Performer in an Animated Television Production Futurama Won 2011 Golden Raspberry Awards Worst Screen Ensemble ( shared with the entire cast ) Transformers : Dark of the Moon Nominated References Jump up ^ Ken W. Hanley ( September 6 , 2013 ) . `` Exclusive Interview : John DiMaggio & Lawrence Shapiro '' . Diabolique Magazine . Retrieved December 30 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Behind The Voice Actors - John DiMaggio '' . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Voices of Futurama - John DiMaggio on Bender - Futurama - Comedy Central '' . Comedy Central . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Half Hour Animated Series `` Golan the Insatiable '' Premieres `` . Jump up ^ Bay , Michael ( May 8 , 2014 ) . `` John Goodman And Ken Watanabe Join The Autobot Voice Cast in Michael Bay 's ' Transformers : Age Of Extinction ' '' . Michael Bay . Retrieved May 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Handlen , Zack . `` Futurama : Bender 's Big Score '' . avclub.com . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Handlen , Zack . `` Futurama : Bender 's Game '' . avclub.com . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Retro Review : Wonder Woman ( 2009 ) - A Fun Modernization of an Origins Story '' . monkeysfightingrobots.com . June 4 , 2017 . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Square Enix . Final Fantasy XIII . Scene : Closing credits , 2 : 15 minutes in , Cocoon Inhabitants , Additional Voices . Jump up ^ `` Gears of War : Judgment Credits '' . Microsoft Game Studios . Retrieved November 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Destiny - End Credits - IGN Video . IGN Video . 2014 - 09 - 11 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Gears 4 : How gaming taught Liam McIntyre to be a Fenix - finder.com.au '' . finder.com.au . October 4 , 2016 . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BB '' . My Name Is Earl . Season 1 . Episode 25 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Voice Actors You Probably Did n't Notice in Live Action '' . Jump up ^ Ken W. Hanley ( September 6 , 2013 ) . `` Exclusive Interview : John DiMaggio & Lawrence Shapiro '' . Diabolique Magazine . Retrieved December 30 , 2013 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to John DiMaggio . Wikiquote has quotations related to : John DiMaggio John DiMaggio on Twitter John DiMaggio on IMDb John DiMaggio at Behind The Voice Actors HoboTrashcan -- One on One with John DiMaggio -- interview with audio highlights Interview on PMPNetwork ( RealAudio audio file ) Authority control WorldCat Identities VIAF : 37157870 LCCN : no2005106179 ISNI : 0000 0001 1758 4637 BNF : cb145609020 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_DiMaggio&oldid=797516195 '' Categories : 1968 births Living people People from North Plainfield , New Jersey American male television actors American male voice actors Annie Award winners American male comedians Male actors from New Jersey American male video game actors Hidden categories : Pages actively undergoing construction Articles needing cleanup from September 2011 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles without a reason field from September 2011 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from September 2011 BLP articles lacking sources from September 2011 All BLP articles lacking sources Use mdy dates from October 2011 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia In other projects Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote العربية Azərbaycanca Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Українська 中文 Edit links This version of the page has been revised . 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who scored in the 66 world cup final			1966 FIFA World Cup final	1966 fifa world cup final	The 1966 FIFA World Cup Final was the final match in the 1966 FIFA World Cup , the eighth football World Cup . The match was played by England and West Germany on 30 July 1966 at Wembley Stadium in London , and had an attendance of 96,924 . The British television audience peaked at 32.30 million viewers , making the final the most watched television event ever in the United Kingdom .	England won 4 -- 2 after extra time to win the Jules Rimet Trophy . The England team became known as the `` wingless wonders '' , on account of their then - unconventional narrow attacking formation , described at the time as a 4 -- 4 -- 2 . The match is remembered for England 's only World Cup trophy , Geoff Hurst 's hat - trick -- the first , and to date , only one ever scored in a FIFA World Cup Final -- and the controversial third goal awarded to England by referee Gottfried Dienst and linesman Tofiq Bahramov . Contents ( hide ) 1 Road to the final 1.1 England 1.2 West Germany 2 Match 2.1 Summary 2.1. 1 Normal time 2.1. 2 Extra time 2.2 Details 3 Champions photograph and statue 4 Cultural impact 5 2009 receipt of winners medals 6 See also 7 References Road to the final ( edit ) Both teams were strong throughout the tournament . Each won two and drew one of their three matches in the group stages . England did not concede a goal until their semi-final against Portugal . England ( edit ) Team Score Venue Round Uruguay 0 -- 0 Wembley Stadium , London Group 1 Mexico 2 -- 0 Group 1 France 2 -- 0 Group 1 Argentina 1 -- 0 Quarter - final Portugal 2 -- 1 Semi-final West Germany ( edit ) Team Score Venue Round Switzerland 5 -- 0 Hillsborough Stadium , Sheffield Group 2 Argentina 0 -- 0 Villa Park , Birmingham Group 2 Spain 2 -- 1 Group 2 Uruguay 4 -- 0 Hillsborough Stadium , Sheffield Quarter - final Soviet Union 2 -- 1 Goodison Park , Liverpool Semi-final Match ( edit ) Summary ( edit ) Normal time ( edit ) England , managed by Alf Ramsey and captained by Bobby Moore , won the toss and elected to kick off . After 12 minutes , Sigfried Held sent a cross into the English penalty area which Ray Wilson misheaded to Helmut Haller , who got his shot on target . Jackie Charlton and goalkeeper Gordon Banks failed to deal with the shot which went in making it 1 -- 0 to West Germany . In the 19th minute , Wolfgang Overath conceded a free kick , which Moore took immediately , floating a cross into the West German area , where Geoff Hurst rose unchallenged and levelled the scores with a downward glancing header . The teams were level at half - time , and after 77 minutes England won a corner . Alan Ball delivered the ball to Geoff Hurst whose deflected shot from the edge of the area found Martin Peters . He produced the final shot , beating the West German keeper from eight yards to make the score 2 -- 1 to England . Germany pressed for an equaliser in the closing moments , and in the 89th minute Jack Charlton conceded a free kick for climbing on Uwe Seeler as they both went up for a header . The kick was taken by Lothar Emmerich , who struck it into George Cohen in the wall ; the rebound fell to Held , who shot across the face of goal and into the body of Karl - Heinz Schnellinger . The ball deflected across the England six - yard box , wrong - footing the England defence and allowing Wolfgang Weber to level the score at 2 -- 2 and force the match into extra time . Banks protested that the ball had struck Schnellinger on the arm , and reiterated the claim in his 2002 autobiography , but replays showed that it actually struck Schnellinger on the back . Extra time ( edit ) Geoff Hurst 's `` Wembley Goal '' England pressed forward and created several chances . In particular , with five minutes gone , Bobby Charlton struck the post and sent another shot just wide . With 11 minutes of extra time gone , Alan Ball put in a cross and Geoff Hurst swivelled and shot from close range . The ball hit the underside of the cross bar , bounced down and was cleared . The referee Gottfried Dienst was uncertain if it had been a goal and consulted his linesman , Tofiq Bahramov from Azerbaijan in the USSR , who in a moment of drama indicated that it was . After non-verbal communication , as they had no common language , the Swiss referee awarded the goal to the home team . The crowd and the audience of 400 million television viewers were left arguing whether the goal should have been given or not . England 's third goal has remained controversial ever since the match . According to the Laws of the Game the definition of a goal is when `` the whole of the ball passes over the goal line '' . In England , supporters cite the good position of the linesman and the statement of Roger Hunt , the nearest England player to the ball , who claimed it was a goal and that was why he wheeled away in celebration rather than attempting to tap the rebounding ball in . Modern studies using film analysis and computer simulation show that the ball never crossed the line -- both Duncan Gillies of the Visual Information Processing Group at Imperial College London and Ian Reid and Andrew Zisserman of the Department of Engineering Science at University of Oxford agree that the ball would have needed to travel a further 2.5 -- 6.0 cm to fully cross the line , and that therefore it was not a goal . Some Germans cited possible bias of the Soviet linesman , especially as the USSR had just been defeated in the semi-finals by West Germany . Bahramov later stated in his memoirs that he believed the ball had bounced back not from the crossbar , but from the net and that he was not able to observe the rest of the scene , so it did not matter where the ball hit the ground anyway . ( An apocryphal story exists that Bahramov , when asked later why he gave the goal , simply replied `` Stalingrad . '' There is no evidence that this is genuine . ) Swiss referee Gottfried Dienst did not see the scene . Queen Elizabeth II presented England captain Bobby Moore with the FIFA World Cup trophy ( Jules Rimet ) . One minute before the end of play , the West Germans sent their defenders forward in a desperate attempt to score a last - minute equaliser . Winning the ball , Bobby Moore picked out the unmarked Geoff Hurst with a long pass , which Hurst carried forward while some spectators began streaming onto the field and Hurst scored moments later . Hurst later admitted that his blistering shot was as much intended to send the ball as far into the Wembley stands as possible should it miss , in order to kill time on the clock . The final goal gave rise to one of the most famous sayings in English football , when BBC commentator Kenneth Wolstenholme described the situation as follows : `` And here comes Hurst . He 's got ... some people are on the pitch , they think it 's all over . It is now ! It 's four ! '' . One of the balls from the final is now on display in the National Football Museum in Manchester . Details ( edit ) 30 July 1966 15 : 00 BST England 4 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) West Germany Hurst 18 ' , 101 ' , 120 ' Peters 78 ' Report Haller 12 ' Weber 89 ' Wembley Stadium , London Attendance : 96,924 Referee : Gottfried Dienst ( Switzerland ) England West Germany GK Gordon Banks RB George Cohen CB 5 Jack Charlton CB 6 Bobby Moore ( c ) LB Ray Wilson DM Nobby Stiles RM 7 Alan Ball AM 9 Bobby Charlton LM 16 Martin Peters 20 ' CF 10 Geoff Hurst CF 21 Roger Hunt Manager : Alf Ramsey GK Hans Tilkowski RB Horst - Dieter Höttges CB 5 Willi Schulz CB 6 Wolfgang Weber LB Karl - Heinz Schnellinger CM Franz Beckenbauer CM 12 Wolfgang Overath RF 8 Helmut Haller CF 9 Uwe Seeler ( c ) CF 10 Sigfried Held LF 11 Lothar Emmerich Manager : Helmut Schön Officials Linesman : Tofiq Bahramov ( Soviet Union ) Linesman : Dr. Karol Galba ( Czechoslovakia ) Match rules 90 minutes 30 minutes of extra time if necessary Replay if scores still level : 19 : 30 BST , Tuesday , 2 August 1966 Wembley Stadium , London No substitutions permitted Champions photograph and statue ( edit ) The World Cup Sculpture featuring Moore with the World Cup trophy , on the shoulders of Geoff Hurst and Ray Wilson , together with Martin Peters One of the enduring images of the celebrations in Wembley immediately after the game was the picture of the captain Bobby Moore holding the Jules Rimet Trophy aloft , on the shoulders of Geoff Hurst and Ray Wilson , together with Martin Peters . In recognition of Moore and other West Ham United players ' contribution to the win , the club and Newham Borough Council jointly commissioned a statue of this scene . On 28 April 2003 Prince Andrew as president of The Football Association , duly unveiled the World Cup Sculpture ( also called The Champions ) in a prominent place near West Ham 's ground , at the time , the Boleyn Ground , at the junction of Barking Road and Green Street . The 4 metres ( 13 ft ) high bronze piece was sculpted by Philip Jackson . Cultural impact ( edit ) Replica of the English shirt for the final The final is the most watched event ever on British television , as of January 2012 , attracting 32.30 million viewers . In Germany , a goal resulting from a shot bouncing off the crossbar and hitting the line is called a Wembley - Tor ( Wembley Goal ) due to the controversial nature of Hurst 's second goal . This goal has been parodied a large number of times . Some of the most notable include : England 's third goal was referenced in a 2006 Adidas advertisement , where English midfielder Frank Lampard takes a shot at German keeper Oliver Kahn , and a similar event happens . On 27 June 2010 at that year 's World Cup a similar goal by Lampard was wrongly disallowed ( TV replays showed the ball landing past the goal line before bouncing away ) which would have levelled the second - round game against Germany 2 -- 2 ( Germany won 4 -- 1 ) . Kenneth Wolstenholme 's commentary on the third goal that bounced on the line , `` It 's a goal ! '' was used ( along with the sound of breaking glass ) in the tape - looped coda of an early version of The Beatles song `` Glass Onion '' , available on the album Anthology 3 . Kit Kat parodied the controversial third goal in an advert for the Kit Kat bar . The goal is scored and the linesman was shown about to eat a Kit Kat bar as opposed to following the game . Upon realising that a possible goal has been scored , he hastily stuffs the bar into his mouth and awards the goal . In August 1966 a special 4d stamp marked ENGLAND WINNERS was issued by the Royal Mail to celebrate the victory and which soared in value to up to 15 shillings each on the back of public enthusiasm for the victory before falling back in value when the public realised it was not rare . The 1991 BBC miniseries Sleepers , about a pair of deep - cover KGB agents placed in England in the mid-1960s and then forgotten includes a subplot about an archive film of the match recorded by Soviet agents and then placed in archives . A KGB officer who sees the film in the early 1990s is excited to discover it includes footage of the disputed goal and attempts to sell it to a contact at a television network ( pointedly described as not the BBC ) . Sleepers is coy about what the film depicts and in the course of the story , the film is destroyed . Marking the 50th anniversary of England 's World Cup victory in July 2016 , ITV broadcast 1966 - A Nation Remembers , which was narrated by the actor Terence Stamp who attended every England game at the tournament . England 's win in the final also helped fans to create the `` Two World Wars and One World Cup '' chant . 2009 receipt of winners medals ( edit ) The players and staff of England 's winning squad who did not get medals in 1966 received them on 10 June 2009 after a ceremony at 10 Downing Street in London . Initially , only the 11 players on the pitch at the end of the match received medals , but FIFA later awarded medals to every non-playing squad and staff member from every World Cup - winning country from 1930 to 1974 . See also ( edit ) England -- Germany football rivalry Ghost goal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Hurst the hero for England in the home of football '' . FIFA . Retrieved 11 November 2014 Jump up ^ `` 1966 FIFA World Cup England '' . FIFA . Retrieved 21 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tracking 30 years of TV 's most watched programmes '' . BBC . Retrieved 2 February 2015 Jump up ^ `` Alf Ramsey -- England 's Anonymous Hero '' . FIFA . Retrieved 28 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Smyth , Rob ; Murray , Scott ( 30 May 2014 ) . `` World Cup final 1966 : England v West Germany -- live ! '' . theguardian.com ( Guardian News and Media ) . Retrieved 30 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Banks , Gordon ( 2002 ) . Banksy . Penguin Books . p. 136 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7181 - 4582 - 8 . Jump up ^ Glanville , Brian ( 2010 ) ( 1973 ) . The Story of the World Cup . London : Faber and Faber . p. 154 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 571 - 23605 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Team Spirit Gains England the cup '' . Glasgow Herald ( Page 4 ) . 1 August 1966 . Retrieved 30 April 2014 . Jump up ^ https://www.fifa.com/en/laws/Laws10_01.htm Archived 23 May 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Reid , Ian ; Zisserman , Andrew ( 1996 ) . Cipolla , R. ; Buxton , B. , eds . `` Goal - directed Video Metrology '' ( PDF ) . Proceedings of the 4th European Conference on Computer Vision . New York City : Springer . II : 647 -- 658 . LNCS 1065 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 19 May 2012 . Retrieved 19 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Ken Jones ( 4 December 1997 ) . `` Football : It is possible to forget that England 's overall World Cup record is nothing much to shout about '' . The Independent . Retrieved 21 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Lister , Graham ( 26 June 2010 ) . `` Two World Wars , One World Cup And The ' Achtung ! ' Chaos -- The Complex And Violent History Of England Vs Germany '' . Goal.com . Retrieved 21 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1966 : England -- Federal Republic of Germany '' . Archived from the original on 8 February 2007 . Retrieved 7 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Class of ' 66 pay tribute to voice of football '' . The Daily Telegraph . 26 March 2002 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup tribute unveiled '' . BBC News . 28 April 2003 . Archived from the original on 3 February 2006 . Retrieved 5 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Champions Sculpture '' . www.newham.com . Retrieved 15 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthology 3 - The Beatles Jump up ^ `` 1966 - A Nation Remembers '' . ITV. 5 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 1966 winners honoured '' . BBC News . 10 June 2009 . Archived from the original on 12 June 2009 . Retrieved 10 June 2009 . 1966 FIFA World Cup Stages Group stage Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Knockout stage Final General information Qualification Squads 1966 FIFA World Cup finalists Champions England Runners - up West Germany Third place Portugal Fourth place Soviet Union Quarter - finals Argentina Hungary North Korea Uruguay Group stage Brazil Bulgaria Chile France Italy Mexico Spain Switzerland FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea / Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada / Mexico / United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Overall records All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Team appearances Teams with no appearances Winners Miscellaneous Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . England national football team matches FIFA World Cup Final 1966 Other matches England v Scotland ( 1870 -- 72 ) Scotland 0 -- 0 England ( 1872 ) England 1 -- 5 Scotland ( 1928 ) England 3 -- 2 Italy ( 1934 ) England 0 -- 2 Ireland ( 1949 ) United States 1 -- 0 England ( 1950 ) England 3 -- 6 Hungary ( 1953 ) Hungary 7 -- 1 England ( 1954 ) England 2 -- 1 Rest of the World ( 1963 ) Scotland 1 -- 0 England ( 1985 ) England 2 -- 1 Scotland ( 1986 ) Argentina 2 -- 1 England ( 1986 ) Republic of Ireland 1 -- 0 England ( 1995 ) England 0 -- 1 Germany ( 2000 ) Germany 1 -- 5 England ( 2001 ) England 1 -- 2 Iceland ( 2016 ) Germany national football team matches FIFA World Cup Finals 1954 1966 1982 1986 1990 2002 2014 FIFA Confederations Cup Finals 2017 UEFA European Championship Finals 1972 1976 1980 2008 Other matches Germany 8 -- 0 Denmark ( 1937 ) Italy 4 -- 3 West Germany ( 1970 ) Austria 3 -- 2 West Germany ( 1978 ) West Germany 1 -- 0 Austria ( 1982 ) West Germany 3 -- 3 ( 5 -- 4 pen . ) France ( 1982 ) England 0 -- 1 Germany ( 2000 ) Germany 1 -- 5 England ( 2001 ) Brazil 1 -- 7 Germany ( 2014 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1966_FIFA_World_Cup_Final&oldid=842265270 '' Categories : FIFA World Cup finals 1966 FIFA World Cup 1966 in London England national football team matches Germany national football team matches Events at Wembley Stadium West Germany at the 1966 FIFA World Cup England at the 1966 FIFA World Cup FIFA World Cup controversies 1966 controversies England -- Germany football rivalry International association football competitions hosted by London Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from February 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Magyar Nederlands Português Română Русский Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 May 2018 , at 10 : 02 ( UTC ) . 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the battle of plassey and british ascendancy in bengal			Battle of Plassey	battle of plassey		Battle of Plassey Part of the Seven Years ' War Lord Clive meeting with Mir Jafar after the Battle of Plassey , oil on canvas ( Francis Hayman , c. 1762 ) Date 23 June 1757 Location Palashi , Bengal Subah Coordinates : 23 ° 48 ′ N 88 ° 15 ′ E / 23.80 ° N 88.25 ° E / 23.80 ; 88.25 Result Decisive British victory Territorial changes Bengal annexed by the East India Company Belligerents Great Britain East India Company Mughal Empire Principality of Bengal France Commanders and leaders Colonel Robert Clive Major Kilpatrick Major Grant Major Eyre Coote Captain Gaupp Nawab Siraj ud - Daulah Diwan Mohanlal Mir Madan † Mir Jafar Ali Khan ( defector ) Yar Lutuf Khan ( defector ) Rai Durlabh ( defector ) Monsieur Sinfray Strength East India Company : 750 English European soldiers 100 Topasses 2,100 Indian sepoys 100 gunners 50 sailors 8 cannon ( six 6 - pounders and 2 howitzers ) defectors : 15,000 cavalry of Mir Jafar 35,000 infantry Mughal Empire : 7,000 infantry 5,000 cavalry of Siraj ud - Daulah 35,000 infantry ( defected ) 15,000 cavalry of Mir Jafar ( defected ) 53 field pieces ( mostly 32 , 24 and 18 - pounders ) France : 50 artillerymen ( 6 field pieces ) Casualties and losses 22 killed 50 wounded 500 killed and wounded Third Carnatic War Chandannagar Plassey Cuddalore Negapatam Condore Madras Masulipatam Pondicherry ( naval ) Chinsurah Wandiwash Pondicherry ( siege ) The Battle of Plassey was a decisive victory of the British East India Company over the Nawab of Bengal and his French allies on 23 June 1757 . The battle consolidated the Company 's presence in Bengal , which later expanded to cover much of India over the next hundred years . The battle took place at Palashi ( Anglicised version : Plassey ) on the banks of the Hooghly River , about 150 kilometres ( 93 mi ) north of Calcutta and south of Murshidabad , then capital of Bengal ( now in Nadia district in West Bengal ) . The belligerents were the Nawab Sirajuddaulah , the last independent Nawab of Bengal , and the British East India Company . Siraj - ud - daulah had become the Nawab of Bengal the year before , and he ordered the English to stop the extension of their fortification . Robert Clive bribed Mir Jafar , the commander in chief of the Nawab 's army , and also promised him to make him Nawab of Bengal . He defeated the Nawab at Plassey in 1757 and captured Calcutta . The battle was preceded by the attack on British - controlled Calcutta by Nawab Siraj - ud - daulah and the Black Hole massacre . The British sent reinforcements under Colonel Robert Clive and Admiral Charles Watson from Madras to Bengal and recaptured Calcutta . Clive then seized the initiative to capture the French fort of Chandernagar . Tensions and suspicions between Siraj - ud - daulah and the British culminated in the Battle of Plassey . The battle was waged during the Seven Years ' War ( 1756 -- 1763 ) , and , in a mirror of their European rivalry , the French East India Company ( La Compagnie des Indes Orientales ) sent a small contingent to fight against the British . Siraj - ud - Daulah had a numerically superior force and made his stand at Plassey . The British , worried about being outnumbered , formed a conspiracy with Siraj - ud - Daulah 's demoted army chief Mir Jafar , along with others such as Yar Lutuf Khan , Jagat Seths ( Mahtab Chand and Swarup Chand ) , Omichund and Rai Durlabh . Mir Jafar , Rai Durlabh and Yar Lutuf Khan thus assembled their troops near the battlefield but made no move to actually join the battle . Siraj - ud - Daulah 's army with 50,000 soldiers , 40 cannons and 10 war elephants was defeated by 3,000 soldiers of Col. Robert Clive , owing to the flight of Siraj - ud - daulah from the battlefield and the inactivity of the conspirators . The battle ended in 11 hours . This is judged to be one of the pivotal battles in the control of Indian subcontinent by the colonial powers . The British now wielded enormous influence over the Nawab and consequently acquired significant concessions for previous losses and revenue from trade . The British further used this revenue to increase their military might and push the other European colonial powers such as the Dutch and the French out of South Asia , thus expanding the British Empire . Contents 1 Background 1.1 Carnatic Wars 1.2 Bengal campaign 1.3 Conspiracy 2 Approach march 3 Order of battle 4 Battle 4.1 Battle begins 4.2 Death of Mir Madan Khan 4.3 Battlefield manoeuvres 5 Aftermath 6 Effects 6.1 Political effects 6.2 Economic effects 7 The battlefield today 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Background ( edit ) European settlements in India from 1501 to 1739 The British East India Company had a strong presence in India with the three main stations of Fort St. George in Madras , Fort William in Calcutta and Bombay Castle in western India . These stations were independent presidencies governed by a president and a council , appointed by the Court of Directors in England . The British adopted a policy of allying themselves with various princes and Nawabs , promising security against usurpers and rebels . The Nawabs often gave them concessions in return for the security . By the 18th century all rivalry had ceased between the British East India Company and the Dutch or Portuguese counterparts . The French had also established an East India Company under Louis XIV and had two important stations in India -- Chandernagar in Bengal and Pondicherry on the Carnatic coast , both governed by the presidency of Pondicherry . The French were a late comer in India trade , but they quickly established themselves in India and were poised to overtake Britain for control . Carnatic wars ( edit ) The War of the Austrian Succession ( 1740 -- 1748 ) marked the beginning of the power struggle between Britain and France and of European military ascendancy and political intervention in the Indian subcontinent . In September 1746 , Mahé de La Bourdonnais landed off Madras with a naval squadron and laid siege to the port city . The defences of Madras were weak and the garrison sustained a bombardment of three days before surrendering . The terms of the surrender agreed by Bourdonnais provided for the settlement to be ransomed back for a cash payment by the British East India Company . However , this concession was opposed by Joseph François Dupleix , the governor general of the Indian possessions of the Compagnie des Indes Orientales . When Bourdonnais left India in October , Dupleix reneged on the agreement . The Nawab of the Carnatic Anwaruddin Muhammed Khan intervened in support of the British and the combined forces advanced to retake Madras , but despite vast superiority in numbers , the army was easily crushed by the French . As retaliation to the loss of Madras , the British , under Major Lawrence and Admiral Boscawen , laid siege to Pondicherry but were forced to raise it after thirty - one days . The Treaty of Aix - la - Chapelle in 1748 forced Dupleix to yield Madras back to the British in return for Louisbourg and Cape Breton Island in North America . The Mughal Empire 's Nawab of Bengal Alivardi Khan adopted strict attitudes towards European mercantile companies in Bengal . The Treaty of Aix - La - Chapelle prevented direct hostilities between the two powers but soon they were involved in indirect hostilities as the auxiliaries of the local princes in their feuds . The feud Dupleix chose was for the succession to the positions of the Nizam of the Deccan and the Nawab of the dependent Carnatic province . The British and the French both nominated their candidates for the two posts . In both cases , Dupleix 's candidates usurped both thrones by manipulation and two assassinations . In mid-1751 , the French candidate for the Nawab 's post , Chanda Sahib , laid siege to the British candidate Mohammed Ali 's last stronghold Trichinopoly , where Ali was holed up with his British reinforcements . He was aided by a French force under Charles , Marquis de Bussy . On 1 September 1751 , 280 Europeans and 300 sepoys under the command of Captain Robert Clive attacked and seized Arcot , the capital of the Carnatic , finding that the garrison had fled the night before . It was hoped that this would force Chanda Sahib to divert some of his troops to wrest the city back from the British . Chanda Sahib sent a force of 4,000 Indians under Raza Sahib and 150 Frenchmen . They besieged the fort and breached the walls in various places after several weeks . Clive sent out a message to Morari Rao , a Maratha chieftain who had received a subsidy to assist Mohammed Ali and was encamped in the Mysore hills . Raza Sahib , learning of the imminent Maratha approach , sent a letter to Clive asking him to surrender in return for a large sum of money but this offer was refused . In the morning of 24 November , Raza Sahib tried to mount a final assault on the fort but was foiled in his attempt when his armoured elephants stampeded due to the British musketry . They tried to enter the fort through the breach several times but always repulsed with loss . The siege was raised the next day and Raza Sahib 's forces fled from the scene , abandoning guns , ammunition and stores . With success at Arcot , Conjeeveram and Trichinopoly , the British secured the Carnatic and Mohammed Ali succeeded to the throne of the Nawab in accordance with a treaty with the new French governor Godeheu . Mughal Emperor Farrukhsiyar adopted a lenient policy towards the British East India Company . Alwardi Khan ascended to the throne of the Nawab of Bengal after his army attacked and captured the capital of Bengal , Murshidabad . Alivardi 's attitude to the Europeans in Bengal is said to be strict . During his wars with the Marathas , he allowed the strengthening of fortifications by the Europeans and the construction of the Maratha Ditch in Calcutta by the British . On the other hand , he collected large amounts of money from them for the upkeep of his war . He was well - informed of the situation in southern India , where the British and the French had started a proxy war using the local princes and rulers . Alwardi did not wish such a situation to transpire in his province and thus exercised caution in his dealings with the Europeans . However , there was continual friction ; the British always complained that they were prevented from the full enjoyment of the farman of 1717 issued by Farrukhsiyar . The British , however , protected subjects of the Nawab , gave passes to native traders to trade custom - free and levied large duties on goods coming to their districts -- actions which were detrimental to the Nawab 's revenue . In April 1756 , Alwardi Khan died and was succeeded by his twenty - three - year - old grandson , Siraj - ud - daulah . His personality was said to be a combination of a ferocious temper and a feeble understanding . He was particularly suspicious of the large profits made by the European companies in India . When the British and the French started improving their fortifications in anticipation of another war between them , he immediately ordered them to stop such activities as they had been done without permission . When the British refused to cease their constructions , the Nawab led a detachment of 3,000 men to surround the fort and factory of Cossimbazar and took several British officials as prisoners , before moving to Calcutta . The defences of Calcutta were weak and negligible . The garrison consisted of only 180 soldiers , 50 European volunteers , 60 European militia , 150 Armenian and Portuguese militia , 35 European artillery - men and 40 volunteers from ships and was pitted against the Nawab 's force of nearly 50,000 infantry and cavalry . The city was occupied on 16 June by Siraj 's force and the fort surrendered after a brief siege on 20 June . The prisoners who were captured at the siege of Calcutta were transferred by Siraj to the care of the officers of his guard , who confined them to the common dungeon of Fort William known as The Black Hole . This dungeon , 18 by 14 feet ( 5.5 m × 4.3 m ) in size with two small windows , had 146 prisoners thrust into it -- originally employed by the British to hold only six prisoners . On 21 June , the doors of the dungeon were opened and only 23 of the 146 walked out , the rest died of asphyxiation , heat exhaustion and delirium . It appears that the Nawab was unaware of the conditions in which his prisoners were held which resulted in the unfortunate deaths of most of the prisoners . Meanwhile , the Nawab 's army and navy were busy plundering the city of Calcutta and the other British factories in the surrounding areas . When news of the fall of Calcutta broke in Madras on 16 August 1756 , the Council immediately sent out an expeditionary force under Colonel Clive and Admiral Watson . A letter from the Council of Fort St. George , states that `` the object of the expedition was not merely to re-establish the British settlements in Bengal , but also to obtain ample recognition of the Company 's privileges and reparation for its losses '' without the risk of war . It also states that any signs of dissatisfaction and ambition among the Nawab 's subjects must be supported . Clive assumed command of the land forces , consisting of 900 Europeans and 1500 sepoys while Watson commanded a naval squadron . The fleet entered the Hooghly River in December and met with the fugitives of Calcutta and the surrounding areas , including the principal Members of the Council , at the village of Falta on 15 December . The Members of Council formed a Select Committee of direction . On 29 December , the force dislodged the enemy from the fort of Budge Budge . Clive and Watson then moved against Calcutta on 2 January 1757 and the garrison of 500 men surrendered after offering a scanty resistance . With Calcutta recaptured , the Council was reinstated and a plan of action against the Nawab was prepared . The fortifications of Fort William were strengthened and a defensive position was prepared in the north - east of the city . Bengal Campaign ( edit ) Robert Clive ( 1773 ) , by Nathaniel Dance - Holland On 9 January 1757 , a force of 650 men under Captain Coote and Major Kilpatrick stormed and sacked the town of Hooghly , 23 miles ( 37 km ) north of Calcutta . On learning of this attack , the Nawab raised his army and marched on Calcutta , arriving with the main body on 3 February and encamping beyond the Maratha Ditch . Siraj set up his headquarters in Omichund 's garden . A small body of their army attacked the northern suburbs of the town but were beaten back by a detachment under Lieutenant Lebeaume placed there , returning with fifty prisoners . Clive decided to launch a surprise attack on the Nawab 's camp on the morning of 4 February . At midnight , a force of 600 sailors , a battalion of 650 Europeans , 100 artillery - men , 800 sepoys and 6 six - pounders approached the Nawab 's camp . At 6 : 00 , under the cover of a thick fog , the vanguard came upon the Nawab 's advanced guard , who after firing with their matchlocks and rockets , ran away . They continued forward for some distance till they were opposite Omichund 's garden , when they heard the galloping of cavalry on their right . The cavalry came within 30 yards ( 27 m ) of the British force before the line gave fire , killing many and dispersing the rest . The fog hampered visibility beyond walking distance . Hence , the line moved slowly , infantry and artillery firing on either side randomly . Clive had intended to use a narrow raised causeway , south of the garden , to attack the Nawab 's quarters in the garden . The Nawab 's troops had barricaded the passage . At about 9 : 00 , as the fog began to lift , the troops were overwhelmed by the discharge of two pieces of heavy cannon from across the Maratha Ditch by the Nawab 's artillery . The British troops were assailed on all sides by cavalry and musket - fire . The Nawab troops then made for a bridge a mile further on , crossed the Maratha Ditch and reached Calcutta . The total casualties of Clive 's force were 57 killed and 137 wounded . The Nawab 's army lost 22 officers of distinction , 600 common men , 4 elephants , 500 horses , some camels and a great number of bullocks . The attack scared the Nawab into concluding the Treaty of Alinagar with the Company on 5 February , agreeing to restore the Company 's factories , allow the fortification of Calcutta and restoring former privileges . The Nawab withdrew his army back to his capital , Murshidabad . Concerned by the approach of de Bussy to Bengal and the Seven Years ' War in Europe , the Company turned its attention to the French threat in Bengal . Clive planned to capture the French town of Chandernagar , 20 miles ( 32 km ) north of Calcutta . Clive needed to know whose side the Nawab would intervene on if he attacked Chandernagar . The Nawab sent evasive replies and Clive construed this to be assent to the attack . Clive commenced hostilities on the town and fort of Chandernagar on 14 March . The French had set up defences on the roads leading to the fort and had sunk several ships in the river channel to prevent passage of the men of war . The garrison consisted of 600 Europeans and 300 sepoys . The French expected assistance from the Nawab 's forces from Hooghly , but the governor of Hooghly , Nandkumar had been bribed to remain inactive and prevent the Nawab 's reinforcement of Chandernagar . The fort was well - defended , but when Admiral Watson 's squadron forced the blockade in the channel on 23 March , a fierce cannonade ensued with aid from two batteries on the shore . The naval squadron suffered greatly due to musket - fire from the fort . At 9 : 00 on 24 March , a flag of truce was shown by the French and by 15 : 00 , the capitulation concluded . After plundering Chandernagar , Clive decided to ignore his orders to return to Madras and remain in Bengal . He moved his army to the north of the town of Hooghly . Furthermore , Siraj - ud - Daula believed that the British East India Company did not receive any permission from the Mughal Emperor Alamgir II to fortify their positions in the territories of the Nawab of Bengal . Conspiracy ( edit ) Siraj believed that the Mughal Emperor Alamgir II had not given permission to the British East India Company to expand its influence in Bengal . The Nawab was infuriated on learning of the attack on Chandernagar . His former hatred of the British returned , but he now felt the need to strengthen himself by alliances against the British . The Nawab was plagued by fear of attack from the north by the Afghans under Ahmad Shah Durrani and from the west by the Marathas . Therefore , he could not deploy his entire force against the British for fear of being attacked from the flanks . A deep distrust set in between the British and the Nawab . As a result , Siraj started secret negotiations with Jean Law , chief of the French factory at Cossimbazar , and de Bussy . The Nawab also moved a large division of his army under Rai Durlabh to Plassey , on the island of Cossimbazar 30 miles ( 48 km ) south of Murshidabad . Popular discontent against the Nawab flourished in his own court . The Seths , the traders of Bengal , were in perpetual fear for their wealth under the reign of Siraj , contrary to the situation under Alivardi 's reign . They had engaged Yar Lutuf Khan to defend them in case they were threatened in any way . William Watts , the Company representative at the court of Siraj , informed Clive about a conspiracy at the court to overthrow the ruler . The conspirators included Mir Jafar , paymaster of the army , Rai Durlabh , Yar Lutuf Khan and Omichund , a merchant and several officers in the army . When communicated in this regard by Mir Jafar , Clive referred it to the select committee in Calcutta on 1 May . The committee passed a resolution in support of the alliance . A treaty was drawn between the British and Mir Jafar to raise him to the throne of the Nawab in return for support to the British in the field of battle and the bestowal of large sums of money upon them as compensation for the attack on Calcutta . On 2 May , Clive broke up his camp and sent half the troops to Calcutta and the other half to Chandernagar . Mir Jafar and the Seths desired that the confederacy between the British and himself be kept secret from Omichund , but when he found out about it , he threatened to betray the conspiracy if his share was not increased to three million rupees ( £ 300,000 ) . Hearing of this , Clive suggested an expedient to the Committee . He suggested that two treaties be drawn -- the real one on white paper , containing no reference to Omichund and the other on red paper , containing Omichund 's desired stipulation , to deceive him . The Members of the Committee signed on both treaties , but Admiral Watson signed only the real one and his signature had to be counterfeited on the fictitious one . Both treaties and separate articles for donations to the army , navy squadron and committee were signed by Mir Jafar on 4 June . Clive testified and defended himself thus before the House of Commons of Parliament on 10 May 1773 , during the Parliamentary inquiry into his conduct in India : Omichund , his confidential servant , as he thought , told his master of an agreement made between the English and Monsieur Duprée ( may be a mistranscription of Dupleix ) to attack him , and received for that advice a sum of not less than four lacks of rupees . Finding this to be the man in whom the nabob entirely trusted , it soon became our object to consider him as a most material engine in the intended revolution . We therefore made such an agreement as was necessary for the purpose , and entered into a treaty with him to satisfy his demands . When all things were prepared , and the evening of the event was appointed , Omichund informed Mr. Watts , who was at the court of the nabob , that he insisted upon thirty lacks of rupees , and five per cent . upon all the treasure that should be found ; that , unless that was immediately complied with , he would disclose the whole to the nabob ; and that Mr. Watts , and the two other English gentlemen then at the court , should be cut off before the morning . Mr. Watts , immediately on this information , dispatched an express to me at the council . I did not hesitate to find out a stratagem to save the lives of these people , and secure success to the intended event . For this purpose we signed another treaty . The one was called the Red , the other the White treaty . This treaty was signed by every one , except admiral Watson ; and I should have considered myself sufficiently authorised to put his name to it , by the conversation I had with him . As to the person who signed admiral Watson 's name to the treaty , whether he did it in his presence or not , I can not say ; but this I know , that he thought he had sufficient authority for so doing . This treaty was immediately sent to Omichund , who did not suspect the stratagem . The event took place , and success attended it ; and the House , I am fully persuaded , will agree with me , that , when the very existence of the Company was at stake , and the lives of these people so precariously situated , and so certain of being destroyed , it was a matter of true policy and of justice to deceive so great a villain . Approach March ( edit ) Clive 's solitary reflection before the Battle of Plassey On 12 June , Clive was joined by Major Kilpatrick with the rest of the army from Calcutta at Chandernagar . The combined force consisted of 613 Europeans , 171 artillery - men controlling eight field pieces and two howitzers , 91 topasses , 2100 sepoys ( mainly dusadhs ) and 150 sailors . The army set out for Murshidabad on 13 June . Clive sent out the Nawab 's messengers with a letter declaring his intention to march his army to Murshidabad to refer their complaints with regard to the treaty of 9 February with the principal officers of the Nawab 's government . The Indian troops marched on shore while the Europeans with the supplies and artillery were towed up the river in 200 boats . On 14 June , Clive sent a declaration of war to Siraj . On 15 June , after ordering an attack on Mir Jafar 's palace in suspicion of his alliance with the British , Siraj obtained a promise from Mir Jafar to not join the British in the field of battle . He then ordered his entire army to move to Plassey , but the troops refused to quit the city until the arrears of their pay were released . The delay caused the army to reach Plassey only by 21 June . By 16 June , the British force had reached Paltee , 12 miles ( 19 km ) north of which lay the strategically important town and fort of Katwa . It contained large stores of grain and military supplies and was covered by the river Aji . On 17 June , Clive despatched a force of 200 Europeans , 500 sepoys , one field piece and a small howitzer under Major Coote of the 39th Foot to capture the fort . The detachment found the town abandoned when they landed at midnight . At daybreak on 19 June , Major Coote went to the bank of the river and waved a white flag , but was met only by shot and a show of defiance by the governor . Coote split his Anglo - Indian force ; the sepoys crossed the river and fired the ramparts while the Europeans crossed farther up from the fort . When the garrison saw the advancing troops , they gave up their posts and fled north . Hearing of the success , Clive and the rest of the army arrived at Katwa by the evening of 19 June . At this juncture , Clive faced a dilemma . The Nawab had reconciled with Mir Jafar and had posted him on one flank of his army . Mir Jafar had sent messages to Clive , declaring his intention to uphold the treaty between them . Clive decided to refer the problem to his officers and held a council of war on 21 June . The question Clive put before them was whether , under the present circumstances , the army , without other assistance , should immediately cross into the island of Cossimbazar and attack the Nawab or whether they should fortify their position in Katwa and trust to assistance from the Marathas or other Indian powers . Of the twenty officers attending the council , thirteen including Clive were against immediate action , while the rest including Major Coote were in favour citing recent success and the high spirits of the troops . The council broke up and after an hour of deliberation , Clive gave the army orders to cross the Bhagirathi River ( another name for the Hooghly River ) on the morning of 22 June . At 1 : 00 , on 23 June , they reached their destination beyond the village of Plassey . They quickly occupied the adjoining mango grove , called Laksha Bagh , which was 800 yards ( 730 m ) long and 300 yards ( 270 m ) wide and enclosed by a ditch and a mud wall . Its length was angled diagonally to the Bhagirathi River . A little to the north of the grove at the bank of the river stood a hunting lodge enclosed by a masonry wall where Clive took up his quarters . The grove was about a mile from the Nawab 's entrenchments . The Nawab 's army had been in place 26 hours before Clive 's . A French detachment under Jean Law would reach Plassey in two days . Their army lay behind earthen entrenchments running at right angles to the river for 200 yards ( 180 m ) and then turning to the north - eastern direction for 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) . There was a redoubt mounted by cannon at this turning along the entrenchment . There was a small hill covered by trees 300 yards ( 270 m ) east of the redoubt. 800 yards ( 730 m ) towards the British position was a small tank ( reservoir ) and 100 yards ( 91 m ) further south was a larger tank , both surrounded by a large mound of earth . Order of battle ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Anglo - Indian Army ( East India Company ) Unit Commander Complement Commander - in - Chief Col. Robert Clive 1st Division ( 1st Madras European Regiment ) Maj . James Kilpatrick 2nd Division ( 1st Madras & Bombay European Regiments ) Maj . Alexander Grant 3rd Division ( HM 's 39th Regiment of Foot ) Maj . Eyre Coote 4th Division ( Bombay European Regiment ) Maj . George Frederick Guah ( or Guapp ) Sepoys ( 1st Bengal Native Infantry ) 2100 Artillery ( 9 Battery , 12th Regiment , Royal Artillery ) Lt. Hater Cpt . William Jennings 150 ( 100 artillerymen , 50 sailors ) 6 field pieces 2 howitzers The Bengal Army Unit Commander Complement Commander - in - Chief Siraj - ud - daulah Advanced Cavalry Mir Madan Mohan Lal 5,000 cavalry 7,000 infantry Left Wing Mir Jafar 15,000 cavalry 35,000 infantry Centre Yar Lutuf Khan Right Wing Rai Durlabh Artillery 53 pieces ( mostly 32 , 24 and 18 - pounders ) French Artillery St. Frais 50 French artillerymen 6 field pieces Battle ( edit ) The Nawab 's artillery on movable platform . A large stage , raised six feet from the ground , carrying besides the cannon , all the ammunition belonging to it , and the gunners themselves who managed the cannon , on the stage itself . These machines were drawn by 40 or 50 yoke of white oxen , of the largest size , bred in the country of Purnea ; and behind each cannon walked an elephant , trained to assist at difficult tugs , by shoving with his forehead against the hinder part of the carriage . At daybreak on 23 June , the Nawab 's army emerged from their camp and started advancing towards the grove . Their army consisted of 30,000 infantry of all sorts , armed with matchlocks , swords , pikes and rockets and 20,000 cavalry , armed with swords or long spears , interspersed by 300 pieces of artillery , mostly 32 , 24 and 18 - pounders . The army also included a detachment of about 50 French artillerymen under de St. Frais directing their own field pieces . The French took up positions at the larger tank with four light pieces advanced by two larger pieces , within a mile of the grove . Behind them were a body of 5,000 cavalry and 7,000 infantry commanded by the Nawab 's faithful general Mir madan Khan and Diwan Mohanlal . The rest of the army numbering 45,000 formed an arc from the small hill to a position 800 yards ( 730 m ) east of the southern angle of the grove , threatening to surround Clive 's relatively smaller army . The right arm of their army was commanded by Rai Durlabh , the centre by Yar Lutuf Khan and the left arm closest to the British by Mir Jafar . Clive watched the situation unfolding from the roof of the hunting lodge , anticipating news from Mir Jafar . He ordered his troops to advance from the grove and line up facing the larger tank . His army consisted of 750 European infantry with 100 Topasses , 2100 sepoys ( dusadhs ) and 100 artillery - men assisted by 50 sailors . The artillery consisted of eight 6 - pounders and two howitzers . The Europeans and Topasses were placed in the centre of the line in four divisions , flanked on both sides by three 6 - pounders . The sepoys were placed on the right and left in equal divisions . Clive posted two 6 - pounders and two howitzers behind some brick - kilns 200 yards ( 180 m ) north of the left division of his army to oppose the French fire . Battle begins ( edit ) At 8 : 00 , the French artillery at the larger tank fired the first shot , killing one and wounding another from the grenadier company of the 39th Regiment . This , as a signal , the rest of the Nawab 's artillery started a heavy and continuous fire . The advanced field pieces of the British opposed the French fire , while those with the battalion opposed the rest of the Nawab 's artillery . Their shots did not serve to immobilize the artillery but hit the infantry and cavalry divisions . By 8 : 30 , the British had lost 10 Europeans and 20 sepoys . Leaving the advanced artillery at the brick kilns , Clive ordered the army to retreat back to relative shelter of the grove . The rate of casualties of the British dropped substantially due to the protection of the embankment . Death of Mir Madan Khan ( edit ) Soldier of the 39th Regiment of Foot ( c. 1742 ) At the end of three hours , there was no substantial progress and the positions of both sides had not changed . Clive called a meeting of his staff to discuss the way ahead . It was concluded that the present position would be maintained till after nightfall , and an attack on the Nawab 's camp should be attempted at midnight . Soon after the conference , a heavy rainstorm occurred . The British used tarpaulins to protect their ammunition , while the Nawab 's army took no such precautions . As a result , their gunpowder got drenched and their rate of fire slackened , while Clive 's artillery kept up a continuous fire . As the rain began to subside , Mir Madan Khan , assuming that the British guns were rendered ineffective by the rain , led his cavalry to a charge . However , the British countered the charge with heavy grape shot , mortally wounding Mir Madan Khan and driving back his men . Siraj had remained in his tent throughout the cannonade surrounded by attendants and officers assuring him of victory . When he heard that Mir Madan was mortally wounded , he was deeply disturbed and attempted reconciliation with Mir Jafar , flinging his turban to the ground , entreating him to defend it . Mir Jafar promised his services but immediately sent word of this encounter to Clive , urging him to push forward . Following Mir Jafar 's exit from the Nawab 's tent , Rai Durlabh urged Siraj to withdraw his army behind the entrenchment and advised him to return to Murshidabad leaving the battle to his generals . Siraj complied with this advice and ordered the troops under Mohan Lal to retreat behind the entrenchment . He then mounted a camel and accompanied by 2,000 horsemen set out for Murshidabad . Battlefield manoeuvres ( edit ) A plan of the Battle of Plassey , fought 23 June 1757 by Col. Robert Clive , against the Nawab of Bengal . Depiction of the battlefield , with explanations of troop movements . At about 14 : 00 , the Nawab 's army ceased the cannonade and began turning back north to their entrenchments , leaving St. Frais and his artillery without support . Seeing the Nawab 's forces retiring , Major Kilpatrick , who had been left in charge of the British force while Clive was resting in the hunting lodge , recognised the opportunity to cannonade the retiring enemy if St. Frais ' position could be captured . Sending an officer to Clive to explain his actions , he took two companies of the 39th Regiment and two field pieces and advanced towards St. Frais ' position . When Clive received the message , he hurried to the detachment and reprimanded Kilpatrick for his actions without orders and commanded to bring up the rest of the army from the grove . Clive himself then led the army against St. Frais ' position which was taken at 15 : 00 when the French artillery retreated to the redoubt of the entrenchment , setting up for further action . As the British force moved towards the larger tank , it was observed that the left arm of the Nawab 's army had lingered behind the rest . When the rear of this division reached a point in a line with the northern point of the grove , it turned left and marched towards the grove . Clive , unaware that it was Mir Jafar 's division , supposed that his baggage and stores were the intended target and sent three platoons under Captain Grant and Lieutenant Rumbold and a field piece under John Johnstone , a volunteer , to check their advance . The fire of the field piece halted the advance of the division , which remained isolated from the rest of the Nawab 's army . English guns at The battle of Plassey , June 23 , 1757 Meanwhile , the British field pieces began a cannonade on the Nawab 's camp from the mound of the larger tank . As a result , many of the Nawab 's troops and artillery started coming out of the entrenchment . Clive advanced half of his troops and artillery to the smaller tank and the other half to a rising ground 200 yards ( 180 m ) to the left of it and started bombarding the entrenchment with greater efficiency , throwing the approaching trains into confusion . The Nawab 's troops shot their matchlocks from holes , ditches , hollows and from bushes on the hill east of the redoubt while St. Frais kept up his artillery fire from the redoubt . Cavalry charges were also repulsed by the British field pieces . However , the British force sustained most of its casualties in this phase . At this point , Clive realised that the lingering division was Mir Jafar 's and concentrated his efforts at capturing the redoubt and hill east of it . Clive ordered a three - pronged attack with simultaneous attacks by two detachments on the redoubt and the hill supported by the main force in the centre . Two companies of grenadiers of the 39th Regiment , under Major Coote took the hill at 16 : 30 after the enemy fled without firing a shot . Coote pursued them across the entrenchment . The redoubt was also taken after St. Frais was forced to retreat . By 17 : 00 , the British occupied the entrenchment and the camp left by a dispersing army . The British troops marched on and halted 6 miles ( 9.7 km ) beyond Daudpur at 20 : 00 . The British losses were estimated at 22 killed and 50 wounded . Of the killed , three were of the Madras Artillery , one of the Madras Regiment and one of the Bengal European Regiment . Of the wounded , four were of the 39th Regiment , three of the Madras Regiment , four of the Madras Artillery , two of the Bengal European Regiment , one of the Bengal Artillery and one of the Bombay Regiment . Of the losses by the sepoys , four Madras and nine Bengal sepoys were killed while nineteen Madras and eleven Bengal sepoys were wounded . Clive estimates that the Nawab 's force lost 500 men , including several key officers . Aftermath ( edit ) In the evening of 23 June , Clive received a letter from Mir Jafar asking for a meeting with him . Clive replied that he would meet Mir Jafar at Daudpur the next morning . When Mir Jafar arrived at the British camp at Daudpur in the morning , Clive embraced him and saluted him as the Nawab of Bengal , Bihar and Odisha . He then advised Mir Jafar to hasten to Murshidabad to prevent Siraj 's escape and the plunder of his treasure . Mir Jafar reached Murshidabad with his troops on the evening of 24 June . Clive arrived at Murshidabad on 29 June with a guard of 200 European soldiers and 300 sepoys in the wake of rumours of a possible attempt on his life . Clive was taken to the Nawab 's palace , where he was received by Mir Jafar and his officers . Clive placed Mir Jafar on the throne and acknowledging his position as Nawab , presented him with a plate of gold rupees . Siraj - ud - daulah had reached Murshidabad at midnight on 23 June . He summoned a council where some advised him to surrender to the British , some to continue the war and some to prolong his flight . At 22 : 00 on 24 June , Siraj disguised himself and escaped northwards on a boat with his wife and valuable jewels . His intention was to escape to Patna with aid from Jean Law . At midnight on 24 June , Mir Jafar sent several parties in pursuit of Siraj . On 2 July , Siraj reached Rajmahal and took shelter in a deserted garden but was soon discovered and betrayed to the local military governor , the brother of Mir Jafar , by a man who was previously arrested and punished by Siraj . His fate could not be decided by a council headed by Mir Jafar and was handed over to Mir Jafar 's son , Miran , who had Siraj murdered that night . His remains were paraded on the streets of Murshidabad the next morning and were buried at the tomb of Alivardi Khan . According to the treaty drawn between the British and Mir Jafar , the British acquired all the land within the Maratha Ditch and 600 yards ( 550 m ) beyond it and the zamindari of all the land between Calcutta and the sea . Besides confirming the firman of 1717 , the treaty also required the restitution , including donations to the navy squadron , army and committee , of 22,000,000 rupees ( £ 2,750,000 ) to the British for their losses . However , since the wealth of Siraj - ud - daulah proved to be far less than expected , a council held with the Seths and Rai Durlabh on 29 June decided that one half of the amount was to be paid immediately -- two - thirds in coin and one third in jewels and other valuables . As the council ended , it was revealed to Omichund that he would receive nothing with regard to the treaty , hearing which he went insane . Effects ( edit ) 1744 1767 British territorial possessions in India Political effects ( edit ) As a result of the war of Plassey , the French were no longer a significant force in Bengal . In 1759 , the British defeated a larger French garrison at Masulipatam , securing the Northern Circars . By 1759 , Mir Jafar felt that his position as a subordinate to the British could not be tolerated . He started encouraging the Dutch to advance against the British and eject them from Bengal . In late 1759 , the Dutch sent seven large ships and 1400 men from Java to Bengal under the pretext of reinforcing their Bengal settlement of Chinsura even though Britain and Holland were not officially at war . Clive , however , initiated immediate offensive operations by land and sea and defeated the much larger Dutch force on 25 November 1759 in the Battle of Chinsura . The British then deposed Mir Jafar and installed Mir Qasim as the Nawab of Bengal . The British were now the paramount European power in Bengal . When Clive returned to England due to ill - health , he was rewarded with an Irish peerage , as Lord Clive , Baron of Plassey and also obtained a seat in the British House of Commons . The struggle continued in areas of the Deccan and Hyderabad such as Arcot , Wandewash , Tanjore and Cuddalore , culminating in 1761 when Col. Eyre Coote defeated a French garrison under de Lally , supported by Hyder Ali at Pondicherry . The French were returned Pondicherry in 1763 by way of the Treaty of Paris but they never again regained their former stature in India . The British would , in effect , emerge as rulers of the subcontinent in subsequent years . Economic effects ( edit ) The Battle of Plassey and the resultant victory of the British East India company led to puppet governments instated by them in various states of India . This led to an unleashing of excesses , malpractices and atrocities by the British East India Company in the name of tax collection . The battlefield today ( edit ) A monument was established in the battlefield , called Palashi Monument . Obelisks of Mirmadan , Nabe Singh Hajari & Bahadur Khan near palashi battlefield Plassey Monument in the battlefield Mir Madan 's Tomb , Faridpur , Murshidabad See also ( edit ) Battle of Buxar Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Campbell , John ; Watts , William ( 1760 ) . `` Memoirs of the Revolution in Bengal , Anno Domini 1757 '' . World Digital Library . Retrieved 30 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Robins , Nick . `` This Imperious Company -- The East India Company and the Modern Multinational -- Nick Robins -- Gresham College Lectures '' . Gresham College Lectures . Gresham College . Retrieved 19 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Naravane , M.S. ( 2014 ) . Battles of the Honorourable East India Company . A.P.H. Publishing Corporation . p. 38 . ISBN 9788131300343 . ^ Jump up to : Harrington , p. 9 Jump up ^ Mahon , p. 304 ^ Jump up to : Mahon , pp. 307 -- 311 Jump up ^ Mahon , pp. 317 -- 326 Jump up ^ Harrington , pp. 11 -- 16 Jump up ^ Bengal , v. 1 , pp. xxx -- xxxiii Jump up ^ Bengal , v. 1 , p. liv Jump up ^ Bengal , v. 1 , pp. lv -- lx Jump up ^ Mahon , pp. 328 -- 329 Jump up ^ Harrington , pp. 19 -- 23 Jump up ^ Malleson , p. 43 Jump up ^ Orme , pp. 52 -- 73 Jump up ^ Bengal , v. 1 , p. lxx -- lxxx Jump up ^ Bengal , v. 1 , p. lxxxix Jump up ^ Bengal , v. 1 , pp. c -- ci Jump up ^ Orme , pp. 73 -- 78 Jump up ^ Malleson , pp. 43 -- 44 ^ Jump up to : Harrington , p. 23 Jump up ^ Mahon , pp. 330 -- 332 Jump up ^ Bengal , v. 1 , pp. cxxiii -- cxxiv Jump up ^ Bengal , v. 1 , pp. cxxxi -- cxxxii Jump up ^ Mahon , pp. 333 -- 334 Jump up ^ Malleson , pp. 45 -- 46 Jump up ^ Bengal , v. 1 , pp. cxxxix -- cxl Jump up ^ Bengal , v. 1 , p. cxliv Jump up ^ Orme , pp. 126 -- 128 Jump up ^ Harrington , p. 24 Jump up ^ Malleson , p. 46 Jump up ^ Mahon , p. 334 Jump up ^ Bengal , v. 1 , pp. cxlvi -- cxlvii Jump up ^ Mahon , pp. 334 -- 336 ^ Jump up to : Harrington , p. 25 Jump up ^ Malleson , pp. 46 -- 47 Jump up ^ Orme , pp. 131 -- 136 Jump up ^ Bengal , v. 1 , pp. clx -- clxiii Jump up ^ Bengal , v. 1 , pp. clxv -- clxxi Jump up ^ Orme , pp. 137 -- 144 Jump up ^ Mahon , pp. 336 -- 337 Jump up ^ Malleson , pp. 47 -- 48 Jump up ^ Rai , R. History . FK Publications . p. 44 . ISBN 9788187139690 . Retrieved 13 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Mahon , p. 337 Jump up ^ Orme , p. 145 Jump up ^ Malleson , pp. 48 -- 49 Jump up ^ Bengal , v. 1 , p. clxxxi Jump up ^ Bengal , v. 1 , pp. clxxxiii -- clxxxiv Jump up ^ Malleson , pp. 49 -- 51 Jump up ^ Harrington , pp. 25 -- 29 Jump up ^ Mahon , pp. 338 -- 339 Jump up ^ Orme , pp. 147 -- 149 Jump up ^ Bengal , v. 1 , pp. clxxxvi -- clxxxix Jump up ^ Orme , pp. 150 -- 161 Jump up ^ Harrington , p. 29 Jump up ^ Mahon , pp. 339 -- 341 Jump up ^ Bengal , v. 1 , pp. cxcii -- cxciii Jump up ^ Cobbett , William ; Hansard , Thomas Curson ; Parliament , Great Britain ; Parliament , Scotland ( 1813 ) . The Parliamentary history of England from the earliest period to the year 1803 , Volume 17 . p. 876 . Jump up ^ The gentleman 's magazine , and historical chronicle , Volume 43 . 1773 . pp. 630 -- 631 . ^ Jump up to : Encyclopaedia of Dalits in India : Movements Jump up ^ `` Full text of `` Moving millions ( microform ) , the pageant of modern India '' `` . archive.org . Retrieved 13 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Bengal , v. 1 , p. cxciii Jump up ^ Malleson , pp. 51 -- 52 Jump up ^ Orme , pp. 163 -- 169 ^ Jump up to : Harrington , p. 52 Jump up ^ Mahon , p. 341 Jump up ^ Orme , p. 168 Jump up ^ Bengal , v. 1 , p. cxcvi Jump up ^ Malleson , p. 54 Jump up ^ Harrington , p. 53 Jump up ^ Orme , p. 170 Jump up ^ Mahon , pp. 342 -- 343 Jump up ^ Bengal , v. 1 , pp. cxcvii -- cxcviii Jump up ^ Orme , pp. 172 -- 173 Jump up ^ Harrington , pp. 54 -- 55 Jump up ^ Malleson , pp. 57 -- 59 Jump up ^ Mahon , p. 343 Jump up ^ Orme , p. 173 Jump up ^ Malleson , p. 59 Jump up ^ Harrington , pp. 56 -- 58 Jump up ^ Orme , p. 174 Jump up ^ Malleson , p. 60 Jump up ^ Harrington , pp. 58 -- 61 Jump up ^ Orme , pp. 174 -- 175 Jump up ^ Harrington , pp. 61 -- 65 Jump up ^ Malleson , pp. 60 -- 61 Jump up ^ Orme , p. 175 Jump up ^ Malleson , pp. 61 -- 62 Jump up ^ Harrington , pp. 66 -- 68 Jump up ^ Mahon , pp. 343 -- 344 Jump up ^ Orme , pp. 175 -- 177 Jump up ^ Harrington , pp. 68 -- 69 Jump up ^ Malleson , pp. 62 -- 63 ^ Jump up to : Mahon , p. 344 Jump up ^ Harrington , p. 70 Jump up ^ Malleson , pp. 63 -- 65 Jump up ^ Orme , pp. 175 -- 176 Jump up ^ Orme , p. 176 Jump up ^ Malleson , p. 65 Jump up ^ Harrington , p. 75 Jump up ^ Harrington , pp. 75 -- 76 Jump up ^ Orme , pp. 176 -- 177 Jump up ^ Malleson , pp. 66 -- 67 Jump up ^ Harrington , p. 77 Jump up ^ Malleson , p. 67 Jump up ^ Orme , pp. 177 -- 178 Jump up ^ Harrington , pp. 81 -- 82 Jump up ^ Harrington , pp. 83 -- 4 Jump up ^ Orme , pp. 178 -- 81 Jump up ^ Harrington , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Orme , pp. 183 -- 84 Jump up ^ Mahon , pp. 346 -- 47 Jump up ^ Orme , pp. 180 -- 82 Jump up ^ Mahon , pp. 347 -- 48 Jump up ^ Mahon , pp. 349 -- 352 Jump up ^ Harrington , p. 85 Jump up ^ Harrington , pp. 85 -- 88 Jump up ^ Mahon , pp. 353 -- 363 Jump up ^ Simmons , Collin ( 1987 ) . `` The Great Depression and Indian Industry : Changing Interpretations and Changing Perceptions '' . Modern Asian Studies . Cambridge University Press . 21 ( 3 ) : 585 -- 623 . doi : 10.1017 / s0026749x00009215 . JSTOR 312643 . References ( edit ) Stanhope , Philip H. ( 1853 ) . History of England from the Peace of Utrecht to the Peace of Versailles ( 1713 -- 1783 ) . IV . Leipzig : Bernhard Tauchnitz . ISBN 1 - 4069 - 8152 - 4 . OCLC 80350373 . Orme , Robert ( 1861 ) . A History of the Military Transactions of the British Nation in Indostan from the year MDCCXLV. II . Madras : Athenaeum Press . OCLC 46390406 . Malleson , George B. ( 1885 ) . The Decisive Battles of India from 1746 to 1819 . London : W.H. Allen . ISBN 0 - 554 - 47620 - 7 . OCLC 3680884 . Harrington , Peter ( 1994 ) . Plassey 1757 , Clive of India 's Finest Hour ; Osprey Campaign Series # 36 . London : Osprey Publishing . ISBN 1 - 85532 - 352 - 4 . Hill , S.C. , ed. ( 1905 ) . Bengal in 1756 -- 1757 . Indian Records . London : John Murray . ISBN 1 - 148 - 92557 - 0 . OCLC 469357208 . Further reading ( edit ) Chaudhary , Sushil ( 2000 ) . The Prelude to Empire : Plassey Revolution of 1757 . New Delhi : Manohar . ISBN 81 - 7304 - 301 - 9 . Datta , K.K. ( 1971 ) . Siraj - ud - daulah . Calcutta : Sangam Books . ISBN 0 - 86125 - 258 - 6 . Gupta , B.K. ( 1962 ) . Sirajuddaulah and the East India Company . OCLC 1240808 . Hill , S.C. ( 1903 ) . The Three Frenchmen In Bengal : The Commercial Ruin of the French Settlements in 1757 . London . ISBN 1 - 4264 - 4475 - 3 . Marshall , P.J. ( 1987 ) . Bengal -- the British Bridgehead . Cambridge . ISBN 0 - 521 - 02822 - 1 . Ray , Indrajit ( 2011 ) . Bengal Industries and the British Industrial Revolution . Routledge . ISBN 1136825525 . Spear , Thomas G.P. ( 1975 ) . Master of Bengal -- Clive and His India . London . ISBN 0 - 500 - 25041 - 3 . Strang , Herbert ( 1904 ) . In Clive 's Command -- A Story of the Fight for India . ISBN 1 - 4069 - 1756 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Hand coloured map of the battle from the London Magazine , printed circa 1760 `` Battle of Plassey '' . Murshidabad Official Website . Archived from the original on 22 May 2003 . -- basic map of the battlefield Mohsin , KM ; Chaudhury , Sushil ( 2012 ) . `` Palashi , The Battle of '' . In Islam , Sirajul ; Jamal , Ahmed A. Banglapedia : National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh ( Second ed . ) . Asiatic Society of Bangladesh . Robins , Nick ( 13 December 2004 ) . `` East India Company -- The World 's First Multinational '' . New Statesman . London . 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who was the longest serving doctor who companion			Companion ( Doctor Who )	companion ( doctor who )	In the long - running BBC television science fiction programme Doctor Who and related works , the term `` companion '' refers to a character who travels with , or shares the adventures of the Doctor . In most Doctor Who stories , the primary companion acts as an audience surrogate . They provide the lens through which the viewer is introduced to the series . The companion character often furthers the story by asking questions and getting into trouble , or by helping , rescuing , or challenging the Doctor . This designation is applied to a character by the show 's producers and appears in the BBC 's promotional material and off - screen fictional terminology . Until the modern revival of the series in 2005 , the term was rarely used on - screen . The Doctor also refers to the show 's other leads as his `` friends '' or `` assistants '' ; the British press have also used the latter term .	Contents 1 History 2 Definition 3 Role 4 Families and childhoods 5 Loss of a companion 6 List of companions 6.1 First Doctor 6.2 Second Doctor 6.3 Third Doctor 6.3. 1 UNIT 6.4 Fourth Doctor 6.5 Fifth Doctor 6.6 Sixth Doctor 6.7 Seventh Doctor 6.8 Eighth Doctor 6.9 Ninth Doctor 6.10 Tenth Doctor 6.11 Eleventh Doctor 6.12 Twelfth Doctor 6.13 Thirteenth Doctor 7 Deaths of companions 7.1 List of companion deaths 7.2 Mitigated 7.3 Parallel world 7.4 Spin - off media 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links History ( edit ) In the earliest episodes of Doctor Who , the dramatic structure of the programme 's cast was rather different from the hero - and - sidekick pattern that emerged later . Initially , the character of the Doctor was unclear , with uncertain motives and abilities . The protagonists were schoolteachers Ian Chesterton and Barbara Wright , who provided the audience 's point of view in stories set in Earth 's history and on alien worlds . Ian in particular served the role of the action hero . The fourth character was the Doctor 's granddaughter , Susan , who ( though initially presented as an `` unearthly child '' ) was intended as an identification figure for younger viewers . Carole Ann Ford , who played Susan Foreman , became unhappy with the lack of development for her character and chose to leave in its second series . The character of Susan was married off to a freedom fighter and left behind to rebuild a Dalek - ravaged Earth . Doctor Who 's producers replaced Susan with another young female character , Vicki . Similarly , when Ian and Barbara left , the `` action hero '' position was filled by astronaut Steven Taylor . This grouping of the Doctor , a young heroic male , and an attractive young female became the programme 's pattern throughout the 1960s . When the programme changed to colour in 1970 , its format changed : the Doctor was now Earth - bound and acquired a supporting cast by his affiliation with the paramilitary organisation United Nations Intelligence Taskforce ( UNIT ) . The Third Doctor , more active and physical than his predecessors , made the role of the `` action hero '' male companion redundant . In the 1970 season , the Doctor was assisted by scientist Liz Shaw and Brigadier Lethbridge - Stewart , along with other UNIT personnel ( such as Sergeant Benton ) . The intellectual Shaw was replaced by Jo Grant in the 1971 season , and as the programme returned to occasional adventures in outer space , the format shifted once more : while UNIT continued to provide a regular `` home base '' for Earth - bound stories , in stories on other planets , the Doctor and Jo became a two - person team with a close , personal bond . This pattern , the Doctor with a single female companion , became a template from which subsequent episodes of Doctor Who rarely diverged . The `` heroic male '' type occasionally returned ( for example , Harry Sullivan , Adric , Vislor Turlough , Jack Harkness , and Rory Williams ) , but the single female companion was Doctor Who 's staple . The character of Harry Sullivan was created by the production team when it was expected that the Fourth Doctor would be played by an older actor who would have trouble with the activity expressed by his predecessor . The role went to 40 - year - old Tom Baker , and the part of Harry , no longer required for the action role , was reduced . In the final season for the Fourth Doctor , he acquired three companions ( Adric , Tegan , and Nyssa ) , and this situation continued under the Fifth Doctor for a while . Adric was written out by the unusual method within the series of being `` killed off '' . By the time of the Sixth Doctor , a single companion had become standard again . Definition ( edit ) Although the term `` companion '' is designated to specific characters by the show 's producers and appears in the BBC 's promotional material and off - screen fictional terminology , there is no formal definition that constitutes such a designation . The definition of who is and is not a companion becomes less clear in the newer series . For instance , Stephen Brook in The Guardian newspaper 's Organgrinder blog discounted Michelle Ryan as a likely next companion but said that `` what constitutes a Doctor Who companion is no longer clear '' . During the Doctor 's latest incarnations , his primary companions , such as Rose Tyler and Martha Jones , have fulfilled a distinct dramatic role , more significant than other , less - prominent TARDIS travellers such as Adam , Jack , and Mickey . The British press referred to Martha as the `` first ethnic minority companion in the 43 - year television history of Doctor Who '' and the `` first black assistant '' , despite the presence of Mickey Smith in the previous season -- including several episodes in which he travelled in the TARDIS with the Doctor . Similarly , some characters who appear to qualify as companions are never awarded the title , as in the case of Canton Delaware , who assisted the Doctor for several weeks , traveled in the TARDIS , and was even invited to witness the Eleventh Doctor 's supposed death . The opening credits do little to clarify the situation . In the first two series of the renewed programme , the only supporting actor to receive a title credit is Billie Piper . In subsequent series , Freema Agyeman , and Catherine Tate are credited in all episodes in which they appear . In the third series , John Barrowman receives a title credit for his return to the show . Series Four gave Agyeman , Piper , Barrowman , and Elisabeth Sladen title billing for each of their reappearances . Noel Clarke reprised his role in the Series Four finale ; although listed as a companion alongside the other actors on the BBC Doctor Who website , Clarke is not credited in this way . In The End of Time John Simm receives title billing for his antagonist role as the Master , ahead of Bernard Cribbins as companion Wilfred Mott . Companions in the new series also have a more flexible tenure than their classical predecessors . Several companion characters have returned to the series after leaving the Doctor 's company , most notably in the Series Four finale `` The Stolen Earth '' / `` Journey 's End '' ( 2008 ) , which features a record eight past , present and future companions : Donna is joined by a returning Rose , Martha , Jack , Sarah Jane , and Mickey , while past companion K9 and future companion Wilfred Mott make appearances . This tendency , plus the increase in `` one - off '' companions like Astrid Peth and Jackson Lake , has further obscured the matter of who is and is not a companion . Role ( edit ) The Doctor 's companions have assumed a variety of roles -- involuntary passengers , assistants ( particularly Liz Shaw ) , friends , and fellow adventurers ; and , of course , he regularly gains new companions and loses old ones . Sometimes they return home , and sometimes they find new causes -- or loves -- on worlds they have visited . A few companions have died during their travels with the Doctor . Most companions travel in the TARDIS with the Doctor for more than one adventure . Sometimes a guest character takes a role in the story similar to that of a companion , such as photographer Isobel Watkins , who plays a significant role in The Invasion ( 1968 ) , or Lynda in `` Bad Wolf '' and `` The Parting of the Ways '' ( 2005 ) . In the revived era , some guest characters have gained companion status such as Mickey Smith , River Song , Wilfred Mott , and Craig Owens . Despite the fact that the majority of the Doctor 's companions are young , attractive females , the production team for the 1963 -- 89 series maintained a long - standing taboo against any overt romantic involvement in the TARDIS : for example , Peter Davison , as the Fifth Doctor , was not allowed to put his arm around either Sarah Sutton ( Nyssa ) or Janet Fielding ( Tegan Jovanka ) . However , that has not prevented fans from speculating about possible romantic involvements , most notably between the Fourth Doctor and the Time Lady Romana ( whose actors , Tom Baker and Lalla Ward , shared a romance and brief marriage ) . The taboo was controversially broken in the 1996 television movie when the Eighth Doctor was shown kissing companion Grace Holloway . The 2005 series played with this idea by having various characters think that the Ninth Doctor and Rose Tyler were a couple , which they vehemently denied . Since the series revival , the Doctor has kissed many of his companions , including Rose and Jack , although each instance was not necessarily in a romantic context ( see also `` The Doctor and romance '' ) . In series 2 -- 3 of the revival , David Tennant as the Tenth Doctor and Rose have significant sexual tension . Rose mentions sharing a mortgage with him if he were to ever be trapped with her in `` The Satan Pit '' . At the end of series 2 , in `` Doomsday '' , Rose and the doctor are forcibly separated . The doctor `` burns up a sun to say goodbye '' and responds to Rose saying `` I love you '' with a cut - off sentence that is almost certainly `` I love you too '' . Donna Noble vehemently denied a sexual interest in the Doctor when he invited her to join him and explained , `` I just want a mate , '' which she misheard as `` I just want to mate . '' Rose and Martha each developed romantic feelings toward the Doctor . On the opposite side of the same coin , Amy reacted to the stress of her adventures by very aggressively trying to seduce the Doctor on the eve of her own wedding , despite being in love with her fiancé Rory ; the Doctor forcibly pushed her off of himself , though she did not immediately cease her pursuit . The Eleventh Doctor romantically kissed Amy and Rory 's daughter , sporadic companion River Song , jokingly proposed marriage to her , and soon married her . Previous companions have reappeared in the series . Brigadier Lethbridge - Stewart reunited with later incarnations of the Doctor in Mawdryn Undead and Battlefield . He and Sergeant Benton began as returning characters in the first place , having appeared with the Second Doctor in The Web of Fear and again in The Invasion , prior to starting their full - time association with the Third and Fourth Doctors . Tegan Jovanka was the first full - time companion to part from the Doctor and subsequently return to full - time companionship , although the break in her tenure had been pre-planned . Most reappearances of companions in the original series , however , were for anniversary specials such as The Five Doctors and Dimensions in Time , both of which also featured multiple Doctors . One former companion , Sarah Jane Smith , together with the robotic dog K - 9 , appeared in four and two episodes , respectively , of the revived series more than twenty years after their last appearances in the 20th anniversary story The Five Doctors ( 1983 ) . The character of Sarah Jane also headed up a Doctor Who spin - off , The Sarah Jane Adventures , with K - 9 until Sladen 's death . Another companion , Captain Jack Harkness , is the lead character in the spin - off BBC science fiction programme Torchwood . Not only have these former companions continued to make appearances on Doctor Who , they have sometimes been accompanied by some of their own companions from the spin - offs when doing so , including Jack 's colleagues Gwen Cooper and Ianto Jones , and Sarah Jane 's ' family ' Mr Smith , Luke Smith and K - 9 Mark IV . Other former companions from both the classic era and revived series have also returned as guest stars in the spin - offs , including Martha Jones on Torchwood , and Brigadier Lethbridge - Stewart and Jo Grant on The Sarah Jane Adventures . K - 9 Mark I has also been spun off into its own series , albeit with an independent continuity . When Doctor Who returned to television in 2005 , the companion characters played a slightly different role , partly due to a strong focus on the character of Rose Tyler and characters connected to her . For example , although Adam Mitchell was a companion by the standard definition , he appeared in only two episodes and was arguably a less significant part of the 2005 series than Rose 's sometime boyfriend Mickey Smith , who was not technically a companion but appeared in five episodes ( or six , including a brief appearance as a child in `` Father 's Day '' ) . Mickey later gained full - fledged companion status when he travelled in the TARDIS in the 2006 episode `` School Reunion '' . In that episode , Sarah Jane Smith referred to Rose as the Doctor 's `` assistant '' , a term to which the latter took offence . This exchange might be regarded as indicating the new series ' shift in approach to the companion role . Adam was also far less significant than Rose 's mother , Jackie Tyler , who was a frequently recurring character who travelled in the TARDIS , yet is not considered a companion . As of the end of the sixth series , Sarah Jane Smith is the only classic era companion to have travelled again with the Doctor in the revived series , and one of two to have done so in the revived era . She declined his invitation in `` School Reunion '' , but subsequently met up with the Doctor aboard a Dalek ship in `` Journey 's End '' and travelled with him , several other companions , and Jackie Tyler in the TARDIS as they towed the Earth back to the solar system . Sarah Jane , her predecessor Jo Jones ( née Grant ) , and their own respective companions subsequently momentarily travelled in the TARDIS with the Eleventh Doctor in The Sarah Jane Adventures serial , Death of the Doctor . The Eleventh Doctor attempted to have Brigadier Lethbridge - Stewart travel with him again only to learn of the Brigadier 's death months earlier . Families and childhoods ( edit ) In the classic era , companions ' friends and families were rarely depicted , and almost all were kept unaware of the true nature of the Doctor and the TARDIS . Exceptions include the very brief portrayals of Susan 's future husband David Campbell ; Dodo Chaplet 's ancestor Anne Chaplet ; Victoria Waterfield 's father Edward ; Jo Grant 's future husband Prof. Clifford Jones ; the companions ' various co-workers at UNIT ; Leela 's father Sole & future husband or lover Andred ; Tegan Jovanka 's aunt Vanessa , maternal grandfather Andrew Verney , & cousin Colin Frazer ; Nyssa 's father Tremas & step - mother Kassia ; Vislor Turlough 's former maths teacher Lethbridge - Stewart ; Peri Brown 's step - father Prof. Howard Foster , & future husband King Yrcanos ; Ace McShane 's ex-lover Sabalom Glitz , maternal grandmother Kathleen Dudman , infant mother Audrey Dudman , & a photograph of her maternal grandfather Frank Dudman ) ; and Brigadier Lethbridge - Stewart 's second wife Doris . Classic era spin - off media additionally introduced Sarah Jane Smith 's aunt Lavinia Smith ( who had been an unseen character in the original series ) and foster brother Brendan Richards , and Brigadier Lethbridge - Stewart 's daughter Kate ( who would later become a recurring guest in the revived series ) and grandson Gordon . Conversely , families and friends of most companions in the revived era are extensively and continually depicted , and their adventures with the Doctor are generally not kept secret . The revived era has also featured a number of companions related to other companions by blood or marriage ( Donna Noble 's grandfather Wilfred Mott ; Amy Pond 's fiancé ( later husband ) Rory Williams , and the couple 's daughter River Song ; former companions Mickey Smith and Martha Jones who married subsequent to their companionship ; Graham O'Brien and step - grandson Ryan Sinclair ) . No such relationships occurred among companions in the classic era , although original companions Ian Chesterton and Barbara Wright are reported in the revived era to have married subsequent to their companionship , and Ben Jackson and Polly are likewise reported to be together . The families of some classic - era companions too have been depicted in the revived era , such as Jo Grant ( n / k / a Jo Jones ) 's grandson Santiago Jones ; and Sarah Jane Smith 's parents , adopted son Luke Smith , adopted daughter Sky Smith , and alternate timeline fiancé Peter Dalton ; and Alistair Lethbridge - Stewart 's daughter Kate Stewart . Another change in the revived era is the depiction of many companions ' pre-Doctor lives , particularly their childhoods ; no companion was so depicted in the classic era , aside from John Benton being temporarily ' de-aged ' by The Master . Companions Rose Tyler , Mickey Smith , Adelaide Brooke , Amy Pond , Rory Williams , River Song and Clara Oswald have all been portrayed in their youths by juvenile actors on Doctor Who ; the pre-companionship lives of the Pond - Williams - Song family being particularly well - documented . Companions Jack Harkness and Sarah Jane Smith have also been depicted in their youths on their respective spin - off series . In addition to having been de-aged once in the classic era , John Benton was the first companion whose childhood was chronicled . Loss of a companion ( edit ) A recurring theme of the new series is the toll the loss of companions takes on the Doctor . While he would more or less easily deal with his companions ' departures in the classic series , the new series shows the Doctor having a harder time recovering when a companion leaves him , especially when they do so under tragic circumstances and if the Doctor develops a strong emotional tie beyond friendship . After losing Donna Noble , the Tenth Doctor refused to travel with a companion until after his regeneration , unable to cope with them leaving anymore . Later , the loss of Amy and Rory Williams -- his parents - in - law by way of his marriage to River Song -- drives the Eleventh Doctor into a deep depression , and he retreats to Victorian London where he refuses to get involved in the world 's affairs anymore . Additionally , `` Let 's Kill Hitler '' spotlights the Doctor 's continuing guilt in relation to several past companions . An ongoing subplot of Series 9 ( 2015 ) dealt with the Twelfth Doctor 's growing fear over the potential of losing Clara Oswald . Her death in `` Face the Raven '' leads the Doctor to undertake extreme measures to undo her fate , as depicted in the Series 9 finale `` Hell Bent '' . The impact of the death of his wife , River Song , is a subplot of both `` The Husbands of River Song '' and `` The Return of Doctor Mysterio '' . List of companions ( edit ) The ' last serial ' column only includes the last serial in which he or she appeared in a companion role and excludes minor roles , cameos , flashbacks , and so forth . Also , the table refers solely to adventures with the respective Doctor . Some companions who appear with two or more Doctors appear in separate tables . First Doctor ( edit ) Companion Actor Seasons First serial Last serial Susan Foreman Carole Ann Ford 1 , 2 , 1983 Special An Unearthly Child The Five Doctors Barbara Wright Jacqueline Hill 1 , 2 An Unearthly Child The Chase Ian Chesterton William Russell 1 , 2 An Unearthly Child The Chase Vicki Maureen O'Brien 2 , 3 The Rescue The Myth Makers Steven Taylor Peter Purves 2 , 3 The Chase The Savages Katarina Adrienne Hill The Myth Makers The Daleks ' Master Plan Sara Kingdom Jean Marsh The Daleks ' Master Plan Dodo Chaplet Jackie Lane The Massacre of St Bartholomew 's Eve The War Machines Polly Anneke Wills 3 , 4 The War Machines The Tenth Planet Ben Jackson Michael Craze 3 , 4 The War Machines The Tenth Planet Second Doctor ( edit ) Companion Actor Seasons First serial Last serial Polly Anneke Wills The Power of the Daleks The Faceless Ones Ben Jackson Michael Craze The Power of the Daleks The Faceless Ones Jamie McCrimmon Frazer Hines 4 -- 6 , 22 The Highlanders The Two Doctors Victoria Waterfield Deborah Watling 4 , 5 The Evil of the Daleks Fury from the Deep Zoe Heriot Wendy Padbury 5 , 6 The Wheel in Space The War Games Brigadier Lethbridge - Stewart Nicholas Courtney 1983 Special The Five Doctors Planet of the Spiders Third Doctor ( edit ) Companion Actor Seasons First serial Last serial Liz Shaw Caroline John 7 Spearhead from Space Inferno Jo Grant Katy Manning 8 -- 10 Terror of the Autons The Green Death Sarah Jane Smith Elisabeth Sladen 11 , 1983 Special The Time Warrior The Five Doctors UNIT ( edit ) The following three characters , all associated with UNIT during the Third Doctor 's exile to Earth , are sometimes considered his companions despite appearing irregularly during his tenure . Character Actor Seasons First appearance Last appearance Brigadier Lethbridge - Stewart Nicholas Courtney 7 -- 11 Spearhead from Space Planet of the Spiders Sergeant John Benton John Levene 7 -- 11 The Ambassadors of Death Planet of the Spiders Captain Mike Yates Richard Franklin 8 -- 11 Terror of the Autons Planet of the Spiders Fourth Doctor ( edit ) Companion Actor Seasons First serial Last serial Sarah Jane Smith Elisabeth Sladen 12 -- 14 Robot The Hand of Fear Harry Sullivan Ian Marter 12 , 13 Robot Terror of the Zygons Leela Louise Jameson 14 , 15 The Face of Evil The Invasion of Time K - 9 Mark I John Leeson ( voice ) 15 The Invisible Enemy The Invasion of Time K - 9 Mark II John Leeson / David Brierley ( voices ) 16 -- 18 The Ribos Operation Warriors ' Gate Romana I Mary Tamm 16 The Ribos Operation The Armageddon Factor Romana II Lalla Ward 17 , 18 , 1983 Special Destiny of the Daleks The Five Doctors Adric Matthew Waterhouse 18 Full Circle Logopolis Nyssa Sarah Sutton 18 The Keeper of Traken Logopolis Tegan Jovanka Janet Fielding 18 Logopolis Fifth Doctor ( edit ) Companion Actor Seasons First serial Last serial Adric Matthew Waterhouse 19 Castrovalva Earthshock Nyssa Sarah Sutton 19 , 20 Castrovalva Terminus Tegan Jovanka Janet Fielding 19 -- 21 Castrovalva Resurrection of the Daleks Vislor Turlough Mark Strickson 20 , 21 Mawdryn Undead Planet of Fire Kamelion Gerald Flood ( voice ) 20 , 21 The King 's Demons Planet of Fire Peri Brown Nicola Bryant 21 Planet of Fire The Caves of Androzani Sixth Doctor ( edit ) Companion Actor Seasons First serial Last serial Peri Brown Nicola Bryant 21 -- 23 The Twin Dilemma The Trial of a Time Lord : Mindwarp Mel Bush Bonnie Langford 23 Terror of the Vervoids The Ultimate Foe Seventh Doctor ( edit ) Companion Actor Seasons First serial Last serial Mel Bush Bonnie Langford 24 Time and the Rani Dragonfire Ace Sophie Aldred 24 -- 26 Dragonfire Survival Eighth Doctor ( edit ) Companion Actor Story Grace Holloway Daphne Ashbrook Doctor Who Ninth Doctor ( edit ) Companion Actor Series First episode Last episode Rose Tyler Billie Piper `` Rose '' `` The Parting of the Ways '' Adam Mitchell Bruno Langley `` Dalek '' `` The Long Game '' Jack Harkness John Barrowman `` The Empty Child '' `` The Parting of the Ways '' Tenth Doctor ( edit ) Companion Actor Series First episode Last episode Rose Tyler Billie Piper 2 , 4 `` The Christmas Invasion '' `` Journey 's End '' Mickey Smith Noel Clarke 2 , 4 `` School Reunion '' `` Journey 's End '' Donna Noble Catherine Tate 2006 Special , 4 `` The Runaway Bride '' `` Journey 's End '' Martha Jones Freema Agyeman 3 , 4 `` Smith and Jones '' `` Journey 's End '' Captain Jack Harkness John Barrowman 3 , 4 `` Utopia '' `` Journey 's End '' Astrid Peth Kylie Minogue 2007 Special `` Voyage of the Damned '' Sarah Jane Smith Elisabeth Sladen `` The Stolen Earth '' `` Journey 's End '' Jackson Lake David Morrissey 2008 -- 2010 Specials `` The Next Doctor '' Lady Christina de Souza Michelle Ryan 2008 -- 2010 Specials `` Planet of the Dead '' Adelaide Brooke Lindsay Duncan 2008 -- 2010 Specials `` The Waters of Mars '' Wilfred Mott Bernard Cribbins 2008 -- 2010 Specials The End of Time Eleventh Doctor ( edit ) Companion Actor Series First episode Last episode Amy Pond Karen Gillan 5 -- 7 `` The Eleventh Hour '' `` The Angels Take Manhattan '' Rory Williams Arthur Darvill 5 -- 7 `` The Vampires of Venice '' `` The Angels Take Manhattan '' River Song Alex Kingston 6 `` The Impossible Astronaut '' `` The Wedding of River Song '' Craig Owens James Corden 6 `` Closing Time '' Clara Oswald Jenna Coleman 7 -- 2013 Specials `` The Snowmen '' `` The Time of the Doctor '' Twelfth Doctor ( edit ) Companion Actor Series First episode Last episode Clara Oswald Jenna Coleman 8 -- 9 `` Deep Breath '' `` Hell Bent '' River Song Alex Kingston 2015 Special `` The Husbands of River Song '' Nardole Matt Lucas 10 `` The Return of Doctor Mysterio '' `` The Doctor Falls '' Bill Potts Pearl Mackie 10 `` The Pilot '' `` Twice Upon a Time '' Thirteenth Doctor ( edit ) Companion Actor Series First episode Last episode Graham O'Brien Bradley Walsh 11 `` The Woman Who Fell to Earth '' TBA Ryan Sinclair Tosin Cole 11 `` The Woman Who Fell to Earth '' TBA Yasmin Khan Mandip Gill 11 `` The Woman Who Fell to Earth '' TBA Deaths of companions ( edit ) This section may contain too much repetition or redundant language . Please help improve it by merging similar text or removing repeated statements . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A few of the companions have died during the course of the series . Katarina sacrificed herself by opening her airlock to save the others from the mad fugitive Kirksen , and was blown into the vacuum of space . In the same serial , Sara Kingdom was rapidly aged to dust by a Time Destructor . While Adric attempted to divert a spaceship from crashing into Earth , a Cyberman destroyed the controls ; they hurtled through time and crashed into the planet , creating the Chicxulub crater and causing the K - Pg extinction event ( this fulfilled Silurians ' prophecy and facilitated the evolution of mammals ) . The android Kamelion , after coming under the Master 's control , convinced the Doctor to destroy him , and the Doctor complied . Astrid Peth sacrificed herself to kill Max Capricorn , saving the lives of millions aboard the interstellar space liner RMS Titanic and in the greater London area . Before River Song 's formal companionship began , she sacrificed herself in order to save those trapped in the Library 's computer servers ' simulations . The Doctor uploaded her `` data ghost '' into the library servers , from which she later is able to communicate across time and space with Madame Vastra , Jenny Flint , Strax , and Clara Oswald in `` The Name of the Doctor '' . Adelaide Brooke killed herself after the Doctor altered the timeline by rescuing her ; this ensured that her descendants would explore the galaxy and the wider universe as originally destined . Rory Williams is touched by a Weeping Angel in 2012 and sent back in time . With the encouragement of her daughter , River Song , and against the Doctor 's pleas , Amy Pond allows herself to be touched by a Weeping Angel in 2012 in the hope of being reunited with her husband in the past . She is successful , and they grow old together in New York City , die , and are buried in Queens on the spot from which they will later be sent back in time in 2012 . In fighting the Ice Governess in the final hour of Christmas Eve 1892 , a Victorian era incarnation of Clara Oswald falls off of the cloud on which the TARDIS was parked , plummeting to the ground . Another incarnation of Clara Oswald ( named Oswin Oswald ) dies in `` Asylum of the Daleks '' ; the character disabling the planet 's shielding thus enabling the Doctor , Amy Pond and Rory Williams to escape . Not all companion deaths have been permanent however . Jack Harkness resurrects after each death , having been made immortal by Rose Tyler in `` The Parting of the Ways '' . Rory Williams suffered several deaths , each of which was negated by alternate timelines , paradoxes , resurrection by advanced alien medicine , or the rebooting of the universe . Clara Oswald dies in `` Face the Raven '' , but in a subsequent episode ( `` Hell Bent '' ) her time stream is frozen at the moment of death by the Time Lords so that they can interrogate her about the Hybrid ; the Doctor takes advantage of this to save her life , but she remains technically neither alive nor dead , does not age or have a pulse . After her departure as a companion of the Twelfth Doctor , she teams with the immortal Ashildr and travels in a stolen TARDIS . Other companions died in alternate timelines or alternate lives . Brigade Leader Alistair Lethbridge - Stewart , Section Leader Liz Shaw , and Platoon Leader John Benton all died in the destruction of their universe 's Earth . Sarah Jane Smith , her son Luke Smith , Maria Jackson , & Clyde Langer perished while trying to stop the Plasmavore and the Judoon in Royal Hope Hospital on the Moon in the parallel universe of `` Turn Left '' . In the same story , Martha Jones suffocated after giving up her oxygen to classmate / co-worker Oliver Morgenstern while on the Moon . Teenaged Sarah Jane Smith also died after falling from a pier in place of her friend , Andrea Yates ; Maria Jackson convinces the adult Yates to correct the timeline , restoring Sarah Jane to life . After surviving decades in an alien hospice that was deadly to humans , Amy Pond compelled Rory Williams to lock her out of the TARDIS in order to protect her younger self and allow the latter to have the life with Rory that the former missed . Amy and Rory jointly jumped off of a high - rise in New York on a hunch that doing so would create a paradox and deliver themselves from that timeline . Several other companions have died subsequent to their companionships . Sir Alistair Lethbridge - Stewart 's death months earlier was revealed in `` The Wedding of River Song '' , and he was later remembered fondly by his daughter and the Eleventh Doctor . When the series was relaunched in 2005 , the Doctor believed himself to be the only Time Lord to have survived the Last Great Time War , indicating that he believes that Susan Foreman and Romana were killed , and that Leela , who settled on Gallifrey , was lost when that planet was destroyed in the Last Great Time War . However , the fiftieth anniversary episode `` The Day of the Doctor '' reveals that the planet still exists in a separate pocket universe , leaving their fates uncertain . In 2050 , Sarah Jane Smith is implied to be dead by Rani Chandra in `` The Mad Woman in the Attic '' . Vicki left the First Doctor circa 1250 BCE and passed into legend as Cressida . List of companion deaths ( edit ) During the course of the show 's history , there have been a few occasions when companions have died while on adventures with the Doctor . They are : Katarina , killed in episode 4 of The Daleks ' Master Plan when she opens the airlock of a spaceship after being taken hostage by a convict . Sara Kingdom , is killed in episode 12 of The Daleks ' Master Plan when she undergoes extreme aging as a side - effect of the First Doctor 's activation of a `` Time Destructor '' device . Adric dies at the end of Episode 4 of Earthshock in the explosion of a bomb - laden space freighter in Earth 's atmosphere . Kamelion , an android companion , is destroyed by the Fifth Doctor in Episode 4 of Planet of Fire as an act of mercy after Kamelion is taken over by the Master and asks the Doctor to destroy him . K - 9 Mark III sacrifices himself in `` School Reunion '' in order to save the Doctor and his friends from a group of aliens . The subsequent K - 9 Mark IV that the Doctor leaves with Sarah Jane tells her that the Mark III 's files have been transferred to the new machine . Astrid Peth sacrifices herself in order to kill Max Capricorn by driving him into a reactor core at the end of `` Voyage of the Damned '' . The Tenth Doctor partially resurrects her and sends her atoms flying into space . Adelaide Brooke kills herself in `` The Waters of Mars '' to preserve a fixed point in time . In `` The Angels Take Manhattan '' , Rory Williams and Amy Pond are displaced in time by a Weeping Angel ; Amy allows the Angel to send her back so she can be with Rory . A gravestone reveals they died , Amy at the age of 87 and Rory age 82 . Clara Oswald is killed by a Quantum Shade in `` Face the Raven '' . In `` Hell Bent '' , the Doctor uses Time Lord technology to `` extract '' Clara from the moment before her death , but it remains a fixed event to which she must eventually return . Only Adric , Clara , Amy , and Rory were ongoing , `` long - term '' companions of the Doctor . All others listed either appeared for the first time and died in the same storyline ( Sara , Astrid , Adelaide ) , or died in their second on - screen appearance in a Doctor Who storyline ( Katarina , Kamelion , K - 9 Mark III ) . Others are implied or stated to have died years after parting company with the Doctor . The Eleventh Doctor learns of the death of the Brigadier Lethbridge - Stewart in `` The Wedding of River Song '' via phone call , coinciding with the death of the actor who portrayed him , Nicholas Courtney . Mitigated ( edit ) In The Trial of a Time Lord , Peri Brown is killed by King Yrcanos in Mindwarp , after her brain has been replaced by that of Kiv , a member of the Mentor race . However , in The Ultimate Foe it is revealed that Peri had not been killed and had instead become Yrcanos ' consort . Grace Holloway is killed by the Master but revived by the TARDIS ' link to the Eye of Harmony during the 1996 television movie . Jack Harkness is killed by Daleks but is brought back to life and given immortality by Rose Tyler in `` The Parting of the Ways '' . He has since died numerous times in both Doctor Who and Torchwood , always returning to life soon after . In `` Last of the Time Lords '' , it is implied that Harkness becomes the Face of Boe , who dies peacefully in `` Gridlock '' after living for billions of years . River Song sacrifices herself in `` Forest of the Dead '' to save the Doctor 's life , but he is able to upload a digital copy of her consciousness to the data core . River continues to appear in the series at earlier points in her life , and her post-death consciousness reappears in `` The Name of the Doctor '' . Sarah Jane Smith dies as a teenager in an alternate timeline in Whatever Happened to Sarah Jane ? . Rory is also killed by the Silurian Restac at the conclusion of `` Cold Blood '' , sacrificing himself to protect the Doctor . He is subsequently consumed by a crack in time , which wipes him from existence . He reappears in `` The Pandorica Opens '' as an Auton duplicate , created from Amy Pond 's memories , and is restored to his old life along with the rest of the universe in `` The Big Bang '' . Rory is shown dying of old age in `` The Angels Take Manhattan '' , in front of himself , Amy , the Eleventh Doctor and his daughter River Song . He and Amy negate the timeline by jumping off a roof , thereby preventing him from being sent further back in time to die of old age downstairs . This kills both him and Amy , but both are resurrected as the timeline where they died is negated . An older version of Amy Pond is killed by a handbot in `` The Girl Who Waited '' as it gives her medicine it does n't know will kill her , but her existence is erased when the Doctor and Rory are able to convince her to help them rescue the younger Amy , allowing them to erase the timeline where the older Amy existed . Parallel world ( edit ) The parallel world from `` Turn Left '' sees the off - screen deaths of the Sarah Jane Smith , Clyde Langer , Maria Jackson and Martha Jones of that world . Spin - off media ( edit ) A number of TV companions have died in spin off media . Several spin - off - exclusive characters have also died but this list is only concerned with TV companions : Liz Shaw dies in the 1997 Virgin New Adventures novel Eternity Weeps by Jim Mortimore , the victim of an extraterrestrial terraforming virus contracted while part of a UNIT team investigating an alien artefact on the Moon . This is later contradicted by the Sarah Jane Adventures episode `` Death of the Doctor '' which indicates that Liz Shaw is still alive -- although still working on the moon -- in 2010 ; the novel is set in 2003 . Ace is killed by an explosion in the comic storyline Ground Zero while still a companion of the Seventh Doctor . This is also contradicted by the Sarah Jane Adventures storyline `` Death of the Doctor '' that indicates she is still alive in 2010 , no longer travelling with the Doctor , and running a charity called ACE . Jamie McCrimmon dies an elderly man in comic storyline The World Shapers . Adam Mitchell is killed by an explosion in the comic storyline Prisoners of Time , sacrificing himself to thwart the Master 's attempt to destroy reality and saving all eleven Doctors and their gathered companions . See also ( edit ) BBC portal List of Doctor Who supporting characters List of companions in Doctor Who spin - offs List of Doctor Who cast members Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Expressed in `` The Witch 's Familiar '' , `` Before the Flood '' , `` The Girl Who Died '' , `` The Woman Who Lived '' , and `` The Zygon Inversion '' . Jump up ^ Susan travelled with the Doctor prior to the events of An Unearthly Child . Jump up ^ Susan leaves the Doctor in The Dalek Invasion of Earth , later appearing in The Five Doctors as companion to the First Doctor ( then played by Richard Hurndall ) . Jump up ^ The inclusion of Sara Kingdom as a companion varies ; e.g. she does not appear on the BBC website list of companions . ^ Jump up to : Polly and Ben continue travelling with the Doctor following his regeneration in The Tenth Planet . Jump up ^ Jamie is played by Hamish Wilson in parts of The Mind Robber episodes 2 and 3 , while Frazer Hines was suffering from chickenpox . Jump up ^ Jamie returns to his own time in The War Games , but later appears in the Sixth Doctor - era story The Two Doctors , again as the Second Doctor 's companion . ^ Jump up to : Also makes a cameo appearance in The Five Doctors . Jump up ^ First appears in The Web of Fear ( as Colonel ) and The Invasion alongside the Second Doctor , before appearing as a semi-regular character throughout the Third Doctor 's era . He further appears in Robot and Terror of the Zygons alongside the Fourth Doctor , and Mawdryn Undead alongside the Fifth Doctor before serving as the Second Doctor 's companion in The Five Doctors . Jump up ^ The Brigadier later appears in Battlefield alongside the Seventh Doctor , and The Sarah Jane Adventures story Enemy of the Bane . Jump up ^ Liz also makes a cameo appearance in The Five Doctors . Jump up ^ Jo also appears in The Sarah Jane Adventures story Death of the Doctor ( 2010 ) , alongside Sarah Jane Smith and the Eleventh Doctor . Jump up ^ Sarah continues to travel with the Doctor following his regeneration in Planet of the Spiders , and after her later departure from the series serves as the Third Doctor 's companion once more in The Five Doctors . Jump up ^ Lethbridge - Stewart appears alongside the Second Doctor as a colonel in The Web of Fear and subsequently as a brigadier in The Invasion . Jump up ^ Subsequently appears in Robot , Terror of the Zygons , Mawdryn Undead and Battlefield , and as the Second Doctor 's companion in The Five Doctors . Jump up ^ Benton appears alongside the Second Doctor in The Invasion as Corporal Benton . Jump up ^ Subsequently appears with the Fourth Doctor in Robot , Terror of the Zygons and The Android Invasion as WO2 Benton . Jump up ^ Also makes a cameo appearance in The Five Doctors Jump up ^ Harry also appears in The Android Invasion . Jump up ^ This first incarnation of K - 9 returns in the independent spin - off series K - 9 , regenerating into a newer form . Jump up ^ A further model of K - 9 , `` Mark III '' , features in the pilot of K - 9 and Company with Sarah Jane Smith , and Doctor Who episode `` School Reunion '' with the Tenth Doctor and Sarah Jane . Killed and replaced by K - 9 Mark IV in the latter episode , he subsequently appears irregularly in The Sarah Jane Adventures , and also the Doctor Who episode `` Journey 's End '' . Jump up ^ Romana leaves the Doctor in Warriors ' Gate , and subsequently reappears as the Fourth Doctor 's companion in The Five Doctors ( in footage from Shada ) . ^ Jump up to : Adric , Nyssa and Tegan continue travelling with the Doctor following his regeneration in Logopolis . Jump up ^ Adric also makes a cameo appearance in Time - Flight . ^ Jump up to : Also makes a cameo appearance in The Caves of Androzani Jump up ^ Tegan is left behind by the Doctor at the conclusion of Time - Flight but returns during the next serial Arc of Infinity , set around a year later in her relative time . Jump up ^ Due to problems with the robotic prop , Kamelion was not featured in the five serials between his first and last stories . Planned scenes in The Awakening were cut and never broadcast . Jump up ^ Peri continues travelling with the Doctor following his regeneration in The Caves of Androzani . Jump up ^ The series never establishes how Mel meets the Doctor , who first appears as part of the Doctor 's future . Their first meeting is recounted in the Past Doctor Adventures novel Business Unusual and the Big Finish Productions audio - drama The Wrong Doctors . Note that the four adventures broadcast under the single title The Trial of a Time Lord are each counted as separate appearances in this table . Jump up ^ Mel continues travelling with the Doctor following his regeneration in Time and the Rani . Jump up ^ Ace 's fate was unknown past Survival as she does not appear in the following story , the 1996 film . Her post-companionship life was finally revealed in The Sarah Jane Adventures story , Death of the Doctor , in which she is said to have founded a philanthropy , A Charitable Earth ( i.e. , ACE ) , and to have raised millions . Sophie Aldred had been contracted by Russell T. Davies to return to the role of Ace in the second half of The Sarah Jane Adventures series 5 , before Elisabeth Sladen 's death cancelled the series . Jump up ^ In the 2013 webcast `` The Night of the Doctor '' , the Eighth Doctor makes reference to a number of his companions from the extensive Big Finish Productions audio series , but this list only concerns televised companions . Jump up ^ Julia Joyce portrays a young Rose in `` Father 's Day '' Jump up ^ Rose continues travelling with the Doctor following his regeneration in `` The Parting of the Ways '' . Jump up ^ Rose departs in `` Doomsday '' , and makes brief cameo appearances in `` Partners in Crime '' , `` The Poison Sky '' and `` Midnight '' before returning as a companion from `` Turn Left '' to `` Journey 's End '' . She briefly appears in The End of Time , and in `` The Day of the Doctor '' as the interface of the Moment device selects an image of Rose to assist the War Doctor . Jump up ^ Casey Dyer had previously played a young Mickey in `` Father 's Day '' . Jump up ^ Mickey is introduced in `` Rose '' as Rose 's boyfriend and recurs regularly before becoming a companion . Jump up ^ Mickey departs in `` The Age of Steel '' and re-appears in `` Army of Ghosts '' / `` Doomsday '' before returning as a companion in `` Journey 's End '' . He also appears in The End of Time . Jump up ^ Introduced in `` Doomsday '' as `` The Bride '' Jump up ^ After initially refusing to join the Doctor on his travels in `` The Runaway Bride '' , Donna returns as a regular companion from `` Partners in Crime '' . She also appears in The End of Time . Jump up ^ Martha departs in `` Last of the Time Lords '' , but returns from `` The Sontaran Stratagem '' to `` The Doctor 's Daughter '' and again for `` The Stolen Earth '' / `` Journey 's End '' . She also appears in The End of Time . Jump up ^ Young Jack ( by whatever name he was known before adopting the late Group Captain Jack Harkness ' identity ) was portrayed by Jack Montgomery in the spin - off series , Torchwood episode , `` Adam '' . Jump up ^ Jack rejoins the Doctor in `` Utopia '' before departing in `` Last of the Time Lords '' , but returns again for `` The Stolen Earth '' / `` Journey 's End '' . He also appears in The End of Time . Jump up ^ Sarah Jane Smith is portrayed in her infancy , adolescence , and as a teen by , respectively , one or more uncredited babies , Jessica Mogridge , and Jessica Ashworth , in her spin - off series , The Sarah Jane Adventures stories , The Temptation of Sarah Jane Smith , The Day of the Clown , and Whatever Happened to Sarah Jane ? . Jump up ^ Previously appears with the Tenth Doctor in `` School Reunion '' . Jump up ^ Also appears in The End of Time . Additionally , the Doctor appears alongside Sarah Jane in The Sarah Jane Adventures stories The Wedding of Sarah Jane Smith and Death of the Doctor , in his Tenth and Eleventh incarnations respectively . Jump up ^ Rachel Fewell portrays a younger Adelaide in flashback Jump up ^ Wilf is introduced in `` Voyage of the Damned '' , and recurs throughout series 4 as Donna 's grandfather . He officially becomes a short - term companion in The End of Time . Jump up ^ Caitlin Blackwood plays a young Amy ( as Amelia ) in `` The Eleventh Hour '' , `` The Big Bang '' , `` Let 's Kill Hitler '' and `` The God Complex '' , along with archival footage in `` The Angels Take Manhattan '' ^ Jump up to : Amy and Rory are left by the Doctor in `` The God Complex '' , but appear briefly in `` Closing Time '' and feature as companions again in `` The Wedding of River Song '' . They appear in the final scene of `` The Doctor , the Widow and the Wardrobe '' , before returning as companions from `` Asylum of the Daleks '' . Jump up ^ An illusionary Amy appears to the Doctor before his regeneration in `` The Time of the Doctor '' . Jump up ^ A younger Rory is played by Ezekiel Wigglesworth in `` Let 's Kill Hitler '' . Jump up ^ Also appears in `` The Eleventh Hour '' Jump up ^ Rory is killed in `` Cold Blood '' , but returns in `` The Pandorica Opens '' as an Auton duplicate before being restored to humanity and resuming his travels with the Doctor and Amy in `` The Big Bang '' . Jump up ^ Earlier incarnations of River Song ( as Melody Pond ) are played by Sydney Wade in `` The Impossible Astronaut '' / `` Day of the Moon '' , and Maya Glace - Green and Nina Toussaint - White in `` Let 's Kill Hitler '' . Jump up ^ River first appears alongside the Tenth Doctor in `` Silence in the Library '' / `` Forest of the Dead '' , introduced as a companion from his relative future who calls the Doctor to her aid . Progressively younger versions of River subsequently summon the Eleventh Doctor in `` The Time of Angels '' / `` Flesh and Stone '' and `` The Pandorica Opens '' / `` The Big Bang '' , before the future Doctor summons her to his death in `` The Impossible Astronaut '' . Jump up ^ River refuses the Doctor 's offer to travel with her permanently in `` Day of the Moon '' . She subsequently features as a companion in `` A Good Man Goes to War '' , `` Let 's Kill Hitler '' and `` The Wedding of River Song '' , and also appears in `` Closing Time '' . She later appears in `` The Angels Take Manhattan '' and `` The Name of the Doctor '' . Jump up ^ Also appears in `` The Lodger '' Jump up ^ Sophie Downham appears as young Clara in the prequel to `` The Bells of Saint John '' , `` The Rings of Akhaten '' and `` The Name of the Doctor '' . Jump up ^ Coleman first appeared as Oswin Oswald in `` Asylum of the Daleks '' , revealed in `` The Name of the Doctor '' to be one of multiple echoes of Clara distributed across time . In `` The Snowmen '' , Coleman initially plays another echo of Clara , with her original iteration appearing briefly at the end of the episode . The latter Clara joins the Doctor permanently in `` The Bells of Saint John '' . Jump up ^ Clara continues traveling with the Doctor following his regeneration in `` The Time of the Doctor '' . Jump up ^ Clara dies in `` Face the Raven '' and appears only as an illusion in `` Heaven Sent '' , before being temporarily rescued from death and appearing as a companion for the final time in `` Hell Bent '' . She subsequently briefly appears in `` Twice Upon a Time '' . Jump up ^ Nardole first appears in `` The Husbands of River Song '' before appearing as a companion from `` The Return of Doctor Mysterio '' . Jump up ^ Nardole departs in `` The Doctor Falls '' before briefly reappearing in `` Twice Upon a Time '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Neela Debnath , `` Review of Doctor Who ' An Unearthly Child ' ( Series 1 ) '' , The Independent blogs , 16 September 2013 . Accessed 8 October 2013 Jump up ^ `` ' Doctor Who destroyed my career ' '' ... canada.com . Archived from the original on 18 May 2015 . Retrieved 18 September 2013 . Jump up ^ The Handbook : Fourth Doctor p ? ^ Jump up to : Brook , Stephen ( 23 January 2009 ) . `` Michelle Ryan guest stars in Doctor Who . But would she make a good companion ? '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved 1 June 2010 . A minor factor in the continual swirl around Doctor Who is that what constitutes a Doctor Who companion is no longer clear . Sure , Rose , Martha , and Donna were all companions . So was Captain Jack . But what about Mickey and Jackie ? How do you qualify ? Name in the opening credits , regular trips in the Tardis ? The Doctor kisses you ? I 'm no longer sure . Modern TV drama is so difficult . Jump up ^ Adam Sherwin ( 5 July 2006 ) . `` Sidekick whose time has come '' . The Times . UK . Retrieved 1 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Richard Simpson ( 5 July 2006 ) . `` Doctor Who gets first black assistant '' . Daily Mail . UK . Retrieved 1 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Doctor Who , episodes `` The Impossible Astronaut '' and `` Day of the Moon '' . Jump up ^ `` BBC Doctor Who Series 4 Characters '' . Retrieved 1 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Commentary on DVD of Castrovalva Jump up ^ BBC -- Doctor Who Classic Episode Guide -- Doctor Who : The TV Movie -- Details , retrieved 21 April 2013 Jump up ^ `` Partners in Crime '' Jump up ^ `` Flesh and Stone '' , `` Meanwhile in the TARDIS ... 2 '' Jump up ^ `` Day of the Moon '' ^ Jump up to : `` Let 's Kill Hitler '' Jump up ^ `` The Wedding of River Song '' Jump up ^ Sarah Jane Smith has appeared in `` School Reunion '' , `` The Stolen Earth '' , `` Journey 's End '' , and `` The End of Time '' . K - 9 has appeared in `` School Reunion '' and `` Journey 's End '' . Jump up ^ The Dalek Invasion of Earth Jump up ^ The Massacre of St Bartholomew 's Eve Jump up ^ The Evil of the Daleks Jump up ^ The Green Death Jump up ^ The Face of Evil ^ Jump up to : The Invasion of Time Jump up ^ Logopolis Jump up ^ The Awakening Jump up ^ Arc of Infinity Jump up ^ The Keeper of Traken Jump up ^ Mawdryn Undead Jump up ^ Planet of Fire Jump up ^ The Ultimate Foe Jump up ^ Dragonfire Jump up ^ The Curse of Fenric ^ Jump up to : Ibid . Jump up ^ Battlefield Jump up ^ K - 9 and Company ^ Jump up to : `` The Power of Three '' , `` The Day of the Doctor '' Jump up ^ Downtime Jump up ^ Statement by Mickey Smith to Martha Smith - Jones in `` The End of Time '' Jump up ^ Statement by Sarah Jane Smith to Luke Smith in the epilogue scene of Death of the Doctor part 2 Jump up ^ Death of the Doctor Jump up ^ The Temptation of Sarah Jane Smith Jump up ^ The Wedding of Sarah Jane Smith Jump up ^ The Time Monster Jump up ^ `` Father 's Day '' ^ Jump up to : `` The Waters of Mars '' Jump up ^ `` The Eleventh Hour '' , `` The Big Bang '' , `` Let 's Kill Hitler '' , `` The God Complex '' , `` The Angels Take Manhattan '' Jump up ^ `` A Good Man Goes to War '' , `` The Impossible Astronaut '' , `` Day of the Moon '' , `` Let 's Kill Hitler '' Jump up ^ The prequel to `` The Bells of Saint John '' Jump up ^ `` Adam '' Jump up ^ The Temptation of Sarah Jane Smith , Whatever Happened to Sarah Jane ? Jump up ^ The direct - to - video spin - off film , Wartime , produced during the interim between the classic and revived eras , showed Benton as a boy during flashback scenes . Jump up ^ BBC -- Doctor Who , The Snowmen , retrieved 26 April 2013 Jump up ^ Robinson , Nigel ; Nathan - Turner , John ( 1981 ) . The Doctor Who Quiz Book . Target Books . pp. 39 and 98 . ISBN 0 - 426 - 20143 - 4 . Jump up ^ Lofficier , Jean - Marc ( 1994 ) . The Doctor Who Programme Guide Third Edition . Virgin Publishing Ltd . pp. 16 , 43 and 45 . ISBN 0 - 426 - 20342 - 9 . Jump up ^ Howe , David J. ; Stammers , Mark ; Walker , Stephen James ( 1994 ) . Doctor Who The Handbook -- The First Doctor . Virgin Publishing Ltd. p. 297 . ISBN 0 - 426 - 20430 - 1 . Jump up ^ Richards , Justin ; Martin , Andrew ( 1997 ) . Doctor Who The Book of Lists . BBC Books . pp. 13 and 218 . ISBN 0 - 563 - 40569 - 4 . Jump up ^ Pixley , Andrew ( 16 December 1998 ) . `` Doctor Who Magazine '' ( 272 ) : 21 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Mark ; Duncan , Paul ( April 2014 ) . The Pocket Essential Doctor Who . Pocket Essentials . pp. 20 -- 21 . ISBN 1 - 903047 - 19 - 6 . Jump up ^ Cornell , Paul ; Day , M. ; Topping , K. ; Howe , D.J. ; Walker , S.J. ( 1995 ) . `` The Daleks ' Master Plan '' . Doctor Who : Classic Series Episode Guide . BBC . Retrieved 1 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Haining , Peter ( 1983 ) . Doctor Who : A Celebration -- Two Decades Through Time And Space . Virgin Publishing Ltd. p. 85 . ISBN 0 - 86369 - 932 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Companions '' . Doctor Who : Classic Series Episode Guide . BBC . 2007 . Retrieved 14 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Darren Plant portrayed John Benton as a baby in The Time Monster , and Steven Stanley did so as a child in the direct - to - video release , Wartime . Jump up ^ `` BBC -- Doctor Who -- Classic Series -- Companions -- Adric '' . Jump up ^ `` BBC -- Doctor Who -- Classic Series -- Companions -- Nyssa '' . Jump up ^ `` BBC -- Doctor Who -- Classic Series -- Companions -- Tegan Jovanka '' . Jump up ^ `` BBC -- Doctor Who -- Classic Series -- Companions -- Vislor Turlough '' . Jump up ^ Nathan - Turner , John ( 1986 ) . Doctor Who -- The Companions . New York : Random House . pp. 18 -- 21 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 88291 - 8 . Jump up ^ Howe , David J ; Stammers , Mark ( 1995 ) . Doctor Who -- Companions . London : Doctor Who Books . p. 103 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85227 - 582 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who -- Classic Series -- Companions -- Kamelion '' . BBC . Retrieved 12 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` BBC -- Doctor Who -- Classic Series -- Companions -- Kamelion '' . Jump up ^ `` Press Office -- Doctor Who press pack phase six Episode Seven '' . BBC . 4 May 2005 . Retrieved 1 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who -- Captain Jack Harkness -- Character Guide '' . BBC . 28 March 2008 . Retrieved 1 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who -- News -- Noel natters to DWM '' . BBC . 21 February 2006 . Retrieved 1 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who -- Mickey Smith -- Character Guide '' . BBC . Retrieved 1 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who -- Martha Jones -- Character Guide '' . BBC . Retrieved 1 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Companion Piece '' . BBC News . 14 August 2007 . Retrieved 1 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Who Should Be So Lucky ? '' . 19 December 2007 . Retrieved 1 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Confidential at Christmas '' . Doctor Who Confidential . Season 4 . Episode 1 . 25 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who -- Sarah Jane Smith -- Character Guide '' . BBC . Retrieved 1 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Olsen , Anton ( 21 July 2009 ) . `` Who 's Your Favorite Doctor Who Companion ? '' . Wired . Jump up ^ Cook , Benjamin ( 9 January 2008 ) . `` Sands of time '' . Radio Times ( 11 -- 17 April 2009 ) . pp. 16 -- 20 . Jump up ^ `` TV -- Tube Talk -- Ten ' Waters of Mars ' teasers '' . Digital Spy. 30 October 2009 . Retrieved 1 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lindsay Duncan to star in second Doctor Who Special of 2009 '' . BBC . 19 February 2009 . Retrieved 1 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Davies , Russell T ( 7 April 2009 ) . `` Dr Who 's Easter special '' . BBC News . Retrieved 7 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Doctor Who : Best of the Companions ( Television production ) . BBC America . 28 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Gareth Roberts ( 24 September 2011 ) . `` Open All Hours '' . Doctor Who Confidential . Series 6 . Episode 12 . 4 : 52 minutes in . BBC . The Doctor allows Craig to come along and play the part of his companion ( ... ) Jump up ^ K McEwan , Cameron ( 26 May 2016 ) . `` Steven Moffat reveals Pearl Mackie to debut in 2017 , her name and when 's she 's from ... '' Doctor Who . Retrieved 26 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Series 10 : Nardole is a Full - Time `` Non-Human '' Companion `` . ^ Jump up to : The Daleks ' Master Plan Jump up ^ Earthshock Jump up ^ The King 's Demons Jump up ^ `` Voyage of the Damned '' Jump up ^ `` Forest of the Dead '' ^ Jump up to : `` The Angels Take Manhattan '' Jump up ^ `` The Snowmen '' Jump up ^ `` Asylum of the Daleks '' Jump up ^ Inferno Jump up ^ `` Whatever Happened to Sarah Jane ? '' Jump up ^ `` The Girl Who Waited '' Jump up ^ `` The Power of Three '' Jump up ^ The Myth Makers Jump up ^ Doctor Who : Companions , 1995 Bibliography ( edit ) David J. Howe , Mark Stammers Doctor Who : Companions 1995 Virgin Publishing 1852275820 External links ( edit ) Guide to classic series companions on the BBC 's Doctor Who site Doctor Who companions and spin - off companions Doctor : First Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth Seventh Eighth Ninth Tenth Eleventh Twelfth Thirteenth Companions of the First Doctor TV Susan Foreman Ian Chesterton Barbara Wright Vicki Steven Taylor Katarina Sara Kingdom Dodo Chaplet Polly Ben Jackson Comics John and Gillian Companions of the Second Doctor TV Ben Jackson Polly Jamie McCrimmon Victoria Waterfield Zoe Heriot Comics John and Gillian Companions of the Third Doctor TV Liz Shaw Jo Grant Sarah Jane Smith Companions of the Fourth Doctor TV Sarah Jane Smith Harry Sullivan Leela K9 Romana Adric Guest Nyssa Tegan Jovanka Comics Sharon Companions of the Fifth Doctor TV Adric Nyssa Tegan Jovanka Vislor Turlough Kamelion Peri Brown Audio Erimem Thomas Brewster Companions of the Sixth Doctor TV Peri Brown Mel Bush Comics Frobisher Novels Grant Markham Audio Evelyn Smythe Charley Pollard Mila Thomas Brewster Flip Jackson Companions of the Seventh Doctor TV Mel Bush Ace Comics Frobisher Novels Bernice Summerfield Chris Cwej Roz Forrester Jason Kane Companions of the Eighth Doctor TV Grace Holloway Comics Stacy Townsend Ssard Fey Truscott - Sade Izzy Sinclair Kroton John and Gillian Destrii Novels Sam Jones Fitz Kreiner Compassion Miranda Anji Kapoor Trix MacMillan Audio Mary Shelley Charley Pollard C'rizz Lucie Miller Susan Foreman Tamsin Drew Molly O'Sullivan Helen Sinclair River Song Companions of the Ninth Doctor Main Rose Tyler Jack Harkness Recurring Adam Mitchell Companions of the Tenth Doctor Main Rose Tyler Martha Jones Donna Noble Recurring Mickey Smith Jack Harkness Guest Astrid Peth Sarah Jane Smith Wilfred Mott Companions of the Eleventh Doctor Main Amy Pond Rory Williams Clara Oswald Recurring River Song Companions of the Twelfth Doctor Main Clara Oswald Nardole Bill Potts Guest River Song Companions of the Thirteenth Doctor Main Graham O'Brien Ryan Sinclair Yasmin Khan Doctor Who Characters The Doctor Companions Time Lords Daleks Cybermen Sontarans Weeping Angels The Master Davros Silurians Concepts TARDIS Regeneration Sonic screwdriver Time War Blinovitch Limitation Effect Whoniverse Torchwood Institute UNIT Miscellaneous History Missing episodes Music theme music Doctor Who in Canada and the U.S. Doctor Who in Australia Fandom Merchandise Lists Production 1963 -- 1989 episodes 2005 -- present episodes Unmade serials Special episodes Christmas specials Radio stories Awards and nominations Home video Doctors Cast Guest appearances Producers Script editors Writers Music composers soundtrack releases Narrative devices Supporting characters UNIT personnel Creatures and aliens Villains Henchmen Robots Planets Items Vehicles Miscellaneous Doctor Who exhibitions Spin - offs K - 9 and Company Tardisodes Torchwood The Sarah Jane Adventures K - 9 Class Documentaries Whose Doctor Who Thirty Years in the TARDIS Dalekmania Doctor Who Confidential Totally Doctor Who Torchwood Declassified Doctor Who : The Commentaries The Science of Doctor Who Doctor Who Extra Doctor Who : The Fan Show Concerts and stage shows The Curse of the Daleks Doctor Who and the Daleks in the Seven Keys to Doomsday Doctor Who -- The Ultimate Adventure Doctor Who : A Celebration Doctor Who Prom 2008 2013 Doctor Who Live Adaptations and tie - ins Films Dr. Who and the Daleks Daleks ' Invasion Earth 2150 A.D. 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Shakedown : Return of the Sontarans Mindgame Downtime Auton Dæmos Rising Zygon : When Being You Just Is n't Enough Dead and Buried TV Specials Dimensions in Time The Curse of Fatal Death Scream of the Shalka An Adventure in Space and Time The Five ( ish ) Doctors Reboot Video games Doctor Who : The First Adventure The Warlord The Mines of Terror Dalek Attack Destiny of the Doctors Top Trumps The Adventure Games Return to Earth Evacuation Earth The Mazes of Time Worlds in Time The Eternity Clock Doctor Who : Legacy Miscellaneous Comic stories Doctor Who spin - offs Spin - off companions Faction Paradox Iris Wildthyme Death 's Head Dalek comic strips , illustrated annuals and graphic novels Pinball Card game Popular culture Spoofs Star Trek : The Next Generation / Doctor Who : Assimilation Related publications Magazines Doctor Who Magazine Doctor Who Adventures Doctor Who -- Battles in Time The Black Archive Publishers Big Finish Productions Reeltime Pictures BBV Mad Norwegian Press Magic Bullet Productions Obverse Books Portal Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Companion_(Doctor_Who)&oldid=866279709 '' Categories : Doctor Who companions Television sidekicks Lists of Doctor Who characters Lists of fictional sidekicks Doctor Who lists Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2009 Wikipedia articles with style issues from March 2016 All articles with style issues Use dmy dates from July 2018 Use British English from November 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Français 한국어 עברית Magyar Polski Português Русский Simple English Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 11 : 51 ( UTC ) . 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who sings with the rolling stones gimme shelter	Merry Clayton ( born December 25 , 1948 ) is an American soul and gospel singer and an actress . She provided a number of backing vocal tracks for major performing artists in the 1960s , most notably in her duet with Mick Jagger on the Rolling Stones song `` Gimme Shelter . '' Clayton is featured in 20 Feet from Stardom , the Oscar - winning documentary about background singers and their contributions to the music industry . In 2013 , she released The Best of Merry Clayton , a compilation of her favorite songs .	Merry Clayton	Merry Clayton	merry clayton	Merry Clayton ( born December 25 , 1948 ) is an American soul and gospel singer and an actress . She provided a number of backing vocal tracks for major performing artists in the 1960s , most notably in her duet with Mick Jagger on the Rolling Stones song `` Gimme Shelter . '' Clayton is featured in 20 Feet from Stardom , the Oscar - winning documentary about background singers and their contributions to the music industry . In 2013 , she released The Best of Merry Clayton , a compilation of her favorite songs .	Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Discography 4.1 Studio albums 4.2 Singles ( selected ) 5 Filmography 6 References 7 External links Early Life ( edit ) Clayton was born in Gert Town , New Orleans , Louisiana . Clayton was born on Christmas Day , and earned her name due to the holiday . She is the daughter of Eva B. Clayton and Reverend A.G. Williams Sr. Clayton was raised in New Orleans as a Christian , and spent much of her time in her father 's parish , New Zion Baptist Church . After moving to Los Angeles , she joined the now famous singer group `` The Blossoms . '' Career ( edit ) Clayton began her recording career in 1962 at the age of 14 , singing `` Who Can I Count On ? ( When I Ca n't Count on You ) '' as a duet with Bobby Darin on his album `` You 're the Reason I 'm Living . '' In 1963 she recorded the first version of `` The Shoop Shoop Song ( It 's in His Kiss ) , '' the same year that Betty Everett 's version reached the Top 10 on the Billboard Hot 100 . Early in her career Merry performed with Ray Charles ( as one of the Raelettes ) , who was the only artist her father allowed her to see live . Others include Pearl Bailey , Phil Ochs , Burt Bacharach , Tom Jones , Joe Cocker , Linda Ronstadt , Carole King , and on several tracks from Neil Young 's debut album . Clayton is often credited as having recorded with Elvis Presley but her name does not appear in Elvis sessionographies . Clayton is best known for her 1969 duet with Mick Jagger on the Rolling Stones song `` Gimme Shelter , '' though on some releases her name is misspelled as `` Mary . '' According to Jagger , this collaboration came about due partially to chance . Jagger states that they thought `` it 'd be great to have a woman come do the ... chorus . '' They called Clayton `` randomly '' in the middle of the night , and she showed up to the studio `` in curlers '' and did the verse in a few takes , which Jagger remarks is `` pretty amazing . '' The Stones had asked Bonnie Bramlett to sing on the song , but Bramlett 's husband , Delaney , refused to let her perform with the Stones . Clayton also sang backing vocals on Lynyrd Skynyrd 's `` Sweet Home Alabama '' . In 1970 , Clayton recorded her own version of `` Gimme Shelter , '' and it became the title track of her debut solo album and peaked at # 73 , released that year . Her version would be the first of five singles under her name to crack the Billboard Hot 100 . That same year she performed a live version of `` Lift Every Voice and Sing '' for the soundtrack for Robert Altman film Brewster McCloud and also contributed vocals to Donald Cammell and Nicolas Roeg 's film Performance . In 1971 she co-wrote the song `` Sho ' Nuff '' about her mother . She starred as the original Acid Queen in the first London production of The Who 's Tommy in 1972 . In 1973 , she featured prominently on Ringo Starr 's `` Oh My My '' , which reached Billboard 's Top 10 the following year . In the mid 1970s , Clayton sang on The Blackbyrds ' R&B hit `` Rock Creek Park '' and continued to release solo albums throughout the next decade , notching several minor R&B singles . Her soundtrack work continued into the 1980s , including `` You 're Always There When I Need You '' , the title track for the 1980 Get Smart film The Nude Bomb , and the song `` Yes '' from Dirty Dancing , which hit # 45 on the Hot 100 . In 1987 , Clayton co-starred with Ally Sheedy in the film Maid to Order and played Verna Dee Jordan in the final season of Cagney & Lacey . In 1989 , she recorded a cover of `` Almost Paradise '' with Eric Carmen . In 1994 Clayton recorded backing vocals for and sang the `` Man with the Golden Gun '' bridge on Tori Amos 's hit , `` Cornflake Girl '' . In 2006 , Clayton provided background vocals for Sparta 's album Threes on the songs `` Atlas '' and `` Translations '' . She was featured in the documentary film 20 Feet from Stardom ( 2013 ) , which premiered at the Sundance Film Festival and went on to win the Oscar for best documentary at the 86th Academy Awards . 20 Feet from Stardom also won the 2015 Grammy Award for Best Music Film , with the award being presented to the featured artists as well as the production crew . In 2014 , Clayton provided vocals for G. Love & Special Sauce 's album Sugar . In 2015 , Clayton was featured on two tracks on Coldplay 's album A Head Full of Dreams . Clayton has been sampled in various songs , most notably Watch for the Hook by Cool Breeze featuring Goodie Mobb and supergroup Outkast . Personal Life ( edit ) Clayton was married to jazz artist Curtis Amy from 1970 until his death in 2002 . Clayton 's brother is the Little Feat percussionist Sam Clayton . She had a miscarriage upon returning home from recording `` Gimme Shelter '' , according to the LA Times . On June 16 , 2014 , Clayton was severely injured in a car accident in Los Angeles , California . Both of Clayton 's legs were later amputated at the knees due to her suffering `` profound trauma to her lower extremities '' as a result of the accident . Discography ( edit ) Studio albums ( edit ) Year Album Label Peak chart positions US US R&B 1970 Gimme Shelter Ode -- -- 1971 Celebration Ode -- -- Merry Clayton Ode 180 36 Keep Your Eye on the Sparrow Ode 146 50 1979 Emotion Fontana -- -- Miracles A&M -- -- `` -- '' denotes releases that did not chart Singles ( selected ) ( edit ) Year Single Peak chart positions Album US US R&B UK 1970 `` Gimme Shelter '' 73 -- -- Gimme Shelter 1972 `` After All This Time '' 71 42 -- Merry Clayton 1973 `` Oh No Not My Baby '' 72 30 -- Non-album song `` Keep Your Eye on the Sparrow '' 45 42 -- Keep Your Eye on the Sparrow 1980 `` Emotion '' -- 53 -- Emotion `` Yes '' 45 79 70 Dirty Dancing ( soundtrack ) `` -- '' denotes releases that did not chart Filmography ( edit ) Year Film Role 1984 Blame It on the Night Herself Maid to Order Audrey James 2013 20 Feet from Stardom Herself References ( edit ) Jump up ^ True , Rovi Christopher . `` Merry Clayton Biography '' . AOL Music . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` About '' . Jump up ^ `` No. 1 in May 1991 an excerpt from The Best of 1000 UK No. 1 Hits '' . Omnibus Press . Retrieved May 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ 20 Feet from Stardom . Dir . Morgan Neville . Perf . Darlene Love , Merry Clayton , Judith Hill , Jo Lawry . N.p. , n.d. Web . Jump up ^ Jorgensen , Ernst ( 1998 ) . Elvis Presley : A Life in Music : The Complete Recording Sessions . St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0312185723 . Jump up ^ Springer , Mike . `` Mick Jagger Tells the Story Behind ' Gimme Shelter ' and Merry Clayton 's Haunting Background Vocals '' . Jump up ^ Paytress , Mark ( 2003 ) . The Rolling Stones : Off the Record . Omnibus Press . p. 181 . ISBN 9780711988699 . Jump up ^ Dupree , Tom ( October 24 , 1974 ) . `` Lynyrd Skynyrd in Sweet Home Atlanta '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2009 . Retrieved September 17 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Merry Clayton - Gimme Shelter '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Heckman , Don ( July 16 , 1972 ) . `` Merry Clayton from ' Newahlins . ' '' . The New York Times . pp. D11 , D22 , D24 . Jump up ^ http://streamd.hitparade.ch/cdimages/eric_carmen_with_merry_clayton-almost_paradise_s.jpg Jump up ^ `` WhoSampled . '' WhoSampled . N.p. , n.d. Web . 4 June 2017 . . Jump up ^ Voce , Steve ( June 11 , 2002 ) . `` Obituary : Curtis Amy '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ Crazy Horse , Kandia ( 2004 ) . Rip It Up : The Black Experience in Rock N Roll ( First ed . ) . Palgrave Macmillan . p. 205 . ISBN 1 - 4039 - 6243 - X . Jump up ^ Snowden , Don ( March 13 , 1986 ) . `` For Clayton , The Gloom Is Gone '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lifton , Dave ( June 20 , 2014 ) . `` Legendary Singer Merry Clayton Seriously Injured in Car Accident '' . Ultimate Classic Rock . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://ultimateclassicrock.com/merry-clayton-legs-amputated/ Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 110 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Merry Clayton . Merry Clayton on IMDb Merry Clayton at AllMusic Merry Clayton discography at Discogs WorldCat Identities GND : 134601882 ISNI : 0000 0000 5519 6726 LCCN : n94117817 MusicBrainz : f086b523 - e6eb - 4159 - 8705 - e408cae53170 VIAF : 76505898 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Merry_Clayton&oldid=865457286 '' Categories : 1948 births African - American female singers African - American musicians American female singers American gospel singers American soul singers Backing vocalists 20th - century American singers 21st - century American singers Grammy Award winners Living people American amputees R&B musicians from New Orleans Singers from Louisiana 20th - century women singers Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2014 Articles with dead external links from June 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Français Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Norsk nynorsk Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2018 , at 02 : 35 ( UTC ) . 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type of pain fiber found on deep body organs			Cutaneous receptor	cutaneous receptor	The cutaneous receptors are the types of sensory receptor found in the dermis or epidermis . They are a part of the somatosensory system . Cutaneous receptors include cutaneous mechanoreceptors , nociceptors ( pain ) and thermoreceptors ( temperature ) .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Types 2 Modalities 3 Morphology 4 See also 5 References Types ( edit ) The sensory receptors in the skin are : cutaneous mechanoreceptors Ruffini 's end organ ( skin stretch ) End - bulbs of Krause ( Cold ) Meissner 's corpuscle ( changes in texture , slow vibrations ) Pacinian corpuscle ( deep pressure , fast vibrations ) Merkel 's disc ( sustained touch and pressure ) Free nerve endings thermoreceptor nociceptors chemoreceptors Modalities ( edit ) With the above - mentioned receptor types the skin can sense the modalities touch , pressure , vibration , temperature and pain . The modalities and their receptors are partly overlapping , and are innervated by different kinds of fiber types . Cutaneous receptors Modality Type Fiber type Touch Rapidly adapting cutaneous mechanoreceptors ( Meissner corpuscle end - organs Pacinian corpuscle end - organs hair follicle receptors some free nerve endings ) Aβ fibers Touch & pressure Slowly adapting cutaneous mechanoreceptors ( Merkel and Ruffini corpuscle end - organs some free nerve endings ) Aβ fibers ( Merkel and Ruffini 's ) , Aδ fibers ( free nerve endings ) Vibration Meissners and Pacinian corpuscle end - organs Aβ fibers Temperature Thermoreceptors Aδ fibers ( cold receptors ) C fibers ( warmth receptors ) Pain & Itch Free nerve ending nociceptors Aδ fibers ( Nociceptors of neospinothalamic tract ) C fibers ( Nociceptors of paleospinothalamic tract ) Morphology ( edit ) Cutaneous receptors are at the ends of afferent neurons . They are usually encapsulated in elaborate cellular corpuscles . Generally , they are linked to collagen - fibres networks within the capsule . Ion channels are situated near these networks . In sensory transduction , the afferent nerves transmit through a series of synapses in the central nervous system , first in the spinal cord or trigeminal nucleus , depending on the dermatomic area concerned . One pathway then proceeds to the ventrobasal portion of the thalamus , and then on to the somatosensory cortex . See also ( edit ) Sense Receptor Skin Epithelium References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lincoln R.J. , Boxshall G.A. ( 1990 ) : Natural history - The Cambridge illustrated dictionary . Cambridge University Press , Cambridge , ISBN 0 521 30551 - 9 . Jump up ^ Mada S.S. ( 2000 ) : Human Biology . McGraw -- Hill , New York , ISBN 0 - 07 - 290584 - 0 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cutaneous_receptor&oldid=818873351 '' Categories : Sensory receptors Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Català ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 6 January 2018 , at 02 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutaneous%20receptor	2,457
meaning of the song helena by my chemical romance	Though the song in general is about the band members Gerard Way and Mikey Way 's late grandmother , it was stated in an interview that the video told a different story . The music video shows the funeral of a girl , who , according to Gerard Way , died tragically ( possibly in a car crash , with the line in the bridge of the song , `` When both our cars collide . '' ) The sixth pallbearer and the majority of the mourners are fans who 'd received emails from the band asking if they 'd like to be in the video .	about the band members Gerard Way and Mikey Way 's late grandmother	Helena ( song )	helena ( song )	`` Helena '' ( sometimes titled `` Helena ( So Long & Goodnight ) '' on digital retailers such as iTunes ) is a song by American rock band My Chemical Romance , and is the third single from their second studio album , Three Cheers for Sweet Revenge .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Reception 2 Music video 3 Track listing 4 Charts 4.1 Chart successions 5 Release history 6 References Reception ( edit ) `` Helena '' was released to radio on March 8 , 2005 . The single has become a moderately - selling hit , both in the US and internationally . Way stated in an interview with Channel V that the main influence behind `` Helena '' was from the song `` Aces High '' by Iron Maiden and tracks by The Ventures . This song is also My Chemical Romance 's sixth overall single . Way described it as representing the band 's image and sound , and as such it was often used to end the band 's shows . The single was certified as a Gold Record in United States . Despite charting lower than their prior hit , `` I 'm Not Okay ( I Promise ) '' on the `` Billboard '' Modern Rock Tracks chart peaking at number 4 where `` Helena '' peaked at number 11 , `` Helena '' was the band 's first crossover hit crossing over to Top 40 radio at number 33 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and it also still had more airplay on alternative rock stations . NME declared that the song was one of the `` 20 Greatest Goth Tracks '' and that it was `` a pivotal moment in cross-fertilising goth with emo '' and that `` MCR spawned a hybrid that ensured black clothes and eyeliner became , once again , teenage rebellion 's default setting '' . Music video ( edit ) The music video was shot on - location in the Immanuel Presbyterian Church on Wilshire Boulevard in Los Angeles , California , directed by Marc Webb , and choreographed by Michael Rooney . The video has a simple plot , with Gerard Way as a very emotional mourner at a funeral where the band is performing . There are also mourners who dance and mourn the death of Helena . Near the end , the dead body of Helena ( played by actress and dancer Tracy Phillips ) rises and dances down the nave representing crossing over into the afterlife . After she falls back into the casket , the pallbearers ( also played by My Chemical Romance and a fan named Cameron ) carry the casket to the hearse ( in the pouring rain ) , surrounded by a phalanx of dancing men and women with umbrellas . Though the song in general is about the band members Gerard Way and Mikey Way 's late grandmother , it was stated in an interview that the video told a different story . The music video shows the funeral of a girl , who , according to Gerard Way , died tragically ( possibly in a car crash , with the line in the bridge of the song , `` When both our cars collide . '' ) The sixth pallbearer and the majority of the mourners are fans who 'd received emails from the band asking if they 'd like to be in the video . During the `` Making Of ... '' video , found as a bonus on the Life on the Murder Scene CD / DVD , it was noted that Frank Iero , while joking about being `` 4'9 '' `` , did n't actually carry any weight of the casket , and that it rested on the other band members and their 6th pallbearer to carry the weight . Also noted was that the rain used in the sequence between the church and the hearse was n't planned for , but the director used it to his advantage , as it set the mood of a funeral . The video was nominated for five Moonmen at the 2005 MTV Video Music Awards : Best Rock Video , Best Choreography , Best New Artist , and the MTV2 and Viewer 's Choice Awards ( both of which are chosen by viewers ) . They lost to bands such as Green Day , Fall Out Boy , and The Killers . Though the band did not win any awards , they did do a surprise performance of the song towards the end of the show . They also won an MTV Video Music Awards Latin America `` tongue '' for the Best New Artist - International . They also won a Best Video award in the 2005 Kerrang ! Awards . In November 2005 , the video was nominated for two MTVU Woodie Awards ( voted on by college students ) and won the Woodie of the Year . In the Philippines , Helena has reached a cult - like status because of the popularity of Alternative music . The video was also voted # 1 by viewers of MTV Latinamerica in the 2005 `` 100 Most Wanted Videos '' . The video was uploaded to YouTube on October 22 , 2006 and currently has 35.5 million views as of July 17 , 2017 . Track listing ( edit ) UK promotional CD No . Title Length 1 . `` Helena '' 3 : 22 UK CD and 7 '' vinyl No . Title Length 1 . `` Helena '' 3 : 22 2 . `` I 'm Not Okay ( I Promise ) '' ( live ) 3 : 37 UK DVD No . Title Length 1 . `` Helena '' ( Live Video ) 2 . `` I 'm Not Okay ( I Promise ) '' ( Video ) Australian CD No . Title Length 1 . `` Helena '' 3 : 22 2 . `` I 'm Not Okay ( I Promise ) '' ( live from Sessions@AOL ) 3 : 37 3 . `` You Know What They Do to Guys Like Us In Prison '' ( live from Sessions@AOL ) 3 : 40 iTunes single No . Title Length 1 . `` Helena '' ( live from the Starland Ballroom in Sayreville , New Jersey ) 4 : 14 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2005 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 78 Brazil ( ABPD ) 18 Europe ( European Hot 100 Singles ) 61 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 67 Ireland ( IRMA ) 46 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 27 UK Singles ( The Official Charts Company ) 20 UK Rock ( The Official Charts Company ) U.S. Billboard Hot 100 33 U.S. Billboard Modern Rock Tracks 11 U.S. Billboard Mainstream Top 40 32 U.S. Billboard Hot Digital Songs 13 U.S. Billboard Pop 100 32 Chart successions ( edit ) Preceded by `` Somewhere Else '' by Razorlight UK Rock Chart number - one single May 29 , 2005 - June 19 , 2005 Succeeded by `` Wake Me Up When September Ends '' by Green Day Release history ( edit ) Region Date Label Format Catalogue United Kingdom 2005 Reprise , Eyeball CD PRO15371 May 23 , 2005 7 '' vinyl W671 , 5439160437 CD W671CD , 5439160432 DVD W671DVD , 7599386352 Australia August 22 , 2005 CD 9362428022 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Emo Songs of All Time '' . The Boston Phoenix . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2015 . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Tom . `` The Top 10 Best My Chemical Romance Songs '' . TeamRock . Jump up ^ `` Release The Bats - It 's The 20 Greatest Goth Tracks - NME '' . 5 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` FMQB Airplay Archive : Modern Rock '' . Friday Morning Quarterback Album Report , Incorporated . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2013 . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Release The Bats - It 's The 20 Greatest Goth Tracks - NME '' . 5 March 2009 . Jump up ^ My Chemical Romance ( 22 October 2006 ) . `` My Chemical Romance - Helena ( Official Music Video ) '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- My Chemical Romance -- Helena '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Brazil '' ( PDF ) . ABPD . October 6 , 2001 . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Music Hits , Top 100 Music Charts , Top 100 Songs & The Hot 100 '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- My Chemical Romance Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- My Chemical Romance -- Helena '' . Top 40 Singles . ( hide ) My Chemical Romance Bob Bryar James Dewees Frank Iero Matt Pelissier Ray Toro Gerard Way Mikey Way Studio albums I Brought You My Bullets , You Brought Me Your Love Three Cheers for Sweet Revenge The Black Parade Danger Days : The True Lives of the Fabulous Killjoys Compilation albums Conventional Weapons May Death Never Stop You The Black Parade / Living with Ghosts Video albums Life on the Murder Scene AOL Sessions The Black Parade Is Dead ! ¡ Venganza ! EPs Like Phantoms , Forever Warped Tour Bootleg Series Live and Rare The Black Parade : The B - Sides The Mad Gear and Missile Kid Singles `` Vampires Will Never Hurt You '' `` Honey , This Mirror Is n't Big Enough for the Two of Us '' `` Headfirst for Halos '' `` I 'm Not Okay ( I Promise ) '' `` Thank You for the Venom '' `` Helena '' `` Under Pressure '' ( with The Used ) `` The Ghost of You '' `` Welcome to the Black Parade '' `` Famous Last Words '' `` I Do n't Love You '' `` Teenagers '' `` Desolation Row '' `` Na Na Na ( Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na ) '' `` The Only Hope for Me Is You '' `` Sing '' `` Planetary ( Go ! ) '' `` The Kids from Yesterday '' `` Fake Your Death '' Tours Warped Tour 2005 Projekt Revolution The Black Parade World Tour The World Contamination Tour 10th Annual Honda Civic Tour Related articles Discography List of songs Awards Pencey Prep Leathermouth Death Spells The True Lives of the Fabulous Killjoys `` Mama '' `` Cancer '' Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helena_(song)&oldid=805184872 '' Categories : 2004 songs My Chemical Romance songs Songs in memory of deceased persons Music videos directed by Marc Webb Songs written by Gerard Way Song recordings produced by Howard Benson 2005 singles Reprise Records singles Songs about death Songs about women Hidden categories : Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from February 2013 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for New Zealand Talk Contents About Wikipedia Eesti Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Italiano Polski Português Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 13 October 2017 , at 16 : 52 . 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average cost of raising a child in texas			Cost of raising a child	cost of raising a child	The cost of raising a child varies from country to country .	The cost of raising a child is usually determined according to a formula that accounts for major areas of expenditure , such as food , housing , and clothing . However , any given family 's actual expenses may differ from the estimates . For example , the rent on a home does not usually change when the tenants have another child , so the family 's housing costs may remain the same . In other cases , the home may be too small , in which case the family might move to a larger home at a higher cost . Contents 1 Developing countries 2 United Kingdom 3 United States 3.1 Dual - Parent Family - USDA Average Spending per Child ( not the basic cost of raising ) 3.2 Single - Parent Family - USDA Average Spending per Child ( not the basic cost of raising ) 4 India 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Developing countries ( edit ) According to Globalissues.org , `` Almost half the world -- over three billion people -- live on less than $2.50 a day . '' This statistic includes children . Based on UNICEF statistics , in developing countries the cost is roughly US $ 900 for raising a child for a year , and US $16,200 for raising a child from birth to age 17 . ( This calculation is difficult , since families in developing countries often do not operate with currency , but barter or trade to provide for their children . ) Half of all children in the world live in poverty . United Kingdom ( edit ) The annual LV = ( Liverpool Victoria ) Cost of a Child report calculates the cost of raising a child from birth to 21 years old . The latest report puts the cost as £ 231,843 . The Cost of a child calculations , from birth to 21 years , were compiled by the Centre of Economic and Business Research ( CEBR ) for LV = in December 2015 and are based on the cost for the 21 - year period to December 2015 . Additional research was conducted by Opinium Research LLP from 22 to 27 January 2016 . The total sample size was 1,000 UK adults with children under the age of 18 and was conducted online . Results have been weighted to nationally representative criteria United States ( edit ) Based on a survey by the U.S. Department of Agriculture , the table below shows the estimated Average Spending on Children by Families . The data comes from the Consumer Expenditure Survey by the U.S. Department of Labor , conducted from 2005 - 06 . The figures have been updated to 2011 dollars using the Consumer Price Index . However , some dispute the numbers as being biased high for political reasons ( e.g. , Texas A&M University Finance Professor H. Swint Friday : `` The numbers , reported by the U.S. Department of Agriculture , are outrageously misleading . Often government statistics are produced for political objectives that cause the research methodology to be biased toward finding the highest dollar amount to support the objective . '' ) . These figures from the USDA go up to age 18 , and do not include any college or university education . Nor does it offer any spending estimates if the child remains in the home as a dependent after the age of 18 . Both tables are for the United States overall , not based on any specific region in the country . Dual - parent family - USDA Average spending per child ( not the basic cost of raising ) ( edit ) Dual - Parent Family - USDA Average Spending per Child ( not the basic cost of raising ) Age of Child Housing Food Transport . Clothing Health Child Care / Education Misc . Total Before - tax income : Less than $59,410 ( Average = $38,000 ) 0 to 2 2,990 1,160 1,170 640 630 2,040 420 9,050 3 to 5 2,990 1,260 1,230 500 590 1,910 620 9,100 6 to 8 2,990 1,710 1,350 570 660 1,290 630 8,760 9 to 11 2,990 1,970 1,350 580 710 1,910 630 9,520 12 to 14 2,990 2,130 1,480 690 1,090 1,110 700 9,960 15 to 17 2,990 2,120 1,630 730 1,010 1,290 589 9,970 Total 53,820 31,050 24,630 11,130 14,070 23,640 10,740 169,080 Before - tax income : $59,410 to $102,870 ( Average = $79,940 ) 0 to 2 3,920 1,405 1,690 760 850 2,860 890 12,370 3 to 5 3,920 1,490 1,740 610 800 2,740 1,090 12,390 6 to 8 3,920 2,100 1,860 680 940 1,680 1,110 12,290 9 to 11 3,920 2,400 1,870 710 1,000 2,110 1,100 13,110 12 to 14 3,920 2,580 1,990 840 1,410 1,910 1,170 13,820 15 to 17 3,920 2,570 2,150 900 1,330 2,400 1,050 14,320 Total 70,560 37,620 33,900 13,500 18,990 41,100 19,230 234,900 Before - tax income : More than $102,870 ( Average = $180,040 ) 0 to 2 7,100 1,900 2,550 1,050 980 5,090 1,790 20,460 3 to 5 7,100 2,000 2,610 880 930 4,970 1,990 20,480 6 to 8 7,100 2,630 2,730 970 1,080 3,910 2,000 20,420 9 to 11 7,100 2,980 2,730 1,010 1,150 4,350 2,000 21,320 12 to 14 7,100 3,190 2,860 1,170 1,610 4,700 2,070 22,700 15 to 17 7,100 3,180 3,020 1,280 1,520 6,460 1,950 24,510 Total 127,800 47,640 49,500 19,080 21,810 88,440 35,400 389,670 All numbers are in US dollars . Also notice that the dual parent and solo parent charts use different income ranges so that direct comparison between the two should be undertaken with care . Single - Parent Family - USDA Average Spending per Child ( not the basic cost of raising ) ( edit ) Single - Parent Family - USDA Average Spending per Child ( not the basic cost of raising ) Age of Child Housing Food Transport . Clothing Health Child care / Education Misc . Total Before - tax income : Less than $40,410 ( Average = $18,350 ) 0 to 2 2,840 1,400 680 410 520 1,400 510 7,760 3 to 5 2,840 1,370 920 330 600 1,940 610 8,610 6 to 8 2,840 1,830 1,030 340 670 1,940 780 8,450 9 to 11 2,840 2,010 1,060 400 620 1,360 740 9,030 12 to 14 2,840 2,150 1,130 420 940 1,120 840 9,440 15 to 17 2,840 2,270 1,130 460 930 880 670 9,180 Total 51,120 33,090 17,850 7,080 12,840 22,980 12,450 157,410 Before - tax income : $59,410 or more ( Average = $107,820 ) 0 to 2 5,880 2,080 1,920 590 980 3,670 1,650 16,770 3 to 5 5,880 2,070 2,160 500 1,090 4,210 1,750 17,660 6 to 8 5,880 2,680 2,260 530 1,180 3,350 1,930 17,810 9 to 11 5,880 3,000 2,300 610 1,110 3,880 1,880 18,660 12 to 14 5,880 3,080 2,370 650 1,560 4,150 1,980 19,670 15 to 17 5,880 3,220 2,370 730 1,550 5,010 1,810 20,570 Total 105,840 48,390 40,140 10,830 22,410 72,810 33,000 333,420 All numbers are in US dollars . India ( edit ) Based on an estimate by Economic Times in April 2011 , the cost of raising a child from birth to age of majority ( 21 Years ) for a middle to upper - middle income family comes to about ₹ 55 lakh ( US $77,000 ) in total . Cost break up is as follows : Cost of raising a child in India ( as of April , 2011 ) Expenditure Class Estimated Cost ( Rs . Lakh ) % of Cost Education 25.19 46 % Housing 10.40 19 % Entertainment 6.57 12 % Clothing 3.29 6 % Food 2.74 5 % Transportation 2.74 5 % Healthcare 2.19 4 % Others 1.64 3 % Total 54.75 100 % Note : Estimate assumes cost of birth , but does n't consider any major illness in child . See also ( edit ) Only child Child care Child support Childfree Cost of living Demographic economics Family economics Family planning Family values Single parent Middle - class squeeze References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Shah , Anup ( September 20 , 2010 ) . `` Poverty Facts and Stats '' . Global Issues . Retrieved August 5 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : State of the World 's Children , 2005 , UNICEF Jump up ^ Martin Ravallion , Shaohua Chen and Prem Sangraula , Dollar a day revisited , World Bank , May 2008 Jump up ^ `` Cost of a child LV = '' . www.lv.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ Friday , H. Swint ( July 20 , 2007 ) . `` Cost of raising children not as high as government would have you believe '' . caller.com . Retrieved March 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://abcnews.go.com/Business/page?id=4019746 ^ Jump up to : Lino , Mark . `` Expenditures on Children by Families , 2011 ( Miscellaneous Publication Number 1528 - 2011 ) '' ( PDF ) . United States Department of Agriculture , Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion . Retrieved August 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` How much it cost to raise a child '' ( pdf ) . report . Economic Times . 18 April 2011 . Retrieved 13 July 2016 . External links ( edit ) `` Raising that ' 07 baby will cost $204,060 in U.S. '' - from Reuters , retrieved August 5 , 2012 . `` Cost of raising children not as high as government would have you believe '' - from caller.com , retrieved March 31 , 2013 . `` Cost of Raising Children in the US '' - from Globe Life Insurance , retrieved September 11 , 2013 Parenting Types Adoptive Alloparenting Coparenting Extended family Foster care Kommune 1 Noncustodial Nuclear family Orphaned Shared Single parent Blended family Surrogacy In loco parentis Theories Areas Attachment theory Applied behavior analysis Behaviorism Child development Cognitive development Developmental psychology Human development Love Maternal bond Nature versus nurture Parental investment Paternal bond Pediatrics Social psychology Styles Attachment parenting Concerted cultivation Gatekeeper parent Helicopter parent Nurturant parenting Slow parenting Soccer mom Strict father model Taking Children Seriously Tiger parenting Work at home parent Techniques After - school activity Allowance Bedtime Child care Co-sleeping Homeschooling Latchkey kid Parent management training Play ( date ) Role model Spoiled child Television Toy ( educational ) Child discipline Blanket training Corporal punishment in the home Curfew Grounding Tactical ignoring Time - out Abuse Child abandonment Child abuse Child labour Child neglect Cinderella effect Incest Narcissistic parent Parental abuse by children Parental alienation Legal and social aspects Child support Cost of raising a child Marriage Parental responsibility Deadbeat parent Paternity Disownment Experts T. Berry Brazelton Tanya Byron Bryan Caplan Rudolf Dreikurs David Elkind Jo Frost Haim Ginott Thomas Gordon Alan E. Kazdin Truby King Annette Lareau Penelope Leach Madeline Levine William Sears B.F. Skinner Benjamin Spock Baby and Child Care Related Parental controls Baby talk Toddler Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cost_of_raising_a_child&oldid=852580632 '' Categories : Parenting Family Marriage Demographic economics Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 30 July 2018 , at 00 : 05 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cost%20of%20raising%20a%20child	2,459
is a el camino a car or truck			Chevrolet El Camino	chevrolet el camino	Chevrolet El Camino is a coupé utility vehicle that was produced by Chevrolet between 1959 -- 60 and 1964 -- 1987 . Unlike a pickup truck , the El Camino was adapted from a two - door station wagon platform that integrated the cab and cargo bed into the body .	Introduced in the 1959 model year in response to the success of the Ford Ranchero coupé utility , its first run lasted only two years . Production resumed for the 1964 -- 1977 model years based on the Chevelle platform , and continued for the 1978 -- 1987 model years based on the GM G - body platform . Although based on corresponding General Motors car lines , the vehicle is classified and titled in North America as a truck . GMC 's badge engineered El Camino variant , the Sprint , was introduced for the 1971 model year . Renamed Caballero in 1978 , it was also produced through the 1987 model year . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Origin 1.2 First generation ( 1959 -- 1960 ) 1.3 Second generation ( 1964 -- 1967 ) 1.3. 1 1965 1.3. 2 1966 1.3. 3 1967 1.4 Third generation ( 1968 -- 1972 ) 1.5 Fourth generation ( 1973 -- 1977 ) 1.6 Fifth generation ( 1978 -- 1987 ) 1.6. 1 1982 2 Australia , South Africa and Middle East 3 Concept vehicles 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) Origin ( edit ) Ford Australia was the first company to produce a coupé utility as a result of a 1932 letter from the wife of a farmer in Victoria , Australia , asking for `` a vehicle to go to church in on a Sunday and which can carry our pigs to market on Mondays '' . Ford designer Lew Bandt developed a suitable solution , and the first coupé utility model was released in 1934 . Bandt went on to manage Ford 's Advanced Design Department , being responsible for the body engineering of the XP , XT , XW , and XA series Ford Falcon utilities . General Motors ' Australian subsidiary Holden also produced a Chevrolet coupé utility in 1935 , Studebaker produced the Coupé Express from 1937 to 1939 . The body style did not reappear on the American market until the release of the 1957 Ford Ranchero . Both the coupé utility and the similar open - topped roadster utility continued in production , but the improving economy of the mid - to late - 1930s and the desire for improved comfort saw coupé utility sales climb at the expense of the roadster utility until , by 1939 , the latter was all but a fading memory . 1957 Chevrolet Cameo Carrier The mid-1955 introduction of Chevrolet 's Cameo Carrier pickup truck helped pave the way for the El Camino . Although it was a model variant of Chevrolet 's Task Force light - duty pickup , the Cameo offered an array of car - like features that included passenger - car styling , fiberglass rear fenders , two - tone paint , a relatively luxurious interior , as well as an optional V8 engine , automatic transmission , and power assists . As always , there was a GMC version offered during the same time , called the GMC Suburban Carrier with the same features offered on the Chevrolet . In 1957 a special version was made for GMC to be shown at national car shows called the Palomino , which had a Pontiac 347 cu in ( 5.7 L ) V8 installed , borrowed from the 1957 Star Chief . Other pickup truck producers , including Dodge , Ford , Studebaker , and International , began to offer flush - side cargo boxes on some of their 1957 models , such as the Dodge C Series , and the Studebaker E-series Deluxe . However , Ford also introduced the 1957 Ranchero , and established a new market segment in the U.S. market of an automobile platform based coupé utility . In 1959 , Chevrolet responded with the El Camino to compete with Ford 's full - sized Ranchero . The original El Camino and Ranchero would compete directly only in the 1959 model year . 1955 Chevrolet Cameo Carrier 1955 GMC Suburban Carrier 1956 Chevrolet Cameo Carrier rear view 1957 GMC Suburban Carrier 1957 GMC Palomino 1958 GMC Suburban Carrier 1959 GMC Suburban Carrier rear view First generation ( 1959 -- 1960 ) ( edit ) First generation 1959 Chevrolet El Camino Overview Production 1959 El Camino Total 22,246 1960 El Camino Total 14,163 Model years 1959 -- 1960 Assembly Arlington , Texas , United States Body and chassis Platform GM B platform pickup Related 1959 -- 1960 Chevrolet Biscayne 1959 -- 1960 Chevrolet Bel Air 1959 -- 1960 Chevrolet Impala 1959 -- 1960 Chevrolet Brookwood 1959 -- 1960 Chevrolet Parkwood 1959 -- 1960 Chevrolet Kingswood 1959 -- 1960 Chevrolet Nomad Powertrain Engine 235 cu in ( 3.9 L ) I6 283 cu in ( 4.6 L ) V8 348 cu in ( 5.7 L ) V8 Transmission 3 - speed manual 4 - speed manual 2 - speed Powerglide automatic Dimensions Wheelbase 119 '' Length 210.9 '' The El Camino was introduced for the 1959 model year two years after the Ford Ranchero . According to Chevrolet stylist Chuck Jordan , GM Harley Earl had suggested a coupé pickup in 1952 . Like the Ranchero , it was based on an existing and modified platform , the new - for - 1959 Brookwood two - door station wagon , itself based on the completely redesigned , longer , lower and wider full - sized Chevrolet . Highly stylized , it initially sold 50 % more briskly than the more conservative Ranchero , some 22,000 to 14,000 . Unlike the Brookwoods wagon and a sedan delivery variant , the El Camino was available with any full - sized Chevrolet drivetrain . It came in a single trim level , its exterior using the mid-level Bel - Air 's trim , and the interior of the low - end Biscayne . Its chassis featured Chevrolet 's `` Safety - Girder '' X-frame design and a full - coil suspension , both introduced in the 1958 model year . The 119 - inch ( 3,000 mm ) wheel - base was 1.5 inches ( 38 mm ) longer , and overall length for all 1959 Chevrolets was up to 210.9 inches ( 5,360 mm ) . The El Camino 's payload rating ranged from 650 to 1150 pounds , with gross vehicle weights ranging from 4400 to 4900 pounds depending on powertrain and suspension . The somewhat soft passenger car suspension of the base model left the vehicle level without a load , in contrast the Ranchero , where standard 1100 - pound rated heavy duty rear springs gave it a distinct rake when empty . The quirky Level Air suspension option , in its second and final year , was listed as available , but was almost never seen on any Chevrolet model , much less an El Camino . The 1959 El Camino was promoted as the first Chevrolet pickup built with a steel bed floor instead of wood . The floor was a corrugated sheetmetal insert , secured with 26 recessed bolts . Concealed beneath it was the floor pan from the Brookwood two - door wagon , complete with foot wells . Box capacity was almost 33 cubic feet ( 0.93 m ) . Among the performance engines offered were a 283 - cid Turbo - jet V8 with two - or four - barrel carburetion , several Turbo - Thrust 348 - cid V8s with four - barrel or triple two - barrel carburetors producing 335 bhp ( 250 kW ; 340 PS ) , and 250 - and 290 - bhp 283 - cube Ramjet Fuel Injection V8s . Hot Rod magazine conducted a test of an El Camino equipped with the hottest powertrain combination available in early 1959 -- a 315 bhp ( 235 kW ; 319 PS ) , triple - carb , solid - lifter 348 V8 mated to a four - speed . Staff testers clocked 0 - 60 mph times of around seven seconds , estimated top speed at 130 mph ( 210 km / h ) , and predicted 14 - second / 100 - mph quarter - mile performance with a rear - axle ratio suitable for drag racing installed . 1959 El Camino A total of 22,246 El Caminos were produced for 1959 . That bested the count of 21,706 first - year Rancheros made in 1957 and the 14,169 Ford sedan pickups built in direct competition for the 1959 model year . But 1960 would be a different story . The similar but less flamboyant 1960 model started at $2366 for the six - cylinder model ; another $107 for a V8 with the two - barrel 283 . At first glance , the exterior once again had a Bel Air look , with that series ' bright - metal `` jet '' appliqué and narrow trailing molding used to accent the rear quarters . Inside , Biscayne / Brookwood appointments also persisted . The seat was now covered in striped - pattern cloth with vinyl facings . Available interior trim shades were once again gray , blue , and green . Floor coverings were in medium - tone vinyl . Mid-1959 powertrain availability was carried over with minimal changes for 1960 : The base 283 - cid V8 was detuned a bit for fuel economy and was now rated at 170 bhp ( 127 kW ; 172 PS ) , and the fuel - injected engines were officially gone . 1960 El Camino Orders plummeted by a third , to just 14,163 , at which point Chevrolet discontinued the model ; meanwhile , Ford moved 21,027 Rancheros , which were now based on the brand - new Falcon compact . The pioneering American sedan pickups just did not connect with enough car - buying Americans . Perhaps these early `` crossovers '' did n't carry enough passengers ; in a time when baby - boomer families dominated the market , three across was the best they could offer . Cargo volume was meager compared with pickup trucks . The low - level trim and marketing efforts focused almost exclusively on commercial customers may have inhibited sales , as well . Second generation ( 1964 -- 1967 ) ( edit ) Second generation 1964 Chevrolet Chevelle El Camino Overview Production 1964 El Camino Total 32,548 1965 El Camino Total 34,724 1966 El Camino Total 35,119 1967 El Camino Total 34,830 Model years 1964 -- 1967 Assembly Atlanta , Georgia Baltimore , Maryland Fremont , California Van Nuys , California 1964 only ) Framingham , Massachusetts Kansas City , Missouri Oshawa , Ontario Body and chassis Platform A-body pickup Related 1964 -- 1967 Chevrolet Chevelle 1966 -- 1969 Beaumont Powertrain Engine 194 cu in ( 3.2 L ) I6 230 cu in ( 3.8 L ) I6 250 cu in ( 4.1 L ) I6 283 cu in ( 4.6 L ) Small - Block V8 327 cu in ( 5.4 L ) Small - Block V8 396 cu in ( 6.5 L ) Big - Block V8 Transmission 3 - speed manual 4 - speed manual 2 - speed Powerglide automatic Dimensions Wheelbase 115 in ( 2,921 mm ) Chevrolet reintroduced an all new , mid-size El Camino four years later based on the Chevrolet Chevelle . The 1964 model was similar to the Chevelle two - door wagon forward of the B - pillars and carried both `` Chevelle '' and `` El Camino '' badges , but Chevrolet marketed the vehicle as a utility model and Chevelle 's most powerful engines were not available . Initial engine offerings included six - cylinder engines of 194 and 230 cubic inches with horsepower ratings of 120 and 155 , respectively . The standard V8 was a 283 cubic - inch Chevrolet small block with two - barrel carburetor and 195 horsepower ( 145 kW ) with optional engines including a 220 - horsepower 283 with four - barrel carburetor and dual exhausts . Added to the El Camino 's option list during the course of the 1964 model year were two versions of the 327 cubic - inch small block V8 rated at 250 and 300 horsepower ( 220 kW ) -- the latter featuring a higher compression ratio of 10.5 : 1 , larger four - barrel carburetor and dual exhausts . El Caminos also featured Air shocks in the rear , as well as fully boxed frames . The shocks were continued over all generations , the frames only thru 1967 . 1965 ( edit ) The 1965 El Camino received the same facelift as the ' 65 Chevelle , with a more pronounced V - shaped front end , and a higher performance L79 version of the 327 engine rated at 350 hp ( 261 kW ) that was also available in Chevelles . Most of the other engines were carried over from 1964 , including the 194 and 230 cubic - inch Turbo Thrift sixes , the 195 - horsepower 283 cubic - inch Turbo - Fire V8 and 327 cubic - inch Turbo - Fire V8s of 250 and 300 horsepower ( 220 kW ) . 1966 ( edit ) In 1966 , GM added a 396 cu in ( 6.5 L ) V8 engine to the lineup rated from 325 to 375 hp ( 280 kW ) . The 1965 327 would run low 15s in the 1 / 4 mile ( at some 90 mph ) , while 1966 to 1969 models were easily into the mid - to upper - 14s . New sheetmetal highlighted the 1966 El Camino , identical to the Chevelle . A new instrument panel with horizontal sweep speedometer was featured . Inside , the standard version featured a bench seat interior and rubber floor mat from the low - line Chevelle 300 series , while the Custom used a more upscale interior from the Chevelle Malibu with plusher cloth - and - vinyl or all - vinyl bench seats and deep twist carpeting , or optional Strato swivel bucket seats with console . A tachometer was optional . 1967 ( edit ) The 1967 El Camino followed the Chevelle 's styling facelift with a new grille , front bumper , and trim . Air shocks remained standard equipment on the El Camino , allowing the driver to compensate for a load . The year 1967 also brought the collapsible steering column and options of disc brakes and Turbo Hydramatic 400 3 - speed automatic transmission . It was the second year the 396 ( L35 , L34 , and L78 ) could be had in the El Camino ( both 13480 300 Deluxe base and 13680 Malibu series ) . Since the L35 396 / 325 hp engine was the base for the SS396 series , the number of L35 engines reported sold by Chevrolet in 1967 ( 2,565 ) were sold in one of the two El Camino series , which were the only other series the engine could be ordered in . Since the L34 ( now 350 hp ) & L78 ( 375 hp ) were available in either El Camino series as well as the two SS396 body styles , there is no way of knowing how many of these optional engines went to which body style . Chevrolet does report 17,176 L34 and 612 L78 engine options were sold in 1967 Chevelles , but there is no breakdown of body styles . The TH400 3 - speed automatic was now available as an option ( RPO M40 ) with the 396 engine in both the SS396 series and the 396 - equipped El Caminos . The 3 - speed manual transmission remained the standard transmission with a heavy duty ( RPO M13 ) also available along with the 2 - speed Powerglide and either M20 wide ratio or M21 close ratio 4 - speed transmissions . Although there was no actual factory El Camino Super Sport until 1968 , many owners have `` cloned '' ' 67 SS396s using 1967 Chevelle SS396 badges and trim . Third generation ( 1968 -- 1972 ) ( edit ) Third generation 1972 Chevrolet El Camino Overview Production 1968 El Camino SS V8 5,190 1968 El Camino Total 41,791 1969 El Camino Total 48,385 1970 El Camino Total 47,707 1971 El Camino Total 41,606 1972 El Camino Total 57,147 Model years 1968 -- 1972 Assembly Arlington , United States Atlanta , United States Baltimore , United States Flint , United States Fremont , United States Kansas City , United States Van Nuys , United States Oshawa , Ontario , Canada Rosario , Santa Fe , Argentina Body and chassis Platform A-body pickup Related 1968 -- 1972 Chevrolet Chevelle 1971 -- 1972 GMC Sprint Powertrain Engine 230 cu in ( 3.8 L ) I6 250 cu in ( 4.1 L ) I6 307 cu in ( 5.0 L ) V8 350 cu in ( 5.7 L ) V8 396 cu in ( 6.5 L ) V8 454 cu in ( 7.4 L ) V8 Transmission 3 - speed manual 4 - speed manual 2 - speed Powerglide auto . 3 - speed Turbo - Hydramatic auto Dimensions Wheelbase 116 in ( 2,946 mm ) Chevrolet introduced a longer El Camino in 1968 , based on the Chevelle station wagon / four - door sedan wheelbase ( 116 in ( 2,946 mm ) , overall length : 208 in ( 5,283 mm ) ) ; it also shared Chevelle Malibu exterior and interior trims . The interior was revamped including cloth and vinyl or all - vinyl bench seats and deep twist carpeting . All - vinyl Strato bucket seats and center console were an $111 option . Power front disc brakes and Positraction were optional . A new , high - performance Super Sport SS396 version was launched . The Turbo - Jet 396 had 325 bhp ( 242 kW ) or 350 bhp ( 260 kW ) versions . Returning to the official options list for the first time since late 1966 was the 375 bhp ( 280 kW ) L78 . It had solid lifters , big - port heads , and an 800 cfm Holley four - barrel on a low - rise aluminum manifold . A three - speed manual was standard with all engines , and a four - speed or automatic was optional . In 1968 , the SS was a separate model ( the `` SS - 396 '' ) . The 1969 models showed only minor changes , led by more - rounded front - end styling . A single chrome bar connected quad headlights , and a slotted bumper held the parking lights . New round instrument pods replaced the former linear layout . For the first time , the Chevrolet 350 V8 was used in an El Camino . The Super Sport group included a 265 - or 325 - horsepower 396 - cubic - inch V8 beneath a double - domed hood , along with a black - out grille displaying an SS emblem . More potent editions of the 396 engine , developing 350 or 375 horsepower ( 280 kW ) also made the options list . Options included power windows and locks . Curiously , back - up lights moved from the rear bumper to the tailgate , where they were ineffective when the gate was down . The 1970 models received sheet metal revisions that gave the bodies a more squared - up stance , and interiors were also redesigned . The new SS396 , which actually displaced 402 cu in ( 6.6 L ) ( although all emblems read 396 ) was available . Chevrolet 's largest and most - powerful engine of the time was also put into a select few El Caminos . The LS6 454 CID engine , rated at 450 hp ( 336 kW ) and 500 lb ⋅ ft ( 680 N ⋅ m ) of torque , gave the El Camino 1 / 4 - mile times in the lower 13 - second range at around 108 mph ( 174 km / h ) . The 1971 El Camino got fresh front - end styling that included large Power - Beam single - unit headlights , a reworked grille and bumper , and integral park / signal / marker lights . For 1971 , mandated lower - octane unleaded fuel necessitated a reduction in engine compression , and GM 's A.I.R. system , a `` smog pump '' , was added to control tailpipe emissions . Power and performance were reduced . Engine offerings for 1971 included the 250 - 6 , small - block V8s of 307 and 350 cubic inches ; and big block V8s of 402 and 454 - cubic - inch displacements . Horsepower ratings of those engines for 1971 ranged from 145 for the six to 365 for the RPO LS5 454 -- all in gross figures . The LS6 454 V8 was gone forever . A rebadged El Camino , the GMC Sprint debuted in 1971 . It shared the same engine and transmission offerings as its Chevrolet counterpart . The 1972 El Caminos wore single - unit parking and side marker lights on their front fenders , outside of a revised twin - bar grille , but little changed . For 1972 , horsepower measurements were switched to the `` net '' figures as installed in a vehicle with all accessories and emission controls hooked up . Engine offerings included the 110 horsepower ( 82 kW ) 250 - 6 , a 307 V8 , a 175 horsepower ( 130 kW ) 350 - cubic - inch V8 , and big block V8s of 402 and 454 cubic - inch displacements . The 402 - cubic - inch ( still known as a 396 ) produced 240 horsepower ( 180 kW ) ; the 454 managed to put out 270 horsepower ( 200 kW ) under the net rating system . Super Sport equipment could now be ordered with any V8 engine , including the base 307 - cubic - inch version . All 1972 El Caminos with the 454 ci engine have a `` W '' as the fifth digit in the VIN , and the 454 was only available with Super Sport trim . Fourth generation ( 1973 -- 1977 ) ( edit ) Fourth generation 1973 Chevrolet El Camino Overview Production 1973 El Camino Total 64,987 1974 El Camino SS 4,543 1974 El Camino Total 51,223 1975 El Camino SS 3,521 1975 El Camino Total 33,620 1976 El Camino SS 5,163 1976 El Camino Total 44,890 1977 El Camino SS 5,226 1977 El Camino Total 54,321 Model years 1973 -- 1977 Assembly Baltimore , United States Doraville , Georgia , United States Leeds , Missouri , United States Arlington , United States Fremont , United States Oshawa , Ontario , Canada Body and chassis Platform A-body pickup Related 1973 -- 1977 Chevrolet Chevelle 1973 -- 1977 GMC Sprint Powertrain Engine 250 cu in ( 4.1 L ) I6 307 cu in ( 5.0 L ) V8 350 cu in ( 5.7 L ) V8 400 cu in ( 6.6 L ) V8 454 cu in ( 7.4 L ) V8 Transmission 3 - speed manual 4 - speed manual 3 - speed Turbo - Hydramatic auto . For 1973 , the El Camino was redesigned . Matching the Chevelle line and using the wagon chassis , it was the largest El Camino generation . Energy - absorbing hydraulic front bumper systems on these vehicles added more weight . There were two different trim levels of El Caminos during this period . The base model and SS option shared interior and exterior appointments with the Chevelle Malibu , while the El Camino Classic ( introduced for 1974 ) shared its trim with the more upscale Chevelle Malibu Classic . The chassis design was as new as the bodies with 1 - inch ( 25 mm ) a wider wheel track , front and rear . The left wheel was adjusted to have slightly more positive camber than the right , which resulted in a more uniform and stable steering feel on high - crown road surfaces while maintaining excellent freeway cruise stability . Clearances for spring travel were also improved for a smoother ride over all types of surfaces ; the coil springs at each wheel were computer - selected to match the individual car 's weight . Front disc brakes were now standard on all ' 73 El Caminos . Additional new features were an acoustical double - panel roof , tighter - fitting glass , flush - style outside door handles , molded full - foam seat construction , flow - through power ventilation system , inside hood release , refined Delcotron generator and sealed side - terminal battery , a larger 22 - US - gallon ( 83 L ; 18 imp gal ) fuel tank , and `` flush and dry '' rocker panels introduced first on the redesigned 1971 full - size Chevrolets . New options included swivel bucket seats ( with console ) and Turbine I urethane ( backed by steel ) wheels , as was the instrument gauge cluster . A benefit of the new body designs was much better visibility of which the unusually thin windshield pillars contributed . A structural improvement was a stronger design for the side door guard beams . El Caminos shared the `` Colonnade '' frameless door glass with other Chevelles , and would continue this feature into the next generation as well . The 307 2 - barrel V8 of 115 hp ( 86 kW ) was the base engine . Options included a 350 2 - barrel V8 of 145 hp ( 108 kW ) , a 350 4 - barrel V8 of 175 hp ( 130 kW ) , and a 454 4 - barrel V8 rated at 245 hp ( 183 kW ) . Hardened engine valve seats and hydraulic camshafts made these engines reliable for many miles , and allowed them to accept the increasingly popular unleaded regular gasoline . The three - speed manual transmission was standard ; 4 - speed manual and Turbo Hydra - Matic 3 - speed automatic transmissions were optional . Crossflow radiators and coolant reservoirs prevented overheating . 1973 El Camino 1973 El Camino SS The SS , then a trim option , included a black grill with SS emblem , bodyside striping , bright roof drip moldings , color - keyed dual sport mirrors , special front and rear stabilizer bars , rally wheels , 70 - series raised white - lettered tires , special instrumentation and SS interior emblems . The SS option was available with a 350 or 454 V8 with the 4 - speed or Turbo Hydra - Matic transmissions . The 1974 El Caminos sported an elongated , Mercedes - type grille . Inside , the new top - of - the - line El Camino Classic featured luxurious interiors with notchback bench seats ( or optional Strato bucket seats ) upholstered in cloth or vinyl , carpeted door panels and woodgrain instrument panel trim . The 350 V8 became the base engine and a 400 V8 engine was new this year . The 454 , the top engine , was available with the Turbo Hydra - Matic 400 automatic or 4 - speed manual transmission . The 1975 models featured a new grill , providing a fresh appearance . Suspension upgrades offered a quieter ride , and radial - ply tires became standard . Dual remote mirrors , new twin sport mirrors , intermittent wipers , and cruise control were among new convenience features this year . The 1975 high energy ignition ( HEI ) provided spark to the spark plugs with minimal maintenance and increased power . The larger distributor cap also provided better high - RPM performance by decreasing the likelihood of the spark conducting to the wrong terminal . The 250 - cubic - inch in - line six of 105 hp ( 78 kW ) was offered as the base engine . The 454 - cubic - inch V8 , downrated yet again to 215 horsepower ( 160 kW ) , made it into 1975 as an El Camino option , but this would be its last go - around . It was not available in California , and the optional four - speed stick was no longer offered . Buyers could now choose an Econominder instrument package that included a vacuum gauge to point out when optimum fuel economy was being attained . 1977 El Camino Classic For 1976 , El Camino Classic models now featured the new rectangular headlights that other high - end GM cars were sporting . These were quad units in stacked arrangement . The base model retained the previously used dual round headlights . Engines included the base 250 I6 engine , a new 140 - horsepower 305 - cubic - inch V8 , two - and four - barrel 350s ( with availability still depending on California delivery ) , and the 400 - cubic - inch V8 , still good for 175 hp . All engines except the 250 I6 came with the Turbo Hydra - matic automatic transmission as the only transmission available . The 250 I6 came with a 3 - speed manual or an optional Turbo Hydra - matic . The 1977 models were little changed , except the 400 V8 was gone . The El Camino Classic was again the top model and the SS option continued . Fifth generation ( 1978 -- 1987 ) ( edit ) Fifth generation 1978 Chevrolet El Camino Overview Also called Chevrolet Pickup ( Iran , 1984 -- 1987 ) Production 1978 El Camino SS 12,027 1978 El Camino Total 54,286 1979 El Camino Total 58,008 1980 El Camino Total 40,932 1981 El Camino Total 36,711 1982 El Camino Total 22,732 1983 El Camino Total 24,010 1984 El Camino Total 22,997 1985 El Camino Total 21,816 1986 El Camino Total 21,508 1987 El Camino Total 13,743 1988 El Camino Total 420 Model years 1978 -- 1987 Assembly Baltimore , United States Doraville , Georgia , United States Leeds , Missouri , United States Arlington , United States Fremont , United States Oshawa , Ontario , Canada Ramos Arizpe , Mexico Tehran , Iran ( CKD , Pars Khodro ) Body and chassis Platform A-body pickup ( 1978 -- 1981 ) G - body pickup ( 1982 -- 1987 ) Related 1978 -- 1983 Chevrolet Malibu 1978 -- 1988 GMC Caballero Powertrain Engine 3.3 L ( 200 cu in ) Chevrolet V6 3.8 L ( 229 cu in ) Chevrolet V6 3.8 L ( 231 cu in ) Buick V6 4.3 L ( 262 cu in ) Chevrolet V6 4.4 L ( 267 cu in ) Small - Block V8 5.0 L ( 305 cu in ) Small - Block V8 5.7 L ( 350 cu in ) Small - Block V8 5.7 L ( 350 cu in ) Diesel V8 Transmission 3 - speed manual 4 - speed manual 3 - speed Turbo - Hydramatic automatic . Dimensions Wheelbase 117 in ( 2,972 mm ) The 1978 through 1987 El Caminos were produced in four trim levels : Classic , Black Knight ( 1978 ) / Royal Knight ( 1979 -- 83 ) , Conquista and Super Sport , and shared chassis components with the Chevrolet Malibu . Chevrolet 90 ° V6 and Buick V6 engines were used for the first time . The optional 305 cubic - inch small block V8 was rated at 150 or 165 horsepower ( 123 kW ) , and from 1982 -- 1984 , the Oldsmobile - sourced Diesel engine was also optional . A new , trimmer El Camino was unveiled in 1978 , adopting the new , more sharp - edged Malibu styling , and a one - inch longer wheelbase of 117 in ( 2,972 mm ) . The front end sheet metal and doors were shared with the Malibu , and the rear tailgate and bumper was shared with the Malibu station wagon . For the first time , though , the El Camino had a unique chassis -- it was shared with no other Chevrolet . The front end featured a new single rectangular headlight design . The base engine was a 200 - cubic - inch ( 3.3 - liter ) V6 that developed 95 horsepower ( 71 kW ) , except in California where , to meet emissions standards , the 231 - cubic - inch Buick engine was the base engine . Two upgrades could be ordered : a 305 - cubic - inch V8 with 145 horsepower ( 108 kW ) , or a 350 - cubic - inch V8 with 170 horsepower ( 130 kW ) that was only available in El Caminos and Malibu station wagons . It was not available on Malibu passenger cars ( with exception to coupe and sedan Malibu 9C1 police vehicles ) . Among GM makes , at least , the era of bigness was fading into history , overtaken by a new age of efficiency and economy . The 1979 model got minimal changes following its debut as a redesigned `` new - size '' model in 1978 . Alterations to the 1979 El Camino amounting to little more than a new divided grille . However , a `` small - block '' 267 - cubic - inch ( 4.4 - liter ) V8 joined the options list and slotted between the standard 3.3 - liter V6 and the optional 5.0 - liter four - barrel V8 . The 350 - cubic - inch ( 5.7 - liter ) V8 , developing 170 horsepower ( 130 kW ) was again available . Both three - and four - speed manual transmissions had floor shifters . The 1980 El Camino started out the 1980s with few changes , though engine choices were shuffled a little . The base V6 displaced 229 cubic inches , up from 200 the year before . Horsepower increased from 94 to 115 . Optional again were a 267 - cubic - inch V8 with 125 horsepower ( 93 kW ) and a 305 V8 , now with 155 horsepower ( down five ) . The 350 with 170 horsepower ( 130 kW ) offered in 1979 was dropped . A three speed floor shifted manual transmission was standard , but most got the optional three - speed automatic . The 1981 models received a new horizontal tube grill . The 1981 engines mostly continued from 1980 , but now used GM 's Computer Command Control ( CCC ) emission system . The base 229 - cubic - inch V6 made 110 horsepower ( down from 115 ) , as did the California - only 231 - cubic - inch Buick V6 . Optional engines were the 267 - cubic - inch V8 with 115 horsepower ( 86 kW ) and The 305 - cubic - inch V8 , now with 150 horsepower ( 110 kW ) . The three - speed automatic added a lock - up torque converter to aid highway mileage . 1982 ( edit ) The 1982 ( through the final 1987 ) El Camino sported a new frontal appearance with a crosshatch grille flanked by quad rectangular headlights . New under the hood for 1982 was a 105 - horsepower 5.7 - liter ( 350 - cubic - inch ) Diesel V8 , which was also offered in Chevrolet 's full - size cars . Though mileage with the diesel was commendable , it was an expensive option and would eventually amass a dismal repair record . Gasoline - engine choices were unchanged , except Chevrolet 's 229 - cubic - inch ( 3.8 - liter ) V6 was now standard in California - bound cars , replacing Buick 's 231 - cubic - inch V6 . In 1983 , the 4.4 - liter V8 was gone , leaving the 5.0 - liter version as the only optional gas V8 . The standard engine was again Chevrolet 's 3.8 - liter V6 with 110 horsepower ( 82 kW ) , though California cars , once again , got a Buick V6 with similar specifications . Continuing on the options list was the 5.7 - liter V8 Diesel with 105 hp ( 78 kW ) . The sister Malibu sedan and wagon were discontinued after the 1983 model year . The 1983 -- 87 El Camino SS was offered as a conversion ( completed by Choo - Choo Customs Inc. , of Chattanooga , Tennessee ) to include the aerodynamic front end similar to the Monte Carlo SS , but did not receive the L69 engine package . For 1985 , GM shifted El Camino production to Mexico , and the new fuel - injected 4.3 L V6 became the base engine through 1987 . El Camino production ended quietly in late 1987 . Some model year 1987 's 420 El Caminos and 325 GMC Caballeros were listed as new car retail deliveries in calendar year 1988 based on the date of first retail sale . No model year 1988 El Caminos or Caballeros were produced . 1979 El Camino 1982 -- 1987 El Camino Australia , South Africa and Middle East ( edit ) General Motors - Holden 's manufactured and marketed coupé utility models in Australia commencing in 1935 . GMH continued to offer a Chevrolet coupé utility until 1952 . Rebadged Holden coupé utilities , including later Commodore - based models , were sold as the Chevrolet El Camino and Chevrolet Lumina in South Africa and the Middle East . Holden produced a Commodore - based coupé utility in Australia as the Holden Ute until 2017 , when Holden 's Elizabeth factory closed down . Concept vehicles ( edit ) In 1974 , Chevrolet 's sister division , Pontiac , reportedly took an El Camino body , grafted on the urethane - nose front end from its Grand Am series , added the GA 's instrument panel , reclining Strato - bucket seats with adjustable lumbar support along with Pontiac 's Rally II wheels . This was a styling exercise for a possible Pontiac version of the El Camino ; the concept never reached production . In 1992 , GM unveiled an El Camino concept , basically a pickup variant of the Chevrolet Lumina Z34 . The concept received mixed , mostly negative reviews , mostly because of its front wheel drive layout . 2010 Pontiac G8 ST , NY Auto Show , 2008 During the 1995 model year , GM had a concept El Camino based on the full - size Caprice station wagon using the grille of a 1994 -- 96 Impala SS ; this concept was destined for production , but was shelved when GM decided to discontinue the B - platform car line at the end of 1996 . The Pontiac G8 ST was shown at the New York International Auto Show in March 2008 . Based on the Holden Commodore Ute , it shared the G8 platform with a 73 - inch ( 1,900 mm ) cargo bed . The Sport Truck had the same 361 hp ( 269 kW ) , 6.0 - liter V8 used in the G8 GT , as well as the 3.6 - liter , 300 hp ( 220 kW ) direct - injection V6 . The G8 ST was slated for release as a 2010 model , but in January 2009 , GM announced to dealers the G8 ST was cancelled due to budget cuts and restructuring . In 2011 , GM again considered bringing back the El Camino under the Chevrolet brand as early as 2015 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Warner , Gary ( 1999 - 08 - 08 ) . `` Who built the first utility -- where -- when ... '' fastlane.com.au . Archived from the original on 2015 - 05 - 29 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ Auto Editors of Consumer Guide ( 2007 - 10 - 17 ) . `` 1955 Chevrolet Cameo Carrier '' . auto.howstuffworks.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` 1957 GMC Palomino '' . 1955 GMC Truck Site . ^ Jump up to : The Editors of Consumer Guide ^ Jump up to : Bob . `` 1958 - 1965 Chevrolet full size production numbers '' . 348-409.com . ^ Jump up to : Gunnell , John A. ( 1993 ) . Standard Catalog of American Light - Duty Trucks . krause Publications . ISBN 0 - 87341 - 238 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : `` El Camino Production Totals '' . Chevelles.com . Jump up ^ `` 1964 Chevrolet El Camino Vehicle Information '' ( PDF ) . GM Heritage Center . Jump up ^ 1964 El Camino brochure Jump up ^ Owner observation Jump up ^ 1965 El Camino brochure Jump up ^ `` Directory Index : Chevrolet_El_Camino - GMC_Caballero / 1966_Chevrolet_El_Camino_Brochure '' . Oldcarbrochures.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ 1973 -- 1977 Chevrolet El camino brochures ^ Jump up to : 1973 Chevrolet Chevelle Brochure Jump up ^ Cars of the 70 's -- By the Editors of Consumer Guide Jump up ^ 1973 -- 77 El Camino brochures Jump up ^ `` Pars Khodro in history '' . Pars Khodro . Jump up ^ `` Briefly -- Blast from the past ? '' . Automotive News . Jump up ^ `` El Camino Timeline -- Changes From 1959 -- 1987 '' . Eckler 's El Camino Store . Jump up ^ `` Since we 've never seen a 1988 El Camino : Post 122 '' . El Camino Central . Jump up ^ `` Pontiac Names All New Sport Truck The `` G8 ST '' `` . Retrieved 6 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` GM kills Pontiac G8 Sport Truck '' . Freep . Jump up ^ `` Chevy Considers Return of the El Camino '' . Jalopnik . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chevrolet El Camino . Chevrolet El Camino at the Internet Movie Cars Database Car Domain : 1959 -- 1960 / 1964 - 1987 Chevrolet El Camino `` previous -- Chevrolet , a marque of General Motors , light truck timeline , 1980s -- present Type 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 Subcompact crossover SUV Trax / Tracker Compact crossover SUV Forester Captiva Sport Equinox Mid-size crossover SUV Equinox Equinox Captiva Full - size crossover SUV Traverse Traverse Mini SUV Samurai Jimny Vitara Tracker Tracker Tracker Compact SUV Tracker Tracker Orlando Grand Vitara S - 10 Blazer Rodeo / Frontera Mid-size SUV Blazer Blazer ( Brazil ) TrailBlazer TrailBlazer XL - 7 Trooper Trooper Full - size SUV Grand Blazer Veraneio Bonanza Silverado Sonora K5 Blazer Blazer Tahoe Tahoe Tahoe Tahoe Suburban Suburban Suburban Suburban Suburban SUT Avalanche Avalanche Coupe utility SSR Pickup Corsa Corsa Utility / Montana / Tornado Utility / Montana / Tornado El Camino Lumina Lumina Lumina Lumina Lumina Compact pickup S - 10 S - 10 S - 10 ( Brazil ) Chevy 500 S - 10 EV D - Max D - Max LUV LUV LUV Mid-size pickup Colorado Colorado / S10 ( Brazil ) Full - size pickup C / K C / K Silverado Silverado Silverado Minivan Meriva Spin Nabira Zafira Zafira Tavera Tavera Lumina APV Lumina Venture Uplander Trans Sport Tacuma / Rezzo Vivant Van / Microvan City Express Combo Combo N300 Astro Astro N200 Van Express Express Beauville Trafic Damas Chevrolet vehicles A marque of General Motors Current Cars Aveo / Sonic Bolt Camaro Cavalier Cobalt Corvette Cruze Impala Malibu Matiz Onix / Prisma Sail Spark Volt Pickup trucks CMP Colorado / S - 10 Colorado / D - Max Montana / Tornado Silverado HD LSSV Pickup Crossovers / SUVs Captiva Captiva Sport Equinox Grand Vitara Grand Vitara Classic Niva Suburban LSSV SUV Tahoe LSSV SUV TrailBlazer Traverse Trax / Tracker Vans CMV City Express Enjoy Express / Savana Lova RV N200 N300 Orlando Spin Tavera Commercial trucks CYZ FTR FVZ N - Series / LCF Former models 1910s and 1920s 490 Baby Grand Classic Six Light Six Little Four Little Six Series AA Capitol Series AB National Series AC International Series D Series F Series FA Series FB Series H Series M Copper - Cooled Superior 1930s and 1940s 3100 3600 3800 AC Advance Design AK Series Deluxe Eagle Fleetline Fleetmaster Loadmaster LQ Master Mercury Series AD Universal Series AE Independence Series BA Confederate Special Standard Six Stylemaster Thriftmaster 1950s 31 50 100 150 210 3100 3200 3600 Apache Beauville Bel Air Biscayne Brookwood Cameo Cameo Carrier Delray El Camino Kingswood Parkwood Spartan Task Force Townsman Viking Yeoman 1960s 400 Blazer CUCV Pickup / SUV C10 C15 C20 C30 C / K Caprice Chevelle Chevy Chevy II Constantia Corvair Corvette Stingray G10 Greenbrier K10 K15 K20 Kingswood Estate Kommando Lakewood Nova Opala Parkwood Sportvan Titan Van Veraneio 1970s 350 1700 2500 3800 4100 Ascona Beauville Bison Bruin Chevair Chevelle Laguna Chevette Commodore Custom Deluxe De Ville El Torro G20 G30 Iran Laguna Type S - 3 LUV Monte Carlo Monza Pickup Rekord Royal Royale San Remo Scottsdale Senator Vega Vega 2300 1980s A10 A20 Aska Astro Beretta S - 10 Blazer Cavalier Celebrity Chevy 500 Citation Citation II Corsica D10 D20 Gemini Ipanema Kadett Kodiak Marajó Metro Monza S - 10 Samurai Spectrum Sprint Super Carry Suprema Trafic T - Series Tracker Vitara 1990s 454 SS CUCV II Pickup Alero Astra Calibra Cassia Chevy Classic CMP CMV Combo Corsa Esteem Exclusive Frontera Grand Blazer Joy Lumina Lumina APV Matiz Metro Nabira Niva Omega Prizm Rodeo Savana Swift Taxi Chronos Tigra Trans Sport Trooper Urvan Vectra Venture Xtreme Zafira 2000s Alto Aveo D - Max Epica Estate Evanda Forester Grand Vitara Jimny Kalos Lacetti Lova Lumina Coupe Lanos Matiz Eco Logic Meriva Nubira Optra Rezzo Sonora SSR T - Series Tacuma Tosca Uplander Vitara XL7 W - Series 2010s Agile Avalanche Caprice Celta Cobalt Epica HHR Lumina Lumina Ute Nexia Optra Vivant Omega SS Concept cars Aerovette Astro I Bel Air ( 2002 ) CERV Cheyenne ( 2003 ) Corvair Monza GT Corvette concepts Express ( 1987 ) Groove Miray Sequel SS ( 2003 ) Trax ( 2007 ) Triax Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chevrolet_El_Camino&oldid=835386733 '' Categories : Chevrolet vehicles Rear - wheel - drive vehicles Pickup trucks 1950s automobiles 1960s automobiles 1970s automobiles 1980s automobiles Muscle cars Motor vehicles manufactured in the United States Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from April 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Deutsch فارسی Français Italiano עברית Lietuvių Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Türkçe 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 April 2018 , at 11 : 34 . 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who sings i don't want to lose your love tonight	`` I Do n't Wanna Lose Your Love '' is a song written by Joey Carbone , and recorded by American country music artist Crystal Gayle . It was released in February 1984 as the second single from the album Cage the Songbird . The song reached number 2 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart . This is originally sung by John O'Banion in 1982 .	John O'Banion\|American country music artist Crystal Gayle	I Do n't Wanna Lose Your Love	i don't wanna lose your love	`` I Do n't Wanna Lose Your Love '' is a song written by Joey Carbone , and recorded by American country music artist Crystal Gayle . It was released in February 1984 as the second single from the album Cage the Songbird . The song reached number 2 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart . This is originally sung by John O'Banion in 1982 .	Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1984 ) Peak position US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 15 Canadian RPM Country Tracks References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book Of Top 40 Country Hits : 1944 - 2006 , Second edition . Record Research . p. 132 . Jump up ^ `` Crystal Gayle Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Crystal Gayle Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` I Guess It Never Hurts to Hurt Sometimes '' by The Oak Ridge Boys RPM Country Tracks number - one single June 2 , 1984 Succeeded by `` Honey ( Open That Door ) '' by Ricky Skaggs Crystal Gayle singles Albums Singles 1970s `` Wrong Road Again '' `` Somebody Loves You '' 1976 `` I 'll Get Over You '' `` You Never Miss a Real Good Thing ( Till He Says Goodbye ) '' 1977 `` I 'll Do It All Over Again '' `` Do n't It Make My Brown Eyes Blue '' 1978 `` Ready for the Times to Get Better '' `` Talking in Your Sleep '' `` Why Have You Left the One You Left Me For '' 1979 `` When I Dream '' `` Your Kisses Will '' `` Half the Way '' `` Your Old Cold Shoulder '' 1980s 1980 `` It 's Like We Never Said Goodbye '' `` The Blue Side '' `` If You Ever Change Your Mind '' 1981 `` Take It Easy '' `` Too Many Lovers '' `` The Woman in Me '' 1982 `` You Never Gave Up on Me '' `` Livin ' in These Troubled Times '' `` ' Til I Gain Control Again '' You and I '' ( with Eddie Rabbitt ) `` Everything I Own '' `` Our Love Is on the Faultline '' `` Baby , What About You '' `` The Sound of Goodbye '' 1984 `` I Do n't Wanna Lose Your Love '' `` Turning Away '' `` Me Against the Night '' 1985 `` Nobody Wants to Be Alone '' `` A Long and Lasting Love '' `` Makin ' Up for Lost Time ( The Dallas Lovers ' Song ) '' ( with Gary Morris ) 1986 `` Cry '' `` Straight to the Heart '' `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' `` Another World '' ( with Gary Morris ) `` Nobody Should Have to Love This Way '' `` Only Love Can Save Me Now '' `` O Holy Night '' `` Nobody 's Angel '' 1990s `` Never Ending Song of Love '' 1999 `` Two Sleepy People '' ( with Willie Nelson ) 2000s 2003 `` Hallelujah I Love Him So '' Book This 1983 country song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Don%27t_Wanna_Lose_Your_Love&oldid=830409320 '' Categories : 1984 singles Crystal Gayle songs RPM Country Tracks number - one singles Song recordings produced by Jimmy Bowen Warner Bros. Records singles Songs written by Joey Carbone 1983 songs 1983 country song stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 14 March 2018 , at 17 : 16 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%20Don%2527t%20Wanna%20Lose%20Your%20Love	2,461
what is the definition of congruence in geometry	In geometry , two figures or objects are congruent if they have the same shape and size , or if one has the same shape and size as the mirror image of the other .		Congruence ( geometry )	congruence ( geometry )	In geometry , two figures or objects are congruent if they have the same shape and size , or if one has the same shape and size as the mirror image of the other .	More formally , two sets of points are called congruent if , and only if , one can be transformed into the other by an isometry , i.e. , a combination of rigid motions , namely a translation , a rotation , and a reflection . This means that either object can be repositioned and reflected ( but not resized ) so as to coincide precisely with the other object . So two distinct plane figures on a piece of paper are congruent if we can cut them out and then match them up completely . Turning the paper over is permitted . In elementary geometry the word congruent is often used as follows . The word equal is often used in place of congruent for these objects . Two line segments are congruent if they have the same length . Two angles are congruent if they have the same measure . Two circles are congruent if they have the same diameter . In this sense , two plane figures are congruent implies that their corresponding characteristics are `` congruent '' or `` equal '' including not just their corresponding sides and angles , but also their corresponding diagonals , perimeters and areas . The related concept of similarity applies if the objects have the same shape but do not necessarily have the same size . ( Most definitions consider congruence to be a form of similarity , although a minority require that the objects have different sizes in order to qualify as similar . ) Contents ( hide ) 1 Determining congruence of polygons 2 Congruence of triangles 2.1 Determining congruence 2.1. 1 Side - side - angle 2.1. 2 Angle - angle - angle 3 Definition of congruence in analytic geometry 4 Congruent conic sections 5 Congruent polyhedra 6 Congruent triangles on a sphere 7 Notation 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Determining congruence of polygons The orange and green quadrilaterals are congruent ; the blue is not congruent to them . All three have the same perimeter and area . ( The ordering of the sides of the blue quadrilateral is `` mixed '' which results in two of the interior angles and one of the diagonals not being congruent . ) For two polygons to be congruent , they must have an equal number of sides ( and hence an equal number -- the same number -- of vertices ) . Two polygons with n sides are congruent if and only if they each have numerically identical sequences ( even if clockwise for one polygon and counterclockwise for the other ) side - angle - side - angle - ... for n sides and n angles . Congruence of polygons can be established graphically as follows : First , match and label the corresponding vertices of the two figures . Second , draw a vector from one of the vertices of the one of the figures to the corresponding vertex of the other figure . Translate the first figure by this vector so that these two vertices match . Third , rotate the translated figure about the matched vertex until one pair of corresponding sides matches . Fourth , reflect the rotated figure about this matched side until the figures match . If at any time the step can not be completed , the polygons are not congruent . Congruence of triangles See also : Solution of triangles Two triangles are congruent if their corresponding sides are equal in length , in which case their corresponding angles are equal in measure . If triangle ABC is congruent to triangle DEF , the relationship can be written mathematically as : △ A B C ≅ △ D E F ( \ displaystyle \ triangle \ mathrm ( ABC ) \ cong \ triangle \ mathrm ( DEF ) ) In many cases it is sufficient to establish the equality of three corresponding parts and use one of the following results to deduce the congruence of the two triangles . The shape of a triangle is determined up to congruence by specifying two sides and the angle between them ( SAS ) , two angles and the side between them ( ASA ) or two angles and a corresponding adjacent side ( AAS ) . Specifying two sides and an adjacent angle ( SSA ) , however , can yield two distinct possible triangles . Determining congruence Sufficient evidence for congruence between two triangles in Euclidean space can be shown through the following comparisons : SAS ( Side - Angle - Side ) : If two pairs of sides of two triangles are equal in length , and the included angles are equal in measurement , then the triangles are congruent . SSS ( Side - Side - Side ) : If three pairs of sides of two triangles are equal in length , then the triangles are congruent . ASA ( Angle - Side - Angle ) : If two pairs of angles of two triangles are equal in measurement , and the included sides are equal in length , then the triangles are congruent . The ASA Postulate was contributed by Thales of Miletus ( Greek ) . In most systems of axioms , the three criteria -- SAS , SSS and ASA -- are established as theorems . In the School Mathematics Study Group system SAS is taken as one ( # 15 ) of 22 postulates . AAS ( Angle - Angle - Side ) : If two pairs of angles of two triangles are equal in measurement , and a pair of corresponding non-included sides are equal in length , then the triangles are congruent . AAS is equivalent to an ASA condition , by the fact that if any two angles are given , so is the third angle , since their sum should be 180 ° . ASA and AAS are sometimes combined into a single condition , AAcorrS -- any two angles and a corresponding side . RHS ( Right - angle - Hypotenuse - Side ) , also known as HL ( Hypotenuse - Leg ) : If two right - angled triangles have their hypotenuses equal in length , and a pair of shorter sides are equal in length , then the triangles are congruent . Side - side - angle The SSA condition ( Side - Side - Angle ) which specifies two sides and a non-included angle ( also known as ASS , or Angle - Side - Side ) does not by itself prove congruence . In order to show congruence , additional information is required such as the measure of the corresponding angles and in some cases the lengths of the two pairs of corresponding sides . There are a few possible cases : If two triangles satisfy the SSA condition and the length of the side opposite the angle is greater than or equal to the length of the adjacent side ( SsA , or long side - short side - angle ) , then the two triangles are congruent . The opposite side is sometimes longer when the corresponding angles are acute , but it is always longer when the corresponding angles are right or obtuse . Where the angle is a right angle , also known as the Hypotenuse - Leg ( HL ) postulate or the Right - angle - Hypotenuse - Side ( RHS ) condition , the third side can be calculated using the Pythagorean Theorem thus allowing the SSS postulate to be applied . If two triangles satisfy the SSA condition and the corresponding angles are acute and the length of the side opposite the angle is equal to the length of the adjacent side multiplied by the sine of the angle , then the two triangles are congruent . If two triangles satisfy the SSA condition and the corresponding angles are acute and the length of the side opposite the angle is greater than the length of the adjacent side multiplied by the sine of the angle ( but less than the length of the adjacent side ) , then the two triangles can not be shown to be congruent . This is the ambiguous case and two different triangles can be formed from the given information , but further information distinguishing them can lead to a proof of congruence . Angle - angle - angle In Euclidean geometry , AAA ( Angle - Angle - Angle ) ( or just AA , since in Euclidean geometry the angles of a triangle add up to 180 ° ) does not provide information regarding the size of the two triangles and hence proves only similarity and not congruence in Euclidean space . However , in spherical geometry and hyperbolic geometry ( where the sum of the angles of a triangle varies with size ) AAA is sufficient for congruence on a given curvature of surface . Definition of congruence in analytic geometry In a Euclidean system , congruence is fundamental ; it is the counterpart of equality for numbers . In analytic geometry , congruence may be defined intuitively thus : two mappings of figures onto one Cartesian coordinate system are congruent if and only if , for any two points in the first mapping , the Euclidean distance between them is equal to the Euclidean distance between the corresponding points in the second mapping . A more formal definition states that two subsets A and B of Euclidean space R are called congruent if there exists an isometry f : R → R ( an element of the Euclidean group E ( n ) ) with f ( A ) = B. Congruence is an equivalence relation . Congruent conic sections Two conic sections are congruent if their eccentricities and one other distinct parameter characterizing them are equal . Their eccentricities establish their shapes , equality of which is sufficient to establish similarity , and the second parameter then establishes size . Since two circles , parabolas , or rectangular hyperbolas always have the same eccentricity ( specifically 0 in the case of circles , 1 in the case of parabolas , and 2 ( \ displaystyle ( \ sqrt ( 2 ) ) ) in the case of rectangular hyperbolas ) , two circles , parabolas , or rectangular hyperbolas need to have only one other common parameter value , establishing their size , for them to be congruent . Congruent polyhedra For two polyhedra with the same number E of edges , the same number of faces , and the same number of sides on corresponding faces , there exists a set of at most E measurements that can establish whether or not the polyhedra are congruent . For cubes , which have 12 edges , only 9 measurements are necessary . Congruent triangles on a sphere Main articles : Solving triangles § Solving spherical triangles , and Spherical trigonometry § Solution of triangles As with plane triangles , on a sphere two triangles sharing the same sequence of angle - side - angle ( ASA ) are necessarily congruent ( that is , they have three identical sides and three identical angles ) . This can be seen as follows : One can situate one of the vertices with a given angle at the south pole and run the side with given length up the prime meridian . Knowing both angles at either end of the segment of fixed length ensures that the other two sides emanate with a uniquely determined trajectory , and thus will meet each other at a uniquely determined point ; thus ASA is valid . The congruence theorems side - angle - side ( SAS ) and side - side - side ( SSS ) also hold on a sphere ; in addition , if two spherical triangles have an identical angle - angle - angle ( AAA ) sequence , they are congruent ( unlike for plane triangles ) . The plane - triangle congruence theorem angle - angle - side ( AAS ) does not hold for spherical triangles . As in plane geometry , side - side - angle ( SSA ) does not imply congruence . Notation A symbol commonly used for congruence is an equals symbol with a tilde above it , ≅ , corresponding to the Unicode character ' approximately equal to ' ( U + 2245 ) . In the UK , the three - bar equal sign ≡ ( U + 2261 ) is sometimes used . See also CPCTC ( Corresponding parts of congruent triangles are congruent ) Euclidean plane isometry Isometry References Jump up ^ Clapham , C. ; Nicholson , J. ( 2009 ) . `` Oxford Concise Dictionary of Mathematics , Congruent Figures '' ( PDF ) . Addison - Wesley . p. 167 . Archived from the original on 29 October 2013 . Retrieved 2 June 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Congruence '' . Math Open Reference. 2009 . Retrieved 2 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Parr , H.E. ( 1970 ) . Revision Course in School mathematics . Mathematics Textbooks Second Edition . G Bell and Sons Ltd . ISBN 0 - 7135 - 1717 - 4 . Jump up ^ Cornel , Antonio ( 2002 ) . Geometry for Secondary Schools . Mathematics Textbooks Second Edition . Bookmark Inc . ISBN 971 - 569 - 441 - 1 . Jump up ^ Alexander Borisov , Mark Dickinson , and Stuart Hastings , `` A congruence problem for polyhedra '' , American Mathematical Monthly 117 , March 2010 , pp. 232 - 249 . ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Alexa Creech , `` A congruence problem '' http://146.163.152.131/teaching/projects/creech_final.pdf Archived November 11 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Michael Bolin , `` Exploration of Spherical Geometry '' , September 9 , 2003 , pp. 6 - 7 . http://math.iit.edu/~mccomic/420/notes/Bolin_spherical.pdf Jump up ^ Hollyer , L. , http://www.uh.edu/~hollyer/Module6/m6ppt/sld089.htm External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Congruence . The SSS at Cut - the - Knot The SSA at Cut - the - Knot Interactive animations demonstrating Congruent polygons , Congruent angles , Congruent line segments , Congruent triangles at Math Open Reference Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Congruence_(geometry)&oldid=836514646 '' Categories : Euclidean geometry Equivalence ( mathematics ) Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Български Bosanski Català Čeština ChiShona Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Latina Magyar Македонски မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Ripoarisch Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina کوردی Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 文言吴语粵語中文 40 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 April 2018 , at 07 : 27 . 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who is the president of iowa state university	Wendy Wintersteen was named president of Iowa State University on October 23 , 2017 , and assumed the position on November 20 , 2017 .	Wendy Wintersteen	List of presidents of Iowa State University	list of presidents of iowa state university	Following are presidents of Iowa State University .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Presidents of Iowa State University 1.1 Adonijah Welch 1.2 Seaman A. Knapp 1.3 Leigh S.J. Hunt 1.4 William I. Chamberlain 1.5 William M. Beardshear 1.6 Albert B. Storms 1.7 Raymond A. Pearson 1.8 Raymond M. Hughes 1.9 Charles E. Friley 1.10 James H. Hilton 1.11 W. Robert Parks 1.12 Gordon P. Eaton 1.13 Martin C. Jischke 1.14 Gregory L. Geoffroy 1.15 Steven Leath 1.16 Wendy Wintersteen 2 See also 3 References Presidents of Iowa State University ( edit ) Adonijah Welch ( edit ) Adonijah Welch Adonijah Strong Welch ( April 12 , 1821 -- March 13 , 1889 ) was the 1st president of ISU . Born in East Hampton , Connecticut and died in Pasadena , California . Education : B.A. University of Michigan M.A. University of Michigan PhD Achievements : First principal of Michigan State Normal School ( Eastern Michigan University ) from 1852 to 1865 Senator ( Republican R - FL ) June 17 , 1868 to March 3 , 1869 ( declined renomination to accept presidency @ ISU ) 1st ISU president from 1868 to 1883 Design of early campus Helped develop agriculture and mechanical arts courses History of civilization and practical psychology chair from 1884 until death Welch 's first wife was Eunice P. Buckingham ( married in 1859 ) and had three children . After Eunice 's death in 1867 he married Mary Beaumont Dudley in 1868 and had two more children . Mary established the first courses in what would become the College of Family and Consumer Sciences . Welch Avenue , one of the main streets in the Campustown area of Ames , is named for Welch . Seaman a Knapp ( edit ) Seaman A. Knapp Seaman Asahal Knapp ( December 16 , 1833 -- April 1 , 1911 ) was the 2nd president of ISU . Born in northern New York . Education : Troy Conference Academy ( Green Mountain College ) Union College with Phi Beta Kappa honors Achievements : Vice-president of Fort Edward Collegiate Institute ( 1856 -- 1863 ) Assistant manager of Ripley Female College ( Green Mountain College ) ( 1864 -- 1865 ) Methodist minister Head of the Iowa College for the Blind First chair of agriculture at ISU in 1879 2nd ISU president from December 1884 to December 1885 Started first demonstration farm in Terrell , Texas Knapp and his wife Maria Elizabeth Hotchkiss were married in 1856 and had six children . Knapp Street , near the ISU campus , is named for Knapp . A former residence hall named after Knapp was demolished in 2005 . Leigh S.J. Hunt ( edit ) Leigh Smith John Hunt ( 1855 -- October 5 , 1933 ) was the 3rd president of ISU . Born in Indiana and died in Las Vegas , Nevada . Education : Undergraduate degree from Middlebury College via correspondence course Independent study of law ; passed Indiana bar exam Achievements : Taught in a public school in Indiana Superintendent of Mount Pleasant , Iowa schools in 1880 Superintendent of East Des Moines Independent School District , Des Moines , Iowa in 1882 3rd ISU president from February 1885 to July 1886 Business man : Newspaper publisher 1886 Real estate developer Bank president Operated a gold mine in Korea in 1893 Grew cotton in Sudan from 1904 to 1910 Mining , agriculture , and land development in Las Vegas , Nevada Hunt and his wife Jessie Noble were married in 1885 and had two children , Helen & Henry . Hunt Street , near the ISU campus , is named for Hunt . William I. Chamberlain ( edit ) William Isaac Chamberlain ( 1837 -- June 30 , 1920 ) was the 4th president of ISU . Born in Sharon , Connecticut and died in Cleveland , Ohio . Education : Western Reserve College ( Case Western Reserve University ) ; graduated 1859 Achievements : Greek instructor at Western Reserve College after graduation from 1859 to 1865 Experimented agriculturally with fertilizers , drainage , & crop rotation State Secretary of Agriculture of Ohio 1880 to 1886 4th ISU president from July 1886 to November 1890 Board of Trustees of Ohio State University and Ohio Experiment Station Associate editor of the Ohio Farmer and National Stockman and Farmer Chamberlain and his wife Lucy Jones Marshall were married on July 16 , 1863 and had six children . Chamberlain Street , in the campustown area of Ames , is named for Chamberlain . William M. Beardshear ( edit ) William Miller Beardshear ( 1850 -- 1902 ) was the 5th president of ISU . Born in Ohio and died in 1902 from complications of a heart attack . W.M. Beardshear Education : Studied ministry at Otterbein College and Yale Divinity School Achievements : During the Civil War , he joined the Union army at the age of 14 President of Western College in Toledo , Iowa Superintendent of schools in West Des Moines , Iowa 5th ISU president from February 1891 to August 1902 Developed new agricultural programs Hired notable faculty : Anson Marston Louis B. Spinney J.B. Weems Perry G. Holden Maria Roberts Following buildings added : Morrill Hall Campanile Catt Hall Margaret Hall School colors of cardinal & gold named 1st Bomb ( yearbook ) was published in 1893 Became known as the Cyclones in 1895 Beardshear Hall , on the ISU campus , is named for Beardshear . It houses university administrative offices including those of the president and the provost . Albert B. Storms ( edit ) Albert Boynton Storms ( April 1 , 1860 -- July 1 , 1933 ) was the 6th president of ISU . Born in Lima Center , Michigan and died in Berea , Ohio . Education : A.B. University of Michigan 1884 M.A. University of Michigan 1893 PhD in divinity Lawrence University 1903 PhD in law Drake University 1905 Achievements : Methodist minister from 1884 to 1903 in Detroit , Michigan ; Madison , Wisconsin ; and Des Moines , Iowa 6th ISU president from September 1903 to August 1910 Agricultural Extension Service started Developed landscape plans and built 18 buildings : Engineering Hall Central Building Alumni Hall Put departments under direction of deans Diversified degrees & courses offered Removed ban of fraternities and sororities Resignation over the creation of the State Board of Education Minister in Indianapolis , Indiana after ISU presidency Superintendent of the Indianapolis , Indiana district of the Methodist Church President of Baldwin Wallace College , Berea , Ohio A former residence hall named after Storms was demolished in 2005 . Raymond a Pearson ( edit ) Raymond A. Pearson ( 1873 -- 1939 ) was the 7th president of ISU . Education : M.S. Cornell University 1894 Achievements : Assistant chief of the Dairy Division of the United States Department of Agriculture 1895 Professor of Dairy Science at Cornell University New York Commissioner of Agriculture from 1908 to 1912 7th ISU president from 1912 to 1926 Completed divisional organization of undergraduate education Graduate program given divisional status in 1915 Broadened extension service Assistant Secretary of Agriculture during World War I from 1917 to 1918 Left for presidency at University of Maryland , College Park 20th president of University of Maryland , College Park Pearson Hall , on the ISU campus , is named for Pearson . It houses the Theater , Foreign Language , and Computer Engineering departments . Pearson Avenue , near the ISU campus , is also named for Pearson . Raymond M. Hughes ( edit ) Raymond Mollyneaux Hughes ( 1873 -- 1958 ) was the 8th president of ISU . Born in Atlantic , Iowa and grew up in southwestern Ohio . Education : Miami University M.S. Ohio State University 1897 Massachusetts Institute of Technology Honorary doctorate from Miami University 1927 Honorary doctorate from Coe College 1928 Honorary doctorate from Iowa State University 1936 Achievement : Professor of physics and chemistry at Miami University from 1898 to 1904 Dean of the College of Liberal Arts at Miami University from 1908 to 1911 President of Miami University from 1911 to 1927 8th ISU president from 1927 to 1936 Retired in 1936 ; continued research and teaching in Ames Hughes married his 1st wife Ella Rogers in 1908 and after her death in 1933 he then married Helen Richardson Idsardi in 1938 . Hughes Avenue , near the ISU campus , and the former Hughes Hall were both named for Hughes . Charles E. Friley ( edit ) Charles Edwin Friley ( 1887 -- 1958 ) was the 9th president of ISU . Born in Louisiana to Ellen Douglas Friley and William Christopher Friley , who was the first president of Hardin - Simmons University in Abilene , Texas , and the second president of Louisiana College in Pineville , Louisiana Education : Sam Houston Teachers College ( 1905 ) Baylor University ( 1905 -- 1907 ) B.S. Texas A&M University ( 1912 ) M.S. Columbia University ( 1923 ) Achievements : Registrar of Texas A&M University ( 1912 -- 1924 ) Dean of School of Arts & Sciences at Texas A&M University ( 1924 -- 1932 ) Dean of the Division of Science at ISU ( 1932 -- 1935 ) Vice-president of ISU ( 1935 -- 1936 ) 9th president of ISU from 1936 to 1953 Term lasted from the end of the Great Depression through World War II Established the first educationally - owned / operated television station Honorary doctorate from ISU ( 1958 ) Mason Fellow of the Iowa Academy of Science National Council of Presbyterian Men Iowa State Fair Board Iowa Geological Society Sigma Alpha Epsilon Phi Kappa Phi Phi Mu Alpha He was married three times : 1913 to Nina Lynn Wood who died in 1918 but had two sons : Charles Edwin , Jr . & William Alva 1921 to Vera Foreman who died in 1947 but had one daughter : Frances Foreman ( Kuyper ) 1951 to Magdalen Ranney Friley Road , near the ISU campus , and Friley Hall are both named for Friley . Friley Hall is one of the largest university residence halls in the United States . James H. Hilton ( edit ) James H. Hilton ( 1899 -- 1982 ) was the 10th president of ISU . Education : B.S. in animal husbandry ISU ( 1923 ) M.S. University of Wisconsin -- Madison ( 1937 ) D.Sc . Purdue University ( 1945 ) Achievements : County agent for Greene County ( 1923 -- 1926 ) In charge of dairy production teaching & research at Purdue University ( 1939 ) Assistant chief of the dairy husbandry ( 1940 -- 1945 ) Head of animal husbandry at North Carolina State ( 1945 -- 1948 ) Dean of Agriculture at North Carolina State ( 1948 -- 1953 ) 10th president of ISU from 1953 to 1965 Enrollment soared from 7,800 to 12,400 Value of the university increased from $38 to $471 million Research rose to $20 million Name change from Iowa State College to Iowa State University of Science & Technology in 1959 Director of development ( 1965 -- ? ) Adelante Fraternity He had two wives : Lois Baker who died in 1969 but had three children : Eleanor , Helen , & James G . Helen LeBaron ( retired Dean of the College of Home Economics ) ) James H. Hilton Coliseum , on the ISU campus , is named for Hilton . It is the home of university athletic events including men 's and women 's basketball , volleyball , wrestling , and gymnastics . It has also hosted concerts , conferences , and other cultural and social events . W. Robert Parks ( edit ) William Robert Parks ( 1915 -- 2003 ) was the 11th and longest - serving president of ISU . Education : B.A. political science Berea College , Kentucky ( 1937 ) M.A. political science University of Kentucky ( 1938 ) PhD political science University of Wisconsin -- Madison ( 1945 ) Achievements : Research & administration with the Bureau of Agricultural Economics ( 1940 -- 1948 ) Lieutenant of the United States Navy during World War II Professor of government at ISU ( 1948 -- 1956 ) Professor of agricultural economics at University of Wisconsin -- Madison ( 1956 -- 1958 ) Dean of Instruction at ISU ( 1958 -- 1961 ) Vice President of Academic Affairs ( 1961 -- 1965 ) 11th president of ISU from 1965 to 1986 Head of National Association of State Universities and Land Grant Colleges Head of Association of American Universities Head of Council of Presidents Head of Mid-American State Universities Association Head of Association of Iowa College Presidents Member of the board of trustees of the Teachers Insurance and Annuities - College Retirement Equities Fund On board of directors of Norwestern Bell On board of directors of Central Life Assurance Honorary doctorate from Bear College ( 1966 ) Honorary doctorate from Westmar College ( 1968 ) Honorary doctorate from Drake University ( 1968 ) Named honorary alumnus of ISU ( 1969 ) Honorary doctorate from University of Kentucky ( 1973 ) Library named W. Robert and Ellen Sorge Parks Library ( 1984 ) Received the first Christian Petersen Design Award for his leadership in establishing the College of Design Member of FarmHouse Fraternity He married Ellen Sorge ( 1914 -- 1999 ) and had two daughters : Andrea ( Van Howeling ) and Cynthia ( Hamilton ) . Ellen was the first woman to receive a PhD in political science from the University of Wisconsin -- Madison . W. Robert and Ellen Sorge Parks Library , the main library on the ISU campus , is named for Parks and his wife . Gordon P. Eaton ( edit ) Gordon Pryor Eaton Gordon Pryor Eaton ( 1929 -- ) was the 12th president of ISU . Education : B.A. in geology Wesleyan University ( 1951 ) Achievements : Faculty at Wesleyan University ( 1955 -- 1959 ) Faculty at University of California , Riverside ( 1959 -- 1967 ) Project chief of the U.S. Geological Survey in Denver ( 1963 -- 1965 ) Chair of the Department of Geosciences at University of California , Riverside ( 1965 -- 1967 ) U.S. Geological Survey ( several positions ) Dean of the College of Geosciences at Texas A&M University ( 1981 -- 1983 ) Provost & vice president for academic affairs at Texas A&M University ( 1983 -- 1986 ) 12th president of ISU from 1986 to 1990 Director of the Lamont - Doherty Geological Observatory at Columbia University Director of the U.S. Geological Survey under President Bill Clinton ( 1994 -- 1997 ) Eaton Hall , one of ISU 's residence halls , is named for Eaton . Martin C. Jischke ( edit ) Martin C. Jischke was the 13th president of Iowa State , serving from June 1 , 1991 to August 14 , 2000 . The Martin C. Jischke Honors Building , on the ISU campus , is named for Jischke . It is the home of the University Honors Program . Gregory L. Geoffroy ( edit ) Gregory L. Geoffroy was the 14th president of Iowa State . He took office on July 1 , 2001 and served as president until January 2012 . He remains on the Iowa State faculty . Education : B.A. University of Louisville ( 1968 ) PhD in chemistry California Institute of Technology ( 1974 ) Achievements : Officer in the United States Navy ( 1969 -- 1970 ) Assistant professor of chemistry at Pennsylvania State University ( 1974 -- 1978 ) Associate professor of chemistry at Pennsylvania State University ( 1978 -- 1982 ) Professor of chemistry at Pennsylvania State University ( 1982 -- 1988 ) Head of the department of chemistry at Pennsylvania State University ( 1988 -- 1989 ) Dean of the Eberly College of Science at Pennsylvania State University ( 1989 -- 1997 ) Senior vice president for academic affairs and provost at University of Maryland , College Park ( 1997 -- 2001 ) President of Iowa State University ( 2001 -- 2011 ) Geoffroy is married to Kathleen Carothers Geoffroy and has four children . Steven Leath ( edit ) Steven Leath was named the president - elect of Iowa State University on September 27 , 2011 . He took office as the 15th president of the university on January 16 , 2012 . He was formerly vice president for research and sponsored programs for the University of North Carolina system . Education : B.S. Pennsylvania State University ( 1979 ) M.S. University of Delaware ( 1981 ) Ph. D. in plant pathology University of Illinois ( 1984 ) Wendy Wintersteen ( edit ) Wendy Wintersteen was named president of Iowa State University on October 23 , 2017 , and assumed the position on November 20 , 2017 . Wintersteen earned a bachelor of science in crop protection ( 1978 ) from Kansas State University and her doctorate in entomology ( 1988 ) from Iowa State . See also ( edit ) List of leaders of universities and colleges in the United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Adonijah Strong Welch Papers , RS 2 / 1 , Special Collections Department , Iowa State University Library Jump up ^ Congressional biography Jump up ^ Seaman Asahel Knapp Papers , RS 2 / 2 , Special Collections Department , Iowa State University Library ^ Jump up to : Storms Hall and Knapp Hall Demolition Jump up ^ Leigh Smith John Hunt Papers , RS 2 / 3 , Special Collections Department , Iowa State University Library ^ Jump up to : For Whom it is Named Jump up ^ William Isaac Chamberlain Papers , RS 2 / 4 , Special Collections Department , Iowa State University Library Jump up ^ Donovan , Henry . `` Chicago Eagle '' . Illinois Digital Newspaper Collections . Retrieved 2 July 2015 . Jump up ^ William Miller Beardshear , Papers , Dates , RS 2 / 5 , ( University Archives ) Special Collections Department , Iowa State University Library Jump up ^ ISU Foundation - Beardshear Hall Jump up ^ Albert Boynton Storms Papers , 1902 -- 1983 , RS 2 / 6 , University Archives , Special Collections Department , Iowa State University Library . Jump up ^ Raymond A. Pearson Papers , RS 02 / 07 , Special Collections Department , Iowa State University Library Jump up ^ Building Information : Pearson Hall Jump up ^ Raymond M. Hughes Papers , RS 02 / 08 , Special Collections Department , Iowa State University Library Jump up ^ Charles E. Friley Papers , Dates , RS 2 / 9 , Special Collections Department , Iowa State University Library Jump up ^ Department of Residence - Friley Hall Jump up ^ James H. Hilton Papers , Dates , RS 2 / 10 , Special Collections Department , Iowa State University Library Jump up ^ Hilton Coliseum information Archived February 29 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ W. Robert Parks Papers , RS 2 / 11 , Special Collections Department , Iowa State University Library Jump up ^ People of Distinction - W. Robert Parks Jump up ^ Gordon P. Eaton Papers , RS 2 / 12 , ( University Archives ) Special Collections Department , Iowa State University Library Jump up ^ Department of Residence - Eaton Hall Jump up ^ Martin C. Jischke Honors Building ( hide ) Iowa State University Located in : Ames , Iowa Academics Colleges Business Human Sciences Liberal Arts & Sciences Veterinary Medicine Athletics Team Iowa State Cyclones Hall of Fame Men 's Basketball Cross Country Football Golf Track & Field Wrestling Baseball ( Cut ) Women 's Basketball Cross Country Golf Gymnastics Soccer Softball Swimming & Diving Track & Field Volleyball Venues Hilton Coliseum Jack Trice Stadium Veenker Memorial Golf Course Cap Timm Field Ames / ISU Ice Arena Rivalries Iowa Cy - Hawk Trophy Iowa Corn Cy - Hawk Series Iowa `` Big Four '' Big Four Classic Iowa State -- Kansas State football rivalry Iowa State -- Missouri football rivalry ( defunct ) School Spirit Cy the Cardinal ISU Fights Marching Band Campus Buildings Campanile Reiman Gardens Iowa State Center Alumni Center Beardshear Hall Enrollment Services Center Memorial Union Morrill Hall Farm House Carver Hall Catt Hall Fick Observatory Research Ames Laboratory Ames Project Atanasoff -- Berry computer CYCLONE Honeywell v. Sperry Rand Spacecraft Systems and Controls Lab StrangeSearch BugGuide VRAC Student life Iowa State Daily KURE PrISUm VEISHEA ISUtv CyRide Cuffs People John Vincent Atanasoff George Washington Carver Carrie Chapman Catt Jack Trice ISU Presidents Notable Alumni & Faculty Founded : 1858 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Presidents_of_Iowa_State_University&oldid=811479369 '' Categories : Presidents of Iowa State University Lists of university and college leaders Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from September 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 21 November 2017 , at 22 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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what kind of buildings are there in abu dhabi			List of tallest buildings in Abu Dhabi	list of tallest buildings in abu dhabi	This list of tallest buildings in Abu Dhabi ranks skyscrapers in Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates by height .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Tallest buildings 2 Tallest under construction , approved , and proposed 2.1 Under construction 2.2 Approved 2.3 Proposed 3 Timeline of tallest buildings 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Tallest buildings ( edit ) Etihad Towers The list ranks Abu Dhabi skyscrapers that stand at least 100 metres ( 328 ft ) tall , based on standard height measurement . This includes architectural details and spires , but does not include antenna masts . Although not falling into the category of buildings , Abu Dhabi also claimed the world record for the highest free - standing flagpole in the world between 2001 and 2003 . The flagpole stands at a height of 122 metres ( 400 ft ) . Rank Name Height metres / ft Floors Year Burj Mohammed Bin Rashid 381 metres ( 1,250 ft ) 92 2014 The Landmark 324 metres ( 1,063 ft ) 72 2012 Etihad Tower 2 305 metres ( 1,001 ft ) 77 2011 Sky Tower 292 metres ( 958 ft ) 92 2014 5 Etihad Tower 1 277 metres ( 909 ft ) 70 2011 6 Nation Towers - Tower A 268 metres ( 879 ft ) 65 2011 7 Etihad Tower 3 260 metres ( 853 ft ) 62 2011 8 Sun Tower 247 metres ( 810 ft ) 65 9 Gate Towers 238 metres ( 781 ft ) 66 2012 10 Etihad Tower 4 234 metres ( 768 ft ) 61 2011 11 Nation Towers - Tower B 233 metres ( 764 ft ) 52 2011 12 Etihad Tower 5 217 metres ( 712 ft ) 56 2011 13 Capital Plaza Residential Tower 210 metres ( 689 ft ) 51 2011 14 Seba Tower 193.3 metres ( 634 ft ) 49 2011 15 Abu Dhabi Investment Authority Tower 185 metres ( 607 ft ) 39 2006 15 NBAD Headquarters ( Khalifa Street ) 185 metres ( 607 ft ) 38 2002 17 Sowwah Square Tower 1 184 metres ( 604 ft ) 37 2012 17 Sowwah Square Tower 2 184 metres ( 604 ft ) 37 2011 19 Baynunah Tower Hotel ( formerly Baynunah Hilton ) 165 metres ( 541 ft ) 35 20 Capital Gate 160 metres ( 525 ft ) 35 2011 20 Sowwah Square Tower 3 160 metres ( 525 ft ) 31 2012 20 Sowwah Square Tower 4 160 metres ( 525 ft ) 31 2011 23 Capital Plaza Office Tower 157 metres ( 515 ft ) 33 2011 24 Capital Plaza Hotel Tower 146 metres ( 479 ft ) 31 2011 Tallest under construction , approved , and proposed ( edit ) Under construction ( edit ) Aldar Headquarters Building in Abu Dhabi . This lists buildings that are under construction in Abu Dhabi and are planned to rise at least 100 metres ( 328 ft ) . Under construction buildings that have already been topped out are also included . Name Height metres / ft ( est . ) Floors Year Notes Central Market Residential Tower 374 metres ( 1,227 ft ) 88 2011 Tameer Tower 300 metres ( 984 ft ) 73 2013 Tameer Commercial Tower 300 metres ( 984 ft ) 74 2011 Central Market Commercial Tower 280 metres ( 919 ft ) 66 2011 Central Market Hotel Tower 254 metres ( 833 ft ) 58 2011 The Gate Residential Tower 1 250 metres ( 820 ft ) 60 2009 The Gate Residential Tower 2 250 metres ( 820 ft ) 60 2009 The Gate Residential Tower 3 250 metres ( 820 ft ) 60 2009 The Gate Residential Tower 4 250 metres ( 820 ft ) 60 2009 Emirates Pearl 240 metres ( 787 ft ) 47 2009 Tameer Tower C 223 metres ( 732 ft ) 60 2011 Tameer Tower A 223 metres ( 732 ft ) 60 2008 Aurora Tower 1 220 metres ( 722 ft ) 53 Aurora Tower 2 220 metres ( 722 ft ) 53 Strata Tower 160 metres ( 525 ft ) 40 2011 Abu Dhabi Commercial Bank Tower 116 metres ( 381 ft ) 24 2008 Approved ( edit ) This lists buildings that are approved in Abu Dhabi and are planned to rise at least 100 metres ( 328 ft ) . Name Height metres / ft ( est . ) Floors Year * Notes WTC Tower 320 metres ( 1,050 ft ) 68 2009 Abu Dhabi Chamber of Commerce 190 metres ( 623 ft ) 45 Tameer Tower B 145 metres ( 476 ft ) 40 2011 Tameer Tower D 145 metres ( 476 ft ) 40 2011 Tameer Towers Hotel 108 metres ( 354 ft ) 30 2011 * Table entries without text indicate that information regarding building heights , floor counts , and / or dates of completion has not yet been released . Proposed ( edit ) This lists buildings that are proposed in Abu Dhabi and are planned to rise at least 100 metres ( 328 ft ) . Name Height metres / ft ( est . ) Floors * Year * Notes Empire Island Tower 230 metres ( 755 ft ) 2012 Abu Dhabi Clock Tower 200 metres ( 656 ft ) 2009 * Table entries without text indicate that information regarding building heights , floor counts , and / or dates of completion has not yet been released . Timeline of tallest buildings ( edit ) This is a list of the buildings that once were the tallest in Abu Dhabi . Name Years as tallest Height metres / ft Floors References Novotel Center Hotel 1976 -- 1990 N / A 20 Silver Tower 1990 -- 1993 120 metres ( 394 ft ) 30 Le Royal Méridien Hotel 1993 -- 1994 121 metres ( 397 ft ) 32 Baynunah Hilton Tower Hotel 1994 -- 2002 165 metres ( 541 ft ) 40 National Bank of Abu Dhabi Headquarters 2002 -- 2006 173 metres ( 568 ft ) 33 Abu Dhabi Investment Authority Tower 2006 -- 2010 185 metres ( 607 ft ) 40 Sky Tower 2010 - 2011 312 metres ( 1,024 ft ) 74 The Landmark 2011 -- 2014 324 metres ( 1,063 ft ) 72 Burj Mohammed Bin Rashin 2014 -- Present 382 metres ( 1,253 ft ) 92 See also ( edit ) List of tallest buildings in Asia List of tallest buildings in the United Arab Emirates References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Abu Dhabi claims world 's tallest flagpole '' . BBC . 2001 - 11 - 26 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ Matthew Fadden and Jill Rajek ( July 2007 ) . `` There 's a Flagpole Spec ? '' ( PDF ) . Modern Steel Construction . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ https://www.emporis.com/buildings/287589/burj-mohammed-bin-rashid-abu-dhabi-united-arab-emirates . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` The Landmark '' . Emporis.com . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` The Landmark '' . SkyscraperPage.com . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Stellar Tower '' . Emporis.com . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Stellar Tower '' . SkyscraperPage.com . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ http://www.ctbuh.org/TallBuildings/FeaturedTallBuildings/ArchiveJournal/GateTowersAbuDhabi/tabid/5975/language/en-US/Default.aspx ^ Jump up to : `` Etihad Towers '' . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Capital Plaza Residential Tower '' . Emporis.com . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Capital Plaza Residential Tower '' . SkyscraperPage.com . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Seba Tower '' . Retrieved 9 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Capital Gate '' . Emporis.com . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Capital Gate '' . SkyscraperPage.com . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Capital Plaza Office Tower '' . Emporis.com . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Capital Plaza Office Tower '' . SkyscraperPage.com . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Capital Plaza Hotel Tower '' . Emporis.com . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Capital Plaza Hotel Tower '' . SkyscraperPage.com . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Central Market Residential Tower '' . Emporis.com . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Central Market Residential Tower '' . SkyscraperPage.com . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Tameer Tower '' . Jump up ^ `` Tammer Commercial Tower '' . Emporis.com . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Central Market Commercial Tower '' . Emporis.com . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Central Market Commercial Tower '' . SkyscraperPage.com . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Central Market Hotel Tower '' . Emporis.com . Retrieved April 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Gate Residential Tower 1 '' . Emporis.com . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` The Gate Residential Tower 1 '' . SkyscraperPage.com . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` The Gate Residential Tower 2 '' . Emporis.com . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` The Gate Residential Tower 2 '' . SkyscraperPage.com . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` The Gate Residential Tower 3 '' . Emporis.com . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` The Gate Residential Tower 3 '' . SkyscraperPage.com . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` The Gate Residential Tower 4 '' . Emporis.com . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` The Gate Residential Tower 4 '' . SkyscraperPage.com . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Emirates Pearl '' . Emporis.com . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` The Emirates Pearl '' . SkyscraperPage.com . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Tameer Tower C '' . Emporis.com . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Tameer Tower A '' . Emporis.com . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ http://www.emporis.com/building/auroratower1-abudhabi-unitedarabemirates Jump up ^ http://www.emporis.com/building/auroratower2-abudhabi-unitedarabemirates Jump up ^ http://www.emporis.com/building/strata-tower-abu-dhabi-united-arab-emirates Jump up ^ `` Abu Dhabi Commercial Bank '' . Emporis.com . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Abu Dhabi Commercial Bank '' . SkyscraperPage.com . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` WTC Tower '' . Emporis.com . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` WTC Tower '' . SkyscraperPage.com . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Abu Dhabi Chamber of Commerce '' . Emporis.com . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Abu Dhabi Chamber of Commerce '' . SkyscraperPage.com . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Tameer Tower B '' . Emporis.com . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Tameer Tower D '' . Emporis.com . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Tameer Towers Hotel '' . Emporis.com . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Empire Island Tower '' . Emporis.com . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Abu Dhabi Clock Tower '' . Emporis.com . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Abu Dhabi Clock Tower '' . SkyscraperPage.com . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Novotel Center Hotel '' . Emporis.com . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Novotel Center Hotel '' . SkyscraperPage.com . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Silver Tower '' . Emporis.com . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Silver Tower '' . SkyscraperPage.com . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` HH Sheikh Hamdan Bin Zayed Al Nahyan , Silver Tower '' . Cassia & Associates . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 26 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Le Royal Meridien Hotel '' . Emporis.com . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Le Royal Meridien Hotel '' . SkyscraperPage.com . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Baynunah Hilton Tower Hotel '' . Emporis.com . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Baynunah Hilton Tower Hotel '' . SkyscraperPage.com . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` National Bank of Abu Dhabi Headquarters '' . Emporis.com . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` National Bank of Abu Dhabi '' . SkyscraperPage.com . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Abu Dhabi Investment Authority Tower '' . Emporis.com . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Abu Dhabi Investment Authority Tower 1 '' . SkyscraperPage.com . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 16 . 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what would the winner of the greek theater contest win	Another procession and celebration was held on the final day , when the judges chose the winners of the tragedy and comedy performances . The winning playwrights were awarded a wreath of ivy .	a wreath of ivy	Dionysia	dionysia	The Dionysia ( / daɪəˈnaɪsiə / ) was a large festival in ancient Athens in honor of the god Dionysus , the central events of which were the theatrical performances of dramatic tragedies and , from 487 BC , comedies . It was the second-most important festival after the Panathenaia . The Dionysia actually consisted of two related festivals , the Rural Dionysia and the City Dionysia , which took place in different parts of the year . They were also an essential part of the Dionysian Mysteries .	Contents 1 Rural Dionysia 2 City Dionysia 2.1 Origins 2.2 Pompe and Proagon 2.3 Dramatic performances 3 Known winners of the City Dionysia 3.1 Tragedy 3.2 Comedy 4 Modern adaptations 5 See also 6 Notes 7 Sources 8 Further reading Rural Dionysia ( edit ) The Dionysia was originally a rural festival in Eleutherae , Attica ( Dionysia ta kat ' agrous -- Διονύσια τὰ κατ ' ἀγρούς ) , probably celebrating the cultivation of vines . It was probably a very ancient festival , perhaps not originally associated with Dionysus . This `` rural Dionysia '' was held during the winter , in the month of Poseideon ( the month straddling the winter solstice , i.e. , Dec. - Jan . ) . The central event was the pompe ( πομπή ) , the procession , in which phalloi ( φαλλοί ) were carried by phallophoroi ( φαλλοφόροι ) . Also participating in the pompe were kanephoroi ( κανηφόροι -- young girls carrying baskets ) , obeliaphoroi ( ὀβελιαφόροι -- who carried long loaves of bread ) , skaphephoroi ( σκαφηφόροι -- who carried other offerings ) , hydriaphoroi ( ὑδριαφόροι -- who carried jars of water ) , and askophoroi ( ἀσκοφόροι -- who carried jars of wine ) . After the pompe procession was completed , there were contests of dancing and singing , and choruses ( led by a choregos ) would perform dithyrambs . Some festivals may have included dramatic performances , possibly of the tragedies and comedies that had been produced at the City Dionysia the previous year . This was more common in the larger towns , such as Piraeus and Eleusis . Because the various towns in Attica held their festivals on different days , it was possible for spectators to visit more than one festival per season . It was also an opportunity for Athenian citizens to travel outside the city if they did not have the opportunity to do so during the rest of the year . This also allowed travelling companies of actors to perform in more than one town during the period of the festival . The comic playwright Aristophanes parodied the Rural Dionysia in his play The Acharnians . City Dionysia ( edit ) Origins ( edit ) The City Dionysia ( Dionysia ta en Astei -- Διονύσια τὰ ἐν Ἄστει , also known as the Great Dionysia , Dionysia ta Megala -- Διονύσια τὰ Μεγάλα ) was the urban part of the festival , possibly established during the tyranny of Pisistratus in the 6th century BC . This festival was held probably from the 10th to the 16th of the month Elaphebolion ( the lunar month straddling the vernal equinox , i.e. , Mar. - Apr in the solar calendar ) , three months after the rural Dionysia , probably to celebrate the end of winter and the harvesting of the year 's crops . According to tradition , the festival was established after Eleutherae , a town on the border between Attica and Boeotia , had chosen to become part of Attica . The Eleuthereans brought a statue of Dionysus to Athens , which was initially rejected by the Athenians . Dionysus then punished the Athenians with a plague affecting the male genitalia , which was cured when the Athenians accepted the cult of Dionysus . This was recalled each year by a procession of citizens carrying phalloi . The urban festival was a relatively recent invention . This ceremony fell under the auspices of the Archons of Athens , rather than the basileus , to whom religious festivals were given when the office of archon was created in the 7th century BC . Pompe and proagōn ( edit ) The archon prepared for the City Dionysia as soon as he was elected , by choosing his two páredroi ( πάρεδροι , `` reeves '' , literally : `` by the chair '' ) and ten epimelētai ( ἐπιμεληταί , `` curators '' ) to help organize the festival . On the first day of the festival , the pompē ( `` pomp '' , `` procession '' ) was held , in which citizens , metics , and representatives from Athenian colonies marched to the Theatre of Dionysus on the southern slope of the Acropolis , carrying the wooden statue of Dionysus Eleuthereus , the `` leading '' or eisagōgē ( εἰσαγωγή , `` introduction '' ) . As with the Rural Dionysia , they also carried phalloi , made of wood or bronze , aloft on poles , and a cart pulled a much larger phallus . Basket - carriers and water and wine - carriers participated in the pompe here , as in the Rural Dionysia . During the height of the Athenian Empire in the mid-5th century BC , various gifts and weapons showcasing Athens ' strength were carried as well . Also included in the procession were bulls to be sacrificed in the theatre . The most conspicuous members of the procession were the chorēgoí ( χορηγοί , `` sponsors '' , literally : `` chorus leaders '' ) , who were dressed in the most expensive and ornate clothing . After the pompē , the chorēgoí led their choruses in the dithyrambic competitions . These were extremely competitive , and the best flute players and celebrity poets ( such as Simonides and Pindar ) offered their musical and lyrical services . After these competitions , the bulls were sacrificed , and a feast was held for all the citizens of Athens . A second procession , the kōmos ( κῶμος ) , occurred afterwards , which was most likely a drunken revelry through the streets . The next day , the playwrights announced the titles of the plays to be performed , and judges were selected by lot : the `` proagōn '' ( προαγών , `` pre-contest '' ) . It is unknown where the proagōn originally took place , but after the mid-5th century BC , it was held in the Odeon of Pericles on the foot of Acropolis . The proagōn was also used to give praise to notable citizens , or often foreigners , who had served Athens in some beneficial way during the year . During the Peloponnesian War , orphaned children of those who had been killed in battle were also paraded in the Odeon , possibly to honour their fathers . The proagōn could be used for other announcements as well ; in 406 BC the death of the playwright Euripides was announced there . Dramatic performances ( edit ) Following the pompe , the Theatre of Dionysus was purified by the sacrifice of a bull . According to tradition , the first performance of tragedy at the Dionysia was by the playwright and actor Thespis ( from whom we take the word `` thespian '' ) in 534 BC . His award was reportedly a goat , a common symbol for Dionysus , and this `` prize '' possibly suggests the origin of the word `` tragedy '' ( which means `` goat - song '' ) . During the fifth century BC , five days of the festival were set aside for performance , though scholars disagree exactly what was presented each day . At least three full days were devoted to tragic plays , and each of three playwrights presented his set of three tragedies and one satyr play on the successive days . Most of the extant Greek tragedies , including those of Aeschylus , Euripides , and Sophocles , were performed at the Theatre of Dionysus . The archons , epimeletai , and judges ( agonothetai -- ἀγωνοθἐται ) watched from the front row . The other two days of the festival were likely devoted to dithyrambic contests until 487 / 6 BC , when comic poets were officially admitted to the agons and eligible for their own prizes . Each of five comic writers presented a single play ( except during the Peloponnesian War , when only three plays were performed ) , though it is unknown whether they were performed continuously on one day , or over the course of the five - day festival . Until 449 BC , only dramatic works were awarded prizes in the agon , but after that time , actors also became eligible for recognition . It was considered a great honour to win the comedic prize at the City Dionysia , despite the belief that comedies were of secondary importance . The Lenaia festival , held earlier in the year , featured comedy more prominently and officially recognized comic performances with prizes in 442 BC . Impressive tragic output continued without pause through the first three quarters of the fourth century BC , and some scholars consider this time a continuation of the classical period . Though much of the work of this period is either lost or forgotten , it is considered to owe a great debt to the playwright Euripides . His plays , along with other fifth - century BC writers , were often re-staged during this period . At least one revival was presented each year at City Dionysia . It has been suggested that audiences may have preferred to see well - known plays re-staged , rather than financially support new plays of questionable quality ; or alternately , that revivals represented a nostalgia for the glory of Athens from before the devastation of the Peloponnesian War . Nevertheless , plays continued to be written and performed until the 2nd century BC , when new works of both comedy and tragedy seem to have been eliminated . After that point drama continued to be produced , but prizes were awarded to wealthy producers and famous actors rather than the long - dead playwrights whose work was being performed . Another procession and celebration was held on the final day , when the judges chose the winners of the tragedy and comedy performances . The winning playwrights were awarded a wreath of ivy . Known winners of the City Dionysia ( edit ) Tragedy ( edit ) ( ? = exact year not preserved ) Pre 484 - Choerilus , Phrynichus , Pratinus 484 BC -- Aeschylus 4 ? ? BC - Euetes 472 BC -- Aeschylus ( The Persians ) 471 BC -- Polyphrasmon 4 ? ? BC - Nothippus 468 BC -- Sophocles ( Triptolemus ) 467 BC -- Aeschylus ( Seven Against Thebes ) ; Aristias took 2nd place 4 ? ? BC - Mesatus 463 BC -- Aeschylus ( The Suppliants ) 460 BC - Aristias 458 BC -- Aeschylus ( The Oresteia ) ; Sophocles took 2nd place 449 BC -- Herakleides 447 BC -- Sophocles ( Antigone ) ( year approximate ) 441 BC -- Euripides 438 BC - Sophocles ; Euripides took 2nd place with ( Alcestis ) 431 BC -- Euphorion , son of Aeschylus ; Sophocles took 2nd place ; Euripides took 3rd with Medea 428 BC -- Euripides ( Hippolytus ) 427 BC -- Philocles , nephew of Aeschylus ; Sophocles took 2nd place with Oedipus Rex 416 BC -- Agathon 415 BC -- Xenocles 409 BC -- Sophocles ( Philoctetes ) 405 BC -- Euripides ( The Bacchae , Iphigenia in Aulis , Alcmaeon in Corinth ) 401 BC - Sophocles ( Oedipus at Colonus ( posthumous award ) 372 BC -- Astydamas 3 ? ? BC - Aphareus Comedy ( edit ) ( ? = exact year not preserved ) 486 BC -- Chionides 472 BC -- Magnes 458 BC -- Euphonius 450 BC -- Crates 446 BC -- Callias 43 ? BC - Cratinus 437 BC -- Pherecrates 435 BC -- Hermippus 427 BC - Unknown ; Aristophanes took 2nd place with The Banqueters 426 BC - Aristophanes ( The Babylonians ) 423 BC -- Cratinus ( The Wicker Flask ) 422 BC -- Cantharus 421 BC -- Eupolis of Athens took 1st place with his play Kolakes ( Flatteres ) ; Aristophanes took 2nd place with Peace 414 BC -- Ameipsias ( The Revellers ) , Aristophanes `` The Birds '' ( Όρνιθες ) , Phrynichos `` Solitary '' ( Μονότροπος ) 410 BC -- Plato the Comic ( Πλάτων Κωμικός ) 402 BC -- Cephisodoros 290 BC -- Poseidippus 278 BC -- Philemon 185 BC -- Laines 183 BC -- Philemon 154 BC -- Chairion Modern adaptations ( edit ) The festival has inspired people through the present day , as a celebration of humanity ( see Nietzsche 's or Aristotle 's take ) and an exposition of culture . The University of Houston 's Center for Creative works produces and performs an adaptation each spring . The purpose of the enterprise is to educate and entertain , and adaptations occasionally go beyond Greek theater for inspiration ( for example , the 2013 Spring adaptation of the Iliad , titled Ilium ) . Collaborators flock from all over America and the productions themselves are quite popular , selling out on all ticketed venues . The New York Classical Club , through Fordham University 's Classics Department , stages a competition every April wherein groups of high school students produce unique adaptations of the same play . The competition aims to engage the themes and style of the ancient plays with renewed vigor and an accessible , thought provoking frame . Several notable schools from the area participate , including Stuyvesant and Regis . Adaptations are cut to twenty minutes , and source plays have included The Bacchae by Euripides and the entire collection of Ovid 's Metamorphoses . Dionycia is a group based in New York City . It strives for eclectic and synthetic adaptations of all Greek and Roman stories , retaining the scope and spirit of the original Athenian festival . Dionycia recognizes the balance which the Greek plays struck between true entertainment and platforms to explore themes , concerns , and ideas . The group has written and performed plays in somewhat of a modern or postmodern style . One example , `` Daydreaming : Non-Platonic Solids in the Sky , '' portrays technology as contemporary philosophy ( or Sophistry ) , adapting The Clouds by Aristophanes touching off from The Matrix , Exercise trends , and the spirit of those old Chinese curses , May you live in interesting times . Modern followers of Hellenism ( religion ) celebrate Dionysia as a holiday and use a version of the Attic calendar to calculate it . See also ( edit ) Anthesteria Bacchanalia Ganachakra Lenaia Panathenaia Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Brockett , Oscar Gross ( 1968 ) . History of the Theatre . Boston : Allyn & Bacon . pp. 18 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Mikalson , p. 137 . ^ Jump up to : Brockett , Oscar Gross ( 1968 ) . History of the Theatre . Boston : Allyn & Bacon . pp. 18 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Mastromarco , Giuseppe : ( 1994 ) Introduzione a Aristofane ( Sesta edizione : Roma - Bari 2004 ) . ISBN 88 - 420 - 4448 - 2 p. 3 Jump up ^ Smith , Helaine ( 2005 ) . Masterpieces of Classic Greek Drama . Greenwood . p. 1 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 33268 - 5 . Jump up ^ Goldhill , Simon ( 1987 ) . `` The Great Dionysia and Civic Ideology '' . Journal of Hellenic Studies . 107 ( 1 ) : 58 -- 76 . doi : 10.2307 / 630070 . JSTOR 630070 . which ties together the civilizing and humane force of plays in the ancient world Jump up ^ Harrison , Stephen ( 2007 ) . The Cambridge Companion to Horace . Cambridge , England : Cambridge University Press . pp. 307 -- 330 . ISBN 9780521536844 . , for the culturing aspect of Dionysus and celebrations associated with him . ^ Jump up to : Harvey , John . `` Dr '' . Theater . Center for Creative Work , University of Houston . Archived from the original on 24 April 2013 . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : McGowan , Matthew . `` Ph. D . '' Theater . New York Classics Club . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Siemer , Chris . `` Dionycia '' . Adapted Performance . Facebook . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . , this is the group 's Facebook page Jump up ^ Dover , K.J. ( 12 January 1971 ) . `` Aristophanes , Clouds ( review ) '' . The American Journal of Philology. 92 ( 1 ) : 100 -- 103 . JSTOR 293287 . , for some idea of where Dionycia started Jump up ^ Verdenius , W.J. ; BRILL ( 1953 ) . `` Notes on Aristophanes ' `` The Clouds '' `` . Mnemosyne. 4 . 6 ( 3 ) : 178 -- 180 . doi : 10.1163 / 156852553x00262 . JSTOR 4427495 . , for a similar sense to the reference above Sources ( edit ) Aristophanes , The Acharnians . Simon Goldhill , `` The Great Dionysia and Civic Ideology '' , in Nothing to Do with Dionysos ? Athenian Drama in Its Social Context , eds . John J. Winkler and Froma I. Zeitlin . Princeton : Princeton University Press , 1990 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 06814 - 3 Susan Guettel Cole , `` Procession and Celebration at the Dionysia '' , in Theater and Society in the Classical World , ed . Ruth Scodel . Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press , 1993 . ISBN 0 - 472 - 10281 - 8 Jeffrey M. Hurwit . The Athenian Acropolis : History , Mythology , and Archaeology From the Neolithic Era to the Present . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 42834 - 3 Mikalson , Jon D. ( 1975 ) , The Sacred and Civil Calendar of the Athenian Year , Princeton University Press . ISBN 0691035458 . Sir Arthur Pickard - Cambridge . The Dramatic Festivals of Athens . Oxford : Clarendon Press , 1953 ( 2nd ed. 1968 ) . ISBN 0 - 19 - 814258 - 7 Robert Parker . Athenian religion : A History . Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1996 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 814979 - 4 Carl A.P. Ruck . IG II 2323 : The List of the Victors in Comedies at the Dionysia . Leiden : E.J. Brill , 1967 . Further reading ( edit ) Padilla , Mark William , ed. ( 1999 ) . `` Rites of Passage in Ancient Greece : Literature , Religion , Society '' . Bucknell Review . Bucknell University Press . XLIII ( 1 ) . ISBN 0 - 8387 - 5418 - X . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dionysia&oldid=831872679 '' Categories : Ancient Greek theatre Greek festivals of Dionysus Festivals in ancient Athens Observances set by the Attic calendar Non-Gregorian December observances Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Articles containing Greek - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Български Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית Latviešu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська 19 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 March 2018 , at 16 : 19 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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when does a coroner's court have a jury			Coroner 's jury	coroner's jury	A coroner 's jury is a body convened to assist a coroner in an inquest , that is , in determining the identity of a deceased person and the cause of death . The laws on its role and function vary by jurisdiction .	Contents 1 United Kingdom 2 United States 3 References 4 External links United Kingdom ( edit ) Main article : Inquests in England and Wales In the United Kingdom , all inquests were once conducted with a jury . They acted somewhat like a grand jury , determining whether a person should be committed to trial in connection to a death . Such a jury was made up of up to twenty - three men , and required the votes of twelve to render a decision . Similar to a grand jury , a Coroner 's Jury merely accused , it did not convict . Since 1927 , Coroner 's Juries have rarely been used in England . Under the Coroners Act , 1988 , a Jury is only required to be convened in cases where the death occurred in prison , police custody , or in circumstances which may affect public health or safety . The coroner can actually choose to convene a jury in any investigation , but in practice this is rare . The qualifications to sit on a Coroner 's Jury are the same as those to sit on a jury in Crown Court , the High Court , and the county courts . Additionally , a Coroner 's Jury only determines cause of death , its ruling does not commit a person to trial . While grand juries , which did have the power to indict , were abolished in the United Kingdom by 1948 ( after being effectively stopped in 1933 ) , Coroner 's Juries retained those powers until the Criminal Law Act 1977 . This change came about after Lord Lucan was charged in 1975 by a Coroner 's Jury in the death of Sandra Rivett , his children 's nanny . United states ( edit ) A coroner 's jury deemed Wyatt Earp , Doc Holliday , and their posse guilty in the death of Frank Stilwell in March 1882 ( See ( 1 ) ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Coroners Act , 1988 , s 8 ( 3 ) ^ Jump up to : `` King 's College of London - Coroner 's Law Resource '' . External links ( edit ) Scan of a standard pamphlet sent those called to serve on a Corner 's Jury in Northern Ireland Jarvis on Coroners Writeup explaining concepts and example cases of a Coroner 's Jury Jury - related articles Primary articles Jury trial Coroner 's jury Grand jury ( Indictment ) Petit jury Jury instructions Specific finding Deliberation Hung jury Jury nullification Jury tampering Jury research Jury stress Jury selection Change of venue Death - qualified jury All - white jury Peremptory challenge Strike for cause Scientific jury selection Struck jury Specific jurisdictions Canada England and Wales Japan Scotland United States ( U.S. military ) Groups Fully Informed Jury Association This legal term article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coroner%27s_jury&oldid=807809055 '' Categories : Judiciaries Criminology Wills and trusts Coroner 's courts Juries Legal terminology stubs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 30 October 2017 , at 06 : 40 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coroner%2527s%20jury	2,466
who does the voices in god of war 4	The protagonists of the game are Kratos ( voiced by Christopher Judge ) and his young son Atreus ( Sunny Suljic ) . Kratos is a warrior originally from Sparta who became the Greek God of War and is the son of Zeus . After ending up in Midgard , he met his second and now deceased wife , Laufey ( addressed as Faye ) , and they bore their son , Atreus , who does not know about Kratos ' past or his divine nature , but can hear other beings ' thoughts . The main antagonist is the Æsir god Baldur ( Jeremy Davies ) , the brother of Thor , whose sons Modi and Magni ( Nolan North and Troy Baker , respectively ) assist Baldur . His parents are Odin and the Vanir god Freya ( Danielle Bisutti ) . Freya tried leaving Odin , as she did not truly love him , and Odin had her banished to Midgard , after which she became known as the Witch of the Woods . To protect her son from a prophecy that foretold his death , Freya cast a spell of immortality on Baldur , which also caused him to not feel pain or any feeling of pleasure , which he resented her for . The only thing that she could not prevent from breaking the spell was mistletoe , which she kept secret . Other characters include Mímir ( Alastair Duncan ) , who claims to be the smartest man alive , and the Huldra Brothers Brok ( Roger Craighead ) and Sindri ( Adam J. Harrington ) , a pair of dwarves who appear at various points in the world and assist Kratos and Atreus with forging new gear . Their weapons , including Thor 's hammer Mjölnir , were used by the Æsir gods and they also had forged Kratos ' Leviathan Axe , which originally belonged to Faye , who also gifted Kratos his Guardian Shield . The spirit of the Greek goddess Athena ( Carole Ruggier ) makes a cameo appearance , and Zeus ( Corey Burton ) appears as an illusion to Kratos in Helheim .		God of War ( 2018 video game )	god of war ( 2018 video game )	God of War is a third - person action - adventure game developed by Santa Monica Studio and published by Sony Interactive Entertainment ( SIE ) . Released on April 20 , 2018 , for the PlayStation 4 ( PS4 ) console , it is the eighth installment in the God of War series , the eighth chronologically , and the sequel to 2010 's God of War III . Unlike previous games , which were loosely based on Greek mythology , this game is loosely based on Norse mythology . The main protagonists are Kratos , the former Greek God of War , and his young son Atreus . Following the death of Kratos ' second wife and Atreus ' mother , they journey to fulfill her promise and spread her ashes at the highest peak of the nine realms . Kratos keeps his troubled past a secret from Atreus , who is unaware of his divine nature . Along their journey , they encounter monsters and gods of the Norse world .	Described by creative director Cory Barlog as a reimagining of the franchise , a major gameplay change is that Kratos prominently uses a magical battle axe instead of his signature double - chained blades . God of War also uses an over-the - shoulder free camera , with the game in one shot , as opposed to the fixed cinematic camera of the previous entries . The game includes role - playing video game elements , and Kratos ' son Atreus provides assistance in combat . The majority of the original game 's development team worked on God of War and designed the game to be accessible and grounded . A separate short text - based game , God of War : A Call from the Wilds released in February 2018 , follows Atreus on his first adventure . God of War received universal acclaim from critics , being praised for its narrative , world design , art direction , graphics , characters , and combat system . It received perfect scores from multiple reviewers , making it the highest - rated game in the God of War series , as well the third highest - rated PS4 game , on Metacritic . The game performed well commercially , selling five million copies within a month of release . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 2 Synopsis 2.1 Setting 2.2 Characters 2.3 Plot 3 Development 3.1 Characterization 4 Soundtrack 5 Release 5.1 God of War : A Call from the Wilds 6 Reception 6.1 Sales 6.2 Accolades 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Gameplay ( edit ) The gameplay is vastly different from the previous installments , as it was rebuilt from the ground up . Although the previous main installment , Ascension ( 2013 ) , introduced multiplayer to the series , this installment is single - player - only . The game features a third - person , over-the - shoulder free camera , a departure from the previous installments , which featured a third - person , fixed cinematic camera ( with the exception of 2007 's 2D side - scroller Betrayal ) . Cinematographically , the game is presented in a continuous shot , with no camera cuts . The game is open , but it is not open - world . Due to it being open , players can fast travel to different locations through Mystic Gateways . As the ability to swim was cut from the game , players instead use a boat to traverse bodies of water . Just like previous entries , there are puzzles for players to solve to progress through parts of the game . Enemies in the game stem from Norse mythology , such as variants of trolls , ogres , dark elves and their king , wolves , wulvers , nightmares , draugrs , tatzelwurms , as well as Gullveig and the revenants , beings warped by seiðr magic , among other original creatures . Valkyries appear as optional boss battles , and players can free the dragons Fáfnir , Otr , and Reginn -- dwarfs that were turned into dragons -- in addition to battling a dragon called Hræzlyr . A major change is that Kratos no longer uses his signature double - chained blades , the Blades of Chaos , as his default weapon . Instead , he uses a magical battle axe , called the Leviathan Axe , which is infused with ice elemental magic . The axe can be thrown at enemies and magically summoned back to his hand ( similar to Thor 's hammer Mjölnir ) . Larger enemies have precision targets and throwing the axe at those targets stuns the enemy . The weapon can also be thrown at environmental objects to trigger a damaging explosion and it can freeze objects and some enemies in place for puzzle solving until the axe is summoned back to Kratos ' hand . The axe has standard light and heavy attacks , and over time , it can be upgraded with runes to allow for special runic attacks , with one slot being for a light runic attack and the other for heavy . This provides players with a variety of options to cater to their own play style . For example , one of the light runic attacks allows Kratos to charge the axe and let out a burst of energy and one of the heavy runic attacks allows Kratos to summon a swirling ice storm . Another new weapon that Kratos utilizes is the Guardian Shield . When not in use , it folds up and appears like armor on Kratos ' left forearm . When summoned , the shield can be used offensively and defensively , similar to the Golden Fleece in previous games . Kratos also utilizes hand - to - hand combat , a feature originally introduced in Ascension . The Blades of Chaos are acquired late into the game via a plot device and perform similarly as they did in previous installments , but can also be upgraded with light and heavy runic attacks . Pre-release gameplay screenshot of God of War , taken from the trailer shown at E3 2016 : Kratos ( center ) and his son Atreus ( right ) are battling a troll . Atreus can assist in combat , such as firing lightning arrows on the player 's command . Similar to previous games , there is a `` Rage '' ability called Spartan Rage . Like the previous versions , the Rage ability has a meter that gradually fills during combat . With this ability , Kratos uses powerful bare - handed attacks , as opposed to weapons , to greatly damage enemies . The game also features elements similar to role - playing video games ( RPGs ) . There are crafting resources for the player to find that allow them to create new or upgrade existing armor with better perks . Players will also accumulate a currency called Hacksilver , a key component in crafting and purchasing new items . Experience points ( XP ) are used for learning new combat skills . Throughout the game world , players find chests containing random items , such as Hacksilver and enchantments for improving armor and weapons , as well as two special items , Iðunn 's Apples and Horns of Blood Mead , which increase the maximum length of the health and rage meters , respectively . Quick time events have changed from previous games . Enemies display two meters above their heads , one for health and the other for stun . Filling up the stun meter helps to defeat more difficult enemies . When the stun meter is full , a grab - prompt will appear . Depending on the enemy , Kratos may rip it in half or grab them and throw them into other enemies , among other possible outcomes . Although the game is played entirely as Kratos , there are times when the player may choose to passively control Kratos ' son , Atreus . One button is dedicated to Atreus and its use depends on the context . For example , if the player needs assistance , they can look at an enemy , press the button , and Atreus will use his Talon Bow to shoot arrows at the enemy . The arrows have little effect on an enemy 's health , but do increase the stun meter . Over the course of the game , Atreus helps in combat , traversal , exploration , and puzzle - solving . When facing a large number of enemies , he distracts the weaker ones as Kratos fights the stronger ones . If too many enemies gang up on Atreus , he is knocked out for the remainder of that combat . Just like Kratos , Atreus acquires new skills , armor , special arrows , such as lightning arrows , as well as runic attacks for his Talon Bow , but it only has one slot instead of two . Atreus ' runic attacks summon different spectral animals with different abilities . For example , one summons a wolf that attacks enemies , while another summons the squirrel Ratatoskr that will dig up orbs to replenish Kratos ' health or rage meters . Synopsis ( edit ) Setting ( edit ) While the first seven games were loosely based on Greek mythology , this installment takes the series to Norse mythology , but predates the Vikings . Six of the nine realms of Norse mythology can be explored . The majority of the game takes place in the realm of Midgard , inhabited by humans and other creatures and is the same realm that the Greek world had existed in . As more creatures began appearing , many humans fled . Other realms visited as part of the story include Alfheim , the mystical home of the light and dark elves , Helheim , the icy land of the dead , and Jötunheim , the mountainous land of the giants . Other explorable realms include Niflheim , a realm of poisonous fog with a maze - like structure of rewards , and the fire realm Muspelheim , featuring the six Trials of Muspelheim ; completing each trial grants rewards and advances Kratos and Atreus closer to the top of a large volcano . Access to the other three realms -- Asgard , home of the Æsir gods , Vanaheim , home of the Vanir gods , and Svartalfheim , home of the dwarves -- have been blocked by the ruler of Asgard and the Æsir gods , Odin . At the center of the realms is the mythical tree Yggdrasil , which connects each realm together . Although each realm is a different world , they simultaneously exist in the same space . Travel to and from realms can be done by the use of the Bifröst from a root of Yggdrasil contained within a temple located at the center of the Lake of the Nine . The temple was created by the now dead Týr , a peaceful God of War who had traveled to other lands and learned about their mythologies ; Odin had him killed as he believed Týr was secretly aiding the giants and would try to overthrow him . Characters ( edit ) Main article : Characters of God of War The protagonists of the game are Kratos ( voiced by Christopher Judge ) and his young son Atreus ( Sunny Suljic ) . Kratos is a warrior originally from Sparta who became the Greek God of War and is the son of Zeus . After ending up in Midgard , he met his second and now deceased wife , Laufey ( addressed as Faye ) , and they bore their son , Atreus , who does not know about Kratos ' past or his divine nature , but can hear other beings ' thoughts . The main antagonist is the Æsir god Baldur ( Jeremy Davies ) , the brother of Thor , whose sons Modi and Magni ( Nolan North and Troy Baker , respectively ) assist Baldur . His parents are Odin and the Vanir god Freya ( Danielle Bisutti ) . Freya tried leaving Odin , as she did not truly love him , and Odin had her banished to Midgard , after which she became known as the Witch of the Woods . To protect her son from a prophecy that foretold his death , Freya cast a spell of immortality on Baldur , which also caused him to not feel pain or any feeling of pleasure , which he resented her for . The only thing that she could not prevent from breaking the spell was mistletoe , which she kept secret . Other characters include Mímir ( Alastair Duncan ) , who claims to be the smartest man alive , and the Huldra Brothers Brok ( Roger Craighead ) and Sindri ( Adam J. Harrington ) , a pair of dwarves who appear at various points in the world and assist Kratos and Atreus with forging new gear . Their weapons , including Thor 's hammer Mjölnir , were used by the Æsir gods and they also had forged Kratos ' Leviathan Axe , which originally belonged to Faye , who also gifted Kratos his Guardian Shield . The spirit of the Greek goddess Athena ( Carole Ruggier ) makes a cameo appearance , and Zeus ( Corey Burton ) appears as an illusion to Kratos in Helheim . Plot ( edit ) Many years have passed since Kratos took his vengeance against the Olympian gods , and he now lives with his young son Atreus in Midgard . The game opens following the death of Kratos ' second wife and Atreus ' mother , Faye , whose last wish was for her ashes to be spread at the highest peak of the nine realms . Before beginning their journey , Kratos is confronted by a mysterious man with godlike powers . After seemingly killing him , Kratos and Atreus set out on their journey . Reaching the Lake of the Nine , Kratos and Atreus encounter the friendly World Serpent , Jörmungandr . After running into impenetrable black mist which can only be extinguished with the Light of Alfheim , they receive aid from the Witch of the Woods to use the Bifröst in order to travel to Alfheim and secure the Light . Upon vanquishing the mist and reaching Midgard 's peak , they overhear a conversation between the mysterious man , revealed to be Baldur , his nephews Modi and Magni , and the imprisoned Mímir . After they leave , Kratos and Atreus confront Mímir , who reveals that their goal is actually in Jötunheim , but travel there has been blocked to keep out Odin and Thor . Mímir , however , knows another passage . He instructs Kratos to cut off his head and have it revived by the Witch of the Woods , revealed to be Freya . Kratos immediately distrusts her , but both Freya and Mímir warn him that he must tell Atreus about his true nature . Kratos , Atreus , and Mímir 's head journey to collect needed components to open Jötunheim 's portal when they are attacked by Modi and Magni . After Kratos kills Magni , Modi flees , but later returns and ambushes them . Atreus collapses ill , which Mímir and Freya explain is a mental contradiction of a god believing himself to be mortal . She tells Kratos that he must retrieve the heart of the Keeper of the Bridge of the Damned in Helheim , but his Leviathan Axe is useless there . Kratos then returns home to unearth his old weapons , the Blades of Chaos , and is haunted by Athena 's spirit , who goads him about his past . After retrieving the heart , he has a haunting vision of Zeus . Atreus is cured and Kratos tells him that he is a god . Atreus then becomes increasingly arrogant on their journey , and he murders a weakened Modi , despite Kratos ordering not to . At Midgard 's peak , they are ambushed by Baldur , resulting in Jötunheim 's portal being destroyed and the group falling into Helheim . Atreus makes amends with Kratos and they find out about Freya and Baldur 's familial relationship . Returning to Midgard , Mímir realizes there is another way to reach Jötunheim , but it requires recovering his missing eye . After obtaining it from Jörmungandr 's belly , who had inadvertently swallowed it when he ate a statue of Thor , they are attacked by Baldur again , but Freya intervenes in an attempt to protect her son . During the fight , Baldur is pierced by Atreus ' mistletoe arrow , breaking Freya 's spell on him . Baldur is defeated , and although Kratos gives him an opportunity to retreat , he instead attempts to strangle Freya , forcing Kratos to kill him . A grieving Freya swears revenge on Kratos and taunts him about hiding his true nature from Atreus . Kratos finally tells Atreus about his past and how he had killed his fellow Greek gods , including his father , Zeus . Atreus laments if patricide is all that gods are good for . Kratos tells Atreus that they should both learn from their experiences and not repeat the mistakes of their predecessors . A silent Freya leaves with Baldur 's corpse and Mímir hopefully suggests that she will eventually move on from the tragedy and that Kratos did the right thing . In Jötunheim , they find a temple with a mural depicting their adventures , showing that the giants had foreseen everything that would happen and vaguely foretold what was to come . In addition , they discover that Faye was a giant who decided to stay behind in Midgard , making Atreus part giant , part god , and part mortal . Their fight with Baldur was shown , revealing he was actually after Faye the whole time . It is also revealed that Atreus was named Loki by his mother . Wondering if Faye planned this in advance , Kratos and Atreus fulfill their promise and spread her ashes at the peak . Afterwards , Kratos reveals to Atreus that his given name was also the name of a compassionate Spartan comrade . When they return to Midgard , Mímir warns them that the three - year long Fimbulwinter has started , meaning Ragnarök is soon to follow , which was not supposed to occur for another hundred years . In the game 's secret ending , Kratos and Atreus return home and slumber . Atreus has a vision that at the end of Fimbulwinter , Thor will arrive at their home to confront them . Development ( edit ) At the first annual PlayStation Experience on December 6 , 2014 , Santa Monica Studios 's creative director Cory Barlog confirmed that a new God of War was in very early development . He said that the game would not be a prequel , but it might be a reboot . In April 2016 , Polygon reported that concept art of the next installment had been leaked . The images showed Kratos in the world of Norse mythology ; a concept originally considered by series creator David Jaffe after Kratos eliminated the Greek gods . At the 2016 Electronic Entertainment Expo ( E3 ) , the next installment was officially announced with a gameplay demo and confirmed the concept art to be true . The demo showed a fully bearded Kratos with a son , and Kratos was teaching the boy how to hunt . The pair also battled a troll . The end of the demo showed the title God of War and confirmed it was in development for the PlayStation 4 . E3 also confirmed that Barlog had returned to the series as game director for the new installment . Barlog has been a major contributor in the development of the God of War series since the original installment in 2005 , with his prior most notable role being game director of God of War II ( 2007 ) . This new installment was his fifth God of War game . In naming the game , Barlog stated that it was deliberately titled God of War with no numeral or subtitle because although it is a continuation of the series , `` we are reimagining everything . '' Head of Santa Monica Studio Shannon Studstill and Barlog said that Sony Interactive Entertainment had to be convinced to do another God of War game as a lot of people at Sony wanted the series to `` sleep and rest '' due to the lackluster response of the previous game , Ascension . In explaining why Barlog was brought back , Studstill said that he knew the series very well , `` and bringing in someone that understands that history is the respect the franchise deserves . '' Barlog followed up and said that `` You got ta know the rules to break the rules . '' Series creator David Jaffe was also considered , but was unavailable . In explaining the transition from Greek mythology to Norse mythology , Barlog said : `` it 's kind of this BC -- AD change over kind of thing . We 're moving and starting from zero and kind of moving forward on that . '' Before settling on Norse mythology , Egyptian mythology was also considered . Barlog said that half of the team was for it , but since `` there 's a lot more about civilization - it 's less isolated , less barren '' , he had to make the decision and decided on the Norse setting because they wanted the focus to stay on Kratos : `` Having too much around distracts from that central theme of a stranger in a strange land . '' In explaining why Kratos was now in the Norse world , Barlog said that different cultures ' belief systems coexisted , but they were `` separated by geography '' , suggesting that Kratos traveled from Greece to Norway ( Scandinavia ) after the conclusion of God of War III ; in clarifying the conclusion of that game , Barlog said that Kratos did not destroy what was believed to be the entire world , but only the portion that was ruled over by the Greeks . Barlog said that the new game predates the Vikings ; it is the time in which their gods walked the Earth . It was also confirmed that this would not be Kratos ' last game . Barlog said that future games could see the series tackling Egyptian or Mayan mythology , and that although this game focuses on Norse mythology , it alludes to the fact that there are other mythologies co-existing in the world . Barlog also said that he liked the idea of having different directors for each game , seen throughout the first seven games , and although he may not direct another God of War , he would still be at Santa Monica to work on future games . Most of the development team that worked on the original God of War worked on the new installment . They claimed that they matched the new gameplay with the same level of accessibility as the previous installments . It was confirmed that the game would not feature any morality system or branching story ; all players have the same story experience . The developers also confirmed that some of the more controversial mini-games found in previous entries ( such as the sex mini-game ) would not return . Some gameplay characteristics found in the previous installments were cut , such as jumping , swimming , and instant - death platforming challenges ; these were cut due to the camera being closer to Kratos . Although the previous installment , Ascension , introduced multiplayer to the series , the team decided to drop the mode to focus on the single - player experience . In changing the gameplay , Studstill said `` I felt like , in order to reinvent , we really needed to turn a lot of things around . '' In regards to the camera change , Barlog said `` We wanted a much more intimate experience , a much more up close , and a much more player - controlled experience , so the camera really is a mechanic that ( we leaned ) into heavily for everything in the game . '' Explaining Kratos ' axe , lead gameplay designer Jason McDonald , who has worked on the series since the original game , said the axe was chosen because they wanted a more grounded direction for the game . Initially , they were unsure how to make it unique , like how the double - chained blades were . After they came up with the concept of throwing the axe and having it return to Kratos , `` things started to fall into place . '' McDonald said that combat with the axe is a little slower than what it was with the blades , `` but it 's just as fluid and just as brutal as it 's ever been . '' Barlog took inspiration from Dark Souls ( 2011 ) , which influenced the game 's combat system , particularly its gameplay loop and strategic decision - making , as well as the game 's approach to storytelling . In addition , designers Anthony Dimento and Luis Sanchez revealed how God of War 's level design and exploration was influenced by Bloodborne ( 2015 ) , as they wanted to `` just have the world breathe a little bit '' and expand upon player discovery by including `` micro-loops where you 're unlocking paths , unlocking shortcuts ... '' that gave purpose . The entire game was done in a single shot , as in no camera cuts , meaning there are no loading screens or fade - to - black between gameplay and cutscenes . The frame rate was confirmed as 30 frames per second , and the enemy count was increased to up to 100 enemies on - screen ; God of War III and Ascension could do up to 50 . Unlike the previous games , Santa Monica did not make a demo specifically for public release . Barlog explained that doing so would have delayed the game by a couple of months . He also confirmed that the game was built for the standard PlayStation 4 , but the game would `` benefit from the power '' of the PlayStation 4 Pro ; an updated version of the PlayStation 4 that can render games in 4K and was released a few months after God of War was announced . In late December 2016 , Barlog confirmed that the game was playable from start to finish . At the 2017 PlayStation Experience , Barlog said that the game 's story would take 25 - 35 hours to complete , which is significantly more than the previous four main installments , which each took an average of 10 hours to complete . At E3 2017 , a new trailer was shown featuring new gameplay , cinematics , and characters . In the trailer , Kratos was shown using a shield that he could use offensively and defensively . At one point in the trailer , Kratos finds a Greek vase with himself on it , wielding his infamous double - chained blades . During the trailer , an unnamed woman warns Kratos about the Norse gods , as they know what he did to the Greek gods , while a pair of wolves were also shown . The trailer ends with Kratos and Atreus encountering the World Serpent . Atreus was able to translate what it said , which was that it wanted to help the pair . It was confirmed that the game would release in early 2018 . Since E3 2017 until the game 's launch , Santa Monica included a section on the God of War website titled `` The Lost Pages '' , detailing some of the lore of God of War 's Nordic world . In January 2018 , the game 's release date was confirmed for April 20 , 2018 . A trailer was also released that showed that the character Mímir from the mythology would have a role in the game . On March 22 , God of War went gold . Characterization ( edit ) Christopher Judge does the voice and cinematic motion capture for Kratos in the game , replacing longstanding voice actor Terrence C. Carson , who had voiced Kratos since the original 2005 game , and also did the motion capture for him in 2013 's Ascension During early development , there was talk about having a different protagonist for the game , but it was decided to keep Kratos . Referencing the Nintendo character Mario and the Mario games , Barlog said that just like Mario , `` Kratos is intrinsically tied '' to the God of War series . In regards to the new changes , Barlog said that : I knew I did n't want to simply reboot the franchise , starting over with a retelling of the origin story . I wanted to reimagine the gameplay , give players a fresh perspective and a new tactile experience while delving deeper into the emotional journey of Kratos to explore the compelling drama that unfolds when an immortal demigod makes a decision to change . Barlog explained that Kratos had to change his cycle of violence and learn how to control his rage . He said that Kratos had made many bad decisions , which led to the destruction of Olympus , and wanted to know what would happen if Kratos made a good decision . The birth of Barlog 's own son influenced the idea of Kratos ' character change . The canceled live - action Star Wars television series was also an influence . The bond between Kratos and his son is at the heart of the game and Barlog said `` This game is about Kratos teaching his son how to be a god , and his son teaching Kratos how to be human again . '' Referencing the Marvel Comics character Hulk , Barlog said that in regards to Kratos , `` We 've already told the story of The Hulk . We want to tell the story of ( Bruce ) Banner now . '' One of their goals was to make Kratos `` a more nuanced and interesting character . '' In changing the narrative focus , Studstill said `` I think we inherently knew the franchise needed to evolve in that emotional beat and be something meatier for the older generation of gamers . '' Christopher Judge , best known as Teal'c from Stargate SG - 1 , replaced T.C. Carson as the voice of Kratos ; Carson had voiced Kratos since the original God of War . Commenting in response to the change , Carson said , `` Sony went in a new direction . '' Barlog explained that the way the previous games were made , they were able to have someone else do the motion capture instead of the voice actor . Although Carson had done the motion capture for Kratos in Ascension , Barlog said the actor change was made because of the type of camera work they wanted to do . For the new camera work , they needed someone who was closer to Kratos ' size to do the motion capture along with a child . Carson was unsuitable for this because he was much shorter than Kratos , who is over 6 - feet tall : `` Offsetting ( Carson 's height ) for the size of a child , it turned out it was going to be almost impossible to try and actually shoot them and go in and redo the animations . '' Judge was chosen because he was 6 - foot - 3 and had the body of a professional football player . He was also chosen because of the chemistry with his then - 10 - year - old co-star , Sunny Suljic , who plays Kratos ' son Atreus ; Suljic 's opinion was also sought in making the decision , and out of all the auditions , he liked Judge the most . The two bonded well , and Judge described his time with Suljic as time he had missed with his own children . In stepping into the role of Kratos , Judge took it as an opportunity to add something new to the character . He researched the character and Carson 's performance , but decided not to imitate it . Since Santa Monica were going in a new direction , he decided to start fresh and go from there . Judge was thrown off when he first read the script , stating it `` was a real script '' , and not just `` a way to get into battles . '' He said `` it was really this great story of this relationship and this crazy mythology . '' While Judge did all of Kratos ' motion capture for the cinematic scenes , stuntman Eric Jacobus did all of Kratos ' combat motion capture ; Jacobus was found by God of War 's animators on YouTube . Instead of going directly to Santa Monica to audition , Jacobus recorded an audition tape and they immediately hired him . During E3 2016 , GameSpot mistakenly reported that Kratos ' son 's name was Charlie , which Barlog laughingly denied . In January 2017 , after a fan downloaded the God of War overture and saw the track 's details that said `` An introduction to Kratos and Atreus '' , Barlog confirmed on Twitter that Atreus was in fact the son 's name . Barlog said that Atreus was unaware that Kratos was a demigod , and did not know about his past . They did not reveal details of Atreus ' mother prior to release due to her being a critical part of the story . Barlog stated that during gameplay , Atreus would be `` like magic , an additional combat resource , and ( the player is ) training him and teaching him . '' The developers stated that Atreus would not be a burden during gameplay . The team experimented with several different approaches for Atreus to ensure that he was an empowering presence . Barlog said he did not want the game to be an escort - mission where the A.I. caused a problem for the player . Their goal was for Atreus to enhance Kratos ' capabilities without Atreus becoming a liability . This resulted in the developers designating a command button for Atreus as well as for him to act freely . During combat , Atreus was also designed to call out enemy locations , as due to the camera being closer to Kratos , some enemies may be difficult for the player to see . Jason McDonald said it took a lot of iterations with the enemies and Atreus to make it all work together . Early in development , it was suggested for Atreus to be cut or to significantly minimize his role due to the many developmental challenges and financial expense . Barlog stated that the game could have worked without Atreus , but it would have been completely different , likening it to that of the 2013 film All Is Lost . Barlog said that with just Kratos , it would have been `` one character who talks to himself occasionally , but generally , it will be very silent and everyone will talk in old Norse , so that you wo n't understand anything anybody 's saying . '' After hearing Barlog 's case , Sony gave him the freedom to incorporate Atreus . Lead level designer Rob Davis also noted that with Atreus , it allowed for `` significant gameplay and storytelling opportunities that might not otherwise ( been ) possible . '' Soundtrack ( edit ) Bear McCreary , best known for his work on television shows such as Battlestar Galactica and The Walking Dead , scored God of War and composed themes for the game . McCreary said that he was called into Santa Monica Studio in November 2014 to meet with music producers Peter Scaturro and Keith Leary to discuss `` a secret project '' ; McCreary had previously collaborated with Scaturro and Leary on 2011 's SOCOM 4 : U.S. Navy SEALs . Ideas of folk music , mythology , Nordic ethnic instruments , vocal writing , and classical thematic development were discussed , to which McCreary correctly guessed that the discussions were about a new God of War . He met with Barlog early on , and they discussed Barlog 's narrative vision for the game . After meeting with Barlog , he felt that the franchise was in good hands because God of War II , which Barlog also directed , was his favorite installment . McCreary 's initial efforts focused on writing the new main theme , or what he called the Kratos Theme . He spent several months working with Barlog , Scaturro , Leary , Sony music director Chuck Doud , and the rest of the development team in making this new theme . McCreary described the Kratos Theme as `` arguably one of my most structurally satisfying and catchy melodies . '' The main theme features low orchestral instruments , Icelandic choir , deep male vocals , powerful female vocals ( in particular Faroese singer Eivør Pálsdóttir ) , folk percussion , and Nordic stringed instruments , such as the nyckelharpa and hurdy gurdy . When it was decided that God of War would be revealed at E3 2016 , Sony wanted McCreary to perform his original score with a live orchestra at the press conference . McCreary opened the show with the new main theme before the unveiling of God of War , and performed the gameplay demo 's music live during the presentation . On January 13 , 2017 , a live recording from E3 2016 of God of War 's overture was released for free for a limited time . Barlog released the overture as a thank you to fans for God of War 's E3 2016 trailer reaching fifteen million views on YouTube . Release ( edit ) The game was released worldwide on April 20 , 2018 , for the PlayStation 4 . In addition to the standard base game , there were three special editions : the Stone Mason Edition , the Collector 's Edition , and the Digital Deluxe Edition . Only available in the United States and Canada , the Stone Mason Edition came with several physical items , including the base game in a SteelBook case , a 9 - inch ( 230 mm ) statue of Kratos and Atreus that was created by Gentle Giant , 2 - inch ( 51 mm ) carvings of the Huldra Brothers , a horse , and a troll , an exclusive lithograph , a cloth map , a stone mason 's ring , and a keychain of Mímir 's head that talks . There was also various downloadable content ( DLC ) , including an exclusive shield skin , in addition to an armor set and another shield skin for Kratos , a PlayStation 4 dynamic theme , a digital artbook , and God of War # 0 by Dark Horse Comics . The Collector 's Edition came with many of the same items , minus the ring , the keychain , the 2 - inch ( 51 mm ) carvings of the horse and troll , and the exclusive shield skin . The Digital Deluxe Edition comes with all of the digital content , minus the exclusive shield skin . U.S. and Canadian customers also received a Kratos and Atreus pin for pre-ordering the Digital Deluxe Edition . Pre-orders at select retailers received three skins for Kratos ' shield , while pre-orders from GameStop or EB Games also received a `` Luck of Ages XP Talisman '' , granting increased XP gain , increased Hacksilver gain , and increased ability to trigger perks . In addition to the special editions of the game , a Limited Edition PlayStation 4 Pro bundle was also available the same day as the game 's release . The bundle included the standard base game , a PlayStation 4 Pro console decorated with the runes as on Kratos ' axe , and a similarly themed DualShock 4 controller with the God of War logo . Game Director Cory Barlog confirmed that God of War would not have microtransactions post-launch , a feature that has become prominent with other recent games and negatively criticized . Since launch , Santa Monica has supported the game via patch updates to address software bugs . Additionally , the developers added a Photo Mode in update patch 1.20 , released on May 9 , 2018 . Photo Mode allows players to take customized in - game screenshots . Players can adjust the field of view , depth of view , filters , borders , the visibility of characters , and the ability to change the facial expressions of Kratos and Atreus . God of War : a Call from the Wilds ( edit ) God of War : A Call from the Wilds is a text - based game playable through Facebook Messenger . To help further promote God of War , Sony partnered with Facebook to develop the play - by - web game , which released on February 1 , 2018 . Completing the game unlocks downloadable concept art . The short story follows Atreus on his first adventure in the Norse wilds . After archery training and learning runes with his mother , Atreus adventures into the wilderness after telepathically hearing the voice of a dying deer ; he finds it covered in blood and stays with it during its final moments . A couple of draugrs appear and Atreus attempts to fight them , but is injured . He is saved by his father , Kratos , who was out hunting . The two then battle a revenant before returning home . Reception ( edit ) Reception Aggregate score Aggregator Score Metacritic 94 / 100 Review scores Publication Score Destructoid 10 / 10 EGM 9.5 / 10 Game Informer 9.75 / 10 Game Revolution GameSpot 9 / 10 GamesRadar+ Giant Bomb IGN 10 / 10 Polygon 10 / 10 The Guardian USgamer God of War received `` universal acclaim '' according to review aggregator Metacritic , tying it with the original God of War for the highest score in the franchise . It has the third highest score of all - time for a PlayStation 4 game , and the highest score for an original , non-remastered PlayStation 4 game . It is the highest rated PlayStation 4 game of 2018 , and is tied with the Xbox One version of Celeste for the highest score of 2018 , regardless of platform . God of War received particular praise for its art direction , graphics , combat system , music , story , use of Norse mythology , characters , and cinematic feeling . Critics called the game a `` technical achievement '' and one of the most impressive - looking games developed for consoles . Many also felt that it had successfully revitalized the series without losing the core identity of its predecessors . Sales ( edit ) During its release week in the UK , God of War became the fastest - selling entry in the franchise , selling 35 % more physical copies than God of War III . As of 21 May , 2018 , the game had remained at the top of the all format sales chart for five consecutive weeks , setting a record for a PlayStation 4 exclusive having the most consecutive weeks at number one . It sold 46,091 copies within its first week on sale in Japan , which placed it at number two on the sales chart . The game sold over 3 million copies in three days after its release , making it the fastest - selling PlayStation 4 exclusive . The game was the fastest selling game of the month of its release and contributed to the PS4 being the best selling console of that month . In total , the game sold over five million copies in its first month , with 2.1 million in digital sales . Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Category Result Ref 2016 Game Critics Awards 2016 Special Commendation for Graphics Won IGN 's Best of E3 2016 Awards Game of the Show Nominated Best PlayStation 4 Game Nominated Best Action Game Nominated The Game Awards 2016 Most Anticipated Game Nominated 2017 The Game Awards 2017 Most Anticipated Game Nominated Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Colloquially referred to as God of War 4 and God of War PS4 Jump up ^ As depicted in God of War III ( 2010 ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Skipper , Ben ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` God of War 4 kicks off Sony E3 2016 press conference '' . International Business Times . IBT Media . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Loveridge , Sam ; Mahboubian - Jones , Justin ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` God of War 4 PS4 trailers , release date , price , gameplay and everything we know so far '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wagner , Jayce ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` In The New ' God of War 4 ' Trailer , Kratos Is Old , Grizzled , And As Brutal As Ever '' . Digital Trends . Designtechnica Corp . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Paget , Mat ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` God of War PS4 Does n't Include Multiplayer , Wo n't Be Kratos 's Last Game '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Seeto , Damian ( June 18 , 2016 ) . `` E3 2016 : God of War PS4 Wo n't Have A Multiplayer Mode '' . Attack of the Fanboy . Modern Media Group . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Paget , Mat ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` New God of War Set After Third Game , Wo n't Be Open World '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Newhouse , Alex ; Crossley , Rob ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` God of War Revealed for PS4 at E3 2016 '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bratt , Chris ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` God of War director explains why entire game has no camera cuts '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Barlog , Cory ; Hanson , Ben ( February 2 , 2018 ) . Answering God Of War 's Lingering Questions ( YouTube ) . Game Informer , GameStop . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Juba 2018 , p. 38 Jump up ^ Kulasingham , Gajan ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` God Of War - The Lost Pages Of Norse Myth : Rise Of The Draugr '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kulasingham , Gajan ( September 29 , 2017 ) . `` God Of War - The Lost Pages Of Norse Myth : Manifestation Of The Revenant '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Henges , Elizabeth ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` Latest God of War Podcast Episode Details the Origin of the Leviathan Axe '' . PlayStation LifeStyle . CraveOnline . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Juba 2018 , pp. 40 - 41 ^ Jump up to : Pereira , Chris ; Fillari , Alessandro ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` E3 2017 : New God Of War Trailer Released , Release Date Set For Early 2018 '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Juba 2018 , p. 41 ^ Jump up to : Sliva , Marty ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` E3 2016 : God of War Made Me Care About The Series For The First Time '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Juba 2018 , p. 42 ^ Jump up to : Lillah , Sarmad ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` First Details on God of War PS4 Game ; Same Storyline But New Gameplay '' . SegmentNext.com . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hussain , Tamoor ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` God of War PS4 Director on the Challenge of Making People Take Kratos Seriously '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Juba 2018 , pp. 42 - 43 ^ Jump up to : De Meo , Francesco ( June 24 , 2016 ) . `` God Of War Original Team Is Working On New Game , 100 Enemies On Screen Confirmed And More '' . WCCF Tech . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved July 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bratt , Chris ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` God of War team considered setting the new game in Egypt '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Faulkner , Jason ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` God of War How to Unlock Realms '' . Game Revolution . CraveOnline . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2018 . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Maiberg , Emanuel ( December 6 , 2014 ) . `` New God of War in Development at Sony Santa Monica '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2015 . Retrieved December 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McWhertor , Michael ; Good , Owen ( April 5 , 2016 ) . `` Rumored God of War concept art shows Kratos tackling Norse mythology '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2016 . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Juba 2018 , p. 45 Jump up ^ Hanson , Ben ; Juba , Joe ; ( January 5 , 2018 ) . Exclusive God Of War Studio Visit Impressions ( YouTube ) . Game Informer , GameStop . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Paget , Mat ( June 20 , 2016 ) . `` New God of War : Why Kratos Is in Norse Mythology Now '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barlog , Cory ; Studstill , Shannon ( January 9 , 2018 ) . Norse and Beyond : Expanding God of War 's Mythology ( YouTube ) . Game Informer , GameStop . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2018 . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Juba 2018 , p. 36 ^ Jump up to : Sarkar , Samit ( January 15 , 2018 ) . `` Here 's how God of War is different with Kratos ax '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` God of War 's New Combat System Explained '' . YouTube . PlayStation . March 19 , 2018 . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` '' It Has to Be Personal '' Says ' God of War ' Creative Director Cory Barlog `` . Rolling Stone . June 20 , 2017 . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' God of War ' Level Design Inspired by ' Bloodborne ' '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2018 . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Treese , Tyler ( October 13 , 2016 ) . `` God of War Designed for Standard PS4 , Wo n't Have a Demo '' . PlayStation LifeStyle . CraveOnline . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cory Barlog ( @ corybarlog ) ( October 15 , 2016 ) . `` oh we will benefit from the power of the Pro , for sure . You just dont need a pro to getthe experience we intend '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( December 22 , 2016 ) . `` New God of War PS4 Game Reaches `` Very Exciting Milestone '' `` . PlayStation. Blog . Sony Interactive Entertainment . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Newhouse , Alex ( December 8 , 2017 ) . `` God Of War PS4 Will Take 25 - 35 Hours To Complete '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Juba , Joe ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` God Of War Releases On April 20 '' . Game Informer . GameStop . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Knezevic , Kevin ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` God Of War PS4 Has Gone Gold '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Barlog , Cory ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` First Look : Santa Monica Studio 's New God of War on PS4 '' . PlayStation. Blog . Sony Interactive Entertainment . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Minotti , Mike ( June 20 , 2016 ) . `` God of War director Cory Barlog says that Sony 's violent series is growing up with the industry '' . VentureBeat . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Juba 2018 , p. 44 Jump up ^ Paget , Mat ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` New God of War Does Not Feature Original Kratos Voice Actor '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Shanley , Patrick ( September 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' God of War ' Hinges on the Bond of Its 2 New Actors '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Lynne Segall . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jacobus , Eric ( March 28 , 2018 ) . God of War - How to Fight Like Kratos , PS4 ( YouTube ) . PlayStation , Sony Interactive Entertainment . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2018 . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Shuman , Sid ; Barlog , Cory ; Judge , Christopher ( June 14 , 2016 ) . God of War - E3 2016 LiveCast ( YouTube ) . PlayStation. Blog , Sony Interactive Entertainment . Event occurs at 13 : 35 . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Shuman : Does the son have a name by the way ? Barlog : Uh , GameSpot says it 's Charlie . Shuman : Charlie ? Barlog : Charlie ! ( laughs ) I do n't know where that came from . Shuman : That 's fun . ( laughs ) Barlog : Charlie , right ? ( looks at Judge ) Did you leak that ? Judge : I did . ( laughs ) Jump up ^ Osborn , Alex ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` God of War : Kratos ' Son 's Name Revealed '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Makuch , Eddie ( April 17 , 2018 ) . `` God Of War PS4 Almost Did n't Have One Of Its Best , Most Important Characters '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2018 . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Davis , Justin ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` E3 2016 : New God of War Announced '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McCreary , Bear ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` God of War at E3 '' . BearMcCreary.com . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barker , Sammy ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` Download God of War 's Live E3 2016 Overture for Free '' . Push Square . Gamer Network . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Faller , Patrick ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` God Of War PS4 's Collector 's Edition Revealed , Comes With An Epic Statue Of Kratos And More '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Barlog , Cory ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` God of War Out April 20 on PS4 '' . PlayStation. Blog . Sony Interactive Entertainment . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Morgan , Dave ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` Sony announce God of War PS4 Pro bundle '' . WholesGame . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2018 . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Knezevic , Kevin ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` God Of War Wo n't Have Microtransactions , Says Director '' . 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Jump up ^ MacDonald , Keza ( April 12 , 2018 ) . `` God of War review -- violent , vital and more brilliant than ever '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2018 . Retrieved April 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Williams , Mike ( April 13 , 2018 ) . `` God of War review '' . USgamer . Gamer Network . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Best PlayStation 4 Video Games of All Time '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Best PlayStation 4 Video Games for 2018 '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Best Video Games for 2018 '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2018 . Retrieved April 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` God of War is already the biggest series launch in the UK '' . VG247 . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2018 . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UK Sales Charts : God of War 's Reign Continues for Fifth Consecutive Week '' . Push Square . Retrieved 21 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Romano , Sal ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Media Create Sales : 4 / 16 / 18 -- 4 / 22 / 18 '' . Gematsu . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2018 . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2018 . Retrieved May 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.gamespot.com/articles/ps4-outsells-xbox-one-and-switch-in-us-april-sales/1100-6459134/?utm_source=gamefaqs&utm_medium=partner&utm_content=news_module&utm_campaign=hub_platform Jump up ^ http://www.ign.com/articles/2018/05/25/god-of-war-sales-top-5-million-in-the-first-month Jump up ^ https://www.vg247.com/2018/05/24/fortnite-god-of-war-april-digital-sales/ Jump up ^ `` Game Critics Awards -- Best of E3 2016 '' . Game Critics Awards . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ IGN 's E3 Crew ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` Best of E3 2016 Awards '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` All the 2016 Game Awards Nominees '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nunneley , Stephanny ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` The Game Awards 2017 GOTY nominees include : Wolfenstein 2 , Horizon : Zero Dawn , PUBG , Zelda : Breath of the Wild , more '' . VG247 . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Juba , Joe ( February 2018 ) . `` Worshipping at New Altars : How Sony is Reinventing God of War '' . Game Informer . No. 298 . Minneapolis , Minnesota : GameStop . pp. 34 -- 45 . External links ( edit ) Official website God of War U.S. PlayStation website God of War on IMDb God of War Chamber Locations Guide 2010s portal Mythology portal Sony PlayStation portal Speculative fiction portal Video games portal ( hide ) God of War series Main series God of War ( 2005 ) God of War II God of War III Ascension God of War ( 2018 ) Other games Betrayal Chains of Olympus Ghost of Sparta Universe Characters Kratos Comic series Collections See also Soulcalibur : Broken Destiny Mortal Kombat PlayStation All - Stars Battle Royale Book Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=God_of_War_(2018_video_game)&oldid=843493176 '' Categories : 2018 video games Action - adventure games God of War ( series ) PlayStation 4 games PlayStation 4 Pro enhanced games PlayStation 4 - only games Single - player video games Sony Interactive Entertainment games Video game sequels Video games based on Norse mythology Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2018 Use American English from November 2012 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Articles using Video game reviews template in single platform mode Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lietuvių مصرى Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Scots Tiếng Việt 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 14 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God%20of%20War%20%282018%20video%20game%29	428

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